EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №5(216)2026 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №5(216)2026

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
Ragulina I. T.:
Trainees and assistants of an advocate in Russia: between doctrine and practice
An interview with an advocate, Ph.D. in Law, research fellow of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Indira Tagirovna Ragulina

EURASIAN INTEGRATION
VLASENKO Darya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Member of the Association of Customs Lawyers
IONICHEVA Valentina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, master of law, Member of the Board of the Association of Customs Lawyers
ON CURRENT PROBLEMS FACING EXPORTERS WHEN DECLARING AND REMOVING GOODS FROM THE CUSTOMS TERRITORY OF THE EAEU
This article examines current issues faced by exporters during customs operations related to the declaration and removal of goods from the customs territory of the EAEU. It analyzes the provisions of the EAEU Customs Code, transport legislation, and law enforcement practice regarding the inclusion of information about vehicles and transport documents in the goods declaration, determining the moment of loading goods onto a vehicle for international transport, and ensuring compliance with the conditions for the export of goods in a single consignment. It is substantiated that at the time of filing the goods declaration, the declarant objectively cannot have all the transport (shipment) documents for international transport, since their execution is carried out at subsequent stages of the transportation process after the release of the goods. Contradictions in judicial practice and the approaches of customs authorities to the interpretation of the provisions of EAEU law are identified. Proposals have been formulated to improve the Procedure for Completing the Goods Declaration, approved by Decision No. 257 of the Customs Union Commission, as well as to develop clarifications on the concepts of “consignment” and “simultaneous shipment”.
Keywords: export, goods declaration, transport documents, international transport, departure of goods, consignment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bondarev K. D. Directions for improving customs control of sawn timber placed under the customs procedure of export // Bulletin of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 77-88.
2. Gubin A. V. Problems of determining the customs value of exported goods // Bulletin of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 86-96.
3. Khalipov S. V. Problems of public-law definition of import and export of goods in the context of the Eurasian Economic Union // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10 (185). – P. 16-18.

EURASIAN INTEGRATION
DOZHENKOVA Ekaterina
associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PUSHCHINA Anna Vadimovna
independent researcher, St. Petersburg
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE BRICS VENTURE INVESTMENT MARKET: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Legal regulation of venture investments in BRICS countries develops according to different models, but the general one is that states seek to simultaneously reduce barriers to early financing of innovations and strengthen institutional control over investment structures. For Russia, the topic is especially relevant, because after the sharp decline in the venture market in 2022, the system began to restructure around domestic investors, corporate demand, state development institutions, and more formalized tools for supporting startups. Against this backdrop, the legal environment is becoming not just a backdrop for venture deals, but one of the key factors for the survival and scaling of innovative companies.
Keywords: venture investment market, investment partnership, venture capital, venture funds, venture deals.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Konyushkevich V. D. Legal regulation of venture investment in China and Russia // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 2 (281). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoe-regulirovanie-venchurnogo-investirovaniya-v-kitae-i-rossii (date of access: 05.05.2026).
2. Kolesnikov M. Announcement of legislative changes to support the venture capital market // Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/maksim_kolesnikov_anonsiroval_zakonodatelnye_izmeneniya_dlya_podderzhki_venchurnogo_rynka.html (date accessed: 05.05.2026).
3. Khan A. A., Orudzhov T. F., Kostyukevich K. A. Problems of legal regulation of venture investments // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-venchurnyh-investitsiy (date of access: 05.05.2026).

EURASIAN INTEGRATION
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University
ZUN Jingyu
independent researcher, People’s Republic of China, Xi’an
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN CHINA: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES AND INTERACTION WITH BRICS COUNTRIES
As global environmental challenges worsen, environmental education is becoming an increasingly important mechanism for sustainable development. In China, “ecological civilization” has become an officially recognized national priority, and mechanisms for environmental education and awareness have been developed on this basis. This article examines the structure of institutions in this area, the digital communication strategies used, and the role of youth. It also discusses opportunities for cooperation with BRICS countries. The authors believe that China’s experience offers three useful models: institutional coordination, digital integration, and youth engagement.
Keywords: environmental education, ecological civilization, communication strategies, China, digital media, BRICS cooperation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Institutional Innovation and the Choice of Path for Building Ecological Civilization in China, Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Press , 2016 , pp . 23-28
2. Vasiliev A. V. Barriers and opportunities for cooperation in the field of environmental education within the BRICS framework. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2023. – 185 p.
3. Gudikunst W. B. Theory of Intercultural Communication. – Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Studies University Press, 2018. – 410 p.
4. Zolotareva A. A. The economic role of the BRICS countries in the modern world // Bulletin of International Relations. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 23-25.
5. Ivanov S. A. Cooperation of BRICS countries in the field of environmental education: current state and prospects // Issues of sustainable development. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 45-48.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
CHUGUNOV Denis Albertovich
General Manager, SOMMER Rus Trade LLC; Partner, Constat Consulting Law Company; Postgraduate Alumnus of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
LEGAL ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES AMID SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS
Abstract: The drastic narrowing of the legislative regulation of Russian-European foreign trade relations since February 2022 has confronted the doctrine of private international law with the task of theoretically conceptualizing the mechanisms whereby a private-law transaction simultaneously falls under the mutually exclusive public-law prescriptions of two legal orders. The aim of the present article is to construct a conceptual framework capable of explaining the new legal phenomena of Article 12g of Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014, Directive (EU) 2024/1226 and the counter-sanctions provisions of the Russian Federation in their interrelation. The formal-legal, comparative-legal and systematic methods have been implemented. The research has resulted in the author’s concept of the contractual extraterritoriality of sanctions, which describes the legal mechanism whereby the EU sanctions regime penetrates, through the use of the no-Russia clause, into civil-law relations beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the EU by means of a cascade of private-law obligations. Proposals are formulated for structuring contracts in a manner that minimizes the parties’ risks under conditions of conflict between sanctions and counter-sanctions regulation.
Keywords: Sanctions law, foreign trade transaction, Regulation 833/2014, Directive (EU) 2024/1226, no-Russia clause, contractual extraterritoriality, overlaid legal orders, parallel import, Article 248.1 of the Commercial Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, international commercial arbitration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boguslavsky M. M. International private law: textbook / 7th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 672 p.
2. Kanashevsky V. A. International transactions: legal regulation / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: International Relations, 2019. – 704 p.
3. Karabelnikov B. R. Enforcement and contestation of decisions of international commercial arbitrations / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Statut, 2008. – 383 p.
4. International law: textbook / I. O. Anisimov, M. M. Biryukov, A. A. Danelyan, S. A. Egorov, B. L. Zimnenko, E. G. Lyakhov, Yu. S. Romashev, V. M. Shumilov; resp. ed. A. A. Danelyan, S. A. Egorov. – M.: Prospekt, 2023. – ISBN 978-5-392-37827-2.
5. Yastrebova A. Yu., Gulyaeva E. E. The right to health in the system of international legal protection of human rights at the universal and regional levels // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 99-121.
6. International law: textbook / rep. ed. S. A. Egorov. — M.: Statute, 2016. — 848 p.
7. Chugunov D. A. Features of foreign trade transactions between Russia and China in relation to the modern context of international private law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2026. – No. 3 (214). – P. 30-33.
8. International law: textbook / B. M. Ashavsky, M. M. Biryukov, V. D. Bordunov and others; resp. ed. S. A. Egorov. — 5th ed., revised. and additional — M.: Statute, 2014. — 1087 p.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
YEDLICHKO Pavel Andreevich
postgraduate student of the Department of specialty 5.1.5 “International Law Sciences”, St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF FLOATING OIL AND GAS PLATFORMS: THE PROBLEM OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE STATUS OF A VESSEL AND AN ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURE
The article examines the conflict of jurisdiction between the flag state and the coastal state arising from the lack of a universal definition of a maritime vessel in relation to floating oil and gas platforms in the Arctic. Based on formal legal and comparative legal analysis, and taking into account modern doctrinal approaches, it is shown that the functional approach (ability to navigate independently, positioning mode) has been developed by judicial and administrative practice, but has not been normatively enshrined in UNCLOS 1982 and IMO conventions. Special attention is paid to the distinction between the legal regimes of the exclusive economic zone (Article 60) and the continental shelf (Article 80). The author proposes legally significant criteria for the qualification of platforms that allow to minimize jurisdictional risks at the bilateral level, which is consistent with the conclusions on the need to take into account the functional criterion.
Keywords: floating oil and gas platforms, maritime vessel, artificial structures, UNCLOS, MODU Code, jurisdictional conflict, the Arctic.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Rothwell DR, Stephens T. The International Law of the Sea. – 3rd ed. – Hart, 2023.
2. Proelss A. (Ed.) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A. Commentary. – Nomos/ Hart, 2017. – 450 p.
3. Bekyashev D.K. International legal regulation of marine nature management in the Arctic. – M.: Prospect, 2025. – 182 p.
4. Shebalkova D. A., Tsivileva A. S., Naboka R. R. The issue of the international legal status of floating drilling rigs // Oil industry. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 66-70.
5. Daniltsev M. A. International legal status of floating drilling rigs // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 14. – 2011. – Issue 4. – P . 75-85.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
KLIMOV Alexander Pavlovich
postgraduate student, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
THE PROMPTNESS OF THE PUBLICATION OF TRADE RULES IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTICLE X OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE OF 1994
This study focuses on the speed of publication of information on trade rules that WTO members are required to ensure when fulfilling their international legal obligations under Article X of GATT 1994. Based on an analysis of the objectives of Article X of GATT 1994, as well as its comparison with other similar provisions of WTO law, this article of GATT 1994 was evaluated in terms of international legal publication obligations and their understanding within the WTO dispute resolution system. It is noted that in order to achieve transparency, the speed of publication should assume its early nature.
Keywords: the principle of transparency, publication, trade rules.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Padideh Ala\’i. From the Periphery to the Center? The Evolving WTO Jurisprudence on Transparency and Good Governance // Journal of International Economic Law. – Vol. 11. Iss. 4. – P. 1-24. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2238&context=facsch_lawrev (date accessed: 15.03.2026).

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
LEBEDEVA Veronika Igorevna
senior inspector of the Institute of Forensic Science, adjunct of the 3rd year of study, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
COUNTERTERRORISM ON QUICKSAND: NEW CHALLENGES FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN INTERPOL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MIDDLE EAST CONFLICT
This article analyzes current challenges in the field of counterterrorism cooperation between Interpol and international organizations amid the conflict in the Middle East using general scientific methods, specific scientific methods such as logical-legal and statistical methods, and a dialectical method. It proposes areas of cooperation, the development of which, in the author’s opinion, could stimulate overcoming the challenges outlined in the article. It concludes that a comprehensive approach is needed in implementing the function of cooperation between Interpol and international organizations in the fight against terrorism in order to strengthen the global legal order.
Keywords: cross-border of terrorism, cyberterrorism, international organizations, international security, Interpol, Middle East conflict, principles of Interpol, terrorism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vernadsky V. I. War and the progress of science // Biosphere and noosphere. – Moscow: Iris-press, 2003. – P. 545-546.
2. Koynov M. Yu., Koynov S. V. On the issue of the legal use by Interpol of Article 3 of the Organization’s Charter in the context of the international search for persons and cooperation in the fight against crime // International Law. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 54-57.
3. Belsky V. Yu. Terrorism in historical retrospect and modern conditions: monograph. – Moscow, 2019. – P. 116-117.
4. Nefedov B. I. Legal frontier in the regulation of cross-border public relations // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 6-16.
5. Chernyadyeva N. A. International terrorism: origin, evolution, current issues of legal counteraction. – Moscow: Prospect, 2017. – P. 4.
6. Lyakhov E. G., Lyakhov D. E. International Security Law. Countering Criminal Threats to the State and the World Community: A Textbook. – Moscow, 2017. – P. 29-53.
7. Puzyreva Yu. V. Interpol in the system of international cooperation in combating transnational organized crime: monograph, Moscow, 2024. – P. 135-136.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
PASTUSHCHIK Anastasiya Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ABOUT THE HUMAN RIGHTS POTENTIAL OF THE COURT OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION
Aims of article is to investigate the possibilities of protecting human rights in the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union. This is very relevant for the Russian Federation in relation to its exit from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights and the absence of effective alternatives. For this the author analyzes the sources of law used by the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union in order to consolidate human rights guarantees, the competence of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union and guarantees for the execution of its acts, the legal positions set out in its decisions and advisory opinions, makes a comparison with the Court of Justice of the European Union. It is concluded that the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union is not an effective replacement for the European Court of Human Rights, at the current stage of integration development its human rights function is limited to protecting the rights of business entities from violations by a supranational body. Problems of expanding potential the competence of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union in terms of the human rights component are identified.
Keywords: human rights, mechanism of human rights protection, human rights court, Eurasian Economic Union, Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dyachenko E. B., Entin K. V. Interpretation based on the constitutional traditions of member states and the protection of human rights by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 173-186.
2. Kasyanov R. A., Torkunova E. A. Ensuring human rights in the post-Soviet space // Bulletin of MGIMO University. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 56-62.
3. Knyazkin S. I. The right to judicial protection in the Eurasian Economic Union: procedural and substantive aspects // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 44-57.
4. Myslivsky P. P. Enforcement of decisions and advisory opinions of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 78-97.
5. Starodubtsev G. S., Makarova S. S. Prospects for the protection of human rights within the framework of the EAEU // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 15-22.
6. Tolstykh V. L. Advisory function of international courts // Bulletin of NSU. Series: Law. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 149-157.
7. Chaika K. L. International legal approaches in the practice of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 11. – P. 138-151.
8. Rosas A. The Court of Justice of the European Union: A Human Rights Institution? // Journal of Human Rights Practice. – Vol. 4. – Issue 1. – Februar 2022. – P. 204–214.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
LIU Zitong
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University
THE DEFINITION OF “INVESTMENT” IN BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATY: A CASE STUDY OF THE BILATERAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA
In this article the author analyzes the current main models of the definition of “investment” by combining the theoretical development and practical disputes surrounding the concept. Taking the latest amended China-Russia BIT as an example, it compares it with the old China-Russia BIT (2006) and other representative BITs between China and Russia, systematically examining the textual features, innovations, and potential impacts of the “investment” clause. Additionally, by reviewing international investment arbitration cases, the paper discusses substantive criteria for “investment”, such as the “Salini test”, and the controversies they have triggered. The new China-Russia BIT has made significant adjustments to the definition of “investment”, seeking a balance between protecting investors and maintaining the regulatory sovereignty of the host country through additions and deletions of asset lists and the exclusion of certain asset types.
Keywords: investment, bilateral investment treaties, ICSID, Salini test, ICSID Convention, international investment arbitration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Krasnoglazov A. Yu. Investments and investment activities: problems of defining concepts // Bulletin of the educational consortium of the Central Russian University. Series: Jurisprudence. – 2022. – P. 15-18.
2. Lapteva A. M., Skvortsov O. Yu. Investment law of Russia and China: textbook for universities / edited by O. Yu. Skvortsov. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – P. 17.
3. Skvortsov O. Yu. Salini test: history and trends in law enforcement practice // Law enforcement. – 2024. – No. 8 (2). – P. 139-148.
4. Tereshkova V.V., Gadalov G.A. Application of the Salini test in determining investments in the practice of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes // International Law and International Organizations. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 13-30.
5. Yakhvarov S. D., Abdullin A. I. Investments and capital investments: is the identification appropriate in the legal context? // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 97-100.
6. Bryan A. Garner, Editor in Chief. Black’s Law Dictionary (Tenth Edition). – R. 954.
7 . – 2020 (10). ‒第27-30页. [Dan Huiyan, Chen Yuqin. Analysis of regulatory aspects and risks of defining “investment” in international investment agreements // Commercial Exhibition Economics. ‒ 2020. ‒ No. 10. ‒ P. 27-30].
8 . ‒ 2018 (02). ‒ pp. 128-131 [Tian Hui. Review of the decision on jurisdiction in the case of “Beijing Urban Construction Group Co. Ltd. v. Republic of Yemen” // Journal of Management and Legal Sciences of Heilongjiang Province. ‒ 2018 (02). ‒ P. 28-131].
9 .- 2014. – 36 (03). ‒第161‒174页[Zhao Jun. Tension and influence of the definition of “investment” in international investment arbitration // Modern jurisprudence. ‒ 2014. ‒ No. 36 (03). ‒ pp. 161-174].
10 .- 2003 (01). ‒第41-45页[Zhang Xiaoning, Ge Shunyai. International investment agreement: range and definition of “investor” and “investment” // International economic cooperation. – 2003 (01). ‒ pp. 41-45].
11.张庆麟. . . ‒ 2008 （ 9 ） . ‒第285-293页[Zhang Qinglin. A Review of the Expanding Trend in the Definition of “Investment” in Modern International Investment Agreements // Collective Monograph “International Economic Law in the Era of Globalization: China’s View”. ‒ 2008 (9). ‒ P. 285-293].
12 . – 2014 (02). ‒第152-160页[Zhu Wenlong. Development of the definition of investment in the field of international investment and its lessons for China // Eastern legal science. – 2014 (02). – WITH . 152-160].

