EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №3(214)2026 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №3(214)2026

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
V. V. Dolinskaya:
Development of civil law and civil codified legislation
Interview with Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) Dolinskaya Vladimira Vladimirovna.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DOLZHENKOVA Ekaterina
Ph.D. in Political Sciences, associate professor, Higher School of Law and Forensic Science, Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
BULGAEVA Anna Alexandrovna
independent researcher, St. Petersburg
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR SIMPLIFICATION OF CUSTOMS PROCEDURES IN WORLD TRADE
The article examines ways to simplify trade procedures, as well as the specifics of regulating these mechanisms at the universal and regional levels. Using formal legal and comparative legal methods, the fundamental international documents in this field are analyzed to establish provisions that simplify and harmonize the cross-border movement of goods. The study highlights the main tools for simplifying customs procedures (a risk management system, the institution of an authorized economic operator, the use of advance information, digitalization and transparency of procedures), and examines how these mechanisms contribute to improving the efficiency of international trade. The analysis shows that the key role in improving the foreign economic activity of states is played by the unification of international norms, consistency in the work of government agencies and participants in foreign economic activity, as well as ensuring transparency of control procedures. The results are obtained to emphasize the relevance of improving the legal regulation of customs simplification for the development of global trade.
Keywords: international trade, international customs regulation, authorized economic operators, risk management system, digitalization of foreign economic activity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Budarina N. A. Prospects for simplifying trade procedures in the context of digitalization // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 16-22.
2. Klimova I. A. International legal aspects of simplification of customs trade procedures: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 22.
3. Klimova I. A. The principle of simplification of trade procedures in international customs law // Electronic online publication “International Legal Courier”. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 28-35.
4. Revina S. N., Grigoryan A. Kh., Kirova A. A. On the implementation of the principle of simplification of trade procedures in international customs law // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 3-1. – P. 181-183.
5. Rybak S. V., Khlopyanikova G. V. Simplification and harmonization of customs procedures in foreign economic activity // Problems and prospects of foreign economic activity in the context of innovative development, modernization and digitalization: Proceedings of the national conference with international participation, Bryansk, April 16, 2025. – Bryansk: Bryansk State University named after academician I. G. Petrovsky , 2025. – P. 161-164 .

INTERNATIONAL LAW
IRZHANOV Alimzhan Samigullayevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior specialist of the Center for public legislation and public administration of the Institute of Parliamentarism
ON SOME ISSUES OF TREATY IMPLEMENTATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
This article is devoted to examining certain issues of the implementation of international treaties as a key mechanism for realizing international legal obligations at the domestic level. The study explores the theoretical foundations of implementation through the lens of monist and dualist approaches to the relationship between international and national law, and conducts a comparative analysis of constitutional and legal models of implementation in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. The article focuses on the challenges arising between international obligations and domestic law, the issues of direct effect of international treaties, as well as the transformation of the role of international treaties in the context of “soft law”. The conclusion provides recommendations for improving national mechanisms of implementation with regard to Kazakhstan and Russia.
Keywords: implementation of international treaties, monism, dualism, direct effect of international treaties, conflict of norms, sovereignty, “soft” law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Suvorova V. Ya. Ensuring the implementation of treaty norms of international law (legal nature) // Soviet state and law. – 1991. – No. 9. – P. 116-122.
2. Afonichkina N. V. Theoretical issues of understanding the implementation of international law in the legal system of the state // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. – 2011. – No. 3 (122). – P. 5-12.
3. Gaverdovsky A.S. Implementation of the norms of international law. – Kyiv, 1980. – 320 p.
4. Chernichenko S. V. International law: modern theoretical problems. – M., 1993. – 295 p.
of Law / translated from German by M. V. Antonova And A. Yu . Abramova . – St. Petersburg , 2015. – P. 430-450.; Lauterpacht, H. International Law and Human Rights. – London, 1950 and etc.
6. Trippel G. International and domestic law / translated from German, edited by A. G. Stepanov. – M., 2017.
7. Anzilotti D. Course of International Law. Volume 1: Introduction – General Theory / trans. from Italian. A. L. Sacchetti; Ed. D. B. Levin. – M., 1961.
8. Klabbers J. International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022569 (date of access: 12.02.2026).
9. Osminin B. I. Issues of self-enforceability of international treaties (on the example of the USA, the Netherlands and Russia) // Journal of Russian Law. – 2012. – No. 6. – P. 80-90. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/voprosy-samoispolnimosti-mezhdunarodnyh-dogovorov-na-primere-ssha-niderlandov-i-rossii (date of access: 03/15/2026).
10. Shelton, Dinah L., Soft Law. Handbook of International Law, Routledge Press, 2008, GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 322, GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 322. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1003387 (date of access: 18.03.2026).
11. Zimnenko B. L. International Law and the Legal System of the Russian Federation. General Part: Lecture Course. – M.: Statut, “RAP”, 2010. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/edu/student/download_books/book/zimnenko_bl_mezhdunarodnoe_pravo_pravovaja_sistema_rossijskoj_federacii_obshhaja_chast/ (accessed: 18.02.2026).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KISLITSYNA Nataliya Feliksovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior lecturer of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
COVID-19: HOW HAS RAIL TRANSPORT CHANGED?
The events that took place between 2019 and 2021 still have an impact on the country-forming industry of any independent state. The question arises whether this influence is positive or negative. And yet, what kind of industry is fundamental for the state? One of the mentioned events is the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in December 2019 and lasted until 2021. It was the pandemic that posed, and if a similar one occurs in the future, it poses a threat not only to human life and health, but also has a very negative impact on the development of both transport and transport infrastructure. It is well known that there is a directly proportional relationship between the development of transport and its infrastructure and the growth of the state economy. In this regard, this article analyzes both statistical data around the world and within the EU, as well as legal acts developed to support the transport industry, mainly rail transport.
Keywords: railway transport, European Union, statistics, pandemic, international legal acts.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. White Paper “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource-Efficient Transport System” (2011). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0144.
2. Temporary provision of the European Commission on state aid. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.railfreight.com/policy/2020/04/21/eu-commission-there-are-possibilities-to-reduce-the-costs-of rail/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter%20week%202020-17.
3. Egorov V. G. Global economy after coronavirus // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 35.
4. Kahrimanov D. G., Mamedova I. A. Chapter 2. Analysis of modern problems and contradictions in global supply chains and foreign experience in solving them // In the book: Society, Economics, Law: Current Issues and Development Vectors. – Petrozavodsk, 2020. – P. 32-65.
5. Hodges C. European Union Legislation // The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. – Vol. 622. – 2009, 1. – R p. 78-85.
6. The EU Treaty of Lisbon. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3c32722f-0136-4d8f-a03e-bfaf70d16349.
7. Türkes M., Gökgöz G. The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration? // East European Politics and Societies. – Vol. 20. – 2006, 4. – Pp. 659-690.
8. EU Regulation 2020/1429. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: 32020R1429 – EN – EUR-Lex (europa.eu).
9. Joint document of the EU, the European Railway Agency and the Organisation for International Carriage by Rail, 2013 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: 2013-10-24-mou-otif-move-era.pdf (europa.eu).
10. Lamande V., Samson I., Vinokurov E. Measuring Regional Economic Development in Russia // The Case of the Kaliningrad Oblast European Urban and Regional Studies. – Vol. 11. – 2004, 1. – R p. 71-80.
11. Polulekh S. S., Arkhipova S. I., Khmelevskaya O. V. The role of railway transport as a region-forming factor in the development and organization of the territory // Young scientist. – 2015. – No. 9 (89). – P. 689-691. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/89/17758/ (date accessed: 07/29/2021).
12. Kolosov Yu. M. The UN and the progressive development of international law // Diplomatic Yearbook – 2005. – M.: Scientific Book, 2006. – P. 79-86.
13. Eurostat statistics. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=rail_go_quartal&lang=en.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MINNEKAEVA Daniya Rafikovna
Ph.D. in Law, member of the Russian Association of International Law
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERE-CENTRISM IN INTERNATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC LAW: ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY, AXIOLOGY AND HERMENEUTICS
The basis for confirming the emergence of a new branch of law lies in its philosophical and methodological foundation. International atmospheric law has emerged as a branch of law due to the global and large-scale nature of the objects (subjects) of international legal regulation (meteorology, navigation, ecology, economics, geoengineering, weather, air, climate, ozone, atmospheric protection, transboundary harm, etc.). Aim of the work: to examine the philosophy of the atmosphere and atmospherocentrism through the prism of philosophical categories: ontology, epistemology, axiology, hermeneutics, logic, ethics and aesthetics. The work employs a logical sequence of presentation, the principle of determinism, methods of statics and dynamics, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. Building upon the doctrines, theoretical concepts, scientific views, positions, trends and schools of classical philosophical science, this study introduces new concepts such as ‘philosophy of the atmosphere (atmophilosophy)’ and ‘atmosphere-centrism’. The study briefly outlines the genesis of the formation of international atmospheric law.
Keywords: philosophy, ontology, epistemology, hermeneutics, axiology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy of the atmosphere, atmospherocentrism, logic of science, logical positivism, mathematical logic, artificial intelligence, verification, international atmospheric law, international climate law, international ozone law, genesis.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bachelard G. Dream of Air / G. Bachelard; trans. from French by B. M. Skuratov. – Moscow: Publishing House of Humanitarian Literature, 1999. – 344 p.
2. The Great Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary. – M: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2003. – 1888 p.
3. Irigaray L. The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger / trans. in French by A. Kostikova. – M.: Institute for General Humanitarian Research, 2017. – 252 p. – (Series: Pax Philosophica).
4. Latour B. Where to Land? An Experience of Political Orientation / trans. from French by D. Ya. Kalugin. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the European University in St. Petersburg, 2018. – 202 p.
5. Maslow A. Motivation and Personality / A. Maslow; translated from English by T. Gutman, N. Mukhina. – 3rd ed. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2019. – 400 p.
6. Minnekaeva D. R. International legal aspects of atmospheric air protection: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.10. – Kazan, 2005. – 221 p.
7. Minnekaeva D. R. On the need to adopt a universal UN Convention on the Protection of Atmospheric Air // TISBI Bulletin. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 148-154.
8. Morton T. Become environmentally friendly / T. Morton; translated from English D. Kralechkina . – M .: Ad Marginem Press, 2019. – 240 p .
. 1. Bubbles / P. Sloterdijk; translated from German by K. V. Loschevsky . – St. Petersburg : Nauka , 2005. – 652 p .

INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHUGUNOV Denis Albertovich
General Manager of SOMMER Rus Trade LLC, Partner at Constat Consulting Law Project, postgraduate alumnus, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
The article explores the legal specifics of foreign trade transactions concluded between Russian and Chinese business entities. The author analyzes the norms of applicable law, conflict-of-laws mechanisms for choosing the applicable legislation, and the specifics of choice-of-law and arbitration clauses. The study examines current issues related to settlements in national currencies, sanction pressure, and the practical application of the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The paper substantiates the necessity of considering the mandatory rules (imperative norms) of both legal systems when structuring foreign trade contracts. The concepts of “dual-vector sanctions compliance”, the legal construct of “overlapping mandatory regimes” and the principle of “actual feasibility” are revealed.
Keywords: foreign trade transaction, international commercial contract, applicable law, arbitration clause, Russia, China, Vienna Convention (CISG), private international law, conflict-of-laws rules, currency settlements.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boguslavsky M.M. International private law: textbook. 7th edition, revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 672 p. – ISBN 978-5-91768-645-5.
2. Vilkova N. G. Contractual law in international circulation. – M.: Statut, 2002. – 511 p.
3. Zykin I. S. Foreign economic operations: law and practice. – M.: International Relations, 1994. – 304 p.
4. Kanashevsky V. A. International transactions: legal regulation. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: International relations, 2019. – 704 p. – ISBN 978-5-7133-1624-2.
5. Komarov A. S. Liability in commercial turnover. – M.: Legal Literature, 1991. – 208 p.
6. Rosenberg M. G. International Sale and Purchase of Goods: Commentary on Legal Regulation and Dispute Resolution Practice. 4th ed. – M.: Statut, 2010. – 462 p. – ISBN 978-5-8354-0690-6.
7. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Legal regulation: theory and practice. – M.: Formula of Law, 2010. – 400 p.
8. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016 / translated into Russian; ed. by A. S. Komarov. – Moscow: Statut, 2020. – 770 p. – ISBN 978-5-8354-1654-7.
9. Schwenzer I., Schroeter UG (eds). Schlechtriem & Schwenzer: Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG). 5th ed. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. – 2144 p. – ISBN 978-0-19-886867-5.
10. Muranov A. I. ( compiled ). Practice of the ICAC at the RF CCI: 2004–2016. On the 85th anniversary of the ICAC. – Moscow: Association of Researchers of Private International and Comparative Law, 2017. – 896 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KHARLAMPJEVA Nadezhda Klimovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of World politics studies sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University; senior researcher of the Department of Hydrology and Water resources, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO DEFINING THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE ARCTIC
This article presents a conceptual approach to the Arctic’s legal regime, developed by using an applied research method, examining the history of international relations and the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The history of cross-border interaction as an example illustrates the process of developing state and interstate standards for safe tourism in Arctic waters. The legal status of the Arctic is proposed to be considered within the framework of the concept of “border issues” within the author’s world political approach, the water basin principle, and methods for shaping the water-ecological regime in the North and the Arctic. The main emphasis is placed on finding a balance between the rules and norms of a multinational society, considered within the framework of the theory of institutional constructivism, which can provide an ideological basis for the construction of a new generation of Russian society, including as a means of reconciling two institutions – social and administrative.
Keywords: Arctic, Law regime, border issues, world political approach, water-basin principle, water-ecological regime.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arctic tourism in Russia / editor-in-chief Yu. F. Lukin; [compiler of the regional tourist guide N. K. Kharlampyeva]; Northern (Arctic) Federal University; Saint Petersburg State University. – Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2016.
2. Atlas of the Arctic. – M., GUGK, 1985.
3. Borishpolets K. P. Methods of political research. – M.: Aspect Press, 2010. – 230 p.
4. Golunov S. V. Security of border areas // Modern world politics: applied analysis / edited by Bogaturov A. D. – M .: Aspect Press, 2010. – P. 554-568.
5. Ivanov V. V., Kharlampyeva N. K. Surface water bodies of the Russian Arctic in light of water, land and environmental legislation: status and problems // Arctic: society, science and law: collection of articles / edited by N. K. Kharlampyeva. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2020. – P. 8-18. 6. Lagutina M. L., Markushina N. Yu. World Political Studies at the Faculty of International Relations of St. Petersburg State University // Actual Problems of World Politics: Scientific Almanac. Anniversary Issue. 30 Years of the Department of World Politics at St. Petersburg State University. Volume 11 / edited by D. N. Baryshnikov and M. L. Lagutina. – St. Petersburg: Skifia-print, 2024. – P. 26-47. 7. Lebedev S. A. Philosophy and Methodology of Science: Monograph. – M .: Academic Project, 2021. – P. 447-456.
8. Kharlampyeva N.K. The Arctic in the modern political system: interstate relations and research methodology: a teaching aid. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2012. – 148 p. 9. Kharlampyeva N.K. The Arctic in the modern system of the global world // Science and innovative developments – to the North. – Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014. – P. 387-390.
10. Kharlampyeva N.K. Methodology for studying the foundations of international economic cooperation in the Arctic // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 6. Political Science. International Relations. – 2016. – Issue 2. – P. 97-109. – DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu06.2016.209.
11. Khrustalev M. A. The structure of the state’s foreign policy // Modern world politics: applied analysis / edited by Bogaturov A . D . – M .: Aspect Press , 2010. – P. 122-154.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GU Wenshuo
postgraduate student of International law, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
FROM THE CONCILIATORY MODEL TO THE PROCEDURAL MODEL: RETHINKING THE DENUNCIATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
The article substantiates the need to move from a permissive model of unilateral withdrawal from human rights treaties to a process-oriented approach. It is shown that the minimalist rules of denunciation, acceptable for exchange-type contracts, are functionally insufficient in relation to human rights instruments that create the rights of individuals and are embedded in national legal systems. The paper proposes a “procedural” architecture for withdrawal: public justification of the decision, national review (parliament, courts, and national human rights institutions), and international review (treaty bodies, courts, depositaries, and participating states), with a priority given to the domestic level. The paper also analyzes the Russian and Chinese approaches to the relationship between sovereignty and the stability of treaty obligations, and formulates proposals for institutionalizing dialogue and limiting arbitrary denunciation.
Keywords: denunciation, withdrawal from a treaty, human rights, international law
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Çalı B., Helfer LR Rethinking Human Rights Treaty Withdrawals: A Process-Based Approach // Melbourne Journal of International Law. – 2025. – Vol. 26(1). – P. 1-32.
2. Verdier P.-H., Versteeg M. Separation of Powers, Treaty-Making, and Treaty Withdrawal: A Global Survey. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Foreign Relations Law. – Oxford: Handbooks Online. – P. 135-155.
3. Woolaver H. From Joining to Leaving: Domestic Law’s Role in the International Legal Validity of Treaty Withdrawal // European Journal of International Law. – 2019. – Vol. 30 (1). – P. 73-104.
4. Wang Eshan. Law of International Treaties. – Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 1998. – 586 p.
5. Kapustin A. Ya. Modern concept of interpretation of international treaties: monograph / edited by A. Ya. Kapustin. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: Norma: INFRA-M, 2023. – 432 p.
6. Lukashuk I. I., Lukashuk I. I. Modern law of international treaties: in 2 volumes / Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Volume 1. – M .: Wolters Kluwer Publishing House, 2004. – 496 p.
7. Fan Jing The principle of state sovereignty in the context of the trend towards economic globalization // Legal Bulletin. – 2002. – No. 6. – P. 19-21.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
EDLICHKO Pavel Andreevich
postgraduate student (specialty 5.1.5 International Law Sciences), St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University (SPBGMTU)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: FROM THE TRUMAN PROCLAMATION TO CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN THE ARCTIC
The article examines the evolution of the continental shelf concept in international law, from its inception in the 1945 Truman Proclamation to its modern normative consolidation in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of criteria for establishing the outer limits of the shelf under Article 76 of the Convention and their application in the context of claims by Arctic coastal States. The author identifies problematic aspects of the relationship between geological and legal notions of the shelf, and examines the impact of technological progress, particularly in deepwater drilling, on the transformation of the international legal regime. Based on analysis of doctrine, judicial practice and recent scholarly publications from 2024–2026, the article concludes that there is a duality in modern practice: on the one hand, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf consistently applies the geological approach, as demonstrated by the ongoing examination of the Lomonosov Ridge submission (with significant progress made in 2025); on the other hand, in judicial practice on delimitation between States, there is a tendency to limit claims based on natural prolongation when they encroach upon the 200-mile zones of other States.
Keywords: continental shelf, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, natural prolongation of land territory, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Arctic, Lomonosov Ridge, maritime delimitation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vylegzhanin A. N., Gureev S. A., Ivanov G. G. International legal regime of the Arctic: current state and development prospects // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 6-25.
2. Gutsulyak V. N. International Law of the Sea: Modern Challenges and Development Prospects // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 6-23.
3. Grechishnikov A. V. The place of transit passage in the system of norms of international maritime law and its relationship with innocent passage // International Law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 116-128.
4. Mishalchenko Yu. V., Dovbush T. N. Some current issues of international legal support for maritime security // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 71-85.
5. Skaridov A. S., Skaridova M. A. Maritime law: modern problems of codification and progressive development // Jurisprudence. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 24-41.
6. Rajan S. Developments in the Concept of Continental Shelf under UNCLOS // Journal of the Geological Society of India. – 2025. – Vol. 101. No. 6. – P. 947-950.
7. Shepelev D. V., Shustov G. O. Legal position of the Russian Federation regarding the outer limits of the continental shelf in the Arctic // Legal Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 33-39..
8. Li Y. Constraining the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles in Maritime Delimitation Cases // International & Comparative Law Quarterly. – 2025. – Vol. 74. – P. 213-241.
9. Roberts J., Mossop J., Badal MR Planning for the Management of the Extended Continental Shelf: The Unique Situation of the Mascarene Plateau Region of the Western Indian Ocean // Ocean Development & International Law. – 2025. – Vol. 56. No. 2. – P. 232-254.
10. Bankes N. The Arctic Continental Shelf Delimitation: Lessons from the Lomonosov Ridge Case // Arctic Review on Law and Politics. – 2025. – Vol. 16. – P. 45-71.
11. Tanaka Y. The Implications of Maritime Delimitation Judgments for Third States: The Nicaragua v. Colombia and Costa Rica v. Nicaragua Cases Revisited // The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. – 2024. – Vol. 39. No. 2. – P. 374-397. – DOI: 10.1163/15718085-bja10179.
12. Degtyarev K. E., Skolotnev S. G., Chamov N. P. Boundaries and nature of the continental shelf in the Arctic: keys to expanding the exclusive economic zone and ensuring Russia’s sovereignty
13. Kaminsky V. D., Suprunenko O. I., Gusev E. A. Geological structure and oil and gas potential of the Mendeleev Rise (Arctic Ocean) // Geology and Geophysics. – 2024. – Vol. 65. No. 5. – P. 643-658.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
PESTEREV Alexander Evgenjevich
postgraduate student, IM Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University)
EXISTING LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITHIN THE BRICS FRAMEWORK, THEIR CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS
The article examines the prospects for the development of the informal BRICS grouping in the field of intellectual property rights protection. Currently, there is no unified legal mechanism for intellectual property protection within BRICS, which creates certain challenges when assessing prospects in this area. The member countries have fragmented national regulatory systems that differ in their approaches to protecting the results of intellectual activity. However, the trend shows that cooperation between the countries in the field of intellectual property is growing: issues of harmonizing legislations are being discussed, joint projects are being developed to simplify work with databases of registered intellectual property results, and proposals are being put forward to establish specialized institutions under BRICS to regulate intellectual property matters. At the same time, the informal status of the grouping complicates the process of unifying legal norms in this area of legal relations. The prospects aimed at achieving an adequate level of intellectual property protection are largely linked to the establishment of conventions, bodies, and a judicial arbitration mechanism under BRICS – following the example of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) or the Eurasian Economic Union.
Keywords: international law, BRICS, intellectual property, international cooperation, international organizations, WIPO.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Solntsev A. M. BRICS – an international quasi-organization? // Updating the process of interaction of the BRICS countries in economics, politics, and law: materials of a scientific seminar (Moscow, October 9, 2012) / ed. and compiled by Belikova K. M. – M: Senate Press, 2012. – P. 9-15.
2. Abashidze A.Kh. BRICS: international legal dimension // Observer. – 2024. – No. 4 (405). – P. 115-123.
3. Bevelikova N. M. BRICS: legal features of development // Journal of Russian Law. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law, 2015. – No. 8. – P. 110-123.
4. Bliznets I. A., Tyunin M. V. BRICS: New Opportunities and Development Prospects in the Sphere of Protection of Rights to IPOs // International Public and Private Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – DOI 10.18572/1812-3910-2025-1-20-22. – EDN VBGVCE.
5. Golub E. A. Features of legal protection of intellectual property in the BRICS member countries // Scientific leader. – 2024. – No. 44 (194). – P. 10-15.
6. Classification of international intergovernmental organizations: concept, characteristics // Law of international organizations / edited by A. Kh. Abashidze. – M .: Yurait, 2024. – 565 p.
7. Ozertsova V. S. Objects of copyright and their protection in the BRICS countries // Issues of Russian justice. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 20-27.
8. Petrenko E. G., Avdiyants L. A., Arakesyan S. Prospects for the development of BRICS as an international organization // Humanitarian scientific journal. – 2024. – No. 4-3. – P. 78-82.
9. Intellectual Property Law. International Legal Regulation: Textbook for Universities / edited by I. A. Bliznets, V. A. Zimin, I. P. Olenichev. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 284 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-17108-2.
10. Shinkaretskaya G. G. On the legal status of BRICS // Modern law. – 2015. – No. 10. – EDN UMTVWZ.
11. Shugurova I. V., Shugurov M. V. The Eurasian Economic Union and WIPO: organizational and legal mechanism of interaction // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 12-2.
12. Freeman Alan A BRICS Intellectual Property Policy: Why It Is Needed, And What It Could Look Like. // Contemporary World Economy. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 124-137. – 10.17323/2949-5776-2024-2-4-.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
STEPANOV Nikolay Andreevich
postgraduate student of State and International law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE CRIMINALIZATION OF GENOCIDE DENIAL
This article examines the international legal aspects of the criminalization of genocide denial as a mechanism for preventing new crimes. Current trends emphasize the importance of preserving historical memory about past crimes, but the lack of a unified approach to the classification of genocide and the criminalization of its denial complicates the implementation of this process. The article explores criteria and approaches for using modern terms to classify past events at the universal, regional, and national levels. The article proposes approaches to the criminalization of genocide denial at the international level.
Keywords: genocide, Holocaust, historical memory, genocide denial, prevention of international crimes, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nuriyev D. Sh. On the issue of defining the substantive essence of the concept of genocide // Science, new technologies and innovations of Kyrgyzstan. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 149.
2. United Nations office on genocide prevention and the responsibility to protect WHEN TO REFER TO A SITUATION AS “GENOCIDE”: A brief guidance note. – Р p. 2-3. – [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/publications-and-resources/GuidanceNote-When%20to%20refer%20to%20a%20situation%20as%20genocide.pdf?ysclid=mlgdnhys3800960136 ( date accessed : 02/15/2026).
3. The Nuremberg Trials and Their Legacy. Historical and Documentary Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://idd.mid.ru/informational_materials/nyurnbergskiy-protsess-i-ego-nasledie/ (date of access: 18.02.2026).
4. Nelayeva G. A., Sidorova N. V., Khabarova E. A. Criminalization of Holocaust Denial and Other International Crimes: A Review of European and Russian Practice // International Justice. – 2020. – No. 1 (33). – P. 40.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE RIGHT
LUK Thi Li
postgraduate student of International private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LATE PAYMENT UNDER CISG AND DIRECTIVE 2011/7/ EU
Signing international trade contracts is a new development trend and is carried out very frequently in legal practice. However, violation of international commercial contracts occurs frequently and always causes economic losses to the parties. One of the most common violations of contract is breaching payment terms, which always results in financial losses. This issue is regulated in various legal documents including National Laws and international laws. Two well-known and widely applied legal documents are United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980 and Directive 2011/7/ EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on combating late payment in commercial transactions. This article will compare the similarities and differences between the provisions in these two legal documents regarding late payment, and outline the advantages and disadvantages of those provisions. At the same time, the article presents the author’s suggestions on how to apply and enforce the regulations in practice more effectively.
Keywords:commercial contract, commercial transactions, late payment, interest of late payment, international commercial law, international trade.
Article bibliographic list :
1. Andrews N. Codification of Remedies for Breach of Commercial Contracts ( Codification funds legal protection V case violations commercial contracts ). 2017.
2. Shepeleva A. V. Conflict of Laws: Main Features and Modern Problems // Society and State. 2019. No. 1 (4). MGIMO School of Management and Politics.
3. Kabatova E. Modern problems of conflict of laws // State and Law. 2000. No. 8.
4. Luk T. L. Reviews on the penalty for breach of contract in accordance with the provisions of commercial law in Vietnam // Eurasian Law Journal. 2022. No. 8 (171).
5. Salima P., Boden R. Size Matters: The Problem of Late Payments // Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Development. 2011. Vol. 18. P. 732-747.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE RIGHT
LUK Thi Li
postgraduate student of International private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE DEVELOPMENT OF E-COMMERCE LAW IN CHINA AND VIETNAM – IS A COMBINATION OF THREE FACTORS: LAWS-HUMAN-TECHNOLOGY
E-commerce has significantly developed the world’s economy; this industry creates a new development trend for all countries worldwide. Corresponding with economic development, e-commerce law has developed rapidly in many countries worldwide, including Vietnam and China. Therefore, legal documents on e-transactions and e-commerce are continuously revised and supplemented, and many new legal documents related to e-commerce are issued. At the same time, the development of the legal system also facilitates the development of e-commerce. To achieve that development, Vietnam and China focus on three essential factors: Laws, human and technology.
Keywords: Vietnamese law, Chinese law, e-commerce law, Chinese e-commerce law, e-transaction law, commercial law, technical innovation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bui Kim Thanh. Development of the digital economy in Vietnam. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: https://tuyenGiao.vn/dua-nghi-quyet-cua-dang-vao-cuoc-song/phat-trien-king-te-so-o-viet-nam-134586.
2. Yan W. Electronic Signature Law: China’s First National E-Commerce Law // Intellect Prop Technol Law J. 2005. No. 17 (6). P. 6-10.
3. Yue Hongfei. (2017). National Report on the Development of E-Commerce in China. Source: [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/WP_17_2017.pdf.
4. Jian Huang, Qinyu Chen, and Chengqing Yu. A New Feature-Based Deep Attention-Based Sales Forecasting Model for Enterprise Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development. MDPI. 2022. Vol. 14(19). September . P. 1-18. 5. Wen JH, Xiao QL. The E-commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China: E-commerce platform operators’ liability for third-party patent infringement. Computer Law and Security Review. 2019. Vol. 35. Issue 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105347
6. Jian Huang & Qinyu Chen & Chengqing Yu. A New Feature Based Deep Attention Sales Forecasting Model for Enterprise Sustainable Development model forecasting sales on basis deep attention With taking into account features For sustainable development enterprises , Sustainable development ). MDPI. 2022. Vol. 14 (19). September. P. 1-18.
7. Thuy D. Three scenarios that will help the digital economy make a breakthrough in 2025. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: https://vneconomy.vn/ba-kich-ban-giup-kinh-te-so-dot-pha-vao-nam-2025.htm (accessed: 01.03.2025).

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KOVALENKO Natalya Evgenjevna
junior researcher, lecturer, Altai State University
PERSONAL FREEDOM: ON THE ISSUE OF THE “VIRTUAL SUBJECT OF LAW”
This article examines the transformation of the legal subject in the context of the digitalization of social relations. It explores the phenomenon of the “virtual subject” as a legal fiction that duplicates the traditional understanding of the subject but fails to preserve its essential characteristics. The author draws on the theoretical legacy of NI Palienko, whose concept of defining freedom in the individual’s consciousness allows us to identify the risks of digital transformation: the replacement of internal behavioral regulators with technical algorithms and the weakening of the cognitive-emotional aspect of legal consciousness. Particular attention is paid to the dual nature of legal regulation in the digital age: on the one hand, the expansion of individual legal opportunities, on the other, the threat of erosion of anthropocentrism in law and the loss of human value in law.
Keywords: law, subject of law, personality, legal relationship, freedom, digitalization, society.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 258-FZ “On Experimental Legal Regimes in the Sphere of Digital and Technological Innovations in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – August 3, 2020. – No. 31 (Part I). – Art. 5017.
2. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2025 No. 861 “On the Center for the Development of Artificial Intelligence under the Government of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – June 16, 2025. – No. 24. – Art. 3181.
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 10, 2019 No. 490 “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – October 14, 2019. – No. 41. – Art. 5700.
4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017–2030” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – May 15, 2017. – No. 20. – Art. 2901.
5. Federal Law of December 29, 2022 No. 572-FZ “On the implementation of identification and (or) authentication of individuals using biometric personal data, on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and on the recognition of certain provisions of legislative acts of the Russian Federation as invalid” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – January 2, 2023. – No. 1 (Part I). – Art. 19.
6. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Law: traditions and new turns. – Moscow: Blok-Print, 2023. – 208 p.
7. Kovalenko N. E. Features of the manifestation of legal consciousness in the process of lawmaking // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2025. – V. 11. No. 1. – P. 479-483.
8. Palienko N. I. The doctrine of the essence of law and legal coherence of the state. – Kharkov: Type. and lit. M. Zilberberg and s-vya, 1908. – 351 p.
9. Kapustin M. N. Theory of Law: (Legal Dogmatics). Vol. 1. General Dogmatics. – Moscow: University Press (Katkov and Co.), 1868. – 352 p. 10. Orlova A. A. The role of self-awareness of the individual in shaping the image of the future // Social phenomena. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 107-110.
11. Komarov S. A. The Soviet People’s State and the Individual: Political and Legal Aspects. – Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk University Publishing House, 1986. – 136 p.
12. Muromtsev S. A. Definition and basic division of law. – Moscow, printing house of A. I. Mamontov and Co., 1879. – 240 p.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KRASILNIKOV Sergey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL FICTIONS IN THE MODERN ERA
The article examines the phenomenon of legal fictions through the prism of the latest trends in law development. The author analyzes the transformation of the concept and functions of legal fictions in the context of digitalization, globalization, and the increasing complexity of social relations. Classical doctrines of legal fictions and their relevance for modern Russian law are considered. Special attention is paid to new types of legal fictions emerging in the field of digital law, corporate legislation, and procedural law. The functions, types, and limits of application of legal fictions in Russian legislation and law enforcement practice are studied. The need for a systematic understanding of legal fictions as an instrument of legal regulation in the era of technological transformations is substantiated. It is concluded that legal fictions in the modern era do not lose their significance but undergo a significant substantive transformation, acquiring new forms and areas of application.
Keywords: legal fiction; legal technique; digital law; legal regulation; theory of law; digital fictions; principle of good faith; legal entity; digitalization; legal certainty.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abdulkhannyanov I. A. Renaissance of legal fiction in monographic studies of recent years (2021-2022) // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1 (61). – P. 123-129.
2. Tanimov O. V. Theory of legal fictions: abstract of dis. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2022. – 53 p.
3. Tikhonov V. V. About Professor Stanislav Akimovich Zinchenko and his works on entrepreneurial (economic) law // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of the Southern Federal University. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 155-161.
4. Arkhipov S. I. Legal constructions in the legal system // Russian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 9-21.
5. Nechaeva A. M. Evolution of legal fictions in Russian civil law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 52-67.
6. Panchenko V. Yu. Legal fictions and the principle of good faith in private law // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2022. – No. 46. – P. 28-41.
7. Gurova T. V. Legal fictions in the context of digitalization of law: monograph. – Saratov: Publishing house of the Saratov State Law Academy, 2024. – 192 p.
8. Tikhomirov Yu. A., Talapina E. V. Law and the digital environment: new realities // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 5-17.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
PRONINA Kseniya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Academy of the Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM: INTEGRATION OF LEGAL AND MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS
The article examines the importance of legal and moral consciousness in the professional activities of civil servants and, in particular, employees of the penitentiary system. It is noted that legal and moral consciousness are independent but interrelated forms of public consciousness. Attention is drawn to the role of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values in the professional activities of employees of the penitentiary system. It is emphasized that civil servants have a high level of both legal and moral consciousness – an essential condition for the effective and high-quality performance of their professional duties.
Keywords: legal awareness, moral consciousness, traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, civil servants, employees of the penal system.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasilyeva T. D. The phenomenon of legal consciousness: theoretical and legal analysis and significance for civil service // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2024. – V. 10. No. 4. – P. 3-10.
2. Zhukov V. N. Legal consciousness: philosophical analysis // State and Law. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 18-31.
3. Ilyin I. A. On the essence of legal consciousness // Collected works: in 2 volumes. – M., 1993. – Vol. 1.
4. Kubyakin E. O., Arakelova E. V. Dynamics and types of legal consciousness in Russian society // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (70). – P. 8-15.
5. Maltsev G. V. Moral foundations of law: monograph / 2nd ed., revised. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2023. – 400 p.
6. Pronina K. Yu. Legal nihilism of civil servants in Russia: theoretical and legal aspect: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2023. – 229 p.
7. Sklifus S. V., Treskov A. P. Legal awareness and legal culture of civil servants as a factor in the effectiveness of the legal and political system // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 11 (239). – P. 100-101.
8. Frolova O. V., Frolov V. V. Deformations of legal consciousness and the Russian mentality // Current scientific research in the modern world. – 2020. – No. 6-9 (62). – P. 141-154.
9. Tsybulevskaya O. I. Formation of moral and legal consciousness of students in the system of legal education // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3 (963). – P. 234-236.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
RUZAVINA Evgeniya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of General theoretical and state-legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
SHCHELINA Mariya Andreevna
student of the 1st course in the field of Law 40.04.01 (Master’s degree program “Legal Activity in state and Municipal Authorities”), Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
THE ROLE OF PRESS SERVICES IN THE PROCESS OF BUILDING PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the press services of public authorities of the Russian Federation in the formation of public confidence. The article examines the institutional and legal foundations of their activities, functions in the public communications system, as well as their impact on the authority of government. Special attention is paid to the problems of digitalization, lack of feedback and imitation openness. The author concludes that effective, open and accountable communications of press services can strengthen trust in government institutions, but without real changes in management practices, their potential is limited.
Keywords: citizens’ trust, public authorities, press services, public communications, openness, public administration, legitimacy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev M. S. Population trust in government bodies in the information society: theoretical and methodological foundations of the study // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Philosophy. Sociology. Political Science. – 2023. – No. 71. – P. 177-191.
2. Gafarova M. R. Public trust in government bodies in the Russian Federation: methods of determination, problems and solutions // Promising directions for the development of state and municipal administration: collection of materials. International scientific and practical conf. – Kazan, 2021. – Pp. 74-80.
3. Osvetimskaya I. I. Deformations of communication between state power and society in Russia // Ideology and Politics Journal. – 2021. – No. 2 (18). – P. 292-312.
4. Pushkareva G. V., Sychev V. V. Political institutional trust in Russian society // Public administration: Electronic Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 100. – P. 142-154.
5. Semitko A. P. The principle of maintaining citizens’ trust in the law and the actions of the state // Man and power in the context of radical changes in the modern world: collection of scientific papers of the XXI Russian scientific and practical conference (Ekaterinburg, April 12-13, 2019). Ekaterinburg: Humanitarian University, 2019. – Pp. 143-158.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
SERKEROV Samur Elmirovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
ABDULMUTALIMOVA Zamira Magomedovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
GASANALIEVA Kahravani Magomedramazanovna
competitor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
PRINCIPLES OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN A STATE GOVERNED BY THE RULE OF LAW
The text examines the differences in the principles of legal responsibility in criminal, administrative, and civil law. It is shown that, despite the general reliance on the constitutional principles of legality, justice, humanism, and proportionality, the specific features of each branch of law significantly influence the content and implementation of these principles. In criminal law, the principles are focused on maximizing the protection of the individual from excessive repression and strictly adhering to the rule of law in cases with the most severe consequences (imprisonment, criminal record). In administrative law, the focus is on speed and scale of response, with milder sanctions, which leads to simplified procedures and standardized measures, while maintaining basic guarantees. In civil law, the principles of liability are restorative and compensatory in nature, based on the autonomy of the parties’ will, disposition, and the widespread use of blameless liability structures for the effective redistribution of risks and compensation for harm. It is concluded that the differences in principles and their practical implementation are determined by the nature of the protected interests, the severity of the consequences, and the role of the state in initiating and applying liability.
Keywords: legal liability, principles of liability, criminal law, administrative law, civil law, legality, guilt, justice, humanism, proportionality, compensation for harm, autonomy of will, public interest, private interest, rule of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S.S. Theory of Law. In 2 volumes – M.: BEK, 1994.
2. Zorkin V. D. Law in the context of global changes. – M.: Norma, 2013.
3. Romashov R. A. Legal liability: theory and practice. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2007.
4. Sergeev A. P., Tolstoy Yu. K. Civil law. Volume 1. – M.: TK Velbi, Prospect, 2006.
5. Ebzeev B. S. Constitution, power and freedom in Russia: an experience of synthetic research. – M.: Norma, 2012.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
SKOMOROKHOV Roman Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of General theoretical and state-legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
GENESIS OF LEGAL PROHIBITION: FROM TABOO TO POSITIVE LAW
The article examines the phenomenon of taboo as an initial, undifferentiated form of social regulation (mononorm) in the era of proto-society. The research is carried out within the scientific paradigm of Soviet Marxist evolutionism developed in the works of Yu. I. Semenov and S.S. Alekseev. The article reveals the socio-economic prerequisites for the emergence of taboo associated with the need to curb “zoological individualism” for the survival of the collective. The mechanisms of influence of food and sexual taboos on the formation of the first social ties are analyzed. The evolutionary chain of norm development from irrational taboos through custom to positive law is traced.
Keywords: taboo, history of law, mononorm, proto-society, primitive herd, genesis of law, social regulation, legal prohibition.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Semenov Yu. I. How Humanity Came to Be / 2nd ed., with new preface and appendix. – M.: State Public History Library of Russia, 2002. – 790 p.
2. Alekseev S. S. Theory of law. – M.: BEK Publishing House, 1995. – 320 pp.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
ULAEVA Nataliya Lvovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
QUALIFICATION OF LEGAL FACTS
The article reveals the general theoretical aspects of the qualification of legal facts. The concept, fundamental and optional features of a legal fact are given, while emphasizing that at present the concept of a legal fact and its features do not differ in a uniform understanding, which mediates certain problems in the qualification of certain types of legal facts. The article presents a description of the relationship between reality and existing legal norms, on the basis of which the direct process of legal qualification and the occurrence of inevitable legal consequences in the future arise. The author substantiates a number of issues of law enforcement in certain real-life circumstances that do not fall under the hypotheses of certain legal norms, as well as those related to the existing specification or generalization of certain types of legal facts in a legal norm, which leads to problems with their qualifications in the process of law enforcement. Special emphasis is placed on the fact that legal consequences are not always exclusively related to legal facts and may fall into the category of “legally significant circumstances”. It is emphasized that most of the problems that arise are related to numerous gaps in the terminological apparatus of the general theory of legal facts, current legislation, including the presence of controversial issues from both scientific and practical points of view. Individual measures are identified, the implementation of which will strengthen the theoretical foundations of the general theory of legal facts as a whole.
Keywords: legal facts, signs of legal facts, qualification of legal facts, reality, life circumstances, law enforcement, legal norms, hypothesis of a legal norm, legal consequences, legally significant circumstances, social circumstances, negative and defective legal facts.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abdrashitov A. M. Settlement agreement as a legal fact and as a factual composition // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2005. – No. 2. – P. 18.
2. Ryabov A. E. Legal facts in the mechanism of legal regulation: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation: 12.00.01. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky, 2005. – P. 14.
3. Ulaeva N. L. Legal facts in the general theory of law. – Krasnodar, Kru Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2025. – P. 37-38.
4. Tsukanova E. Yu. Legal fact as a legal model of a circumstance of reality // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2019. – Vol. 9. No. 5. – P. 128-133.
5. Shakirova R. R. Theory of transactions and the theory of legal facts // Economics and law in modern society: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference (Novosibirsk, May 11, 2018) / ed. Zaraysky A. A. – Novosibirsk, 2018. – P. 166.
6. Shafalovich A. A. Essential aspect of the modern theory of legal facts // Pravo.by. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 131.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
AKHMEDZHANOVA Rezeda Rushanovna
postgraduate student of Theory of law and state sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE CONCEPT OF HARM IN THE THEORY OF LAW: TOWARDS THE CONSTRUCTION OF A UNIVERSAL DEFINITION
The article explores the problem of the lack of a universal definition of the concept of “harm”. The author points out the limited approaches in the branches of law that reduce harm to the diminution of material or personal benefits. Based on the theory of interests, a general theoretical definition of harm is proposed. The thesis is substantiated that legally relevant harm is a violation of the interests of the subject, protected by the rule of law. The harm is not limited to the actual consequences, but includes the deterioration of a person’s regulatory position and the creation of an unjustified risk. The concept makes it possible to unify the category of harm for the branches of law, distinguishing them by legal response measures.
Keywords: harm, harmful condition, causing harm, theory of interests, legitimate interests, rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bowen J. Robust Rights and Harmless Wronging // Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics. – 2022. – Vol. 12. – P. 31-53.
2. Feinberg J. Harmless Wrongdoing. Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. – Oxford University Press, 1984. – 288 p.
3. Hobbes T. Leviathan, or The Matter, Form, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. – London: Printed for Andrew Crooke …, 1651. – 445 p. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode Access : https://historyofeconomicthought.mcmaster.ca/hobbes/Leviathan.pdf
4. Agarkov M. M. Obligation under Soviet civil law. – M.: Legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the USSR, 1940. – 192 p.
5. Belov V. A. Civil law in 2 volumes. Volume 1. General part: textbook for universities. – Electronic data. – M .: Yurait, 2022. – 451 p.
6. Civil Law. In 4 volumes. Volume 1: General Part: a textbook for university students studying in the field of 521400 “Jurisprudence” and in the specialty 021100 “Jurisprudence” / [Em V.S. et al.]; editors: E. A. Sukhanov. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – 720 p. 7. Gribanov V. P. Implementation and protection of civil rights. – M., 2000. – 414 p.
8. Subochev V.V. Legitimate interests // Problems of the theory of state and law. Textbook / edited by A.V. Malko. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2012. – P. 362-380.
9. Tarkhov V. A. Responsibility under Soviet civil law. – Saratov, 1973. – 456 p.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
GOSTEV Nikolay Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Southwestern State University, Kursk
MUTUAL INTEGRATION OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL LEGAL REGIME IN THE FIELD OF DIGITAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND THE CONCESSION AGREEMENT
Strategic planning documents provide for the involvement of public and private resources for the development of modern technologies. The experimental legal regime and the concession agreement have the potential for flexible regulation of innovations and mixed financing of investment projects with a fair distribution of risks among the participants of these projects. The purpose of the study is to assess the feasibility of their mutual integration. Comparative legal and systematic analysis has made it possible to substantiate the need for targeted legislative changes that ensure the joint use of these institutions to achieve the strategic goals of the country’s technological development, using the example of the regulation of concession agreements in the field of housing and communal services.
Keywords: experimental regime, concession agreement, public-private partnership, regulatory sandbox, mixed financing, technological leadership.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sushilnikov I. S. Constitutional and legal foundations of experimental legal regimes // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. 2023. No. 1 (15). P. 109-121.
2. Varfolomeeva V. A., Ivanova N. A. Concession agreement as a method of synergy between the state and private business in Russia // International Research Journal. 2025. No. 2 (152). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://research-journal.org/archive/2-152-2025-february/10.60797/IRJ.2025.152.69 (date of access: 17.02.2026). – DOI: 10.60797/IRJ.2025.152.69.
3. Shchegunts N. G. Legal nature and content of the concession agreement // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Law. 2025. No. 3. P. 108-117.
4. Basharin A. V. On the Possibility of Changing Urban Development Documentation Based on Agreements between Public-Law Entities and Private Individuals. Prospects for Conditional and Contractual Zoning in Russian Law // Law. 2021. No. 8. pp. 153-170. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus: [legal reference system], free. from the local. network.
5. Gadzhiev G. A. New approaches to defining the boundaries (limits) of civil law // Journal of Russian Law. 2026. Vol. 30. No. 1. Pp. 5-16 . DOI: 10.61205/jrp.2026.1.1. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus: [reference-legal system], free. from the local. network.
6. Klimova A. O. Theoretical and legal foundations of the concession agreement and investment agreement // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. 2019. No. 1 (54). P. 46-50.
7. Sushilnikov I.S. The right to partnership between entrepreneurs and government bodies in Russia // Russian Law Journal. 2022. No. 6. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus: [reference and legal system], free. from the local network.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
EGOROV Valentin Vladislavovich
postgraduate student, Moscow University “Synergy”, Branch St. Petersburg
EVOLUTION OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC LEGAL CULTURE
The article examines the evolution of legal education as an integral component of domestic legal culture. Various doctrinal approaches to the content of this category and its differentiation from legal upbringing, training and information are analyzed. The key historical periods of the formation of legal education activities in Russia are identified and characterized, their features and contradictions are revealed. Special attention is paid to the modern stage: the main trends in the transformation of legal culture are considered, including overcoming legal nihilism and using the potential of civil society institutions and the media. The necessity of developing a unified scientific approach to legal education as an independent direction of state policy that ensures the formation of respect for the law and the development of legal awareness of citizens is substantiated.
Keywords: legal education, legal culture, legal upbringing, legal nihilism, historical evolution, state policy, legal awareness.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Balkovaya V. G. Legal education: theoretical and legal analysis of the category // Civil service and personnel. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 21-26.
2. Tatarinov V. A. Legal culture: educational context // Higher education today. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 1-4.
3. Kalandarishvili Z. N. Basic concepts of studying legal culture in legal science // Bulletin of the University. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 111-118.
4. Kononenko D. V. The relationship between the concepts of “legal literacy”, “legal education”, “legal enlightenment”, “legal information” and “legal education” // Legal paradigm. – 2025. – V. 24. No. 1. – P. 34-38.
5. Rybakov O. Yu. Forms of implementation of legal policy // Legal policy and legal life. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 5-14.
6. Khrenova A. A., Adaeva O. V. Legal education in Russia: history and modernity. Saransk: Publishing house of the Mordovian University, 2024. – P. 1-8.
7. Yun L. V. Historical features of the evolution of Russian legal culture (general legal aspects) // Education and Law. – 2017. No. 4. – P. 21-33.
8. Andreeva E. E., Morozov G. B. On effective forms of legal education of citizens of the Russian Federation // Pedagogical education in Russia. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 75-81.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
MGELADZE Valeriya Zazovna
laboratory assistant of Theory of law and state sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL DATA INTO THE CONTENT OF REGULATORY LEGAL PRESCRIPTIONS: MECHANISM, BARRIERS AND DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
The article examines one of the most difficult and urgent problems in the theory of law–making – the transformation of the results of sociological research into the content of regulatory legal regulations. The author proposes a model of the transformation mechanism, which includes three successive stages and a feedback system through law enforcement monitoring. The key barriers to transformation are identified: the linguistic gap between the probabilistic judgments of sociology and the imperative prescriptions of law, the reduction of multidimensional data when they are translated into legal norms, the incompleteness of the normative regulation of the use of sociological data in law-making. Special attention is paid to the prospects of digitalization and the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in the process of sociological law-making.
Keywords: the mechanism of transformation, sociological research, law-making, digitalization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Lapaeva V. V. Sociological support of lawmaking: abstract of the dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01. – Moscow, 1993. – 41 p.
2. Andreeva L. A. Assessment of regulatory impact (legal aspect) // Issues of modern jurisprudence. – 2016. – No. 12 (62). – P. 70-82.
3. Tsybulenko Z. I. Private easements in the legislation of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 2 (127). – P. 130-142.
4. Boshno S. V. Sociological methods in legal research (using legal doctrine as an example) // Law and modern states. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 18-32.
5. Antonova E. G., Lavelina V. S. Digital technologies in law-making activities // Law and digital economy. – 2020. – No. 4 (10). – P. 5-11.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
NOSKOV Ivan Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GROWTH OF LEGAL CULTURE AND THE INCREASING LEGITIMACY OF LEGISLATIVE INNOVATIONS IN MODERN SOCIETY
The paper analyzes scientific papers on legal culture and the validity of legislation. The main definitions of legal culture and the legitimacy of legislation are considered. A comparative analysis of the interpretations of these concepts by different authors has been carried out, and the main essential features have been identified. The paper presents the features of the status of these concepts in the modern digital age and how current realities lead to rethinking and changing the usual interpretations of these definitions. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were drawn on the correlation of these concepts and the definition of their relationship in the context of the development of modern society.
Keywords: legal culture, legitimacy of legislation, digital society, mechanisms of lawmaking.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zalolilo M. V. (2025). Interdisciplinary scientific dimension of the evolution of legal culture // State and Law. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 42-51.
2. Sorokin V. V. Legal culture and legal education: theoretical issues. – Barnaul: Altai State University, 2023. – ISBN: 978-5-7904-2710-7.
3. Legal culture. Legal policy. Human rights: the 21st century / edited by O. Yu. Rybakov, A. S. Mordovets / Volga Region Institute (branch) of VSUJ (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia). – Saratov, 2020. – 302 p. – ISBN: 978-5-00094-716-6.
4. Savenkov A. A. The problem of legality in Western and Russian legal thought of the XIX-XX centuries: monograph. – Moscow: IGP RAS, Saratov: Amirit, 2022. – 188 p. – ISBN 978-5-00207-144-9.
5. Chernogor N. N., Zaloilo M. V. Improving the legal regulation of public discussion of draft regulatory acts // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 74-92.
6. Denisenko V. V. Legitimacy of Law (theoretical and legal research): monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 240 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-36633-0.
7. Kazakov G. A. Transformation of legal regulation and legal culture in modern Russia in the context of modernization: theoretical aspect: dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01. – Krasnodar, 2016. – 187 p.
8. Demidov D. G. The influence of the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation on the legality and legitimacy of elected bodies of state power: dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02. – Moscow, 2011. – 202 p.
9. Ivanchenko I. A. The essence, mechanism and forms of legal legitimization of state power: dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01. – Moscow, 2015. – 180 p.
10. Balakireva L. M. On the issue of ways and means of forming the legal culture of an individual // Legal culture in modern society. – 2022. – P. 421-425.
11. Drozdova A. M. Legal education in the process of forming conditions for increasing the efficiency and level of legal culture // [no. i.]. – [no. m.], 2024. – 377 p.
12. Ivanov S. A. The Importance of Legal Culture in the Formation of a Rule of Law State // Bulletin of the Russian University of Cooperation. – 2021. – No. 3 (45). – P. 117-120.
13. Kravchenko O. B. Legal culture as a general condition for the formation of a cognitive personality // Law and Society. – 2015. – No. 3 (18). – P. 184.
14. Krasnov A. V. Legitimacy of Law: Axiological Aspect // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 87-88.
15. Lawmaking in the Context of International Regionalization: monograph / A. I. Abramova, L. V. Andrichenko, N. S. Bondar [et al.]; editorial board T. Ya. Khabrieva, A. S. Emelianov, M. V. Zaloilo. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2025. – 224 p. – DOI 10.12737/219287. – P. 64-73.
16. Lyubimov A. P. Information culture in Russia // Representative power. – 2012. – No. 2-3 (113-114). – P. 34-35.
17. Pashentsev D. A., Zaloilo M. V., Dorskaya A. A. Change of technological structures and legal development of Russia: monograph. – Moscow: IZiSP: Norma: INFRA-M, 2021. – 184 p.
18. Shibanova A. I. Basic methods for increasing the legitimacy of regional authorities using the example of the Irkutsk region // Scientific and practical electronic journal Alley of Science. – 2017. – No. 11.
19. Yurtaeva E. A. Humanitarian cooperation of the CIS countries: activities and regulation // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 527-528.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
EGOROV Valentin Vladislavovich
postgraduate student, Moscow University “Synergy”, Branch St. Petersburg
FACTORS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
The article examines legal education as a complex socio-legal phenomenon in the context of globalization. It substantiates that globalization processes give rise to contradictory trends: on the one hand, the unification of legal standards and the spread of human rights ideas, on the other hand, the erosion of traditional legal values and the strengthening of legal nihilism. Under these conditions, legal education acquires strategic importance for ensuring law and order and stability. The evolution of scientific ideas about legal education from its identification with legal upbringing and legal information to its recognition as an independent category is analyzed. The main theoretical concepts of legal education are identified and systematized. Based on a synthesis of theoretical approaches and contemporary practice, key factors for improving the effectiveness of legal education in the context of globalization are identified: consideration of globalization challenges, systematic nature and purposefulness, combination of traditional and innovative forms, priority impact on the emotional-volitional sphere, use of public resources and feedback mechanisms, expansion and coordination of the activities of legal education subjects. The conclusion is substantiated that only an integrated approach, combining rational and irrational components, makes it possible to overcome the fragmentation of legal education activities and ensure the formation of a high level of legal awareness and legal culture.
Keywords: legal education, legal culture, legal awareness, globalization, legal upbringing, legal information, legal nihilism, effectiveness factors, systematic approach, information and communication technologies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S.S. Collected works: in 10 volumes. T. 8. – M.: Statute, 2010.
2. Tatarinov V. A. Legal culture: educational context // Higher education today. – 2025. – No. 2.
3. Istomin M. A., Nechkin A. V. Legal education in Russia: modern problems of theory and practice // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2021. – Vol. 7. No. 2.
4. Semerneva N.K., Shchedrina A.K. Legal forms of public education of minors. – M.: Legal Literature, 1980.
5. Uvarova T. A. The place of legal education in the legal culture of society // Dialogue of cultures and civilizations: collection of scientific papers of the International scientific forum. – M .: Moscow State Linguistic University, 2024. 6. Kononenko D. V. The relationship between the concepts of “legal literacy”, “legal education”, “legal enlightenment”, “legal information” and “legal education” // Legal paradigm. – 2025. – V. 24. No. 1.
7. Rybakov O. Yu. Forms of implementation of legal policy // Legal policy and legal life. – 2003. – No. 2.
8. The Right to Know the Law: Methodological Recommendations for Organizing Legal Education of Participants in the Educational Process / compiled by E. I. Atagimova, E. V. Gorbacheva. – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientific Center for Legal Studies under the Ministry of Justice of Russia, 2016. 9. Yun L. V. Historical features of the evolution of Russian legal culture (general legal aspects) // Education and Law. – 2017. – No. 4.
10. Tatarintseva E. V. Legal education (methodology and methods). – M.: Higher school, 1990.
11. Andreeva E. E., Morozov G. B. On effective forms of legal education of citizens of the Russian Federation // Pedagogical education in Russia. – 2016. – No. 1.
12. Mokhorova A. Yu., Mokhorov D. A., Dolzhenkova E. Anti-corruption education as an element of the educational process // Scientific and educational space in the context of modern challenges: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference, Cheboksary, July 13, 2021. – Cheboksary: Limited Liability Company “Center for Scientific Cooperation” Interactive Plus “, 2021. – P. 146-147. – DOI 10.21661/r-554523.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
AMAGYROV Andrey Valeryevich
senior lecturer of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Deputy Director for Youth Policy and Educational Work, D. Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude
THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF INTANGIBLE BENEFITS UNDER THE CUSTOMARY LAW OF THE BURYATS
The article examines the institute of legal protection of intangible benefits in the customary law of the Buryats, based on an analysis of the norms of the Selenga Code of 1775 and the Khori Code of 1781. The author clarifies the causes of the particularism of legal customs, linking them to the territorial and clan-based limitations on the scope of customary norms. The interdisciplinary, complex nature of the institution is noted, in which private-law principles (compensation for harm) prevail, intertwined with religious and public-law sanctions. The objects of legal protection, the special legal status of officials and clergy, as well as a system of additional guarantees regulating sources of increased danger and labor protection are examined. In particular, the author arrives at the following conclusions. Firstly, the institute of legal protection of intangible benefits under Buryat customary law represented a complex interdisciplinary legal institute, comprising both norms establishing the elements of offenses and norms setting forth other guarantees for the unimpeded enjoyment of intangible benefits. Secondly, encroachments upon intangible benefits were regarded by Buryat customary law as complex interdisciplinary offenses involving the imposition of measures of a religious, punitive and compensatory nature.
Keywords: customary law of the Buryats, intangible benefits, Selenga Code, legal protection, honor and dignity, particularism of legal norms, sources of increased danger, legal status of an individual.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gurlyand I. Ya. Steppe legislation from ancient times to the 17th century. – Kazan, 1904. – 112 p.
2. Zalkind E. M. Social structure of the Buryats. – Ulan-Ude, 1970. – 400 pp.
3. Ryazanovsky V. A. Customary law of the Mongolian tribes. – Chita, 1992. – 195 p.
4. Tumurova A. T. Customary law of the Buryats (Selenginskoye Ulozhenie of 1775). – Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the Buryat State University, 2004. – 116 p.
5. Tumurova A. T. Customary law of the Buryats in the Mongolian legal system / translated into English. – Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the Buryat State University, 2004. – 165 p.
6. Tsybikov B. D. Customary law of the Selenga Buryats. – Ulan-Ude, 1970. – 283 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
BUTENKO Anna Konstantinovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
IVAN IV’S LAND POLICY AS A POLITICAL TOOL FOR FIGHTING THE OPPOSITION
The article analyzes Ivan IV’s policies aimed at strengthening his personal power and centralizing the state. To combat the opposition of the boyars and regional princes, Ivan IV used one of the most effective tools: depriving the boyars and regional princes of their landholdings, which were the source of their political and economic power. During his land policy, Ivan IV managed to change the social support of the tsar’s power from the boyars to the service nobility, who were granted land plots for their service, which strengthened their personal loyalty to the tsar and weakened the political monopoly of the boyars.
Keywords: Boyar Duma, appanage princes, oprichnina, boyars, nobles, Zemsky Sobor, patrimony, estate, treasury, exile.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Complete collection of Russian chronicles. – St. Petersburg, 1841-1885. – T. 6.
2. Skrynnikov R. G. Russian History of the 9th-17th Centuries. – M: Ves Mir Publishing House, 1997. – 496 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
IVANOVA Lyudmila Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
BALYKINA Kseniya Vitaljevna
student of the 2nd course in the field of training 04/40/01 Jurisprudence (Master’s program “Lawyer in the Field of Criminal Proceedings”), Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, independent researcher
THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF CHINA: FROM ORIGINS TO THE PRESENT DAY
This article examines the historical development of China’s legal system, from ancient times (the 2nd millennium BC) to the legal system of 21st-century China. It examines the evolution of legal principles from the theocratic principles of the Xia and Shang dynasties, through the establishment of secular law during the Zhou dynasty, the centralization and unification of the Qin dynasty, the introduction of humanistic principles into criminal law during the Han dynasty, the creation of systematic codes by the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties, changes in the legal system associated with the Mongol invasion during the Yuan dynasty, codified changes during the Ming dynasty, attempts at legal reform by the Qing dynasty, and the radical changes of the 20th century, leading to the formation of the modern socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics.
Keywords: legal system of China, history of law, ancient China, dynasties of China, legal principles, sources of law, legal culture, punishment, unification of laws.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Official website of Tantang Myaumiau: A Systematic Understanding of China’s Legal System. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/S3jQZ2SnFHAPPqWemh1Wbw (accessed: 03/13/2025).
2. Official website of Shanghai Jinwei Law Firm: A Brief Introduction to China’s Legal System. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/qj-byp4svXr0dFSHX8oP_w (accessed: 13.03.2025).
3. Official website of Chen Ning, lawyer of Beijing Weiheng Law Firm: Development of Chinese Law: Evolution from Ancient Times to the Present. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EIxIZpQK52mkCMSNiaoxuQ (date of access: 03/15/2025).
4. Official website of Xiaoxiao Faxuesheng: the legal system during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/pgq1B6TJpVc9yjIABzECtw (accessed: 03/13/2025).
5. Official website of Aiya Yagangan: History of Law – the legal system of the Qin dynasty. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EXkjwE9wwyP-qHpC5mWCtA (date of access: 03/13/2025).
6. Yang Xiangguo’s Official Website: History of the Chinese Legal System (7). The Legal System in the Han Dynasty. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-nVD7wb8mAg9qmhuqftEiw (accessed: 03/13/2025).
7. Official website of Beijing Houda Xuancheng Education Technology Co., Ltd.: History of Law: Legal Systems of the Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9NEZ-EywlcxoP9rwT-udYg (accessed: 03/13/2025).
8. Official website of Shao Qing: the legal system of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Northern and Southern Dynasties. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xBfRLo7v7A8D4K5Zak_Nrw?poc_token=HL5X-2ejMkSzyeKau3LnVUi15tppbj1QkjxjrJAC (date of access: 03/13/2025).
9. Official website of Beijing Houda Xuancheng Education Technology Co., Ltd.: History of Law: Legal Systems of the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9B1TUNIZGNz-GAfVMP2NTA (accessed: 03/13/2025).
10. Lou Shuzhai’s Official Website: History of the Chinese Legal System – The Legal System of the Yuan Dynasty. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/HO2VioiVI9CZwgh6tiD5xA (accessed 03/15/2025).
11. Official website of the Institute of Information and Intelligence Research, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: Research on the Essence of the Legal System of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: On the Shortcomings of the Theory of the “Legal System of Rules” and the Justification of the Theory of the “Legal System of Classic Examples”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1OytqzefjCClaOhdAXJoGA (accessed: 03/15/2025).
12. Shi Xinzhou’s article, published on the official website of the electronic journal Chinese Litigation: Party Leadership is the Basic Guarantee for the Normal Development of the Judicial System. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zrGBKUelFuNmxkIxiA-oWQ (accessed 03/20/2025)
13. Ivanova L. M., Balykina K. V. The system of punishments of the first imperial dynasties of China (221 BC-420 AD) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 339-341.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
LEBEDEVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Director, Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL EDUCATION AND SPIRITUAL, MORAL AND PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: HISTORICAL TRADITIONS AND MODERN PROBLEMS
The article reveals the current problems in the field of patriotic and spiritual and moral education of students, and proposes new approaches to the formation of personality, based on the traditions and experience of past generations, but taking into account the current trends in the development of Russian society, the influence of Western ideologies, and the global transformations of the world social space. Speaking about legal and historical education, the author postulates that at present historical and legal education is becoming the main tool of spiritual and moral education, and spiritual and moral guidelines are a semantic navigation for studying the history of law.
Keywords: historical and legal education, spiritual foundations of legal systems, spiritual identity of the people, new actors of patriotic education.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ilyin I. A. On the Coming Russia. Selected Articles / edited by N. P. Poltoratsky. – Jordanville. – New York: Joint publication of Holy Trinity Monastery and Telex Corporation, 1991. – 367 p.
2. Ilyin I. A. The Path to Obviousness. – Moscow: Republic, 1993. – 430 p.
3. Romanovskaya V. B., Krymov A. V. State and legal ideals and values: the West and Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 10 (197). – P. 572-574.
4. Romanovskaya L. R., Kolesov M. S. The Phenomenon of Internet Censorship by Global Digital Platforms. Analysis of Foreign Experience in Legal Regulation // HumanProgress. – 2025. – Vol. 11. No. 4. – P. 1-16.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
PAVLISOVA Tatyana Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Higher Attestation Commission of Theory and history of law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
SHAMOYAN Teya Martinovna
student of the 1st course, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
PIGIDA Kirill Vadimovich
student of the 1st course, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF LEGAL NIHILISM IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Legal nihilism as a socio-legal phenomenon is one of the most acute and persistent problems of Russian society. It has its roots in a deep history. Legal nihilism manifests itself in the systematic disregard or denial of legal norms as mandatory regulators of public relations. In modern Russia, this phenomenon is becoming particularly relevant in the context of a deep crisis of legal awareness. Non-compliance with laws in daily practice is compounded by the perception of law as an instrument of pressure rather than stability. In these circumstances, legal nihilism not only undermines the dignity of State power, but also hinders the development of the state. The purpose of the article is a historical and legal analysis of the evolution of legal nihilism in Russia in order to establish its patterns.
Keywords: legal nihilism, the value of law, denial, legal norms, the state.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nersesyants V. S. Philosophy of Law. – M.: Gardariki, 2005. – P. 212.
2. Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law. – M.: Prospect, 2008. – T. 1. – P. 345.
3. Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. – St. Petersburg, 1818. – Vol. 2. – P. 156.
4. Semevsky V. I. Peasants during the reign of Empress Catherine II. – St. Petersburg, 1881. – V. 1. – P. 234.
5. Averyanov V. B. Legal nihilism: causes and forms of overcoming. – M.: Jurist, 2001. – P. 67.
6. Bakunin M. A. Statehood and Anarchy. – M., 1989. – P. 41.
7. Frank S. L. Ethics of nihilism // Milestones. From the depths. – M., 1991. – P. 167-199.
8. Tkachenko V. B. Russian legal nihilism: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2000.
9. Tumanov V. A. On legal nihilism // Soviet state and law. – M., 1989.
10. Gulina O. R. Historical roots and features of legal nihilism in modern Russia: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – Ufa, 2002.
11. Novikov A. I. Nihilism and nihilists: an attempt at a critical characterization. – L., 1972. – P. 9.
12. Matevosova E.K. The Doctrine of Legal Nihilism // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 1037-1043.
13. Kasayeva T. G. Legal nihilism in modern Russia // Russian judge. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 52-55.
14. Kasayeva T. G. Legal consciousness: a value orientation of modern society // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 2-4.
15. Chernyshevsky N. G. What to do? // Wikisource. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/What_to do?_(Chernyshevsky)/Part_four/Chapter_4 (date of access: 03/20/2026).
16. Pisarev D. I. Destruction of aesthetics // Russian virtual library. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rvb.ru/pisa rev/01text/03razrush/01razrush.htm (date of access: 03/20/2026).

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KUZNETSOVA Anna Alexandrovna
postgraduate student, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don
THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES IN RUSSIAN LAW IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CONCEPTUAL AND ESSENTIAL FOUNDATIONS
The paper explores how spiritual and moral values are interpreted in Russian legal norms and academic legal discourse, highlighting their essential attributes and practical functions. It is also concluded that the framework of such values in the Russian Federation may be treated as a self-sufficient system, since it is formally enshrined in legislation and distinguished by its own unique national character.
Keywords: spiritual and moral values, traditional values, national value system, constitutional values, legal values, law and order.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Soloviev V. S. Justification of Good. Moral Philosophy. – M.: Republic, 1996. – 656 p.
2. Trubetskoy E. N. Encyclopedia of Law. – St. Petersburg, 1998. – P. 66-67.
3. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account the amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 31. – Art. 4398.
4. Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2012. – No. 53 (Part I). – Art. 7598.
5. Federal Law of December 30, 2020 No. 489-FZ “On Youth Policy in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 1 (Part I). – Art. 28.
6. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 46. – Art. 8025.
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 27 (Part II). – Art. 5351.
8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 5, 2016 No. 646 “On Approval of the Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 50. – Art. 7074.
9. Boyak T. N. The content of the concept of “spiritual and moral values” // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. – 2015. – Issue. 14A. – P. 42-45.
10. Rashidov A. V. , Ovchinnikov S. N. Concept legal values // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – T. 12-4 (87). – P. 145-148.
11. Roizman G. B. Concept and legal nature of constitutional values // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2012. – No. 1 (255). – Law. – Issue. 31. – P. 18-24.
12. Baeva L. V. Traditional values: concept and meanings // Patria. – 2024. – Vol. 1. No. 3. – P. 8-22.
13. Sorokin S. I. Attitude to work in Russian economic culture // Notes of the Mining Institute. – 2010. – V. 187. – P. 237-241.
14. Anisin A. L. Sobornost: Phenomenon, Concept and Principle // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University. – 2009. – No. 33 (171). Issue. 14. – P. 5-11.
15. Putin spoke about the importance of traditional values // RIA Novosti. – 2025. – June 15. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20250615/putin-2022951966.html (date of access: 03/26/2026).

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
MAKHAEV Makhmud Abdulkadyr oqly
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Management and legal disciplines sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
KHALAEV Zahid Alievich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior researcher, Institute of the History of Archeology and Ethnography, Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
STUDY OF THE CUSTOMARY LAW OF THE EASTERN TRANSCAUCASIA AVARS IN HISTORICAL AND LEGAL SCIENCE: PAST AND PRESENT
Customary law, which emerged during the formation of tribal society, reflected many features of the socio-economic structure and civil-legal life of the peoples of the Caucasus. Customary law materials are often the only and most reliable source illuminating the social and family life of the peoples. The study of the customary law of the Transcaucasian Avars remained outside the field of view of researchers for a long time. This article examines the evolution of views on the customary law of the Transcaucasian Avars in Russian and foreign pre-revolutionary and modern historiography. In studying the customary law of the Transcaucasian Avars, the author emphasizes the norms of customary law of the Avars living in the territory of the Belokano-Zakatalo-Kakh zone of modern Azerbaijan, who in the 17th – first third of the 19th century had their own state formation, which went down in history as the Jaro-Belokan societies. The authors analyze the views of pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and contemporary scholars. The article focuses on the study of customary law in modern legal scholarship. The authors conclude that the information of pre-revolutionary authors and the achievements of Dagestani (Russian) and foreign researchers laid the foundation for the study of the customary law of the Avars of Jaro-Belokan, allowing modern researchers to continue the scientific development of this scientific problem.
Keywords: Transcaucasian Avars, 17th – 19th centuries, Djaro-Belokans, customary law, adat, Sharia, court, norms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gerber I. G. Description of the countries and peoples along the western shore of the Caspian Sea. 1728 // History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan in the 18th–19th centuries / edited by M. O. Kosven and H.-M. Khashaev in 1958 – P. 60-120.
2. Chronicle of the Jara wars in the 18th century / trans. from Arabic and note prof. PC. Juse, with a foreword. V. Khuluflu. – Baku, 1931. – P. 192-101.
3. Kotzebue M. A. Information about the Dzhar possessions of 1826 // History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan in the 18th – 19th centuries / edited by M. O. Kosven and H.-M. Khashaev. – M.: Publishing house of Eastern literature, 1958. – P. 252-264.
4. Konstantinov O.I. Dzharo-Belokan until the 19th century // Newspaper “Caucasus”. – 1846. – No. 6. – P. 6-8.
5. Customs of the Dagestan region and the Zakatala district / edited by I. Ya. Sandrigailo. – Tiflis, 1899. – P. 622-626.
6. Petrushevsky I. P. Dzharo-Belokan free societies in the first third of the 19th century. – Makhachkala, 1993. – P. 47-51.
7. Aitberov T. Shhoralul avarazul ragazul tarikh (“History of the wars of the Transcaucasian Avars”). – Makhachhala, 1996. – P. 128-133.
8. Aitberov T. M. Reader on the history of law and state of Dagestan in the 18th – 19th centuries. Part I. – Makhachkala: DSU Publishing House, 1998. – P. 4-16.
9. Makhaev M. A-K. Features of the genesis of the rural community, customary law and legal proceedings of Jar: 18th – 19th centuries. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, 2009. – 32 p.
10. Khalayev Z. A. Customary law among the peoples of the Alazani Valley in the 18th century // Tarikh ve onun problemleri zhurnal (Journal “History and its problems”). – Baku, 2006. – P. 338-342.
11. Suleymanova SA Jar-Balakən və İlisu ganunnamələri. (Legislation of Jaro-Belokan and Ilisu) // AMEA xəbərləri. “Izvestia” of ANAS. – Baki, 2004 (in Azerbaijani). – pp. 121-134.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
PAVLOV Oleg Vitaljevich
competitor for the degree of Candidate of Legal Sciences, specialty 5.1.1 “Theoretical and Historical Legal Sciences”, Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics, independent researcher
THE TRAJECTORY OF CIVILIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF MECHANISMS OF TRANSFORMATION
The article examines the phenomenon of the “path dependence of a people” through the example of the historical and legal development of Ancient Rome. It analyzes the influence of a combination of geographical, cultural, institutional and mental factors on the formation of a stable trajectory of social development. Particular attention is paid to the concept of the “window of opportunity” as a limited historical period during which the transformation of an established development model and a change in the form of government become possible. Based on the analysis of key stages of Roman history—the transition from monarchy to republic and subsequently to empire—the study identifies the mechanisms of institutional change that ensured the continuity of cultural and legal traditions during the transformation of the political system. The paper also compares the Roman experience with contemporary examples of states demonstrating the ability to overcome institutional inertia. It is discussed that overcoming an established civilizational trajectory requires not only formal institutional reforms, but also transformations in the cultural and mental sphere, including changes in value orientations and behavioral patterns. The study concludes that the Roman experience can be used as a methodological framework for analyzing processes of institutional transformation in modern legal systems.
Keywords: historical and legal development, path dependence, Ancient Rome, institutional change, form of government, civilizational trajectory, cultural factor, legal evolution
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Acemoglu D., Robinson J. Why are some countries rich and others poor? The origin of power, prosperity, and poverty. – M.: AST, 2015. – P. 45.
2. Montesquieu S. L. On the spirit of laws. – M.: Mysl, 1999. – P. 112.
3. Wittfogel K. A. Eastern Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. – M.: Centerpoligraf, 2007. – P. 78.
4. Klyuchevsky V. O. Course in Russian history. – M.: Mysl, 1987. – P. 56.
5. North D. Institutions, institutional changes and the functioning of the economy. – M.: Fund of economic books “Beginnings”, 1997. – P. 83.
6. Huntington S. Clash of Civilizations. – M.: AST, 2003. – P. 64.
7. Spengler O. The Decline of Europe. – M.: Mysl, 1993. – P. 102.
8. Ortega y Gasset H. Uprising of the masses. – M.: Republic, 1991. – P. 91.
9. Auzan A. A. The Economy of Everything. How Institutions Shape Our Lives. – Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014. – P. 37.
10. Livy T. History of Rome from the founding of the city. – M.: Nauka, 1989. – P. 145.
11. Polybius. General History. – Moscow: Nauka, 1994. – P. 98.
12. Cicero M. T. On the State. On the Laws. – M.: Mysl, 1994. – P. 73.
13. Mommsen T. History of Rome. – St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2002. – P. 211.
14. Fukuyama F. Political order and political decline. – M.: AST, 2016. – P. 134.
15. Problems of institutional development of states in the context of globalization // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 27.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
TITOV Vladimir Yurjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Humanities and natural sciences sub-faculty, Irkutsk Branch, Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
DISCUSSIONS ON THE LEGITIMATE AND ILLEGITIMATE ATTITUDES OF SOVIET CITIZENS AS A PROCESS OF DEVELOPING LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS ( A N EXAMPLE OF A SUMMARY OF A DISSERTATION FOR A DOCTORATE IN HISTORY)
The article analyzes the concept of “public discussions” and their role in shaping legal consciousness in the USSR. The article presents a hypothesis about the so-called parallelization of various discussion clichés in Soviet public opinion, which ultimately formed a specific worldview-based legal consciousness. As a result, Soviet society perceived reality in two ways: a legitimate image (related to the official legal framework in the state, such as the economic activities of enterprises); a delegitimized image (related to the informal interpretation in the public consciousness, such as lexical and emotional clichés). The discussions focused on three opinion areas: 1) public protests against excessive governmental excesses; 2) the moral factor that justified or did not justify the party’s unilateral actions; 3) sensitive topics.
Keywords: discussion, Soviet public opinion, legal awareness, appeal to the authorities, dissent, and non-compliance with the authorities, “Trade Union Discussion” in the 1920s, soviet legislation, legitimate and delegitimized perceptions of legal consciousness, and public opinion protests.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Voitikov S. S. Trade union discussion and intra-party struggle in the RCP(b) in 1919–1921 // Russian history. – 2016. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: russian-history.ru›s0869-56870000616-0-1-ru-274/
2. GARF (State Archives of the Russian Federation). – F R-9527 (Fund of the Central Bureau of Workers’ Complaints and Suggestions). – Op. 1. – D. 11, 355, 669 – 695.
3. RGANI (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History). – F. 89 (collection of declassified materials). – Op. 1. – D. 1, 6, 9.
4. Public archive of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Nobel laureate A. D. Sakharov at the A. D. Sakharov Museum and Public Center.
5. RGASPI (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History). – F. 301 (D.B. Ryazanov Fund) – Op. 1. – D. 72, 75 and F. 560 (collections of documents on violations of the law in the USSR in the 1930s – early 1950s). – Op. 1. – D. 2, 18, 24.
6. RGASPI, f. 82 (V.M. Molotov fund). – Op. 2. – D. 184.
7. Titov. V. Provincial protest in the 1920s and 1930s: cross unions, homespun multi-shops, and the indignation of the red partisans: monograph. – Irkutsk. Publishing House of Irkutsk State University, 2007. – P. 64.
8. Titov V. Yu. Protest sentiments in public opinion of citizens of the RSFSR in the second half of the twentieth century (using the 1950s and 1960s as an example). – Irkutsk: Publishing house of Irkutsk. State Pedagogical University, 2005. – P. 64.
9. Bekhterev S. V. Labor collectives in the Soviet economic system… // Society and power. – 2013. – No. 4 (42). – P. 79-82.
10. GATO (State Archives of Tomsk Oblast). – F. 5598 (personal collection of the First Secretary of the Tomsk Regional Committee of the CPSU – E. K. Ligachev). – Op. 1. – D. 13. – L. 133.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KHARITONOVA Anna Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State legal disciplines and international law sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
THE EVOLUTION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION DURING THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET STATE
The presented article examines anti-corruption legislation during the formation of the Soviet state. The article examines the key stages in the formation of anti-corruption legislation, its features and effectiveness in the context of the political and socio-economic conditions of the Soviet period. The evolution of anti-corruption legislation during the formation of the Soviet state went through several key stages related to the adoption of regulations, toughening liability measures and the formation of anti-corruption mechanisms. The author concludes that, despite tough measures, it was not possible to completely eradicate corruption in the Soviet state due to systemic problems in governance and ideological restrictions
Keywords: corruption, bribe, criminal code, punishment, state, law, legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR “On Bribery” of 1918 // Assembly of the Legislative Assembly of the RSFSR. – 1918. – No. 35 (no longer in effect).
2. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR “On the Fight against Bribery” of August 16, 1921 // Collection of Laws of the RSFSR. – 1921. – No. 60 (no longer in effect).
3. Criminal Code of the RSFSR // Collection of Laws of the RSFSR. – 1922. – No. 15 (no longer in force).
4. Criminal Code of the RSFSR // Collection of Laws of the RSFSR. – 1926. – No. 80 (no longer in force).
5. Fundamentals of criminal legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics of 1958 // Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1958. – No. 1 (no longer in effect).
6. Criminal Code of the RSFSR // Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. – 1960. – No. 40 (no longer in effect).
7. Constitution of the USSR of 1977 // Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1977. – No. 41 (no longer in force).
8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 4, 1992 No. 361 “On the Fight against Corruption in the Civil Service System” // Vedomosti of the Council of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. – 1992. – No. 17 (no longer in effect).

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
PAVLISOVA Tatyana Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Higher Attestation Commission of Theory and history of law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
BUCHINA Anna Olegovna
student of the 1st course majoring in Jurisprudence, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
CHERNYAVSKY Ivan Ivanovich
student of the 1st course majoring in Jurisprudence, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
LEGAL STATUS OF THE STATE DUMA IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1906-1917)
This article analyzes the legal status of the State Duma as a new legislative institution that emerged as a result of the 1905–1907 revolution and was enshrined in the Fundamental State Laws of 1906. It examines the Duma’s place in the system of separation of powers, its interactions with the State Council, the Council of Ministers, and the monarch, and the evolution of its powers amid political crises. Based on an analysis of regulatory acts, parliamentary protocols, and government documents, it is disputed that the formal equality of the chambers did not correspond to the actual balance of power, and the Duma’s authority was limited by constitutional loopholes and the emperor’s prerogatives. The results of the study demonstrate the contradictory nature of the development of parliamentarism in Russia.
Keywords: State Duma, Russian Empire, Fundamental State Laws, separation of powers, parliamentarism, State Council, autocracy, constitutional monarchy, political system, 1906-1917.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Verkhoglyad A. S. Evolution of the legal status of deputies of the highest representative bodies of state power in pre-revolutionary Russia: specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”: abstract of dis. … for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2017. – 22 p.
2. Bobrova N. A., Gogolevsky A. V., Demichev A. A. [et al.]. Parliamentarism: history, theory, technology. – St. Petersburg: Aleteya Publishing House, 2022. – P. 202.
3. Stolypin P. A. Speeches and performances in the State Duma / ed. L. L. Zakharova. – M.: Republic, 1991. – P. 179.
4. Platonov S. F. History of Russia. – M.: Higher School, 1963. – P. 512.
5. Stepanov Yu. L. Political parties in Russia: 1905–1917. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – P. 248.
6. Boyovich M. M. State Duma of the Russian Empire: 1906-1917. – M.: ROSSPEN, 2008. – P. 735.
7. Startsev A. Yu. Political parties in the State Duma: 1906-1917. – M.: ROSSPEN, 2012. – P. 344.
8. Zimina O. V. Evolution of the legal status of the State Duma // History of the state and law. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 32-35.
9. Tikhomirov AV The Duma and the Limits of Constitutionalism in Late Imperial Russia // Europe-Asia Studies. – 2018. – Vol. 70. No. 6. – P. 998-1021.
10. Kokoshkin F. F. Selected works on state law. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen, 2007. – P. 344.
11. Eroshkin N. P. Essays on the history of state institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia. – M.: Uchpedgiz, 1952. – P. 364.
12. Collection of resolutions of the State Duma. – St. Petersburg, 1906-1917.
13. Rodzianko M. V. Behind the Scenes of Tsarist Power. – M.: Republic, 1992. Series : The Past . – P. 448.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
DIBIROV Yusup Saibulaevich
senior lecturer of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA AND PRIVACY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the constitutional and legal foundations for the protection of personal data and the right to privacy in the Russian Federation amid the active digital transformation of public administration. The topic is relevant due to the expansion of electronic interaction between citizens and the government, the growing volume of processed information, the use of interdepartmental data exchange, biometric technologies, and automated decision-making procedures. The purpose of this study is to identify the content of constitutional guarantees of individual information autonomy, determine the limits of permissible public interference in private life, and develop proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practice. The study utilizes formal legal, systematic, comparative legal, and doctrinal methods. It is concluded that the current legal regulation model requires strengthening constitutional standards of proportionality, targeted data processing restrictions, algorithmic transparency, and the provision of alternative non-digital access to socially significant public services.
Keywords: constitutional law, Constitution of the Russian Federation, Human rights and freedoms, personal data, privacy, digitalization, public authority, biometric data, government information systems, constitutional guarantees.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional law of Russia: a course of study: in 2 volumes. Moscow: Norma, 2023. Vol. 1. 864 p.
2. Bachilo I. L. Information law: textbook. Moscow: Yurait, 2022. 419 p.
3. Ilyicheva L. E., Lapin A. V. Partnership of the state and civil society in the digital space as a condition for the implementation of citizens’ rights // Izvestiya Tula State University. Humanities. 2023. Issue 2, p. 23.
4. Fomina L. Yu. International standards for the protection of personal data in the information society // International Law. 2019. No. 4. P. 55
5. Filimonova E.A. Protection of the right to privacy in the context of digital transformation of society. Legal order and legal values. 2025. No. 3 (1). P. 46-52.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
NAZARENKO Natalya Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education, Moscow
ON THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF IMPERIAL CONSTITUTIONS AND OTHER SOURCES OF LAW ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME
The article examines the main sources of Roman law, which had a significant impact on the development of jurisprudence and legal education in Ancient Rome at various stages of the history of the state. Among the sources of law and the group of narrative documents, those that allow us to reveal the perception and vision of educational trends of the era by contemporaries stand out. This approach allows us to substantiate the author’s position regarding the continuity and interrelation between the components of Greek and Roman legal education, its content at certain historical stages. The need to address this topic is due to the enduring importance of Roman legal thought, the preservation of cultural heritage, and the perception of intellectual monuments that make up the “golden fund” of jurisprudence. Studying the traditions of legal education, Roman law, and its reception provides the practical tools necessary for modern lawyers to engage with these subjects.
Keywords: Ancient Rome, sources of Roman law, imperial constitutions, legal education, narrative sources, Gaius, Ulpian, Papinian, Cicero.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ausonius Magnus. Poems. – M., 1993. – 368 p.
2. Dozhdev D. V. Roman private law. Textbook for universities / edited by V. S. Nersesyants. – M., 1996. – 685 p. 3. History of Ancient Rome. Texts and documents: Textbook: In 2 parts. Part 2. Roman law and society / edited by V. I. Kuzishchin. – M .: Higher school, 2005. – 318 p. 4. Kritskaya S. Yu., Salogub Ya. L. Introduction to Roman Law: Concept, System, Sources. A Textbook for Universities. – St. Petersburg: Aurora Publishing House, 2023. – 152 p. 5. Mikhailova I. A. Activities of Roman lawyers as a unique form of law formation // Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 2. Legal sciences. – No. 2 (15). – 2018. – P. 32-37.
6. Novitsky I. B. Roman Law: Textbook. – M.: Humanitarian knowledge, 1993. – 245 p.
7. Peretersky I. S. Digests of Justinian. Essays on the history of compilation and general characteristics. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1956. – 131 p.
8. Renan E. Marcus Aurelius and the End of the Ancient World / trans. V. A. Obruchev. – St. Petersburg, no. – 352 p.
9. Savigny F. K. von. The System of Modern Roman Law: in 8 volumes. Vol. 1 / translated from German by G. Zhigulin; edited by O. Kutateladze, V. Zubar. – M., 2011. – 508 p.
10. Shukurova T. F. The educational process in the schools of Ancient Rome // Bulletin of the Pedagogical University. Series 2: Pedagogy and psychology, methods of teaching humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2020. – No. 1 (1). P. 228-238.
11. Cicero M. Tullius On the Elder. On Friendship. On Duties. – M., 1974. – 248 p.
. Five Books of Sentences to His Son. Fragments by Domitius Ulpianus / trans. from Latin by E. M. Shtaerman; Responsible editor and compiler L. L. Kofanov . – Moscow : Zertsalo , 1998. – 285 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
TONOYAN Marine Radikovna
postgraduate student of the 4th course, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES AND RESTRICTIONS ON LAND OWNERSHIP: BALANCING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS
The article is devoted to the transformation of the balance of public and private interests in the field of land relations through the prism of the established constitutional guarantees of land ownership rights. Based on an analysis of constitutional provisions (Articles 9, 36, and 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and norms of the Land and Civil Codes of the Russian Federation, the author identifies the dominant role of public interest in modern land legislation. Attention is also paid to the mechanisms for restricting the rights of ownership of land plots: expropriation for state and municipal needs, the establishment of public easements, land reservations, and simplified procedures introduced in recent years. Legal experiments are considered (the Olympic construction in Sochi, the APEC summit in Vladivostok, the expansion of Moscow, and the preparation for the 2018 FIFA World Cup), which have led to the spread of simplified procedures for expropriation throughout the country. An analysis of the current legislation has shown that the public interest currently takes precedence over the private interest, which undoubtedly affects the conditions related to the use and management of land resources.
Keywords: public interest, Constitution of the Russian Federation, copyright holders, land relations, legal regime, land ownership, land plot, privatization, restrictions on land rights, and seizure.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Current issues in the theory of land law in Russia: monograph / E. N. Abanina, N. N. Averianova, A. P. Anisimov, et al.; edited by A. P. Anisimov. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2020. – 800 p.
2. Ashikhmina A. V. Constitutional and legal mechanism for limiting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2009. – 35 p.
3. Kvitko A. F. Constitutional and legal foundations for limiting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2007. – 24 p.
4. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. 5. Krasnov N. I. On the relationship between land and civil law during the transition to a market economy // State and Law. – 1994. – No. 7.
6. Kleymenova E. S. The relationship between private and public interests in the restriction and termination of rights to agricultural land in the public interest // Legal World. – 2010. – No. 11.
7. Ukhlova E. V. Public and private in the legal regulation of restrictions on citizens’ rights to land // Environmental law. – 2009. – No. 5/6.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
SAIDOV Farhad Zirofovich
Ph.D. in Law, senior inspector of the Republican Training Center of the MIA of the Kyrgyz Republic
ZAYYRBEKOVA Aychurok Akzholtoevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, inspector psychologist of the MIA of the Kyrgyz Republic
RYBOLOVLEVA Natalya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Management of the department of internal affairs sub-faculty, Academy of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATUS OF THE AKSAKAL COURT INSTITUTION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
The relevance of the topic. In the system of state bodies of the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter – KR), which ensure the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms out of court, a significant role is assigned to the institute of the court of elders (elders). The specifics of the activities of the Aksakal court and its role in protecting human and civil rights and freedoms should be studied based on an analysis of their activities, taking into account the cultural and historical features of the development of Kyrgyz society. The issues of the formation of the current state and prospects for the development of the institution of the court of elders in the Kyrgyz Republic are considered. Problem statement. The issue of organizing the effective operation of the system for the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, state authorities and local governments has become a priority, since significant changes have taken place in the life of Kyrgyz society since 1991. Currently, the Kyrgyz Republic has declared and enshrined in the Constitution that human and civil rights and freedoms are the highest value, as well as adherence to the principles of international law. In addition, Western models of human rights bodies have been rapidly developing in the Kyrgyz Republic and are now being transformed, which were introduced without taking into account the cultural customs, traditions and values of the Kyrgyz people. The purpose of the study is to analyze the formation of the current state and develop proposals for improving the legal status of the Aksakal court in the Kyrgyz Republic. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition, as well as comparative-legal, system-structural, formal-legal, historical-legal and systematic methods. As a result of the conducted research, conclusions and proposals have been formulated to improve the legal status of the institute of the Aksakal court. It is proposed to provide for administrative liability for non-enforcement of decisions of the Aksakal court; to legislate the foundations of cooperation with law enforcement agencies; to increase the requirements for candidates for the position of aksakal courts; to finance their activities in accordance with the realities of the present and to supplement the civil procedure legislation with the norm that decisions of Aksakal courts must be appealed.
Keywords: institute of the Aksakal court, legal status, foundations of cooperation, customs, traditions, values, improvement, human and civil rights and freedoms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Akaev A. A. The story that passed through my heart. M.; Bishkek: IPC “Design. Information. Cartography”, Ilim, 2003. 287 p.
2. Alenkina N. B. Compatibility of dispute resolution procedures of state and non-state courts in Kyrgyzstan: the example of aksakals’ courts // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavic) University. 2016. Vol. 16. No. 6. Pp. 46-53.
3. Alenkina N. B. Courts of elders: Legitimization of traditional values of Kyrgyz society // Herald of the Euro-Asian Law Congress. 2019. No. 1 (3). P. 24-36.
4. Alenkina N. B. Compulsory enforcement of decisions of aksakal courts: commentary on individual articles of the Civil Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. 2023. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 236-256.
5. Alenkina N. B. Quasi-judicial function of aksakal courts: living voices from the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic // Russian law: education, practice, science. 2023. No. 2. P. 4-23.
6. Ashimova D. The role of aksakal courts in the local community of the Kyrgyz Republic // Society and ethnopolitics: Proc. of the Int. scientific-practical. conf. (September 24-26, 2015): in 3 parts / edited by L. V. Savinov. Novosibirsk: Publishing house SibAGS, 2015. Part 3. Pp. 7. Korabelnikova Yu. L. The development trend of the ombudsman institution at the present stage // Current issues of combating crimes and other offenses. 2021. No. 21. P. 65-67.
8. Saidov F. Z. History of the formation and development of the institution of the Ombudsman of the Kyrgyz Republic // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 3 (59). P. 165-171.
9. Sooronkulova K. S. Customary law and the modern legal system of the Kyrgyz Republic: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. Bishkek, 2009. 23 p.
10. Tegizbekova Zh. Ch. Customary law of the Kyrgyz: marriage and family. Bishkek: Ataturk-Ala-Too, 2017. 218 c
11. Tursunbaeva N. S. Activities of the courts of elders in the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. 2015. Vol. 15. No. 2. P. 155-158.
12. Shadybekov K. B. Decentralized forms of administration of justice in the context of the development of institutions of aksakal courts in Kyrgyzstan // Legal Science, 2019. No. 2. P. 4-5.
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14. Akaev AA The story that passed through my heart. Moscow; Bishkek: CPI “Design. Information. Cartography”, Ilim, 2003. 287 p.
15. Alenkina NB Aksakal courts: Legitimization of traditional values of the Kyrgyz society // Herald of the Euro-Asian Law Congress. 2019. No. 1 (3). pp. 24-36.
16. Alenkina NB Compulsory enforcement of decisions of Aksakal courts: commentary on certain articles of the Civil Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Civil Procedure. 2023. Vol. 13.No. 1.Pp. 236-256.
17. Alenkina NB Compulsory execution of decisions of the Aksakal courts: commentary on certain articles of the Civil Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Civil Procedure. 2023. Vol. 13.No. 1.Pp. 236-256.
18. Alenkina NB Quasi-judicial function of aksakal courts: live voices from the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic // Russian law: education, practice, science. 2023. No. 2.Pp. 4-23.
19. Ashimova D. The role of aksakal courts in the local community of the Kyrgyz Republic // Society and ethnopolitics: proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference (September 24-26, 2015): in 3 hours / edited by LV Savinov. Novosibirsk: SibAGS Publishing House, 2015. Part 3. Pp. 13-22.
20. Korabelnikova Yu. L. The trend of development of the institution of the Ombudsman at the present stage // Actual problems of combating crimes and other offenses. 2021. No. 21.pp. 65-67.
21. Saidov FZ History of the formation and development of the Institute of the Ombudsman of the Kyrgyz Republic // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 3 (59). pp. 165-171.
22. Sooronkulova KS Customary law and the modern legal system of the Kyrgyz Republic: abstract of the dissertation. … kand. jurid. sciences’. Bishkek, 2009. 23 p.
23. Tegizbekova JC Customary Kyrgyz law: marriage and family. Bishkek: Ataturk–Ala-Too, 2017. 218 p.
24. Tursunbayeva NS Activity of aksakal courts in the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. 2015. Vol. 15.No. 2.Pp. 155-158.
25. Shadybekov KB Decentralized forms of administration of justice in the context of the development of institutions of courts of aksakals of Kyrgyzstan // Yuridicheskaya nauka, 2019. No. 2. Pp. 4-5.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SMIRNOVA Tatyana Sergeevna
lecturer of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
GLUKHOV Sergey Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
AGAPONOV Dmitry Leonidovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd course in the scientific specialty 5.1.2. Public Law (State Law), Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ISSUES RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In the modern system of public administration in Russia, the institute of public service plays a key role, since it is employees who ensure the fulfillment of managerial, law enforcement, social and other state tasks. The article examines the theoretical and legal foundations and practical aspects of the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to equal access to public service. The article analyzes the normative content of this competence, competitive selection mechanisms, as well as specific restrictions in force in the law enforcement segment of the state apparatus. Special attention is paid to the gender aspect of equal access and the problems of personnel reserve formation. The article substantiates the need to improve the legal regulation and organizational culture of public authorities in order to bridge the gap between formal equality and the actual opportunities of citizens.
Keywords: public service, constitutional law, equal access, competitive selection, personnel reserve, gender equality, internal affairs bodies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Presnyakov M. V. Constitutional right of citizens to equal access to public service and the mechanism for its implementation // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 84-91.
2. Byalt V. S. Current problems of realizing the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to equal access to public service (on the example of internal affairs agencies) // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 112-121.
3. Trifonov V. A. Equal access of citizens to civil service: gender aspect (on the example of civil service in internal affairs agencies) // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 4 (70). – P. 99-108.
4. Bratarchuk T. V., Fedorova A. S. The view of Russian researchers on the problems of professional development of state civil servants // State and municipal administration: challenges and priorities: materials of the III International scientific and practical conference. Vol. 2 / ed. S. A. Zudenkova. – M .: RUSAINS, 2017. – P. 304-308.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GULAI Oleg Nikolaevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional law and constitutional process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY IN DIGITAL HEALTHCARE: CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND ITS EXCEPTIONS
This article examines medical confidentiality in the context of the digital transformation of healthcare, with particular attention to the constitutional foundations for protecting health-related information and to the limits within which exceptions to that protection may be considered permissible. The topic is especially timely because the digitalization of healthcare, including the expansion of telemedicine, electronic medical records, interagency data sharing, and other digital solutions, is reshaping not only the ways in which medical information is processed, but also the scale and nature of risks to constitutional rights. The article argues that, in the context of digital technologies used in healthcare, medical confidentiality should be understood not merely as a sector-specific duty not to confidentially disclose information, but as a constitutionally grounded special legal regime governing the handling of identifiable health data, one that is directly linked to the right to privacy. The author concludes that exceptions to the confidentiality regime applicable to medical data are permissible only where there is a clear statutory basis, a constitutionally significant aim, observance of the principle of proportionality, and effective technical safeguards for data protection. Particular attention is paid to the inadmissibility of expansive interpretations of such exceptions through delegated legislation; the need to differentiate levels of access to medical data; the prohibition of function creep in data processing; and the need to specify legal safeguards for the most sensitive categories of information, including psychiatric, genetic, and reproductive data, as well as information concerning HIV status. From the perspective of the constitutional guarantees of privacy, human dignity, and patient autonomy, the traditional understanding of medical confidentiality as merely a prohibition on disclosing health-related information is no longer sufficient and calls for fundamental reconsideration. The aim of the study is to identify the constitutional limits of confidentiality and the criteria governing the permissibility of exceptions in the use of digital medical technologies, and to propose directions for improving the legal regulation of the relevant legal relations. The methodological framework of the study combines formal legal, systematic-structural, comparative legal, and constitutional legal methods, as well as methods of legislative analysis and analysis of contemporary doctrinal approaches to the protection of personal data and medical confidentiality.
Keywords:medical confidentiality; digital healthcare; constitutional rights; confidentiality of medical data; personal data; telemedicine; personal health data; constitutional limitations on rights; exceptions to medical confidentiality; electronic medical records; protection of medical information.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vorobyova O. A., Mishunina A. A. Legal and doctrinal aspects of the concept of medical confidentiality in Russia // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2024. – Vol. 10. No. 1. – P. 56-63.
2. Inshakova A. O., Tymchuk Yu. A. Protection of personal data of patients when providing medical care (services) using telemedicine technologies // Lex russica. – 2024. – V. 77. No. 7. – P. 19-29.
3. Kolontaevskaya I. F. Limits of admissibility of disclosure of medical confidentiality // Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 2: Legal Sciences. – 2023. – No. 4 (40). – P. 18-24.
4. Medvedeva E. I., Aleksandrova O. A., Kroshilin S. V. Telemedicine in modern conditions: attitude of society and vector of development // Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. – 2022. – Vol. 15. No. 3. – P. 200-222.
5. Nekoteneva M. V., Ponomareva D. V., Nechaeva E. K. Features of legal regulation of the secrecy regime (including medical confidentiality) when conducting genetic research // Lex russica. – 2024. – V. 77. No. 12. – P. 126-139.
6. Romanovskaya O. V., Romanovsky G. B. Law and digitalization of modern healthcare // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 28. No. 3. – P. 565-583.
7. Alhammad N., Alajlani M., Abd-alrazaq A. et al. Patients’ Perspectives on the Data Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security of mHealth Apps: Systematic Review // Journal of Medical Internet Research. – 2024. – Vol. 26. – e50715. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38820572/ (accessed: 11.04.2026).
8. Kassie SY, Shibabaw AA, Chereka AA et al. The impact of confidentiality and privacy concerns on behavioral intention to adopt electronic personal health records among chronic patients in southwest Ethiopia in 2023: an application of the UTAUT2 model // Frontiers in Digital Health. – 2025. – Vol. 7. – 1475460. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12616374/ (accessed: 11.04.2026).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZAYTSEV Mikhail Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Siberian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Novosibirsk
GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF CITIZENS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITIZATION: INFORMATION (DIGITAL) CODE
The article considers the need to adopt an “Information (Digital) Code” in the Russian Federation due to the lack of unified concepts and clarity in the current legal regulation of related issues, competition of norms, the presence of contradictions, and gaps in the streamlining of legal relations. The current model of legislative regulation of the information space in the Russian Federation is examined. The need for a single legal regulator that promotes legal resilience to the volatility of public relations is explained. Normative and doctrinal sources devoted to this topic are analyzed. In order to develop the discussion, the proposed direction points to the unpreparedness of public relations for further transformations. A transformation of the legal regulatory model is proposed, in which digital development occurs primarily, and its legislative regulation is secondary. A conclusion is formulated on the need to create a “basis” and form a subsequent “superstructure” to streamline the information (digital) sphere. Current projects (concepts) and model information codes are cited as examples and evaluated. The section meetings of the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum, as well as the opinions of legal scholars on this issue, are analyzed. The relevance of adopting a model specifically for an information (digital) code is substantiated, and the scope of the code’s regulation is formulated.
Keywords: digitalization, information technology, digital data, constitutional rights, constitutional guarantees, information code.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vaypan V. A. Digital law: origins, concept and place in the legal system // Law and Economics. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 5-27.
2. Rozhkova M. A. Is digital law a branch of law, and should we expect the emergence of a Digital Code? // Business and Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 3-12.
3. Minbaleev A. V. Digital law as a complex institution of Russian law // Problems of Law. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 58-64.
4. Grudtsyna L. Yu. Digital law as a complex branch of Russian legislation // Education and Law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 277-283.
5. Shchennikova I. I. The place of digital law in the system of Russian law // Legislation. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 38-43.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TONOYAN Marine Radikovna
postgraduate student, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
CONSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE CIS COUNTRIES, CHINA, AND JAPAN: FEATURES, TRADITIONS, AND ADAPTATION OPPORTUNITIES IN RUSSIA
The article provides a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the constitutional regulation of land ownership in foreign countries. The author substantiates the relevance of referring to foreign experience, especially in the context of the transformation of Russia’s foreign policy relations and the need to improve the domestic constitutional model. The study is based on an analysis of three groups of constitutional models: the post-Soviet republics (CIS countries), the People’s Republic of China, and Japan. Special attention is paid to the evolution of constitutional provisions on land in the CIS countries, where a common historical heritage has been identified, expressed in the presence of norms that oppose the socialist past, as well as in the dualism of regulating property rights as a constitutional principle and a subjective right.
Keywords: constitutional law, land ownership, land relations, declaration of sovereignty, state ownership, comparative law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andreeva G. N. Economic constitution in foreign countries. Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – Moscow: Nauka, 2006. – 268 p. 2. Baglai M. V., Leibo Yu. I., Entin L. M. Constitutional law of foreign countries: textbook / edited by M. V. Baglai, Yu. I. Leibo, L. M. Entin. – 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2022. – 864 p.
3. Mikhaleva N. A. Constitutional law of foreign CIS countries: textbook. – M.: Jurist, 1999. – 352 p.
4. Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (adopted at the extraordinary seventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the ninth convocation on October 7, 1977) // Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1977. – No. 41. – Art. 617.
5. Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and union republics on land // Bulletin of the SND of the USSR and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1990. – No. 10. – Art. 129.
6. Starostina I. A., Amara M. I. Modern constitutional reform of Japan // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 73-80.
7. Changqing Zuo. Creation of a new system of socialist market economy // Problems of the Far East. – M., 1993. – No. 2. – P. 77-78.
8. Chirkin V. E. Constitutional law of foreign countries: textbook / 9th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2019. – 528 p.
9. Chirkin V. E. Constitutional Law: Russia and Foreign Experience. – M.: Zertsalo Publishing House, 1998. – 448 p.
10. Shirinovskaya A. S. The right to land in the Russian Federation (constitutional and legal foundations): monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2014. – 184 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
VLASOVA Elena Lvovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
LICENSING OF CERTAIN TYPES OF SERVICES: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONTROL
This article examines the key regulatory acts governing licensing, changes to the licensing system, including the digitalization of procedures, as well as issues of oversight and liability for violations. Particular attention is paid to new regulatory trends, such as the transition to electronic interactions, the automation of interdepartmental collaboration, and the expansion of the list of licensed activities. The socio-economic impact of the 2026 changes is analyzed, including licensing of tobacco trade and the activities of management companies. Priority proposals include: developing support infrastructure (training programs, simplifying the process of obtaining an electronic signature) and maintaining the ability to submit documents through the Multifunctional Center (MFC) for remote areas.
Keywords: licensing, administrative and legal requirements, control, digitalization, licensed activities, electronic document management, interdepartmental cooperation, liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The introduction of tobacco trade licensing and state fees for such licenses was adopted in the first reading. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.audit-it.ru/news/finance/1125753.html (date accessed: 02.04.2026).
2. How to sell marked tobacco. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kontur.ru/market/spravka/80311-markirovka_tabaka (date of access: 02.04.2026).
3. Licensing of the sale of tobacco and nicotine-containing products from September 1, 2026: what is already known. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.klerk.ru/buh/articles/663651/ (date of access: 02.04.2026).
4. The phased introduction of licensing for trade in tobacco and nicotine-containing products is planned for March 1, 2026. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/press-center/?id_4=39934-poetapnoe_vvedenie_litsenzirovaniya_torgovli_tabachnoi_i_nikotinsoderzhashchei_produktsiei_planiruetsya_s_1_marta_2026_g (date of access: 02.04.2026).
5. A specialist promises an increase in illegal tobacco trafficking if licensing is introduced. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eanews.ru/rossiya/20250421130118/spetsialist-obeschaet-rost-nelegalnogo-oborota-tabaka-esli-vvedut-litsenzirovanie (date of access: 02.04.2026).
6. Penalties for illegal entrepreneurship: fines and risks. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kontur.ru/articles/702 (date accessed: 02.04.2026).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ILYUKHINA Elena Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior researcher of the Department of Information and Analytical Support for Agricultural Development at FGBNU “Rosinformagroteh”
ACCOUNTING FOR THE PROPERTY COMPLEX AND UPDATING AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY: LEGAL REGULATION ISSUES
The article discusses the problems of legal regulation of accounting and updating of agricultural machinery as a factor in strengthening the economy of the Russian Federation. A retrospective statistical analysis reveals a significant decrease in technical equipment in the 1990s. It is shown that targeted state support for agricultural producers aimed at modernizing the agro-industrial complex is linked to the correct classification of property complexes. The structure of agricultural machinery and equipment should be based on both functional characteristics and financial considerations. The authors argue for the need to separate agricultural properties into a separate group.
Keywords: property complex, accounting for agricultural machinery, updating and modernizing equipment, classification of property objects, and state support.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alakoz V. V., Gorin A. D., Goryacheva A. V. On the efficient use of the quantitative and qualitative potential of agricultural lands and the legal regulation of land relations // Machinery and equipment for the village. – 2026. – No. 1. – 52 p.
2. Agricultural machinery: Catalog, v. 1 “Machinery for plant growing”. – M.: Federal State Scientific Institution “Rosinformagrotekh”, 2005. – 292 p.
3. Certificate of state registration of database No. 2026620427 “Analysis of the regulatory framework for state support of agricultural producers and its effectiveness”: declared. 24.12.2025: published. 27.01.2026 / A. A. Korolkova, E. A. Ilyukhina, A. V. Goryacheva; copyright holder FGBNU “Rosinformagrotekh”, 2026.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
PLAKHOVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Private and public law sub-faculty, Penza State University
THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE PROTECTION OF ENTREPRENEURS’ RIGHTS IN ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE
This article analyzes the institution of the Business Ombudsman as a mechanism for ensuring the economic and national security of the Russian Federation. The author examines the legal basis for the business ombudsman’s activities, as well as their functional role in the system for protecting the business community. The institution of the Business Ombudsman, established by federal law, serves as an additional mechanism for protecting businesses and simultaneously as an element of the state’s economic security system. The article concludes that the Ombudsman’s activities extend beyond private law protection and are of strategic importance for the stability of the national economy, the reduction of systemic risks, and the strengthening of the state’s economic sovereignty. At the same time, limitations and challenges in the institution’s functioning are identified, but to fully realize its potential, comprehensive improvements to its legal status are required: expansion of procedural powers, the introduction of binding opinions, independent funding, and enhanced coordination with law enforcement agencies.
Keywords:economic national security, protection of entrepreneurs’ rights, Commissioner for the Protection of Entrepreneurs’ Rights, entrepreneurial activity, administrative barriers, and criminal risks.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abalkin L. I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Questions of Economics. – 1994. – No. 12.
2. Gubin E. P. Entrepreneurial law of the Russian Federation: textbook. – M .: Norma, 2020.
3. Zhivodrova N. A., Boyko K. D. Economic crimes as a threat to the economic security system of the country and regions // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 6 (205).
4. Koroleva D. V., Fazylova L. R. Current methods of protecting rights in entrepreneurial obligations // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2021. – No. 11-1 (62).
5. Sintsov G. V., Grishaeva D. A. Ombudsmen in Russia: from formation to modern development // Modern trends in the development of domestic and foreign legislation: a collection of articles based on the materials of the IV Regional Scientific and Practical Conference, Penza, April 26, 2024. – Penza: Penza State University, 2024.
6. Sintsov G. V., Tochilina A. M. Features of the constitutional status of the ombudsman // Modern trends in the development of domestic and foreign legislation: a collection of articles based on the materials of the IV Regional Scientific and Practical Conference, Penza, April 26, 2024. – Penza: Penza State University, 2024.
7. Feoktistov D. E. The Ombudsman Institute and Combating Corruption: A Primary or Associated Function? // Science. Society. State. – 2022. – Vol. 10. No. 3 (39).
8. Shilov Yu. M. Entrepreneurship as an object of public-law regulation in the context of the goals of socio-economic development // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2026. – No. 2.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KOLOMIETS Egor Alexandrovich
legal advisor of the Skys Dental Clinic, Simferopol
KOSTYLEV Vladislav Viktorovich
associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY FOR OFFENCES IN THE SPHERE OF INTERNET TRADE: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT
This article, based on an analysis of Russian and international legislation, examines approaches to the legal regulation of administrative liability in e-commerce. The article outlines the main trends in such regulation, including the identification of e-commerce entities, their registration within the country, and the expansion of administrative liability for e-commerce entities for consumer rights violations. It also proposes ways to ensure transparency and security in this area of public relations by creating a national registry of e-commerce entities, introducing administrative liability for sending commercial messages without the recipient’s consent, and deleting user comments about products in online stores.
Keywords: administrative liability, Internet trade, foreign law, administrative offense.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sokolova M. E. The first successes of the new European General Data Protection Regulation // Modern Europe. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 56-66.
2. Kolomiets E. A., Kostylev V. V. Administrative liability for violating the rules for collecting, storing and processing personal data in the field of Internet commerce // Issues of judicial activity and law enforcement in modern conditions: Collection of articles based on the results of the II international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the reunification of Crimea with the Russian Federation, Simferopol, March 15, 2024. – Simferopol: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House Printing House” Arial “, 2024. – P. 712-718. – EDN BYSSEE.
3. Kolomiets E. A. Administrative penalties for violating the rules for collecting, storing and processing personal data // Issues of judicial activity and law enforcement in modern conditions: Collection of articles based on the results of the II international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the reunification of Crimea with the Russian Federation, Simferopol, March 15, 2024. – Simferopol: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House Printing House” Arial “, 2024. – P. 718-724. – EDN LWXPNW.
4. Sadkovy I. A., Kostylev V. V. Public control (supervision) in the context of digital transformation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 6 (205). – P. 143-145. – EDN HGVLYO.
5. Kostylev V. V. Organizational and legal problems of control and supervision in public administration // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74). No. 2. – P. 315-324. – EDN ISAIWF.
6. Batashev A. A. On the issue of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 10 (214). – P. 64-65.
7. Pravkin S. A. Legal regulation of online commerce // Bulletin of the Law Institute of MIIT. – 2018. – No. 1 (21). – P. 49.
8. Zare A. F. A., Tkach A. N. Problems and ways to improve the regulation of online trading in Iran and Russia // Economics and Management: Problems, Solutions. – 2024. – No. 2. V. 2. – P. 148-156.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
OGOL Vladislav Leonidovich
postgraduate student of University of Management “TISBI”; lecturer, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
TO THE PROBLEM OF CONFLICT OF LAWS PRINCIPLES ON VEHICLES
The article is devoted to the study of conflict of laws regulation on sea and air vessels, space objects and other means of transport. The author notes that conflict of laws problems may arise when moving vehicles are subject to registration from one jurisdiction to another. In this case is not excluded cases when by the law of the place of location of the thing the vehicle is not recognized as real estate and its real property status is regulated by the territorial principle, and by the law of the place of registration – it is covered by the real estate regime and its real property status is subject to determination under the law of the country in which it is entered in the register, that is, there is a problem of the so-called mobile conflict.
Keywords: vehicle, conflict of laws principles, aircrafts, marine vessels.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Austrian Law on International Private Law of 1978 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.hse.ru/intprilaw/doc/040101 (date of access: 02/28/2025).
2. Law on International Private Law of Albania, 2011 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.hse.ru/intprilaw/SE (accessed: 28.02.2025).
3. Act XXVIII on International Private Law of Hungary, 2017 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.hse.ru/intprilaw/WE (accessed: 28.02.2025).
4. The Civil Code of Spain of 1889 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.hse.ru/intprilaw/doc/040601 (date of access: 02/28/2025).
5. Geneva Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircraft, 1948 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1900530 (accessed: 02/28/2025).
6. UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, 2001 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902243529 (date of access: 28.02.2025).
7. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/outer_space_governing.shtml- (date of access: 02/28/2025).
8. Tagaeva S. N. Conflict of laws principles of the emergence of ownership of property by virtue of acquisitive prescription // International public and private law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 22-25.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
TEREKHOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel Training, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE STATE OF REGULATORY REGULATION OF CERTAIN PROCEDURAL ACTIONS FOR THE COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE IN PROCEEDINGS ON ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES
The article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of the regulatory regulation of procedural actions for collecting evidence in proceedings on administrative offenses. The concept of such actions and the requirements for their legal regulation arising from the constitutional principles of legal responsibility are defined, based on an assessment of compliance with which systemic deficiencies in legal regulation are identified. Proposals are being put forward to amend and supplement the norms of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation aimed at eliminating arbitrary law enforcement and ensuring a balance between public interests and the rights of participants in the proceedings.
Keywords: procedural actions, collection of evidence, administrative offenses, proof, proportionality, legal certainty.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Administrative-tort law: textbook: in 2 volumes. Vol. 2 / G. Kh. Khadisov [et al.]. – M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2020. – 448 p.
2. Asaenok B. V. The stage of the beginning of the administrative process: actions, decisions, terms // Bulletin of Polotsk State University. Series D. Economic and legal sciences. – 2024. – No. 3 (68). – P. 54-59.
3. Bakhrakh D. N. Administrative law: Textbook for universities. – Moscow: Bek, 1996. – 355 p.
4. Bulgakov A. N. Concept and system of administrative-procedural actions in the investigation of offenses in the field of road safety // Bulletin of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2016. – No. 4 (34). – P. 91-94.
5. Gapon Yu. P. Measures to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses applied by officials of border control units of border agencies: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Chelyabinsk, 2015. – P. 28.
6. Zakharov P. A. Administrative-procedural actions in the activities of officials of border agencies in conducting administrative investigations in cases of administrative offenses // Military Law. – 2021. – No. 5 (69). – P. 47-56.
7. Kisin V. R., Malakhov S. A. Content and implementation of the principle of proportionality in the legislation on administrative offenses of the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – Vol. 28. No. 6. – P. 80-91.
8. Molyarov E. A., Drobkova A. A. On some problems of seizure of things that were instruments of commission or objects of an administrative offense // Scientific component. – 2025. – No. 1 (25). – P. 35-42.
9. Spiridonov P. E. Theoretical aspects of proof in administrative proceedings // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 11 (108). – P. 19-26.
10. Cherkasova E.K. Activities of police officers in confiscating items and documents of evidentiary value in the case of an administrative offense: a training and practical manual. – Tyumen: Tyumen Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2016. – 65 p. 11. Chuzhakova E. A. Concept and classification of procedural actions for collecting evidence in proceedings on administrative offenses // Current issues of applying administrative law norms (Korenev Readings): Collection of scientific papers of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, February 14, 2025. – Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2025. – P. 553-555.
12. Chuzhakova E. A. The content of the proof process in proceedings on administrative offenses // Legal science. – 2024. – No. 12. – P. 250-253.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
TSINDRYA Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Specialized disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean Branch of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, colonel of police
“DEFISCALIZATION” OF STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the “defiscalization” of administrative penalties in the Russian Federation as a tool for improving the effectiveness of the primary functions of administrative penalties. Based on a review of scientific and academic publications, the concepts of “fiscalization” and “defiscalization” are formulated in the context of the formation and implementation of state policy on the imposition of administrative penalties. The article identifies the main factors driving the process of “fiscalization” of administrative penalties, identifies the manifestations of its results, and formulates proposals that take “defiscalization” into account as a principle for the formation of state policy on the imposition of administrative penalties and a tool for overcoming the punitive-fiscal function of administrative penalties.
Keywords: fiscalization, defiscalization, state policy in the field of administrative penalties (administrative-punitive policy), functions of administrative penalties, administrative fine, legislation on administrative offenses.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bakanov K. S., Lyakhov P. V., Isaev M. M., et al. Law enforcement activities in the field of road safety in 2021: information and analytical review. – M .: Federal State Institution “National Center for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2022. – 128 p.
2. Bakanov K. S., Lyakhov P. V., Isaev M. M., et al. Law enforcement activities in the field of road safety in 2023: information and analytical review. – M .: Federal State Institution “National Center for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2024. – 120 p.
3. Bakanov K. S., Lyakhov P. V., Isaev M. M., et al. Law enforcement activities in the field of road safety in 2024: information and analytical review. – M .: Federal State Institution “National Center for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2025. – 108 p.
4. Grishkovets A. A. The Problem of Fiscal Focus of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses and Ways to Address It in the Draft of the New Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation // Siberian Legal Review. – 2019. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-fiskalnoy-napravlennosti-kodeksa-rossiyskoy-federatsii-ob- administrativnyh-pravonarusheniyah-i-puti-ee-resheniya-v-proekte (date of access: 04/08/2026).
5. Vladimir Nikolaevich Tsindrya – Head of the Department of Special Disciplines of the Crimean branch of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Police Colonel
6. Postal address of the place of work – Russian Federation, 295053, Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, Academician H.H. Steven Street, Building 14.
7. The author’s postal address is Russian Federation, 297408, Republic of Crimea, Evpatoria, Gagarin Street, 10/2