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
NDUWIMANA Janvier
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
THE EXERCISE OF PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY BY EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY STATES OVER NATURAL RESOURCES AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN RIGHTS
International and African law converge on the same idea: that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is inseparable from the protection of human rights. The objective of this article is to highlight the imperative need for the effective protection of human rights related to the exploitation and management of natural resources within the countries of the East African Community. This principle, enshrined in international and regional legal instruments, is marked, in its exercise, by violations of fundamental human rights. The study has demonstrated that this sovereignty, with its liberating character, often legitimizes human rights abuses without binding checks and balances. As a result, a binding EAC protocol proves essential to reconcile the sovereign power of states over their wealth and natural resources with the protection of human rights.
Keywords: permanent sovereignty, natural resources, human rights, East African community, resources governance, indigenous peoples.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abashidze A. , Belousova A. International Protection of the Rights of the Child // RUDN University. – M., 2021. – 479 p.
2. Abaturova V. Application of Sectoral Principles of International Environmental Law for Systemic Interpretation of Norms of Economic and Environmental Treaties // HSE International Law Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 2. No. 1. – P. 38-57.
3. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Kenya (Ogiek case) // African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-ogiek-case-of-the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-not-so-much-news-after-all/ (access date: 05/16/2026).
4. American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative. Mines industries & communautés locales. – 2016.
5. Anaya J. Indigenous Peoples in International Law. – 2nd ed. – Oxford: Oxford University Press. – 2004.
6. Boklan D., Korshunova A. National security as a foundation and a limit on a state’s right to rely on permanent sovereignty over natural resources // Kutafin University Law Review. – 2017. – Vol. 4. No. 2. – P. 299-314.
7. Casla K., Sandner M. Solidarity as Foundation for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights // Human Rights Law Review. – 2024.
8. Higgins R. The taking of property by the state: recent developments in international law // Recueil des cours. – P. 259-392.
9. Nduwimana J., Shaikhutdinova G. Environmental protection and the inalenable sovereignty of states over natural resources (the case of the East African Community) // International Law Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 8. No. 6. – P. 100-106.
10. Nurbaeva T. International legal management in the field of handling chemicals: dissertation: 5.1.5. – M. , 2025. – 243 p.
11. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). SIGI Country Report for Tanzania. Social Institutions and Gender Index. Paris. 2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1787/06621e57-en (access date: 05.16.2026).
12. Padang R., Larasati KK, Aripkah N., Kotijah S., Ventyrina. Illegal Mining: Crimes Against Humanity and Environmental Risk // Universitas Mulawarman. – 2025.
13. Pereira R., Gough O. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources in the 21st century: natural resource governance and the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples under international law. – 2014. – P. 4.
14. Schrijver N. Self-determination of peoples and sovereignty over natural wealth and resources. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
15. SIGI Country Report for Tanzania, Social Institutions and Gender Index. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1787/06621e57-en (access date: 04/20/2026).
16. Synergie Mind The Gap. Les stratégies utilisées par l’entreprise Ruashi Mining pour éviter d’assurer ses responsabilités en cas de violation des droits humains. – 2021. – P. 81.
17. Yurkovskiy A. , Evdokimov K., Ivanova E. Human Rights. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2025. – 318 p.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
KLIMOV Alexander Pavlovich
postgraduate student, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
THE ISSUE OF NOTIFICATION OBLIGATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY IN WTO LAW
For quite a long period of time, the World Trade Organization has been discussing the problem of the low level of compliance by WTO members with notification obligations, which is expressed in the fact that WTO members completely disregard their legal international obligations to notify the Organization of those measures that they are required to report in accordance with WTO law. In turn, it undermines the functioning of the WTO as an international organization and the principle of transparency in the multilateral trading system as a whole. As will be demonstrated in the text of this article, the above-mentioned problem, which is systemic and chronic, requires the creation of a legal mechanism that could effectively ensure that WTO members comply with the above-mentioned obligations.
Keywords: notification obligations, transparency principle, administrative measures.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Chen Yaxuan. A Paradigm Shift in the Making: Designing a New WTO Transparency Mechanism That Fits the Current Era. SSRN. September, 2020. – P. 1-46. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3923350.
2. Mavroidis Petros and Robert Wolfe. From Sunshine to a Common Agent. The Evolving Understanding of Transparency in the WTO. Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies Research Paper. No. RSCAS PP 2015/01. Columbia Public Law Research Paper. – No. 14-461. – 2015. – Pp. 117-129. – [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2569178.
3. Hillman Jennifer & Inu Manak. Rethinking International Subsidies Could Cool Trade Tensions. September 13, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cfr.org/blog/rethinking-international-subsidies-could-cool-trade-tensions.
4. Wolfe Robert. Letting the sun shine in at the WTO: How transparency brings the trading system to life. WTO website. – March 2013. – P. 2-43. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201303_e.htm.
5. Zenkin I. V. Law of the World Trade Organization. – M.: International Relations, 2014.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
RASHIDOV Ismat Gabil ogly
postgraduate student of Judicial power, civil society and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL ASPECTS OF COUNTERING CYBERCRIME WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BRICS: PROSPECTS FOR THE FORMATION OF A COMMON LEGAL PLATFORM
BRICS is an actively developing organization that does not have a rigid military—political component, but is increasingly addressing security issues. In the context of digitalization, the issue of ensuring the security of individuals and the state from threats related to the misuse of information and communication technology (ICT) capabilities has become particularly important. Despite the measures taken to prevent and mitigate the consequences of cyber incidents related to the malicious use of ICTs at the international and national levels, as well as the dissemination of skills and practices to protect against digital threats at the level of individual business entities and individuals, their number is increasing from year to year.
Keywords: BRICS, cybercrime, international law, comparative law.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Goa Declaration of the VIII BRICS Summit (Goa, India, 16 October 2016). It should be noted that BRICS representatives made a significant contribution to the work of six convocations of the GGE on IIS: Russia and China were members of the group in all six convocations, India – 5, Brazil – 4, South Africa – 3, in addition, Russia was twice the chair (in 2004-2005 and 2009-2010), and Brazil headed the group in 2014-2015. 2. Johannesburg Declaration II of the XV BRICS Summit (Sandton, South Africa, August 23, 2023).
3. Moscow Declaration of the XII BRICS Summit (Moscow, Russia, November 17, 2020).
4. New Delhi Declaration of the XIII BRICS Summit (New Delhi, India, September 9, 2021).
5. Noted in the Beijing Declaration of the XIV BRICS Summit (Beijing, China, June 24, 2022).
6. The first convocation of the OEWG for 2019-2020 was based on UNGA resolution A/Res/73/27 of 5 December 2018, and the second convocation was based on A/Res/75/240 of 31 December 2020 for 2021-2025. 7. BRICS main cooperation areas // BRICS Brasil 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.archive.org/web/20190425190637/http://brics2019.itamaraty.gov.br/en/about-brics/main-areas-of-cooperation.
8. Resolution 22/7 of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice of the United Nations Economic and Social Council “Strengthening international cooperation to combat cybercrime”. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://russianembassyza.mid.ru/web/russianembassyza-ru/briks/-/asset_publisher/ZkbNLayaLJm3/content/antiterroristiceskaa-strategia-briks?inheritRedirect=false.
9. Ufa Declaration of the VII BRICS Summit (Ufa, Russia, July 9, 2015).
10. Demina E. P. Powers of prosecutors aimed at eliminating violations of environmental and ecological legislation // Eurasian Advocacy. 2024. No. 1 (66). P. 79-82.
11. Ignatov A. A. Positions of the BRICS member countries in the negotiations on international information security (IIS) in the UN and the problem of realizing the BRICS potential in the development of the IIS agenda // Bulletin of international organizations: education, science, new economy . 2025. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pozitsii-stran-chlenov-briks-na-peregovorah-po-voprosam-mezhdunarodnoy-informatsionnoy-bezopasnosti-mib-v-oon-i-problema (date of access: 11/19/2025).
12. Rizaeva D. E. General characteristics of circumstances excluding in England and the USA: concept and origin // Eurasian Law Journal. 2017. No. 3 (106). P. 217-219.
13. Putin proposed that BRICS countries work together to combat the unfair use of AI. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/22198879 (date accessed: 11/17/2025).

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
RYBKIN Roman Vladislavovich
postgraduate student, AI Herzen Russia State Pedagogical University
PARAORGANIZATIONS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: CRITERIA FOR DISTINGUISHING THEM FROM INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
The article looks at where paraorganizations fit into the institutional architecture of international relations and what features help tell them apart from proper intergovernmental organizations. The issue has gained currency as more and more stable interstate formats emerge that coordinate collective action and handle external relations, yet fall short of the full checklist of attributes expected from a classic international organization. Using a combination of formal-legal, systematic, comparative, and functional approaches, the authors propose a set of demarcation lines: the legal basis of creation, the level of institutional build-up, the type of authority exercised, the presence or absence of an independent decision-making will, the modalities of external representation, and the extent of international legal subjectivity. The findings suggest that paraorganizations are best understood as hybrid entities with a limited, derived, and purely functional legal personality.
Keywords: paraorganizations, intergovernmental organizations, international institutions, international legal personality, institutionalization, functional approach, external representation, international law.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Velyaminov G. M. International Law: Experiments / Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of State and Law. – M .: Statut, 2015. – 1005 p.
2. Egorov S. A. Dictionary of international law / resp. ed. S. A. Egorov; Diplomatic academician Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. – Ed. 3rd, revised and additional – M.: Statute, 2014. – 494 p.
3. Menon PK, Schermers HG, Blokker N. International Institutional Law: Unity within Diversity // Kluwer Law International, The Hague. – 1995, xli + 1,305 pp. // Netherlands International Law Review. – 1996. – No. 43 (3). – WITH . 421-425. – DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X00005192.
4. Portmann R., Legal Personality in International Law. – Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010. – 382 p.
5. Vabulas F., Snidal D. Informal IGOs as Mediators of Power Shifts // Global Policy. – 2020. – Vol. 11. No. 3. – DOI:10.1111/1758-5899.12869.
6. Vabulas F., Snidal D. Organization without delegation: Informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs) and the spectrum of intergovernmental arrangements // Rev Int Organ. – 2013. – No. 8. – P. 193–220. – [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-012-9161-x.
7. Klabbers J. International Organizations Law // The Cambridge Companion to the International Court of Justice. – 2023.
8. Kheifets B. A. Russia and BRICS. New opportunities for mutual investments. – M.: Dashkov i K, 2014.
9. Abashidze A.Kh. BRICS: international legal dimension // Observer. – 2024. – No. 4.
10. Mitra R. Why the Quad is not NATO: the Indo-American impediments to its intergovernmental structure // India Review. – 2023. – Vol. 22. No. 4. – DOI: 10.1080/14736489.2023.2236466.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
STEPANOV Nikolai Andreevich
postgraduate student of State and international law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION BETWEEN STATES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST SERIOUS INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
The Ljubljana-Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Other International Crimes, adopted in 2023, has become one of the main initiatives for the development of international cooperation between States in combating serious international crimes. Despite the fact that the main focus of this convention is to create rules for mutual legal assistance at the universal level, it also focuses on substantive international criminal law, in particular, the definition of the most serious international crimes and the obligations of States to criminalize them. Despite this, the difficulties associated with the cooperation of States using a broader definition of major crimes remain unresolved. As a solution, it is proposed to use the existing mechanism in the convention for creating special annexes to the treaty. The creation of a special annex codifying an expanded understanding of genocide will allow interested States to apply the convention as an effective tool for cooperation, thereby putting into practice one of the key principles laid down in the original draft.
Keywords: Ljubljana-The Hague Convention, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, genocide, international criminal law, mutual legal assistance, conflict of laws, Rome Statute, international cooperation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sadowski MM The Ljubljana–The Hague Convention: A Treaty for the Globalized and Interconnected World? Perspectives from a Legal Semiotics Analysis // Int J Semiot Law. – 38. – 1763 (2025). – P. 1763.
2. Moodrick-Even Khen H. Mutual Legal Assistance and Double Criminality: Bolstering the Struggle against Impunity outside the ICC Framework // Journal of International Criminal Justice. – Volume 23. Issue 1. – March 2025. – P. 93.
3. Ramaswamy MP Ljubljana-The Hague Convention as a formidable framework in fighting impunity for international crimes: an assessment of advantages of accession and perceivable challenges for states not parties to the Rome Statute // International Seven Multidisciplinary Journal (ISMJ). – 2025. – [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://ucr.irmct.org/scasedocs/case/ICTR-96-03#eng. ( date accesses : 05/09/2026).

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
YUCHKOVSKIY Maxim Dmitrievich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL TAX-RELATED INVESTMENT DISPUTES AND INTERNATIONAL TAX DISPUTES
The comparison of the concepts of international investment disputes relating to taxation and international tax disputes has revealed several significant differences. Firstly, the aim of a foreign investor in a “tax” investment dispute is to obtain compensation for breaches of investment protection standards committed by the host State through the application of tax measures. At the same time, in an international tax dispute, the taxpayer seeks to apply concessionary tax rates from the double taxation agreement to the tax liabilities imposed on them. Secondly, a foreign investor possesses the status of a claimant, while the procedural role of the taxpayer is not clearly defined. Thirdly, international investment agreements do cover indirect taxation, whereas double taxation agreements do not.
Keywords: international tax disputes, international investment disputes, mutual agreement procedure, international tax arbitration, international investment arbitration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ault H. Improving the Resolution of International Tax Disputes // Florida Tax Review. – 2005. – No. 3 (7). – P. 137-151.
2. Bird-Pollan J. The Sovereign Right to Tax: How Bilateral Investment Treaties Threaten Sovereignty // Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. – 2018. – No. 1 (32). – P. 107-133.
3. Butani M., Rao A., Shriyan Y. Tax Carve Outs Under Bilateral Investment Protection Agreements: A Review. – 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Tax-Carve-Outs-Under-Bilateral-Investment-Protection-Agreements_FINAL.pdf (accessed: 02.06.2026).
4. Chaisse J. Investor-State Arbitration in International Tax Dispute Resolution // Virginia Tax Review. – 2016. – No. 2 (35). – P. 149-223.
5. Chaisse J. Making Tax Dispute Resolution Mechanisms More Effective – the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project and Beyond // Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal. – 2017. – No. 1 (10). – P. 1-50.
6. Limor R. Taxpayers’ Lack of Standing in International Tax Dispute Resolutions: An Analysis Based on the Hybrid Norms of International Taxation // Pace Law Review. – 2014. – No. 3 (34). – P. 1064-1092.
7. Morris D., Kryvoi Y., Winter-Barker S., Savaş T. Empirical Study: Tax-related Measures in Investor-State Arbitration, 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4704750 (accessed: 02.06.2026).
8. O’Brien M., Brooks K. Direct Taxation, Tax Treaties and IIAs: Mixed Objectives, Mixed Results // Improving International Investment Agreements / ed. by A. De Mestral, C. Lévesque. – London: Routledge. – 2013. – P. 303-322.
9. Olmedo JG The Interaction Between IIAs and DTCs: Potential for Overlap and Reform Proposals // Redefining Global Governance: A Tax, Trade and Investment Perspective in the EU and Beyond / ed. by I. Valderrama, F. Heitmüller, J. Chaisse, A. Christians. – Cham: Springer. – 2025. – P. 167-178.
10. Park W. Income Tax Treaty Arbitration // George Mason Law Review. – 2002. – No. 4 (10). – P. 803-874.
11. Tikhonova V., Shamurzaev A. At the Intersection of International Tax and Investment Treaties: Practical Hurdles of Interpretation // HSE University Journal of International Law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 53-68.
12. Vasudev V. Interactions Between Taxation Measures and International Investment Agreements // Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy / ed. by J. Chaisse, L. Choukroune, S. Jusoh. – Singapore: Springer. – 2021. – P. 2035-2053.
13. Lifshits I. M. “Uninvited Guest”: Taxation in the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee // International Justice. – 2024. – No. 4 (52). – P. 50-68.
14. Lifshits I. M. Cross-border taxation: the “Cinderella” of international law who dreams of becoming a queen // HSE Journal of International Law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 39-52.

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RIGHT
RUDA Mariya Glebovna
postgraduate student of Integration and European law sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
HERBARIUM COLLECTIONS AS A MEANS OF HUMAN SELF-PRESERVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TENSION
This article examines the current state of biological collections in the Russian Federation, as well as the factors that contribute to their long-term effective preservation, development, and use for the benefit of the state and society, taking into account contemporary sociopolitical issues and the complexities that arise when organizing collection materials. Furthermore, the work analyzes new methods and areas of application for specimen collecteds and information about them, the background and reasons for the emergence of these methods of use, as well as innovative modern methods for storing and systematizing data on collected specimens, their collectors, and their condition. In order to establish key aspects of the legal regime for the conservation, use and development of collections, the paper analyzes the provisions of the Federal Law on Bioresource Collections and the Federal Law on Seed Production of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of provisions of the Federal Law on Biosafety of the Russian Federation. As a result, a conclusion is made about the need to reconsider the list of key principles that determine the course, functions and limits of the activities of organizations that maintain bioresource collections. Given the convergence of various scientific fields and the integration and unification of the requirements for such organizations, based on existing international standards, it is proposed to consider technological sovereignty and biological safety as integral components of national security, guaranteeing its observance. Russia\’s unique historical collections and emerging federal scientific strategies justify the necessity and immense potential of transforming biological collections into the drivers of innovation.
Keywords: biological collections, technological sovereignty, regulatory framework.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Belov F. D., Gusev V. A., Kulikov I. M. Results of the activities of world-class scientific centers: results for 2023 // Scientific Thought. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 17-19.
2. Belov F. D., Gusev V. A., Kulikov I. M. Results of the work of world-class scientific centers: results for 2023 // Scientific Thought. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 19-20.
3. Kalakutskiy L. V., Ozerskaya S. M. Biological resource centers: current state in Russia and the world // Bulletin of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 30-32.
4. Kalakutsky L. V., Ozerskaya S. M. Biological resource centers: current state in Russia and the world // Bulletin of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 29-34.
5. Spiridonov A. M., Danilova T. A. Plant genetic resources as a factor in product quality management // Izvestia SPbSAU. – 2019. – No. 1 (58). – P. 25-27.
6. Temirbekova S. K., Kulikov I. M., Ionov E. F. The legacy of N. I. Vavilov and its significance for national sovereignty // Vegetables of Russia. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 4-5.
7. Tikhonovich I. A., Geltman D. V., Goncharov N. P., Kuleshov A. M. Forum “Genetic Resources of Russia”: development prospects // Development of biotechnology and plant breeding // Biotechnology and plant breeding. – 2022. – V. 4. No. 1. – P. 3-12.
8. Filatova A. O., Sapelchenko N. E. Organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring the preservation of genetic information in the development of modern biotechnology // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 45-52.
9. Coombe RJ Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Sovereignty: New Dilemmas in International Law // SSRN Electronic Journal. – 1998. – P. 7-11.
10. Gepts P. Who Owns Biodiversity, and How Should the Owners Be Compensated? // Plant Physiology. – 2004. – Vol. 134. No. 4. – P. 1295-1297.
11. Halabi SF Viral Sovereignty and the Sharing of Pathogens: An Ethical and Legal Analysis // Annals of Health Law and Life Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 28. – P. 86-90.
12. Oldham P., Hall S., Forero O. Biological Diversity in the Patent System // PLOS ONE. – 2013. – Vol. 8. No. 11. – e78737. – P. 4-6.
13. Oldham P., Hall S., Forero O. Biological Diversity in the Patent System // PLOS ONE. – 2013. – Vol. 8, No. 11. – e78737. – P. 1-16.
14. Rosendale GK The Convention on Biological Diversity: A Viable Instrument for Conservation and Sustainable Use? // Environmental Politics. – 1995. – Vol. 4. No. 4. – P. 686-688.

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RIGHT
AFANASJEV Sergey Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE DEFINITION AND LEGAL CHARACTER OF CYBER OPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
The relevance of this study stems from the lack of unification of conceptual frameworks within the international legal system, which creates uncertainty in the development of approaches to defining and qualifying state actions in cyberspace, within the context of the principles of the right to self-defense and international humanitarian law. The aim of this study is to identify the key scientific legal concepts and characteristics of a cyber operation and establish criteria for distinguishing it from related definitions and terms. This article provides a unique definition of this conceptual category, taking into account both its organizational characteristics and the legally significant consequences associated with it, including its functional and relativistic nature, which manifests itself in the establishment of significant damage. The conditions under which a cyber operation can be qualified as an act of aggression are determined. The research methodology utilizes formal legal and comparative legal methods, and a systematic approach is applied to the study of legislative acts to determine the positions of various states and international organizations with respect to this phenomenon and its legal nature. The empirical basis of the study was formed by international legal acts, universal documents, international practice, as well as the positions of states and international organizations that are publicly available.
Keywords: international humanitarian law, security, act of aggression, use of force, attack, cyberattack, sovereignty, cyber operation, cyber weapons, cyberspace.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Akolzin E. P., Primakova S. V. On the issue of the concepts of cybersecurity and cyberdefense. Types of protected objects // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 321-324.
2. Ivlyushkin A. S. Applicability of the norms of international public law to ensuring security in cyberspace: NATO’s position // International cooperation of Eurasian states: politics, economics, law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 32-39.
3. Lazar K.K. Qualification of cyber attacks as a “use of force” or an “act of aggression” in international law: analysis of Article 51 of the UN Charter and the prospects for self-defense in cyberspace // Justice. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 179-190.
4. Markova A. V. Consequences and prospects for the use of cyber attacks as an instrument of state foreign policy using the example of the Stuxnet virus // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2014. – No. 2-2. – P. 123-128.
5. Meshcheryakov V. A. Fundamentals of the methodology of investigating crimes in the field of computer information: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Voronezh, 2001. – 387 p.
6. Mukhortov V. V., Korolev I. D., Timofeev N. B., Letuta K. A. Prospects for the development of cyber intelligence // Engineering Bulletin of the Don. – 2022. – No. 6.
7. Ryazanov A. A. Cyber operations as a tool of interstate military-economic competition // Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Ser. 1, Economics and Management. – 2021. – No. 2 (37). – P. 15-21.
8. Smushkin A. B. Concept and characteristics of cyberspace // MNIZH. – 2024. – No. 10 (148). – P. 1-5.
9. Khodanov A. I. Problems of granting the status of casus belli to a cyber attack on a NATO member state // Rule of law: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 3 (77). – P. 155-159.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE RIGHT
GUSEV Gleb Mikhailovich
postgraduate student, Law faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
COMPLIANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
The article is devoted to the issues of compliance expertise in the context of pre-contractual liability when including cross-border contract. The article analyzes the grounds for the emergence of pre-contractual liability in private international law, taking into account the bona fides principle. Particular attention is paid to compliance as a tool for anticipating and minimizing risks in legal relations complicated by the foreign element, taking into account the specific of individual types of risks. In addition to the theoretical aspects, the article proposes practical approaches to the implementation of compliance expertise in order to minimize risks at the pre-contractual stage.
Keywords: compliance, culpa in contrahendo, sanctions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Apukhtin Yu. V., Kudinova M. S. Bankruptcy compliance as a legal instrument in bankruptcy cases // Arbitration disputes. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 157-170.
2. Popondopulo V. F., Petrov D. A. Compliance as a legal instrument for minimizing risks and preventing offenses // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University. – 2020. – Vol. 11. Issue 1. – P. 103.
3. Stepanishcheva A. M. Pre-contractual liability: problems of legal qualification in international private law // Business in law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 185-190.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE RIGHT
ZAIKIN Dmitry Igorevich
postgraduate student of Private international law sub-faculty, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
CUSTOM IN THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF BRICS
The paper addresses the legal role of custom in international sale of goods contracts between commercial enterprises from BRICS states. The author argues that BRICS lacks any supranational private-law regime, whereas the volume of intra-bloc trade demands flexible regulators. Drawing on Article 9 CISG, statutory provisions of Russia, China, Brazil, and India, and on international commercial arbitration practice, the paper substantiates that custom operates not as an autonomous “source of BRICS law” but as a transnational coordinating mechanism. A three-layer model is proposed: universal trade usages and Incoterms; sectoral commercial practices; established course of dealing between the parties.
Keywords: international sale of goods, BRICS, trade usage, lex mercatoria, CISG Article 9, Incoterms, international commercial arbitration, conflict-of-laws regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bazhanov S. A. Incoterms as a source of regulation of business legal relations // Agrarian and land law. – 2024. – No. 2 (230). – P. 145-146.
2. Gamzatov G. T., Esetova A. M. Evolution of transport conditions in international contracts for the sale and purchase of goods under sanctions // Regional problems of economic transformation. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 128-136.
3. Kanashevsky V. A. International private law: textbook. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: International Relations, 2019. – 1024 p.
4. Klyukovskaya I. N., Kontlakova F. R. Lex mercatoria: retrospectives and prospects // Humanitarian and legal studies. – 2025. – Vol. 12. No. 4. – P. 718-725.
5. Lunts L. A. Course of international private law: in 3 volumes. – M.: Spark, 2002. – Volume 2: Special part. – 668 p.
6. International Commercial Arbitration: textbook / ed. O. Yu. Skvortsov, M. Yu. Savransky, G. V. Sevastyanov. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – St. Petersburg; Moscow: ANO “Editorial Office of the Journal” Arbitration Court “, 2025. – 1005 p. 7. Rosenberg M. G. International sale and purchase of goods: commentary on legal regulation and dispute resolution practice / 4th ed., corrected and supplemented. – M .: Statut, 2010. – 459 p.
8. Fonotova O. V. Transnational commercial law and lex mercatoria: instead of or together? // Lex Russica. – 2025. – Vol. 78. No. 2. – P. 19-32.
9. Kholopov K. V. Incoterms 2020: changes in the regulation of conditions for the supply of goods / K. V. Kholopov // Transport Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 2-6.
10. Chebonyan T. G., Kolodkina V. N., Korolevskaya O. I., Grigoryan G. M. Features and problems of applying business customs in international law // International research journal. – 2025. – No. 2 (152).
11. Bonell MJ An International Restatement of Contract Law: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. – 3rd ed. – Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2009. – 691 p.
12. Berger KP The Creeping Codification of the Lex Mercatoria. – Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2010. – 384 p.

EUROPEAN RIGHT
BURYAK Viktoriya Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
LAVRINENKO Polina Alexeevna
student of the 4th course, Faculty of International Law, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia, independent researcher
DISCIPLINARY SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICE AND THE PROCEDURE FOR APPEALING DECISIONS CONCERNING OFFICIALS
This article examines the disciplinary system of the European Civil Service and the means for challenging decisions concerning officials. It analyzes the legal grounds, types of disciplinary liability, and the procedure for conducting disciplinary proceedings. Particular attention is given to the system of procedural guarantees, including the official’s right to defense and a fair hearing, the principle of proportionality in disciplinary sanctions, and the role of the Disciplinary Council. The process of administrative and judicial appeals is examined, including the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The conclusion notes that the EU disciplinary mechanism is of interest for comparative studies and for reforming national civil services.
Keywords: disciplinary liability, European Civil Service, Staff Regulations, disciplinary proceedings, Disciplinary Board, appeals procedure, Court of Justice of the European Union, procedural safeguards, public service ethics, proportionality.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Staff Regulations of Officials of the European Union and Conditions of Employment of Other Servants of the European Union: consolidated version. – Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014.
2. Bauer M., Trondal J. (eds.). The Civil Service in Europe: Emerging New Patterns of Public Service. – Cham: Springer, 2025.

RIGHT FOREIGN STATES
GUSEINOVA Giulshan Eldanizovna
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
SOLOVYOV Fedor Maximovich
independent researcher, Moscow
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal regulation of digital currencies in the United States. It is shown that the key role in shaping this system is played by the specific features of the American legal model—federalism and case law. This results in the simultaneous involvement of both federal authorities and state governments in regulation, leading to the formation of a heterogeneous legal environment. The approaches of the main regulators to determining the legal nature of digital assets are examined, and the absence of a unified position is noted, which creates a certain degree of legal uncertainty. The article also analyzes current legislative initiatives aimed at streamlining regulation and fostering the development of the digital asset market. Particular attention is paid to a comparison of regulatory frameworks in the states of New York and Wyoming, demonstrating the contrast between more stringent and more liberal models. In conclusion, it is noted that, despite its fragmented nature, the system of digital currency regulation in the United States is gradually evolving and adapting to new economic conditions.
Keywords: digital currencies, cryptocurrency, United States, federalism, New York, Wyoming, legal regulation, digital assets.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dolgieva M. M. Foreign experience of legal regulation of relations in the sphere of cryptocurrency circulation // Lex Russica. – 2018. – No. 10 (143). – P. 116-129.
2. Shumilov V. M. Legal system of the USA: Textbook. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. – M.: International relations, 2006. – 406 p.
3. Awrey D. Money and Federalism // Duke Law Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 75. No. 2. – P. 171-245.
4. Bender JT State Crypto Regulation: Competing Priorities Shaping Different Outcomes // Seattle Journal of Technology, Environmental & Innovation Law. – 2022. – Vol. 12. Iss. 2. – Article 1. – P. 165-183.
5. Burke J. Financial Services in the Twenty-First Century: The Present System and Future Developments in Fintech and Financial Innovation. – Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. – 220 p.
6. Emmert F. The Regulation of Cryptocurrencies in the United States of America // European Journal of Law Reform. – 2023. – Vol. 25. No. 1/2. – P. 27-122.
7. Haynes A., Yeoh P. Cryptocurrencies and cryptoassets: regulatory and legal issues. – Oxon: Routledge, 2020. – 277 p.
8. Inozemtsev MI Digital Assets in the United States: Legal Aspects // Engineering Economics: Decisions and Solutions from Eurasian Perspective. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Vol. 139./ed. by SA Ashmarina, VV Mantulenko, M. Vochozka. – Cham: Springer, 2021. – P. 514-522.
9. Poynton AUS Cryptocurrency Regulation: A Slowly Evolving State of Affairs // Notre Dame Journal on Emerging Technologies. – 2023. – Vol. 4. Iss. 1. – P. 93-122.
10. Xiong X., Luo J. Global Trends in Cryptocurrency Regulation: An Overview // Mathematical Research for Blockchain Economy: 5th International Conference Marble 2024, Malaga, Spain / ed. by S. Leonardos et. al. – Cham: Springer, 2025. – P. 71-92.