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KHALILEV Ruslan Amdievich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, VI Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
THE GENESIS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY IN LABOR LAW
The article examines the evolution of the institution of administrative responsibility in the field of labor law in Russia from the 19th century to the present. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the historical stages of the formation of mechanisms for the protection of labor rights and the development of a system of administrative penalties for violations of labor legislation. The author examines the transformation of the legal regulation of administrative responsibility, the specifics of its formation in various historical periods and the influence of socio-economic factors on the development of this institution. The paper traces the relationship between the development of public relations and the improvement of the regulatory framework, analyzes the key legislative acts that influenced the formation of the institution of administrative responsibility. Special attention is paid to the role of State control and supervision bodies in ensuring compliance with labor legislation. The study shows how the institution of administrative responsibility has adapted to changing socio-economic conditions, from disparate norms of the 19th century to a comprehensive system of labor rights protection in the 21st century.
Keywords: administrative responsibility, labor law, legal regulation, labor relations, legislation, supervision, control, offenses, legal responsibility, history of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gritsenko I. S. Formation of the institute of administrative responsibility // Forum of Law. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 47-53.
2. Litoshenko A. S. Administrative responsibility in the system of legal responsibility: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. 12.00.14. – Chelyabinsk, 2005. – 178 p.
3. Melnik A. V. Administrative and legal foundations for the implementation of supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation: diss. … Cand. of Law. 12.00.14. – Moscow, 2019. – 205 p.
4. Ostapenko L. A. Administrative liability for offenses committed in the field of labor protection: author’s abstract. diss… candidate of legal sciences. 12.00.07. – Rostov-on-Don, 2015. – 23 p.
5. Shemelinets I. I. The emergence and development of administrative liability relations for violation of labor rights of individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries // Forum of Law. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 416-421.
6. Code of Punishment for Criminal and Correctional Offences. 1845. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nnov. hse.ru/ba/law/igpr/ulonakaz1845.
7. Law of June 1, 1882 “On minors working in factories, plants, and manufactories.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: mfsk.ru/history/etot-den-v-istorii-finansov/iyun/1-iyunya-1882-goda.
8. Industrial Labor Charter. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.hist.msu.ru/Labour/Law/ustav.htm.
9. Code of the RSFSR “On Administrative Offenses (Code of Administrative Offenses of the RSFSR)” // Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. – 1984. – No. 27. – Art. 910.
10. Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on administrative succession // Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1980. – No. 44. – Art. 909.
11. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses: Federal Law of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 1 (Part 1). – Art. 1.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KHILCHEVSKIY Anatoly Yurjevich
assistant and postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
STATE CORPORATION FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES “ROSKOSMOS” AS LEGAL ENTITY OF PUBLIC LAW
The article examines the public legal status of the state Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos. A state corporation is a very unusual legal entity that combines both private and public law features. Being “at the junction” of public and private interests uncertainty creates in the legal status of the organization and the impossibility of its unambiguous attribution to both private and public structures. Special attention is paid to the history of the formation of Roscosmos, in particular, the transitions from the status of a ministry to the status of a state corporation and the accompanying changes in the legal status of the organization. The historical context is considered in the work as a factor determining elements of the current legal status. Thus, the author traces the influence of historical overtones on the functions performed by the corporation, which correlates with the functions of federal executive authorities, as well as on the status of individual employees of the corporation.
Keywords: State Corporation for Space Activities “Roscosmos”, legal entity under public law, status of employees of a state corporation, history of Roscosmos, functions of federal executive authorities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zyuzina N. N., Lisyansky E. S. “Roscosmos” – a state corporation for space activities // Actual problems of economics, management and law: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the Constitution Day of the Russian Federation, Yeisk, December 13, 2019. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov State University of Economics “RINH”, 2020. – P. 197-201. – EDN MSHMIW.
2. Osipova M. G. Organizational and legal aspects of regulating labor relations in the Roscosmos system // Actual problems of aviation and cosmonautics: collection of materials from the VIII International scientific and practical conference dedicated to Cosmonautics Day: in 3 volumes, Krasnoyarsk, April 11-15, 2022. Volume 3. – Krasnoyarsk: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev”, 2022. – P. 749-752. – EDN HDOING.
3. Nepodoba L. A., Chernov Yu. I. Problems of the administrative and legal status of the state corporation Roscosmos // Scientific support for the agro-industrial complex: Collection of articles based on the materials of the 75th scientific and practical conference of students on the results of research for 2019, Krasnodar, March 2-16, 2020 / responsible for the issue A. G. Koshchaev. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2020. – P. 1241-1244. – EDN FEHRQO.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
GORBACH Viktor Aleksandrovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Academy of Labor and Social Relations; Director of the Legal Department of the Renaissance Life Insurance Company Limited Liability Company, Moscow
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSURANCE MARKET: CHALLENGES AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR RISK PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
The digital transformation of the insurance industry represents a systemic reorganization of business models and operational processes, exerting a dual impact on the risk portfolio management paradigm. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of emerging challenges and new opportunities for risk management. The methodology is based on the analysis of technological trends (AI, Big Data, “IoT”, blockchain) and strategic changes in the activities of insurance companies. The results reveal that the key challenges are new classes of risks (cyber, technological, ethical), the need to integrate legacy systems, and overcoming the skills gap.
Keywords: Digital transformation, insurance portfolio, risk management, InsurTech, cyber risks, artificial intelligence, big data.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bryzgalov D. V., Tsyganov A. A. Theory and practice of digitalization of the insurance market in the Russian Federation: monograph / edited by D. V. Bryzgalov, A. A. Tsyganov. – Moscow: Prometheus, 2021. – 376 p.
2. Garipov R. I., Maksimova N. N. Study of blockchain implementation in the insurance sector // Bulletin of SMUS74. – 2020. – No. 3 (30). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-vnedreniya-blokcheyn-v-sferu-strahovaniya (date of access: 02/08/2026).
3. Germanchuk A. N., Korshunova E. A. Digital loyalty of consumers when interacting with a brand: assessment methods and growth prospects // Practical Marketing. – 2024. – No. 10 (328). – P. 13-18. – DOI: 10.24412/2071-3762-2024-10328-13-18.
4. Zuyenkova Yu. A., Shaurova K. A., Kumzerov S. P. Marketplaces and their role in the development of the insurance market // Practical Marketing. – 2024. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/marketpleysy-i-ih-rol-v-razvitii-rynka-strahovaniya (date of access: 02/08/2026).
5. Maglinova T. G., Shupilo O. M. Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in the Insurance Industry // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 5-4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vnedrenie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-strahovuyu-otrasl (date of access: 04/23/2026).
6. Matveev M. A. The Role of Digitalization of Corporate Insurance Business Processes in the Development of the Insurance Services Market // Business and Society: Electronic Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (48). – ISSN 2409-6040. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://busines-society.ru/2025/4-48/65_matveev.pdf (date of publication: 12.12.2025).
7. Pyastolov S. M. Analysis of financial and economic activities of the enterprise: textbook / 13th ed., stereotype. – Moscow: Academy, 2015. – 384 p.
8. Svit Yu. P. Insurance protection of business in the context of digitalization: balance of private and public interests // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 8 (120). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strahovaya-zaschita-biznesa-v-usloviyah-tsifrovizatsii-balans-chastnyh-i-publichnyh-interesov (date of access: 04/23/2026).
9. Sychev A. A. The Value of Trust in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and New Ethics: Problems and Challenges // Social Norms and Practices. – 2023. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsennost-doveriya-v-epohu-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-novoy-etiki-problemy-i-vyzovy (date of access: 02/08/2026).
10. Information about the author
11. Last name, first name, patronymic: Gorbach Viktor Aleksandrovich.
12. Place of work: Director of the Legal Department of the Limited Liability Company “Renaissance Life Insurance Company”, address: 121614, Moscow, inner territory of the city, Krylatskoye municipal district, Krylatskaya street, house 17, office 1.
13. Place of study: Postgraduate student of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Educational Institution of Trade Unions of Higher Education “Academy of Labor and Social Relations”.
14. Postal address: 140074, Moscow region, Lyubertsy, Preobrazhenskaya st., bldg. 3, apt. 11.

MUNICIPAL LAW
PAVLOV Nikolay Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
SHAMRATOVA Maria Ilyinichna
student Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
SHTAROLIS Anastasia Konstantinovna
student Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
THE ROLE OF TERRITORIAL PUBLIC SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
The article examines the role of territorial public self-government bodies in the development of the urban environment as a key institution of municipal law. It is shown that the legislator needs to develop and consolidate in Federal Law No. 33-FZ a clear mechanism for financial support of the activities of territorial public self-government bodies. The authors also substantiate the need to create a unified federal register of territorial public self-settlement bodies and establish common criteria for their legal personality.
Keywords: territorial public self-government, local self-government, landscaping, urban environment, public authority.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved by popular vote on 01.07.2020) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 31. – Art. 4398.
2. On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ (as amended on March 20, 2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – No. 40. – Art. 3822.
3. On the general principles of organizing local self-government in a unified system of public authority: Federal Law of March 20, 2025 No. 33-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 12. – Art. 1200.
4. Bratseva E. A. Territorial public self-government as an element of institutionalization of local communities: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 5.
5. Bulakh E. V. Territorial public self-government: experience of regions // Social and political sciences. 2024. – No. 2. – P. 192-195.
6. Gordeeva I. V. Associations of territorial public self-government: legal basis for activities and potential for public consolidation for territorial development // Bulletin of Surgut State University. 2024. – No. 2. – P. 91-106.
7. Kurdyuk P. M., Pavlov N. V. On the issue of the legal status of territorial public self-government in the Russian Federation // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 8-13.
8. Kurdyuk P. M., Pavlov N. V. Actual problems of development of rural settlements as the main type of municipal formation // Jurisprudence: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 10-16.
9. Mersiyanova I. V. Territorial public self-government as a form of public participation // Issues of state and municipal governance. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 149-168.
10. Pavlov N.V., Fotiadis R.M. Prospects and problems of development of territorial public self-government in Russia // Scientific journal “Epomen”. 2019. – No. 24. – P. 210-218.
11. Razdyakonova E. V. Territorial public self-government: problems of municipal-legal regulation in urban districts: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02. – Ekaterinburg, 2007. – P. 16.
12. Collection of best municipal practices based on the results of 2017. Local democracy, effective governance, comfortable environment and economic growth. – Moscow, 2017. – 40 p.
13. Fadeev V. I. Municipal Law: a textbook for bachelors. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 336 p.
14. Shugrina E. S., Ivanova K. A. On the state of territorial public self-government in the Russian Federation (on the 30th anniversary of the first Russian TOS): special report. – Moscow: Prospect, 2018. – 161 p.
15. Butusov V. P. Problems of development of TOS // Official website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://vladimirbutusov.ru/index.php?id=40 (date of access: 12/19/2025).
16. Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Cassation ruling
17. from 13.08.2025 No. 20-KAD25-6-K5 in the case of TOS “Gamsutl” // Official website of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vsrf.ru/lk/practice/stor_pdf/2483302 (date of access: 19.12.2025).
18. All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM). Comfortable Environment: Assessments of Residents of Russian Cities // Official website of VTsIOM. 2023. July 24. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/komfortnaja-sreda-ocenki-zhitelei-rossiiskikh-gorodov (date of access: 19.12.2025).
19. National Project “Infrastructure for Life”: Passport // Official website of the Government of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://government.ru/rugovclassifier/918/events/ (date of access: 12/19/2025).

CIVIL LAW
ALEXEEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil process law sub-faculty, North-Western Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
NIKITENKO Alla Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty. VB Bobkov St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Customs Academy
PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN CORPORATE RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW
The article is devoted to the study of the influence of a special scientific method, which in the middle of the last century received the name “economic analysis of law” in foreign literature, on the perception of the specifics of the development of corporate relations in the Russian legal order. This article analyzes the development of corporate law institutions as a response to the needs and challenges of economic development in modern Russia. The authors highlight the consequences of implementing the protective mechanism inherent in modern corporate legislation, which ensures the stability of the legal status of parties to corporate relations, emphasizing the need to further understand the results of legal regulation in this area through the prism of economic approaches.
Keywords: corporation, economic analysis of law, protection of law, corporate relations, corporate management, business entities, entrepreneurship, economics.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bulgakov I., Silakova E. Features of structuring the right of first refusal and tag-along right in transaction documents. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://denuo.legal/ru/insights/posts/F27/.
2. Karapetyan A. G. Economic analysis of law. – M.: Statut, 2016. – 528 p.
3. Alekseeva E. V. Corporate law. [Electronic resource]: textbook. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Institute (branch) of VSUJ (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), 2016. – 925 Kb.

CIVIL LAW
BRODSKY Mikhail Naumovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Legal studies sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute
SHCHERBAKOVSKY Grigory Zinovjevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Legal studies sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute
KRUGLOVA Inna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Economics, management and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION FOR DIGITAL PLATFORMS’ COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS
This article examines the legal regulation of entrepreneurial and commercial activities of digital platforms in Russia, focusing on the transition to a systemic regulatory framework following the adoption of Russian Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy” 2025. The study aims to identify and systematize the key differences between the current regulatory regime and the new legal model established by Russian Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy” 2025, and to outline directions for the future development of platform economy legislation. The analysis concludes that Russian Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy” 2025 creates a fundamentally new legal architecture for digital platforms. It redefines them not merely as technical intermediaries but as organized commercial ecosystems with distributed functions and responsibilities among operators, partners, and users. The law significantly enhances the platform operator’s role in ensuring the legality, transparency, and stability of electronic transactions, protecting user personal data, and safeguarding consumer rights. The key finding is that the further evolution of platform economy regulation should involve clarifying legal definitions for specific types of digital platforms and aligning Russian Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy” 2025 with Russian Federal Law No. 152 “On Personal Data” 2006 and Russian Federal Law No. 2300-I “On consumer protection” 1992. It is in these areas that the transformation of a digital platform from a passive technical intermediary into an active organizer of online commerce is most evident.
Keywords: digital platforms, platform economy, e-commerce, digitalization, identification and authentication, online services, marketplaces, electronic transactions, personal data.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gabov A. V., Sayapin S. P. Platform relations as a subject of legal regulation // Lex Russica. – 2025. – Vol. 78. No. 11 (228). – P. 9-33.
2. The National Cloud Platform Project // Official legal portal of the National Cloud Platform project of PJSC Rostelecom. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.company.rt.ru/projects/nop/?ysclid=mfvmoaqc85135897897 (date of access: 01.01.2026).
3. Zholtikova P. A., Sharavova O. I. Digital platforms as an innovative model of business organization in the infocommunication sphere: analysis and development prospects // Century of quality. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 108-120.
4. Insapova K. A. On the issue of the specifics of transactions on the Internet // Science Bulletin. – 2025. – Vol. 4. No. 11 (92). – P. 257-262.
5. Kuzminov Ya. I., Kruchinskaya E. V., Koshel A. S., Akindinova N. V. The contribution of digital platforms to the development of the Russian economy: modeling the effects of regulation // Voprosy Ekonomiki. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 5-24.
6. Kulakova L. I., Polyanin A. V. Development of entrepreneurship based on digital platforms in the context of deglobalization // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2020. – No. 2 (37). – P. 12-17.

CIVIL LAW
GASANOVA Asiyat Magomedovna
lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PARENTS DEPRIVED OF PARENTAL RIGHTS AS UNWORTHY HEIRS
The article is devoted to a group of unworthy heirs – parents deprived of parental rights. These persons, by virtue of the law, lose the right to inherit. Deprivation of parental rights and restoration of parental rights is possible only until the child reaches the age of 18 and acquires full legal capacity for other reasons. Parents deprived of parental rights can inherit only by will. In this case, the testator must make a will after the loss of the heir’s right of inheritance by law by specifying him as the heir in the will, however, it is indicated that this does not mean the restoration of the right of inheritance. At the same time, it is noted that the restriction of parental rights is not a reason for the parent to lose the right of inheritance by law. The law does not provide for the possibility of depriving adoptive parents of their parental rights. It is proposed to classify adoptive parents as unworthy heirs if they demonstrate illegal behavior (for example, they evade the duties of parents assigned to them, abuse parental rights, mistreat an adopted child, etc.).
Keywords: parents deprived of parental rights, unworthy heirs, adoptive parents, persons excluded from inheritance, persons who do not have the right to inherit.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ablyatipova N. A., Tsyganova D. S. System of grounds and consequences of recognizing an heir as unworthy // Crimean Scientific Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 4 (25). – pp. 106-113.
2. Abramenkov M. S. Higher judicial interpretation of domestic inheritance law: not without errors // Inheritance law. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 4-9.
3. Aliyev K. S. oglu Subjects of inheritance legal relations in Azerbaijani and Russian civil law // Inheritance law. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 42-45.
4. Vershinina E. V., Kabatova E. V., Gudyno E. M. Inheritance by law in Russia and the USA: a comparative legal analysis // Family and housing law. – 2010. – No. 6. – P. 3-7.
5. Grimm D. D. Lectures on the Dogma of Roman Law. – M.: Zertsalo, 2003 (PPP Type. Science). – 495 p.
6. Evpryntsev I. S. Legal nature of the institution of unworthy heirs // Science of the 21st century: current directions of development, 2021. – No. 1-2. – P. 275-280.
7. Zaitseva T. I. Notary’s Handbook: in 4 volumes / edited by I. G. Medvedev. – M.: Statut, 2015. – Vol. 3: Family and inheritance law in notarial practice (Chapter 30, par. 1). – 717 p.
8. Zaitseva T. I., Yushkova E. Yu. Current issues of inheritance in notarial and judicial practice // Law. – 2006. – No. 10. – P. 34-54.
9. Krasheninnikov P. V. Inheritance law (including inheritance funds, inheritance contracts and joint wills). – M.: Statut, 2019. – 302 p.
10. Lidzhieva S. G. Restoration of inheritance rights under Russian civil legislation // Advocate. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 49-53.
11. Migacheva A. Yu. On some problems of the institute of unworthy heirs in light of the reform of civil legislation // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 27-29.
12. Murtazina G. M. Legal problems of the institution of unworthy heirs // Jurist. – 2012. – No. 21. – P. 18-21.
13. Gongalo B. M., Zaitseva T. I., Medvedev I. G., et al. Notarial law: textbook / edited by V. V. Yarkov. – M .: Statut, 2017. – 576 p.
14. Ognev V. N. The Institute of Unworthy Heirs in Russian Inheritance Law: Fragments of History and Current State // Civil Law. – 2006. – No. 4. – P. 24-26.
15. Panichkin V. B. Removal of unworthy heirs in Russian law in comparison with US law // Inheritance law. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 51-55.
16. Popovich M. M. Malicious evasion of the obligation to provide support as a basis for recognizing an heir as unworthy // Journal of Applied Research. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 202-208.
17. Savina T. V. On the concept of “unworthy heirs” // Modern trends in the development of civil and civil procedural legislation and the practice of its application. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 101-104.
18. Sidorova E. L. Inheritance of property: from making a will to acquiring an inheritance. – M.: Editorial office of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2019. – 160 p.
19. Somenkov S. A. General provisions on inheritance // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2006. – No. 10. – P. 14-24.
20. Tumanova L. V. Some aspects of the eternal problem of “fathers and children” // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 41-53.
21. Khodyreva E. A. The right of inheritance in the civil law of Russia: monograph. – M.: Statut, 2022. – 386 p. (§ 3.2. Termination of the right of inheritance).
22. Khodyreva E. A. Legal nature of deprivation of the right to inheritance // Notary. – 2016. – No. 7. – P. 38-42.

CIVIL LAW
DANILOV Nikita Igorevich
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, IN Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
TOLSTOVA Mariya Leonidovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Head of Financial law sub-faculty, IN Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEFAMATION NORMS IN THE CIVIL LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the evolution of legal norms on defamation in the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is due to the lack of a unified doctrinal concept of defamation, the inconsistency of legislative decisions in 2011-2013. The purpose of the study is to identify the main stages, patterns, and contradictions in the development of legislative approaches to the protection of honor, dignity, and business reputation. The methodological framework includes historical-legal, comparative-legal, and formal-legal methods. Based on an analysis of legal acts (the Penal Code of 1845, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws of 2011-2013), resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as scholarly works by leading Russian civil law, the authors propose a periodization of the development of the defamation institution: the pre-revolutionary stage (criminal law model), the Soviet period (fragmented public-law protection), and the post-Soviet stage with phases of establishment (1994), specification (2005), legislative contradictions (2011-2012), humanization (2013), and the current phase of adaptation to digital realities. The conclusions substantiate the need for further improvement of Article 152 of the Civil Code and judicial interpretation to counteract new forms of defamation (memes, deepfakes, emojis). The practical significance of the work lies in proposals to clarify the conceptual framework, develop criteria for qualifying latent defamation, and introduce the category of “intangible losses” to compensate for reputational harm to legal entities.
Keywords: defamation, civil law, protection of honor and dignity, business reputation, evolution of legislation, libel, intrinsic benefits, law enforcement.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gavrilov V. N., Sirotinin A. A., Fokin D. D. On some problems of protecting honor, dignity and business reputation in the Russian Federation // Actual problems of jurisprudence. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 10-15.
2. Karunnaya Ya. A. Problems of determining the legal nature of defamation in Russian law: civilistic aspect // Law and digital economy. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 33-40.
3. Parygina N. N. Latent defamation: an offense with a “creative” approach // Legal World. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 44-48.
4. Kobzarenko E. M. Goodwill as a presumption // Lawyer. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 15-18.
5. Kirillova E. A., Zulfugarzade T. E. Institute of goodwill in Russia: civil law aspect // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. – 2025. – Vol. 15. No. 4. – P. 38-46.
6. Potapenko S. V. Defamation law: civil law aspect. – M.: Jurist, 2007. – 320 p.
7. Erdelevsky A. M. Compensation for moral damage: analysis and commentary on legislation and judicial practice. – M.: BEK, 1997. – 320 p.
8. Timchenko Ya. I., Shanina Yu. V. Institute of defamation // Young scientist. – 2016. – No. 8. – P. 779-782.
9. Potapenko S. V. Defamation and reviews on the Internet: interview // Kuban State University. – 12.03.2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kubsu.ru/ (date of access: 10.03.2026).

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support for economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
STOROZHKO Olga Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Security in the digital world sub-faculty, National Research University “NE Bauman Moscow State Technical University”
LEGAL INSTITUTE OF CORPORATE CONTRACT: SELECTED TRENDS OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT
The article is devoted to the legal issues of the legal regulation of corporate contracts in the Russian Federation. The authors conducted a legal analysis of the legal institution of the corporate contract in Russian civil law and the law of foreign countries. Comparative legal analysis has shown the widespread use of corporate agreements in foreign countries, where these agreements are an essential element of regulating corporate relations. The authors analyze some current trends in the development of the legal institution of corporate contract in Russian law. The article concludes that in the context of active law enforcement activities, a significant transformation of the legal nature of the corporate contract is observed – its mixed nature is established as a civil law obligation and an act of corporate governance. It is this feature that determines the vector of development of the corporate contract as a legal institution. The main trends in the development of the corporate contract, according to the authors, are the strengthening of the role of dispositive regulation, giving the corporate contract the functions of corporate control, strengthening the contractual principle while increasing the level of judicial protection.
Keywords: corporate agreement, corporate rights, shareholder agreement, guarantees of the rights of the company’s participants, corporate governance, alienation of shares
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Duffy M. Shareholder agreements, the corporate constitution and the oppression remedy // SSRN Electronic Journal. – 2004. – No. 11. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386097474_Shareholder_agreements_the_corporate_constitution_and_the_oppression_remedy (date of access: 02.02.2026).
2. Kulms R. Shareholders’ freedom of contract in close corporations: shareholder agreements in the USA and Germany // European Business Organization Law Review. Cambridge University Press, 2001. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232001801_A_Shareholder’s_Freedom_of_Contract_in_Close_Corporations_Shareholder_Agreements_in_the_USA_and_Germany (date accessed: 02.02.2026).
3. Roth M. Shareholders’ Agreements in Listed Companies: Germany // SSRN Electronic Journal March. – 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256052674_Shareholders’_Agreements_in_Listed_Companies_Germany (date of access: 15.02.2026).
4. Lafourcade B. Shareholder Agreements in France: Overview, 2012. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.delcade.com/2012/07/19/shareholder-agreements-france-overview/ (date of access: 17.02.2026).
5. Vasciminni M., Bisceglia S., Gigliotti G. IBA. Breach of Shareholders’ Agreement: Which Jurisdiction Applies, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ibanet.org/breach-shareholders-agreement-which-jurisdiction-applies (accessed 18.02.2016).
6. Gusaim A. I. Corporate agreement in Russian law: problems of legal nature and judicial practice // New Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 39-44.
7. Kuzmenko Yu. A. On the issue of protecting the rights and interests of the parties to a corporate agreement // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2022. – V. 8 (74). No. 2. – P. 166-174.
8. Rumyantsev O. Limits of legal regulation of a corporate agreement. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://spb.legal/analitics/predely-pravovogo-regulirovanija-korporativnogo-dogovora/ (date of access: 18.02.2016).
9. Petrova, O. A. “A corporate agreement as a way of establishing the scope of powers of participants in a “non-public company”.” // Theory and practice of social development. – 2025. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://sciup.org/korporativnyj-dogovor-kak-sposob-ustanovlenija-obema-pravomochij-uchastnikov-149148044 (accessed on 20.02.2026)
10. Goncharova O. S. Constitutive (substituting) court decision as a way to protect the rights of participants in a corporate agreement // Eighteenth annual scientific conference. Social and humanitarian sciences. – 2025. – Part I. – P. 43-48. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutivnoe-volezameschayuschee-reshenie-suda-kak-sposob-zaschity-prav-uchastnikov-korporativnogo-dogovora/viewer (date of access: 01.03.2026).
11. Olkhovikov A. S. A judicial act replacing a will as a means of fulfilling obligations under a corporate agreement // International Law Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 6. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kpfu.ru/staff_files/F_1319443693/international_law_journal_t6_4_2023.pdf (date of access: 03/22/2026).

CIVIL LAW
JUNUSOVA Dzhamilya Nurashevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of International maritime law sub-faculty, Astrakhan State Technical University
OSOKINA Kseniya Alexandrovna
independent researcher, Astrakhan
TOOLS FOR MANAGING THE LAND AND PROPERTY COMPLEX OF THE REGIONS
State support for small and medium-sized businesses is characterized by an open procedure for providing measures, taking into account antitrust restrictions, program inclusion conditions subject to regulatory requirements, application forms, and the availability of infrastructure support principles for SMEs. A study of current legislation allows us to distinguish between a number of conceptual approaches to interpreting this category, discussed in this article. From the government’s perspective, support for small businesses is a combination of actions taken by public institutions aimed at creating the economic, institutional, and legal conditions necessary for the functioning and expansion of small businesses.
Keywords: legal relations, infrastructure, subject composition, object of legal relations, state influence, direct instruments, indirect instruments.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law of July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ (as amended on April 9, 2026) “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Support for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs), assistance to entrepreneurs. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://corpmsp.ru/
3. Digital platform for SMEs. Services for business. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мсп.рф (date of access: 10.04.2026).
4. My Business Center. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мойбизнес.рф/about/ (date of access: 10.04.2026).
5. Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 159-FZ (as amended on April 6, 2024) “On the specifics of the alienation of movable and immovable property owned by the state or municipality and leased by small and medium-sized businesses, and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2010 No. 645 (as amended on July 3, 2025) “On property support for small and medium-sized businesses when providing federal property” (together with the “Rules for the formation, maintenance and mandatory publication of a list of federal property free from the rights of third parties (with the exception of the right of economic management, the right of operational management, as well as the property rights of small and medium-sized businesses), provided for in Part 4 of Article 18 of the Federal Law “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation”) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.12.2016 No. 1283 “On Amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2010 No. 645” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
8. Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated April 20, 2016 No. 264 (as amended on August 20, 2020) “On approval of the Procedure for submitting information on the approved lists of state property and municipal property specified in Part 4 of Article 18 of the Federal Law “On the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation”, as well as on amendments made to such lists, to the joint-stock company “Federal Corporation for the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship”, the forms of submission and composition of such information” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 22, 2016 No. 42964) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
9. Law of 20.02.2009 No. 4/2009-OZ “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship in the Astrakhan Region”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: astr-gov.ru.
10. Resolution of the Government of the Astrakhan Region dated November 25, 2025 No. 731-P “On the Procedure for Providing a Subsidy from the Budget of the Astrakhan Region to the Astrakhan Fund for the Support of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship (Microcredit Company) for the Provision of Services and Support Measures to Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurs by the Export Support Center.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo-astrobl.ru/documents/document-0002202511250002/ (date of access: April 10, 2026). 11. Decision No. 61 “On measures to support small and medium-sized businesses” / City Duma of the municipality “Urban District of the city of Astrakhan”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://duma-astrakhan.ru/reshenie-61-o-merax-podderzhki-subektov-malogo-i-srednego-predprinimatelstva/ (date of access: 10.04.2026).

CIVIL LAW
ZDOROVTSEVA Anna Arkadjevna
associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)
SVIRIDONOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Head of Civil and commercial law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University
NEGLIGENCE AS A GROUND FOR TERMINATION OF OWNERSHIP OF A RESIDENTIAL PREMISES
This article is devoted to issues of a property-legal nature related to legal relations involving residential premises. It analyzes the legal regulation of mismanagement as a basis for the termination of ownership of a residential premises and mismanagement as a basis for the termination of the right to use a residential premises, which in both cases leads to eviction. The authors provide a comparative legal analysis of the terminology used by the legislator: “mismanagement of a residential premises” and “mismanagement of a residential premises.” The absence of a legal framework for these illegal actions by individuals prompted the authors to analyze court practice. The lack of uniform enforcement of civil and housing legislation on the definition of the signs of “neglect” is relevant, as it is further applied as grounds that entail serious property or housing rights for citizens.
Keywords: mismanagement, mismanagement of property, residential premises, termination of ownership, eviction, seizure of residential premises, interests of neighbors.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Feoktistov P. A. Unfair use of rights by neighbors as a violation of the constitutional right to housing // Business. Education. Law. – 2025. – No. 2 (71). – P. 249-253.
2. Karyagina V. S. Civil liability for violation of housing rights: issues of theory and practice // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2023. – Vol. 16. No. 7. – P. 82-93.
3. Isakova N. A. Public-legal means of combating mismanagement of residential premises // Epomen. – 2020. – No. 41. – P. 270-280.
4. Kovaleva O. A. A new look at the content of the principle of safety of residential premises // Family and housing law. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 31-34.
5. Andreev Yu. N. On the relationship between civil sanctions, liability measures and methods of protection // Civilist. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 13-23.
6. Khlebnikov P. Problems of abandoned housing // Housing law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 37-44.

CIVIL LAW
ZIMNEVA Svetlana Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Academic Department School of Law and Management, Tyumen State University
THE MANIFESTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH IN THE MECHANISM OF RELEASE FROM CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY
The article discusses the implementation of the principle of good faith in the context of the exemption of a party from liability under a contract in the course of business activities. The main approaches to the definition of good faith in the doctrine are highlighted. The article uses a court case to illustrate the positions of courts regarding the application of liability measures in cases of good faith and reasonable behavior of the parties to a contract in the event of a delay in fulfilling an obligation. The author considers the possibility of distinguishing good faith as an independent basis for exempting a person from liability for violating a contract. The work pays special attention to the problem of establishing a complex relationship between the category of guilt and the principle of good faith. As a result of the research conducted, the influence of the principle of good faith on the application of civil liability measures to business entities has been revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the consolidation in civil legislation of cases when good faith is the basis for the release of the offender from contractual liability, as well as the use of good faith as a criterion for assessing the culpable violation of obligations when applying paragraph 4 of Article 401 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: good faith, reasonableness, exemption from liability, penalty, contractual liability, force majeure, fault, business activity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Babaev V. N. Presumptions in Soviet law. – Gorky: Gorky Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1974. – 124 p.
2. Bogdanova E. E. The principle of good faith in contractual relations in Russian and foreign law // Current problems of Russian law. – 2014. – No. 7. – P. 1363-1369.
3. Bogdanova E. E. Current issues of compensation for damages in contractual obligations // Civil law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 6-9.
4. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual law. General provisions. – 3rd ed., stereotyped. – M.: Statut, 2001. – Book 1. – 848 p.
5. The land issue has not been resolved yet [Interview with E. A. Sukhanov] // Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 8-21.
6. Ivanova S. A. Some problems of implementation of the principle of social justice, reasonableness and good faith in the law of obligations // Legislation and Economics. – 2005. – No. 4.
7. Illarionova T. I. System of civil law protective measures. – Tomsk: Tomsk State Publishing House. University, 1982. – 168 p.
8. Kalina V. F., Milokhova A. V. Civil law principle of good faith as an ethical and legal category // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Series “Economics. Management. Law”. – 2018. – No. 3 (13). – P. 125-133.
9. Konovalov A. V. The principle of reasonableness in civil law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 8. – P. 11-21.
10. Krasnova S. A. Definition of the concept of “good faith” in Russian civil law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2003. – No. 3. – P. 62-67.
11. Lukyanenko M. F. Evaluative concepts of civil law: reasonableness, good faith, materiality. – M.: Statut, 2010. – 423 p.
12. Lukyanenko M. F., Zimneva S. V. Good faith and reasonableness of behavior as a basis for exemption from civil liability // State and Law. – 2017. – No. 8. – P. 42-49.
13. Novitsky I. B. The principle of good conscience in the draft law of obligations // Bulletin of civil law. – 2006. – No. 6. – P. 56-90.
14. Fundamental Provisions of Civil Law: Article-by-Article Commentary to Articles 1-16.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / A. V. Asoskov, V. V. Baibak, R. S. Bevzenko, et al.; ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – Moscow: M-Logos, 2020. – 1102 p.
15. Permyakov A. V., Kirillov D. A. Inter-branch model approach to the distinction between good faith and innocence in the civil law of Russia // Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. Socio-economic and legal research. – 2019. – Vol. 5. No. 2. – P. 155-170.
16. Sedova Zh. I. Legal forms of denial of unfair behavior. – M.: Statut, 2023. – 486 p.
17. Solomin S.K. Theory of good faith in Russian civil law: formation, development, prospects // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. 2016. – No. 2 (47). – P. 75-85.
18. Solomin S.K., Solomina N.G. Conscientiousness in civil law: monograph. – M.: Justitsinform, 2018. – 144 p.
19. Tikhomirov M. Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”. – M.: Publishing House of Tikhomirov M. Yu., 2006. – P. 226-227.
20. Chukreev A. A. Subjective conditions for the application of sanctions of civil legislation on entrepreneurial activity: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Tyumen, 2003. – 252 p.
21. Sheremetyeva N. V. Bad faith in property law: monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2023. – 136 p.
22. Yarovoy A. V. Good faith: problems of doctrinal definition and practical application // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 83-93.

CIVIL LAW
KIRSANOVA Nataliya Borisovna
senior lecturer, Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PUGACH Polina Andreevna
independent researcher, St. Petersburg
THE PROBLEM OF PRIORITY OF ALIMONY IN PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY
This work is devoted to the study of issues related to alimony obligations in the context of an individual’s bankruptcy case. Since each creditor seeks to fully satisfy their claims, and the debtor’s assets may not always be sufficient to meet these demands, the prioritization of certain claims can lead to the infringement of the rights of some creditors and the advantage of others, resulting in a lack of balance among the creditors’ interests. However, the institution of alimony ensures the support of disabled or minor individuals, thereby fulfilling Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, unscrupulous debtors may use the guarantees provided in the article to deliberately infringe upon the interests of creditors. Therefore, the issue of balancing alimony obligations and other creditors’ claims is relevant and requires comprehensive research.
Keywords: alimony obligations, alimony, bankruptcy of an individual, creditor.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abdieva A. Sh., Yulova E. S. Alimony obligations in case of insolvency of individuals // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/alimentnye-obyazatelstva-pri-nesostoyatelnosti-bankrotstve-fizicheskih-lits (date of access: 02.02.2026).
2. Gerasimova O.A. Challenging an agreement on the payment of alimony in a citizen’s bankruptcy case // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 48-51.
3. Karnaukh Yu. G., Yatsenko O. V. Alimony obligations in the Russian Federation. Reasons for their occurrence and gaps in legislation // Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/alimentnye-obyazatelstva-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-prichiny-vozniknoveniya-i-probely-v-zakonodatelstve (date of access: 03.02.2026).
4. Sargsyan G. A. Alimony obligations in case of bankruptcy of an individual in civil law // Science Time. – 2019. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/alimentnye-obyazatelstva-pri-bankrotstve-fizicheskogo-litsa-v-grazhdanskom-prave (date of access: 03.02.2026).
5. Stepanenko O. G., Myakotina A. S. Features of challenging an alimony agreement concluded by a citizen-debtor within the framework of a bankruptcy case // Skif. – 2023. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-osparivaniya-alimentnogo-soglasheniya-zaklyuchennogo-grazhdaninom-dolzhnikom-v-ramkah-dela-o-bankrotstve (date of access: 04.02.2026).

CIVIL LAW
KULIK Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, Branch in Rostov-on-Don
REFORMING CONTRACTUAL REGULATION OF THE LEGAL SERVICES MARKET
The problem of contractual regulation of the legal services market in Russia is complex and lies in a fundamental contradiction: on the one hand, the principle of freedom of contract applies, while on the other, there are no specific legislative requirements for the quality of services and the status of the provider, leading to widespread abuse and legal uncertainty. This creates a vicious circle in which unscrupulous lawyers exploit their clients’ legal ignorance, while bona fide market participants face problems collecting fees and proving the quality of their work.
Keywords: legal services, civil contract, agreement on the provision of legal assistance, freedom of contract, client, provider.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Martirosova L. E. Provision of services as an object of civil rights // Innovative science. – 2016. – No. 7-8. – P. 14.
2. Pshenichnikov M. A. The place of the contract for the provision of services for a fee in the system of contractual types // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 188-210.
3. Dyukina V. R. Civil-legal regulation of the provision of legal services in the law of the European Union: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2014.

CIVIL LAW
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Kaw, Samara State University of Economics
TYUNIN Igor Igorevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PLACE OF THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT IN THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL LAW OBLIGATIONS
In Russia, despite the difficult economic situation, there is currently an active development of the construction industry. At the same time, one of the urgent problems of the Russian Federation is the implementation of housing construction and the high-quality functioning of the country’s housing and communal complex. It is important to note that the construction contract is the fundamental form of implementation of construction and installation works on the territory of the Russian Federation. The problem under consideration has been studied for a long time by both legal theorists and practitioners. At the same time, it is necessary to place special emphasis on the fact that the research being conducted has not answered many questions related to the contract of relations. The problems of the construction contract have been the subject of scientific discussions in different periods of the development of contract law. These circumstances require further research in the field of the construction contract. In the course of the work carried out, an analysis of civil studies in the field of construction contracts was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the legal regulation of the construction contract.
Keywords: construction contract, work, result of work, price, estimate.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Goncharov A. V. Problems of determining the essential terms of a construction contract // Humanistic and socio-cultural aspects of the crisis of traditional values and social institutions: global and regional contours of the new reality. Collection of scientific papers of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – M., 2020. – P. 225-232.
2. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual Law. Book Three: Contracts for the Performance of Work and the Rendering of Services. – M.: Statut, 2001. – 1055 p.
3. Oleynikova A. P. Essential and non-essential terms of a construction contract // Questions of Law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 83-86.
4. Nadtachaev P. V., Melnik S. V. On the concept of a construction contract // Agrarian and land law. – 2022. – No. 11 (215). – P. 150-151.
5. Grudtsyna L. Yu., Spektor A. A. Civil law of Russia: textbook for universities. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2016. – 560 p.
6. Sidorova V. N. Legal relations of insolvency (bankruptcy) of a legal entity: theory and practice. – St. Petersburg, VVM, 2019. – 522 p.
7. Baitymirov R.I. Civil-law regulation of construction contracts: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – St. Petersburg, 2005. – 17 p.
8. Abramova E. N., Arslanov K. M., Baigusheva Yu. V., Valeev D. Kh., Grachev V. V., Ivanov N. V., Krasheninnikov E. A., Mazur O. V., Nikiforov I. V., Pavlov A. A., Sergeev A. P., Skvortsov O. Yu., Tereshchenko T. A., Tychinin S. V., Chelyshev M. Yu., Chuvakov V. B., Shevchenko A. S., Shevchenko G. N. Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part two: educational and practical commentary / ed. Doctor of Law, Prof. A. P. Sergeeva; 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M: “Prospekt”, 2016. – 976 pp.
9. Grishaev S. P., Svit Yu. P., Bogacheva T. V. Article-by-article commentary to Section IV “Certain types of obligations” of Part Two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, 2021 “New legal culture”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/77250732/ (date accessed: 03/25/2026).

CIVIL LAW
POTAPOVA Ekaterina Nikolaevna
postgraduate student, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN INDIA’S HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: KEY CHALLENGES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article examines the specifics of the Indian public-private partnership (hereinafter PPP) system in the healthcare sector. The main directions of interaction between the subjects of partnership relations are analyzed, legal models are identified, among which the “contractual agreement” has become the most widespread. Taking into account the analyzed doctrinal concepts and practical experience of implementing PPP programs in the Republic of India, the author concludes that the formation of a modern PPP system will improve the quality and efficiency of medical services, their accessibility and target orientation, which are the immediate tasks on the way to achieving the goal of Universal Health Coverage by the Republic.
Keywords: public-private partnership, medical services, private sector.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Amit P., Ramani KV, Mavalankar D., Agarwal AK, Shilpa M., Bina N. Implementing a Public-Private Partnership Model for Urban Health Management in Ahmedabad. Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publications Department. – 2007; 12(7) WP – No. 2007-09-03. – 71 p.
2. Buzé C., Wachsman A. Public-private partnerships in health: a strategy for WHO // Bulletin of the World Health Organization. – 2001. – No. 79(8). – P. 748-754.
3. Devadasan N, Swarup A: Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana: an overview // IRDA J. – 2008. – No. 6. – R. 33-36.
4. George Thomas, Sunita Krishnan. Effective Public-Private Partnership in Healthcare: The Apollo Success Story as a Cautionary Tale // Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. – 2010. – Vol. 7. No. 1. – P. 2.
5. Jomo KS, Chowdhury A., Sharma K., Platz D. Public-Private Partnerships and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Does It Meet the Goals? New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. – 2016. DESA Working Paper No. 148.
6. Lefebre B. Providing World-Class Healthcare in India: The Rise of Corporate Hospitals. The Indian Healthcare Landscape in a Globalized World. – New Delhi: Manohar and Center for Human Sciences, 2009.
7. Martin R., McIntyre D., Travassos C., Assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) // Lancet. – 2014; No. 384 (9960):2164-71.
8. Muralidharan VR, Nandraj S. The Private Healthcare Sector in India: Political Challenges and Options for Partnership. Health Policy Research in South Asia: Building Capacity for Reform. – Washington, DC. – 2003. – P. 229-255.
9. Narayanan Devadasan, Tanya Seshadri. Promoting universal financial protection: evidence from the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) in Gujarat, India // Devadasan et al. Health Research Policy and Systems. – 2013. – No. 11. – R. 29.
10. Palacios R. A New Approach to Providing Health Insurance for the Poor in India: The First Results of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana. Health Insurance Program for the Poor in India // New Delhi: Center for Policy Research. – 2011. – P. 1-37.
11. Ranganadhan S. Public-Private Partnership in Health Sector – Opportunities for better Health Care delivery // OSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. – 2018. – Vol. 7. – P. 25-33.
12. Reena Titoria, Anu Mohandas. A glance on public private partnership: an opportunity for developing nations to achieve universal health coverage // International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. – 2019. – Vol. 6. – Issue 3. – R. 1354.
13. Tediosi F., Finch A., Prokacci K., Martin R., Missoni E. BRICS Countries and the Global Movement for Universal Health Coverage // Health Policy Plan. – 2016. – No. 31 (6). – P. 28 (717).

CIVIL LAW
RATNIKOVA Vasilisa Igorevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public, private and transport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State Transport, Khabarovsk
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE COLD CHAIN DURING TRANSPORTATION OF IMMUNOBIOLOGICAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
This article examines civil liability for temperature violations during the transportation of immunobiological medicinal products. Based on an analysis of the regulatory framework and a summary of current arbitration practice (2020–2025), consistent enforcement trends are identified: the presumption of carrier guilt, the sufficiency of automatic temperature recorder data as evidence, and the classification of cargo as defective in the event of a fixed temperature deviation. It is concluded that uniform clarifications from higher judicial authorities are necessary to minimize legal risks, ensure patient safety, and create predictable conditions for the development of pharmaceutical logistics.
Keywords: cold chain, immunobiological medicinal products, temperature control, transportation, civil liability, transport contract, arbitration practice, substandard medicinal products.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Antonov D. A., Silova E. S., Tarynin Yu. S. Features of the procurement institute in healthcare // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University. – 2019. – No. 9 (431). – P. 92-99. – DOI 10.24411/1994-2796-2019-10910. – EDN FHUNED.
2. Bykova G. P., Podolyako A. A. Differentiation of requirements for freight forwarding activities depending on the type of cargo transported / G. P. Bykova, // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2025. – No. 6 (71). – P. 108-113.