RIGHT FOREIGN STATES
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, research fellow, International Institute for Comparative Legal Studies of New Technologies, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGISLATIVE RESTRICTIONS ON MINORS’ ACCESS TO ONLINE PLATFORMS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
This article offers a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union to restricting minors’ access to online platforms. It shows how growing public pressure and evidence on the harms of addictive design, harmful content, cybercrime, and excessive data collection have driven stricter rules. In the US, COPPA establishes a baseline (age 13 and verifiable parental consent), while several states (eg, Utah) extend obligations by mandating age verification and parental permission for minors, imposing duties on app stores, and tightening checks for 18+ content. The UK combines a digital age of consent (13+), the Age ‑ Appropriate Design Code, and the Online Safety Act 2023, requiring providers to assess child ‑ specific risks, deploy effective age ‑ assurance and content gating, und er Ofcom and ICO oversight with substantial penalties. Road ‑ mapped measures for 2024–2026 include mandatory age checks on 18+ sites and a potential blanket prohibition on social media for under ‑ 16s. In the EU, GDPR (age of consent 13–16), the AVMSD, and the DSA (ban on targeted ads to minors, stronger age ‑ assurance) form the core, complemented by national addons (France, Germany) and a move toward EU wide, privacypreserving age verification. A crosscutting trend shifts legal responsibility to platforms, req uires accurate age determination, and promotes multifactor approaches (IDs, payment instruments, biometric age estimation, eIDs, thirdparty providers), while balancing child protection, privacy, freedom of information, and innovation.
Keywords: age verification, child online safety, parental consent, COPPA, Online Safety Act, GDPR, DSA, AVMSD, Ofcom and ICO, platform responsibility, social media, minors.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
GOROKHOVA Kamila Ildusovna
legal counsel of the Legal Support Department for Investment Activities of the Russian Practice and Project Work Department of the Directorate on Legal Issues of JSC “RUSAL Management”
LEGAL TECHNOLOGY OF NORMATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE SAMARA REGION STATE AUTHORITIES
This article is devoted to the study of the legal technology of the regulatory activity of the Samara region. At the beginning of the article, the author refers to the theoretical foundations of law to consider the approaches to defining legal technology as a complex, interdisciplinary category. Further, the article provides a detailed analysis of the procedure for the development, approval, and adoption of regulatory legal acts in the Samara region. Based on this analysis, the author identified a number of problems related to the shortcomings of legal technologies of regulatory activity in the above- mentioned region. The author lists the following problems: the lack of clear requirements for legal technique, the lack of a unified algorithm for developing and approving draft regulations, and a weak digitalization system. Based on the data obtained, the author proposes measures to improve legislative activity in the region.
Keywords: legal technologies, regulatory activities, legal techniques, regulatory legal acts, Samara region.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S. S. Problems of the Theory of Law. – Sverdlovsk, 1972. Vol. 1. – 396 p.
2. Gorokhova, S. S. Legal technique: textbook and practical training for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. – 311 p.
3. Kartashov N. N. Technologies of rule-making: on the example of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: abstract of the dissertation… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01 / Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 2004. – 23 p.
4. Vlasenko A. N. Legislative technology: Theory. Experience. Rules / Legislative Assembly of the Irkutsk Region. State Institute of Regional Legislation of the Irkutsk Region Administration. – Irkutsk: East Siberian Publishing Company, 2001. – 142 p. 5. Law of the Samara Region dated 07.07.2000 No. 28-GD “On regulatory legal acts of the Samara Region”. [Electronic resource] // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 05.25.2026).

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
DARDA Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of General theoretical legal disciplines sub-faculty, North Caucasus Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar
THE TRANSFORMATION OF LAWMAKING IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
The article is devoted to how digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) transform the creation of legal norms. The directions in which rulemaking is changing are consistently analyzed: automated monitoring of the state of legislation, detection of collisions and gaps, translation of regulations into machine-readable (“digital”) form, predictive modeling and assessment of regulatory impact. In specific cases, the advantages of implementing AI are shown – increased speed, consistency, and openness of rulemaking – as well as related threats: closed algorithms, the tendency of generative systems to make unreliable conclusions, biased data, and blurred responsibilities. The conclusion is drawn in favor of a balanced, step-by-step movement and proactive legal regulation.
Keywords: law-making, digitalization, artificial intelligence, machine-readable law, digital norms, legislative process, legal analytics, legal technology.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Balalaeva Yu. S. Changes in the law-making process in the context of the development and implementation of artificial intelligence technologies: problems and prospects // Legal technology. – 2023. – No. 17. – P. 618-622.
2. Zhilkin V. A. Artificial intelligence and digital technologies in legal activity in digital reality (using Finland as an example). – 2018. 3. Zaloilo M. V. Modern legal technologies in lawmaking: a scientific and practical guide / edited by D. A. Pashentsev. – M .: IZiSP: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 184 p.
4. Laptev V. A. The concept of artificial intelligence and legal liability for its work // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 79-102.
5. Pevtsova E. A. The influence of artificial intelligence on human legal activity // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 19-31.
6. Tanimov O. V. Transformation of legal relations in the context of digitalization // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 11-18.
7. Unizhaev N.V. Advantages of using artificial intelligence and neural networks in the legal system of the Russian Federation // Economics, entrepreneurship and law. – 2023. – No. 2.
8. Uzhov F. V. Artificial intelligence as a subject of law // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 357-360.
9. Khabrieva T. Ya., Chernogor N. N. Law in the context of digital reality // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 1 (253). – P. 85-102.
10. Digitalization of lawmaking: the search for new solutions: monograph / [D. A. Pashentsev et al.]; edited by D. A. Pashentsev. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; INFRA-M, 2019.
11. The language of lawmaking in the context of digitalization of public relations: a collection of scientific papers / edited by D. A. Pashentsev, M. V. Zaloilo. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; INFRA-M, 2019.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
ZOLOTUKHINA Tatyana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Taganrog Institute of Management and Economy
ON SOME PROBLEMS OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF LAWMAKING
The article explores some of the problems associated with the legal terminology used in Russian laws in the field of their adoption. To this end, it provides a scientifically grounded definition of a Russian law, as well as a definition of legal terminology, and identifies the types of terms and the requirements for their use. Special attention is given to the issues of the correctness of legal terminology, such as the relationship between lawmaking and legislation (legislative activity and legislative process), the stages of law adoption and approval, and the publication of laws. The article concludes with a recommendation for the need to specify and regulate legal terminology.
Keywords: legal terminology, law, legislation, lawmaking, adoption of a law, publication, promulgation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ivannikov I. A. Theory of State and Law. Study Guide. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov University Publishing House, 2001. 2. Theory of State and Law. Lecture Course / edited by N. I. Matuzov, A. V. Malko. – M.: Jurist, 2000.
3. Lyubashits V. Ya., Mordovtsev A. Yu., Timoshenko I. V. Theory of State and Law. Textbook. – Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center “MarT”, 2002.
4. Zolotukhina T. A. Correlation between federal law and law of a subject of the Russian Federation // Fundamentals of the state and law. – 2005. – No. 4.
5. Pigolkin A. S. Legal terminology and ways of its improvement // Scientific notes. – 1971. – Issue 24.
6. Tsarev A. Yu. On the rules of legislative technique used when writing the text of the law (part 1) // Online publication “Information and analytical portal “VIPERSON” (Viperson). – 12/01/2009.
7. Gunich S. V. Systematicity and accuracy of legal terminology in the field of constitutional and legal regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 7.
8. Zolotukhina T. A. The relationship between the legal constructs “lawmaking” and “legislation” // Law and education. – 2011. – No. 11 (November): NU “Publishing House of the Modern Humanitarian University (SSU)”.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
ULAEVA Nataliya Lvovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
GENERAL THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND CERTAIN PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE INSTITUTION OF PREJUDICE IN MODERN RUSSIAN LAW
The article reveals issues related to the history of the institution of prejudice and its further consolidation in the law of many countries that adopted the dogmatic foundations and implemented the reception of Roman law, but made their own adjustments to justify the recognition of prejudicial factual circumstances. The stages of the development of the Russian doctrine of prejudice are highlighted, as well as the modern doctrinal understanding of prejudice in legal science, based on existing basic points of view. The article substantiates the absence of a legal definition of the term “prejudice” in the current Russian legislation, while the principle of prejudice has a legal representation in regulatory sources by substantiating the legally significant consequences of previously established circumstances. The author analyzes the main problematic aspects of the institution of prejudice at the present stage, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. The author argues for the need to develop a conceptual approach to the essence of legal prejudice in the general theory of law, as well as the legal consolidation of fundamental definitions within the framework of the modern institution of prejudice.
Keywords: prejudice, institute of prejudice, prejudice, judicial precedent, prejudicial factual circumstances, doctrine of prejudice, prejudicial facts, evidentiary law, assessment of evidence, prejudicial acts, sectoral prejudice, intersectoral prejudice, judicial decisions, judicial acts, prejudicial facts.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boboshko R. S. Legal force and prejudiciality of a court decision in civil proceedings // Current issues of civil and administrative proceedings. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 147-150.
2. Babaev V.K. Presumptions in Soviet law: a textbook. – Gorky, 1974. – P. 33-34.
3. Bronyakina E. O. Prejudice and res judicata in civil and arbitration proceedings: monograph / edited by Doctor of Law E. V. Kudryavtseva. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – P. 15-20.
4. Quintilian M. F. Twelve Books of Rhetorical Instructions. Book 5. Part 1. – St. Petersburg: Printing House of the Imperial Russian Academy, 1834. – P. 317.
5. Kardanets A. V. Prejudices in Russian law (problems of theory and practice): dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – P. 30.
6. Klinova E. V. On the prejudicial nature of a court decision // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2003. – No. 6. – P. 91.
7. Malchenko K. N. The concept of prejudice in modern civil proceedings // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 173-178.
8. Novoselova L. A., Rozhkova M. A. On the issue of the force of acts of the arbitration court // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – No. 5. – P. 69.
9. Judicial practice and legislation – Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation. Art. 61. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/law/gpk-rf/razdel-i/glava-6/statia-61/ (date of access: 05/29/2026).
10. Ulaeva N. L. Legal facts in the general theory of law: monograph. – Krasnodar: Kru MVD of Russia, 2025. – P. 85.
11. Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. Federal Office of Justice. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_zpo/englisch_zpo.html (date of access: 05/28/2026).
12. Yastrebov V. M., Yastrebov A. V. Prejudiciality as a means of legal validity of facts in legal proceedings of the Russian Federation: legality versus efficiency // Bulletin of the Siberian Institute of Business and Information Technology. – 2019. – No. 2 (30). – P. 88-91.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
ABDUZHALILOV Timur Farkhodovich
postgraduate student of the Graduate School of Law and Forensic Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
SPIRIDONOV Vyacheslav Valentinovich
master of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering Expertise, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
INTEGRATIVE METHODOLOGY IN SOCIOLOGICAL AND LEGAL RESEARCH
The article provides a theoretical description of methodological integration in the socio-legal concepts of the past and present. The relevance of the application of integration in the compilation of the methodological basis of the study is given. A system of methods used both in sociology and in the legal field is singled out separately. With the help of general scientific logical techniques, the peculiarities of combining these methods in the subject of a single scientific field of sociology of jurisprudence are determined. The relevance and effectiveness of the methodological integration of private legal and sociological scientific approaches are analyzed. The authors pay attention to the differentiation of scientific fields and turn to the study of the place of the sociology of law as a scientific field among other sciences. The discussion of the eclecticism of the socio-legal scientific field is given. The question of the existence of patterns between the application of integrative research methodology and the definition of the place of this research in the system of scientific branches is investigated. In view of this, the study is comprehensive, aimed at reviewing the need to integrate sociology and jurisprudence in modern scientific research, as well as the general development of humanitarian scientific thought. As the results of the research, the authors present a systematizing description of the features of the use of integrative methods in socio-legal scientific research. The operative part of the article also provides the authors’ conclusions about the existence of a variety of approaches to determining the place of integrative spheres in the overall picture of the division of scientific branches. At the same time, the possibility and prospect for further development of methodological integration in the socio-legal sphere are being determined.
Keywords: methodological integration, scientific synthesis, branches of science, system of humanities, theory of jurisprudence, sociology of law, theory of sociology, theory of methodology of sciences, fundamentals of synthesis, scientism, legal thought, scientific community, synergy in science, logic of research.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Troitskaya T. S. Philosophical representation of integrative methodology in the transformation processes of social systems // Modern transformational political, legal and socio-economic processes in Russia: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference, Berdyansk, October 23-24, 2025. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Pedagogical University, 2025. – P. 115-118. – EDN GPHADF.
2. Chernenko R. A. Differences and similarities between sociology and jurisprudence // The unity of science and education as a tool for the transition to a post-industrial society: Collection of articles from the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Volgograd, August 2, 2025. – Ufa: OOO “Omega Science”, 2025. – P. 93-95. – EDN PODZQN.
3. Bormotova T. M. Modern scientific discourse and research results in the sociology of human rights // Collection of works of the XXI International conference “Afanasyev Readings” on the topic “Social management: values, development priorities and resources”: Conference materials , Moscow, February 16, 2024. – Moscow: Russian State Social University, 2024. – P. 89-97. – EDN EZBTOQ.
4. Chestnov I. L. Prospects of post-classical sociology of law as a methodological program // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 3 (107). – P. 19-25. – EDN NYFLLW.
5. Tolkachev K. B. Some reflections on the relationship between general theoretical legal sciences // Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University. – 2025. – No. 4 (28). – P. 65-75. – DOI 10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2025.28.5. – EDN FZSIGA.
6. Logvinenko A. N. Sociology of law in the system of legal sciences // National Bulletin of the Republic of Crimea. – 2025. – No. 10. – P. 97-101. – EDN KUQDIT.
7. Kodan S. V. Interdisciplinary vector of research in modern legal science: historical contexts and modern problems / S. V. Kodan // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (66). – P. 317-323. – EDN WDPPNM.
8. Voronov A. A. Application of interdisciplinary approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the system of providing qualified legal assistance in the Russian Federation // Innovative Science. – 2023. – No. 9-2. – P. 45-49. – EDN QDIZVZ.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
GAN HAOSONG
postgraduate student, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF “SYSTEM OF LAW”, “SYSTEM OF LEGISLATION” AND “LEGAL SYSTEM” IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF CHINA AND RUSSIA
The article examines the correlation between three fundamental categories of the general theory of law – “system of law”, “system of legislation” and “legal system” – in the jurisprudence of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. It is shown that in Russian legal scholarship the system of law is understood as the objectively conditioned internal structure of law, the system of legislation as the external form of its expression, and the legal system as the broadest category embracing law, legal practice, legal consciousness and legal culture. It is established that in Chinese legal science similar-sounding terms denote different phenomena, and their imprecise translation gives rise to a conflation of categories in comparative legal research. The author substantiates the need for strict terminological differentiation and proposes a functional approach to comparing the Russian and Chinese legal traditions.
Keywords: system of law, system of legislation, legal system, Chinese jurisprudence, comparative law, socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, branch of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S.S. Structure of Soviet law. – M.: Legal literature, 1975.
2. David R., Geoffrey-Spinosi K. The Main Legal Systems of Our Time / translated from French by V. A. Tumanov. – Moscow: International Relations, 1999.
3. Marchenko M. N. Legal systems of the modern world: a tutorial. – M.: Zertsalo-M, 2015.
4. Matuzov N. I., Malko A. V. Theory of state and law: textbook. – M.: Jurist, 2004.
5. Mitskevich A. V. The relationship between the system of Soviet law and the system of Soviet legislation // Scientific Notes of the All-Union Research Institute of Soviet Legislation. – M., 1967. – Issue 11.
6. Polenina S. V. Theoretical problems of the legislative system / ed. R. O. Khalfina. – M.: Nauka, 1979.
7. Saidov A. Kh. Comparative law (the main legal systems of our time): textbook / edited by V. A. Tumanov. – M .: Jurist, 2003.
8. Sinyukov V. N. Russian legal system: introduction to the general theory. – 2nd ed., suppl. – M .: Norma, 2010.
9. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Course in comparative law. – M.: Norma, 1996.
10. Troshchinsky P. V. Legal system of China: monograph. – M.: IFES RAS, 2016.

THEORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KULICHENKO Dmitry Alexeevich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Donetsk State University
THE IMPACT OF THE DOCTRINE OF “HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION” ON THE LEGITIMATION OF REMEDIAL SECESSION: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTUAL RELATIONSHIP
Earlier studies of the concepts of humanitarian intervention and remedial secession considered their evolution and application in isolation. This paper demonstrates their conceptual relationship, showing how humanitarian intervention creates conditions for the unilateral implementation of remedial secession, which, in turn, can be used to justify external intervention. A comprehensive historical-legal analysis of the dialectical relationship between the two doctrines reveals that, in the course of their development, due to insufficient normative regulation and selective applicability, they have led to the emergence and strengthening of the concept of a “failed state”, as well as to the establishment of case-law precedents for the use of force – the “right of the strong”.
Keywords: humanitarian intervention, remedial secession, self-determination, territorial integrity, intervention, responsibility, relationship, legitimation, failed state, human rights, precedent.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abdelkarim Ya. A. Application of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Concept to Introduce Universal Jurisdiction over Cyberterrorism // Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 1. No. 4. – DOI: 10.21202/jdtl.2023.43. – EDN: cmvqzx.
2. Ashavskiy B. M. Sovereignty and the possibility of legitimate interference in the internal affairs of states // Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 2: Legal Sciences. – 2016. – No. 1 (8). – EDN VZRVDR.
3. Baburin S. N. Humanitarian intervention: theory and practice of international law // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. – 2022. – Vol. 19. No. 2. – DOI 10.24147/1990-5173.2022.19(2).15-27. – EDN MXCQUG.
4. Bokeria S. A., Sidorov D. A. Evolution of the BRICS countries’ approaches to the “responsibility to protect” // Political science. – 2020. – No. 3. – DOI 10.31249/poln/2020.03.09. – EDN ZPUZQK.
5. Grotius G. On the Law of War and Peace: Three Books Explaining Natural Law and the Law of Nations, as well as the Principles of Public Law / trans. from Latin by A. L. Sacchetti. – Rep. 1956 edition – Moscow: Ladomir, 1994.
6. Didmanidze U. T. The contribution of Hugo Grotius to the development of the concept of a “just war” // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2014. – No. 1. – EDN RYCBJL.
7. Dolgov B. V. Syrian crisis (2011-2021): development of the conflict // Islamic studies. – 2021. – Vol. 12. No. 3 (49). – DOI 10.21779/2077-8155-2021-12-3-5-21. – EDN HAAIUP.
8. Kudryashova I. V., Meleshkina E. Yu. Kosovo: secession as a national project // Contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2021. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – DOI 10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-1-12. – EDN CQUIMX.
9. Lukyanov V. Yu. The Problem of the “Failed State” in the Foreign Policy of Russia and the United States in the Late 20th – Early 21st Century // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 23. No. 2. – DOI 10.37482/2687-1505-V255. – EDN DCAVRM.
10. Buchanan A. Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec. – Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991. – XII.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
GABDRAKHMANOV Farit Vadutovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
COMBINED STRUCTURAL UNITS OF THE COURT AND PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN 1930-1933: UNKNOWN PAGES OF HISTORY
This article examines the creation of merged structural units (common parts) within the regional court and prosecutor\’s offices. The legal basis for these mergers, the level of courts and prosecutor\’s offices, which parts were merged and when, changes in staffing, and other matters have not been explored in the academic literature. The study revealed that the legal basis for merging the common parts of the court and prosecutor\’s office, located in the same building, was a circular order from the People\’s Commissariat of Justice dated June 18, 1929. During 1930-1931, the secret departments, accounting departments, and clerks of the court and prosecutor\’s office, as well as the work of their registrars, cleaners, and couriers, were merged. An instructional and auditing sector was created within the merged office. Overall, the reorganization was viewed negatively by contemporaries. An inevitable consequence of the merger was staff reductions. Combined divisions of the court and prosecutor\’s office existed from 1930 to 1933.
Keywords: combined divisions of the court and prosecutor\’s office, People\’s Commissariat of Justice, Mari Autonomous Oblast.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Current issues in the activities of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation: collection of materials from the round table and scientific debate held in 2020 as part of the work of the scientific association “Prosecutor’s Activity” / edited by N.V. Subanova; [compiled by I.A. Vas’kin, N.A. Kulakov ]; University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – Issue 2. – Moscow, 2021. – 136 p. 2. Ivanov, V. A. Faculty of Law of the Mari State University: research of historical and historical-legal orientation // Bulletin of the Mari State University. Series: Historical Sciences. Legal Sciences. – 2016. – Vol. 2. No. 3 (7). – P. 22-33. – EDN WZVCXB.
3. Korolev I. I. Civil liability for damage caused by illegal actions of inquiry bodies, preliminary investigation, prosecutor’s office and court: specialty 12.00.03 “Civil law; business law; family law; international private law”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2012. – 25 p. – EDN QHUOUH.
4. Miroshnichenko M. N. Modern problems of representation and protection of interests of prosecutorial authorities in courts // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 6 (234). – P. 228-231. http://doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2024_6_228.
5. Pashkin A. G. On the activities of the prosecutor’s office and the court in the context of the introduction of criminal liability for violations of labor discipline in the pre-war period (based on materials from the Middle Volga region) // Humanitarian: current problems of humanitarian science and education. – 2022. – Vol. 22. No. 4. – P. 387-401. DOI: 10.15507/2078-9823.060.022.202204.387-401.
6. Fedulova S. V. Issues of organizing work on representing the interests of the prosecutor’s office in the courts // Problems of implementing the powers of the prosecutor in civil, administrative and arbitration proceedings: Collection of materials from the round table, Moscow, October 26, 2018 / edited by N. V. Subanova. – M .: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”, 2019. – P. 137-146. – EDN WXKVFB.
7. Khatov E. B. The state of the unified information space of the prosecutor’s office, other law enforcement agencies, as well as control and supervisory bodies and courts // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 3 (71). – P. 38-41. – EDN OIRPHB.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KUZMENKO Valentina Igorevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law, social and economic disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan Branch, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE MECHANISM OF LEGAL CONVERSION OF TRADITIONAL VALUES: HOW RUSSIA ADAPTED THE TRADITION IN THE 16TH-17TH CENTURIES AND WHY IT IS RELEVANT TODAY
The article substantiates the concept of a mechanism for the legal conversion of traditional values as a process of converting stable moral, religious, and family ideas into legal form and legal institutions. Using source materials from the 16th-17th centuries, it is shown that tradition was not mechanically incorporated into the legal system; it underwent selection, normative processing, and institutional entrenchment. The Sudebnik of 1550, the Stoglav of 1551, “Domostroy”, and the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Council Code) of 1649 are examined as different forms of such conversion: formal-procedural, church-moral, family-economic, and law-making. The contemporary relevance of the topic is revealed through current acts of legally entrenching traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. It is concluded that the historical experience of the 16th-17th centuries is necessary not merely as a historical foundation, but as an operational and tested mechanism that has allowed for the preservation of continuity, legal certainty, and constitutional guarantees. The methodological basis of the article comprises historical-legal, formal-legal, comparative-legal, axiological, and systematic-structural methods. The historical-legal method made it possible to identify the means by which the traditional ideas of Russian society in the 16th-17th centuries were translated into legal norms. The formal-legal method was applied in the analysis of historical and contemporary normative legal sources. The systemic-structural approach was used to construct the author’s model of the legal conversion mechanism. The scientific novelty of the article lies in substantiating the category of “legal conversion of traditional values”. In contrast to the concepts of “preservation”, “protection”, or “strengthening” of traditional values, this category describes the process of their sequential transition into legal form. A traditional value becomes part of law only when it receives normative entrenchment, a composition of subjects, and a procedure for implementation.
Keywords: traditional values, legal conversion, Russian legal tradition, Sudebnik of 1550, Stoglav, Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1649, legal policy, historical memory, constitutional identity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseenko A. P., Arkhipov V. V., Belov S. A., Kondurov V. E. Implementation of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values in the legal system // Jurisprudence. – 2024. – V. 68. No. 3. – P. 352-359.
2. Anisimov S. F. Introduction to Axiology. A textbook for students of philosophy. – M .: Modern Tetradi, 2001. – 128 p.
3. Borshchevsky G. A. Traditional Russian values: institutional analysis // Polity. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 67-93.
4. Domostroy of the Silvester edition: Text of the monument with notes, materials for comparative study (samples of Domostroys: Xenophon and 3 West European), explanatory article and dictionary. – 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. – St. Petersburg: Glazunov, 1902. – V, 143 p.
5. Lotman Yu. M. Inside the Thinking Worlds. Man – Text – Semiosphere – History. – Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture, 1999. – P. 134. 6. Nikonov V. The Hundred Chapters Council of 1551 // Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate. – 1951. – No. 09. – P. 45-51.
7. Sitkova O. Yu. From tradition to law: prospects for the implementation of traditional values in legal ones // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2025. – No. 4 (165). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-traditsii-k-zakonu-perspektivy-implementatsii-traditsionnyh-tsennostey-v-pravovye (date of access: 10.06.2026).
8. Tikhomirov M. N., Epifanov P. P. Cathedral Code of 1649: a teaching aid for higher education. – M.: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1961. – P. 55.
9. Stoglav. – Kazan: Type. of the provincial government, 1862. – P. 33.
10. Codes of Law of the 15th-16th Centuries / Preparation of texts by R. B. Müller and L. V. Cherepnin; Commentary by A. I. Kopanev [and others]; Under the general editorship [and with a preface] of Academician B. D. Grekov. – M; L.: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. – P. 455.
11. Chuychenko K. A., Kropachev N. M., Kondurov V. E. Traditional Russian spiritual and moral values in the context of modern legal policy // Jurisprudence. – 2024. – V. 68. No. 2. – P. 156-165.
12. España M. The History of Civilizations as a Cultural Transfer / trans. from French; edited by E. E. Dmitrieva. – M.: New Literary Review, 2018. – P. 47.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
MAGOMEDOV Magomedali Magomedovich
competitor, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
AYUBOVA Shuainat Israpilovna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
THE LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETY AT THE TURN OF THE PRE-ISLAMIC AND EARLY ISLAMIC PERIODS (5TH-7TH CENTURIES)
This article examines the legal status of women in Arab society at the turn of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods. The purpose of this study is to identify the main features of women’s legal status in family, property, and inheritance relations. The research is based on historical-legal, comparative-historical, and source-based methods. The article shows that in pre-Islamic Arabia the legal status of women was not the same in all regions and depended on social and local conditions. It also shows that early Islam gave women some important rights, especially in inheritance and property matters. However, these changes did not create legal equality between men and women. The study concludes that the early Islamic period was a stage of significant expansion of women’s legal status, but it did not remove legal inequality completely.
Keywords: pre-Islamic period, legal status of women, epigraphy, community, property, and inheritance.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Baraeva Z. M. Woman in Muslim society: problems of transformation of social and legal status: dis. … candidate of philosophical sciences: 09.00.13. – Makhachkala, 2003. – 138 p.
2. Bagasharov K., Shaikenova R., Tabashev G., Tutinova N. Status of women in society in the pre-Islamic period // Adam Alemi. – 2020. – No. 4 (86). – pp. 104-113.
3. Ali K. Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. – Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2021. – 262 p.
4. Ahmed L. Chapter 3. Women and the Rise of Islam // Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. – New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. – P. 41-63.
5. al-Fassi HA Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Nabataea. – Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007. – 129 p.
6. Bauer K. Women in the Qur’an // The Cambridge Companion to Women and Islam / ed. by M. Bano. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. – P. 41-63.
7. Esposito JL, DeLong-Bas NJ Women in Muslim Family Law / 2nd ed. – Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2001. – 195 p.
8. Grasso V.A., Davitashvili A., Abuhussein N. Introduction. Epigraphy, the Qurʾān, and the Religious Landscape of Arabia // Millennium. – 2023. – Vol. 20. No. 1. – P. 1-14.
9. Hanif S. Women’s Inheritance // The Cambridge Companion to Women and Islam / ed. by M. Bano. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. – P. 64-84.
10. Shah NA The Position of Women in Pre- and Post-Islamic Arabia / NA Shah // Women, the Koran and International Human Rights Law: The Experience of Pakistan. – Leiden; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006. – P. 27-43.
11. Tucker JE Women, Family, and Gender in Islamic Law. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. – 268 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
MIKHAILIK Anna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
GUKASYAN Artur Samvelovich
student of the 1st course of the direction of study “Jurisprudence”, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
BELYANINA Karina Sergeevna
student of the 1st course of the direction of study “Jurisprudence”, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
THE IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
The First World War (1914-1918) represents a key stage in the development of international law. It is often used to refer to the transition from a classical system based on the principles of absolute sovereignty of States and the balance of power to a modern type of international law focused on collective security, the prohibition of aggression and the humanization of international relations. This transition became possible as a result of a fundamental crisis of previous legal norms and accumulated contradictions in their application. Classical international law, which developed in the 19th century, recognized war as a legitimate instrument of national policy, regulating only its methods, but not prohibiting the very fact of aggression. This approach reflected the interests of the leading Powers in the era of colonialism and imperialism. The prerequisites for the crisis of international law are related to the limitations and contradictions of the norms of the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907. These norms, despite progressive steps to humanize the war, could not prevent systematic violations during military operations. In addition, although the Hague Acts laid the foundations of international humanitarian law, they failed to resolve the main problem, namely the right to war as a means of dispute resolution. Numerous violations proved the futility of these norms. The research conducted in this article allows us to trace the evolution of international law from the Westphalian model of sovereignty to the anti-war system of the League of Nations and the United Nations. The analysis shows how the crisis of legal norms leads to their transformation in connection with modern challenges such as cyber warfare and hybrid threats. Against the background of ongoing global crises, the article is relevant as a reminder of the fragility of legal norms. The study reveals the causal relationship between the crisis and legal reforms, which helps predict the development of norms in a multipolar world.
Keywords: World War I, international law, humanitarian law, League of Nations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dorskaya A. A. International legal consequences of the First World War // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2014. – No. 2 (14).
2. Kostyuk R. V., Novikova I. N. The First World War, the Versailles system and modernity // New and contemporary history. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 251-253.
3. Gochumova S. Modern development of international law // Symbol of science. – 2024. – No. 8-2.
4. Dorskaya A. A. Development of international justice and overcoming crisis phenomena in international law: the problem of correlation // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2025. – No. 2 (58).
5. Ilyinskaya O. I. Protection of human rights in the activities of the League of Nations // Journal of Russian Law. – 2017. – No. 11 (251).
6. German A. A. The First World War and Russia (on some lessons of the events of a century ago) // News of the Saratov University. – 2018. – No. 1.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
ROMANENKO Nikita Sergeevich
senior lecturer of General theoretical and state legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
DEFENSE IN LAWSUITS: FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF ORATORY SA ANDREEVSKY AND FN PLEVAKO AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND LEGAL CULTURE OF MODERN MAN
Judicial reform served as a prerequisite for the emergence of a new institution of advocacy previously unknown to Russian society, as well as the formation of legal awareness and legal culture of citizens. The rich experience of oratory, which is owned by a lawyer, is able not only to defend and protect a violated right and save human destiny, but also can influence the legal consciousness and legal culture of many generations of citizens of our state. The author of the article pays attention to the role and experience of the oratory of lawyers of the 19th century such as SA Andreevsky and FN Plevako.
Keywords: legal behavior, legal culture, legal consciousness, protection of citizens\’ rights, advocacy, judicial
Bibliographic list of references
1. Andreevsky S. A. Selected works and speeches / compiled by I. V. Potapchuk. – Tula: Autograph, 2000. – 424 p.
2. Vaskovsky E. V. Organization of the Bar. – St. Petersburg, 1893. – 621 p.
3. Plevako F. N. Selected speeches. – M.: Yurait, 2009. – 649 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
PAVLISOVA Tatyana Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
GUKASYAN Artur Samvelovich
student of the 1st course of the direction of preparation “Jurisprudence”, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
BELYANINA Karina Sergeevna
student of the 1st course of the direction of preparation “Jurisprudence”, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
THE 1936 USSR CONSTITUTION (“STALIN\’S”): DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND SOCIAL GUARANTEES AND THE REALITIES OF PUNITIVE PRACTICE
The article is devoted to the analysis of the rights and freedoms proclaimed in the \”Stalinist\” Constitution of the USSR of 1936 in the context of the political regime of Stalinist totalitarianism and punitive practices of 1937-1938. The prerequisites for the adoption of the document, the fixed socio-economic, political and personal rights, as well as their real effect against the background of the repressive operating system at the same time, are considered. The study uses the concept of “repressive constitutionalism” to explain the role of the constitution as a cover for terror. The conclusions highlight the lessons for modern law, above all, the need for independent institutions.
Keywords: USSR Constitution of 1936, repression, rights and freedoms, totalitarianism.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Gataullin A. G., Zainutdinov D. R. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936: a model of “Repressive constitutionalism” // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 2 (36). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsiya-sssr-1936-goda-model-repressivnogo-konstitutsionalizma (date of access: 02/27/2026).
2. Maksimova O. D. Development and nationwide discussion of the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1936 // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2014. – No. 3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-i-vsenarodnoe-obsuzhdenie-proekta-konstitutsii-sssr-1936-goda (date of access: 02/27/2026).
3. Tumanov D. Yu. The system of rights and freedoms of citizens under the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 // Bulletin of ChSU. – 2012. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-prav-i-svobod-grazhdan-po-konstitutsii-sssr-1936-goda (date of access : 02/27/2026).
4. Bredikhin A. L., Gonchar A. A. “The Constitution of Victorious Socialism” of 1936 in the Political System of the Soviet State // Law and Right. – 2022. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsiya-pobedivshego-sotsializma-1936-goda-v-politicheskoy-sisteme-sovetskogo-gosudarstva (date of access: 02/27/2026).
5. Kaluga A. D. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 and its significance for the legal system of the country // Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – No. 12 (93). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsiya-sssr-1936-goda-i-ee-znachenie-dlya-yuridicheskoy-sistemy-strany (date of access: 02/27/2026).
6. Kovtun Yu. S. The Doctrine of Socialist Democracy as One of the Foundations of the USSR Constitution of 1936 // Gaps in Russian Legislation. – 2023. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/doktrina-sotsialisticheskoy-demokratii-kak-odna-iz-osnov-konstitutsii-sssr-1936-goda (date accessed: 02/27/2026).
7. Chistyakov O. I. History of the state and law of Russia: textbook. – M .: Jurist, 2020. – 512 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
VASILJEV Roman Viktorovich
postgraduate student, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
PREREQUISITES AND ATTEMPTS TO REFORM THE INDIAN POLICE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH – EARLY 21ST CENTURY
The article examines attempts to reform the Indian police institution in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, which, despite the republic’s independence, continues to remain a British colonial legacy. The article analyzes the reasons for the need for changes in the activities of the police, the features inherited from the colonial era, which are urgent problems in an independent state: politicization of the police and serving the interests of the political elite to the detriment of the majority of society, repressive style of activity, systematic abuse of official authority, insufficient mechanisms for the protection of civil rights and freedoms, low level of professional training, as well as chronic underfunding of the department. An important problem is also the influence of the caste system, which makes it difficult for employees to be promoted objectively and hinders the implementation of the principles of equality and social justice. Since the establishment of the Kerala Police Commission in 1959, attempts have been made to transform the institute’s activities, including separating investigative functions from policing, improving staff skills, reducing corruption and strengthening accountability. The article highlights the need for drastic measures to form a professional, transparent police force that meets the requirements of India’s democratic development and the interests of the entire society in ensuring its security.
Keywords: Indian police, police reform, corruption, political interference, politicization, caste system, financial provision, National Police Commission, state, society.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bhagat Vats. Intrigues against India. – M.: Progress Publishing House, 1971. – 344 p.
2. Gupta Anandswarup. Police Reform in Retrospect. Police Administration. Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi. 1982. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275495 (accessed: 15.08.2024).
3. Bhati Chandraveer Singh. A Critical Analysis of Police Reforms in India. A research project under Kali Charan Puri Fellowship awarded by India Policy Foundation. New Delhi, 2023. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.ipf.org.in/encyc/2024/7/9/policereformsinindia_202407092019299928.pdf ( date appeals of May 22, 2025).
4. Praveen Kumar. Inside India. 2009. – 367 p.
5. Report of the Kerala Police Reorganization Committee. The Government Press, Ernakulam. 1960. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://GIPE-072484.pdf (accessed: 15.09.2025).
6. A l e x a nder K . Police reforms in India. An analytical study. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House, 2006.
7. The Padmanabhaiah Committee on Police Reforms – A Critical Analysis of Some Important Recommendations. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http:// www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/india/initiatives/analysis_padmanabhaiah.pdf. (date of access : 15.09.2025).
8. The Gore Committee Report on police training (1973). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://police.py.gov.in/Police%20Commission%20reports/THE%20GORE%20COMMITTEE%20REPORT%20ON.pdf (date accessed: 09.09.2025).
9. Report of the Review Committee on the Recommendations of National Police Commission & Other Commissions/Committees on Police Reform (March 2005). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022 12/ReportMooshaharyCommittee_16122022[1].pdf (date accessed: 15.09.2025).
10.Dr. (Ms.) Randhawa Gurpreet & Ms. Narang Komal. Police in India: Reforms and Employment Status. The Indian Police Journal. July-Sep, 2013. Vol. LX No. 3. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/3556706740-July%20September%202013.pdf ( date accesses : 09/15/2025).
11. Thakur Vivek, Sharma RK Myths and Realities of Police Reforms in India. The Indian Police Journal. April – June, 2013. Vol. LX No. 2. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/3556706740-July%20September%202013.pdfm ( date accesses : 09/16/2025).
12. Subramanian KS Political Violence and the Police in India. New Delhi.: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, 2007. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.libcats.org/book/ 1117774?ysclid=mmn0xf3n1o373967965 ( date appeals of 10.08.2025).
13. Singhvi GC To Whom Should the Police be Responsible? Police Administration. Indian Institute of Public Administration. New Delhi, 1982. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275495 (accessed: 12.08.2025).
14. With hande M. IN . The police in India. Atlantic publishers and distributors. – New Delhi, 1997.
15. Bayley. D. H. The Police and Political Order in India. Asian Survey, vol. 23, no. 4, 1983. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: www.jstor.org/stable/2644234 (accessed 02/15/2025).
16. Gorsheneva I. A. Police in the mechanism of the modern state (Theoretical and legal aspects): author’s abstract… candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2002.
17. Fifth Report of the National Police Commission (1980). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.police.py.gov.in/Police%20Commission%20reports/5th%20Police%20commission%20report.pdf (accessed 20.07.2025).
18. Status of Policing in India Report 2025. Police Torture and (Un)Accountability. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.commoncause.in/wotadmin/upload /SPIR_2025.pdf (accessed 01.08.2025).
19. Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Report Volume 1 (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, March 2003). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system.pdf (date accessed: 20.08.2024).
20. India Corruption Study 2005 (Transparency International India). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://transparencyindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/India-Corruption-Study-2005.pdf (accessed: 04.02.2024).
21. India Corruption Survey 2018. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.India Corruption Survey 2018: 56% Indians admit to paying bribes this year ( date accesses : 06/17/2023).
22. CMS-India Corruption Study 2005 to 2018: How well are states placed? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cmsindia.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/CMS_ICS_2018_Report.pdf (accessed: 17.06.2023).
23. Sharma PD Police Administration in the States. Police Administration. Indian Institute of Public Administration. New Delhi, 1982.
24. Verma Arvind. Cultural Roots of Police Corruption in India. Policing—an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 1999. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:// www.academia.edu/90803250/Police_Corruption_in_India (accessed 20.09.2025 ).
25. Report of the Indian Police Commission, 1902-03. Simla, Government Central Printing Office, 1903. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/report-indian-police-commission-1902-03 (accessed: 03.04.2023).
26. Kiselev A. N. On attempts to reform the police of the Republic of India in the 20th – early 21st centuries – a historical retrospective // Bulletin of KSU named after N. A. Nekrasov . 2015. No. 3.
27.Dr. (Ms.) Randhawa Gurpreet & Ms. Narang Komal. Police in India: Reforms and Employment Status. The Indian Police Journal. July-Sep, 2013. Vol. LX No. 3. [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/3556706740-July%20September%202013.pdf.
28. Chaturvedi Anviti. Police Reforms in India. 2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prsindia.org/files/policy/policy_analytical_reports/Police%20Reforms%20in%20India.pdf (accessed: 09.09.2025).
29. Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Report Volume 1. (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, March 2003). [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/criminal_justice_system.pdf ( date appeals of May 27, 2025).
30. Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/india/initiatives/prakash_ singh_judgment.pdf (date of access: 08.08.2025).
31. Maurya Akhilesh. Police reforms in independent India: an Overview. P. 67. Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 9, Issue 8, 2021. P. 66-69. // [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : https://www.academia.edu/51810352/Police_reforms_in_independent_India_an_Overview ( date accesses : 06/16/2025).