CIVIL LAW
SINYAKOVA Tatyana Vyacheslavovna
associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)
ZDOROVTSEVA Anna Arkadjevna
associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)
DOROFEEVA Svetlana Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)
NOTARIAL FORM: CONCEPT AND ITS MODERN POTENTIAL
The article attempts to take a fresh look at the concept of notary form and consider it comprehensively in relation to the property turnover, with which it is simultaneously developing. The authors analyze the latest court decisions of the highest judicial authorities on the legal consequences of using the notary form and conclude that the notary form has ceased to be just a form of a transaction in the property turnover, and is now a potential (preference) for its participants and a means of public control over the same property turnover. The authors identify the advantages of the notary form, including the aspect of the notary’s property liability, as another potential of the notary form is its preferences for those who seek the services of a notary, including the guarantee of full property liability of the notary community. In addition, the authors assess the doctrinal approaches to defining quasi-notary services, their content and essence, and explore the challenges and specific features of their implementation
Keywords: notary, notarial certification, notarial form, transactions, notary liability, quasi-notariat.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Inshakova A. O., Chulova Yu. S. The influence of the mandatory notarial form of real estate transactions on the stability of civil turnover // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2016. – No. 1 (36). – P. 43-48.
2. Inshakova A. O., Tymchuk Yu. A. Mandatory notarization of real estate transactions as a guarantor of the stability of its civil turnover // Bulletin of Volgograd State University. Series 5: Jurisprudence. – 2016. – V. 15. No. 2 (31). – P. 125-133.
3. Legal regulation of professional activity in the field of real estate / A. A. Zdorovtseva, N. A. Kiseleva, A. V. Kuznetsov [et al.]. – St. Petersburg: VSUYU (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), 2025. – 195 p. – P. 126-135.
4. Arakelian F. P. Notarial form of a transaction from the point of view of civil legislation and legislation on notaries // The world of science, culture, education. – 2014. – No. 2 (45). – P. 367-368.
5. Pogosyan E. V. Notarial process and notarial procedural legal relations as the basis for notarial proof // Notarial Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 36-48.
6. Pogosyan, E. V. Evidence and proof in notarial proceedings: monograph. – Moscow: Statut, 2023. – 174 p.
7. Yazova M.A. Theoretical problems of applying subparagraph 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 1127 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Judge. – 2015. – No. 12 (60). – P. 52-56.
8. Balysheva O. V. Notaries and quasi-notaries: prospects for legal regulation // Notarial Bulletin. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 9-13.
9. Matuzov N. I., Malko A. V. Theory of State and Law: textbook. – Moscow: Publishing group “Yurist”, 2004. – P. 191-191. – 512 p.

CIVIL LAW
STYSLOVICH Anatoly Petrovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd year of study, PA Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration
LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITALIZATION AND THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CIVIL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
This article analyzes the legal regulation of the digitalization of civil justice. It is noted that the digitalization process is based on the historical, political, and cultural model of the country under study. The aim of this research is to develop scholarly and practical knowledge about the development of digitalization of civil justice in the countries under consideration. The study identifies common and specific features of legal regulation and the practical applicability of digitalization in the civil justice systems of the Russian Federation and the United Arab Emirates.
Keywords: civil justice, information, artificial intelligence, civil dispute resolution, digitalization technologies.

CIVIL LAW
FESENKO Elena Alexeevna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Siberian University of Consumer Cooperation, Novosibirsk
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CIRCULATION OF PARKING SPACES, APARTMENTS, AND UNIFIED REAL ESTATE COMPLEXES: MODERN CHALLENGES AND TRENDS
The article analyzes the legal regulation of the turnover of such specific real estate objects as parking spaces, apartments and single real estate complexes, which are increasingly causing discussions in the legal community. The article is aimed at identifying modern challenges associated with the turnover of parking spaces, apartments and single real estate complexes. The current legislation is analyzed, a review of scientific literature is carried out, statistics and judicial practice are provided, problematic aspects are identified and promising areas for improving legislation and law enforcement practice are outlined to ensure a more stable and transparent turnover of parking spaces, apartments and unified real estate complexes.
Keywords: parking space, apartment, single real estate complex, real estate turnover, ownership, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, housing legislation, law enforcement practice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kamyshansky V. P. On the allocation of a share in the right of common ownership for the formation of parking spaces // Power of Law. – 2024. – No. 4 (60). – P. 14-21.
2. Kudrenko A. P. Parking space as a real estate object // Modern scientific research and development. – 2018. – No. 1 (18). – P. 217-218.
3. Pribylov R. G. Features of the legal status of apartments // In the collection: Derzhavin Readings. Collection of articles from the XVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Moscow, 2025. – P. 427-429.
4. Filatov N. V. On the possibility of recognizing apartments as residential premises // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2025. – No. 38. – P. 234-244.

CIVIL LAW
KHANOVA Zaira Reimanova
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Civil law and process sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
MAMMAEVA Madina Gadzhimuradovna
lawyer-consultant at the Professional Law Center
CONTRACTUAL REGULATION OF REHABILITATION SERVICES FOR THE DISABLED
The scientific work is devoted to a detailed analysis of the state of legal regulation of rehabilitation of the disability in the Russian Federation. The study highlights the main disadvantages of the existing system, such as a fragmented regulatory framework, limited autonomy of citizens’ expression of will, an overly formalized approach to concluding contracts, and uncertainty about the responsibilities of various entities. Proposals have been formulated for the development of contractual regulation, including the harmonization of legal approaches, increasing the role of individual rehabilitation programs and developing a mechanism for coordinating responsibility, as well as strengthening interdepartmental cooperation, improving law enforcement procedures and ensuring effective protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in this area.
Keywords: rehabilitation of the disability, individual rehabilitation and habilitation program (IPRA), social service contract, medical rehabilitation, compulsory medical insurance (MHI), technical means of rehabilitation (TSR), social integration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gerasimenko N. F., Grigoriev Yu. I., Aleksandrova O. Yu. Legislation in the field of public health protection / edited by Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V. I. Starodubov. – M.: MCFER, 2015. – P. 320.
2. Grigoriev I. V. Civil law structures in the legislation on social services // Siberian Legal Review. – 2020. – Vol. 17. No. 4. – P. 465.
3. Gusev A. Yu. Protection of social security rights of citizens: problems, prospects, trends: monograph. – M .: KNORUS, 2022. – P. 65.
4. Sinkevich Zh. V. Legal nature of social service: convergence of private and public principles // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 2 (89). – P. 51.

CIVIL LAW
CHERDAKOVA Larisa Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
MOGILEVA Alexandra Vyacheslavovna
legal adviser of the Legal Department of Profstal Joint Stock Company, Irkutsk
SOME ISSUES OF THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 401 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature and law enforcement aspects of paragraph 3 of Article 401 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes the regime of innocent liability of a person engaged in entrepreneurial activity in the context of its doctrinal justification and modern judicial practice. The relevance of the study is due to the controversial nature of the theoretical foundations of this rule, its dispositive nature and the ambiguity of law enforcement practice. Based on the analysis of scientific positions (the theory of occupational risk, the concept of responsibility for a decision) and current judicial acts, the scope of the rule under study is determined, including its extension to non-profit organizations engaged in income-generating activities, as well as the need for strict differentiation of contractual and non-contractual responsibilities of an entrepreneur. Special attention is paid to the criteria of force majeure (emergency and objective unavoidability), their difference from the case, as well as the emerging trend of qualifying sanctions of foreign states as force majeure circumstances. The author substantiates the permissibility of contractual regulation of entrepreneur’s liability in compliance with mandatory prohibitions, in particular, concerning consumer protection. It is concluded that it is necessary to further clarify the content of paragraph 3 of art. 401 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to ensure uniformity of judicial practice and achieve a balance of interests of participants in civil turnover.
Keywords: innocent responsibility, entrepreneurial activity, irresistible force, contractual obligations, institution of responsibility, emergency, unavoidability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Krasavchikov O. A. Compensation for damage caused by sources of increased danger. – M.: Legal Literature, 1966. – 198 p.
2. Sklovsky K. I. Property in civil law. – M.: Statut, 2008. – 890 p.
3. Kuznetsov M. V. Liability without fault in business relations // Arbitration disputes. – 2017. – No. 1 (77). – P. 77-86.

CIVIL LAW
ABDULLIN Ildar Rafisovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
GENERAL CONTRACTING AS A STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS
The article examines general contracting as a historically developed structure of contractual relations in construction, based on the separation of design and construction functions among different project participants. The evolution of construction organization is traced from the concentration of all functions in the master builder figure to the modern model where the client provides the design and the contractor performs construction work. The legal significance of Article 743(1) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as the normative embodiment of this structure is analyzed. General contracting is compared with EPC and EPCM structures.
Keywords: general contracting, structure of contractual relations, construction contract, technical documentation, design, EPC, EPCM, FIDIC.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Klee L. International Construction Contract Law. – Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2015. – 563 p.
2. Steinberg HM Understanding and Negotiating EPC Contracts. Vol. 1: The Project Sponsor’s Perspective. – Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. – 278 p.
3. Nikolaeva Z. E., Egorov K. F. Management of contractual relations in a construction project: domestic and international experience // Problems of construction law. Issue 2 / edited by N. B. Shcherbakov. – M., 2023. – P. 317-348.
4. Ponomarev N. A. Is there a place for a turnkey construction contract in Russia // Problems of Construction Law. Issue 2 / edited by N. B. Shcherbakov. – M., 2023. – P. 437-462.

CIVIL LAW
BORISOV Anatoly Andreevich
competitor of Information and intellectual law, digital technologies and innovation sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CONCURRENT EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT TO A PRICE REDUCTION AND OTHER REMEDIES AGAINST THE DEBTOR’S DEFECTIVE PERFORMANCE
The paper analyzes the possibility of combining the exercise of the right to a proportionate price reduction with other remedies against non-conforming performance (elimination of defects and reimbursement of expenses for defect elimination). Using a lease agreement as an example, it is demonstrated that the absence of limited cumulation of these remedies in certain types of contractual obligations may lead to a violation of the subjective equivalence of reciprocal performances under the contract. As a result of the study, it is proposed to recognize the limited cumulation of the creditor’s claims for a proportionate price reduction, for the elimination of defects, and for reimbursement of expenses for defect elimination in certain types of continuing obligations.
Keywords: proportionate price reduction, elimination of defects, reimbursement of expenses for defect elimination, civil law remedy, lease agreement, equivalence of reciprocal performances.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belov V. E. Supply of goods, performance of works, provision of services for state needs: legal regulation. – M.: Norma: Infra-M, 2011. – 304 p.
2. Egorov A. V. Defects in the work performed by the contractor and methods of protecting the customer // Civilistics. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 56-86.
3. Kulakov V. V. Reasonable balance of interests as the goal of civil-law regulation // Russian justice. – 2016. – S1. – P. 174-185.
4. Lazarev S. V. Concept and types of serial cases in arbitration courts // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 139-153.
5. Rozhkova M. A. Means and methods of legal protection of the parties to a commercial dispute. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – 416 p.
6. Trofimov S. V. Proportionate reduction in price as a method of protecting civil rights: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2025. – 232 p.

CIVIL LAW
KANDRINA Elena Gennadjevna
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
INHERITANCE OF LIABILITIES ARISING FROM VICARIOUS LIABILITY: THE LIMITS OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF HEIRS OF PERSONS CONTROLLING THE DEBTOR
This article provides a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of the legal nature and specific characteristics of the process of inheriting liabilities arising from the imposition of vicarious liability on persons controlling the debtor. First and foremost, the focuses study on the complex theoretical and practical problem of the transfer of debt to successors from a decedent who was either held liable or was potentially subject to liability for the obligations of a legal entity, including cases involving the termination of the latter’s activities through its exclusion from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. Alongside this, the article examines in detail the prevailing approaches in modern judicial practice, which allows for the identification of significant contradictions in the legal qualification of these obligations as either property-based (and thus inheritable) or as having a purely personal, inseparable character. Furthermore, within the context of this research, the limits of the heirs’ liability are subject to critical reflection—specifically, issues concerning the valuation of the estate, the specifics of calculating statutes of limitations, and the particularities of the burden of proof distribution among the parties to the proceedings. The work consistently substantiates the objective necessity of implementing additional procedural and substantive legal guarantees aimed at thus protecting the interests of heirs while simultaneously maintaining the effectiveness of recovery mechanisms for creditors. Based on the results of the study and the data obtained, the author formulates proposals oriented towards the systemic improvement of current legislation and the unification of law enforcement practice in this field.
Keywords: vicarious liability, inheritance of debts, person controlling the debtor (CDL), bankruptcy, protection of heirs’ rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Anasiychuk N. A. Features of the consideration of applications for bringing to subsidiary liability in the framework of a bankruptcy case // Bulletin of Science. – 2026. – No. 3.
2. Kozmenkova S. V., Izhnina L. P., Kiseleva I. A. Financial and economic examination: bringing persons to subsidiary liability during the investigation of objective bankruptcy of organizations // Digest-Finances. – 2023. – Vol. 28. No. 4.
3. Nikulin I. L. Subsidiary liability of controlling persons during the liquidation of a corporation during bankruptcy proceedings: trends in judicial practice // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2025. – No. 5.
4. Novichkov I. V. Concept and general characteristics of persons controlling the debtor // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2025. – No. 5.
5. Romanov A. A. Institute of subsidiary liability in insolvency (bankruptcy) cases // Russian judge. – 2024. – No. 9.
6. Ruban P. O. Subsidiary liability of participants (shareholders) of business entities: problems of modern judicial practice // Law and Management. – 2025. – No. 1.
7. Sidorov A. V. Delimitation of subsidiary liability of persons controlling the debtor with the application of other measures of civil liability // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – Vol. 20. No. 5. – P. 91-98.
8. Silchenko V. Yu. Presumption of abuse of procedural rights in cases of bringing to subsidiary liability for the obligations of a company excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2023. – No. 7.
9. Sogoyan D. P. Creditor community in insolvency (bankruptcy) legal relations: experience of Russia and foreign countries // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2025. – No. 21.1.
10. Sokolov A. P. Procedural aspects of subsidiary liability: statute of limitations and rights of controlling persons in bankruptcy cases // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2025. – No. 2.
11. Tarabarin M. V. Tortious nature of subsidiary liability // Young scientist. – 2025. – No. 16 (567).
12. Shardakov A. E. Subsidiary liability as part of the civil liability system // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 10.

CIVIL LAW
MAMEDOV Islam Fikrat ogly
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE SPECIFICS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL FINANCIAL ASSETS AS FINANCIAL MARKET INSTRUMENTS
The article examines the legal nature of Digital Financial Assets (DFA) within the context of their integration into the system of objects of civil rights. It analyzes the fundamental contradictions between the classical doctrine of the law of obligations and the technological mechanisms for recording rights in a distributed ledger. The author addresses the problem of characterizing DFAs as sui generis financial market instruments, distinct from uncertificated securities, and identifies the risks regarding the fragmentation of the legal regulation governing the circulation of digital rights. Furthermore, the author substantiates the necessity of adjusting the law regime regarding the mechanisms of rights transfer, the liability of information system operators, and the protection of investor interests during transactions.
Keywords: asset, obligation, tokenization, ledger, circulation, legal capacity, risk, identification, legitimation, decentralization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zarov I.K. Analysis of the concept and essence of digital financial assets // Structural and institutional transformations in economics and management. International scientific readings in memory of Professor Yu.M. Yasinsky: Collection of materials. – Minsk: Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus, 2023. – P. 132-137.
2. Kamyshanova A. E. Involvement of digital rights in property circulation: innovations in Russian legislation // Modernization of Russian society and education: new economic guidelines, management strategies, issues of law enforcement and personnel training. Proceedings of the XXIV National Scientific Conference (with international participation). – Taganrog: TIUE, 2023. – P. 233-235. 3. Kushnirenko M. R. Issue of digital financial assets on digital platforms in the banking sector as a tool for improving the quality of the loan portfolio // Economy and Innovation. Collection of articles by participants in the interuniversity scientific and practical conference. In three volumes. – Moscow: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 2023. – Pp. 126-130. 4. Rassolov I. M. Information law: textbook and practical training for universities / 7th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2023. – 427 p.
5. Sitdikova L. B. Digital rights in corporate relations // Problems of realization of human and civil rights in the context of modern social transformations. Proceedings of the XIV All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, dedicated to the memory of Professor F. M. Rudinsky / under the general editorship of D. A. Pashentsev, N. M. Ladnushkina. – Saratov: Publishing house “Saratovsky Istochnik”, 2023. – P. 227-230. 6. Smirnova V. V., Pravkin S. A. Legal aspects of regulating digital rights in the financial market // Actual problems of development of socio-economic systems: practice and theory. Collection of scientific articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Kursk: Closed Joint-Stock Company “University Book”, 2023. – P. 217-220.
7. Fedotkina O. P., Vatolkin M. A. Risks and vulnerabilities of digital assets: impact on financial stability // Economic and information security of digital intelligent ecosystems. Monograph. – St. Petersburg: POLYTECH-PRESS, 2023. – P. 142-162.
8. Digital currency and digital financial rights as a subject and means of committing crimes: monograph / O. P. Gribunov, P. V. Nikonov, S. V. Parkhomenko, E. V. Rogova, V. N. Shikhanov et al. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2023. – 169 p.

CIVIL LAW
MANUCHARYAN Arman Arturovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
REALIZATION OF THE INTERESTS OF THE DEBTOR AND THE BANKRUPTCY TRUSTEE DURING THE FORMATION OF THE BANKRUPTCY ESTATE
This paper explains the mechanisms for harmonizing the competing interests of insolvency entities during the accumulation of bankruptcy assets by an insolvency administrator. It focuses on the administrator’s status as an independent professional and the classification of creditors’ claims into registered and current claims, taking into account the priority of repayment. The author identifies areas of conflicting interests, encompassing affiliation and procedural omissions in debt collection, supported by an analysis of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation’s practice for 2023-2025, including the Reviews of October 11, 2023, and June 18, 2025. The need for stricter oversight by self-regulatory organizations and the statutory consolidation of balance criteria to establish benchmarks for judicial assessment of professional diligence is discussed.
Keywords: bankruptcy trustee, bankruptcy estate, balance of interests, affiliation, challenging transactions, accounts receivable, civil liability, bankruptcy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ivanchenko D. E. Civil liability of arbitration managers: Master’s final qualification work; St. Petersburg State University. – St. Petersburg, 2023. – 90 p. 2. Sokolov A. Yu. Presumption of awareness in bankruptcy disputes: principles and standards of proof // Electronic journal “Economy and Life”. – 2024. – November 6. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.eg-online.ru/article/492663/ (date of access: 11/22/2025).

CIVIL LAW
OSIPOVA Elizaveta Andreevna
postgraduate student, Far Eastern State Transport University, Khabarovsk
DIGITAL RUBLE: POTENTIAL RISKS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS
In this article, the author examines the potential risks and prospects of implementing the digital ruble, assessing the potential consequences for the country’s financial system and economy, also examines the advantages and disadvantages of the digital currency of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as well as issues of increasing access to financial services and ensuring cybersecurity in the modern technological environment. To compare the implementation of the digital ruble in the Russian Federation, the author draws on international experience with other countries’ implementation of digital national currencies. The author examines the implementation of the retail two-tier model of the digital ruble in the Russian Federation and analyzes the risks of liquidity shortages in the banking system.
Keywords: digital ruble, digital currency, non-cash money, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, cybersecurity, technological environment, liquidity shortage, retail two-tier model, national currency.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Morozova I. G. Legal regime of the digital ruble // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 6-10. – DOI: 10.18572/1812-3929-2023-9-6-10 (www.doi.org).
2. Rozhdestvenskaya T. E., Guznov A. G. Legal regulation of the digital ruble // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 48-55. – DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2024.158.1.048-055 (www.doi.org).
3. Turbanov A. V. Legal nature of the digital ruble account // Banking law. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 40-51. – DOI: 10.18572/1812-3945-2024-2-40-51 (www.doi.org).

CIVIL LAW
PEREPELKIN Vladislav Maximovich
postgraduate student of Civil and corporate law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
THEORETICAL ISSUES IN THE CONCEPT OF THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EXPELLING A MEMBER FROM A BUSINESS ENTITY ON THE GROUNDS OF A BREACH OF THE CORPORATE CONTRACT
This article examines the legal issues surrounding the theory of compulsory expulsion of a member of a business entity based on contractual agreements (corporate contract). The author examines the issues surrounding the admissibility of applying the principle of party autonomy to broadly interpret the grounds for excluding a member of a business entity, including an analysis of established legal practice and the private law doctrine of the civil law school. The author substantiates the conceptual admissibility of excluding a member from a business entity in the event of a breach of the corporate contract. The author formulates a theoretical proposal regarding the criteria for the admissibility of judicial exclusion of a member of a business entity in the event of a breach of the corporate contract, provided that such exclusion is compensatory in nature.
Keywords: corporate agreement, business entity, expulsion of a member from a business entity, option contract, option agreement.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Yuldashev M. Yu. Option to conclude an agreement and an option agreement. Problems of practical application of the offer-acceptance structure of transactions // Scientific works of the Russian Academy of Advocacy and Notaries. – 2023. – No. 4 (71). – P. 146-152.
2. Shitkina S. I., Gabov A. V., Gubin E. P., et al. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”: in 2 volumes / edited by I. S. Shitkina. – M .: Statut, 2021. – V. 1. – 622 p.
3. Novikov M. A. Possibilities of using option agreements in arbitration and corporate practice in the context of arbitration reform in the Russian Federation // Modern scientific thought. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 285-286.
4. Demieva A. G., Nosov D. R. Exclusion of a participant from a limited liability company: a new approach to law enforcement practice // Humanitarian scientific journal. – 2025. – No. 6-1. – P. 142-151.
5. Kuznetsov A. A. Exclusion of a participant from a limited liability company. – M.: Statut, 2014. – 141 p.
6. Eisenberg MA The Conception That the Corporation Is a Nexus of Contracts, and the Dual Nature of the Firm // The Journal of Corporation Law. – 1999. – Vol. 24. No. 4. – P. 819-836.
7. Nikolsky D. A. Exclusion of a participant as a method of forced termination of a corporate transaction // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – Vol. 20. No. 4 (173). – P. 84-98.
8. Fleischer H. Gesellschaftsrecht im Spiegel seiner Habilitationsschriften // Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law. –2022. –No. 22/15. – P. 191-218.
9. Kuznetsov A. A. Limits of Autonomy of Will in Corporate Law: A Brief Essay / Research Center for Private Law named after S. S. Alekseev under the President of the Russian Federation; A. A. Kuznetsov. – M .: Statut, 2017. – 161 p.

CIVIL LAW
PORECHNY Egor Mikhailovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONCEPTS: “APARTMENT”, “SERVICE APARTMENT”, “NON-SERVICE APARTMENT”, “APARTMENT COMPLEX”
The article discusses the problem of defining the definitions of “apartment”, “service apartment”, “apartment complex”, “non-service apartment”. To date, there is not a single comprehensive study in the Russian doctrine that specifies these concepts. The atypical nature of the apartments should be reflected in their characteristics. The author of the article does not introduce new concepts, he concretizes existing ones by using the same principles of constructing definitions used to describe types of residential premises and other real estate objects. As a result, the author presents his own concretized definitions of concepts.
Keywords: apartment, apartment complex, definition, service apartment, non-service apartment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Grishmanovsky D. Yu., Tenetko A. A. Apartments as a type of residential premises: directions and initiatives for improving legislation // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Law. – 2018. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/apartamenty-kak-vid-zhilogo-pomescheniya-napravleniya-i-initsiativy-sovershenstvovaniya-zakonodatelstva (date of access: 10.04.2026). – P. 47-52.
2. Kuzmina I. D. Legal regime of buildings and structures as real estate objects: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Tomsk, 2004. – 432 p.
3. Oganesyan S. M., Porechny E. M. Types of apartments in the Russian Federation: domestic and foreign experience // Journal of Legal and Economic Research. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 84-89. – DOI 10.26163/GIEF.2024.93.29.010. – EDN GVKAAL.

CIVIL LAW
SANNIKOV Gleb Dmitrievich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
DEFINITION OF “PARTY TO THE PROCUREMENT”, REGULATED BY RUSSIAN LAW
This article explores the need for legislative adjustment of the concept of “procurement participant”. The relevance of the study is determined by the presence of legal gaps in the law enforcement practice within the procurement sector. The aim of the work is to investigate the legally established concepts of “procurement participant” in Russian legislation; explanations from executive authorities; and the law enforcement practices of regulatory bodies in the field of procurement. The methodology includes a comprehensive approach using a comparative legal method to study the concepts discussed in the work; a dialectical method, particularly analyzing the law enforcement practice on the subject matter; and logical and systematic methods for organizing and presenting conclusions based on the results of this research. The conducted study illustrates the need for adjustments to the regulatory legal acts governing procurement activities in the area under consideration. The scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying the shortcomings of the current legislative interpretations of the concept under investigation and justifying the need for amendments to the existing legislation for the correct application of the concept in law enforcement practice.
Keywords: procurement participant, law enforcement practice, Federal Antimonopoly Service, economic entity, procurement documentation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Meshcheryagina V. A., Musikhin Yu. V. Practice of considering complaints within the framework of the procedure for the procurement of goods under 223-FZ using a different approach to participants with different taxation systems // Economic Security – XXI Century: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Collection of Materials of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference, Yekaterinburg, April 8, 2025. – Yekaterinburg: Ural State Mining University, 2025. – P. 169-173. – EDN KHEDLF.
2. Moiseev S. V., Moiseeva P. S. Another paradigm of competition. Theses. Criticism, examples and suggestions // Current issues in the development of science and modern society: monograph. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2025. – P. 5-34. – EDN NXJMUA.
3. Soloviev M. S. Special administrative complaint in the field of public procurement: on the formation of a new quasi-judicial process // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 112. – EDN YKWHVJ.
4. Trutneva V. Yu. Samples of the purchased goods as a type of illegal requirement for the composition of the application of a participant in a “corporate procurement” // Agrarian and land law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 287-290. – DOI 10.47643/1815-1329_2025_4_287. – EDN KYKZUH.

CIVIL LAW
SMIRNOV Pyotr Valerievich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Lawyer, General Director of the Legal Center Smirnov and Partners LLC
ON THE ISSUE OF STATE INTERVENTION IN THE PRIVATE ACTIVITIES OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES
The article examines the legal, economic, and administrative means of state intervention in the private activities of economic entities. The author pays attention to specific types of means, analyzes them, and proposes measures to address existing problems in certain mechanisms of state regulation. Based on the results of the study, the author emphasizes the need for state intervention in entrepreneurial activities to ensure the rights and legitimate interests of society as a “weak party” in professional relations.
Keywords: state intervention, private interest, public interest, means of state influence, and imperativeness.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kulikov V. M. Proposals for improving grant support and subsidies for small businesses // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – No. 2-3 (89). – P. 220-222. – Text: direct.
2. Standzon L. V. Licensing and permitting system: monograph. – Moscow, 2021. – Pp. 28-30. – 272 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-32761-4.
3. Suslova M. V. Purpose of the Institute of Licensing of Entrepreneurial Activity // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 112-113. – Text: direct.
4. Frolova E. E. On the issue of legal support for the formation of civil society // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 36-40. – Text: direct.
5. Shokhin S.O. Legal problems of financing federal target programs // Legal world. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 51-55. – Text: direct.

CIVIL LAW
TUZHILKINA Sofia Sergeevna
independent researcher, Vladivostok
ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING REGULATORY ACTS CONTAINING COUNTER-SANCTIONS IN THE FIELD OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION BY RUSSIAN COURTS
In the context of economic pressure exerted on the Russian Federation by unfriendly foreign states, the need has arisen to transform approaches to the regulation of intellectual property. Russian legislators have introduced special mechanisms to protect national interests, including a specific procedure for fulfilling obligations to foreign right holders. However, the effectiveness of these measures can only be revealed in the process of their practical application. The purpose of this article is to analyze Russia’s counter-sanction measures in the field of intellectual property and to identify the key features of their interpretation and implementation in judicial practice.
Keywords: intellectual property, protection of intellectual property, intellectual rights, counter-sanctions, retorsions, judicial practice, cession, abuse of right.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Butakova Ya. S. Russian “counter-sanctions” as a modern form of retorsion // VSU Bulletin. Series: Law. 2025. No. 1 (60). (date of access: 03/22/2026).
2. Khodakov I. D. On the problem of restrictive measures against unfriendly foreign intellectual property rights holders // Education and Law. 2023. No. 12. (date accessed: 03/22/2026).
3. Shakhnazarov B. A. Certain issues of the implementation of the legal regime of parallel imports and related problems of legal protection of intellectual property in Russia under sanctions // Lex Russica. 2023. No. 10 (203). (date of access: 03/22/2026).
4. Chernichkina G. N. On the issue of maintaining a balance of interests when using intellectual property in civil circulation // Education and Law. 2022. No. 6. (date accessed: 03/22/2026).
5. Karpychev M. V., Khuzhin A. M. Use of special bank accounts to ensure the protection of national interests of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. 2024. No. 9 (121). (date accessed: 03/22/2026).

CIVIL LAW
KOROTICH Artemy Vitalievich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF “THING” IN THE CREATION OF THE GERMAN CIVIL CODE. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CORPOREALITY CRITERION
The article examines the process of developing the concept of a thing when creating a German Civil Code. It is shown that for the concept of a thing in the legal sense, the criterion of physicality plays an important role, since it allows us to determine the boundaries within which a person can behave in an absolute way. The author demonstrates how the criterion of physicality affects the principles of property rights, as well as ways to protect them. The author also identifies the reason why the extension of property rights to intangible objects is not possible, and the concept of an incorporeal thing turns out to be meaningless.
Keywords: thing, property rights, corporeality, ownership, absoluteness.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Reinhold Johow Entwurf eines bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches für das Deutsche Reich: Sachenrecht. Begründung, Band 1, 1880. S. 17-33
2. Planck Gottlieb Planck’s Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch nebst Einführungsgesetz. 3. Auflage 1903. S. 35-46
3. Jakobs Horst Heinrich, Schubert Werner. Allgemeiner Teil Die Beratung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs in systematischer Zusammenstellung der unveröffentlichten Quellen Die Beratung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs (1.Teilband), 1985. S. 426.
4. Manfred Wolf, Jörg Neuner, Karl Larenz. Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts Hardcover 13 Auflage CH Beck 2023 §25. S. 305-306.
5. Hermann Eichler. Die Rechtsidee des Eigentums, Rowohl, 1960 S. 16
6. Martin Wolff, Ludwig Raiser. Lehrbuch des Bürgerlichen Rechts, Band 3, Sachenrecht, 10. Mohr Siebeck. Tübingen, 1957 S. 175.
7. Wieacker Franz. Wandlungen der Eigentumsverfassung, Archiv für die civilistische. Praxis 148 (1948). S. 75.
8. Berberich Matthias, Virtuelles Eigentum, Mohr Siebeck 2009. S. 125.
9. Berger Peter Klaus Sachbegriff. Datenbesitz und Dateneigentum, Zeitschrift für Geistiges Eigentum 9 (2017) s. 348.

CIVIL LAW
MANUCHARYAN Arman Arturovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
DEFINITION OF SUFFICIENCY OF MEASURES FOR PRESERVING THE DEBTOR’S ASSETS IN INSOLVENCY PROCEDURES BANKRUPTCY
The study consolidates indicators of sufficiency of measures to preserve property debtor in insolvency cases. The regulatory basis includes Federal Law No. 127-FZ of 10.26.2002, Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation Resolution No. 48 of 12/25/2018. The empirical base covers court acts from 2020 to 2025. The focus is on procedural restrictions under Article 46 of the law plus Article 90 of the Arbitration Court Procedure Code. A separate block comprises methods of physical depository through a contract of custodial storage. Administrative supervision forms are applied. The research emphasis shifts to the liability of the arbitrator for civil law standards regarding defects in preserving the debtor’s property under Article 20.4 of the Bankruptcy Law. Collisions in law enforcement have been identified associated with unscrupulous behavior of creditors, seeking balance of opposing interests, difficulties in removing objects from the inventory, including protection of housing rights.
Keywords: insolvency estate, bankruptcy procedure, arbitrator/receivership manager protective mechanisms for asset preservation, execution immunity, balance of rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Voronov A. A. Current issues of bankruptcy of individuals in the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 156-160.
2. Nalbandyan E. L. Settlement agreement as a rehabilitation procedure in insolvency (bankruptcy) cases: dis. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.3; St. Petersburg State University. – SPb., 2023. – 189 p.
3. Lazzarini A. Legal means of forming the bankruptcy estate of an insolvent debtor // Jurist. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 9-15.
4. Neznamova Yu. N. Actual problems of bringing arbitration managers to liability in the form of recovery of damages // Questions of Russian justice. – 2024. – No. 30. – P. 581-589.
5. Potashnik O. A. The concept of bankruptcy estate // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 19 (529). – P. 290-292. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/529/116893/.

CIVIL LAW
PASENKO Yuriy Igorevich
postgraduate student of the 3rd course of postgraduate courses Private Law (Civil Law), St. Petersburg State University of Economics
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY FOR DISRUPTION OF NEGOTIATIONS
The article analyzes the institution of pre-contractual liability for the disruption of negotiations. It has been established that this legal institution is aimed at protecting the trust that arises between the parties to the relevant relationship. In this regard, liability arises as a result of a tort consisting in the unjustified breach of the injured party’s reasonable expectations, who relied on the imminent conclusion of a contract. A key feature of such an offense is the absence of a presumption of fault, the burden of proving which lies with the claimant. Furthermore, the scope of compensation to which a victim of a bad faith disruption of negotiations is entitled is limited to the expenses incurred under the influence of belief in the imminent success of the negotiations namely, costs for acquiring specific assets necessary to execute the transaction.
Keywords: civil liability, pre-contractual liability, liability for disruption of negotiation, negotiations on including a contract, Article 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation principle of good faith.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Faggella G. Dei periodi precontrattuali e della loro vera ed esatta costruzione scientifica // Studi giuridici in onore di Carlo Fadda. – 1906. – Vol. III. – P. 269-343.
2. Saleilles R. La responsabilité précontractuelle // Revue trimestrielle de droit civil. – 1907. – No. 7. – P. 697-751.
3. Shtompka P. Trust is the basis of society. – M.: Logos, 2012. – 440 p.
4. Zuloaga I. Reliance in the breaking-off of contractual negotiations. – Cambridge: Intersentia, 2019. – 452 p.
5. Cohen GM The Negligence – opportunism tradeoff in contract law // Hofstra Law Review. – 1992. – Vol. 20. Iss. 4. – P. 941-1016.
6. Grimm D. D. Fundamentals of the Doctrine of Legal Transactions in the Modern German Doctrine of Pandect Law. Volume II. – St. Petersburg: Printing House of M. M. Stasyulevich, 1900. – 300 p. 7. Kramer E. A. The Beginning of General Imputation in Tort Law// Civil Law Bulletin. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 248-275.
8. Williamson, O. I. Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, and Relational Contracting / ed. V. S. Katkalo; translated from English. – St. Petersburg: Lenizdat; CEU Press, 1996. – P. 201.

CIVIL LAW
SEMYONOV Danila Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Commercial law sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; attorney-at-law of the Moscow City Law Firm “RKP”
THE LEGAL NATURE AND CONDITIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF ESTOPPEL IN RUSSIAN PRIVATE LAW
This article explores the legal nature of estoppel and the conditions for its application in Russian private law. It argues that estoppel is based on a complex set of facts, including inconsistent behavior by one party, the other party’s reliance on that behavior, and the subsequent frustration of the expectations thereby created. The article further demonstrates that a legal response is possible only where such reliance-undermining inconsistent conduct is treated as abusive. Depending on the way in which objective malignity is established, estoppel is examined both as a special corrective mechanism and as a general legal idea prohibiting harmful inconsistent conduct that undermines reliance.
Keywords: estoppel, inconsistent behavior, reliance, good faith, maliciousness
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Krasavchikov O. A. Legal facts in Soviet civil law. – M., 1958.
2. Rozhkova M. A. Legal facts in civil law // Supplement to the monthly journal “Business and Law”. – 2006. – No. 7.
3. Filippova S. Yu. Legal facts in civil law: in 3 parts. Part I. Lawful legal actions: civil law problems of qualification. – M., 2020.
4. Kerselyan A. S. Breach of trust as a legal fact // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2024. – No. 5.
5. Fundamental Provisions of Civil Law: Article-by-Article Commentary to Articles 1-16.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / ed. by A. G. Karapetyan (authors of paragraph 1.7 of the commentary to Article 10 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are A. G. Karapetyan and D. V. Fedorov). – Moscow, 2020.
6. Filippova S. Yu. Legal facts in civil law: in 3 parts. Part II. Illegal legal actions: civil law problems of qualification. – M., 2021.
7. Malein N. S. Offense: concept, causes, responsibility. – M., 1985.
8. Trofimov V. V. Legal interest and legal idea in the structure of the law-making process of modern Russian society // Bulletin of Tambov State University. – 2012. – No. 9.
9. Alekseev S. S. Theory of Law. – M., 1995.
10. Russian civil law: a textbook in 2 volumes. Volume I. General part. Property law. Inheritance law. Intellectual rights. Personal non-property rights / edited by E. A. Sukhanov (author of Chapter 9 – V. S. Em). – M., 2015.
11. Gribanov V. V. Implementation and protection of civil rights. – M., 2020.
12. Volkov A. V. Abuse of civil rights: problems of theory and practice / dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law. – M., 2010.
13. Volkov A. V. Good faith and reasonableness in the concept of “abuse of civil law” // Current problems of Russian law. – 2009. – No. 3.

CIVIL LAW
SHESTAKOV Pavel Andreevich
postgraduate student of Business law, civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Institute of Philosophy and Law, Novosibirsk National Research State University
MULTIMEDIA PRODUCT AS AN INDEPENDENT OBJECT OF COPYRIGHT: CONCEPT, FEATURES AND DISTINCTION FROM OTHER COMPLEX OBJECTS
The article examines the multimedia product as an independent object of copyright within the system of complex intellectual property objects. It is substantiated that the direct mention of the multimedia product in Article 1240 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is not accompanied by a legal definition and does not eliminate the problem of distinguishing it from a computer program, an audiovisual work, a database, and a website in the information and telecommunication network Internet. The purpose of the study is to formulate a doctrinally precise definition of a multimedia product, identify its mandatory features and assess relevant case law and recent legislative initiatives. The article substantiates that a multimedia product is an independent complex object of copyright characterized by its digital form, heterogeneous structure, unity of functional or artistic concept and interactivity.
Keywords: multimedia product, complex object, copyright, digital form, computer program, audiovisual work, database, video game, intellectual property.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Grin E. S. Types of complex objects of intellectual property rights: issues of judicial practice // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – Vol. 18. No. 9. – P. 112-118.
2. Grin E. S. Online courses as a type of complex objects of intellectual property rights // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19. No. 9. – P. 61-67. DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2024.166.9.061-067.
3. Grushina E. V. Complex objects as a new category // Legislation. – 2009. – No. 2. – P. 26-31.
4. Dozortsev V. A. Copyright of a film as a complex multi-layered work // Intellectual rights: concept, system, tasks of codification. – M.: Statut, 2005. – P. 143-170.
5. Kotenko E. S. Concept and characteristics of a multimedia product // Lex Russica. – 2013. – No. 6. – P. 601-615.
6. Kotenko E. S. Copyright for a multimedia product. – M.: Prospect, 2014.
7. Korneev V. A. Computer programs, databases and topologies of integrated circuits as objects of intellectual property rights. – M.: Statut, 2010.
8. Novoselova L. A., Polezhaev O. A. Relations of access to objects of copyright expressed in the digital environment // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 9 (121). – P. 98-106. – DOI: 10.17803/2311-5998.2024.121.9.098-106.
9. Rozhkova M. A., Isaeva O. V. The concept of a site (website) for legal purposes // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2021. – No. 2 (32). – P. 46-54.
10. Rozhkova M. A., Alymova E. V., Labzin M. V., Nikiforov A. A. Complex objects of intellectual property rights. General part // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2025. – No. 2 (48). – P. 24-42. – DOI: 10.58741/23134852_2025_2_3.
11. Rozhkova M. A., Alymova E. V., Grigoriev D. A., Samartseva M. V., Palamarchuk I. A., Morozyuk O. V., Khodakov I. D. Complex objects of intellectual property rights. Special part // Journal of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. – 2025. – No. 4 (50).
12. Chuvstvinov I. V. Video games and intellectual property: features of protecting rights in case of non-literal copying // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Rights. – 2021. – No. 3 (33). – P. 102-111.
13. Shatkovskaya T. V., Androsova D. A. Regime of legal protection of multimedia products under the legislation of the Russian Federation // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 41-49.
14. Schwartz L. V. Audiovisual work as a complex object of copyright // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 3 (17). – P. 30-36.
15. Lukyanov R. L., Nersesyan A. O. On certain aspects of the draft law “On the development and distribution of video games on the territory of the Russian Federation” // Works on intellectual property. – 2025. – Vol. 41. No. 2. – P. 74-79.

CIVIL LAW
KHAYRULLIN Rail Ramilevich
postgraduate student, University of Management “TISBI”
TOPICAL ISSUES ABOUT THE SUBJECTIVE COMPOSITION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL LEGAL REGIME
This article analyzes the controversial issue of the subjective composition of experimental legal regimes in the context of the digital transformation of the economy and society. Various doctrinal approaches to defining the concept of an experimental legal regime are considered. The author proposes an original definition of an experimental legal regime based on an analysis of these approaches, taking into account the provisions of federal legislation. Particular attention is paid to the role of the state as a participant in legal relations within such regimes. The article substantiates the need to rethink the role of the state in experimental legal regimes, calling for limiting its participation to rule-making and supervisory functions.
Keywords: experimental legal regime, subjective composition, state, participants in the experimental legal regime, innovation, the subject of the experimental legal regime, regulatory sandboxes.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Banny D.S., Dresvyanin D.A. Experimental legal regimes: some problems of legal regulation // Law and business. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 19-46.
2. Gavrilchenko Yu. P., Khvatik Yu. Experimental legal regimes: an economic and legal view // Banking Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 12 (689). – P. 3-8.
3. Gromova E. A. Problems of ensuring the protection of consumer rights in the context of applying the experimental legal regime for the creation of digital innovations // Law and Economics. – 2022. – Vol. 407. No. 1. – P. 20-23.
4. Gromova E. A. Stimulating legal regimes for entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovation and technology: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Kazan, 2024. – 366 p.
5. Davydova M. L. Experimental legal regime in the Russian legal system: theoretical model and implementation practice // Legal technology. – 2025. – No. 19. – P. 33-39.
6. Pletnikov V. S., Pletnikova M. S. General legal regulation and experimental legal regime: issues of correlation // Legal technology. – 2025. – No. 19. – P. 213-217.
7. Sushilnikov I. S. Constitutional and legal foundations of experimental legal regimes // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 1 (15). – P. 109-121.
8. Yashchenko S. O., Polyakov V. G. Economy of the industry. – Volgograd: Volgograd State Technical University, 2023. – 148 p.
9. Bromberg L., Godwin A., Ramsay I. Fintech Sandboxes: Achieving a Balance between Regulation and Innovation // Journal of Banking and Finance Law and Practice. – 2017. – No. 28 (4). – Pp. 330-345.

CIVIL LAW
KHANOVA Zaira Reimanova
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Civil law and process sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
KHALIDOVA Patimat Davudovna
lawyer-consultant at the Professional Law Center
INHERITANCE OF BLOOD RELATIVES’ PROPERTY BY ADOPTED CHILDREN AND ORPHANS: LEGAL CONFLICTS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
This research paper examines the legal issues of inheritance of biological relatives’ property, where adopted children and children left without parental care are involved in inheritance relations. The focus is on the conflicts that arise in determining their inheritance rights, as well as the relationship between the status of adopted children and orphans and the legal status of blood relatives. The paper also analyzes the current legislation and court practices, assessing their effectiveness in balancing interests and ensuring fair regulation. The research concludes with recommendations for addressing the identified gaps and suggestions for improving the legal framework for inheritance in these situations.
Keywords: Inheritance, adopted children, orphans, property rights, blood relatives, legal conflicts, inheritance law, judicial practice, legislation, and legal mechanisms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Mamaeva L. M. The Role of the Compulsory Share in Inheritance in Russia and Foreign Countries // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 12. [Electronic resource]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-obyazatelnoy-doli-v-nasledstve-v-rossii-iv-zarubezhnyh-stranah (date of access: 02/13/2026).
2. Shilokhvost O. Yu. Controversial issues of legal regulation of inheritance of adopted children // Journal of Russian Law. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 62.

CIVIL LAW
SHVYDENKO Anastasiya Sergeevna
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES IN THE LEGISLATION OF COMMON LAW COUNTRIES AND RUSSIA
This article examines the regulation of representations and warranties in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. It examines historical aspects, analyzes the concepts and provisions of regulatory legal acts concerning representations and warranties, and provides their classifications. The article concludes that there are fundamental differences in these structures and highlights the results of their implementation in the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: representations, warranties, misrepresentation, damages, contract law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Budylin S. L. Assurances and Guarantees. Comparative Study. – M.: Infotropic, 2017. – 160 p.
2. Karapetyan A. G. Assurances about the circumstances and conditions for compensation for losses in the new edition of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Law – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 43-56.
3. Kondratieva E. M. Types of representations of circumstances in the Anglo-American and Russian legal systems. Comparative legal analysis // Bulletin of the Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 117-123.
4. Hagba E. R. Representations about the circumstances in mergers and acquisitions // Modern corporate law: the connecting thread of time: a collection of articles / compiled and edited by Doctor of Law, Professor I. S. Shitkina. – Moscow: Statut, 2024. – P. 481-499.

CIVIL LAW
SHCHUPAKOVA Mariya Evgenjevna
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE INHERITANCE OF COPYRIGHT IN GERMANY AND RUSSIA
This article examines the existence of copyright after death under German and Russian law. Specifically, it examines the possibility of copyright inheritance and the specifics of the exercise of copyright by heirs and other authorized persons. The author concludes that the monistic concept, which assumes the inheritance of a single copyright with both property and non-property elements, adopted in Germany, is capable of creating a unified and consistent procedure for the exercise of copyright after the author’s death. However, the approach adopted by Russian law does not promote uniformity in the legal status of copyright after death.
Keywords: copyright; inheritance monist concept; inheritance of copyright.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Commentary on Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (chapter-by-chapter) / G. E. Avilov, K. V. Vsevolozhsky, V. O. Kalyatin, et al.; edited by A. L. Makovsky. – Moscow: Statut, 2008. 2. Antimonov B. S., Fleishits E. A. Copyright. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1957.
3. Bulaevsky B. A. Posthumous regimes of property intellectual rights // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 12-15.
4. Gavrilov E. On the inheritance of intellectual rights // Business and Law. – 2011. – No. 10. – P. 46-57.
5. Dozortsev V. A. Intellectual rights: Concept. System. Tasks of codification: collection of articles. – M.: Statut, 2003.
6. Kitaeva A. V. Inheritance of intellectual property // Inheritance law. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 38-40.
7. Krasheninnikov P. V. Inheritance law (including inheritance funds, inheritance contracts and joint wills) / 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2019.
8. Korneev V. A. Computer programs, databases and topologies of integrated circuits as objects of intellectual property rights. – M.: Statut, 2010.
9. Mikhailova I. A. Property component of personal non-property copyrights: issues of theory and practice // Works on intellectual property. – 2022. – No. 41 (2). – P. 44-53.
10. Serebrovsky V. I. Issues of Soviet copyright. – M.: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956.
11. Civil law: textbook. In 4 volumes. Vol. 2. Property law. Inheritance law. Intellectual rights. Personal non-property rights / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – M .: Statut, 2019.
12. Telyukina M. V. The right to publish a work – personal or property? // IP. Copyright and related rights. – 2007. No. 8. – P. 6-7.
13. Khodyreva E. A. Protection and implementation of personal non-property rights of the author of a work of science, literature, art after his death // Inheritance law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 37-42.
14. Khokhlov V. A. On the right of authorship // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 52-59.
15. Chernichkina G. N. The right to the inviolability of a work, the right to publish a work and its revocation // Modern Law. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 93-100.
16. Shcherbak N. V. Problems of copyright in the works of V. I. Serebrovsky // Bulletin of civil law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 123-143.
17. Dietz A. The Moral Right of the Author: Moral Rights and the Civil Law Countries // 19 Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts. – 1994. – Vol. 203. – P. 199-286.
18. Eggersberger M. Die Übertragbarkeit des Urheberrechts in historischer und rechtsvergleichender Sicht. – VVF, 1992.
19. Urheberrecht. Kommentar zum Urheberrechtsgesetz, Verlagsgesetz, Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz / begr. von Fromm KF, Nordemann JB – 11. Aufl. Stuttgart, 2014.
20. Haertel K., Schiefler K. Urheberrechtsgesetz und Gesetz über die Wahrnehmung von Urheberrechten und verwandten Schutzrechten. – Köln, 1967.
21. Schulze M. Materialien zum Urheberrechtsgesetz: Texte – Begriffe – Begrundungen. – 2. Aufl, 1997.
22. Schricker G. Urheberrecht: Kommentar / Hrsg. von G. Schricker. – 2. Aufl.: München, 1999.
23. Ulmer O. Urheber und Verlagsrecht. – 3 neu bearbeitete Auflage. – Berlin, 1960.
24. Vogel M. in: Urheberrecht: Kommentar / Hrsg. von G. Schricker. – 2. Aufl.: München, 1999. – Einleitung, Rn. 72. – S. 39.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
KULIK Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, Branch in Rostov-on-Don; associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South-Russian Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don
LEGAL REGULATION OF “SUCCESS FEES”: WHAT THE LAW AND CASE LAW SAY
For many years, the inclusion of a “success fee” in legal services contracts has been a subject of debate. Courts have either denied the possibility of collecting it altogether or allowed payment for legal services to be based on results. Regulating the “success fee” is essential to balance the interests of the client and the lawyer, as well as to prevent abuse and litigation. This issue is important from a legal, ethical, and practical perspective. The main reason is the different legal status of the providers. Since 2020, in Russia, “success fees” have been officially permitted only for attorneys. “Success fees” create grounds for conflicts of interest if left unchecked. The main problem today is not so much the absence of a law, but rather the lack of a uniform understanding and application of the law by the courts, as well as legal discrimination against unregistered lawyers.
Keywords: freedom of contract; contract for the provision of services; client; provider; agreement on the provision of legal assistance; advocacy; “success fee.”
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nakushnova E. V. Remuneration of the contractor under contracts for the provision of legal services (success fee) // Modern Law. – 2014. – No. 2 – P. 3.
2. Reznik G. A virus of commerce has taken hold in the legal profession, but the epidemic is preventable // Russian Justice. – 1999. – No. 11. – P. 24-33.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
FATYHOVA Anarina Radikovna
senior lecturer of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ARBITRATION COURT AS A FORM OF DELEGATION OF THE JURISDICTIONAL FUNCTION: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
In the context of increasing complexity of economic transactions and the expansion of cross-border relations, arbitration continues to maintain a strong position as a method of resolving private law disputes. Following the 2016-2017 reform, Russian legislation on arbitral tribunals is based on an institutional model of permanent arbitral institutions and strengthens mechanisms of state supervision. Academic doctrine continues to debate the legal nature of the arbitral tribunal. Some scholars emphasize the contractual character of arbitration and derive its authority from the autonomy of the parties’ will. Others focus on its institutional dependence on the national legal order. Meanwhile, the absence of a coherent theory explaining the origin of the arbitral tribunal’s jurisdictional competence complicates a systematic understanding of the relationship between private and public elements. It appears well-founded to consider the arbitral tribunal as a form of delegation of the jurisdictional function, provided that this delegation is strictly distinguished from constitutional justice.
Keywords: arbitration court, arbitration, arbitral jurisdiction, law enforcement activity, public function, state coercion, judicial control, arbitration agreement, arbitrability, public policy, procedural sovereignty.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abova T. E. Legal nature of arbitration proceedings and competence of the arbitration court in the sphere of real estate: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2013. – P. 34.
2. Kassa I. Arbitration (arbitration court): history of creation and legal nature // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 269-288.
3. Mikhailova E. V. Arbitration as a procedural form of protecting public interests // State and Law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 60-68.
4. Skvortsov O. Yu. Arbitration (arbitration proceedings) in the Russian Federation: textbook for universities / 2nd ed., corrected. and additional. – Moscow: URAYT Publishing House, 2023. – 291 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-14673-8 // URAYT Educational Platform [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/514661 (accessed: 03/01/2026).
5. Sorokin V. P. Arbitration agreement as a condition for resolving a dispute in the form of arbitration (arbitration proceedings) // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 358-364.
6. Tuktamyshev V. D. Arbitrability (jurisdiction) of disputes: theoretical gaps: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2024. – P. 21-29.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
WANG Wei
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
PROCEDURAL REGULATION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS INVOLVING FOREIGN STATES IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
In the theory of international civil procedure, there are two approaches to determining state immunity: the absolute immunity theory and the restrictive immunity theory. The absolute immunity theory presupposes that a foreign state enjoys immunity in all civil cases, whereas the restrictive immunity theory distinguishes between sovereign acts (acta jure imperii) and commercial acts (acta jure gestionis), granting immunity only for sovereign acts. With the expansion of international economic relations, an increasing number of states adhere to the restrictive immunity theory. On 1 January 2024, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Immunity of Foreign States entered into force, marking China’s shift from the absolute immunity theory to the restrictive immunity theory at the legislative level. The Law on the Immunity of Foreign States has established the substantive legal foundation for the system of determining foreign state immunity in China by laying down the general principle of immunity of foreign states and their property and by setting forth specific exceptions to immunity. However, the implementation of this law requires procedural rules. In this context, on 26 March 2025, the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China issued a new judicial interpretation, “Notice of the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China on Procedural Issues Concerning Immunity in Civil Cases Involving Foreign States”, which explicitly regulates procedural matters in such cases, including case acceptance, jurisdiction, service of documents, and trial proceedings, thereby providing procedural guidance for courts at all levels when adjudicating cases.
Keywords: foreign state immunity; civil proceedings involving foreign states; Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Immunity of Foreign States; procedural regulation; Chinese legislation; jurisdiction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Begichev A. V., Utkina V. K. Electronic justice in the People’s Republic of China // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 173-184. – DOI 10.33874/2072-9936-2025-0-6-173-184. – EDN DLEOKU.

FAMILY LAW
KOSHMAN Nikolay Anatoljevich
postgraduate student, National Research South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk; Lawyer of the Moscow Region Bar Association
THE SYSTEM OF CONCILIATORY PROCEDURES IN FAMILY DISPUTES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: DELINEATION OF MEDIATION, JUDICIAL CONCILIATION, AND AMICABLE SETTLEMENT
The article is devoted to the delineation of three interconnected yet non-identical legal institutions used in the settlement of family disputes in the Russian Federation: mediation, judicial conciliation, and amicable settlement. The study examines their normative foundations, procedural nature, and specific features of application in cases arising from family relations. Particular attention is paid to the fact that, in contemporary legal doctrine and law-enforcement practice, these forms are often conflicted, which blurs the limits of party autonomy, reduces the certainty of the procedural status of the agreements reached, and complicates the choice of the most appropriate means of dispute resolution. Based on the analysis of the provisions of family and civil procedure legislation, the legislation on mediation, as well as the scholarly approaches of leading Russian legal researchers, the article substantiates the conclusion that the legal phenomena under consideration differ in their juridical nature. Mediation is interpreted as an autonomous conciliatory procedure involving a neutral intermediary; judicial conciliation as a special procedural form of facilitating reconciliation within court proceedings; and amicable settlement as a procedurally formalized result of a legally permissible compromise between the parties. The novelty of the study lies in proposing a functional and legal criterion for distinguishing these institutions in the context of family disputes. It is concluded that they should be applied in a differentiated manner, taking into account the subject matter of the dispute, the best interests of the child, and the limits of judicial control.
Keywords: family disputes, conciliatory procedures, mediation, judicial conciliation, amicable settlement, family law, civil procedure, best interests of the child.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borisova E. A. Mandatory family mediation as a premonition // Legislation. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 71-76.
2. Borisova E. A. Judicial reconciliation: who is to blame and what to do? // Russian judge. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 20-23.
3. Dolova M. O., Bagryanskaya P. D. Judicial reconciliation in civil cases // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 104-119. – DOI: 10.12737/jrl.2020.059.
4. Zhukov V. M. The role of the court in reconciliation of the parties in civil cases // Russian judge. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 24-30.
5. Zagainova S.K. Improving the institution of reconciliation in civil proceedings // Arbitration and civil proceedings. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 24-28.
6. Letova N. V. Mediation as a method of resolving family disputes // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 189-199. – DOI: 10.33874/2072-9936-2024-0-3-189-199.
7. Mrastyeva O. S., Kazakova S. P. On the issue of the relationship between settlement and mediation agreements in the era of digitalization // Magistrate. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 28-32. – DOI: 10.18572/2072-4152-2023-7-28-32.
8. Trezubov E. S. Problems of the effectiveness of judicial reconciliation in the Russian civil process // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27. No. 4. – P. 59-71. – DOI: 10.12737/jrp.2023.041.

FAMILY LAW
MAGOMEDOV Magomed Ruslanovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE SPOUSES’ LIABILITY FOR OBLIGATIONS
The article examines key issues of spouses’ liability for obligations, including the legal grounds for its emergence, modification, and termination. Particular attention is paid to mechanisms for protecting the interests of creditors, as well as to the rights and guarantees of the other spouse in such legal relationships. It is noted that, in practice, significant difficulties arise in distinguishing between personal and joint obligations of spouses, as well as in determining the limits of each spouse’s property liability. The author concludes that clearer legal regulation of the relevant procedures and the development of a uniform approach in judicial practice are necessary.
Keywords: property liability, common property, prenuptial agreement, division of shares, personal and joint debts of spouses.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kalis M. N., Rozhkova S. M. Methods of protecting the rights of creditors in case of their violation as a result of the conclusion of a marriage contract // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 2 (72). – P. 222-241.
2. Korshunov N. M. Family law of Russia: marital property and property of spouses // Family legislation of the Russian Federation: experience of a decade and prospects. Tver: Scientific book. – 2017. – P. 39-40.
3. Nacharov A. V. Protection of the property interests of the debtor’s spouse when fulfilling debt obligations in bankruptcy proceedings: problems of distribution of the bankruptcy estate and general obligations // Economic research and development. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 144-152.
4. Khomenko E. G. Features of bank deposit and bank loan agreements taking into account the legal regime of the property of spouses // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 27.
5. Chefranova E. A. Ensuring the inviolability of property when foreclosing on the property of spouses // State and Law. – 2003. – No. 1. – P. 75-79.
6. Shishmareva T. P., Enkova E. E. Guarantees of housing rights of an insolvent debtor and his family members in bankruptcy proceedings // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2025. – No. 7 (131). – P. 110-117.

LABOR LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal procedure law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CONSEQUENCES OF RECOGNIZING RELATIONS ARISING ON THE BASIS OF A CIVIL LAW AGREEMENT AS EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS: PROBLEMS OF LEGAL QUALIFICATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
The article, based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts, doctrinal sources and current judicial practice, examines the legal consequences of reclassifying civil law contracts into employment contracts. It is substantiated that the authorized entity does not create a new legal relationship, but identifies an already existing labor relationship and applies the norms of labor law to it from the moment of actual admission to work. The key problems of law enforcement have been identified and analyzed. Based on the analysis of specific court decisions, proposals have been formulated to improve the legislation.
Keywords: labor relationship, employment contract, civil law contract, requalification, actual admission to work, tax agent, professional income tax, limitation period, judicial practice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Lushnikov A. M., Lushnikova M. V. Genesis of the Eurasian regional model of international legal regulation of labor // Labor law in Russia and abroad. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 58-61.
2. Golovina S. Yu. Conceptual apparatus of labor law. – Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of Ural State Law Academy, 1997. – 178 p.
3. Lyutov N. L. Transformation of labor relations and new forms of employment in the digital economy // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 117.
4. Labor law: national and international dimensions: monograph / edited by S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. – M.: Norma, 2022. – V. 2. – P. 271.
5. GETMAN Yana Borisovna – Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Civil Law of the Rostov branch of the Russian State University of Justice named after V. M. Lebedev

LABOR LAW
KUDRIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public administration and history sub-faculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT INSTITUTION: FROM THE SOVIET MODEL TO MODERN RUSSIAN PRACTICE
This article presents a comparative analysis of the collective bargaining agreement as an institution across two distinct historical and economic contexts: the Soviet planned economy and contemporary market-oriented Russia. We argue that the shift from the Soviet model to the modern framework represents far more than a formal update of legal norms—it reflects a fundamental transformation in the very nature and purpose of the document. Whereas in the USSR the collective agreement primarily served to administratively endorse pre-approved plan targets, in today’s market environment it is evolving into a potential instrument for negotiation between labor and capital over the distribution of value added.
Keywords: collective bargaining agreement, institutional evolution, labor relations, Soviet economy, market transformation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Begunovich R. V. Consolidation of the right to work in the regulatory legal acts of East Germany 1945-1990 // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 2 (101). – P. 4.
2. Volk E. A. Regulatory agreements in labor law. – Minsk: Amalfeya, 2013. – P. 11.
3. Goncharov A. F. History of the State and Law of the USSR: in 2 parts. Part 2 / ed. G. S. Kalinin. – M.: Legal Literature, 1966. – P. 163.
4. Davidyuk P. G. Trade union movement: history, theory, practice. – Minsk: MITSO, 1999. – P. 68.
5. Kiselev I. Ya. Labor law of Russia. Historical and legal research. – M.: INFRA-M, 2001. – P. 197
6. Kovaleva E. A., Kovaleva T. V. Essays on the history of labor law in Belarus. – Gomel: GSU named after F. Skorina, 2015. – P. 69.
7. Kuznetsov V. V. On the conclusion of collective agreements for 1947 – M.: Profizdat, 1947. – P. 5-6.
8. Kuleshov G. N. History of the formation of the institution of collective agreements in Russia // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 127.
9. Pasynkova V. V. Political strategies of Russian trade unions in 1989-2003 // Politex. – 2006. – Vol. 2. No. 2. – P. 236.
10. Soviet labor law / edited by N. G. Alexandrov. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1949. – P. 232.
11. Labor law of Russia / edited by A. M. Kurennoy. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – P. 156.
12. Labor Law of Russia / edited by A. S. Pashkov. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 1993. – P. 47.
13. Urzhinsky K. P. Guarantees of the right to work. – M.: Legal Literature, 1984. – P. 138.
14. Arbeitsgesetzbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik vom 16. Juni 1977 (GBl. I, S. 371), §§ 218-224; Jahn KH Arbeitsrecht der DDR. Berlin: Staatsverlag der DDR, 1982. S. 89.

LABOR LAW
TARASOVA Olga Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, senior lecturer of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ON THE ISSUE OF MODERN TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WAGES IN RUSSIA
The article examines the current state of the Russian labor market, characterized by a significant increase in the gender pay gap between men and women. The spheres of employment and groups of professions are characterized by the traditional presence of women’s labor and, as a result, the most prone to widening the gender gap are identified: healthcare, education and social work. The economic and demographic factors contributing to a significant decrease in the ability of women to receive the same salary as men have been identified. Based on the data of sociological research, it has been established that the tendency to divide professions into traditionally “male” and “female” continues to persist. In the current economic situation the gender gap increases as the level of education increases.
Keywords: wages, gender gap, labor market, average salary, gender segregation, gender stereotypes, gender equality.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vovk E. Women’s rights and opportunities: work, salary, career. Sociological observations (2002-2004). – M.: Institute of the Public Opinion Foundation, 2005. – P. 73.
2. Grinina Yu. A., Leonova L. A. Gender inequality in the Russian labor market: economic analysis of the wage gap // Alter Economics. – 2025. – Vol. 22. No. 3. – P. 503-526.
3. Eliseeva I. I., Dekina M. P. Statistical analysis of gender wage inequality in modern Russia. // Statistics and Economics. – 2019. – Vol. 16. No. 5. – P. 85-93.
4. Ivanova A. M., Moruga A. S., Nikitina S. Yu., Fatyanova L. N., Chumarina V. Zh., Elefterova M. P. Women and men in Russia. 2024: Stat. collection / Rosstat. – M., 2024. – 176 p.
5. Roshchin S. Yu., Emelina N. K. Meta-analysis of the gender pay gap in Russia // Economic Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 213-239.

ADVOCACY
STEPANOV Igor Leonidovich
lawyer, Moscow Region Bar Association, Bar Association “Assistance”
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC AND CORPORATE IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE STATUS OF A LAWYER UNDER THE LAWS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS: ON THE ISSUE OF HARMONIZATION OF LEGISLATION ON ADVOCACY IN THE UNION STATE
The article examines legislative and practical issues arising in the field of the correlation of public law and corporate law bases for regulating the legal status of lawyers in the Union state of Russia and Belarus through the prism of the development of the principle of independence of the legal profession and its implementation in the national legislations of the two countries. The analysis of the regulatory functions of the state, implemented by public authorities when acquiring the status of a lawyer in Belarus, and the certification of lawyers is carried out. The author believes that in order to overcome obstacles in the process of harmonizing legislation on the legal profession, it is necessary to reform both the bilateral relations between the professional communities of lawyers in the Union State and the national legislations of the participating countries.
Keywords: lawyer, advocacy, advocacy, harmonization of legislation, lawyer status, certification, Union State.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bairamukova S. B. Public functions of the legal profession // Advocacy practice. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 42-45.
2. Vasyaev A. A. The role of the Bar in the functioning of civil society in Russia // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 58-62.
3. Volodina S. I. On the issue of advocacy at the present stage // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 27-36. – https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.75.11.027-036.
4. Egorov A. V. Legal system of the Union State of Belarus and Russia: new synergetics and development prospects // Journal of Russian Law. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 147.
5. Zherdetsky M. V. Advocacy of the Republic of Belarus: status, problems and development paths // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 23-26.
6. Skupova A. A. The principle of independence in the activities of the modern Russian legal profession // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 48 (547). – P. 456-458.
7. Starodumov S. V. Implementation of the principle of independence of the legal profession at the present stage // Judicial power and criminal procedure. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 72-74.
8. Tolcheev M. N. On the constitutional and legal consolidation of the public status of the Bar // Advocacy Practice. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 2-7.

LAND LAW
KAMYSHNIKOVA Tatyana Sergeevna
assistant, Agrarian and Technological Institute, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SHMELEVA Marina Yurjevna
assistant, Agrarian and Technological Institute, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
TSURIKOV Alexander Alexeevich
assistant, Agrarian and Technological Institute, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL REGULATION OF LAND RESOURCES AND LAND LEGAL RELATIONS
The article is devoted to the consideration of aspects of legal regulation of land resources and land legal relations. The provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the main codified normative legal acts, federal laws, acts of the regional and municipal levels regulating the designated institutions are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the intersectoral nature of regulation, including the impact of forestry, water and urban planning legislation. The key trends in the development of the system of sources of land law and their importance for ensuring the rational use and protection of land resources are revealed.
Keywords: land law, land legal relations, legal regulation, land resources, sources of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Fedorov M. G., Guseva T. A. Legal regulation of land relations in the Russian Federation // Theory and practice of modern science. – 2024. – No. 6 (108). – P. 147-150.
2. Korolev R. V. Legal regulation of land relations at the municipal level // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 10 (226). – P. 79-82.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
DANILOVA Kseniya Nikolaevna
postgraduate student, IN Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary
ON NEW LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE FOREST CONTROL (SUPERVISION)
This article examines new law enforcement practices in state forest control (supervision) activities in the context of reforming control and supervision activities and the digital transformation of public administration. The aim of the study is to identify key trends in the application of a risk-based approach, preventative tools, and evidentiary standards to prevent violations of mandatory requirements in the use, conservation, protection, and restoration of forests. Based on a theoretical and legal analysis, the article explores the evolution of legal regulation of forest management in Russia, the nature of sustainable forestry development and its legal significance, and the organizational and legal mechanism for ensuring sustainable forest management.
Keywords: state forest control (supervision), forest management, sustainable development, risk-based approach, violation prevention.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arslanov R. R. Legal protection of forests from the negative impact of economic and other human activities: problems and prospects // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 51 (341). – P. 143-145.
2. Elsukova A. A. Legal regulation of fire safety in forests using the Kirov region as an example // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 46 (388). – P. 160-162.
3. Kashirsky V. N. Actual problems of law in the field of forest fire protection // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 50 (445). – P. 250-252.
4. Eremina Ya. E. On the reform of control and supervisory activities in the field of environmental safety // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 16 (463). – P. 180-182.
5. Khromov I. V., Krivchenya V. V. Digitalization in the field of forest protection // Young scientist. – 2025. – No. 46 (597). – P. 472-473.

FINANCIAL LAW
ZIMULKIN Maxim Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Financial law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
“INVESTMENT AND TAX LAW OF BRICS” (REVIEW OF THE SERIES “INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE TAX RESEARCH SERIES OF THE BRICS LAW INSTITUTE”)
The monograph series “International and Comparative Tax Research Series of the BRICS Law Institute” is the most comprehensive, systematic, and current research in the field of investment and tax law within the BRICS countries. Each volume in the series constitutes a logically structured, complete study on one or several of the most pressing issues of cross-border activities, as well as the harmonization of legislation among BRICS nations. At the same time, all works in the series, taken together, thoroughly and consistently immerse the reader in the current legal regulation of investment and tax activities in BRICS countries. By familiarizing themselves with the “International and Comparative Tax Research Series of the BRICS Law Institute” series, readers gain a complete understanding of the investment and tax law of the BRICS states.
Keywords: tax, tax law, investment law, abuse of rights, avoidance of law, requalification, permanent establishment, information exchange, bankruptcy, BRICS.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kurochkin D. A. General Anti-Avoidance Rules in the BRICS countries: a comparative legal study / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 290 p. 2. Rakov I. A. Reclassification of income, expenses and transactions in the tax law of the BRICS countries (on the example of Russia and Brazil) / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 248 p. 3. Zakharov E. A. Taxation of foreign organizations carrying out economic activities through a permanent establishment of the service type – “service permanent establishment” on the example of the legal systems of Russia and the BRICS group / under the scientific editorship of D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 220 p. 4. Pustovalov E. V. Legal issues of protecting the rights of taxpayers within the framework of tax information exchange procedures in the BRICS countries (based on the analysis of the legal systems of Russia, India and South Africa) / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 256 p. 5. Izvekov S. S. Taxation in bankruptcy in the BRICS countries: monograph / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2025. – 420 p.
6. Vinnitskiy D. BRICS and Developing Countries Legal Experts Forum: Emergence of International Coordination in Economic and Tax Law // BRICS Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 5 (1). – R. 140-168.
7. Vinnitsky D. V. International tax law: problems of theory and practice. – Moscow: OOO Statut Publishing House, 2017. – 463 p.
8. Financial law (law of public finance): doctrine, legislation, judicial practice, comparative legal analysis: Textbook / D. V. Vinnitsky, D. A. Kurochkin, I. A. Rakov [et al.]. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 676 p. 9. Malokotin L. S. The Role of State Arbitration in the Organization and Implementation of Settlement Legal Relations: Pages of the History of Law / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2025. – 224 p. 10. Zimulkin M. I. Tax procedural law: the concept of “materiality of violation” / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2025. – 332 p.
11. Vinnik A. V. Legal regulation of subsidies for scientific activities in the Russian Federation: problems of control efficiency and protection of recipients’ rights / edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2026. – 338 p.
12. Izvekov S. S. Taxation in case of bankruptcy of an organization: problems of theory and practice. – Moscow: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2020. – 152 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
IVANOVA Lyudmila Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Institute of Economics and Law, Astrakhan State Technical University
TASTEMIROVA Milana Bekbulatovna
independent researcher, Astrakhan
TERMINOLOGICAL RANGE OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION: LEGAL AND DOCTRINAL APPROACHES
This article focuses on the lack of clear legal regulations establishing a list of financial services. The article analyzes scholarly positions that allowed the author to formulate her position on the commonalities and differentiations of doctrinal and definitional approaches to establishing a list of financial transactions that enable the implementation of a consumer protection mechanism. Problematic points of doctrinal and regulatory convergence are highlighted, and the most successful configurations for defining the scope of consumer financial services are characterized. Based on the analysis conducted, the need to legalize consumer financial transactions in a single document was established in order to develop the most successful law enforcement practices. Variations for including such a list are proposed based on the consolidation of doctrinal thought among modern civil law scholars.
Keywords: consumer protection, consumer financial transactions, legal definitions, legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Afanasyev A. B. Financial transactions in doctrine and legislation: terminological dissonance // Ex jure, 2025. – No. 1. – P. 84-97.
2. Yeletskikh N. Yu. Protection of the rights of consumers of financial services: the importance of relevant legislation and its improvement in the Russian Federation // Society and economic thought in the 21st century: paths of development and innovation. – Proceedings of the XII International scientific and practical conference. – Voronezh, 2024. – P. 459-464.
3. Efimova L. G. Monetary obligations and financial transactions: textbook for master’s degree programs. – M.: Prospect, 2024.
4. Ignatyeva I. V. Protection of the rights and interests of consumers of financial services // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 226-229.
5. Kurbatov A. Ya. Protection of the rights of consumers of financial services. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2023.
6. Temirplatov S. R. Securities market (article prepared for the ConsultantPlus system, 2023) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Ustimova S. A. Protection of the rights of consumers of banking services in the context of the development of digital technologies // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2024. – No. 3. – P. 202-205.

FINANCIAL LAW
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
KAKOVKIN Ilya Gennadjevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF FINANCIAL AND CREDIT RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation occupies a special position in the system of financial and economic institutions of the state. Its activities have a direct impact on the stability of the national currency, the functioning of the credit system and the implementation of the state monetary policy. The economic and geopolitical environment is constantly changing, which increases the importance of legal regulation of its status, powers and mechanism of subordination to government agencies. The relevance is due to the need to clarify the legal nature of the Central Bank of Russia, the relationship of its independence with the constitutional principles of separation of powers, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness of the current system of governing bodies. There is still no consensus in the scientific literature on the question of which branch of government the Bank of Russia can be attributed to and to what extent its actions are subject to control. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the legislation regulating the activities of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In particular, it is necessary to initiate the adoption of amendments to Articles 1-4 of the Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”, fixing the special public legal status of the Central Bank, to introduce provisions on digital currency and fintech.
Keywords: Central bank, monetary policy, government control, fintech, digital currency.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Khvan I. I. The Central Bank of Russia: Legal Status // Current Issues of Society, Economy, and Law in the Context of Global Challenges. Collection of Materials of the XX International Scientific and Practical Conference. Volume Part 1. – St. Petersburg, 2023. – P. 235-238.
2. Babichev V. O., Tarasenko O. A. Entrepreneurial activity of central banks in foreign countries // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 178-182.
3. Blinov A.E. Determining the legal status of the Bank of Russia // PRED. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 21-27.
4. Ibragimova L. G. On the issue of the legal status of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 33-35.
5. Belyakova A. V. Legal status of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a subject of public financial activities // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 16 (463). – P. 155-158.
6. Kuznetsova V. V., Larina O. I. Evolution of the role of national central banks // Finance: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 62-73.
7. Kozlov I. V. Legal status of the Bank of Russia: issues of legal theory, legislative regulation and judicial practice // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2024. – No. 2 (157). – P. 241-246.
8. Kusakin L. A. Legal status and functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation // Trends and prospects for the development of the banking system in modern economic conditions. – 2023. – P. 16-20.
9. Langner T.S. Legal nature and position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the system of state institutions // Civil service and personnel. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 96-100.

FINANCIAL LAW
PEREPECHKINA Elena Gennadievna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Russian State Social University, Moscow
MITYACHKINA Ekaterina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Russian State Social University, Moscow
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ANALYZING THE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES TO COUNTER THE LEGALIZATION (LAUNDERING) OF REVENUES AND THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM IN RUSSIA
The scale of damage caused by economic crime significantly exceeds the consequences of most other property crimes. Money laundering and other criminally motivated property laundering pose a heightened threat, as this activity has acquired a distinct international dimension. This paper examines a set of methodological solutions designed to assess the effectiveness of national AML/CFT systems, including those in place in the Russian Federation. These Russian tools include a national risk assessment, which aims to streamline the analytical work of government agencies, identify vulnerabilities, and develop proposals for the development of mechanisms to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. In examining the materials of the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, the authors concluded that mutual assessment procedures, the processing of law enforcement statistics, and the comparative legal method are of decisive importance, ensuring not only a diagnosis of the current state, but also the development of areas for further improvement.
Keywords: risk-based approach, supervisory activities, public reporting, risks, accumulation, expert analysis, fragmentation, terrorism, laundering.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and the Financing of Terrorism” of August 7, 2001 No. 115-FZ (as amended on January 9, 2026) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 33. – Art. 3418.
2. EAG Methodological Recommendations on Organizing and Conducting Financial Investigations in the Sphere of AML/CFT / Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eurasiangroup.org/files/uploads/files/Public_typology_reports/FI_Guidence_rus.pdf (date accessed: 22.04.2026).
3. National assessment of the risks of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime. Public report of the Federal Financial Monitoring Service (Rosfinmonitoring of Russia), 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fedsfm.ru/content/files/%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%BE%D0%B4-2022-6.pdf (date of access: 03/26/2026).
4. Concept for the development of a national system for combating the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on May 30, 2018) // SPS ConsultantPlus.

FINANCIAL LAW
KHAIBRAHMANOVA Albina Damirovna
postgraduate student of International and public law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL
In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, artificial intelligence technologies (hereinafter referred to as AI) are becoming a key tool for optimizing government processes, including financial control. The author notes that the Russian Federation’s strategic documents have consistently emphasized the importance of AI technologies for socio-economic progress, modernization of key economic sectors, and enhancing the country’s global competitiveness. The development of a draft federal law “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Russian Federation” represents a new milestone in the evolution of AI legislation. Its adoption will allow for a risk-based approach to regulating the use of AI technologies, in accordance with which the degree of strictness of the requirements imposed on AI systems is differentiated.
Keywords: state financial control, artificial intelligence, the concept of reliable artificial intelligence, algorithm.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Artyukhin R. E. Automation of control – the history of today // Finkontrol. – 2020. – No. 4 (22). – P. 4-9.
2. Antroptseva I. O. New opportunities for public financial control in the context of digitalization // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17. No. 3. – P. 255-261.
3. Vyzhitovich A. M., Borovskikh D. V., Kraeva V. Yu. Methodological and practical aspects of the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the system of state financial control // Siberian financial school. – 2024. – No. 1 (153). – P. 73-80. – DOI 10.34020/1993-4386-2024-1-73-80.
4. Gripich S. A. Development of recommendations for the formation of a transparent and accountable system for the use of AI in government information systems // Jurist. – 2025. – No. 9. – P. 50-56.
5. Isaev E. A. Automated algorithms for identifying signs of administrative offenses in the financial and budgetary sphere // Finkontrol. – 2025. – No. 3 (41). – P. 77-82.
6. Kartshiya A. A., Ivliev G. P. Modern understanding of artificial intelligence: legal aspect // Intellectual property. Industrial property. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 4-12.
7. Lukichev K. E. Theoretical and legal foundations of financial law in the context of digital transformation // Financial law. – 2025. – No. 9. – P. 3-8. – DOI 10.18572/1813-1220-2025-9-3-8.
8. Proshunin M. M. State digital financial control: legal essence // Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 98-104. – DOI 10.37399/issn2072-909X.2022.7.98-104.
9. Khaibrakhmanova A. D. State financial control in the context of the digital economy: legal aspects of the transformation of the concept // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2025. – No. 12 (149). – P. 116-121. – DOI 10.24158/pep.2025.12.15.
10. Khaibrakhmanova A. D. Federal Treasury as a mega-operator of the budget process // Business. Education. Law. – 2025. – No. 4 (73). – P. 291-298. – DOI 10.25683/VOLBI.2025.73.1493.

FINANCIAL LAW
SHIPOV Maxim Viktorovich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL MONITORING SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION: LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND REGULATORY ISSUES
The purpose of the study is to analyze the profound transformation of the financial monitoring system (AML/CFT) under the influence of digitalization and identify the key legal issues arising from the introduction of new technologies. The study explores the evolution of the institution from formal control to a risk-oriented model and its transition to the digital realm. The methodology includes comparative legal and systematic analysis, as well as the study of current regulatory practices in Russia and EU. It has been established that digitalization is transforming financial monitoring into a proactive system of proactive analysis of big data based on AI algorithms, which changes the very mechanics of implementing legal norms. However, this leads to serious legal conflicts: the lack of legal definitions for digital monitoring, the uncertainty of the status of algorithmic decisions, the blurring of responsibility, and the fragmentation of regulation. A conflict has been identified between the public law nature of monitoring and the commercial interests of private entities.
Keywords: financial monitoring, digitalization, risk-based approach, big data, algorithmic regulation, legal issues, sanctions risks, legal uncertainty, Rosfinmonitoring.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Anikietz A. A. Development of mechanisms for financial support of the activities of professional educational organizations: diss. … candidate of sciences. – Samara, 2024. – 190 p.
2. Artemov V. A. Transformation of the system of financing the social sphere: issues of methodology and techniques: diss. … doctor of sciences. – Orel, 2024. – 406 p.
3. Gordya D. V. Formation of a system for monitoring and forecasting banking risks under the influence of the development of digital technologies: dis. … candidate of sciences. – Orel, 2024. – 190 p.
4. Zudina A. V. Cross-sectoral model of banking supervision over the activities of banking groups in Russia: diss. … candidate of sciences. – M., 2024. – 189 p.
5. Kazantsev D. A. Transformation of the mechanism for monitoring counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism in the context of digitalization of the economy: dis. … candidate of sciences. – M., 2024. – 314 p.
6. Proskuryakov A. Yu. Mathematical methods and information technologies for managing trading operations with digital currencies: diss. … doctor of sciences. – M., 2024. – 258 p.
7. Serikov V. V. Development of an internal control system based on monitoring the continuity of activities of an economic entity: diss. … candidate of sciences. – Stavropol, 2024. – 288 p.

COMMERCE LAW
ZEMSKOV Dmitry Olegovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN LEGISLATION, THAT PROVIDES PROTECTION TO THE TOPOGRAPHIES OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Integrated circuits, without which it is impossible to imagine modern society, have become a part of human life relatively recently – in the second half of the 20th century. Moreover, special legislation regulating the legal protection of the results of intellectual activity of microelectronics developers arose even later, in the eighties of the XX century. The first State to adopt such a regulatory legal act is the United States of America, where in 1984 The Law on the Protection of Semiconductor Chips came into force, which had a significant impact on the laws of other countries that were subsequently adopted, but still there is no need to talk about the worldwide unification of legal norms governing public relations in the field of the creation and protection of integrated circuit topologies. The national legislation of each individual country has certain features, some of which can be taken into account, among other things, when improving domestic legislation. Within the framework of this article, the regulatory legal acts of twenty-five foreign countries were studied and analyzed.
Keywords: intellectual property, integrated circuit topology, exclusive right, protection condition, state registration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Mostovshchikov A. V., Churilov A. Yu. Topologies of integrated circuits: features of the legal regime. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2025. – 104 p.
2. Gavrilov E. P. The concept of the topology of an integrated microcircuit // Patents and licenses. Intellectual rights. – 2008. – No. 5. – P. 2-6.
3. Eremenko V. I. Features of legal protection of topographies of integrated circuits in the Russian Federation // Legislation and Economics. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 21-40.
4. Eremenko V. I. The concept of the topology of an integrated microcircuit and the exclusive right to the topology // Inventions. – 2010. – Vol. 10. No. 8. – Pp. 1-14.
5. Mukhamedshin I. S., Tytskaya G. I. Objects of intellectual property rights protected sui generis // Patents and licenses. Intellectual property rights. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 14-17.
6. Churilov A. Yu., Mostovshchikov A. V. Problems of legal protection of the topology of integrated circuits // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2023. – No. 490. – P. 212-219.
7. Korneev V. A. Computer programs, databases and topologies of integrated circuits as objects of intellectual property rights: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2010. – P. 31.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
ZUBKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
STATE REGULATION OF THE PLATFORM ECONOMY: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN LEGISLATION
Online platforms and their digital ecosystems underpin the digital platform economy. Digital data has become an essential and economic valuable resource in the digital world. Since online platforms and digital data have appeared relatively recently, their legal regulation is still in its infancy. Taking into account the autonomy and independence of digital platform providers and the need to protect the interests of users who supply goods, it seems necessary to increase the transparency and fairness of certain digital platforms by appointing certain digital platform providers, disclosing the terms of service of certain digital platform providers, evaluating the transparency and fairness of certain digital platforms, and taking other measures, as well as contributing to improving the lives of the population and the sustainable development of the national economy by encouraging fair and competition free in relation to certain digital platforms, which is facilitated by improving the legal regulation of this area of relations.
Keywords: digital economy, online platforms, legal regulation of the platform economy, digital platform operator.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksakhin A. N., Aleksakhina S. A., Gorshkova A. A., Batimerova L. S. Modern trends in the development of the platform economy // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2024. – No. 5 (64). – P. 46.
2. Volkova N. S., Emelianov A. S., Efremov A. A., et al. Digital platforms – an organizational and legal form of interaction in society: monograph / ed. L. K. Tereshchenko. Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. – M .: Infotropic Media, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://login.consultant.ru/link/?req=doc&base=CMB&n=131&dst=101193
3. Eckardt M. EU digital law and the digital platform economy – an inquiry into the co-evolution of law and technology. Rev Evol Polit Econ 6, 183-213 (2025). – DOI: 10.1007/s43253-024-00135-z.
4. Kerber W. Competition, knowledge, and institutions. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/mjei20.
5. Kerber W. Digital revolution, institutional coevolution, and legal innovations. European Business Law Review. – DOI: 10.54648/eulr20230475.
6. Simone C., Laudando A. Principles and obligations of the Digital Markets Act in regulating the economic power of gatekeepers: Positive, negative or trade-off effects? // Electron Markets 35, 42 (2025). – DOI: 10.1007/s12525-025-00788-6.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
SHPANAGEL Fedor Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
SEPARATE LEGAL ISSUES OF THE FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENTITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to a little-studied circle of individual entrepreneurship entities. The author states that the problem of determining the circle of individual entrepreneurship participants has become more acute in recent years due to the ongoing legislative activity in Russia. The article examines the circle of individual entrepreneurship entities, analyzes and provides a critical assessment of the conceptual framework used by the domestic legislator to establish the definition of such entities, taking into account the historical aspect of the problem. The article provides a comparative analysis of the norms of civil and tax legislation on the circle of subjects of individual entrepreneurship; it examines the motivation of the Russian legislator in introducing a tax on professional income for Russian citizens, and concludes that there is insufficient certainty about the specifics of their civil legal status.
Keywords: individual entrepreneurship, legislative activity, subjects of entrepreneurial activity, citizen engaged in entrepreneurial activity without forming a legal entity, individual entrepreneurs, self-employed.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrovich V. V. Features of the legal status of individual entrepreneurs in the Russian Federation and abroad // Scientific education. – 2023. – No. 4 (21). – P. 185-189.
2. Erokhina T. V., Kazarosyan Z. M. General legal status of an individual entrepreneur as the basis of his administrative and legal status // Industry: economics, management, technology. – 2016. – No. 1 (60). – P. 28-30.
3. Kashirina Yu. P. Civil-legal status of individual entrepreneurs in the Russian Federation: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Krasnodar, 2012. – P. 24.
4. Tikhomirov M. Yu. Individual entrepreneur: legal status and types of activities. – M.: Publishing house of Tikhomirov M. Yu., 2009. – P. 156.
5. Shapsugova M. D. Legal status of individual entrepreneurs under the legislation of the Russian Federation: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow, 2012. – P. 24.
6. Yusupov V. V. Constitutional and legal status of an individual entrepreneur in the Russian Federation: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) dissertation. – Volgograd, 2006. – P. 23.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
MAMEDOV Islam Fikrat oglu
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
TOKENS AS OBJECTS OF CIVIL RIGHTS: PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF LEGAL NATURE
The article discusses current issues in the classification of tokens as objects of law. It analyzes the legal nature of tokens and existing approaches to their legal regulation both in Russia and abroad. In particular, special attention is paid to the “Howey test” as a tool for classifying tokens, as well as to the practical aspects of asset tokenization. This article proposes criteria that could form the basis for the development of legal doctrine in the field of digital asset regulation.
Keywords: Token, cryptocurrency, digital assets, legal regulation, entrepreneurial activity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Broy W. Sh. Blockchain and cybercurrencies: is a new legislative framework needed? // Law and digital economy. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 13-18.
2. Bykov A. Yu. Law of the digital economy: some national economic and political risks. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 224 p.
3. Vasilevskaya L. Yu. Token as a new object of civil rights: problems of legal qualification of digital law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 5 (102). – P. 111-119.
4. Ermakov A. V. Digital rights as an object of civil rights // Transformation of the sphere of intellectual property in modern conditions: abstracts of reports of participants of the XXIV International Conference of Rospatent. – M .: FIPS, 2020. – P. 202-206.
5. Sergeeva N. Yu., Grineva O. V. NFT as a new digital phenomenon in the media sphere from the standpoint of intellectual property law // Citizen and Law. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 44-60.
6. Blandin A. et al. Global Cryptoasset Regulatory Landscape Study. – Cambridge: Cambridge Center for Alternative Finance, 2019. – 61 p.
7. Fairfield J. Tokenized: The Law of Non-Fungible Tokens // Indiana Law Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 97. No. 4. – P. 1261-1315.
8. Oliveira L., Zavolokina L., Bauer I., Schwabe G. To Token or not to Token: Tools for Understanding Blockchain Tokens // Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). – San Francisco: Association for Information Systems, 2018. – P. 1-17.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
MIRZOEVA Elizabeth Georgievna
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE RATIO OF UNFAIR COMPETITION AND INAPPROPRIATE ADVERTISING UNDER RUSSIAN LAW
The article examines the problem of the correlation between institutions of unfair competition and inappropriate advertising in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The analysis of these concepts, legal prohibitions in these areas, their similarities and differences, the impact on competitors and consumers, and the problematic issues of the correlation of such illegal actions as incorrect comparison and discrediting are considered in detail. It is concluded that unfair competition and improper (unfair) advertising are related, but not identical, legal categories that differ in their essence and object of protection. It should be borne in mind that not all inappropriate advertising forms part of unfair competition, but any act of unfair competition expressed in the form of advertising qualifies as inappropriate (unfair) advertising. The key criterion for distinguishing is the focus of unfair competition on causing damage to other business entities.
Keywords: unfair competition, inappropriate advertising, competition law, advertising law, discrediting, incorrect comparison.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Glagoleva A. S. Concept and features of unfair competition // Current issues of legal sciences: materials of the III International. scientific conf. (Chita, April 2017). – Chita: Young Scientist Publishing House, 2017. – P. 56-58.
2. Egorova M. A. Compensation for damages as a way to protect civil rights in case of violation of antitrust legislation // Lex russica (Russian law). – 2017. – No. 5 (126). – P. 95-104.
3. Egoupov V. A. Theory and practice of legal science // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2017. – No. 1 (46). – P. 85-93.
4. Eremenko V. I. On the suppression of unfair competition // Issues of invention. – 1992. – No. 1-2. – P. 28-30.
5. Zalesskaya M. V. Unfair competition: some problems of illegal acquisition, use and disclosure of confidential commercial information // Legislation and Economics. – 1998. – No. 5. – P. 23-34.
6. Zimenkova O. N. Legal regulation of the fight against unfair competition in the EEC and in the member countries of the community: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 1984. – 192 p.
7. Korotkova E. A. Legal nature of advertising relations on the Internet within the framework of normative legal and contractual regulation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 341-344.
8. Kulikova Yu. S. Improper advertising as a form of unfair competition: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2003. – 24 p.
9. Kulsharipov I. R. On the issue of subjects of advertising activities // Science Time. – 2016. – No. 4 (28). – P. 456-458.
10. Medyankova E. V. Legal regulation of advertising information: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2002. – 146 p.
11. Parashchuk S. A. Unfair competition: content and legal means of its suppression: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 1996. – 24 p.
12. Semenova D. D. Legal aspects and conflicts of the relationship between unfair competition and unfair advertising // Business in law. Economic and legal journal. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 248-258.
13. Seregin D. I. Unfair competition as a legal category: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2002. – 159 p.
14. Sushkova O. V. Competitive mechanisms for the circulation of pharmaceutical products and biotechnologies in entrepreneurial activity // Competition Law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 17-24.
15. Totyev K. Yu. Competition and monopolies: Legal aspects of regulation: textbook. – Moscow: Jurist, 1996. – 261 p.
16. Shugaibov Z. Sh. Possible ways of further improvement of contractual legal relations in the field of advertising // Advertising and Law. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 9-21.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
MOSKOVETS Andrey Evgenjevich
competitor for the degree of Ph.D. in Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Head of the Department, Bank of Russia
THE EMERGENCE OF A PARALLEL MONETARY SYSTEM IN RUSSIA: THE NON-OBVIOUS CONSEQUENCES OF ANTI-SANCTIONS REGULATION IN 2022
The emergence of a parallel monetary system in Russia: the non-obvious consequences of anti-sanctions regulation in 2022 The article examines the legal status of funds held in bank accounts of type “C”. This type of bank account was introduced by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 03/05/2022 No. 95 “On the temporary procedure for fulfilling obligations to certain foreign creditors” within the framework of Russian anti-sanctions regulation. A bank account of type “C” was introduced for the purpose of fulfilling the obligations mentioned in the decree to non-residents. The article examines the features of the issue, accounting and circulation of funds held in bank accounts of type “C”. The definition of certain specific features makes it possible to allocate funds held in bank accounts of type “C” as an independent new element of the Russian monetary system.
Keywords: bank account, bank account of type “C”, monetary system, anti-sanctions regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Efimova L. G. Non-cash money – legal tender // Law. 2000. No. 3.
2. Efimova L. G. Bank deposit and bank account agreements: monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2018 @@ Banking law: Textbook for bachelors / E. S. Gubenko, A. A. Klikushin, M. M. Proshunin, et al.; edited by I. A. Tsindeliani. Moscow: Russian State University of Justice, 2016.
3. Business law: textbook: in 2 volumes / A. P. Alekseenko, A. M. Barinov, A. Yu. Bushev and others; edited by V. F. Popondopulo. 6th ed., revised. and additional M.: Prospekt, 2023. T. 2.
4. Financial law: textbook / edited by E. D. Sokolova; responsible editor A. Yu. Ilyin. Moscow: Prospect, 2019.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
ZUBKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PROVISION OF THE INSTALLMENT SERVICE
Installment payments are a structured payment method that allows consumers to pay for goods or services over a period of time in small, scheduled payments. This payment model is very popular, primarily in e-commerce and retail. The regulation of installation payment services for consumer goods, in particular, “Buy now, pay later” (BNPL) and “split payment” services, is being significantly tightened worldwide in order to better protect consumers, while in many jurisdictions these products are subject to traditional consumer credit laws. In 2026, many short-term installation programs without fees became subject to mandatory credit checks, and the requirements for installation service operators to disclose information to consumers regarding the terms of the installation plan increased.
Keywords: installation payment, installation service, installation service operator, installation service agreement.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ismailov I. Sh. Prospects for legal regulation and risks of the activities of installment services (BNPL) in the Russian Federation // Modern law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 75.
2. Rukavishnikova I. V. Installment payment service: new legislative conditions // Financial law. – 2024. – No. 12. – P. 19.
3. Soni Sahil. Regulating buy now, pay later: consumer financial protection in the era of fintech. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Soni-Regulating_buy_now_pay_later.pdf.

CORPORATE LAW
SHIRYAEV Rodion
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
EVOLUTION OF MINIMUM SHARE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS IN QUASI-CORPORATE ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FORMS IN FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS
The article traces the transformation of the institution of minimum share capital in organizational and legal forms occupying an intermediate position between classical corporations and partnerships – limited liability companies and their functional analogues (GmbH, UG, SARL, Ltd., LLC). The reasons for the abandonment by a number of foreign legal systems of any significant requirements for the share capital of such companies are analyzed, as well as alternative creditor protection mechanisms that have become widespread in the context of the devaluation of the capital maintenance model. It is shown that the reform of this institution in the law of quasi-corporate forms proceeds significantly more intensively than in the law of classical joint-stock companies, which confirms the thesis of the independence of quasi-corporate forms as an object of legal regulation. The author substantiates the position that the minimum share capital in quasi-corporate forms is no longer capable of fulfilling the function of guaranteeing creditors’ interests and needs to be supplemented by other protective instruments.
Keywords: share capital, minimum capital, limited liability company, GmbH, UG (haftungsbeschränkt), SARL, Ltd., LLC, creditor protection, quasi-corporate form, corporate law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gabov A. V. Limited and additional liability companies in Russian legislation. – M.: Statut, 2010. – 256 p.
2. Dolinskaya V. V. Joint-Stock Law: Basic Provisions and Trends. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – 736 p.
3. Sukhanov E. A. Comparative corporate law. – 2nd ed., reprinted. – M .: Statut, 2020. – 456 p.
4. Kraakman R. et al. The Anatomy of Corporate Law: A Comparative and Functional Approach. – 3rd ed. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. – 281 p.
5. Mahoney PG Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law // Georgia Law Review. – 2000. – Vol. 34. – P. 873-893.
6. Merkt H., Göthel S. US-amerikanisches Gesellschaftsrecht. – 3. Aufl. – Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft, 2013. – 864 s.
7. Ripert G., Roblot R. Traité de droit commercial. – T. 1. – Vol. 2. – 21st ed. – Paris: LGDJ, 2022. – 1104 p.

ENERGY LAW
BEREZIN Pavel Viktorovich
master’s student, Saint Petersburg State University of Economics; Junior Legal Counsel at JSC “Code Zero”
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF PRODUCTION SHARING AGREEMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the problems and prospects of the legal regulation of production sharing agreements in the Russian Federation. It is shown that a production sharing agreement constitutes a special form of subsoil use combining contractual and public-law elements, and is also closely connected with subsoil legislation, the investment regime, and a special procedure for the distribution of resource rent. The legal foundations of the modern model of production sharing agreements in Russia are explored, approaches to determining their legal nature are analyzed, and the reasons for the limited use of this mechanism are identified. Particular attention is paid to the exceptional nature of the production sharing agreement regime, the complexity of the procedure for concluding such agreements, the problem of legal uncertainty, the operation of stabilization clauses, and the impact of the 2022–2023 changes on the composition of project participants and the applicable law. It is concluded that the further development of the legal regulation of production sharing agreements should be associated with increasing legal certainty, reducing excessive procedural barriers, and more clearly defining the balance of interests between the state and the investor.
Keywords: production sharing agreement, subsoil use, investment regime, legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Isaev N. V. Problems of legal regulation of production sharing agreements // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. – 2021. – No. 2 (98). – P. 132-142.
2. Konoplyanik A. A. Smart investment regime for the progress of the fuel and energy complex. On the 30th anniversary of the history of the production sharing agreement in Russia: a subjective first-person view // Oil and Gas Vertical. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 77-170. 3. Kryukov V. V. Modern legal regime of production sharing agreements (PSA): diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 2004. – 199 p.
4. Khidirova A. V. Features of the implementation of production sharing agreements on the territory of the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 10 (509). – P. 128-130.
5. Sharifullina A. F. Production Sharing Agreement: A Hard Fate in Russia // Law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 96-106.

CRIMINAL LAW
IVANTZOVA Natalya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Public law of Russia and foreign countries sub-faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
GORODNOVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Scientific work sub-faculty, Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch), Russian University of Cooperation
SOUND AGGRESSION AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINAL LAW ASSESSMENT: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIGNS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
This article examines the current problem of the criminal law assessment of sound aggression as a form of psychological violence, ie, a type of mental violence known as sound aggression. Based on an analysis of judicial practice, including cases of torture, and the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the article identifies a gap in the legislation. As a result, the author proposes a theoretical construct of mental violence and identifies six essential features that distinguish sound aggression from related offenses. It has been established that the existing norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation do not provide adequate protection of an individual’s mental integrity. In conclusion, the importance of introducing a special criminal law norm is substantiated, which will contribute to the implementation of constitutional guarantees and create prospects for improving the system of protecting citizens’ health from destructive psychological influences.
Keywords: sound aggression, mental violence, criminal law, torture, mental suffering, criminal case, illegality, intent, harm to health.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasilenko E. V. An Arkhangelsk resident was brought to trial for tormenting his neighbors with loud music for over a year. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2026/02/24/27932269.shtml (date accessed: 04/14/26).
2. Gertel E. A. Insult and slander as types of mental violence // Criminal law. – 2011. – No. 6. – P. 10-14.
3. Enikolopov S. N. The concept of aggression in modern psychology // Applied Psychology. – 2001. – No. 1 // Electronic library of MGPGU. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://psychlib.ru/mgppu/periodica/pp102001/PP011060.HTM#$p60 (date accessed: 01.04.2026).
4. Ivantsova N. V. Problems of reflection and assessment of socially dangerous violence in criminal law (questions of theory and practice) – Kazan: Publishing house of Kazan. University, 2004 (Cheboksary: Chuvashia State Institute of Humanitarian Sciences). – 345 p.
5. Lorenz K. Aggression (the so-called “evil”) / translated from German by G. F. Shveinik. – M.: Progress: Univers, 1994.
6. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 06.04.2023 No. 15-P “In the case of verifying the constitutionality of the ninth paragraph of clause 2 of Article 1, the first and second paragraphs of clause 1 and the first sentence of clause 2 of Article 21, clause 2 of Article 22 and clause 3 of Article 27 of the Federal Law “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”, the second paragraph of part 6 of Article 28.3 and the second sentence of part 1 of Article 28.4 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, as well as clause 1 of part 3 of Article 16.5 of the Law of the City of Moscow “Code of the City of Moscow on Administrative Offenses” in connection with the complaint of citizen P.N. Lakin.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_444269/?ysclid= «ConsultantPlus» (date of access: 04/14/2026).
7. Stukanov V. G. Towards a clarification of the concept of “information-psychological influence” // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 224-227.
8. Sigmund Freud Basic Psychological Theories in Psychoanalysis / trans. M. V. Wolf, A. A. Spektor. – M.: AST, 2006. – 400 p.
9. Yazeva D. A. And now they had a laugh: the court sentenced Yuri Kondratyev, who tormented his neighbors with horse neighing for two years. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nnov.kp.ru/daily/28301/4442393/?ysclid=mnygkyqof7510514620 (date of access: 04/14/2026).