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
KOSOVSKIKH Arseniy Evgenjevich
postgraduate student of the 1st course, NI Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod
THE ROLE OF THE COURT IN LAW-MAKING: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF J. AUSTIN, E. EHRLICH, H. KELSEN AND THEIR PROJECTION ONTO JUSTICE IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The article explores the fundamental issue of judicial law-making through the prism of three classical legal-theoretical approaches: John Austin’s legal positivism, Eugen Ehrlich’s sociology of law, and Hans Kelsen’s normativism. The author conducts a comparative analysis of these concepts within the context of defining the limits of judicial discretion and the role of the court in shaping legal reality. Special attention is paid to the extrapolation of these approaches to the modern process of the digitalization of justice. As a result of the study, a conclusion is formulated regarding which concept of legal understanding can serve as an adequate theoretical matrix for integrating artificial intelligence systems into the realm of justice.
Keywords: Judicial law-making, judicial discretion, legal positivism, sociology of law, normativism, John Austin, Eugen Ehrlich, Hans Kelsen, artificial intelligence, digital justice, legal understanding.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Apostolova N. N. Artificial intelligence in legal proceedings // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 135-141.
2. Ershov V. V. “Judicial lawmaking”: pro et contra // Justice. – 2022. – Vol. 4. No. 2. – P. 12-33.
3. Kochetkov A. V., Vorobyova S. V. The role of artificial intelligence technologies in the administration of justice: legal and moral-ethical aspect // Bulletin of the expert council. – 2024. – No. 2 (37). – P. 98-104.
4. Lanovaya G. M. Artificial intelligence in legal analytics: opportunities and risks // Legal thought. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 45-52.
5. Sharipova A. R. The doctrine of judicial discretion in the mirror of digitalization of the judicial process // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4 (98). – P. 77-84.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
LOTZ Andrei Timofeevich
postgraduate student of History of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE ALL-UKRAINIAN COUNCIL OF MILITARY DEPUTIES: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FORMATION WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF BODIES OF THE UKRAINIAN CENTRAL RADA
The article examines the legal status and practical activities of the All-Ukrainian Council of Military Deputies – a representative body established by the Second All-Ukrainian Military Congress in June 1917 and incorporated into the Ukrainian Central Rada as an independent deputies’ group. Drawing on archival materials, the study reconstructs the body’s structure, the procedure for forming its composition, the scope and limits of its competence, and the mechanisms of its interaction with other institutions – the Ukrainian General Military Committee, the General Secretariat of the UCR, and the bodies of the Provisional Government. The article concludes that the AUCMD played a significant role in the self-formation of Ukrainian statehood under post-revolutionary conditions.
Keywords: All-Ukrainian Council of Military Deputies, representation, soviets, separatism, Ukrainian Central Rada, Ukrainianization of the army.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Grushevsky M. On the threshold of a new Ukraine: Articles and source materials. – Kyiv, 1918. – 120 p.
2. Doroshenko D. History of Ukraine 1917-1923. T. I: The Era of the Central Rada. – Uzhgorod: Svoboda, 1932. – 437 p.
3. Khrystyuk P. Notes and materials on the history of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1920: In 4 volumes. – Vienna: Publishing House of the Union of Liberation of Ukraine, 1921-1922. – 152 p.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
MIKHAILIK Anna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
KOSTOKOVA Zarema Azamatovna
independent researcher, Krasnodar
KLIMOVA Valeriya Igorevna
independent researcher, Krasnodar
JUDICIAL REFORMS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT AS A TOOL FOR THE CENTRALIZATION OF THE STATE (PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA)
In the era of the European Enlightenment of the 18th century, judicial reforms became one of the key tools for changing the state structure. They were aimed at overcoming feudal fragmentation and strengthening centralized absolutism. With regard to the Prussian and Austrian experience, it can be said that these transformations not only contributed to the improvement of judicial proceedings, but also became a mechanism for consolidating the power of the monarch, since they subordinated local institutions to a single center. The relevance of the topic of this article is due to several factors. First of all, the process of formation and development of modern legal systems is considered, in which the principles of publicity and equality before the law determine the structure of the state. Frederick II the Great and Joseph II, based on Montesquieu’s ideas about the separation of powers, integrated the judicial branch of government.
Keywords: judicial reform, judicial branch of government, centralization of the state, monarchy, Enlightenment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Tuikina G. A. “Enlightened absolutism” of Maria Theresa // Innovative science. – 2016. – No. 11-3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prosveschennyy-absolyutizm-marii-terezii (date of access: 04/16/2026).
2. Poldnikov D. Yu. Stages of development of the scientific doctrine of ius commune in Western Europe in the 12th-18th centuries // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2013. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/etapy-razvitiya-nauchnoy-doktriny-ius-commune-v-zapadnoy-evrope-v-xii-xviii-vv (date of access: 04/16/2026).
3. Omelchenko N. V. Reforms in Prussia // World History. Century 18. – M .: Education, 2005. – P. 180-192.
4. Kaznachevskaya G. P. History of the state and law of foreign countries: textbook. – M .: Jurist, 2000. – 672 p.
5. Petrov V. A. Enlightened absolutism in Prussia and Austria // Questions of the History of the New Time. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 45-60.
6. Smirnova L. M. Judicial reforms of Friedrich II of Prussia // State and Law. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 88-96.
7. Ivanov A. I. Centralization of power through the reform of the judicial system in the Habsburg monarchy // Historical journal. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 72-81.
8. Borisova E. V. Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II: legal and administrative aspects. – M .: East-West, 2016. – 240 p.
9. Mikhailov S. S. Enlightened absolutism and centralization of legal proceedings in 18th-century Germany // History of the state and law. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 56-65.
10. Alekseeva T. N. Reforms in Prussia and Austria as a stage of modernization of the state apparatus. – Krasnodar: Publishing house of KubSU, 2020. – 180 p.
11. Lebedev D. V. Judicial reforms of the Enlightenment in Central Europe: Prussia and Austria // Bulletin of the Kuban State University. Series “Historical Sciences”. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 95-105. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kubsu.ru/vestnik/ (date accessed: 04/16/2026).

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
PANIN Kirill Sergeevich
independent researcher, Saint Petersburg
ON THE NECESSITY OF TRANSFORMING THE LEGAL STATUS OF STATE AWARD INSIGNIA IN A HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE
The article addresses the problem of legal regulation concerning the circulation of state awards in the Russian Federation. In a historical retrospective, it traces the evolution of award systems from Ancient Egypt and Rome to modern Russia, with particular attention paid to the devaluation processes that eroded the symbolic value of decorations during the Soviet period. The author identifies fundamental contradictions in the current legislation: the unjustified narrowing of criminal law protection to exclude awards of the Russian Empire; the collision between public-law prohibitions and citizens’ constitutional right to property; and the disproportionality of liability for the illicit trafficking of historical awards compared to the illegal wearing of active ones. Based on this analysis, a comprehensive reform is proposed, encompassing the decriminalization of the circulation of awards of the Russian Empire, the RSFSR, and the USSR; the creation of a regulated market for active state awards of the Russian Federation; and the differentiation of criminal liability for the illegal wearing of decorations depending on the offender’s motivation. The article substantiates the thesis that separating the legal regimes of the inalienable status of the awardee and the alienable material object of the award will strengthen the award system as a whole and facilitate the repatriation of historical heritage items to the territory of Russia.
Keywords: award system, phaleristics, state awards, legal status of decorations, Article 324 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, decriminalization of award trafficking, property rights to awards, symbolic politics, historical and cultural heritage, circulation of cultural valuables.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Durov V. A. The St. George Cross during the First World War // Military History. – 1993. – No. 4.
2. Zapariy V. V., Shunyakov D. V. Cancellation of benefits for orders and medals of the USSR after the end of the Great Patriotic War: economic reasons // Economic history. – 2019. – No. 4 (47). – P. 349-358.
3. Kokurina O. Yu. History of the awards policy of the Russian state (pre-revolutionary period) // Man: crime and punishment. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 39-43.
4. Latypov R. T., Ruchkin A. V. The award system of the Russian Empire in the late 17th – early 20th centuries: analysis of transformation // Bulletin of the Surgut State Pedagogical University. – 2023. – No. 6 (87). – P. 153-161.
5. Moiseev G. G. The award system of Russia at the end of the 17th century: formation and significance // Cold Science. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 25-36.
6. Osipov B. I. On the past and present of the award system of Russia // National priorities of Russia. – 2014. – No. 4 (14). – P. 116-121.
7. Shpakovsky Yu. G. “But the Tsar is not real” // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2021. – No. 7 (83). – P. 213-218.
8. Gestoso Singer G. Ahhotep I and the “Golden Fly”. – Academia.edu, 2010.
9. Stolen Valor Act of 2013 (Pub. L. 113-12, 127 Stat. 448, codified at 18 USC § 704) // United States Statutes at Large. – 2013. – Vol. 127. – P. 448-449.