CRIMINAL LAW
NEDBAYLOV Pavel Andreevich
assistant of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
FRAUD IN OBTAINING BENEFITS IN THE FORM OF ACQUIRING THE RIGHT TO ANOTHER PERSON’S PROPERTY: PROBLEMS OF LEGISLATIVE IMPROVEMENT
The article addresses the problem of defining the object of fraud in obtaining benefits, specifically the possibility of classifying property rights as such an object. Unlike the general provision on fraud, the special provision of Article 159.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not include the acquisition of rights to another’s property as a form of criminal conduct. However, legislative analysis reveals that a number of social protection measures are implemented through the provision of immovable property to citizens – land plots and residential premises. The social nature of these measures, in turn, allows them to be considered as social benefits. The author concludes that the absence of a corresponding provision in the disposition of the norm constitutes a legislative gap and proposes to supplement Part 1 of Article 159.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation by indicating the possibility of committing this crime through the acquisition of rights to another’s property.
Keywords: misappropriation, fraud, social benefits, property rights, real estate, land plot, residential premises.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arkhipov A. V. Fraud in obtaining payments (Article 159.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): criminal-legal characteristics: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Tomsk, 2016. – P. 74.
2. Ermakova O. V. Qualification of special types of fraud (Articles 159.1-159.6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): a study guide. – Barnaul, 2016. – P. 18.
3. Boldyrev V. A., Vishnyakova N. V., Kuznetsov A. A. Subject of fraud in receiving payments (Article 159.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Modern law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 112-113.
4. Yani P. S. Special types of fraud // Legality. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 25.
5. Boldyrev V. A. Fraud for the purpose of obtaining social benefits: the subject of the crime // Criminal law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 12.
6. Voronina N. P. Legal regulation of the provision of land plots to large families: regional aspect // Chronoeconomics. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 29.
7. Fattakhova R. R. Provision of land plots to preferential categories of citizens // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 21-22.
8. Gabdrakhmanova L. G., Salieva R. N. Protection of citizens’ rights when providing land plots for ownership: social and legal aspects // Kazan pedagogical journal. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 204-205.
9. Dolotina R. R. On the issue of free provision of land plots to large families // Agrarian and land law. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 116.
10. Agafonov A. S., Berestennikova A. G. On the issue of providing land plots to large families // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 20.
11. Khromov E. V. The right to someone else’s property as a subject of fraud // Criminal law. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 57-80.
12. Vinokurov V.N. The right to property as a subject of fraud (Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Criminal law. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 40-44.
13. Volzhenkin B. V. Fraud. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the St. Petersburg Legal Institute of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 1998. – P. 20.
14. Gaukhman L. D., Maksimov S. V. Responsibility for crimes against property. – M.: YurInfoR, 1997. – P. 65.
15. Ivanov N. G. Problems of applying the legislation on liability for fraud // Criminal law. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 26.
16. Lopashenko N. A. Crimes against property. Author’s course. In 4 books. Book III. Forms of theft: monograph. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2019 .– P. 87.
17. Boytsov A. I. Crimes against property. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2002. – P. 317.
18. Sklyarov S. V. Criminal liability for theft of real estate // Russian Justice. – 2001. – No. 6. – P. 53.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALEXEEV Vsevolod Olegovich
postgraduate student of Criminal Law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
THE OBJECTIVE SIDE OF CRIMES INVOLVING TORTURE: DOCTRINAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES TO THEIR RESOLUTION
This article examines doctrinal challenges in defining the objective side of crimes involving torture. The author analyzes existing scholarly approaches to delineating the objective elements of torture, assessing their respective strengths and limitations. A comprehensive review of academic literature and judicial and law enforcement practice leads to the conclusion that, while torture functions as a specially qualifying circumstance for abuse of official authority and coercion to give testimony, it simultaneously constitutes a complex legal concept characterized by a combination of objective and subjective elements. Accordingly, the objective side of torture should encompass the criminal act, the socially harmful consequence, and the causal link between them.
Keywords: torture, objective side of a crime, criminal consequence, severe pain, physical suffering, mental suffering.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andreeva L. A., Konstantinov P. Yu. The influence of the cruelty of criminal behavior on criminal liability: study. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Legal Center Press”, 2002. – 210 p.
2. Aubakirova-Ter-Grigoryan N. M. Particular cruelty as an evaluative concept of criminal law / Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19. No. 4. – P. 142-148.
3. Bardeev K. A. Torture as a criminal-legal phenomenon: a comparative study: dis. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.4.; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State University. – Krasnodar: KubSU, 2023. – 221 p.
4. Barysheva K. A. Criminal-legal protection of private life in Russia and abroad // Law. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 151-162.
5. Bulavin E. D. Criminal liability for torture: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08; North Caucasus. state tech. univ. – Stavropol, 2008. – 29 p.
6. Veniaminov V. G. Criminal liability for assault and torture: abstract of the dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Saratov, 2005. – 32 p.
7. Gladkikh G. Yu. Criminal liability for torture in the Russian Federation: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08; North Caucasus. scientific center of higher. school. – Rostov-on-Don, 2004. – 26 p.
8. Ermakova O. V. Forms of a criminal act as a mandatory feature of the objective side of the crime // Law and order in the third millennium: IX Baltic Legal Forum. Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference. – Kaliningrad, 2021. – P. 57-58.
9. Zhalinsky A. E. Causality in the structure of criminal liability // Russian Yearbook of Criminal Law. 2006. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 2007. – No. 1. – P. 79-107.
10. Zhurtov A. B. Characteristics of objective signs of torture // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 80-82.
11. Zimireva L. A. Causal relationship in crimes against life: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2016. – 228 p.
12. Kabanov P. N. Criminal liability for assault and torture: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2006. – 30 p.
13. Koshelev N. N. Torture: issues of qualification // Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. – 2014. – No. 1 (30). – P. 93-98.
14. Kudryavtsev V. N. The objective side of the crime. – Moscow: Gosyurizdat, 1960. – 243 p.
15. Kulikova M. A. Torture and torture: criminal-legal and criminological aspects: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.4. – Moscow, 2025. – 282 p.
16. Menshikova A. G. Particular cruelty: medical and criminal-legal aspects: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Ekaterinburg, 2015. – 184 p.
17. Mikhailov N. F. The method of committing a crime and its criminal-legal significance: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2007. – 30 p.
18. Nagaeva T. I. Forms and types of criminal acts: diss. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2012. – 366 p.
19. Naumov A. V. Russian criminal law. Lecture course. In two volumes. Vol. 1. General part. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 2004. – 496 p.
20. Pestereva Yu. S. Criminal-legal characteristics of torture: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Tyumen, 2008. – 26 p.
21. Radchenko A. A. Coercion to testify: changes in criminal law and problems of qualification // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 648-657.
22. Chobanyan R. S. Torture: criminal-legal and criminological research: abstract of the dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2007. – 30 p.
23. Sharapov R. D. Violence in criminal law: Concept, qualification, improvement of the mechanism of criminal-legal prevention: dis. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.08. – Ekaterinburg, 2006. – 418 p.
24. Shilovsky S. V. The method of committing a crime as a feature of a criminally punishable act and a differentiating means: abstract of the dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Saratov, 2014. – 27 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
PAVLOV Nikita Vadimovich
postgraduate student of 3rd year of full-time study of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE USE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
With growing social and political instability in society as a whole, the state faces the challenge of citizens’ trust in the activities of its agencies, the maintenance of law and order, and the normal functioning of state power. The undermining of organizational and legal constraints and established governance negatively impacts the authority of the state as a whole, as well as its structure and support. Improving the system of measures aimed at protecting government officials has achieved particular innovation in recent years. Study of international best practices, particularly those of the United State, in these circumstances could be of interest. The article provides examples of criminal law protections offered to government officials, including law enforcement officers, at both the federal and state levels. It concludes that government officials, including police officers and other law enforcement officers and federal agents, enjoy a relatively high level of protection from criminal attacks at both the federal and state levels. It is specifically stated that in many states, any physical contact with police, committed in a rude or aggressive manner, as well as a throw of any kind of items in any direction, even if the thrower misses, is a violation of the criminal law, albeit a minor one. Cases of excessively broad and indiscriminate application of these norms in order to conceal abuses by the law enforcement officers are also considered.
Keywords: government officials, police officers, law enforcement officers, assault, battery, performance of official duties.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. “Battery against a Police officer.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/crime-penalties/federal/Battery-on-Officer (date of access: 03.03.2026).
2. “Assaulting a Police Officer.” [Electronic resource] Access mode https://www.theblanchlawfirm.com/practice-areas/major-felonies/assaulting-a-police-officer/ (date of access: 03/15/2026).
3. Fairfax Criminal Defense Attorney Explains: Simple Assault and Assault & Battery in Virginia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.freeman4law.com/assault-battery (date of access: 03.03.2026).
4. Common offenses you may be charged with for assaulting a low-enforcement officer. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.greenspunlaw.com/library/assault-on-a-police-officer-is-a-serious-offense-in-virginia.cfm (accessed: 02.03.2026).
5. Assaulting a Peace Officer, Police Officer, Emergency Medical Services Professional, or Fireman: New York Penal Code § 120.08. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.newyorkcriminallawyer24-7.com/new-york-penal-code/assaulting-a-peace-officer-police-officer-emergency-medical-serv/ (date of access: 02.03.2026).
6. What Is Considered An Assault On A Police Officer? – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.thelacrimeattorney.com/blog/429-what-is-considered-an-assault-on-a-police-officer (accessed: 02.03.2026).
7. Davidson, Christina and Patrick Madden, Assault on Justice. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wamu.org/projects/assault-on-justice/ (date of access: 02.03.2026).
8. Inal K., Kofsky J., Margolin J. (January 8, 2026). “Minneapolis ICE Shooting: A Minute-By-Minute Timeline of How Renee Nicole Good Died”. ABC News. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://abcnews.com/US/minneapolis-ice-shooting-minute-minute-timeline-renee-nicole/story?id=129021809/ (accessed: 02.03.2026).
9. Beitsch R. (January 7, 2026). “Noem Said Officer Was Hit by Car in Deadly Minneapolis Shooting, Bashes City and State Leaders”. The Hill. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/5677970-noem-said-officer-was-hit-by-car-in-deadly-minneapolis-shooting-bashes-city-and-state-leaders/ (date accessed: 02.03.2026).
10. Lum D., Stein R., Tiefenthäler A. (January 8, 2026). “Video: Videos Contradict Trump Administration Account of ICE Shooting in Minneapolis”. The New York Times. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000010631041/minneapolis-ice-shooting-video.htm (accessed: 02.03.2026).
11. Chappell B., Kim J., (January 8, 2026). “What We Know One Day After the Killing of Renee Good by an ICE Agent in Minneapolis”. NPR News. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.npr.org/2026/01/08/nx-s1-5671061/minneapolis-ice-shooting-noem (accessed: 02.03.2026).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BUEVICH Olga Leonidovna
senior lecturer of Preliminary Investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Methodological Complex for the Preliminary Investigation in the DIA, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the right to information as a complex legal institution in Russian criminal proceedings, analyzes its role in ensuring the information transparency of the preliminary investigation and its impact on the observation of the rights of participants in the process. The author identifies contradictions in the application of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on non-disclosure of investigative data and familiarization with the materials of a criminal case, which create legal uncertainty. Based on the analysis of judicial practice and decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the article reveals typical violations of the right to information, such as formal explanations of rights, abuse of investigative secrecy, and restrictions on the defense attorney’s access to the case materials. The article pays special attention to the impact of public opinion on the quality of criminal investigations through the lens of the right to information.
Keywords: right to information, investigative secrecy, public outcry, information transparency, procedural rights, protection of participants’ rights, violation of rights, criminal procedure legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 672-FZ of December 25, 2023 // Reference and Legal System “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001, No. 174-FZ // Reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
LUCHINKIN Fyodor Mikhailovich
lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Izhevsk Branch, Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of Russia
ON THE EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF THE RESULTS OF OPERATIONAL- INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
The evidentiary value of the results of operational-investigative activities remains controversial in Russian criminal procedure doctrine. This is due to the inappropriate legislative approach to determining the evidentiary value of the results of operational-investigative activities, as formulated in Article 89 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. It is proposed to change this approach to that adopted in the criminal procedure systems of neighboring countries, such as Belarus, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, which are related to Russia. As part of the evolutionary development of criminal procedural legislation, a gradual change in the approach to understanding the evidentiary value of the results of operational investigative measures is appropriate. The author proposes a classification of the results of operational investigative measures based on their evidentiary value. Based on this classification, it is possible to change the legal standard for the use of the results of individual operational investigative measures in criminal procedural proof. Some of these measures should be recognized as evidence, others require mandatory verification through investigative actions, and others cannot have independent evidentiary value.
Keywords: evidence, proof, operational investigative measures, operational investigative activity, evidentiary value.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrov A. S., Kucheruk D. S. Results of operational search activities – the basis for the sentence? Russian regulations are outdated // Russian investigator. – 2012. – No. 6. – P. 35-39.
2. Vytovtov A. E. Results of operational-search activities as a means of evidence in criminal proceedings (based on materials of criminal cases of an economic nature): dis. … Cand. of Law. – Omsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – 221 p.
3. Grigoriev V. N. Some judgments on the results of operational-search activities // Judicial power and criminal procedure. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 48-52.
4. Doctrinal model of criminal procedural evidence law of the Russian Federation and commentary thereto / co. of authors. Ed. by A. S. Alexandrov. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2015. – 304 p.
5. Dolya E. A. The results of operational-search activities cannot be given the status of evidence in criminal proceedings // Russian Justice. – 2007. – No. 6. – P. 38-42.
6. Mashovets A. O. Judicial investigation in criminal proceedings in Russia: theoretical and doctrinal, normative and applied aspects: monograph / edited by A. D. Proshlyakov. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2016. – 456 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MIKHAILOV Alexander Mikhailovich
postgraduate student of Combating economic crimes sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
BELYAKOV Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Combating economic crimes sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ON THE ISSUE OF THE PROCEDURAL POWERS OF THE PROSECUTOR AT THE PRE-TRIAL STAGE OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article analyzes the constitutional role of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, their powers in the field of criminal prosecution and supervision of compliance with criminal procedure legislation through the study of regulatory legal acts and departmental orders. The main attention is paid to the legal status of the prosecutor at the stage of initiation of a criminal case, as well as his functions in criminal proceedings, the issue of distinguishing the supervisory powers of the prosecutor and the powers in carrying out criminal prosecution is analyzed, and the views of procedural scientists on the expediency of returning the prosecutor’s authority to initiate criminal proceedings independently are assessed.
Keywords: criminal procedure, prosecutor, initiation of a criminal case.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Lapin S. Yu. Prosecutor-investigator: the revolution has begun // EZh-Lawyer. – 2007. – No. 26. – P. 21-25.
2. Manova N. S. Functions and powers of the prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings // Public and private law. – 2009. – No. 11. – P. 183.
3. Sidorova M. V. On the issue of the legal status of the prosecutor at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 27 (317). – P. 301-302.
4. Vasilenko A. A. Manova N. S. Functions and powers of the prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings // Public and private law. – 2009. – No. 11. – P. 183.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MOKROVSKY Andrey Viktorovich
postgraduate student, Ulyanovsk State University
RELEVANCE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ACHIEVING THE GOAL OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the legal nature of the relevance of evidence in criminal proceedings. Based on an analysis of doctrinal approaches (MS Strogovich, LT Ulyanova, PA Lupinskaya) and the concept of the unity of statics and dynamics of law by SS Alekseev, the author substantiates the dualistic nature of relevance, which acts simultaneously as an immanent property of evidence, determining its logical and factual connection with the subject of proof, and as an active procedural instrument ensuring the implementation of the goals of criminal proceedings (Article 6 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). The functional role of relevance as a primary filter of evidentiary information, enabling the achievement of legality, validity, and fairness of judicial decisions, is revealed.
Keywords: relevance of evidence, criminal procedure, subject of proof, dualism, statics and dynamics of law, property of evidence, procedural instrument, goals of criminal proceedings, law enforcement.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law. – M.: Legal Literature, 1981. – Vol. 1. – 359 p.
2. Balakshin V. S. Evidence in the theory and practice of criminal procedural proof: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Ekaterinburg, 2006. – 533 p.
3. Belkin A. R. Theory of proof in criminal proceedings. – M.: Norma, 2007. – 528 p. (ISBN 5-89123-898-5).
4. Belyaev M. S. Legal nature of the relevance of evidence: theoretical analysis // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 6.
5. Belyaev M. S. Legal nature of the relevance of evidence: functions and place in the system of procedural criteria. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2020. – 256 p. (ISBN 978-5-00000-000-2).
6. Talberg D. G. Russian criminal proceedings. – Kyiv, 1819. – T. 2.
7. Kozlov K. K. Legal nature of the relevance of evidence in criminal proceedings: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.07. – M., 2016. – 192 p.
8. Lazareva V. A. Proof in criminal proceedings: textbook for universities / 7th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – 263 p. (Higher education). – ISBN 978 5 534 07326 3.
9. Lupinskaya P. A. Decisions in criminal proceedings: theory, legislation, practice: monograph / 3rd ed., stereotype. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. – 240 p.
10. Mikhailovskaya I. B. Handbook of a judge on evidence in criminal proceedings / Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – M.: Prospect, 2006.
11. Orlov Yu. K. Modern problems of proof and the use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings. – M., 2020.
12. Rozin N. N. Criminal proceedings. – St. Petersburg, 1914.
13. Sluchevsky V.K. Textbook of Russian criminal procedure. – St. Petersburg, 1913.
14. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure. – M.: Nauka, 1968. [Text: electronic]. – 1968. – T. 1. – 469 p.
15. Ulyanova L. T. Evaluation of evidence by the court of first instance. – M.: Publishing house “Legal literature”, 1959. – P. 62-96.
16. Evidence in criminal proceedings: Educational and methodological materials / Krasnoyarsk state university; Comp. A. S. Barabash. – Krasnoyarsk, 1997. – 1094 p.
17. Foinitsky I. Ya. Course in criminal procedure. Volume 2. – third edition. – St. Petersburg, 1910.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
PRIKHODKO Vitаliy Viасheslavovich
seniоr leсturer, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social Sciences and Humanities, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
SCENE OF CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL INVIOLABILITY USING THE INTERNET
The article examines the problem of determining the location of remote sexual crimes, the difference between the concept of “scene of the crime” and “scene of the incident”, proposes to introduce the concept of “virtual scene of the incident” into forensic science, provides examples from the practical activities of law enforcement agencies, analyzes the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, highlights the problem of criminal-legal protection of victims when remote sexual crimes are committed from the territory of a foreign state, and develops proposals for criminal-legal protection in situations where the location of a remote sexual crime is not established.
Keywords: crime scene, incident scene, remote crimes, sexual inviolability, internet crimes, cross-border.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Popov A. N., Zimireva L. A., Fedyshina P. V. The objective side of the crime. Study guide. – St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2015. – P. 5.
2. Criminal case No. 2-16/25. Archive of the Moscow City Court.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2014 No. 16 “On judicial practice in cases of crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
4. Control proceedings No. 65-23/12302450044000050. Archive of the Investigative Department for Zelenograd Administrative District of the Main Investigative Directorate of the Investigative Committee of Russia for the city of Moscow.
5. Criminal case No. 01-0365/2024. Archive of the Zelenograd District Court of Moscow.
6. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // SPS “Consultant Plus.
7. Agreement on the specifics of criminal and administrative liability for violations of customs legislation of the Customs Union and the member states of the Customs Union (signed in Astana on 07/05/2010) (as amended on 10/10/2014) // SPS “Consultant Plus”.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
FEDOTOVA Anastasiya Alexeevna
postgraduate student of Criminal process, justice and prosecutor’s supervision sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
EXPERT EXAMINATION “IN ADVERSARIAL CONDITIONS”: THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL EXPERIENCE OF SEVERAL COUNTRIES IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE
The article analyzes the models of expert examination existing in the countries of the post-Soviet space. An assessment is given of the reforms in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine related to granting the investigative judge, who exercises judicial review in criminal proceedings, the authority to appoint an expert examination at the pre-trial stage. The conclusion is drawn that a new model of expert examination is being formed in these countries, and that this model has several serious shortcomings and implementation problems. Based on this, the author concludes that it is inadvisable to carry out similar reforms in Russia.
Keywords: expert examination, investigating judge, judicial review, post-Soviet space, criminal procedure.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borchashvili I. Sh., Paramonova L. F. Lawyer’s request for an expert opinion in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan: working on mistakes. Part 2 // Theory and practice of forensic examination. – 2016. – No. 3 (43). – P. 84-91.
2. Golovko L. V. Post-Soviet theory of judicial review in the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings: an attempt at conceptual rethinking // State and Law. – 2013. – No. 9. – P. 17-32.
3. Davletov A. A., Azarenok N. V. Investigative judge in the modern model of criminal proceedings // Russian judge. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 19-26.
4. Zaitseva E. A. Regulation of forensic examination in adversarial pre-trial criminal proceedings of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference “Actual problems of forensic science and forensic examination”, Irkutsk, March 15-16, 2019. – Irkutsk: Publishing House of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2019. – P. 38-41.
5. Konovalov S. G. Post-Soviet reforms of pre-trial proceedings in light of German procedural institutions. – M.: Gorodets, 2023.
6. Course of criminal procedure / edited by L. V. Golovko. 4th ed., corrected and enlarged. – M.: Statut, 2025.
7. Paramonova L. F. Regulation of the appointment of an examination at the request of a lawyer in criminal proceedings of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Proceedings of the X International Scientific and Practical Conference “Theory and Practice of Forensic Examination in Modern Conditions”, Moscow, January 30-31, 2025. – M .: RG-Press, 2025. – P. 234-236.
8. Samuticheva E. Yu. Expert opinion and its assessment in criminal proceedings (comparative legal study): diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2015.
9. Smirnov A. V. On the implementation of the constitutional principle of adversarial proceedings in criminal proceedings // Criminal proceedings. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 22-26.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SEMENOV Ilya Alexandrovich
adjunct of the Adjuncts, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE INCLUSION OF AN OBJECT AS MATERIAL EVIDENCE AS A WAY OF LIMITING PROPERTY RIGHTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article is devoted to the study of the institution of physical evidence through the lens of the restriction and termination of private property rights in criminal proceedings. It analyzes the dual nature of including an item as physical evidence: on the one hand, as a necessary element of proof in a criminal case, and on the other, as a form of state interference in the property sphere of participants in the proceedings, entailing a significant restriction of their rights. Key practical and problems in this area are identified. Specific proposals are presented for improving the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, aimed at striking a balance between public and private interests.
Keywords: material evidence, restriction of property rights, termination of property rights, criminal proceedings, storage of material evidence, seizure of property, sale of material evidence, judicial practice, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, legal positions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kalinovsky K. B. Material evidence: problematic issues based on the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Criminal procedure. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 28-35.
2. Kalinovsky K. B. Material evidence must be returned to its undisputed owner // Criminal Procedure. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 8-9.
3. Nikolyuk V. V., Anesheva A. T. Material evidence in criminal proceedings: a view from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (62). – P. 45-56.
4. Gaponova V. N., Lukyanova A. A., Antonov V. A. Limitation and termination of property rights in criminal proceedings // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2024. – No. 2 (30). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ogranichenie-i-prekraschenie-prava-sobstvennosti-v-ugolovnom-sudoproizvodstve (date of access: 04/23/2026).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
YANG Xinqian
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University
THE MECHANISM OF CURING PROCEDURAL DEFECTS WITHIN THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE OF ILLEGAL EVIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE OF THE PRC: NORMATIVE STRUCTURE, DISTORTIONS IN APPLICATION, AND DOGMATIC RECONSTRUCTION
The article deals with the problems of applying the mechanism of curing procedural defects (rectification of flaws) within the exclusionary rule of illegal evidence in the PRC. Based on normative and empirical analysis of judicial acts, the author traces the deformation of this mechanism in judicial practice: the object of rectification exceeding statutory boundaries, the substitution of substantive defect with unilateral “explanations of the situation” by the investigation, and the blurring of judicial discretion criteria. The root cause of these anomalies lies in the ambiguity of legislative boundaries between “illegal” and “defective” evidence. As a solution, a doctrinal reconstruction of the mechanism is proposed based on the principle of proportionality through a three-tier judicial review (validity, culpability, and balance). Implementing this mechanism will serve as a reliable instrument for rationally constraining judicial discretion in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: exclusionary rule, defective evidence, procedural defect remediation, proportionality principle, judicial discretion.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Wang Biao. An Empirical Study of the Problems of Exclusion of Illegal Material Evidence // Application of Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 75.
2. Wang Ying. Systematic reconstruction of the rules on the exclusion of evidence against the background of the codification of criminal procedural law // Bulletin of the East China University of Political Science and Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 118.
3. Li Xuejun, Liu Jing. Defective Evidence and the Application of Rules for its Correction // Tsinghua Jurisprudence. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 111.
4. Ma Sheng’an, Zhou Yongjun. Analysis and Management of the Phenomenon of Weighing in Criminal Justice // Application of Law. – 2015. – No. 7. – P. 71.
5. Xie Bo Attributes, forms and regulation of “written explanations of the situation” in the criminal proceedings of our country // Bulletin of the Gansu Political and Legal Institute. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 19.
6. Xia Hong, Gong Yunfei. Between Legal and Illegal – Based on the Position of Two “Regulations” on Defective Evidence // Chinese Journal of Criminal Law. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 65.
7. Wu Hongqi. Exclusion of Evidence or Verification of Evidence: An Empirical Study of Exclusion of Illegal Evidence at the Indictment Approval Stage // Legal and Social Development. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 149.
8. Wu Hongyao. Rules and actual effectiveness of the exclusion of illegal evidence, as well as ways to improve the rule of exclusion of illegal evidence in our country // Modern Law. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 121.
9. Han Xu. Progress and shortcomings of the new rules for the exclusion of illegal evidence – an analysis of the new “Regulations on the exclusion of illegal evidence” // Journal of Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 129.
10. Zhang Henan. On the delimitation of the sphere of illegal evidence // Academic research. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 43.
11. Zhao Xing, Zhou Ting. Transformation of the legitimacy of defective evidence in criminal proceedings // Gansu Social Sciences. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 194.
12. Zhou Xin, Ma Yingchuan. On the concept and characteristics of defective evidence in criminal proceedings // Journal of Law. – 2012. – No. 11. – P. 25.
13. Cheng Lei. Normative analysis of the rule of exclusion of illegal evidence // Tribune of political science and law. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 182-192.
14. Chen Ruihua. On the rules for correcting defective evidence // Jurist. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 66-84.
15. Yang Yuguan, Guo Xu. On the Sphere of Illegal Evidence // Lanzhou Academic Journal. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 158.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
IGOSHIN Vladimir Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Mode organization, security and escort sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ABDURAZAKOV Akhmed Abdurakhmanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Mode organization sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
MODERNIZATION OF THE LIST OF ITEMS ALLOWED FOR USE IN PRE-TRIAL DETENTION CENTERS: TRANSITION TO A PROHIBITIVE MODEL TO ENSURE SECURITY
This article examines the pressing issue of improving the legal regulation of the list of items permitted for use by individuals held in pretrial detention facilities of the Russian Federation penal system. The author analyzes the current permit-based model, enshrined in the Internal Rules of Pretrial Detention Facilities, and identifies its significant shortcomings, including regulatory inflexibility, legal uncertainty, and a lag in keeping with modern security realities. The article substantiates the need to transition to a prohibitive regulatory model, which would replace the exhaustive list of permitted items with a list of prohibited ones, establishing clear criteria for classifying items as prohibited.
Keywords: pretrial detention facility, prohibitive model, institutional security, suspects’ rights, penal system, detention regime, presumption of innocence, legal regulation, prohibited items, pretrial detention modernization facility.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gusev A. S., Korzhova E. A. Certain problematic aspects in the formulation of duties of suspects and accused persons held in pre-trial detention facilities // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2024. – No. 8 (236). – P. 376-378.
2. Zakarzhevsky N. N. Legal innovations of the Internal Rules of Pre-trial Detention Facilities of the Criminal-Executive System of the Russian Federation for 2022 // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2022. – No. 4 (53). – P. 50-57.
3. Samiulina Ya. V. On the issue of improving the legal status of pre-trial detainees: the criminal-executive aspect // Theory and practice of social and humanitarian sciences. – 2024. – No. 51 (25). – P. 141-145.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
STEPANENKO Yuriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, lieutenant colonel of police
SANZHIEVA Altana Tsydenovna
student, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, independent researcher
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND PREVENTION OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the problems of suicidal behavior among convicts in Russian correctional institutions. The paper examines the dominant causes of suicidal behavior: the inability to satisfy vital needs, the absence of familiar social contacts, the pressure of the criminal subculture, the presence of interpersonal conflicts that are inevitable in this environment, as well as bullying of people with non-traditional sexual orientation by other prisoners. The authors identified characteristic and recurring shortcomings in the penitentiary system and proposed measures to improve the suicide prevention system, including improved diagnostic methods, monitoring, and rehabilitation programs in order to minimize this phenomenon among prisoners.
Keywords: suicidal behavior, Russian penitentiary system, suicide prevention, psychological assistance, suicide risk assessment, rehabilitation of convicts, psycho-emotional state of convicts, personal characteristics of convicts, social adaptation, psychological interventions, post-conviction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025, as amended on 17.12.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_12940 (date of access: 12.03.2026).
2. Kirillova T. V., Rogov A. V. Study of the Phenomenon of Suicidal Behavior of Suspects, Accused, and Convicted Persons // Russian Deviantological Journal. – 2022. – No. 2 (2). – P. 164-180. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-fenomena-suitsidalnogo-povedeniya-podozrevaemyh-obvinyaemyh-i-osuzhdennyh (accessed: 12.03.2026).
3. Pronina O. V. Prevention of suicide among persons serving sentences in correctional institutions as a way of ensuring the personal safety of convicts // Legal Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2022. – Vol. 41. No. 1. – Pp. 147-153. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/profilaktika-soversheniya-suitsidov-sredi-lits-otbyvayuschih-nakazanie-v-ispravitelnyh-uchrezhdeniyah-kak-sposob-obespecheniya (date of access: 12.03.2026).
4. Morozova L. B., Shirokova L. K. Determinants of suicidal behavior of men in conditions of forced isolation // Nizhny Novgorod Psychological Almanac. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://psykaf417.esrae.ru/ru/37-397 (date of access: 03/12/2026).
5. Stepanenko Yu. S. Problems of social adaptation of persons released from criminal punishment // Glagoliy of justice. – 2020. – No. 1 (23). – P. 28-29.
6. Gostev A.: The Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation has achieved a 12% reduction in the mortality rate in penal colonies and pre-trial detention centers. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lenta.ru/news/2026/03/12/raskryt-uroven-smertnosti-v-rossiyskih-koloniyah/ (date of access: 12.03.2026).

CRIMINALISTICS
ANTONOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
TURNING ONESELF IN AS A METHOD OF FACILITATING THE DETECTION OF CRIMES “ON THE HOT TRAIL”
The article examines the forensic aspects of the development of knowledge about facilitating the detection of crimes as a form of lawful behavior, manifested in the internal and external functional patterns of such activity, the causes and factors of its determination, as well as in the modern forms of its implementation by subjects in one way or another related to the event of a crime. The problem of a person’s recognition of their guilt in a committed crime remains highly relevant from a theoretical and practical standpoint, as combating crime is impossible without the active participation of citizens and officials in the prevention, detection, and investigation of crimes. This participation includes various actions and behaviors, including the specific method of voluntary confession.
Keywords: crime detection, confession, assistance in crime detection, hot pursuit, criminology, act, repentance, subject, activity, behavior, object of confession, mental image.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andreev A. S. The problem of the relationship between activity and behavior in forensic science, directions for its resolution in the formation of the concept of cognition of post-criminal activity // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019. No. 3 (90). P. 93.
2. Andreev A. S. Tactical operations aimed at creating positive post-criminal activity in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. 2022. No. 1. P. 3.
3. Belkin R. S. Theory of evidence in Soviet criminal proceedings. 2nd ed. corr. and add. Moscow, 1973. P. 56.
4. Egerev I.M., Stepanenko D.A. Forensic identification by mental image and features of its implementation in procedural form: monograph. Moscow, 2010. P. 44.
5. Ivanshina A.E. “The Paradox of Incentives” for the Accused to Confess His Guilt // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 3 (67). P. 283.
6. Karneeva L. M. On the Question of the Suspect in Soviet Criminal Procedure // Soviet Forensic Science in the Service of Investigation. Collection of Articles, issue 12. Moscow, 1959. P. 3. 7. Karneeva L. M. Tactical principles of organizing and conducting interrogation at the investigation stage. Volgograd, 1976. P. 89
8. Kitaev N. N., Kitaeva V. N. Dreams of murderers as a reason for confession // Activities of law enforcement agencies in modern conditions: Collection of materials of the XXII international scientific and practical conference: in 2 volumes. Volume 1. Irkutsk, 2017. P. 378.
9. Kolmakov V. P. Identification actions of the investigator. Moscow: Legal Literature, 1977. P. 23. 10. Sabitov R. A. Theory of criminal-legal regulation of a person’s behavior after he has committed a crime and has been sentenced: monograph. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2013. P. 360.
11. Foigel E. I. Study of the ethnic characteristics of participants in criminal proceedings within the framework of the established system-activity paradigm of forensic personality study: problem statement // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2021. No. 1. P. 147.
12. Khamizov V. L. Scientific understanding of the essence of solving crimes on the spot // Business. Education. Law. 2022. No. 3 (60). P. 256.
13. Kumar V., Pandey Sh. Confessions under the Indian Evidence Act // Zenodo. 2023. Vol. 01. P. 1.
14. Li E., Yuan X., Zhang Y. Introduction // Criminal Case Dispositions through Pleas in Greater China / ed. by E. Li, X. Yuan, Y. Zhang. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2024. P. 1.
15. Newman B. Plea Bargaining with Wrong Reasons: Coercive Plea-Offers and Responding to the Wrong Kind of Reason // Criminal Law and Philosophy. 2024. Vol. 18. P. 369.
16. Pamfil L. The Admission of Guilt and its Consequences in the Romanian Legislation // Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013. Vol. 92. P. 737.
17. Schulhofer St. J. Plea Bargaining as Disaster // Yale Law Journal. 1992. Vol. 101. P. 1979.
18. Seggie I. Attribution of guilt as a function of ethnic accent and type of crime // Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 1983. Vol. 4. P. 197.
19. Van As H., Erasmus D. Admission of guilt fines: A legal shortcut or delayed shock? // South African Crime Quarterly. 2020. Vol. 69. P. 45.

CRIMINALISTICS
BELYAKOV Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Combating economic crimes sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
MUSALEVA Anna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of the SIC-1 Department of the Federal Research Institute of the FPS of Russia
SHISHKINA Kseniya Alexandrovna
student of the 5th course, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING THE PRESENTATION OF LIVING PERSONS FOR IDENTIFICATION
The article discusses the forensic and legal aspects of presenting a person for identification. Attention is paid to both the preparatory and working stages. In particular, the authors consider recommendations for clarifying the conditions of perception of the identified person and their further reproduction. Attention is paid to the problem describing the features that will be used in the investigative action. The article also discusses the emotional state of the person being identified and their attitude towards the crime. The article also addresses the issues of organizing the presentation for identification. In particular, the problem of inviting the identifier to the room where the identifier is located is being studied.
Keywords: identification of a person, extras, identifier, identified, surveillance conditions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Semenov V. V., Ivanov L. N. Legal, tactical and methodological aspects of using a polygraph in criminal proceedings. Textbook. Manual. – M .: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2008. – P. 147.
2. Pomazanov V. V., Gritsaev S. I., Stepanko S. G. Organizational and tactical features of identification parade // Police and investigative activities. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 40-52.
3. Grigorovich V. L. Some Features of Presentation for Identification Based on Voice and Speech Peculiarities in Robbery Investigations // Current Problems and Prospects for Development of Pre-Trial Proceedings Based on Materials and Criminal Cases: Proc. of the Int. Res.-Pract. Conf. (Minsk, May 29, 2015) / Educational Institution “Acad. of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus”; ed. board: I. G. Mukhin (ed.) [et al.]. – Minsk: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2015. – Pp. 43-46.
4. Chabukiani O. A. Ensuring the rights of an individual when presenting for identification // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 72-78.

CRIMINALISTICS
VLEZKO Dmitry Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MOLCHANOV Timur Denisovich
student of the 2nd course of master’s degree programs, Faculty of Law, Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF CRIMINALISTIC TACTICS IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
The article is devoted to the problems of criminalistic tactics in the context of the active introduction of information and digital tools in criminal proceedings. The impact of digitalization on the forms and methods of investigative actions is considered, the risks of blurring procedural boundaries and replacing tactical and criminalistic content with technological structures are identified. The article analyzes doctrinal approaches to the concept of forensic technology, its interaction with investigative tactics and its impact on the investigator’s search and cognitive activity. The necessity of normative consolidation of the principle of priority of the procedural form and the tactical content of the investigative action over the technological means used is substantiated.
Keywords: criminalistic tactics, criminalistic technology, investigative actions, digitalization of criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Crimes using information and telecommunications technologies in 2024: 40% of the total number of crimes // TASS [Electronic resource]: https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/22925941 (date accessed: 02.03.2026).
2. Vedernikov N. T. Investigative tactics and ways of its development // Current issues in the fight against crime: collection of scientific papers. – Tomsk, 1984. – P. 194-200.
3. Belkin R. S. Forensic Science: Today’s Problems. Topical Issues in Russian Forensic Science. – Moscow: NORMA-INFRAM, 2001. – 240 p. 4. Gross G. A Guide for Forensic Investigators as a System of Forensic Science. New edition, reprinted from the 1908 edition. – Moscow: LexEst, 2002. – 1088 p.
5. Lifshits E. M. Tactics and techniques of conducting a search during a preliminary investigation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 1954. – 18 p.
6. Vasiliev A. N. Fundamentals of investigative tactics: abstract. dis. … doc. legal Sci. – M., 1960. – 31 p.
7. Knyazkov A. S. Conceptual provisions of tactical reception. – Tomsk: Publishing house of Tomsk. University, 2012. – 190 p.
8. Obraztsov V. A. Tactical technique as a means of cognition // Forensic science: textbook. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged / edited by V. A. Obraztsov. – M .: Yurist, 2002. – P. 345-354.
9. Anisin A. L. Hierarchical structure of being and problems of the unity of existence // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2010. – No. 331. – P. 31-34.
10. Korma V. D., Mironova E. A., Obraztsov V. A. Theoretical and applied aspects of the forensic doctrine of investigative recognition // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2017. – No. 9 (82). – P. 186-202.
11. Korma V. D. Some problems of crime investigation methods // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2019. – No. 3 (55). – P. 71-81.
12. Bakhteev D. V. On the main directions of interdisciplinary development of forensic science // Russian law: education, practice, science. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 86-92.
13. Vedernikov N. T., Pugovkin K. A. Scientific foundations of forensic tactics and ways of its development // Problems of jurisprudence in the modern period: collection of scientific papers. – Tomsk, 1990. – P. 45-47.
14. Isaenko V. N., Ishchenko P. P. Investigative actions in the context of digitalization of criminal proceedings // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2021. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – P. 136-143.
15. Moiseev A. M., Kondratyuk S. V. Investigation of occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 17. No. 1. – P. 64-72.
16. Tishutina I. V. Overcoming resistance to the investigation of organized criminal activity (organizational, legal and tactical foundations): author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – M., 2013. – 46 p.
17. Ishchenko P. P. Investigative actions in the context of digitalization of criminal proceedings // Siberian criminal procedural and forensic readings. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 30-42.

CRIMINALISTICS
GARBUZ Grigory Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia; retired judge of the Kezhemsky District Court of the Krasnoyarsk Territory
ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE FORECASTING ASPECT IN THE STRATEGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES INVESTIGATION
The article is focused on the description of advanced high-tech developments actively used in crime-fighting police practice which are based on Artificial Intelligence. The examples of using such direction of artificial general intelligence as computer vision which helps to analyze a video stream and isolate atypical human behavior are shown. The author focuses on binary competencies which are increasingly necessary in service activity of police and investigators in the context of modern high-tech crime challenges. Based on analysis of artificial general intelligence’ capabilities to identify an atypical human behavior of a delinquent, a scientific hypothesis about the need to use such capabilities in detection, solving and investigating environmental crimes is put forward. Simultaneously the judgment of attention fixation upon such a scientific phenomena acceptable to forensics as line of criminal efforts’ application is expressed. Obviously that line of criminal efforts’ application is closely related to selectivity of criminal behavior in ecological sphere. The message about vital importance of further scientific developments in forensic forecasting in the strategy of investigation of crimes that are being committed in the ecological sphere is given.
Keywords: forensic science, methods of crime investigation, environmental crimes, high technologies, line of criminal efforts’ application, artificial general intelligence, forensic forecasting.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: expectations and reality // High-tech law. – 2025. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 1-16.
2. Kazan launched an AI to search for criminals: is this good or bad? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://inkazan.ru/news/2026-02-03/v-kazani-zapustilii-dlya-rozyska-prestupnikov-eto-horosho-ili-ploho-5545013?ysclid=mmnds28ee34365398&utm_source=ya.ru&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ya.ru&utm_referrer=ya.ru (date of access: 12.03.2026).
3. Vyatkin A. N. Artificial Intelligence as a Component of Digitalization and Law: Trends and Prospects // High-Tech Law: Expectations and Reality. Proceedings of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference (Zelenograd, February 14, 2025). In 2 parts. Part 1 / edited by prof. L. V. Bertovsky. – M .: MIET, 2025 .– 256 p. – P. 58-67.
4. Garbuz G. S. On some aspects of the classification of methods for investigating crimes committed in the environmental sphere // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 55-63.
5. Golovin A. Yu. On the development and prospective use of artificial intelligence technologies in solving forensic problems // High-tech law. – 2025. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 36-41.
6. Ermachenko S. V. Ecological passport of the supervised territory as one of the ways of generalizing information on the state of legality // Legality. – 2024. – No. 12 (1082). – P. 12-17.
7. Zhevlakov E. N. Environmental and alternative-environmental crimes committed using the media, electronic or information and telecommunication systems // Criminal Law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 32-38.
8. Brief characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation for January 2026 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/reports/item/79262389/ (date of access: 11.03.2026).
9. Ogurtsov S. S., Efremov V. A., Leus A. V. Application of artificial intelligence technologies in processing images from camera traps: principles, programs, approaches // Principles of Ecology. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 4-37.
10. Palmov S. V., Akunishnikova V. V. Computer vision as one of the key technologies of the future // Industrial Economy. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 186-191.
11. A system for identifying drug dealers using AI will be launched in Kazan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www1.ru/news/2025/09/10/sistemu-po-vyiavleniiu-zakladcikov-s-pomoshhiu-ii-zapustiat-v-kazani.html?ysclid=mmnd9paqak169309057 (date of access: 12.03.2026).

CRIMINALISTICS
KAIRGALIEV Daniyar Vulkairevich
Ph.D. in biological sciences, associate professor, Expert, Expert Technologies and Certification LLC, Saratov
STRELTSOVA Marina Aleksandrovna
associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, expert, Saratov State Law Academy
RYBALOV Vladislav Semenovich
expert of Avangard LLC, Saratov
MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF EXAMINING THE LIMITATION OF EXECUTION OF DETAILS IN A DOCUMENT FOR INVESTIGATION AND DISCLOSURE OF ECONOMIC CRIMES
The article presents the author’s view on the modern possibilities of forensic examination of not so many documents as materials with the help of which their most important details are executed (signature, seal imprint, etc.), their place in the investigation and disclosure of economic crimes. The authors considered the issues of application and use in the course of the specified expert studies of modern technical and forensic means. In addition, the issues of assessing the opinions of experts by investigators, investigators, the court and other categories of officials during the investigation and consideration of the merits of criminal cases are considered.
Keywords: document examination, age of application of requisites, forensic examination, investigation of economic crimes, technical and forensic means, expert opinion, assessment of expert opinion.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasiliev D. V., Kairgaliev D. V. Features of the appointment and production of forensic technical and forensic examination // Forum. – 2024. – No. 1 (31). – P. 206-209.
2. Vasiliev D. V., Shamshina O. S. Aspects of the appointment of a forensic technical examination based on the time period of execution of requisites in a document // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 12 (199). – P. 445-446.
3. Toropova M. V. Forensic examination of establishing the relative age of execution of document details: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2014.
4. Trosman E. A., Bezhanishvili G. S., Batygina N. A., et al. Methodology for determining the age of execution of requisites in documents based on the relative content of volatile solvents in strokes // Theory and practice of forensic examination. – 2013. – No. 2 (30). – P. 80-89.

CRIMINALISTICS
SYSENKO Alfiya Radikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GIVING FALSE TESTIMONY DURING INTERROGATION IN CONDITIONS OF COUNTERACTION TO CRIME INVESTIGATION
Objective factors inherent in the phenomenon of counteraction to criminal prosecution occurring and manifesting in society determine the need for targeted measures aimed at overcoming it. The testimony of participants in the criminal proceedings remains a key source of information. Currently, the problem of identifying and overcoming lies is taking on new dimensions. The rapid development of technologies and deepfake creation capabilities allows not only to verbally lie to the investigation, but also to reinforce misinformation with fabricated digital information. Despite the existence of fundamental developments in this area, the tactics of overcoming lies need constant improvement in response to the emergence of new ways to counteract the investigation.
Keywords: crime investigation, interrogation, psychology, conflict situation, forensic tactics.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ekman P. The Psychology of Lying. Lie to Me If You Can [translated from English by E. Boyko et al.]. – Moscow, 2010.
2. Podvoisky K. V. Lies in the structure of forensic knowledge // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2020. – No. 6.
3. Milovanova M. M. Specifics of false testimony // Legal almanac. – 2021. – No. 8.
4. Goncharenko E. V., Taisaeva S. B., Argun S. N., Polyakova E. V. Closing gestures in the psychology of lies // News of DSPU. Psychological and pedagogical sciences. – 2023. – No. 1.

CRIMINALISTICS
KAMINSKY Alexander Alexeevich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
MODERN TECHNICAL TOOLS USED TO DETECT, INVESTIGATE, AND PREVENT COMMERCIAL BRIBERY
This article examines modern technical tools used in forensic support for the detection, investigation, and prevention of commercial bribery. It is discussed that, in the context of the digitalization of business, the trace data for this crime is increasingly shifting to electronic documents, corporate correspondence, banking applications, event logs, cloud services, and digital currency. In this regard, the article explores the capabilities of classic forensic recording and research tools, digital forensics software and hardware systems, connection visualization tools, blockchain analytics tools, as well as compliance platforms and automated risk monitoring systems. Special attention is given to the use of artificial intelligence technologies as an auxiliary tool for trace data analysis and forensic prevention. It is concluded that modern technological tools acquire practical value only when integrated into a comprehensive system of evidence and anti-corruption compliance, and when applied procedurally competently.
Keywords: commercial bribery, forensic technology, digital traces, anti-corruption compliance, artificial intelligence, blockchain analytics, digital forensics, corruption investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessonov, A. A. “On Some Possibilities of Modern Forensic Science in Working with Electronic Traces” // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2019. No. 3 (55). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik.msal.ru/jour/article/view/733 (accessed: 14.04.2026).
2. Ishchenko E. P. At the origins of digital forensics // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2019. No. 3 (55). P. 15-28. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik.msal.ru/jour/article/view/730 (date accessed: 04/14/2026).
3. Forensic Science / edited by I. M. Komarov. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urlit-id.ru/Katalog/3103–Kriminalistika-.html (accessed: 14.04.2026).
4. Shuvalov M. N. Application of forensic technology in the investigation of corruption crimes. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenenie-kriminalisticheskoy-tehniki-pri-rassledovanii-korruptsionnyh-prestupleniy (date of access: 14.04.2026).

CRIMINALISTICS
POLESHCHUK Maxim Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Forensic science sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
TACTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CONDUCTING IDENTIFICATION PARTICIPATION INVOLVING A MINOR
Improving the efficiency of investigative actions requires a system of tactical techniques designed to streamline the investigator’s work. Conducting an identification parade is no exception. This is due to the unique nature of this investigative action, requiring the involvement of a significant number of participants, and being dynamic. This issue is particularly relevant when the participants are identifying individuals with age-related cognitive and physiological characteristics. In this article, based on previous scientific research and the specifics of the investigative action under consideration, a definition of the term “tactical technique for conducting an identification parade” is formulated. Tactical techniques for conducting an identification parade involving a minor that can enhance the effectiveness of the investigative action are identified. The tactical techniques are systematized based on the sequence of their application.
Keywords: forensic science, forensic tactics, investigative action, identification parade, minor, tactical technique.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Knyazkov A. S. Signs of a tactical technique and criteria for the admissibility of its use // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2012. – No. 355. – P. 94-102.
2. Belkin R. S. Course in forensic science: General theory of forensic science: in 3 volumes. – Volume 1. – Moscow: Jurist, 1997. – 404 p.
3. Yenikeev M. I., Obraztsov V. A., Eminov V. E. Investigative actions: psychology, tactics, technology: a tutorial. – M .: Prospect, 2011. – 216 p.
4. Psychological and pedagogical interaction in the educational process: a textbook for universities / edited by I. V. Dubrovina. – 5th ed., corrected. and additional. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2026. – 513 p.
5. Korovina N.K. Features of the use of digital video recording during interrogation // Verb of justice. – 2011. – No. 1 (2). – P. 44-46.
6. Egerev I. M. The Importance of Psychological Attitude in Investigative Activity // Prologue: Journal of Law. – 2019. – No. 2 (22). – P. 37-42.
7. Zainullin R. I. Forensic doctrine on the personality of minor victims and witnesses: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Ufa, 2022. – 480 p.
8. Stepanova A. A., Fairushina R. D. Tactics of interrogation of minor victims and witnesses // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2011. – No. 2 (24). – P. 73-79.
9. Samolaeva E. Yu. Theory and practice of presenting people for identification: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2004. – 205 p.
10. Moiseev N. A. Forensic support for presenting a person for identification during the investigation of crimes: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2006. – 212 p.
11. Buryka D. A. Legal, organizational and tactical principles of identification presentation: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2005. – 235 p.
12. Forensic tactics: textbook / edited by Deputy Chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, head of the Main Military Investigative Directorate, candidate of legal sciences, Colonel General of Justice A. S. Sorochkin. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2013. – 726 p.
13. Varfolomeev R. A. Forensic features of conducting on-site verification of testimony with the participation of a minor: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Ufa, 2025. – 242 p.

CRIMINOLOGY
ASANOVA Irina Pavlovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of Civil and criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch), Russian University of Cooperation
EREMKINA Nadezhda Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor, Head of Civil and criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Saransk Cooperative Institute (branch), Russian University of Cooperation
PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF D LIZERGID (LSD) AND OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON PAPER MEDIA FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROPER DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND QUALIFICATION OF ACTS
The article discusses the problems of determining the size of LSD and NBOMe derivatives applied to paper media for the purposes of qualifying crimes related to the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs. It analyzes foreign approaches (USA, India), Russian legal regulation, judicial practice, and also separately analyzes the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in the Repin case, which excludes the consideration of the mass of the paper media when determining the size of LSD. It is shown that the lack of a uniform approach to the calculation of the mass of the carrier and the objective limitations of forensic practice create a high degree of uncertainty in the quantification of these substances and lead to inconsistencies and contradictions in judicial practice. The article substantiates the need for a regulatory framework that establishes a special procedure for determining the size of psychoactive substances on paper carriers.
Keywords: LSD, NBOMe, paper media, size of a narcotic substance, mass of a media, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1002, Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 14, Repin’s case, forensic activities, conditional weight of a dose.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Teunaev A. S. Current issues of determining the quantity of drugs (d-Lysergide, LSD, LSD-25) for the purposes of Russian criminal legislation // Law and Politics. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 72-86.
2. Baquiran M., Keyes D., Al Khalili Y. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Toxicity. [Updated 2023 Dec 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. – Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Jan. – 2026. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553216/ (accessed: 15.03.2026). 3. Ninnemann A., Stuart GL The NBOMe series: a novel, dangerous group of hallucinogenic drugs // Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. – 2013. – 74 (6). – P. 977-978. – Doi: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.977.
4. Hermle L., Ruchsow M., Taschner KL Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and flashback phenomena – differential diagnosis and explanation models Fortschr // Neurol. Psychiatr. – 2015. – 83 (9). – Рp. 506-515. – Doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1553717.
5. Tsochatzis E., Lopes Ja., Reniero F. et al. Identification of 1-Butyl-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (1B-LSD) in Seized Blotter Paper Using an Integrated Workflow of Analytical Techniques and Chemo-Informatics // Molecules. – 2020. – 25 (3). – R. 712.
6. Hida M., Mitsui T. Rapid identification of lysergic acid diethylamide in blotter paper by microscope FT-IR // Anal. Sci. – 1999. – No. 15. – R. 289-291. – Doi: 10.2116/analsci.15.289.
7. Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F. et al. Separating the wheat from the chaff: Observations on the analysis of lysergamides LSD, MIPLA, and LAMPA // Drug Test Analysis. – 2022. – Vol. 14. No. 3. – Pp. 545-556.
8. Lebedenko S. E., Zaer E. V. Problematic issues of determining the amount of the narcotic drug d-lysergide (LSD, LSD-25) on paper media // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 190-202.

CRIMINOLOGY
BEREZOVSKAYA Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory, history of state and law, and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
Kazantseva Olga Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don; S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (Branch), Rostov-on-Don
PUKHKALOVA Marina Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Southern University of Management, Business and Law, Rostov-on-Don, retired judge
CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CRIME IN THE FIELD OF COUNTERFEIT GOODS AND SERVICES
The article examines the criminological component of the characteristics of crime mediated by the sale of counterfeit goods and services. Most often, the acts in question are related to the violation of the rights of consumers of the product. High-profile cases have occurred in practice related to alcohol- containing products unsuitable for human consumption or food sold for children’s institutions. In most cases, the perpetrator acts decisively, they do not care about the moral aspect of what they have done.
Keywords: goods, public danger, security requirements, identity of the perpetrator, victims of the crime.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Verkhoturov S. A. Personality characteristics of a criminal committing a crime in the field of performing work or providing services that do not meet safety requirements // Innovative aspects of the development of science and technology. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 197-203.
2. Ermokhina G. V. Criminological characteristics of the circulation of goods and products, performance of work or provision of services that do not meet safety requirements // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 138-142.
3. Maslov S. A., Mentyukova M. A. Forensic analysis of the personality of a criminal who committed an official crime of a corruption nature // Scientific journal Discourse. – 2017. – No. 6 (8). – P. 86-91.
4. Parkhomenko S. V., Rogova E. V. On the consent of the victim to the infliction of harm // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 53-58.

CRIMINOLOGY
GUSHCHINA Anastasiya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, senior lecturer of Computer security and technical expertise sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
KHOROLSKY Vladimir Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
KHUSNULLIN Tagir Ildarovich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
FRAUD USING SOCIAL ENGINEERING METHODS: CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The relevance of the topic is due to the rapid growth of this type of crime against the background of the digital transformation of society and the expansion of the field of remote banking services. Research shows that more than 60% of thefts committed using information and telecommunication technologies are precisely realized through psychological influence on a person – manipulating his feelings of fear, trust, altruism or greed. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the criminal law and criminological aspects of social engineering as a way to commit fraud, as well as to develop proposals for improving measures to counter these acts. The article reveals the concept and essence of social engineering, which is understood as a set of psychological manipulation techniques aimed at encouraging a person to voluntarily transfer confidential information or funds. The criminological analysis provides a classification of the main methods of social engineering, as well as a psychological portrait of the perpetrator and victim. The authors identified have victimization factors, among which the key role is played by the lack of awareness of the population about the ways of committing such crimes.
Keywords: fraud, social engineering, cybercrime, embezzlement, psychological manipulation, victimization, criminal law qualification, crime prevention.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dremin A. A., Drobot S. A. Current state and dynamics of crime fraud using electronic means of payment in 2025 // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2025. – No. 6-4 (165). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-dinamika-prestupnosti-moshennichestva-s-ispolzovaniem-elektronnyh-sredstv-platezha-v-2025-godu (date of access: 13.03.2026).
2. Zotina E. V. Pretexting as a social engineering technique used by telephone scammers: a criminological view of the problem // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4 (50). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/preteksting-kak-priem-sotsialnoy-inzhenerii-ispolzuemyy-telefonnymi-moshennikami-kriminologicheskiy-vzglyad-na-problemu (date of access: 03/13/2026).
3. Paliy E. S. Criminological and criminal-legal aspects of remote fraud using deepfake technologies and social engineering // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (108). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kriminologicheskie-i-ugolovno-pravovye-aspekty-distantsionnogo-moshennichestva-s-primeneniem-deepfake-tehnologiy-i-sotsialnoy (date of access: 13.03.2026).
4. Starostenko N. I. Social engineering as an object of forensic study // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (43). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialnaya-inzheneriya-kak-obekt-kriminalisticheskogo-izucheniya (date of access: 03/13/2026).
5. Yangaeva M. O. Social engineering as a method of committing cybercrimes // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (42). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsialnaya-inzheneriya-kak-sposob-soversheniya-kiberprestupleniy (date of access: 03/13/2026).

CRIMINOLOGY
KUDOVBA Oksana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
MUGINOVA Zulfiya Radikovna
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty,Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
OREKHOVA Natalya Alexandrovna
lecturer of Administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
VICTIMOLOGICAL PREVENTION IN THE ACTIVITIES OF PPSP: PREVENTION OF CRIMES ON PATROL ROUTES
This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of victimological prevention as one of the promising and insufficiently demanded areas in the daily activities of the police patrol and patrol service. Unlike the traditional approach, which focuses primarily on identifying and suppressing the actions of offenders, victimological prevention shifts the focus to the personality of the potential victim, her behavioral patterns, situational vulnerability, and factors that increase the risk of becoming the target of criminal encroachment. The authors substantiate the need for consistent integration of the victimological approach into the tactics of organizing and conducting patrol service. The article examines in detail the key factors of victimization of two categories of persons: on the one hand, citizens who, due to their age, psychological, behavioral or situational characteristics, may be victims of crimes on patrol routes; on the other hand, the CPR officers themselves, whose professional activities are associated with increased risk, and personal safety is not always sufficiently ensured. at least. Based on the analysis, specific measures are proposed to reduce the level of victimization of citizens in public places. Special attention is paid to improving the professional security of employees through the improvement of psychological training. In conclusion, practical recommendations are formulated for optimizing the actions of CPP units, taking into account the victimological component.
Keywords: victimological prevention, police patrol service, patrol routes, victimization, crime prevention, personal safety of an employee.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borodavko L. T., Silkin N. N., Tavtilova N. N. Main directions of psychological prevention of victimization of law enforcement officers // Applied legal psychology. – 2024. – No. 2 (67). – P. 50-60. – DOI: 10.33463/2072-8336.2024.2 (67). 050-060.
2. Gryazuk A. S. The Problem of Victimization of Employees of Internal Affairs Bodies // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2024. – No. 31. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-viktimnosti-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del (date of access: 13.04.2026).
3. Kovalev S. M., Babin S. V. Victimization of people in dangerous situations as a factor taken into account by the police when ensuring public order and public safety // Scientific component. – 2019. – No. 3 (3). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/viktimnost-lyudey-v-opasnyh-situatsiyah-kak-faktor-uchityvaemyy-politsiey-pri-obespechenii-obschestvennogo-poryadka-i-obschestvennoy (date of access: 13.04.2026).
4. Krasnova A. E. Victimological prevention in the activities of law enforcement agencies // Bulletin of Science. – 2024. – No. 1 (70). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/viktimologicheskaya-profilaktika-v-deyatelnosti-pravoohranitelnyh-organov (date of access: 13.04.2026).
5. Krigin M. N. Current issues of interaction between the ppsp and public formations and citizens in the protection of public order // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – No. 11 (68). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-vzaimodeystviya-ppsp-s-obschestvennymi-formirovaniyami-i-grazhdanami-po-ohrane-obschestvennogo-poryadka (date of access: 13.04.2026).
6. Minaev V. A., Gershkovich M. A. Optimization of routes of police patrol squads in organizing counteraction to illegal drug trafficking // Criminological journal. – 2023. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/optimizatsiya-marshrutov-politseyskih-patrulnyh-naryadov-pri-organizatsii-protivodeystviya-nezakonnomu-oborotu-narkotikov (date of access: 13.04.2026).
7. Storozhenko K. O. Victimization of employees of the road patrol service of the State Traffic Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Public service and personnel. – 2020. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/viktimnost-sotrudnikov-dorozhnopatrulnoy-sluzhby-gibdd-mvd-rossii (date of access: 13.04.2026).

CRIMINOLOGY
KUZINA Svetlana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in political sciences, professor, South Russian Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don; professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don; professor, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (Branch), Rostov-on-Don
Meleshko Georgy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, Acting Head of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Rostov-on-Don
PALAMARCHUK Evgeny Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Rostov-on-Don; professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don; professor, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (Branch), Rostov-on-Don
ON THE CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES RELATED TO VIOLATIONS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY
In this article, the authors examine individual components of the criminological characteristics of criminal attacks on state sovereignty. They also examine how the geopolitical environment influences the incidence of these crimes. The authors outline the personality traits of criminals who attack Russia’s state sovereignty and their motivations in most cases. Furthermore, in today’s reality, they found that territorial location no longer plays a key role in the mechanism of criminal activity due to evolving technologies. The article notes the need to improve the legal framework for preventing these crimes and the need for cooperation with law enforcement agencies in other friendly states.
Keywords: sovereignty, border territories, criminal identity, latency, determinants.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kozaev N. D., Ryasov D. A. Basis of criminal liability for espionage // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2021. – No. 12-2. – P. 100-104.
2. Merkuryev V.V., Bobrova O.V. Protection of Russia’s sovereignty in modern geopolitical realities // Observer. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 137-152.
3. Rakhmon D. S. Current issues of protecting state sovereignty in the context of globalization // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 210-215.
4. Temiraev A. V. Constitutional and legal content of the principle of territorial integrity // Agrarian and land law. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 121-124.
5. Khodusov A. A. Criminal law in the national security system // Criminological journal. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 61-64.
6. Sherstyukov S. A. The essence of the extremist orientation of crimes // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 172-175.

CRIMINOLOGY
KURGUZKINA Elena Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Central Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Voronezh
POLYANSKAYA Evgeniya Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support for national security, legality and law and order sub-faculty, MM Speransky Faculty of Law, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ILLEGAL HOSPITALIZATION IN A MEDICAL ORGANIZATION PROVIDING PSYCHIATRIC CARE IN A HOSPITAL SETTING (ARTICLE 128 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
The article examines some of the criminological parameters of the crime provided for in Article 128 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The right to freedom is a necessary condition for the existence of an individual and is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it is the highest value in a legal state, which explains the existence of a number of prohibitions in the criminal law against violations of this inalienable right of an individual, including the prohibition against illegal hospitalization in a medical organization that provides psychiatric care in a hospital setting. The authors of the article conclude that there are significant problems in the law enforcement practice of this crime, including a high degree of latency in such acts.
Keywords: illegal hospitalization, crime dynamics, criminal law, crimes against personal freedom, latent crime.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belostotsky A. V., Ter-Israelyan A. Yu., Evdokimova V. E. Current issues of providing psychiatric care in modern conditions // Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Public Health named after N. A. Semashko. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 12-21.
2. Kurguzkina E. B. On the issue of criminological characteristics of crime // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 55-59.
3. Mamatov M. V., Nasonov Yu. G. On some shortcomings of procedural legislation in regulating issues of prosecutor’s participation in court hearings of cases related to involuntary hospitalization of citizens in a medical organization // Tavrichesky scientific observer. – 2017. – No. 7 (24). – P. 8-15.
4. Orudzhev N. Ya., Tsybulya Yu. V., Poplavskaya O. V. Unresolved issues of organizing involuntary provision of psychiatric care // Volgograd Scientific Medical Journal. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 11-14.
5. Sopin I. O. Why Article 128 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is not applied // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Law”. – 2023. – Vol. 20. No. 3. – P. 106-110.
6. Tikhomirova Yu. V. Some issues of initiating proceedings in administrative cases on the hospitalization of a citizen in a medical organization providing psychiatric care in inpatient settings, on an involuntary basis, on extending the period of involuntary hospitalization // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2017. – No. 3 (31). – P. 80-81.
7. Tyutyunnik I. G. Selfish motive in the structure of crimes against personal freedom: criminal-legal and criminological analysis: monograph. – M .: “Yustitsinform”, 2017. – 140 p.

CRIMINOLOGY
NECHEVIN Ivan Dmitrievich
lecturer, Police College, Moscow
CRIMINOLOGICAL AND CRIMINAL LAW ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF JUVENILE DRUG CRIME IN RUSSIA AND THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES
The presented study implements a comparative legal and criminological analysis of the factors determining juvenile delinquency in the field of illicit drug trafficking. The comparison is based on the example of the Russian Federation and three states of the Scandinavian region – Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The methodological basis of the work is formed by methods of comparative law, system analysis and statistical observation, for which statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, materials from the ESPAD international project, official reports from social services of Northern European countries and the works of Scandinavian researchers were used. The analysis made it possible to establish criminogenic circumstances universal for all these states and unique national determinants.
Keywords: drug crime, minors, criminal liability, determinants of crime, crime prevention, criminology.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Development in juvenile crime – the most criminal children and youth. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Development-in-juvenile-crime-the-most-criminal-children-and-youth-25-10-2017.pdf (accessed: 16.02.2026). 2. Egnell S., Villman E., Obstbaum Y. Cannabis policy and legislation in the Nordic countries: A report on the control of cannabis use and possession in the Nordic legal systems. Nordic Welfare Center. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nordicwelfare.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Cannabis-policy-and-legislation-in-the-Nordic-countries_FINAL.pdf (date accessed: 16.02.2026)
3. ESPAD Report 2024 Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.espad.org/sites/default/files/espad-report-2024-TD0125014ENN.pdf (accessed: 16.02.2026). 4. Europa RT, Eide K, Hjern A, Manhica H, Dunlavy A. Narcotic attacks and drug use disorders among young refugees in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2024. 52(8).
5. Further decline in thefts and drug offenses. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ssb.no/en/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet/kriminalitet-og-rettsvesen/statistikk/anmeldte-lovbrudd-og-ofre/articles/Further%20decline%20in%20thefts%20and%20drug%20offences (date of access: 16.02.2026).
6. Glad J, Berlin M, Bäckman O, Forkby T, Wallin GH. Rehabilitative measures as a legal response for adolescents praised for drug offenses: The Swedish system. Nordisk Alkohol Nark. 2025. 42(1).
7. Lagändring bakom rekordmånga narkotikabrott. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://drugnews.se/2025/02/11/lagandring-bakom-rekordmanga-narkotikabrott/ (date of access: 16.02.2026)
8. Moeller, K. Illicit Drug Use Initiation in the Nordic Countries. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology. 2013. 2.
9. Number of cases considered by the Youth Crime Board and the subject matter of decisions made by the Board. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.justitsministeriet.dk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Number-of-cases-considered-by-the-Youth-Crime-Board-and-the-subject-matter-of-decisions-made-by-the-Board.pdf (date accessed: 16.02.2026). 10. Socialstyrelsen “Missbruk, substansrelaterade diagnoser och spel om pengar – Behov, vård- och stöd I förhållande till det nationella ANDT-arbetet.” 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer/missbruk-substansrelaterade-diagnoser-och-spel-om-pengar–behov-vard–och-stod-i-forhallande-till-det-nationella-andt-arbetet-och-spel-om-pengar–2021-4-7277/?utm_s (date access: 02/16/2026).
11. Youth crime in Oslo slows, but violence and drugs increase. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://euroweeklynews.com/2025/05/07/youth-crime-in-oslo-slows-but-violence-and-drugs-increase/ (date accessed: 16.02.2026)
12. Antonov I. M. Determinants of crime: terminological aspect // Bulletin of the Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law. 2018. No. 4-5.
13. Arefyev A. L. The generation that Russia is losing // Sociological research. 2002. No. 8 (220).
14. In Russia, statistics on drug-related crimes among children have almost doubled. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://crimea.ria.ru/20250410/v-rossii-pochti-vdvoe-vyrosla-statistika-narkoprestupleniy-sredi-detey-1145579338.html (date of access: 16.02.2026)
15. Emelianov M. Yu. Juvenile delinquency in modern Russia: socio-economic determinants // Science Bulletin. 2024. No. 7 (76).
16. Ilyashenko A. N. Social environment in the genesis of criminal behavior (features of criminalization of minors under the influence of the social microenvironment). Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001. 17. Krepyshev A. M. Causes and conditions of crime // Alley of Science. 2018. Vol. 5. No. 10 (26).
18. Luneev V. V. Course of world and Russian criminology: textbook. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2011.
19. Tkachenko V. V., Kolenichenko V. V., Shumsky V. V. Juvenile offenses related to drug trafficking: prevention issues // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2025. Vol. 16. No. 2 (60).
20. Shestakov D. A. Family criminology: family – conflict – crime. St. Petersburg, 1996.

CRIMINOLOGY
SAZANOVA Ekaterina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Southern University of Management, Business and Law, Rostov-on-Don
SEMENTSOVA Irina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (Branch), Rostov-on-Don
TSYMLYANSKAYA Olga Afanasjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MODERN FRAUD IN THE FIELD OF PAYMENTS AND DIGITAL CURRENCY AND INTERNATIONAL PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION IN COUNTERING IT
The article examines promising areas of cooperation between states in the field of combating theft of payments and digital currency, which are gaining momentum every year and are of a cross-border nature. Despite the fact that a number of relevant conventions already exist at the international level, our country has not ratified them due to objective reasons. In this regard, it is worthwhile to develop international legal norms that would not pose a potential threat to each individual State.
Keywords: embezzlement, crime, international cooperation, recommendations, currency.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bank of Russia: Review of reporting on information security incidents during funds transfers. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cbr.ru/statistics/ib/review_2q_2025/ (date of access: 22.03.2026).
2. Dzhansaraeva R. E., Aratulla K. International cooperation in the fight against cybercrime // KazNU Bulletin. Law series. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 225-227.
3. Kommersant: Putin: Number of cases of telephone fraud in Russia decreased by 7%. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8312024 (date of access: 03/22/2026).
4. Kuvshinova V. S. Criminological characteristics of cybercrime // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 53-57.
5. Uralsib Banking Fraud in 2024: New Reality or Continuation of the Trend. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://journal.uralsib.ru/hse/research/7 (accessed: 03/22/2026).

CRIMINOLOGY
SIDOROVA Ekaterina Zakarievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
MECHANISMS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND INDICATORS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CRIMINOLOGICAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF EDUCATION
The article highlights the specifics of the implementation of the strategy of criminological security of education. The purpose of the work is to describe a system of management mechanisms (organizational, legal, economic) and substantiate a multi–level system of indicators for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of this strategy. The author shows that efficiency is ensured by the integrated use of tools within the framework of a program-oriented approach. A three-level system of indicators is proposed, which includes objective statistical indicators and subjective assessments of participants in educational relations that meet SMART criteria. The necessity of creating a specialized interdepartmental monitoring structure based on big data is substantiated.
Keywords: criminological safety of education, strategy of criminological safety of education, implementation mechanisms, performance indicators, program-oriented management, monitoring.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Begishev I. R., Zharova A. K., Gromova E. A., Zaloilo M. V., Filipova I. A., Shutova A. A. “Digital turn” in legal research // Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. – 2024. – T. 2. No. 1. – P. 7-13.
2. Zhubrin R. V. Theoretical approaches to developing a strategy to combat crime in Russia // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 4 (108). – P. 97-104.
3. Sidorova E. Z. Criminological passport (criminological dossier) of an educational organization as a special criminological measure to prevent students from committing crimes // Modern scientist. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 346-349.

CRIMINOLOGY
BALYAN Ivan Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
INTERPRETATION OF THE ELEMENTS «LARGE SCALE» AND «LARGE DAMAGE» IN OFFENCES AGAINST INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The article examines the interpretation of «large scale» and «large damage» as constitutive elements of offences against intellectual property and means of individualisation. The author criticises the prevailing judicial approach of equating large damage with large scale, which leads to incorrect determination of the moment of completion of the offence under Article 180 of the Criminal Code. The offence of illegal use of means of individualisation is characterised as a material offence, completed only upon the infliction of damage to the rightholder exceeding the statutory threshold. Various methods of calculating large damage are analysed, including calculation based on the value of goods sold. Recommendations for the improvement of law enforcement practice are formulated.
Keywords: large scale; large damage; intellectual property; means of individualisation; illegal use of trademark; moment of completion of offence; lost profits; counterfeit goods; criminal сlassification.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Volkov K. A., Kozlov A. V. On the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on criminal cases of infringement of copyright, related, invention and patent rights, as well as on the illegal use of a trademark // Russian judge. 2008. No. 1. pp. 4-6.
2. Dolotov R. O., Kudryavtsev V. V. Criminal law – an instrument of defense and attack in cases of illegal use of a trademark // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 3 (210). pp. 59-64.
3. Dolotov R. O., Parkhomenko S. D. Criminal liability for the illegal use of trademarks: interpretation of the features of “repetition” and “major damage” // Criminal law. 2023. No. 11. Pp. 10-24.
4. Esakov G. A., Sarvarov D. M. On the Understanding of Major Damage, Amount, and Repeatedness in the Elements of Crimes against Intellectual Property // Property Relations in the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 5. Pp. 82-90.
5. Kozlov A. V. A Systems Approach to Criminal Legislation on Liability for Crimes against Intellectual Property // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. 2012. No. 1 (12). Pp. 551-562.
6. Nikitina L. N. Repeatedness and Major Damage as Constructive Features of the Illegal Use of a Trademark (Article 180 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Society and Law. 2009. No. 2. Pp. 108-112.
7. Serebruev I. V. Criminal-legal specifics of illegal use of a trademark: statement of the problem // Russian Law Journal. 2015. No. 2. Pp. 67-79.
8. Serebruev I. V. Major damage as a constructive feature of the illegal use of means of individualization of goods (works, services): problems of criminal-legal assessment // Business, management and law. 2016. No. 3-4 (35-36). Pp. 100-102.
9. Yani P. S. The role of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in resolving problems of qualification of crimes in the sphere of economic activity // Law. 2008. No. 11. Pp. 39-50.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
LYSENKO Nelly Alexeevna
master of law, senior lecturer of General education disciplines sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM: DIVERGING APPROACHES AND THE LIMITS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTEGRATION
The article analyzes the current state of digitalization of the judicial system of the Russian Federation. The main problems identified are: uneven implementation of digital technologies in courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts, the technical and functional lag of the State Automated System “Justice” (GAS “Pravosudiye”) behind the modular system of arbitration courts, as well as the insufficiency of legal regulation of the resulting legal relations. Special attention is paid to the prospects of using artificial intelligence in justice. Based on an analysis of the positions of the judicial system’s leadership and scholarly discussions, it is concluded that AI can only be used as an auxiliary tool (automation of routine tasks, analysis of judicial practice, verification of evidence) and not to replace the judge in decision-making. The necessity of adopting a separate normative act establishing the principles, standards and limits of using AI technologies in judicial proceedings is substantiated.
Keywords: digital technologies, judicial system, GAS “Pravosudiye”, arbitration courts, artificial intelligence, ejustice, digital divide, legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseeva E. V. Artificial intelligence in legal proceedings: the experience of a legal experiment in Singapore, China and Kazakhstan // Legal technology. – 2025. – No. 19.
2. Zagotovkin D. F., Rylsky K. Problems of integrating artificial intelligence into the judicial system of the Russian Federation // Russian studies. Law and politics. – 2025. – No. 1.
3. Kedyk D. A., Fedoseeva S. V. Informatization of judicial activity: current state and prospects // Science Bulletin. – 2026. – No. 2 (95).
4. Kiseleva K. A., Radik Yu. U. Prospects for the application of artificial intelligence in the sphere of Russian justice // Bulletin of the UUI. – 2025. – No. 2 (108).
5. Kolesnikov K. D. Current issues in the organization and development of electronic justice in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Law. – 2024. – No. 4.
6. Kolesnikov K. D. History of the development of electronic justice in Russia and its successes in arbitration, civil and criminal proceedings // Bulletin of Law. – 2024. – No. 3.
7. Malina M.A. Use of neural network language models in judicial investigation during criminal proceedings // Russian judge. – 2026. – No. 2.
8. Morugina N. A. Electronic justice: concept, stages and development prospects // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (60).
9. Nazarova I. S., Sapozhnikova M. A. Artificial intelligence in the justice system // Agrarian and land law. – 2025. – No. 7.
10. Bondareva I. O., Safonov A. A. Artificial intelligence in the judicial system: towards responsible integration // Judicial Policy. – 2025. – No. 4 (115).
11. Ostroumov N.V. Problems of implementing an experiment on introducing an electronic justice system in arbitration and civil proceedings // Legal technology. – 2025. – No. 19.
12. Saktaganova I. S., Mitskaya E. V., Saktaganova A. B. Application of artificial intelligence in the administration of justice: prospects and challenges // Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – 2025. – No. 1 (80).
13. Shumov V. P., Krizhanovsky N. A. Problems in digitalization in the judicial system of the Russian Federation: domestic and foreign experience // Bulletin of the Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov. Series: legal sciences. – 2024. – No. 2 (4).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
GALYAUTDINOV Rustem Flurovich
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
STAROSTIN Vadim Gennadjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ALEXEEV ANTON Olegovich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
PECULIARITIES OF POLICE SERVICE IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
This paper examines in detail the key features of the performance of official duties by law enforcement officers in conditions beyond the standard operational environment. Special conditions are understood here as a set of both objective and subjective circumstances that differ significantly from the normal mode of operation and require full concentration of physical and mental strength from the personnel. The increased interest in this problem is explained by the increasing frequency of situations when employees have to operate in areas of armed conflict, as well as in the aftermath of natural and man-made disasters. The main purpose of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of the legal, psychological and pedagogical components of professional activity in extreme conditions, as well as to formulate proposals for improving the quality of professional training. The legal section examines the provisions of the Federal Law “On Police” and subordinate departmental acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which establish algorithms for the behavior of employees in the event of an emergency. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of legal guarantees and social support measures for those who perform tasks in special conditions, including the mechanism for providing medical and psychological assistance after participating in such events.
Keywords:special conditions, police officer, emergency, legal regime, professional training, psychological stability, interdepartmental interaction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Knyazhev VB, Maidykov AF On some features of legal regulation of the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in special conditions // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 3 (47). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-nekotoryh-osobennostyah-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-deyatelnosti-organov-vnutrennih-del-rossiyskoy-federatsii-v-osobyh-usloviyah (date of access: 08.02.2026).
2. Mashekuasheva M. Kh., Kochesokova Z. Kh. Advanced training of police officers: a contextual approach and features of its implementation // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 11. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/povyshenie-kvalifikatsii-sotrudnikov-politsii-kontekstnyy-podhod-i-osobennosti-ego-realizatsii (date of access: 02/08/2026).
3. Pozdnyakova E. V. Special conditions in the context of civil service in the internal affairs bodies: theoretical and substantive aspects // Bulletin of the VI MVD of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobye-usloviya-v-kontekste-prohozhdeniya-gosudarstvennoy-sluzhby-v-organah-vnutrennih-del-teoretiko-soderzhatelnye-aspekty (date of access: 04.02.2025).
4. Slyshalov I. V. Special conditions in the activities of internal affairs bodies: approaches to understanding // Law and Politics. – 2019. – No. 5. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobye-usloviya-v-deyatelnosti-organov-vnutrennih-del-podhody-k-ponimaniyu (date of access: 02/08/2026).
5. Snegovoy A. V. Performance of tasks in emergency situations as one of the areas of police activity // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2016. – No. 1 (37). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vypolnenie-zadach-pri-chrezvychaynyh-obstoyatelstvah-kak-odno-iz-napravleniy-deyatelnosti-politsii (date of access: 08.02.2026).
6. Khorolskiy V. V., Gorlov V. V., Roditeleva Ya. N. Development of police officers’ readiness to act in special conditions: theoretical and practical aspects // Human Progress. – 2025. – No. 5. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razvitie-gotovnosti-sotrudnikov-politsii-k-deystviyam-v-osobyh-usloviyah-teoreticheskie-i-prakticheskie-aspekty (date of access: 02/08/2026).
7. Khorolskiy V. V., Shagieva G. R., Roditeleva Ya. N., Kortikov A. V., Barkov E. N. Special conditions of service in the internal affairs bodies: theoretical and legal aspect // Human Progress. – 2025. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobye-usloviya-sluzhby-v-organah-vnutrennih-del-teoreticheskiy-i-pravovoy-aspekt (date of access: 17.02.2026).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KUPAVTSEV Timofey Sergeevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Fire and physical training organization sub-faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
DZHAPARKULOV Aybek Suzakbayevich
master’s student of the 2nd Faculty (Training of heads of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia), Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE SAFETY OF THE EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROCESS IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC)
This article examines the mechanisms for ensuring safety during firearms and physical training of law enforcement personnel in the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic. It reviews legal, organizational, and technical measures aimed at preventing accidents and creating safe conditions during training sessions. Practical tools are described – from safety briefings, specialized training methodologies, and use of personal protective equipment to systems of oversight and incident investigation. Special attention is given to analyzing the effectiveness of current measures and offering recommendations to strengthen training safety, taking into account best practices from both countries. The article highlights the scientific novelty in risk management approaches and the practical significance of the safety assurance mechanisms developed for internal affairs agencies.
Keywords: safety, occupational health, firearms training, physical training, law enforcement, injury prevention mechanisms, regulation, professional training.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law of 30.11.2011 No. 342-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 05.02.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 05.12.2011, No. 49 (Part 1), Art. 7020.
2. Federal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025) “On the Police” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.09.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 14.02.2011, No. 7, Art. 900.
3. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of 01.08.2003 No. 167 “On Labor Protection”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/1293/edition/732150/ru
4. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 02.02.2024 No. 44 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing the training of personnel to fill positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation” (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 12.03.2024 No. 77488). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=472049#mIDtfyUzcOE3dQZC
5. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic dated July 6, 2016 No. 649 “On approval of the Manual on physical training of personnel of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Kyrgyz Republic”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.dinamo.kg/index.php?module=news&page=Prikaz_469_ot_06.07.2016_g
6. Akhmetova Yu. G. Special assessment of working conditions as a mechanism for ensuring social security // Medical, social and psychological aspects of the safety of industrial agglomerations: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – Ekaterinburg, 2016. – P. 110-114.
7. Galiullina R.Kh. Legal regulation of labor protection, investigation of insurance cases and accidents at work in the system of internal affairs bodies // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 14. – P. 4-10.

SAFETY AND LAW
IZMAILOVA Jamil Ibragimovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, M. Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
MAMAKHATOV Tlesh Muratovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, leading researcher, Institute of China and Modern Asia, Russian Academy of Sciences
SEMKINA Evgeniya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Law and humanities sub-faculty, Nevinnomyssk State Institute of Humanities and Technology
AGRICULTURAL SECURITY OF THE SCO COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHALLENGES
The article analyzes the threats to the agricultural security of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) countries caused by climate change. The paper examines key manifestations of climate challenges in the region, including melting glaciers, changes in the hydrological regime, increased frequency of extreme weather events and land degradation. The authors investigate the impact of these processes on agriculture, the transformation of agricultural production conditions and the associated systemic risks to food security. The purpose of the scientific research is to consider the possibility of forming a common strategy of the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to create a unified climate security system. The article identifies the key factors influencing the effectiveness of pan-Eurasian agricultural security. The authors use content analysis and comparative methods to conduct a theoretical review of the research issues. The researchers believe that in implementing the harmonious policies of the SCO member states, special attention should be paid to the political dimension of climate issues, as well as institutional mechanisms and specific measures taken by the member countries to adapt the agricultural sector. The article provides an overview of existing and planned cooperation programs, legal initiatives, scientific and technical projects, and financial instruments aimed at strengthening the climate sustainability of agri-food systems with in the organization.
Keywords: agricultural security, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, SCO, climate change, food security, adaptation of agriculture, Central Asia, extreme weather events, land degradation, water resources, institutional cooperation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Asanaliev U. A., Bredikhin A. V. The role of the SCO for the EAEU countries in the modern period // Eurasian Legal Journal. 2024. No. 4 (191). pp. 487-488.
2. Bredikhin A. V. Main characteristics of the development of rabbit farming in China // Journal of Agriculture and Environment. 2025. No. 4 (56).
3. Bredikhin A. V. Development Prospects of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization // Modern Asia: Politics, Economics, Society. 2023. No. 1. P. 11-16.
4. Dashin A. V., Pronenkova A. A. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the New Geopolitical Realities: Challenges of the Time // Agrarian and Land Law. 2024. No. 8. P. 314-217.
5. Kim S. G. The impact of climate change on the countries of Central Asia: problems and solutions // Economy and Society. 2025. No. 2-1. P. 1011-1016.
6. Petrikov A. V. Problems of modernization of agrarian policy in Russia // Economics of agriculture of Russia. 2012. No. 8. P. 45-52.
7. Russian rabbit breeding / ed. A. V. Bredikhin. Moscow: ANO CEMI, 2025. 85 p.
8. Russian rabbit breeding. Volume 2 / ed. A. V. Bredikhin. Moscow: ANO CEMI, 2025. 79 p.
9. CAREC Climate Change Action Plan 2025-2027. Final Document. Asian Development Bank, (2024). 48 RUR
10. Reference
11. Asanaliev, U. A., Bredihin, A. V. (2024). The Role of the SCO for the EAEU Countries in the Modern Period. Eurasian Legal Journal. (4-191). 487-488. 12. Bredihin, A. V. (2025). Main characteristics of rabbit breeding development in China. Journal of Agriculture and Environment (4-56). 13. Bredihin, A. V. (2023). Prospects for the Development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Modern Asia: Politics, Economics, Society. (1). 11-16.
14. Dashin, A. V., Pronenkova, A. A. (2024). Shanghai cooperation organization in new geopolitical realities: challenges of the time. Agrarian and land law. (8). 314-217. 15. Kim, S. G. (2025). The impact of climate change on Central Asian countries: problems and solutions. Economy and Society. (2-1). 1011-1016. 16. Petrikov, A. V. (2012). Problems of modernization of agricultural policy in Russia. Economics of agriculture in Russia. (8). 45-52. 17. Russian rabbit breeding. (2025). Otv. ed. A. V. Bredihin. Moscow. ANO CEMI. 85 s.
18. Russian rabbit breeding. Volume 2. (2025). Otv. ed. A. V. Bredihin. Moscow. ANO CEMI. 79 s.
19. CAREC Climate Change Action Plan 2025-2027. Final Document. (2024). Asian Development Bank. 48 RUR

MEDICAL LAW
MITASHOVA Anastasiya Anatoljevna
assistant of Philosophy sub-faculty, Kuban Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnodar
IVANENKO Igor Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil process and international law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
GELIEVA Irina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil process and international law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
LEGAL REGULATION OF HUMAN ORGAN AND TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION: FINDING A BALANCE BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE AND THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF CITIZENS
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the legal and medical-ethical problems of human organ and tissue transplantation in the Russian Federation. Fundamental issues of determining the legal status of biomaterials, principles of voluntary and informed consent in lifetime donation, models of posthumous donation (presumption of consent and requested consent), as well as ethical and legal aspects of donation commercialization are considered. Systemic gaps in current legislation have been identified: the lack of a clear legal regime for organs and tissues, imperfect mechanisms for the expression of citizens’ will in life and taking into account the opinions of relatives, insufficient regulation of biobanks and cellular technologies. The necessity of adopting a new federal law on transplantation within the framework of the biolaw concept is substantiated, which makes it possible to systematically regulate the relationship between the disposal of the body and its parts both during life and in case of death.
Keywords: organ and tissue transplantation, donation, legal status of biomaterials, presumption of consent, requested consent, informed voluntary consent, commercialization of donation, bioethics, medical law, posthumous donation, lifetime expression of will, legal regulation of transplantology.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Statistical data of the National Registry of Bone Marrow Donors for 2023–2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rdkm.ru/statistika (date of access: 10.03.2026).
2. Sergeev Yu. D. Medical law: educational complex / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2023. – 480 p.
3. Law of the Russian Federation of December 22, 1992 No. 4180-1 “On the Transplantation of Human Organs and (or) Tissues” (as amended on December 8, 2020) // Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. – 1993. – No. 2. – Art. 62.
4. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2007 No. 962-O-O “On the refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Sergei Anatolyevich Lifar regarding the violation of his constitutional rights by Article 8 of the Federal Law “On Burial and Funeral Services”” // Bulletin of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. – 2008. – No. 3.
5. Stetsenko S. G. Medical law: textbook / 5th edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 352 p.
6. Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 28, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 48. – Art. 6724.
7. Sergeev Yu. D., Pospelova S. I. Transplantation of human organs and tissues: legal issues // Medical law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 3-10.
8. Matesanz R. The Spanish model of organ donation and transplantation / R. Matesanz, B. Domínguez-Gil // Transplantation. – 2020. – Vol. 104. No. 4. – P. 673-677.
9. Osipova L. V., Yudin E. V. Legal issues of transplantology in the Russian Federation // Medical law. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 18-23.
10. Mokhov A. A. The concept of “four bios” in Russian law: statement of the problem // Law and Politics. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 1-12.
11. Volova L. T., Maksimenko N. A., Levina M. V. Legal regulation of the activities of tissue banks in the Russian Federation // Medical law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 12-18.
12. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A. Biolaw as an integrative branch of law: theoretical and methodological foundations // Lex Russica. – 2024. – Vol. 77. No. 1. – P. 32-45.

MEDICAL LAW
MIZHAREVA Natalya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Law Academy
MIZHAREVA Рolina Spartakovna
student of the 2nd course, Institute of Heart and Vessels, II Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, independent researcher
PROSPECTS FOR LEGAL REGULATION OF PAID (COMMERCIAL) MEDICAL SERVICES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Abstract: The authors address issues related to ensuring fundamental constitutional human rights to life, medical care, and health protection in Russia. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the latest regulatory legal acts of 2025–2026 in the field of medicine, including amendments to the Russian Federation Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights” No. 2300-1. Trends in the development of healthcare in the Russian Federation are examined, and sectoral characteristics of the sphere of paid (commercial) medical services in Russian healthcare are identified. Effective forward-looking mechanisms and tools have been selected to help overcome legislative discrepancies and move towards the formation of “quality medical law”. The article assesses the current state of legal regulation in this area, substantiates the need to eliminate legislative gaps and overcome modifications in law enforcement practice. Potential directions for improving legal regulation are proposed, among which the key elements include the unification of civil law contractual forms, a clear delineation of the regulatory framework, and the formation of an integrated model of interaction between public and private medical organizations.
Keywords: Russian Federation, healthcare, health protection, medicine, medical law, medical activity, paid medical (commercial) services.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // The official text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation with amendments of 03.14.2020 was published on the official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 01.03.2026).
2. Kurmangulov A. A., Brynza N. S., Zolotarev P. N., Keln A. A. Paid medical services from the standpoint of econometric analysis of medical-demographic and socio-economic indicators of the territory // Health of the metropolis. – 2024. – Vol. 5. Issue. 4. Part 1. – P. 76-85.
3. Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. November 28, 2011. No. 48. Article 6724. Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation” (date of revision March 5, 2026).
4. SZ RF. 03.08.1998. No. 31. Art. 3823. Budget Code of the Russian Federation. 31.07.1998 No. 145-FZ (date of revision 05.03.2026).
5. Ibid.
6. SZ RF. 06.12.2010. No. 49. Art. 6422. Federal Law of 29.11.2010 No. 326-FZ “On Compulsory Medical Insurance in the Russian Federation” (date of revision 05.03.2026).
7. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2025 No. 2188 “On the Program of State Guarantees for the Free Provision of Medical Care to Citizens for 2026 and for the Planning Period of 2027 and 2028” // Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru.
8. Vnukova V. A., Osadchenko M. V. Actual problems of liability for the quality of medical care / Legal liability in the field of healthcare: Collection of articles based on the materials of the scientific and practical round table (St. Petersburg. October 24, 2019) / edited by V. I. Kaynov, V. P. Ocheredko, V. P. Salnikov, E. V. Semukhina; North-West branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice”. – St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2020. – P. 18-25. 9. Zubareva N. N. Methodological foundations, content, forms and methods of strategic and operational marketing in the medical services markets: diss. … Doctor of Economics. – Belgorod, 2024. – P. 27-34.
10. Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 15.01.1996. No. 3. Art. 140. Law of the Russian Federation of 07.02.1992 No. 2300-1 “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (date of access: 01.02.2026).
11. Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 06.06.2005. No. 23. Art. 2199. Federal Law of 01.06.2005 No. 53-FZ “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” (date of access: 01.02.2026).
12. Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. June 30, 2014. No. 26 (Part I). Art. 3378. Federal Law of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” (date of revision February 5, 2026). 13. Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. May 13, 2024. No. 20. Art. 2584. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2024. No. 309 “On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the future up to 2036” (date of access: February 1, 2026).
14. SZ RF. 15.12.2025. No. 50. Art. 7826. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2025 No. 896 “On the Strategy for the Development of Healthcare in the Russian Federation through 2030” (date of access: 02.02.2026).
15. Oreshnikova M. G., Vereshchaka A. S. Medical law as a branch of civil law: the problem of identification. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://s.eduherald.ru (date of access: 02/07/2026).
16. Rubanova N. A. The human right to life in the legislation of the Russian Federation: concept, content, legal regulation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2006. – P. 3-4.
17. United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. – New York: United Nations, 2015. – 44 p.
18. Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Achievements in Biology and Medicine (1997).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
DUDINA Yuliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of International relations, political science and regional studies sub-faculty, Institute of Linguistics and International Communications, National Research South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATION AND ITS ROLE IN MODERN CONDITIONS
Education as an independent phenomenon has been formed for quite a long time, due to the objective needs of the individual and society. The desire to increase personal potential is reflected in the individual motivation for learning, while the need of society is expressed in the formation of a professional elite capable of effectively performing social functions. The educational process is characterized by a sequence of stages aimed at achieving the final result of becoming educated, which involves creating an appropriate educational program, providing educational materials, and selecting effective teaching methods and organizational and managerial solutions. The process of socialization and adaptation of individuals is the result of a purposeful educational process that enhances the adaptive capabilities of the social environment.
Keywords: education, public policy in the field of education, social function of the state.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borodina P.S. On the issue of priority projects of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education // Alley of Science. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 469-472.
2. Buyarov D. V., Tseona K. A. State policy in the field of education and increasing its competitiveness in the world: goals and prospects // Education Management: Theory and Practice. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 148-157.
3. Deryabin V. S. State policy in the field of additional education // Current issues of modern economics. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 186-191.
4. Donetsky A. A. State policy and management of modern Russia in the field of education // Innovations and investments. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 75-77.
5. Educational law: textbook / edited by A. I. Rozhkov, V. Yu. Matveev. – M .: Yurait, 2023. – 376 p.
6. Smakovskaya N. I. State policy in the field of education. Legal foundations of the teacher’s activities: a teaching aid. – Vladimir: VlSU, 2022. – 179 p.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
FORMATION OF SPEECH COMPETENCE OF LAW STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
The article examines the development of speech competence among law students within the higher education system. The structure of this phenomenon is analyzed, encompassing linguistic, communicative, and professionally-oriented components. Didactic conditions facilitating the effective advancement of future lawyers’ speech skills are considered. Particular attention is given to the specificity of legal discourse, which demands enhanced precision, logical coherence, and argumentation in statements. Methodological techniques employed in the teaching process are characterized by: professional situation modeling, court speech analysis, and business communication training. The thesis is substantiated that speech competence constitutes an integrative quality of a lawyer’s personality, determining professional success. Research findings may be applied in designing educational programs for law schools.
Keywords: speech competence, legal education, professional communication, law student, communicative skills, educational process, legal discourse.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dyshekova E. V. Professional linguistic competence of a future lawyer // Modern trends in the development of society: education, communication, psychology: collection of abstracts based on the results of the Scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Rostov-on-Don, 2025. – P. 209-212.
2. Kotlyakov D. S. Study of the structure of communicative competence of legal specialists // Science. Technologies. Innovations: collection of scientific papers of the XVIII All-Russian scientific conference of young scientists: in 8 parts. – Novosibirsk, 2025. – P. 165-169.
3. Rezer T. M., Bruntsov A. S. On the relevance of the formation of communicative and legal competence among students of legal specialties // Law and education. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 33-38.
4. Subbotina I.K. Formation of professional oral speech of students of law schools // Key aspects of professional training of specialists for the judicial system within the framework of social, humanitarian and economic disciplines: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the All-Russian round table. – St. Petersburg, 2025. – P. 94-96.
5. Zyukina Z. S. Communicative competence of a lawyer at the pre-communicative stage of speech activity: practice of formation // Rhetoric as a science and speech-communicative practice of modern society: materials of the XXVIII International scientific conference. – M., 2025. – P. 230-235.
6. Usmanova E. F., Khokhlova E. M. Specifics of the professional communicative approach in training future lawyers // The world of science, culture, education. – 2025. – No. 1 (110). – P. 44-45.
7. Osmanova A. A. Development of business communication skills among students of legal specialties // Pedagogy, psychology, society: from theory to practice: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Cheboksary, 2025. – P. 136-137.
8. Timoshina O. E. Formation of speech skills of future lawyers in the process of obtaining higher professional education // Legal science and practice: almanac of scientific works of the Samara Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – Samara, 2025. – P. 164-166.

HUMAN RIGHTS
SEKRETARYOV Roman Viktorovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Vladivostok State University
BELOVA Darya Ivanovna
magister student, Institute of Law, Vladivostok State University, independent researcher
THE EVOLUTION OF THE STATE DUTY TO PROVIDE HOUSING FOR VULNERABLE CITIZENS
The article examines the legal status of housing institutions that have evolved from workhouses to the modern system of mortgage lending. It provides a historical and legal analysis, as well as relevant research by foreign authors, archival materials, and current court practice of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that, despite the formal voluntariness of mortgage relations, the modern system retains the fundamental features of economic coercion characteristic of workhouses, but the evolution of the state has led to the creation of constitutional guarantees that break the direct link between poverty and the loss of housing.
Keywords: housing law, the right to housing, mortgage, workhouses, social protection, state duty.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Golovkin R. B., Naryshkina N. I. Legal and organizational foundations for the functioning of workhouses in European countries and Russia in the 16th–18th centuries // Criminal-executive law. – 2015. – No. 3 (21). – P. 143-147.
2. Barlova Yu. E. Workhouses in the history of English social policy // Science and School. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 73-75.
3. Harley J. Material lives of the poor and their strategic use of the workhouse during the final decades of the English old poor law // Continuity and Change. – 2015. – Vol. 30. No. 1. – P. 71-103.
4. Barlova Yu. E. English Poor Law in the 18th – First Half of the 19th Century // Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin. – 2010. – Vol. 1. No. 3. – P. 27-31.
5. Petrenko N. I., Zagainov I. A., Blinova M. L. Some aspects of the participation of provincial government bodies in the implementation of penitentiary policy in the second half of the 18th century // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17. No. 1. – P. 100-103.
6. Lopatina L. A. Main types of social security for the population of Russia at the end of the 19th century // Bulletin of the Kostroma State Technological University. State and Law: Theoretical and Practical Issues (Series “Legal Sciences”). – 2012. – No. 1 (2). – P. 47-50.
7. Belousov A. L. Development of mortgage lending and issues of methodology for determining housing affordability // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2019. – Vol. 13. No. 1. – P. 935-947.
8. Golodova Zh. G., Smirnov P. A. Approaches to assessing and improving the level of housing affordability in Russia // Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: Sociology. – 2023. – Vol. 23. No. 4. – P. 812-824.

STATE AND LAW
ANDRYUKHINA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Western Branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Kaliningrad
RAK Evgeniya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Western Branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Kaliningrad
RAK Vadim Evgenjevich
consultant of the Analytical and Licensing Department of the Ministry of Energy and Housing and Communal Services of the Nizhny Novgorod Region
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the origins of the formation and development of the modern architecture of the civil service of the Russian Federation and the state civil service, as one of the types of public service. By the architecture of the civil service, the author means the legal and organizational institution of the civil service of the Russian Federation, the history of which is closely interrelated with the history of the formation of the Russian state. The author draws an analogy of the legal and organizational foundations of the state civil service of Russia in historical retrospect, thereby confirming the Russian foundations of the formation of the modern institution of the state civil service.
Keywords: architecture, public service, public civil service.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andryukhina I. Yu., Fedorov A. V., Latvaitis O. A. On the architecture of the state civil service of the Russian Federation. Eurasian Law Journal. 2023. No. 9. P. 461-462.
2. Denisov Yu. P., Staursky E. S. Evolution of the Institute of Civil Service in the Russian Federation // Society: Politics, Economics, Law. 2023. No. 5 (118). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evolyutsiya-instituta-gosudarstvennoy-sluzhby-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii/viewer
3. The Code of Service of Ivan the Terrible. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: politiko-pravovye-aspekty-stanovleniya-i-razvitiya-gosudarstvennoy-sluzhby-v-rossiyskom-gosudarstve-xvi-xviii-vv.pdf
4. Lvov A. V. Table of Ranks of 1722 and the Evolution of Rank Promotion in the 18th Century // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. 2022. No. 3 (47). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: tabel-o-rangah-1722-goda-i-evolyutsiya-chinoproizvodstva-v-xviii-veke.pdf
5. Kiselev S. G. Political and legal aspects of the formation and development of civil service in the Russian state (16th-18th centuries) // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2016. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: politiko-pravovye-aspekty-stanovleniya-i-razvitiya-gosudarstvennoy-sluzhby-v-rossiyskom-gosudarstve-xvi-xviii-vv.pdf
6. Voropanov V. A. Development of the civil service system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th century. Career management of class officials // Contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. 2015. No. 5 (37). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: development-of-the-civil-service-of-the-russian-imperium-in-the-second-half-of-the-18th-century-career-management-of-class-officials (1).pdf
7. Baynova A. S. Formation of public administration institutions under Alexander I / Proceedings of the Afanasyev Readings. 2016. No. 3 (16). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: stanovlenie-institutov-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya-pri-aleksandre-i.pdf
8. Belykh A. A., Dmitriev A. L. Education and origin: from the history of the civil service in Russia in the 19th century // Economic policy. 2021. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: obrazovanie-i-proishozhdenie-iz-istorii-grazhdanskoy-sluzhby-v-rossii-v-xix-veke.pdf
9. Temporary rules on service in state institutions and enterprises. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR of December 21, 1922 // SU. 1923. No. 1. Art. 8.

STATE AND LAW
EVSEEV Ivan Valentinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Basic Department of the KAPITANY Charitable Foundation for Support of Educational Programs “Innovative Management and Social Entrepreneurship”, GV Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
KRIVENTSOV Rodion Olegovich
master’s degree, lecturer, Basic Department of the KAPITANY Charitable Foundation for Support of Educational Programs “Innovative Management and Social Entrepreneurship”, GV Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
KONDRASHKINA Alina Alexeevna
master’s degree, lecturer, Basic Department of the KAPITANY Charitable Foundation for Support of Educational Programs “Innovative Management and Social Entrepreneurship”, GV Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL AFFAIRS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF COUNTERING EXTREMISM AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
The article examines the role of national affairs councils as advisory bodies to local self-government bodies in the system of countering extremism at the municipal level. Statistics on registered extremist offenses indicate that the main part of such manifestations initially appears at the municipal level. In their work, the authors substantiate the idea that a national affairs council attached to a local self-government body is capable of performing functions of early warning of interethnic conflicts, information and analytical monitoring, interagency coordination, and civic education. For this activity, it is necessary to make appropriate amendments to the Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ (as amended on 20.03.2025) “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation,” municipal charters, and to provide for expenses for the organization and operation of these Councils. It is also concluded that it is necessary to establish the status of national affairs councils at the municipal level and to endow them with specific powers in the sphere of extremism prevention.
Keywords: extremism, countering extremism, municipal level, council for national affairs, interethnic relations, prevention, local self-government.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Interdepartmental Commission for Combating Extremism in the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/мк-по-твородестинию-экстремизму (date of access: 10.04.2026).
2. Evseev I. V., Kriventsov R. O. Extremism as a socio-legal definition in legislative acts, law enforcement practice and understanding of citizens // Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 4 (76). – P. 152-156.
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 1124 “On Approval of the Strategy for Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation” // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/51580 (date accessed: 10.04.2026).
4. Morozov I. L. Draft Strategy for Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation – a political analysis of new approaches in the spectrum of modern threats // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 31-39.
5. Kirillov I. A. Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation: criminological analysis and problems of legal construction // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (58). – P. 9-16.
6. Federal Law of March 6, 2006 No. 35-FZ “On Counteracting Terrorism” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2006. – No. 11. – Art. 1146.
7. Decision on case No. 3A-20/2025 dated 09.01.2025 – on recognizing information material as extremist. Chelyabinsk Regional Court (Chelyabinsk Region). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.zakonrf.info/gorsud/doc-67d757ee-eeed-5f09-9831-c6c906ba8fb2/ (date of access: 10.04.2026).
8. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended in 2025). – Art. 280. Public calls to commit extremist activities // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
9. Bastrykin: Investigators solved 430 extremism cases in 2023. Vedomosti. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/news/2024/01/15/1015042-bistrikin-raskrili-430-del-ob-ekstremizme (date of access: 10.04.2026).
10. Federal Law of October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On the General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – No. 40. – Art. 3822.
11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 1124 “On Approval of the Strategy for Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation” // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/51580 (date accessed: 10.04.2026).
12. Regulation on the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Interethnic Relations: approved. by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_130821/ (date of access: 10.04.2026).
13. Regulation on the Council for Interethnic Relations and Interaction with Religious Associations under the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation: approved by the order of the Chairman of the Federation Council of December 1, 2015 No. 220rp-SF. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://council.gov.ru/structure/docs/61938/ (date of access: 10.04.2026).
14. Prevention of extremism in the field of interethnic and interfaith relations: methodological materials. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://poronajsk-r424.gosweb.gosuslugi.ru/deyatelnost/napravleniya-deyatelnosti/antiterroristicheskaya-komissiya/profilaktika-terrorizma-i-ekstremizma/novosti_1539.html (date of access: 10.04.2026).
15. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 1124 “On Approval of the Strategy for Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation” // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/51580 (date accessed: 10.04.2026).
16. Kirillov I. A. Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation: criminological analysis and problems of legal construction // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (58). – P. 9-16. 17. Federal Law of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 26 (Part I). – Art. 3378.

STATE AND LAW
MIRZAEV Zakir Mukailovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
MAGOMEDOV Shamil Gadzhievich
postgraduate student of 3rd year of study, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTING THE LEGAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN: PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZING FEDERAL NORMS AND LOCAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
The Republic of Dagestan is a unique multiethnic region of the Russian Federation with systemic contradictions in legal policy. The coexistence of federal legislation with adats and Sharia generates legal pluralism, complicating law enforcement. The analysis of the constitutional and legal framework reveals the need for coordination at the levels of public authority. The article offers recommendations on improving legislation for the unity of the legal space of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: legal policy, harmonization of norms, federalism, adats, legal pluralism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Amburtsev R. A., Khrushchev S. A. Ethnopolitical problems of modern Dagestan // Science. Innovations. Technologies. – 2017. – No. 4.
2. Bobylev A. I. Legal pluralism in the Russian Federation: theoretical foundations // State and Law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 45-53.
3. Dzhamaludinova Z. G. Customary Law of the Peoples of Dagestan: Main Sources and Institutions // Law and Right. – 2021. – No. 9.
4. Leontovich F. I. Customs of the Caucasian highlanders: materials on the customary law of the Northern and Eastern Caucasus. – Odessa, 1882-1883. – Issue 1-2.

STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
POLITICAL PATRIOTISM AND LAW IN THE CONCEPTS OF I. A. ILYIN
This article undertakes a systematic conceptual analysis of Ivan Ilyin’s theoretical legacy within the context of the correlation between political patriotism and legal institutions. The study emphasizes that within Ilyin\’s philosophical and legal paradigm, patriotism is determined not only by emotional attachment to the fatherland but also serves as a fundamental spiritual and moral attitude. This attitude is interpreted as the basis for forming a responsible civic stance towards state institutions and the imperatives of the rule of law. Central to the study is the category of legal consciousness, which in the thinker’s works is postulated as the link between the ethical content of patriotism and the formal legal structure of the state. The paper argues that the institutional stability of the state-legal system is directly dependent on the degree to which citizens internalize the legal nature of power. In conclusion, it is summarized that Ivan Ilyin’s ideas maintain high heuristic significance for modern jurisprudence, particularly for refining legal education strategies and strengthening the foundations of civic identity.
Keywords: I. A. Ilyin, political patriotism, law, legal consciousness, state, state power.
Bibliography
1. Vorokhobov, A. V., Critique of the Transcendental-Phenomenological and Rationalistic Traditions of Subjectivity in I. A. Ilyin’s Personalistic Philosophy // Christian Reading. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 226-237.
2. Gorelov A. A., Gorelova T. A. Russian philosophers of the late 19th-20th centuries on the security and future of Russia as a state-civilization // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 49-65.
3. Demchenko T. I. Russian political and legal thought on the culture of state-building // Lex russica. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 81-105.
4. Ilyin A. A. Political tricksterism in the context of communicative policy // Questions of elitology. – 2022. – Vol. 3. № 4. – P. 30-40.
5. Ilyin IA General Doctrine of Law and State (fragments) // News of Higher Educational Institutions. Jurisprudence. – 1992. – № 3. – P. 93-99.
6. Kortoev IY Views of IA Ilyin and VS Solovyov on the Relationship between Religious, Moral and Legal Norms // Glossa: Bulletin of Student Science. Publication of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law, Kursk State University. – 2020. – № 4. – P. 208-211.
7. Malinin S.A., Gubman BL, Ilyin IA and Hegel GVF: The National Spirit and the Foundations of the State // Modern Philosophical Research. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 107-116.
8. Popovkin A. V., Bulanenko M. E. Can Patriotism Become Russia’s New Ideology? // Russia and the Asia-Pacific Region. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 10-21.
9. Treushnikov I. A. Reflection of Legal Consciousness through the Prism of Religious Philosophy // Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 225-228.
10. Ugleva A. V. The Social Ideal of I. A. Ilyin’s “Aristocrat of the Spirit” // History of Philosophy. – 2021. – Vol. 26. No. 2. – P. 127-141.

STATE AND LAW
GLUSHCHENKO Sergey Nikolaevich
adjunct of the 3rd Faculty (Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel), Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
GENESIS OF A UNIFIED LEGAL SPACE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The relevance of the study is due to the continuing importance of ensuring the unity of the legal space as one of the fundamental conditions for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and effective functioning of the Russian state. Despite the long period of constitutional development, the issues of overcoming legal conflicts, regional separatism, and legal nihilism, as well as developing unified approaches to law-making, remain highly relevant in theory and practice, especially in the context of current trends in federal construction and legislative updates. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the genesis of Russia’s unified legal space and identify the historical, political, and legal factors that hindered its formation. The research methodology includes the historical and legal method of cognition, which allowed us to trace the evolution of the principle of the unity of the legal space from the 1990s to the present, and the formal legal method of cognition, which involved analyzing the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution), federal laws, presidential decrees, and rulings of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: unity of the legal space; legal foundations of the unity of the legal space; genesis of the unified legal space; constitutional and legal doctrine; Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ermakov A. N., Shcherbakova L. G. The role of courts in ensuring a single legal space of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2024. – No. 501. – P. 232-238.
2. Komarova V. V. Unity of the legal information space in Russia (modern means of achieving it) // Information security of regions. – 2012. – No. 2 (11). – P. 98-103.
3. Kraevsky A. A. Temporal and substantive collisions in Russian law: law enforcement aspect // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2024. – Vol. 10. No. 4. – P. 7-14.
4. Novikova A. E., Zhornik A. M. Unity of the legal space as a basic principle of ensuring the stability of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation // Advances in Law Studies. – 2016. – Vol. 4. No. 3. – P. 68-75.
5. Pirbudagova D. Sh., Gabieva S. M., Ramazanova H. V. Ensuring the unity of the legal space in the context of the federal organization of the Russian state: monograph. – M., 2017. – 116 p.
6. Legal life of society and a single legal space in the Russian Federation: monograph / co. of authors; edited by A. V. Malko. – M.: Justice, 2025. – 446 p. 7. Sanchat-ool I. V. Constitutional and legal mechanism for ensuring the unity of the legal space of Russia // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 52 (551). – P. 338-341.
8. Filippov A. N. Constitutional and legal mechanism for ensuring the unity of the legal space of the Russian Federation: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2013. – 177 p.

STATE AND LAW
ZAITSEV Mikhail Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Siberian Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Novosibirsk
GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN THE CONTEXT OF CIVILIZATION
This article examines guarantees for the protection of citizens’ personal data in the context of the digitalization of the Russian Federation. Based on cybercrime statistics for 2025, the need to improve the legal mechanism for personal data protection is substantiated. Regulatory and doctrinal sources on this topic, as well as practical tools, including data anonymization, are analyzed. Sessions of the sections of the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum, as well as the opinions of legal experts on this issue, are analyzed. Problems with the institution of a subject’s consent to the processing of personal data are noted, in particular the lack of a legal deadline for its validity. The article proposes the introduction of a clear consent validity period (three years), the creation of a unified electronic register of consents based on the government services portal, and the differentiation of the liability of operators (legal entities and individual entrepreneurs) with a ranking of fines. Additionally, the need to introduce voluntary monetary compensation to the subject by the operator for a proven violation, instead of collecting compensation for moral damages through the courts, is substantiated. Such action mechanisms will be focused on ensuring that operators and subjects handle personal data with care. It is concluded that the measures taken are aimed at reducing the risk of leaks and ensuring national security.
Keywords: digitalization, information technology, personal data, constitutional rights, legal guarantees.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Martynov A. V., Shireeva E. V. Legal regime of synthetic data used in the activities of executive authorities // Lex Russica. 2025. No. 11. P. 54-69.
2. Danilenko A. O. Legal regulation of state information systems of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and guarantees of constitutional rights of citizens // Journal of Russian Law. 2025. No. 10. P. 184-195.
3. Martynov A. V., Shireeva E. V. Concept and types of synthetic data: on the issue of the need for legal regulation in Russian legislation // Journal of Russian Law. 2025. No. 11. P. 135-148.

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
ZOTOVA Karina Valerjevna
associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
TUARMENSKAYA Angela Valerjevna
associate professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, Ryazan State University
ON THE QUESTION OF THE PLACE OF SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG PEOPLE: ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LAW STUDENTS
The paper analyzes the data of a sociological survey conducted among first-year students in order to determine the place of sociological factors in the system of behavioral reactions of students. The results of the study made it possible to determine the students’ system of ideas about the aggressive behavior of young people, as well as to identify its structure. The respondents under study put psychological factors influencing the destructive behavior of young people in the first place among the considered causes of aggression. Social factors of aggressive behavior took the second position. Among the leading factors were “aggression in the family”, “lack of parental love”, “drug addiction”, “propaganda of violence on social networks” and “bullying”. As a result of the study, gender characteristics were identified in the responses of the trainees. A comparative analysis of the responses of law students and future psychologists revealed a clearly expressed professional coloring of the respondents’ responses.
Keywords: sociological research, youth, aggressive behavior, social factors.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Artyushina A. A., Tuarmensky V. V. Youth extremism as an acute problem of modern society // Science of the young – the future of Russia: collection of scientific articles of the 7th International Scientific Conference of Promising Developments of Young Scientists (Kursk), December 12-13, 2022. Vol. 3. – Kursk: South-West State University, 2022. – P. 16-19. – EDN OYRGJX.
2. Kostrova Yu. B., Tuarmensky V. V., Shibarshina O. Yu. Social and professional adaptation of adolescents and young people // Register of new scientific directions. Volume I. – M .: ID “Academy of Natural Sciences”, 2018. – P. 189-190. – EDN VTXHUY.
3. Tuarmensky V. V., Salnikova I. V., Zarichny F. F., Kosheleva L. N. Conflictology: a textbook / edited by V. V. Tuarmensky. – Ryazan: MPSI, 2010. – 106 p. – EDN NDBUIC.
4. Tuarmensky V. V., Labuzova K. N., Maslova A. V., Samoshina A. A. Russia and the world in students’ opinions // Student scientific search – science and education of the 21st century: materials of the VIII International student scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, April 22, 2016. – Ryazan: Autonomous non-profit organization of higher education “Modern Technical University”, 2016. – P. 243-247. – EDN FKHDOQ.
5. Tuarmensky V. V., Gornov V. A. Pedagogical sociology: Course of lectures. – Ryazan: Ryazan State Pedagogical University named after S. A. Yesenin, 2004. – 123 p. – EDN ETEFBW.
6. Tuarmensky V. V., Kondrashova N. P. The problem of violence in the media // Digitalization of the economy and society: problems, prospects, security: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. In 2 volumes, Donetsk, March 29, 2019. Volume 2. – Donetsk: Digital printing house, 2019. – Pp. 214-220. – EDN PEYBMJ.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Socio-cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
GASTRONOMIC TOURISM AS A SIGNIFICANT AREA OF DOMESTIC TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
The article considers gastronomic tourism as a significant area of development of domestic tourism in the region, using the example of the Orel region. It has been established that it activates the regional economy by creating jobs, attracts tourists with unique festivals, gastronomic tours, tasting tours, and master classes. Gastronomic tourism increases the attractiveness of the territory, forming a regional identity, helping to become more familiar with the culture of the region through the prism of local cuisine and traditions of cooking using local products. The Orel region is actively developing gastronomic tourism, relying on significant tourist and recreational potential and a large agro-industrial complex.
Keywords: tourism, domestic tourism, gastronomic tourism, gastronomic products, gastronomic tradition, festival.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation through 2035. Approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 20, 2019, No. 2129r. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72661648/(accessed: 10.04.2026).
2. Goroshko N. V., Patsala S. V. Gastronomic brand as a tool for the development of regional gastronomic tourism // Bulletin of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Social and Economic Sciences. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 377-400.
3. Ilyukhina N. A., Kholodik V. Yu. Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the regions of Russia: Oryol Oblast // Innovative aspects of service and tourism development: materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference. – Stavropol: SSAU, 2024. – P. 137-140.
4. Putintseva N. N. Assessment of the tourist potential of Russian regions // InterExpo Geo-Siberia, 2023. – 25 p.
5. Solovieva I. A. Culture in the context of the concept of sustainable development // Education and cultural space. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 144-153.
6. Tankieva T. A., Rylskikh K. M. Gastronomic tourism as a young and promising type of tourism in Russia // Theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of the tourism and hospitality sector in Russia and abroad: collection of conference papers. – M .: Pero Publishing House, 2024. – P. 155-160.
7. Taratorin E. V., Kurapina E. V. Forms of preservation and popularization of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia at the Oryol State Institute of Culture // Center and Periphery. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 11-16.
8. Khamatgaleeva G. A. Gastronomic diversity as a value of gastronomic tourism // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. Collection of scientific papers of the V International Conference of the faculty. – Kazan: Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch) of the Autonomous Public Organization of the Higher Educational Institution of the Russian Federation “Russian University of Cooperation”, 2021. – P. 169-173. 9. Kharitonova D. S. Gastronomic tourism: a journey through tastes and culture // Volga-Kama: history, socio-cultural heritage and prospects. Proceedings of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Kazan: Publishing house “Poznanie”, 2024. – P. 151.
10. What is gastronomic tourism? // Gastronomic tourism: a website about delicious travel. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.gastrotur.ru/gastronomicheskiy-turizm/chto-takoe-gastroturizm (date of access: 13.04.2026).
11. Shmarkov M. S., Tsyokhla S. Yu., Shmarkova L. I., Kazakova M. V. Gastronomic tourism as a driver of development of the regional market of tourist services: assessment of the state and prospects // Scientific result. Business and service technologies. – 2024. – Vol. 10. No. 4. – P. 67-83.
12. Shcherbakova E. S. Formation of innovative tourist attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation through the development of gastronomic tourism // Bulletin of the educational consortium Central Russian University. Series: Economics and Management. – 2019. – No. 13. – P. 78-80.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GABRIELOVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk Branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
EMOTIONAL BRAND APPEAL AND DIGITAL STRATEGIES: KEY FACTORS FOR SUCCESS IN GASTRONOMIC TOURISM
This article explores the role of emotional marketing as a key tool for attracting and retaining customers in modern gastronomic tourism. It analyzes existing scientific approaches to studying the emotional appeal of brands, emphasizing the importance of the emotional component in marketing strategies for building loyalty and stimulating purchasing activity. Contemporary strategies and digital tools of emotional marketing aimed at creating a vibrant, unforgettable customer experience with a “wow” effect are examined, including virtual and augmented reality, personalized offers, gamification, emotional pricing, and business process automation (POS systems, robotics). It is emphasized that the integration of digital technologies not only simplifies and personalizes service but also significantly enhances consumer emotional engagement, fostering lasting affective bonds with the brand. The article concludes that companies are capable of creating vibrant impressions, personalizing service, and effectively efficient modern digital technologies gain a significant competitive advantage in the dynamically developing field of gastronomic tourism.
Keywords: emotional marketing, emotional strategies, digital tools, automation, wow effect.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kotler F. Fundamentals of Marketing. – M.: Progress, 2019. – 784 p.
2. Sheth J. N. Consumer behavior: behavioral marketing. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2020. – 512 p.
3. Holbrook M. Aesthetics and Consumer Value. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2021. – 272 p.
4. Makovskaya E. S. Emotional Sales in a Restaurant. Increase Profits with Service! – St. Petersburg: Reka, 2020. – 240 p. – ISBN 978-5-6042532-7-4. 5. Akulich M. V. Emotional Marketing. – M.: Publishing Solutions, 2018. – 178 p. – ISBN 978-5-4490-3562-2.
6. Scaramanga V. P. Corporate style in hospitality: a tutorial. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007. – 192 p.
7. Budrin A. G., Solovieva D. V., Golyakova M. D., Kondakova V. A. Visual and auditory non-standard brand communications based on the concept of emotional marketing // Practical Marketing. – 2022. – No. 5 (302). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vizualnye-i-audialnye-nestandartnye-kommunikatsii-brendov-na-osnove-kontseptsii-emotsionalnogo-marketinga (date of access: 13.02.2026).
8. Zemlyannaya A. S., Savostin D. A. Study of the innovative concept of emotional marketing // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2020. – No. 7-2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-innovatsionnoy-kontseptsii-emotsionalnogo-marketinga (date of access: 02/17/2026).
9. Solovieva D. V., Savostin D. A., Zemlyannaya A. S. Emotional Marketing as a Concept for Managing the Consumer Experience of Generation Z // Practical Marketing. – 2020. – No. 7 (281). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/emotsionalnyy-marketing-kak-kontseptsiya-upravleniya-potrebitelskim-opytom-pokoleniya-z (date of access: 13.02.2026).
10. Tikhomirova I. V., Zhebalov V. G. Emotional Marketing: Methods of Practical Implementation in Russian Business // Problems of Modern Economy. – Novosibirsk. – 2015. – No. 28-2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/emotsionalnyy-marketing-metody-prakticheskogo-vnedreniya-v-rossiyskom-biznese (date of access: 13.02.2026).
11. In Russia, in the summer of 2025, demand for gastronomic tourism increased by 30% // Online publication “Business Newspaper. Yug”, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.dg-yug.ru/news/20189834.html?ysclid=mmvr3p5if2882114837 (date of access: 03/15/2026).
12. Volkova E. D. The Importance of Eco-Branding for Sustainable Development of a Company // Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Social Sciences. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 148-150.
13. Zhdanova O. S. Emotional marketing in the marketing strategy of services during the transition to a sustainable gastronomic business environment and its impact on branding // Economy: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2025. – No. 7A. – P. 93-103.
14. Key Trends in the Restaurant Business in 2025 // RBC Companies. – 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://companies.rbc.ru/news/E2AykLj2kb/glavnyie-trendyi-restorannogo-biznesa-v-2025-godu/ (date accessed: 03/18/2026).
15. Antoshina K. A. Emotional Marketing in the Creative Industry: The Case of Gastronomy // Economics and Management: Problems, Solutions. – 2024. – Vol. 5. No. 9 (150). – P. 191-195. – DOI 10.36871/ek.up.pr2024.09.05.020. – EDN FNDCUY (accessed: 18.03.2026).
16. Gabrielova Yu. V. Emotional marketing in the gastronomic business environment // Applied economic research. – 2024. – No. S2. – P. 164-168.
17. Kozlova N. A. Promotion of tourist destinations in the digital environment. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2021.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GOLUBEVA Tatyana Vladimirovna
senior lecturer, Smolensk Branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY FOR THE FORMATION OF A RESILIENT BUSINESS MODEL OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE
The article establishes the prerequisites for the formation of a resilient business model of an industrial enterprise, due to the increasing uncertainty of the external environment, globalization, digitalization and increased competition. The features of such a model are systematized, including diversification of activities, flexibility of production and organizational structures, risk management, strengthening supply chains, digitalization, and ensuring sustainable development. Based on the use of a resistant approach in the preparation of a strategy for forming a business model of an industrial enterprise, the principles of resistance have been integrated into key elements of the strategy, which is illustrated by the example of an automotive industry enterprise.
Keywords: industry, industrial enterprise, resilience, resilient approach, business model.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bobryshev A. D., Pirogov N. L., Tarabrin F. M. Business model – an effective tool for anti-crisis management of an industrial enterprise // MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Development). – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 478-491.
2. Vashakmadze T. T. Comparative analysis of company business models // Economy and Life. – 2012. – No. 16.- P. 35-45.
3. Gorevaya E. S. Business model management: concept formation and modern trends // Russian entrepreneurship. – 2016. – Vol. 17. No. 16. – P.1925-1944.
4. Markova V. D. Business model: essence and innovative component // Problems of modern economics. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 38-42.
5. Strekalova N. D. Business model concept: methodology of systems analysis // Bulletin of the A. I. Herzen State Pedagogical Univ. Scientific journal. – 2009. – No. 92. – P. 95-105.
6. Fedorenko A. Enterprise Strategy vs. Enterprise Business Model. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://socium.com.ua/2011/02/businessstrategy-vs-business-model/#more-1190.
7. Shafer SM The power of business models / SM Shafer, JC Linder // Business Horizons. – 2005. – No. 3. – Vol. 48. – P. 199-207.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
DUDAREVA Olga Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Economics sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ALGORITHM AND MECHANISMS OF TRANSFORMATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEM INTO A STATE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: FROM SCREENING TO ESG RESULTS
The article examines the problem of the transition of resource-intensive manufacturing industries to a model of sustainable development. A two-stage algorithm for the structural and functional transformation of an industrial ecosystem is proposed, based on the methodology for assessing the level of readiness for symbiosis (SRL) and the mechanism of orchestration of sustainable development. The content of the SRL screening tool, which includes five diagnostic blocks, is disclosed.: 1. characteristics of the organization, 2. business model, 3. analysis of inputs and outputs (energy, water, materials), 4. willingness to change; 5. an expert assessment. Three key processes of ecosystem orchestration are described – standardization, nurturing and managing interactions, and their role in the formation of industrial symbiosis chains is shown. It is proven that the main result of the transformation is not so much a local competitive advantage as the achievement of long-term value ESG goals. The proposed algorithm for the transformation of the industrial ecosystem is a roadmap for orchestrators seeking to convert the concept of circular economy into real production practice.
Keywords: industrial ecosystem, sustainable development, industrial symbiosis, orchestration, ESG transformation, the level of readiness for symbiosis, circular economy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dudareva O. V. Management of sustainable development of industrial ecosystems in the context of technological transformations // Kursk: ZAO “University Book. – 2023. – T. 401.
2. Shkarupeta E. V., Dudareva O. V., Filatova M. V., Bekkiev A. Yu. Methodology of sustainable development of industrial ecosystems // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies. – 2020. – Vol. 82. No. 4 (86). – P. 377-382. – DOI 10.20914/2310-1202-2020-4-377-382. – EDN WXTLHJ.
3. Astafieva O. E., Shemyakina T. Yu. Resource potential of an enterprise as a factor in sustainable industrial development in modern economic conditions // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies. – 2021. – Vol. 83. No. 4 (90). – P. 326-329. – DOI 10.20914/2310-1202-2021-4-326-329. – EDN CUANVT.
4. Gamidullaeva L. A., Tolstykh T. O., Shmeleva N. V. Methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the potential of an industrial ecosystem in the context of sustainable development of a region // Models, systems, networks in economics, technology, nature and society. – 2020. – No. 2 (34). – P. 29-48. – DOI 10.21685/2227-8486-2020-2-3. – EDN TPAFCQ.
5. Wegner-Kozlova E. O. Development Prospects of an Industrial Region in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals // Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (NPI). Series: Social and Economic Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 14. No. 5. – P. 77-85. – DOI 10.17213/2075-2067-2021-5-77-85. – EDN VLXZQX.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MARCHENKOVA Liliya Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Kursk State University
SHADOW ECONOMY IN RUSSIA: SCOPE AND DYNAMICS
The article analyzes the phenomenon of the “shadow economy”. It provides a definition of the shadow economy from various authors’ perspectives and analyzes its development in various countries, including the Russian Federation. The article also examines the types and causes of the shadow economy in Russia. The shadow economy is dynamic, as its growth in some countries exceeds the official GDP growth. Therefore, analyzing and controlling the shadow economy allows for a better understanding of current economic issues and the development of measures to de-shadow the economy.
Keywords: shadow economy, economic security, fictitious economy, and criminal economy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28399/.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 1 (CC RF) of 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ with amendments and additions. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru./
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030” dated 13.05.2017 No. 208 // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 20. – Art. 2902.
4. Zolali R. P., Arifullin M. V. Economic security: the meaning and factors of its provision // Herald of science. – 2024. – No. 6 (75). – P. 184-189.
5. Vasilyeva L. P. Economic security: definitions and essence // Journal of Applied Research. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 6-13.
6. Esir A. I., Kiskul O. A., Tolmacheva I. V. Study of theoretical aspects of the concept of economic security // Theory and practice of social development. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 49-54.
7. Sheloukhina E. A., Rumachik N. A., Mezentseva E. S. Essential characteristics and key components of the state economic security system // Journal of Applied Research. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 801-809.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SOLOVJEVA Irina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Social and cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
THE INSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF CULTURAL VOLUNTEERING
This article examines the institutional basis of cultural volunteering as one of the key elements of the modern sociocultural system. It analyzes the essence of cultural volunteering through volunteer activities and its regulatory and legal framework, and outlines the main stages of institutionalization in Russia—from pre-revolutionary patronage to the contemporary social movement “Cultural Volunteers.” Attention is focused on the role of state, public, and private structures in the development of volunteering in the cultural sphere. The importance of institutional support for the sustainable development of cultural volunteering and the preservation of cultural heritage is substantiated.
Keywords: cultural volunteering, volunteer activities, institutionalization, cultural policy, “Cultural Volunteers”
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law “On Charitable Activities and Volunteering” of August 11, 1995 No. 135-FZ (latest revision). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_7495/ (date of access: April 26, 2026). 2. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 27.12.2018 No. 2950-r “On approval of the Concept for the development of volunteerism (volunteering) in the Russian Federation until 2025”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_314804/f62ee45faefd8e2a11d6d88941ac66824f848bc2/ (date of access: 26.04.2026).
3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.12.2025 No. 4064-r “On approval of the Concept for promoting the development of volunteer (volunteer) activities in the Russian Federation until 2030” and recognizing as invalid the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 27.12.2018 No. 2950-r. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_522932/ (date of access: 26.04.2026).
4. Vasilkovskaya M. I., Ponomarev V. D. “Cultural Volunteers” of the Russian Federation as a Social Movement and Social Institution // Bulletin of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. – 2020. – No. 6 (98). – P. 114-121.
5. Gorlova N. I. Volunteer activities in the field of culture: best practices and initiatives // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture. – 2024. – No. 2 (59). – P. 31-37.
6. Zimin A. E. Stages of the development of volunteerism in Russia: historical and cultural aspect // Bulletin of the Maikop State Technological University. – 2023. – Vol. 15. No. 1. – P. 134-140.
7. Zinovieva Yu. V. Museum volunteering in the structure of volunteering in the field of culture // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture. – 2021. – No. 2 (47). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/muzeynoe-volonterstvo-v-strukture-dobrovolchestva-v-sfere-kultury (date of access: 04/21/2026).
8. Kovel T. A. Volunteering as a social institution. Factors of institutionalization of volunteering in modern Russia // Moscow Economic Journal. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 40.
9. Kushnir Ya. A. Cultural volunteering as a form of organizing youth leisure activities // Science Bulletin. – 2026. – No. 4 (97). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kulturnoe-volonterstvo-kak-forma-organizatsii-dosugovoy-deyatelnosti-molodezhi (date of access: 04/24/2026).
10. Martynova M. V. Development of social activity of students of a cultural university // Education and cultural space. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 52-57.
11. Paklina E. A. Cultural volunteering as an innovative type of volunteer activity // Proceedings of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture. – 2018. – Vol. 216. – P. 125-134.
12. Uzharinskaya V. V. Preservation of cultural heritage as a priority area of activity of cultural institutions // Museums, archives and libraries in the 21st century: traditions and innovations: Collection of materials of the 11th International Museum Readings, Orel – Sofia, May 11, 2023. – Orel: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Oryol State Institute of Culture”, 2023. – P. 82-91.
13. Digital and Culture: How Sber Volunteers Help Transform Museums with Help. – [Electronic Resource]. – Available at: https://www.spb.kp.ru/daily/27752.5/5180688/https://www.spb.kp.ru/daily/27752.5/5180688/?erid=2W5zFGPndhS (Accessed: 24.04.2026).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHAPOVALOV Sergey Alexandrovich
Scientific researcher of the Basic Department of Public-Private Partnership, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AS A MECHANISM FOR OVERCOMING DIGITAL INEQUALITY IN RUSSIAN REGIONS
This article analyzes public-private partnerships as an institutional mechanism for reducing digital inequality between Russian regions. Using data from digital maturity ratings and the Digital Ecosystem Index, a persistent gap between leaders and laggards is identified. Examples of PPP projects demonstrating reduced budget risks and accelerated implementation of digital services in remote areas are considered. It is shown that concession models can attract private investment and expertise, but their scalability is hampered by regulatory and institutional barriers. Directions for integrating PPPs with federal digitalization programs are proposed.
Keywords: PPP, digital inequality, regional digitalization, Russia, infrastructure, concession, digital maturity rating.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Basova E. A. Digital inequality of Russian regions: current problems and ways to overcome them // Issues of territorial development. – 2021. – Vol. 9. – No. 4. – P. 1-17.
2. Barandova T. L., Mokin K. S. Public-private partnership as a mechanism for the development of digital infrastructure of Russian regions: a cross-regional study // PolitBook. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 180-195. – DOI: 10.24412/2227-1538-2025-3-180-195.
3. Borisov S. A., Somenkova N. S. Assessment of the digital maturity of regions in the context of global challenges // Economic Security. – 2025. – Vol. 8. No. 6. – P. 1693-1712. – DOI: 10.18334/ecsec.8.6.123457.
4. Tatuev A., Lyapuntsova E., Aganin M. Digitalization as a strategic lever for sustainable economic development: integrating national and local sustainability agendas with digital transformation pathways // Reliability: Theory & Applications. – 2025. – Vol. 20. No. SI 9 (87). – P. 340-350. – DOI: 10.24412/1932-2321-2025-987-340-350.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
BURENIN Alexey Nikitovich
postgraduate student, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS FOR MANAGING THE WELL FUND
The article discusses the organizational model of forming portfolio solutions for managing the oil well fund in the context of economic management methods. It is shown that the transition from point-based technical and technological initiatives to a portfolio approach requires a regulated process, a unified “space” for comparing alternatives and allocating resources, as well as embedded analytical support for the investment committee. The elements of the “strategy table” as a tool for constructing strategic alternatives are summarized, and a model of the decision portfolio development process is presented: from diagnosing the current plan and aligning business objectives to selecting a portfolio strategy and refining team plans. The roles of the working group, the portfolio technical consultant, and the asset teams are highlighted, and the interaction with other business processes is described.
Keywords: well fund, decision portfolio, strategy table, asset management, investment committee, resource allocation, economic methods, organizational model, business planning.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Biryukova V. V. Mechanism for the development, optimization and management of a program to improve the efficiency of oil and gas production // Oil and Gas Business. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 55.
2. Biryukova V. V., Biryukov V. V. Strategic management of an industrial enterprise: features of formation in the conditions of innovative competition // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 13-22.
3. Burenina I. V., Biryukova V. V., Evtushenko E. V., Kotov D. V., Abutalipova E. M., Avrenyuk A. N. Program for improving the efficiency of oil and gas production // Oil industry. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 13-17
4. Ploskonosova V. P., Biryukova V. V. Organizational and economic aspects of managing the development of an industrial enterprise // Bulletin of the Russian State University of Trade and Economics (RSTU). – 2006. – No. 3 (15). – P. 111-118.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KADYROVA Elmira Yarulovna
competitor, State University of Management, Moscow
IMPROVING INDUSTRIAL SUPPORT TOOLS: THE FEDERAL CONTEXT AND REGIONAL PRACTICE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE MOSCOW REGION)
This article presents a synthetic approach that combines the micro and macro levels of industrial policy analysis in modern conditions. The directions for improving industrial policy instruments are formulated through the prism of a regional case (Moscow Region); it shows exactly how federal instruments are being adapted, and what new tools are emerging at the regional level in response to the challenges of digitalization and global competition. The analysis allowed us to identify a specific model of regional industrial policy (conventionally called the “Moscow model”) with clearly defined elements (infrastructure, targeting, institutions, global orientation). This model is proposed as a guideline for other subjects of the Russian Federation and as a source of feedback for adjusting federal approaches. The principle of context-dependent differentiation of industrial policy instruments related to specific new types of competition is presented.
Keywords: industrial policy, state support for industry, Moscow region.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. State program “Entrepreneurship in the Moscow Region”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mosreg.ru/dokumenty/programmy-i-plany-deyatelnosti/gos-programmy/gosudarstvennaya-programma-moskovskoy-oblasti-predprinimatelstvo-podmoskovya?ysclid=mm37i8n4l0306601096.
2. State industrial policy in Russia: risks and opportunities / edited by Ya. M. Urinson, L. I. Yakobson. – M.: HSE ID, 2019. – 342 p.
3. Bortnik I. M., Zinov V. G. Instruments for supporting technological development of industry: assessment of effectiveness // Innovations. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 20-31.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
LEVIN Artyom Evgenjevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
ENERGY STRATEGIES OF RUSSIA AND CHINA: SUSTAINABILITY, INNOVATION AND GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES
The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of energy strategies of Russia and China in the global energy transition. Differences and points of intersection of national energy development models formed under the influence of historical, institutional and resource factors are considered. Special attention is paid to the issues of sustainable development, innovative potential of the energy systems of the two countries and their responses to the growing geopolitical challenges. The author analyzes the priorities of both countries in the field of decarbonization, the role of renewable energy sources and nuclear energy, as well as the importance of energy cooperation in the context of sanctions and growing competition on world markets. It is concluded that despite the difference in the pace and emphasis of the energy transition, Russia and China have to balance national interests, the need for technological innovation and the requirements of global climate regulation, which forms both a new vector of partnership and sources of potential competition on the world stage.
Keywords: energy policy, energy strategy, energy security, renewable energy sources, energy cooperation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belyaev L. S. Problems of the electric power market. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2009. – 296 p.
2. Anikin V. I., Borokh N. V., Epishina E. S., Surma I. V. Energy policy and issues of economic diplomacy of Russia as a priority of global development, 2014.
3. Weidou N., Johansson TB Energy for sustainable development in China // Energy Policy. – 2004. – Vol. 32. No. 10. – P. 1225-1229.
4. Panibratov A. Yu., Ermolaeva L. A., Abramkov A. E. “The Burden of a Foreigner” in the Process of Internationalization of Russian Energy Companies // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Management. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 39-73.
5. Meidan M. The structure of China’s oil industry: Past trends and future prospects // OIES Paper: WPM, 2016. – No. 66.
6. Charap S., Drennan J., Noël P. Russia and China: a new model of great-power relations // Survival. – 2017. – Vol. 59. No. 1. – P. 25-42.
7. Gadzhiev K. S. Shifts in the West’s relations with Russia in the context of its rapprochement with China // Scientific journal. – 2019. – No. 2763.
8. Yoncacı A. China’s Energy Security in the Gulf. Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University (Turkey), 2023.
9. Zhou L., Gilbert S., Wang Y., Cabré MM, Gallagher KP Moving the green Belt and Road Initiative: From words to actions. World Resources Institute, 2018. – 44 p.
10. Barkovsky A. N., Obolensky V. P. Russia’s Foreign Economic Policy in the Global Economic Space // Journal of Economic Theory. – 2005. – No. 1. – P. 21-41.
11. International Energy Agency (IEA). Renewables 2023: Analysis and forecast to 2028. – 2024. – pp. 67-70. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023
12. Shen B., Hove A., Hu J., Dupuy M., Bregnbæk L., Zhang Y., Zhang N. Coping with power crises under decarbonization: The case of China // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. – 2024. – Vol. 193. – 114294.
13. Popova I. M., Kolmar O. I. Low-carbon development of Russia: challenges and opportunities in the new conditions // Bulletin of international organizations: education, science, new economy. – 2023. – Vol. 18. No. 4. – P. 3.
14. Pomogaev V. Carbon market and climate projects: prospects and opportunities for the Altai Territory, 2021. 15. Santalco A. How and when China will exceed its renewable energy deployment targets // Energy Policy. – 2012. – Vol. 51. – P. 652-661.
16. Xi J. Statement by HE Xi Jinping, President of the People’s Republic of China, at the General Debate of the 75th Session of The United Nations General Assembly, 22 September 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/t1817098.shtml.
17. Cheng M., Lu Y. Investment efficiency of urban infrastructure systems: Empirical measurement and implications for China // Habitat International. – 2017. – Vol. 70. – P. 91-102.
18. Klačanský K. China vs. US: The Green Energy Race Overview of China’s and America’s green investment plan and what that means for the future of fossil fuels, 2021.
19. Chang YC, Wang N. Environmental regulations and emissions trading in China // Energy Policy. – 2010. – Vol. 38. No. 7. – P. 3356-3364.
20. Idrisov G. I. Industrial policy of Russia in modern conditions // Scientific works of the Foundation “E. T. Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy”. – 2016. – No. 169. – P. 1-160.
21. Wang Y., Liu B., Peng H., Jiang Y. Locating the suitable large-scale solar farms in China’s deserts with environmental considerations // Science of The Total Environment. – 2024. – Vol. 955. – 176911.
22. Chen R., Su G.H., Zhang K. Analysis on the high-quality development of nuclear energy under the goal of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality // Carbon Neutrality. – 2022. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 33.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHATSKY Alexander Alexandrovich
competitor, State University of Management, Moscow
TYPOLOGY OF STRATEGIES FOR ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS (IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY MODELS)
The article presents a typology of strategies for ensuring the competitiveness of Russian industrial producers in the context of the transition to models of industrial sovereignty. In relation to the priority industries of the Russian Federation (military-industrial complex, pharmaceuticals, heavy machinery, microelectronics, machine tool industry) The dominant strategies are identified and correlated with theoretical models. It has been established that the Russian industry is dominated by a mobilization-catching model, which in civilian sectors is transformed into a “trap of the domestic market,” preserving the technological gap. It is shown that innovative development models are practically not implemented due to systemic barriers, and the critical situation in the machine tool industry poses a threat to the reproduction of fixed assets. Special attention is paid to a hybrid strategy in the pharmaceutical industry, combining government procurement and export expansion. The necessity of changing the paradigm of industrial policy – the transition from reactive import substitution to the formation of institutions that stimulate innovation and global competitiveness – is substantiated.
Keywords: industrial sovereignty, competitiveness, import substitution, technological lag, industrial policy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Report on the implementation progress and evaluation of the effectiveness of measures and subprograms of the Russian Federation state program “Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minpromtorg.gov.ru/storage/documents/5d15972b-5940-4471-970d-d89b589c6c4c/67ab8f7e-bee1-45cb-b706-3562f5fa7250.pdf.
2. The Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade has recorded a decline in industrial sustainability. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urbc.ru/1068141124-minpromtorg-rossii-zafiksiroval-snizhenie-ustojchivosti-promyshlennosti.html
3. Civil industry has become despondent – A world of change. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://mirperemen.net/2025/09/grazhdanskaya-promyshlennost-priunyla/.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ABRAROVA Zinira Foatovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
OLKHOV Nikita Sergeevich
master’s student of the 2nd course, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology, independent researcher
IDIYATULLIN Fidan Fagilevich
master’s student of the 2nd course, Institute of Informatics, Mathematics, and Robotics, Ufa University of Science and Technology, independent researcher
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The article focuses on how modern technologies using artificial intelligence affect social justice and human rights in the era of digitalization. The goal of the study is to identify the consequences of introducing such systems for society and individuals. The research reveals that these technologies have both advantages and disadvantages. While they can improve the efficiency of social services, they also pose risks that may violate citizens’ rights. The authors analyze the controversial nature of the implementation of algorithmic systems, noting that, along with the potential for increased efficiency (in medicine and education), AI poses serious risks of discrimination, increased inequality, and violations of privacy. Special attention is paid to the issue of algorithmic bias, where systems trained on historical data reproduce and scale social prejudices. The article examines the threats to the right to privacy.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, social justice, human rights, digital inequality, and technology ethics.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Furs S. P. Consequences of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies for the social institution of human rights // KiB. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/posledstviya-vnedreniya-tehnologiy-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-dlya-sotsialnogo-instituta-prav-cheloveka (date of access: 02/20/2026).
2. Stepanova V. S., Baronina A. V. Artificial intelligence and its impact on society: opportunities, challenges and ethical aspects // Young scientist. – 2025. – No. 1 (86). – P. 37-39. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/young/archive/86/4715 (date accessed: 02/20/2026).
3. Bashkirov M. P. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society // Scientific Leader. – 2025. – No. 28 (229). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scilead.ru/article/9613-vliyanie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-na-obshche (date of access: 02/20/2026).
4. Rybin A. I., Chashchukhin E. O. Artificial intelligence and social inequality: philosophical and legal aspect // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. – 2024. – No. (4). – P. 56-67. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.22394/3034-2813-2024-4-56-67. EDN: YLOUUO (date of access: 02/20/2026).
5. Aleshkova I. A. Artificial Intelligence and Its Relationship with Human Rights // Social and Humanitarian Sciences. Domestic and Foreign Literature. Series 4. State and Law. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-i-ego-vzaimosvyaz-s-pravami-cheloveka (date of access: 02/20/2026).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAYANOV Kvinray Raevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social Sciences, and Humanities, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
A SEMANTIC PORTRAIT OF MYTHICAL HEROES, BIBLICAL FIGURES, AND REAL-LIFE ACTORS
The article is devoted to the manifestation of a semantic portrait of mythical, biblical and real characters based on their names. Studies of the phenomenon of language involving the ideological potential of synergetics and semantic logic confirm that language forms a semantic field that affects people through their names. Based on this established fact, the work reveals how the name, when read in different variations, sets a behavior model for mythical heroes, biblical characters and real people. Taking into account the manifestation of the managerial potential of language and names, the work reveals a mechanism for locating the focus of goal-setting of normal and not quite normal people, villains and criminals. It has been established that if for normal people, whose focus of goal-setting is localized in consciousness, and the hidden meanings of the name are only a background in their daily activities, then for abnormal people, whose focus of consciousness is localized in the subconscious, it is not reality that is crucial, but the hidden meanings of their own name that dictate their behavior model. Such knowledge is of undoubted interest for social and humanitarian disciplines.
Keywords: language, semantic field, name, consciousness, subconsciousness, focus of goal setting, synergetics and semantic logic.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bayanov K. R. Issues of the philosophy of education: transformation of the pedagogical paradigm // In the collection: Problems of school and preschool education. Proceedings of the VIII Regional scientific and practical conference (electronic scientific publication on CD), 2017. – P. 247-255.
2. Bayanov K. R. Globalization and the Problem of Sustainability of the Modern World // A Child in the Modern Educational Space of a Megalopolis. Proceedings of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Editor-compiler A. I. Savenkov. – 2017. – P. 234-239.
3. Bayanov K. R. Cybernetic functions of language in the processes of self-organization of socio-natural systems // Korolenko’s legacy in the self-awareness of the 21st century: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference “Eleventh Korolenko Readings” dedicated to the 165th anniversary of V. G. Korolenko. – Glazov: GSPI, 2018. – P. 123-132.
4. Bayanov K. R. Philosophical and methodological foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. – M., 2011. – 47 p.
5. Vashkevich N. N. Universal Periodic Law. Introduction to Semantic Logic. – M.: Publisher S. Landyshev-7518, 2010. – 703 p.
6. Vashkevich N. N. Behind seven seals. Secrets of the origin of language. Biblical symbols. Russian phraseology. – M .: Publishing house “Deka”, 1994. – 181 p. 7. Vashkevich N. N. Systemic languages of the brain. – M., 1998. – 399 pp.
8. Preyer V. The Soul of a Child. – St. Petersburg: O. Bogdanova, 1912. – XVI, 298 p.
9. Lombroso C. Genius and Madness. – M.: RIPOL classic, 2009. – 180 p.
10. Belkin R. S. Forensic Science Course: A Textbook for University Students Studying in Legal Specialties. – Moscow: Unity, 2001. – 837 p.
11. Eisman A. A. Expert opinion. – M.: Legal Literature, 1967. – 152 p.
12. Bayanov K. R. Linguistic foundations of consciousness and subconsciousness // Practical psychology: intensive methods and technologies for maintaining the psychological health of an individual: a collection of scientific articles. – Glazov: GGPI, 2016. – P. 207-226.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
GUNIBSKY Magomed Shakhmandarovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
THE RATIONAL COMPONENT OF COMMUNICATION ETHICS AS THE BASIS OF AN INCLUSIVE CULTURE
The development of inclusion and its general impact on universal values suggests a change in social relations, which will entail a change in public consciousness. Most of the influence on the development of society falls on the position of the state, but the role of society is also important, the attitudes and positions of society are the main blocks or paths of development of a particular social movement. The ethics of communication are based on the inclusive thinking of the individual. And the development of inclusive thinking depends not only on education, but also on the experience of personal interaction with people with disabilities. Even now in the 21st century, a similar negative trend persists. Part of society is people who are afraid to communicate with people with disabilities, fearing harm, often simply not knowing how to communicate and interact with them. The purpose of this article is to analyze the rational component of communication ethics as a fundamental basis for the formation and support of an inclusive culture in modern society. The formation of an inclusive culture is not only the creation of ramps and elevators, but also the overcoming of barriers in consciousness and speech. Rationality in communication promotes objectivity, argumentation, and respect for diversity.
Keywords: inclusion, inclusive culture, inclusive thinking, people with disabilities, socialization, integration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ekushevskaya A. S. Image of oneself and others as a factor in the formation of an inclusive culture // Inclusive education: continuity of inclusive culture and practice. Collection of materials of the IV International scientific and practical conference / edited by S. V. Alekhina. – Moscow, 2017. – P. 27-31.
2. Fundamentals of Inclusive Culture: A Textbook / [N. A. Borisova et al.]; General Editor O. A. Denisova; Compiled by O. L. Lekhanova. – Cherepovets: ChSU, 2021. – P. 10.
3. Bgazhnokova I. M. General and special education: paths to interaction and integration / I. M. Bgazhnokova. (Educational policy) // Education issues. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 30-38.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
IKHSANOV Artur Uralovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PRESERVATION AND DISSEMINATION OF ETHNOCULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
The relevance of this topic is determined by the growing influence of social media and digital platforms on the formation and reproduction of ethnic culture. In the 2020s, more than 4.66 billion people are already involved in online communications, representing approximately 60% of the global population, and in Russia, this figure reaches 81% [5, p. 201]. At the same time, the digital environment simultaneously facilitates the preservation of cultural practices and their transformation, which requires scientific understanding. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of technology and social media in the preservation and dissemination of ethnic culture in the context of globalization.
Keywords: globalization, ethnoculture, social networks, ethnocultural identity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasilkov, E. A. Virtual field: the experience of applying sociological methods to the analysis of chats of the Eskimos of Chukotka // Periphery. Journal of the study of non-capital spaces. – 2025. – No. 4 (9). – P. 45-51. – DOI: 10.38161/2949-6152-2025-4-45-51. – EDN: PVMRZE.
2. Danilova E. N., Kisser T. S. Cybermotives in Digital Ethnic Narratives (using Ethnobloggers as an Example) // Ural Historical Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 4 (89). – P. 56-65. – DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2025-4(89)-56-65. – EDN: WLPIEM.
3. Kireeva O. A. Dissemination of folk culture in the digital age: problems and prospects // Izvestia SOIGSI. – 2025. – No. 57 (96). – P. 98-111. – DOI: 10.46698/VNC.2025.96.57.008. – EDN: PFSDJI.
4. Kuznetsova E. V. Ethnocultural identity in the information society: features of definition and development prospects // Modern youth and society. – 2024. – No. 12. – P. 85-90. – EDN: ZDCKTZ.
5. Sokolovsky S. V. Methodology and principles of digital anthropology // Siberian historical studies. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 200-214. – DOI: 10.17223/2312461X/31/10. – EDN: TCCKSN.
6. Suleimanova O. A. Representation of the ethnicity of the Kola Sami in cyberspace // Siberian Historical Research. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 71-92. – DOI: 10.17223/2312461X/44/4. – EDN: OQXINP.
7. Sydygaliev S. M., Razdykov S. Z. Globalization and cyberethnicity: ethnocultural transformations in the urban environment (repatriates of Kazakhstan and indigenous peoples of Yakutia) // Ural Historical Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 4 (89). – P. 45-55. – DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2025-4 (89) -45-55. – EDN: WWDCLL.
8. Terekhova M. S. Ethnocultural identity in the structure of modern society // Philosophical, sociological and psychological-pedagogical problems of modern education. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 56-58. – DOI: 10.37386/2687-0576-2024-6-56-58. – EDN: FZPKTQ.
9. Tulchinsky G. L. Identity and self-presentation of the individual in digital media. About the book: Lisenkova A. A. Transformation of sociocultural identity in digital space: monograph. Perm: Perm State Institute of Culture, 2021. 286 p. // Bulletin of Anthropology. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 320-326. – DOI: 10.33876/2311-0546/2021-3/320-326. – EDN: PVHUFD.
10. Shaigerova L. A., Shilko R. S., Vakhantseva O. V. Cultural mediation of the identity of the digital generation: prospects for the analysis of Internet activity and social media // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14: Psychology. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 73-107. – DOI: 10.11621/vsp.2022.02.04. – EDN: LJTVXO.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
LUKYANOV Arkadiy Viktorovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
MINAKOV Ilya Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, senior lecturer of Social and political communications sub-faculty, Institute of Oil and Gas Business, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
PUSHKAREVA Marina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
FEATURES OF SOCIOCULTURAL MEMORY AND THE QUESTION OF ELASTIC STRUCTURE HISTORICAL TIME
Sociocultural memory is examined within the context of accumulating social and spiritual experience. At the same time, social memory is not limited to pure lived experience; it is oriented toward human existence, which is inextricably linked to the elastic structure of historical time. Mechanical time is abstracted from lived experience, becoming something static. However, sociocultural memory is neither measured by the abundance of events nor by historical chronology; rather, it is determined by the density of events. While the elastic structure of time grasps and perceives space through either infinitesimal or vast proportions, actual sociocultural time permeates everything. In this regard, sociocultural memory evokes a spiritual restlessness that not only constrains material movement but also finds its embodiment in contemporary cultural fields.
Keywords: sociocultural memory, spiritual experience, structure of historical time, elastic structure of time, spiritual restlessness, culture and cultural interaction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bloch E. Tübingen Introduction to Philosophy / translated from German by T. Yu. Bystrova, S. E. Vershinina, D. I. Kriushova. – Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural. University, 1997. – 400 p.
2. Bur M., Irrlitz G. The Claim of Reason: From the History of German Classical Philosophy and Literature: Trans. from Germ. / general. ed. and afterwords A. V. Gulyga. – M.: Progress, 1978. – 327 p.
3. Gaidenko P. P. Fichte’s Philosophy and Modernity. – M.: Mysl, 1979. – 289 p.
4. Fichte I. G. Selected works of I. G. Fichte. T. 1. / trans. edited by book E. Trubetskoy. – M.: Put, 1916. – 523 p.
5. Fichte JG Sämtliche Werke. – Berlin, 1964. – Bd. VI., 8 Bde – S. 52.
6. Fichte JG Sämtliche Werke. – Bd. V. – S. 394.
7. Lyubutin K. N. The problem of subject and object in German classical and Marxist-Leninist philosophy: monograph – M.: Higher School, 1988. – 364 p.
8. Fichte JG Sämtliche Werke. – Bd. 2. – S. 611.
9. Ibid.: Bd. 2. – S. 612.
10. Feuerbach L. The Essence of Christianity – M.: Mysl, 1965. – 414 p.
11. Stirner M. The Unique and His Own. – Kharkov: Osnova, 1994. – 559 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
OREKHOVSKAYA Natalya Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE FORMATION OF MASS CONSCIOUSNESS
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms by which music shapes mass consciousness in contemporary society. Drawing on VM Bekhterev’s classical ideas about elevated sounds as a means to combat psychic epidemics and synchronize collective behavior, as well as modern research on the psychophysiological effects of various genres, the study explores how rhythm and melody alter biological functions, emotional states, and suggestibility. Special focus is placed on the differentiated impact of genres on stress levels, attention, memory, hormonal balance, and EEG indicators, depending on temperament and nervous system type. Music is examined as a catalyst for self-reflection, emotional intelligence development, structuring of existential time, and reinforcement of collective identity. In the sociocultural dimension, emphasis is given to music’s role for youth: as a channel of self-expression, a tool of socialization, subculture formation, and protest consciousness. Protest rap is analyzed as a powerful cultural weapon capable of mobilizing public opinion, illustrated by the case of Spanish rapper Pablo Hasél, whose songs and subsequent arrest triggered mass protests. The conclusion underscores the multilevel nature of musical influence: from biological and emotional stabilization of society during crises to active provocation of social transformations through the mobilization of youth and the formation of collective moods of resistance and awareness.
Keywords: music, mass consciousness, rhythm, psychophysiology, protest rap, youth, identity, synchronization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alaverdyan A. A. Song forms as a means of influencing the formation of public opinion // MNIZH. – 2021. – No. 12-5 (114). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pesennye-formy-kak-sredstvo-vliyaniya-na-formirovanie-obschestvennogo-mneniya (date of access: 03/21/2026).
2. Vasilenko V. V. V. M. Bekhterev on the influence of sublime sounds of music on man and society // PHILHARMONICA. International Music Journal. – 2021. – No. 2. – Pp. 1-10. – DOI: 10.7256/2453-613X.2021.2.35150. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=35150.
3. Gadzhieva A. M. Psychophysiological influence of music on the psychoemotional state of a person // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 45 (492). – P. 438-441. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/492/107563.
4. Grishechkina G. Yu. The Influence of Music on Self-Awareness // Abyss (Questions of Philosophy, Political Science, and Social Anthropology). – 2025. – No. 1 (31). – P. 183-196. – DOI 10.33979/2587–7534-2025-1-183-196. – EDN NXSQAG. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://abyss.su/abyss_issue/31/17.
5. Grishina G. A. Sociocultural significance of music for youth // Bulletin of science. – 2024. – No. 12 (81). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsiokulturnoe-znachenie-muzyki-dlya-molodezhi (date of access: 03/21/2026).
6. Kvyatkovsky G. Yu. How is collective existence of subjects of mass music possible // Bulletin of Perm University. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology. – 2025. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kakim-obrazom-vozmozhno-kollektivnoe-ekzistirovanie-subektov-massovoy-muzyki (date of access: 03/21/2026).
7. Kovel A. N. Musical images and their impact on consciousness, understanding and psychocognitive state of a person // Bulletin of Ivanovo State University. Series: Humanities. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 177-185. – DOI 10.46726/H.2023.3.19. – EDN MMZPRL. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_54676585_21182382.pdf.
8. Lapaeva A. V., Sergeeva A. V. The influence of classical music on the music of the information age // Cultural studies, art criticism and philology: topical issues: collection of materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Cheboksary, March 25, 2022. – Cheboksary: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House” Sreda “, 2022. – Pp. 56-59. – EDN JNERYC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://phsreda.com/ru/article/101503/discussion_platform.
9. Tsypka O. A., Petrash E. V. Music as a tool for effective influence on human consciousness and behavior // ITNOU: information technologies in science, education and management. – 2023. – No. 2 (21). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/muzyka-kak-instrument-effektivnogo-vozdeystviya-na-soznanie-i-povedenie-cheloveka (date of access: 03/21/2026).
10. Shipovskaya L. P. Music as a Model of Philosophical Understanding (Development and State of Musical Social Consciousness) // NAU. – 2023. – No. 89-1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/muzyka-kak-model-filosofskogo-osmysleniya-razvitie-i-sostoyanie-muzykalnogo-obschestvennogo-soznaniya (date of access: 03/21/2026).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
NIKOLAEVA Evgeniya Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of General Philosophy, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
ISLAMOV Rustem Damirovich
master’s student of General Philosophy, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE BOUNDARIES OF SUBJECTNESS AND AUTONOMY
The article presents a philosophical reflection on the anthropological status of artificial intelligence, based on an explanation of the main theoretical positions: functionalism, the phenomenological tradition, and philosophical anthropology. The authors critically examine the conceptual apparatus used to formulate and investigate the problem of subjectness and autonomy of AI systems, and assess the arguments put forward both for and against recognizing the characteristics of subjectness in algorithmic systems. The most plausible position is that of philosophical agnosticism combined with ethical caution, according to which neither a reductionist denial of the very possibility of AI subjectness nor an uncritical equating of it with the human can be considered sufficiently justified, given the current state of both the technology itself and philosophical reflection.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, subjectivity, agency, autonomy, functionalism, phenomenology, philosophical anthropology, quasi-autonomy, self-modification.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Varela F., Thompson E., Roche E. The Embodied Mind. Cognitive Science and Human Experience. – Moscow: Foundation for the Preservation of Tibet, 2023. – 456 p. 2. Gehlen A. On the systematics of anthropology / The problem of man in Western philosophy. Comp. and afterword by P. S. Gurevich; General editor Yu. N. Popov. – M.: Progress, 1988. – P. 152-201.
3. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception. – St. Petersburg: “Yuventa”, “Science”, 1999. – 122 p.
4. Plessner H. Stages of the Organic and Man: Introduction to Philosophical Anthropology. – M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2004. – 368 p.
5. Sartre J. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. – M.: Republic, 2000. – 639 p.
6. Clark A., Chalmers D. The Extended Mind // Analysis. – 1998. – Vol. 58. No. 1. – Pp. 7-19.
7. Chalmers D. Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness // Journal of Consciousness Studies. – 1995. – No. 2 (3). – Pp. 200-219.
8. Dennett D. The Intentional Stance. – Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989. – 400 p.
9. Putnam H. Mind, Language and Reality. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. – 437 p.
10. Searle J. Minds, Brains, and Programs // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. – 1980. – Vol. 3. Issue 3. – Pp. 417-424.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TRIFONOVA Tatyana Leonidovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
ZOLOTOV Maxim Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Organization of the fight against economic crimes sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
VLADIMIROV Sergey Vladislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT ON SOLIDARITY AS A WAY OF CONFLICT-FREE EXISTENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
This article explores the concept of solidarity in relation to the category of regulation through the lens of socio-philosophical doctrines. Key aspects of the interaction between these categories are identified. The author, based on the definition of solidarity as an internal attitude of a person that ensures unity of beliefs and actions, common interests, and shared responsibility, comes to the conclusion that solidarity, unlike regulation, reduces the likelihood of conflicts and promotes the effective resolution of disagreements in society. At the same time, regulation acts as a necessary support mechanism.
Keywords: solidarity, regulation, conflict, society, state.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aristotle Ethics. Politics. Rhetoric. Poetics. Categories. – Minsk: Literature, 1998. – 286 p.
2. Hobbes T. Selected works in 2 volumes. – M: Mysl, 1964. – V. 1. – 583 p.
3. Gulyga A. V. German classical philosophy. – M., 2001. – 742 p.
4. Durkheim E. Sociology of education. – M.: Intor, 1996. – 394 p.
5. History of theoretical sociology: in 4 volumes. – M., 2002. – Vol. 1. – 327 p.
6. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason. – M.: Academic Project, 2020. – 567 p.
7. Locke J. Works: in 3 volumes. – M.: Mysl 1995. – V. 1. – 354 p.
8. Marru A. I. Saint Augustine and Augustinianism. – 1999. – 187 p.
9. Radlov E. L. Philosophical Dictionary. – M.: Publishing house “Roshcha Akademi”, 2013. – 658 p.
10. Schopenhauer A. Free will and morality. – M.: Republic, 1992. – 387 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FAYZULLIN Fanil Saitovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan; chief researcher, Institute of Socioeconomic Research, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa
ENIKEEVA Irida Irekovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, M. Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DYNAMICS OF REGIONAL POPULATION SOCIAL PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
This article examines the challenges of improving methodology for studying the social dynamics of regional populations, integrating traditional sociological approaches with modern mathematical tools. Particular attention is paid to international innovations: actor-network theory, neoinstitutionalism, post-bureaucratic models, and digital methods. A vitalist model of social well-being is presented, taking into account the demographic stability of a region through the lens of the population’s vitality and agency. The article’s conclusions and concept are formulated based on empirical data from Rosstat over a long period, the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ufa University of Science and Technology, and other scientific organizations, as well as the academic community. The results substantiate a regional population stabilization policy taking into account spatial heterogeneity. Promising methodological development directions for the problem under study are proposed for application to the analysis of social dynamics in the regions.
Keywords: social dynamics, demographic stability, regions, actor-network approach, cluster analysis, panel models, GIS technologies, vitalist model, regional policy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kallon M. Some elements of the sociology of translation: the domestication of scallops and the fishermen of the Bay of Saint-Brieuc. – Korbut A., translator. – Sociology of power, 2015. 2. Latour, B. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. – 1st ed. – New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
3. North D. Understanding the process of economic change. – Moscow: Publishing house of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2010.
4. Hill P. The Science and Art of Design. – Moscow: Mir, 1973. – 355 p.
5. Multinational region: social technologies of sustainable development / Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Ufa: Aeterna, 2022 @@ Ismagilova K. I. Analysis of the demographic situation in the Republic of Bashkortostan // Modern science-intensive technologies. – 2014. – No. 7 (part 2). – P. 132-139 @@ Valiakhmetov R. M., Lomanova A. K., Abylkalikov S. I. Comparative analysis of demographic dynamics in the context of human development in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan (1959-2021) // New research. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 34-42 @@ Viktorov V. V., Sharafutdinov M. A., et al. Dynamics of demographic indicators in the Republic of Bashkortostan // Problems of social hygiene, health care and history of medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 28. No. 4. – P. 581-586 @@ Nizamutdinov M. M., Akhmetzyanova M. I. Fuzzy decision-making algorithms in a multi-agent model for assessing the mutual influence of population migration activity and regional economic development // Bulletin of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 124-130 @@ Social dynamics of the regional population: threats and sustainability factors. Monograph. Ed. by Fayzullin F. S. – Ufa, ISEN 2025. – 236 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
AGZAMOVA Liliya Mavlyavievna
competitor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Ufa University of Sciences and Technology
SPIRITUAL AND POLITICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE FAMILY
The article discusses the spiritual, sociocultural and political prerequisites of family organizational activity, the ultimate foundations of this activity. Organizational activities are aimed at the formation of cultural relations that influence the family (including the Islamic family) which represents the organizational activity of society, its interests and motives. The novelty of the presented approach is to substantiate the thesis that the orientation of the family towards the formation of spiritual and political life of a society increases its sensitivity to spiritual changes, which prevents deformation of spiritual, political and moral ideals.
Keywords: spiritual and political prerequisites of family organizational activity; limits to the existence of a family; cultural and political relations influencing family formation; organizational activity; spiritual and political life of society; human sensitivity to political change; spiritual and moral ideals.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A., Bikmetov E. Yu., Valiullina Z. R., Vychuzhanova L. K. Diagnostics as a metaphysics of the future in the context of considering the idea of the “I” // Eurasian Law Journal – 2022 – No. 3 (166). – P. 504-507.
2. Latypova A. R. Spiritual prerequisites for the organizational activity of people // Eurasian Law Journal – 2024. – No. 8 (185). – P. 562.
3. Bloch E. Tübingen Introduction to Philosophy. – Ekaterinburg: Ural University Press, 1997. – 400 p.
4. Sizonenko Z. L. Interethnic family at the current stage of development of society (based on materials from the Republic of Bashkortostan). Auth. diss. … Cand. Sociological Sciences. – Ufa, 1999. – 19. p.
5. Mingazova N. R. Social and philosophical aspects of the relationship between family and religion. Author’s diss. … Cand. Philosophical Sciences. – Ufa, 2005. – 19 p.
6. Rakhmatullina Z. Ya. Bashkir tradition (social and philosophical analysis). – Ufa: ed. Bashkir University, 2000. – 304 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
DEMYASHINA Vera Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of Philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk
SOROKIN Sergey Eduardovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Regional studies, international relations and political science sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk
CYBERSECURITY, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND THE NEW POLITICAL REALITY: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHALLENGES OF CYBERPOLITICS
This article is devoted to a socio-philosophical reflection on cybernetics, as well as to those fundamental metamorphoses that artificial intelligence (hereinafter – AI) induces in the sphere of managerial logic and the political organization of society. Cybernetics, it is discussed, is by no means exhausted by its technical disciplinary nature; Rather, it constitutes a profound philosophical conceptual framework (matrix) that redefines the ontological status of social being. The study analyzes five basic principles of cybernetic theory: the problem of the “opaque container” (black box), the phenomenon of feedback, the law of requisite variety (Ashby), systemic relationality as a non-classical ontology, and ethical-anthropological implications. The integration of AI into the social fabric generates qualitatively new existential-political challenges: the monopolization of variability, the erosion of responsibility, the opacity of “meta-regulatory instances”, the threat of “optimal stagnation”, and the hyper-concentration of informational-power resources. The central thesis posits the necessity of establishing “cybernetic humanism” – a conscious construction of a synthesis in which technological complexity is subordinated to the task of enhancing the human cognitive-communicative capacity for collegial thinking and autonomous action.
Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, opaque container (black box), feedback, law of requisite variety, algorithmic governance, digital sovereignty, cybernetic humanism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Wiener N. Cybernetics or control and communication in animals and machines / 2nd ed. – Moscow: Sov. radio, 1968. – 326 p.
2. Grigorievsky V. V. Kuberpolitik – power in the digital era // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. International relations. – 2024. – Vol. 17. Issue 3. – P. 362-381.
3. Zamostyanov A. A. Stalin’s Guard: the Leader’s Heirs. – Moscow: LitRes, 2010. – 144 p.
4. Lem S. Summa Technologiae / translated from Polish by A. G. Gromova, D. I. Iordansky, R. I. Nudelman, B. N. Panovkin, L. R. Pliner, R. A. Trofimov, Yu. A. Yaroshevsky; introduction by Academician V. V. Parin; ed. and afterwords by B. V. Biryukov and F. V. Shirokov. – Moscow: Mir, 1968. – 608 p. 5. Luhmann N. The Reality of Mass Media / Nicholas Luhmann; [translated from German by A. Yu. Antonovsky]. – Moscow: Praxis, 2005 (OAO Tip. Novosti). – 253 p.
6. Noel-Neumann E. Public Opinion: Discovering the Spiral of Silence: [Translated from German] / E. Noel-Neumann; [Introduction by N. Mansurova, pp. 5-25]. – Moscow: Progress: Ves mir, 1996. – 351 p.
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PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PASHKOV Artem Andreevich
postgraduate student of Philosophy of law and social sciences and humanities sub-faculty, Armavir State Pedagogical University
SOCIAL ONTOLOGY AND LEGITIMATION MECHANISMS OF DIGITAL MONEY: INSTITUTIONAL DECONSTRUCTION OF MONETARY PLURALISM
The article presents a socio-philosophical deconstruction of the essence of modern forms of money through the lens of John Searle’s theory of institutional facts. The author provides a detailed analysis of the intensifying competition between four key architectures of trust: traditional bank deposits, decentralized cryptocurrencies, private stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The study examines the transformation of monetary sovereignty and sociocultural mechanisms of legitimation in the context of 2026. Particular attention is paid to the fundamental ontological differences between a state legal mandate and an algorithmic protocol. The paper argues that the modern monetary system is evolving toward a state of institutional pluralism, where control and responsibility are distributed among the state, the code, and the market, forming hybrid models of legitimacy.
Keywords: digital money, social ontology, legitimation, CBDC, cryptocurrency, monetary sovereignty, institutional facts, institutional pluralism.
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