HISTORY STATES AND RIGHTS
SULEIMANOVA Zagra Israpilovna
independent researcher, Makhachkala
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE JURY TRIAL IN RUSSIA: FROM THE REFORM OF 1864 TO THE INTRODUCTION OF JURORS IN DISTRICT COURTS
The article is devoted to a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the institution of the jury trial in Russia: from its legislative establishment during the Judicial Reform of 1864 to the expansion of the competence of the jury panels to the district level of the judicial system in 2018. The main stages of the evolution of this institution are highlighted and characterized: pre-revolutionary (1864-1917), Soviet (1917-1991) and post-Soviet (1991) – present). The author analyzes the doctrinal approaches to the evaluation of the jury trial, the regulatory framework, the practice of application, as well as the constitutional and legal significance of the transformations that have taken place. The conclusion is substantiated that the introduction of jury panels in district courts is a natural result of the democratization of domestic legal proceedings and the implementation of the constitutional principle of citizen participation in the administration of justice.
Keywords: trial by jury, jurors; judicial reform of 1864, history of legal proceedings, criminal procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, courts district, people’s justice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Charter of Criminal Procedure of 1864 // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Second Collection. Vol. XXXIX. Section 2. – St. Petersburg, 1867.
2. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR “On the Court” of November 24, 1917, No. 1 // Collection of Laws and Orders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government. – 1917. – No. 4. – Art. 50.
3. The Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993: taking into account the amendments of 2020 and 2022 // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28399/?ysclid=mpaxzexf13949156598 (date of access: 05/01/2026).
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on April 22, 2024) // SZ RF. – 2001. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 49.
5. Federal Law of August 20, 2004 No. 113-FZ “On Jurors of Federal Courts of General Jurisdiction in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 16, 2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2004. – No. 34. – Art. 35.
6. Federal Law of June 23, 2016 No. 190-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Expansion of the Application of the Institute of Jury Members” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 26 (Part I). – Art. 38.
7. Federal Law of June 23, 2016 No. 209-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Jurors of Federal Courts of General Jurisdiction in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 26 (Part I). – Art. 38.
8. The concept of judicial reform in the Russian Federation / Approved by the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of October 24, 1991 No. 1801-1 // Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. – 1991. – No. 44. – Art. 14.
9. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 22, 2005 No. 23 “On the application by courts of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation governing legal proceedings with the participation of jurors” // BVS RF. – 2006. – No. 1.
10. Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. History of judicial reform 1990-2024. 11. Zholobova G. A., Kuramshin D. V. Jury trial in the Russian Empire: understanding the first experience during the counter-reform period of the 1880-1890s (on the 160th anniversary of the judicial reform) // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – No. 4.
12. Lykov D. A. Theoretical foundations and problems of procedural organization of consideration of criminal cases by collegial panels of the court: dis. candidate of legal sciences. – Volgograd, 2022. – 263 p.
13. Nasonov S. A. Conceptual foundations of proceedings in court with the participation of jurors: diss. … Doctor of Law. – M., 2022. – 517 p.
14. Perova Yu. S. Model of a jury trial according to the Judicial Statutes of 1864 // Samara Scientific Bulletin. – 2025. – V. 14. No. 1.
15. Filonov A. V. Jury trial in Russia: history and modern practice // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2023. – V. 9 (75). No. 1. – P. 401-407.
16. RAPSI. Reform of the year: the history of expanding the jurisdiction of jury trials. – 04.01.2019.
17. Moscow City Court. Jury trials in district courts: a number of legislative changes come into force. – 01.06.2018.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
DEMIDOV Gennady Konstantinovich
senior lecturer, Siberian State University of Engineering and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk
KURCHEEV Valery Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Siberian State University of Engineering and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL MODEL OF THE “STATE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT”: OBJECT, SUBJECTS AND NORMATIVE BASIS IN COMPARISON WITH THE CLASSICAL PARADIGM
The article provides a comparative legal analysis of two models of statehood – the “classical state” (Westphalian model) and the “state of sustainable development” (a constitutional model being formed within the framework of the 2020 constitutional amendments). The study is conducted through the lens of three fundamental elements: the object of legal regulation (emerging social relations), the composition of subjects (governing and governed participants), and the system of normative legal acts, with special attention to the provisions of the country’s Basic Law. Based on an analysis of the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as amended in 2020 (Art. 67.1, 75.1, paragraphs “e.1”, “i.1” of Art. 71, paragraph “v.2” of Art. 114), as well as the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the most important differences between the two models are identified. It is established that in the “state of sustainable development”: the object of regulation shifts from relations of power management to relations of long-term balanced development oriented towards social, economic and environmental well-being; the composition of subjects is supplemented by the figure of future generations as a legally significant participant whose rights and interests must be taken into account today; the normative foundation is transformed from a static set of prohibitions and permissions into a teleological (goal-oriented) system, where key roles are played by constitutional principles, goals and values that determine the vector of state development.
Keywords: state of sustainable development, classical state, constitutionalization, constitutional law, Constitution of the Russian Federation, normative system, object of legal regulation, 2020 amendments, subjects of law, future generations, teleological approach, sustainable development.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Legal sovereignty: spheres and guarantees // Journal of Russian law. – 2013. – No. 3 (195). – P. 5-20. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18944071.
2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // The official text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is published on the Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru, 06.10.2022.
3. On strategic planning in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of June 28, 2014 No. 172-FZ (as amended on July 13, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 26 (Part I). – Art. 3378.
4. Gorokhova S. S. On amendments to the third chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: what’s new? // Law and Politics. – 2020. – No. 9. – Pp. 1-14. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-popravkah-k-tretiey-glave-konstitutsii-rossiyskoy-federatsii-chto-novogo (date accessed: 06/17/2026).
5. Knyazev S. D. Constitutional Court in the legal system of the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2013. – No. 12 (204). – P. 5-13. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21063269.
6. Petrenko O. V. The concept of the rights of future generations in international and national law: problems, trends, prospects // Law and Politics. – 2011. – No. 12. – P. 2077-2083. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18995811.
7. On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority: Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ // SZ RF. – 2020. – No. 11. – Art. 1416.
8. Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, May 23, 1949 // [Text]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.archive.org/web/20210508072356 @@ [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.1000dokumente.de/?c=dokument_de&dokument=0014_gru&l=ru&object=translation (date of access: 06/20/2026).
9. Constitution of the Italian Republic: as amended by the Constitutional Law of 11 February 2022, No. 1 // Gazzetta Ufficiale. – 1947. – 27 dic. – No. 298. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Italy_2020.
10. Khasenov M. Kh. Reforming Civil Legislation in Europe: A Comparative Legal Review. Article 1 // Law and State. – 2020. – No. 3-4 (88-89). – P. 30-45. – DOI 10.51634/2307-5201_2020_34_30. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44675271.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
DIBIROV Yusup Saibulaevich
senior lecturer of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The article examines constitutional and legal guarantees for the protection of human rights in the context of digitalization of public administration. It is substantiated that the introduction of digital technologies into the activities of state bodies, the development of e-government services, interagency information exchange, digital identification and automated decision-making significantly transforms the mechanisms for exercising and protecting constitutional rights and freedoms. The author shows that digitalization increases accessibility of public services, transparency of administrative procedures and efficiency of interaction between citizens and the state; at the same time, it creates new risks related to personal data processing, privacy restrictions, digital inequality, opacity of algorithms and weakening of effective judicial and administrative control. Based on the analysis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal information legislation, personal data legislation, legislation on access to information and on the provision of state and municipal services, as well as law enforcement practice, the author identifies substantive, procedural and institutional guarantees for the protection of human rights in the digital environment. It is concluded that legal regulation of digital public administration should be improved on the basis of legality, proportionality, technological neutrality, non-discrimination, information security, algorithmic transparency and preservation of alternative non-digital ways of exercising rights.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, human rights, digitalization, public administration, e-government services, personal data, information rights, constitutional guarantees, digital state, protection of citizens’ rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bachilo I. L. Information law: textbook. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. M .: Yurait, 2023. – 419 p.
2. Nersesyants V. S. Philosophy of Law: a textbook for universities. – M.: Norma, 2013. – 848 p.
3. Talapina E. V. Digital transformation of public administration and law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 24-37.
4. Kamalov R.K., Brusentsova L.S., Farhieva S.A. Modeling of personnel management under conditions of radical uncertainty // Discussion. – 2026. – No. 1 (146). – P. 203-207.
5. Shumsky N. B. Leadership in the context of digital change and its role in managing transformation // Human Progress. – 2025. – Vol. 12. Issue 1.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MISHINA Elena Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, VB Bobkov St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Customs Academy
PROTECTION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY AND TRADITIONAL FAMILY VALUES AS A PRIORITY AREA OF STATE POLICY AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION
The article examines certain aspects of the priority areas of state policy and national legislation aimed at comprehensive protection and support of the institution of family, motherhood, and childhood. The author concludes that traditional family values are the foundation of the spiritual and moral heritage of Russian society and the preservation of national identity. In today’s realities, the need to form and regulate the idea of the importance of family as a value and to protect the family at the state and legal level is one of the primary tasks in ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: family institution, traditional family values, national identity, state social policy, continuity, state policy, and national security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Mishina E. V. Protection of interests, rights and freedoms of minors in modern Russia (certain aspects of practical implementation) // International scientific journal. – 2025. – No. 29 (264). – Part II. – P. 58-61.
2. Letova N. V. Traditional family values: the moral and ethical basis of the state // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2024. – Vol. 17. No. 1. – P. 53-60.
3. Letova N.V. Family policy as a basis for preserving and ensuring values in the Russian Federation // Social and political sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – P. 58-66.
4. Rybakova O. S. Constitutional foundations of Russian state policy in the sphere of protection of family and traditional family values // Public law. – 2024. – Vol. 77. No. 11. – P. 92-110.
5. Baranov P. P. Family as a constitutionally significant value // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of SFedU. – 2020. – Vol. 7. No. 2. – P. 57-63.
6. The activities of the prosecutor in protecting the rights of minors: monograph / edited by R. V. Zhubrin. – M.: Gorodets Publishing House. – 312 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MAKAROV Timur Igorevich
independent researcher, St. Petersburg
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND NGOS ON THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
The article is devoted to the study of legal and organizational aspects of the interaction between the President of the Russian Federation and human rights non-profit organizations (NPOs). The author analyzes the current state of civil society institutions in Russia, noting the stagnation and formalization of their activities, as well as a temporary lack of active dialogue between the head of state and the human rights sector. The constitutional and legal status of the President of the Russian Federation as a guarantor of human rights and freedoms and his “implied” powers in this sphere are considered. Based on the analysis, the author proposes a concept of institutionalizing interaction, which includes granting effective NPOs the right to submit expert opinions on bills awaiting signature by the President of the Russian Federation. Specific criteria for the differentiation of human rights organizations are formulated, and a regulatory form for implementing changes through the issue of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation is proposed.
Keywords: The President of the Russian Federation, rights and freedoms, human rights protection, NGOs, powers of the President, ensuring rights and freedoms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Moser E., Skripchenko A. Russian NGOs and Their Struggle for Legitimacy in the Face of the ‘Foreign Agents’ Law: Surviving in Small Ecologies // Europe-Asia Studies. — 2018. — Vol. 70. No. 4. – R. 591-614. – DOI: 10.1080/09668136.2018.1444145.
2. Komarova V. V. Hidden powers of the President of Russia: issues of theory and practice // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2018. – No. 6 (46). – P. 15-23. – DOI 10.17803/2311-5998.2018.46.6.015-023. – EDN XVBPVB.
3. Fisenko E. S. Features of the implementation of the status of the President of the Russian Federation as the guarantor of the Constitution // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 181-184. – DOI 10.23672 / k2918-4578-2562-i. – EDN BVWTPP.
4. Tleubaev Zh. S. Hidden powers of the President of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2012. – No. 27 (281). – P. 34-38. – EDN PUINRL.
5. Baglai M. V. Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation: textbook for universities / 6th edition, amended and supplemented. – M .: Norma, 2007. – 784 p. ISBN 978-5-468-00078-6.
6. Katomina V. A., Guseva A. L., Danilova V. A. On the effectiveness of the public-law mechanism for protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2019. – No. 1 (169). – P. 54-57. – EDN SNCFHS.
7. Chuksina V. V. State specialized bodies for the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of the globalization of human rights: Russian and foreign practice // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2014. – No. 12 (49). – P. 2729-2733. – EDN TJKWYF.
8. Romodina A. M., Cherepanova L. B. Interaction of NPOs and the state in the provision of social services in the Russian Federation // Management in modern systems. – 2022. – No. 4 (36). – P. 22-33. – DOI 10.24412 / 2311-1313-36-22-33. – EDN QBKQRT. – DOI: 10.24412/2311-1313-36-22-33.
9. Trifonov S. G. Problems of improving the activities of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation and human rights commissioners in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Protection and defense of rights and legitimate interests in modern law: a collection of articles based on the results of the International scientific and practical conference. In 2 volumes, Simferopol, December 10, 2021 / edited by E. V. Evsikova, I. V. Khmil. Volume I. – Simferopol: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House Printing House” Arial “, 2022. – Pp. 357-367. – EDN BTYPJP.
10. Shitova T. V., Sharifullina N. R. Participation in human rights activities of non-profit organizations in protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens // The Age of Science. – 2019. – No. 20. – P. 351-354. – DOI 10.24411/2409-3203-2019-12066. – EDN GLMXIK.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MAMOSHIN Vyacheslav Igorevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional law and constitutional proceedings sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
NEURAL DATA AS AN OBJECT OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION: COGNITIVE LIBERTY IN THE SYSTEM OF NEW GENERATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The article examines neural data as a new object of constitutional and legal protection emerging in connection with the development of neurotechnologies, brain-computer interfaces and artificial intelligence systems capable of collecting, processing and interpreting data on brain activity and related cognitive states of the individual. It is discussed that neural data cannot be fully reduced to ordinary personal, biometric or medical data, since they may potentially reflect not only physiological characteristics, but also attention, emotional reactions, preferences, vulnerabilities and other elements of the internal mental sphere. The author concludes that the development of neurotechnologies raises the issue of cognitive liberty as an element of new generations of human rights and as a constitutionally significant guarantee of mental self-determination. The article proposes to consider neural data as a highly sensitive category of data requiring a special legal regime, including free and informed consent, a prohibition on forced disclosure of neural data except in strictly limited cases established by law, special safeguards for the use of neurotechnologies in medicine, labor relations, education and the consumer sphere, as well as the inadmissibility of commercial and discriminatory use of neural data without a specific legal basis.
Keywords: neural data, neurorights, cognitive liberty, mental integrity, personal data, neurotechnology, artificial intelligence, new generations of human rights, constitutional and legal protection.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Varlamova N. V. Digital rights – a new generation of human rights? // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 14. No. 4. – P. 9-46.
2. Ienca M., Andorno R. Towards New Human Rights in the Age of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology // Life Sciences, Society and Policy. – 2017. – Vol. 13. Article 5. – DOI: 10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1.
3. Kravets I. A., Romanovsky G. B. Cognitive freedom, the formation of human neurorights and the interaction of neurobiology and public law (theoretical, legal and comparative aspects) // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2024. – No. 509. – P. 236-249. – DOI: 10.17223/15617793/509/26.
4. Zharova A.K. From bits to thoughts: classification of neurodata in the context of personal data protection // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2026. – No. 1 (48). – P. 44-50. -DOI: 10.47475/2311-696X-2026-48-1-44-50.
5. Krasikov V. I. Features of new human rights in the context of the development of modern neurotechnologies // Bulletin of the All-Russian State University of Justice. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 65-83. – DOI: 10.33874/2072-9936-2023-0-1-65-83.
6. Filipova I. A. Artificial intelligence and neurotechnology: needs for constitutional and legal regulation // Lex russica. – 2021. – Vol. 74. No. 9. – P. 119-130. – DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2021.178.9.119-130.
7. Ligthart S., Ienca M., Meynen G., Molnar-Gabor F., Andorno R., Bublitz C., Catley P., Rainey S., Kellmeyer P. et al. Minding Rights: Mapping Ethical and Legal Foundations of “Neurorights” // Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. – 2023. – Vol. 32. No. 4. – P. 461-481. – DOI: 10.1017/S0963180123000245.
8. Constitution of the Russian Federation // Official website of the President of Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kremlin.ru/acts/constitution/item (date of access: 05/25/2026).
9. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_61801/ (date of access: May 25, 2026).
10. Federal Law of 21.11.2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121895/ (date of access: 25.05.2026).
11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 10.10.2019 No. 490 “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation” // Official website of the President of Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731 (date of access : 25.05.2026).
12. Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology // UNESCO. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/recommendation-ethics-neurotechnology (date of access: 25.05.2026).
13. Recommendation of the Council on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology // OECD Legal Instruments. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/api/print?Lang=en&ids=658 (date accessed: 05/25/2026).
14. Impact, opportunities, and challenges of neurotechnology with regard to the promotion and protection of all human rights. Report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee. A/HRC/57/61 // OHCHR. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session57/A-HRC-57-61-Etext-accessible.pdf (date accessed: 25.05.2026). 15. Ley 21.383 Modifica la carta fundamental, para establecer el desarrollo científico y tecnológico al servicio de las personas // Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1166983 (date of access: 05/25/2026).
16. House Bill 24-1058. Concerning Protecting the Privacy of Individuals’ Biological Data // Colorado General Assembly. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024A/bills/2024a_1058_01.pdf (accessed : 05/25/2026).
17. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence // EUR-Lex. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng (date of access: 25.05.2026).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MEDUSHENKOV Fedor Vyacheslavovich
postgraduate student, Penza State University
RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: GROUNDS, LIMITS AND GUARANTEES AGAINST ARBITRARY INTERFERENCE
This article examines the constitutional and legal aspects of restrictions on the right to personal integrity in the Russian Federation, specifically the grounds, permissible limits, and the system of guarantees against arbitrary interference. This article analyzes regulatory requirements such as the legality, necessity, and proportionality of measures affecting the private sphere; it also examines the role of judicial and departmental oversight in this area. Key attention is paid to the enforcement difficulties that arise when government agencies delay the transfer of residential and garage properties under the jurisdiction of the City Property Department to citizens. For example, using the widely known “Valley effect” as an example, the conflict between the need to protect the rights of victims of fraud and the rights of bona fide purchasers is examined. The practice of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, carried out under the direct supervision of AV Bastrykin, is also analyzed in relation to responses to situations involving the threat of eviction of citizens from their only available housing. Based on the study’s findings, proposals are being formulated to improve legislative and law enforcement mechanisms, thereby reducing the risks of arbitrary interference in personal privacy and strengthening guarantees of personal integrity.
Keywords: personal immunity, constitutional restrictions, proportionality, judicial review, “Valley effect”, bona fide purchaser, Department of City Property, eviction from the only home, procedural review of the Investigative Committee, legal uncertainty.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 20.01.2026) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Moscow City Court, case No. 2 A4O-12Z456/2O2Z, decision dated 15.05.2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/ (date accessed: 26.05.2026).
4. Guide to the application of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The right to respect for private and family life. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ks.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr-ks/guide_art_8_rus (date accessed: 08.02.2026).
5. The Supreme Court published its ruling on Dolina’s case. Key points from the document. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/829536 (accessed: 02/08/2026).
6. Official portal of the courts of general jurisdiction of the city of Moscow, case No. 33-456789/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mos-gorsud.ru/mgs/services/cases (date of access: 05/26/2026).
7. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 20.01.2026) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
8. Official portal of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. In the case of A. V. Bastrykin. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sledcom.ru/ (date of access: 05/26/2026).
9. Preobrazhensky District Court of Moscow, case No. 2-7546/2025, decision dated September 22, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/ (date accessed: May 26, 2026).
10. Tushinsky District Court of Moscow, case No. 02-2778/2023, decision dated May 15, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.zakonrf.info/ (date accessed: May 26, 2026).
11. Krylov A. S. The Right to Privacy in the Legal Positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Glagoliy of Justice. – 2020. – No. 2 (24). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravo-na-neprikosnovennost-chastnoy-zhizni-v-pravovyh-pozitsiyah-konstitutsionnogo-suda-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 02/09/2026).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SAMADOV Fazilat Karamat
postgraduate student of Constitutional law sub-faculty, Baku State University
THE IMPACT OF BIOMETRIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ON CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
The article examines the impact of surveillance systems based on facial recognition, fingerprints and other biometric identification technologies on fundamental constitutional rights. Based on the immutable and body-related nature of biometric information, its collection and processing are shown to primarily affect the right to privacy. The study analyzes the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, in particular the decisions of S. and Marper and Gaughran, as well as the General Data Protection Regulation and the Regulation on Artificial Intelligence of the European Union. The author argues that mass biometric surveillance is not only related to privacy, but also to freedom of speech, the right to freedom of assembly, equality and the presumption of innocence. As a result, it is concluded that the key criterion in assessing biometric surveillance is the principle of proportionality, and constitutional protection can have real force only with a clear legislative framework and independent control mechanisms.
Keywords: biometric surveillance, facial recognition, privacy, constitutional rights, proportionality principle, data protection, chilling effect.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kindt E. J. Privacy and data protection issues in biometric applications: a comparative legal analysis // Springer, 2013.
2. Lyon D. Observation Research: An Overview // Polity Press, 2007.
3. Solove D. J. Understanding Privacy: Harvard University Press, 2008.
4. Zuboff S. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Struggle for a Human Future on the New Frontier of Power // PublicAffairs, 2019.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
YUSUPOV Bulat Shavkatovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional law and constitutional justice sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Russian University of Peoples’ Friendship
DIFFERENTIATION OF GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF CITIZENSHIP DEPENDING ON THE MODE OF ACQUISITION: BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP AND NATURALIZATION
Modern constitutional law exhibits a persistent trend towards establishing differentiated regimes for the termination of citizenship based on the method of its acquisition. The legislation of many states provides for a broader range of grounds for the involuntary termination of citizenship for naturalized individuals compared to citizens by birth; this calls into question the principle of citizen equality and sparks debate regarding the constitutional permissibility of such differentiation. The aim of this study is to identify the constitutional and legal limits of differentiating the grounds for citizenship termination based on the method of acquisition. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: to systematize theoretical approaches to understanding the equality of citizens’ status; to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the legislation and judicial practice of foreign states; to define criteria for the constitutional permissibility of differentiation; and to formulate conclusions regarding the limits of legislative discretion. The methodological basis of the study comprises general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as specialized legal methods: the formal-dogmatic method, the comparative legal method, and the method of legal interpretation. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing the practice of constitutional and supranational judicial bodies. It has been established that differentiating grounds for citizenship termination based on the method of acquisition is considered constitutionally permissible provided certain conditions are met: the existence of a legitimate objective, proportionality of the restriction, adherence to the prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of citizenship, and the avoidance of statelessness. A trend narrowing toward the scope of permissible differentiation has been identified in the practice of supranational judicial bodies.
Keywords: citizenship, naturalization, filiation, termination of citizenship, denaturalization, deprivation of citizenship, principle of equality, constitutional limits of differentiation, statelessness, constitutional law of foreign countries.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional law of Russia: a training course: in 2 volumes. Volume 1. – 7th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2021. – 864 p.
2. Kutafin O. E. Russian citizenship. – M.: Jurist, 2004. – 587 p.
3. Weis P. Nationality and Statelessness in International Law. – 2nd ed. – Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979. – 337 p.
4. Bauböck R., Ersbøll E., Groenendijk K., Waldrauch H. (eds.). Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States. Vol. 1: Comparative Analyzes. – Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006. – 548 p.
5. Shachar A. The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality. – Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009. – 256 p.
6. Kochenov D. The Tjebbes Fail // European Papers. – 2019. – Vol. 4. No. 1. – P. 319-336.
7. Gibney MJ Denationalization and Discrimination // Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. – 2020. – Vol. 46. No. 12. – P. 2551-2568.
8. Hailbronner K. Nationality in Public International Law and European Law // Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States. Vol. 1/eds. R. Bauböck et al. – Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press, 2006. – P. 35-104.
9. Macklin A. The Return of Banishment: Do the New Denationalization Policies Weaken Citizenship? // The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept / ed. R. E. Howard-Hassmann, M. Walton-Roberts. – Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. – P. 163-178.
10. Afroyim v. Rusk, 387 US 253 (1967) // Supreme Court of the United States.
11. Urbano de Sousa, C. Acquisition and Loss of Nationality – Portugal. – Amsterdam University Press: Amsterdam University Press EBooks, 2006. – P. 429-456.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ALEINOV Roman Arkadjevich
lecturer of Computer science and mathematics sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
OKHOTNIKOV Ilya Viktorovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Economic theory and management sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow
SPECTOR Asiya Akhmetovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Economic theory and management sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL BARRIERS TO THE INTRODUCTION OF END-TO-END ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT IN MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION
The object of the research is social relations that develop in the process of legal regulation and organization of electronic document management in multimodal cargo transportation. The subject of the study is administrative and legal barriers that prevent the transition to a fully end-to-end legally significant electronic document management in the transport and logistics chain. The purpose of the work is to systematize such barriers, to give them a qualitative and quantitative assessment, as well as to build a simulation model demonstrating the accumulation of time costs during the sequential approval of documents in several departments. A classification of administrative and legal obstacles has been developed, a probabilistic model for passing a typical package of documents through a chain of approving authorities has been proposed and implemented based on a computational experiment. It is shown that even with moderate delays at each stage, the cumulative effect leads to a critical lengthening of the total registration time, and the main bottleneck is the stages that combine high variability with the mandatory participation of an official.
Keywords: end-to-end electronic document management, multimodal transportation, administrative barriers, information systems, legal regulation, digital logistics, simulation modeling.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Maksurov A. A. Multimodal transportation in the system of transport legal relations in the Russian Federation // Legal order and legal values. – 2026. – Vol. 4. No. 1. – Pp. 33-42. – DOI 10.23947/2949-1843-2026-4-1-33-42.
2. Lyaskovskaya E. A., Grigorieva K. M. Electronic document management in the system of instruments for sustainable development of Russian regions // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Economics and Management. – 2022. – Vol. 16. No. 4. – P. 54-64. – DOI 10.14529/em220406. – EDN EMSTBL.
3. Rogov I. I. Fragmentation of law as a challenge and ways to overcome it / Veritas Legis journal. – 2026. – Vol. 2. No. 1. – DOI 10.62687/VLJ.1.2.2026.31.
4. Lipinsky D. A., Ivanov A. A. Legal anomie as a factor in the uncertainty of social development goals // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2024. – No. 1 (63). – P. 6-29. – DOI 10.17072/1995-4190-2024-63-6-29. – EDN FVDHVX.
5. Rybakov D. A. Analysis of problems of data exchange between information systems in government agencies // Enterprise engineering and knowledge management. – P. 279. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://conf-eekm.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/434.-%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9.-%D0%A2.-1-2024-11.12.pdf#page=279.
6. Kovtun L. I., Kryukov O. V., Saushev A. V., Antonenko S. I. Analytical and statistical method for assessing the state and forecasting risks of complex technical systems // Proceedings of the international symposium “Reliability and Quality”. – 2020. – Vol. 1. – P. 264-269. – EDN EWVUUH.
7. Timashev A., Kucherov A. Just in time and with minimal costs // Logistics. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 53. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://logistika-prim.ru/sites/default/files/8-10.pdf.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BALABANOV Vadim Olegovich
Deputy Head of the Legal Department at the Interdistrict Federal Tax Service of Russia No. 30 in St. Petersburg; competitor, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL TAX SERVICE IN ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES IN THE FIELD OF CURRENCY REGULATION AND CURRENCY CONTROL
The article examines the legal basis for the functioning of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation as a body of currency regulation and currency control, as well as an administrative body that deals with cases of violations of currency legislation. The article highlights the main issues related to the regulatory framework for the Federal Tax Service as a body of currency control, as well as the procedures for handling administrative offenses. The article also addresses the challenges faced by the Russian Federation due to the various international sanctions imposed on capital flows. The article draws conclusions based on the analysis of statistical information about the low level of awareness among Russian citizens as currency residents about the need to document their currency transactions, which is one of the main reasons for the occurrence of administrative legal relations in the field of currency relations.
Keywords: administrative offense, currency transactions, tax authorities, Government Decree of the Russian Federation, sanctions, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, Federal Tax Service.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abramkina D. S., Nasirova M. B., Yakovlev D. I., Review of currency regulation and currency control of the Russian Federation: legislation, practice and changes // World Science. – 2025. – No. 12 (105). – P. 150-156.
2. Alekseeva E. V. Current state and prospects for the development of currency control in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2022. – No. 50 (3). – P. 403-407.
3. Vasilenko O. A., Evsikova E. V. Problems of determining insignificance in cases of administrative offenses in the field of currency legislation // Eurasian Union of Scientists. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 55-59.
4. Zhenak A. E., Gashenko I. V. Tax administration and legislative problems // Accounting and statistics. – 2017. – No. 4 (48). – P. 114-118.
5. Kalachev M. A., Kulikova P. A. Review of accounting practices and audit of foreign exchange transactions in Russian organizations // Economy. Law. Innovations. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 50-60.
6. Kulekin S. I. The essence and legal regulation of currency control in the Russian Federation // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – No. 76. – P. 30-33.
7. Shchebrenko E. D. Features of administrative responsibility in the foreign exchange sphere // Legal science. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 92-96.
8. Shchebrenko E. D. Improvement of administrative regulations in the field of currency regulation // Legal science. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 83-87.
9. Yakovleva E. A., Chivanova V. A., Bazyleva K. S. The role of tax authorities in currency relations: history and current state // Current trends and prospects of socio-economic, social and humanitarian sciences: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference on June 28, 2023 – Belgorod: APNI, 2023. – P. 19-22.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
GLADUN Darya Andreevna
senior lecturer of Professor VM Manokhin Administrative and municipal law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
PROFESSIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL INTERMEDIARY (BROKER) AND ITS ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article addresses the pressing issue of technology transfer and the commercialization of research outcomes from the scientific sphere to the real economy. Based on a review of contemporary academic literature and strategic documents, it is demonstrated that many cutting-edge developments remain unclaimed due to the ineffectiveness of interaction mechanisms among the actors implementing industrial policy. It is discussed that the current industrial regulation does not fully account for the specific nature of innovation activities. This gap creates legal uncertainty and discourages private investors at the critical stage of bringing a product to market. The study concludes that developing effective commercialization tools is a necessary condition for achieving technological sovereignty and ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy in the long term.
Keywords: echnology intermediary or technological mediator, broker, technology transfer, results of scientific research and development, commercialization, innovations, innovation infrastructure, industrial policy, integration, incentivisation, industry, technological sovereignty, scientific and technological development.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Administrative Law of the Russian Federation: a textbook for bachelors / edited by Doctor of Law, Professor A. Yu. Sokolov. – M .: Publishing House “DMK Press”, 2025. – 635 p.
2. Administrative and legal regulation in the economic sphere (modern forms and methods) / E. V. Vinogradova, I. V. Glazunova, A. A. Grishkovets [et al.]. – Voronezh: Publishing and Printing Center “Scientific Book”, 2021. – 256 p.
3. Daneykin Yu. V. Theory and methodology of innovative development of a high-tech industrial complex at the mesolevel: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economic sciences. – Veliky Novgorod, 2023. – 44 p.
4. Yastrebov O. A. Mechanism for implementing partnerships in investment and construction projects // Bulletin of the Financial University. – 2011. – No. 3 (63). – P. 34-38.
5. Tikhomirova A. V. Innovative and technological development of Russian industrial enterprises. – M .: SOLON-Press, 2022. – 132 p.
6. Kabyshev S. V. Constitutional vector of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2025. – No. 12. – P. 41-47.
7. Ivanova O. P., Tumin V. M., Trifonov V. A. Technological brokerage in the regions: current state and prospects // Economy. Informatics. – 2024. – V. 51. No. 3. – P. 554-569.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan
LARIN Viktor Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, SA Yesenin Ryazan State University
ATTESTATION OF EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM: CONCEPT, GOALS AND LEGAL NATURE
This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the Institute for the certification of employees of the penal correction system of the Russian Federation. The author examines the historical, legal and doctrinal prerequisites for the formation of this institution, conducts a comparative legal analysis of the objectives of certification of government civil servants and employees of paramilitary organizations. Based on a critical analysis of regulatory legal acts of management, gaps and contradictions of departmental law-making techniques have been identified. Special attention is paid to the specific objectives of certification in the management system related to the psychophysiological provision and assistance to employees. Based on the results of the study, the author formulates the author’s doctrinal definition of the certification of a UIS employee, reflecting its multi-vector target orientation.
Keywords: employee certification, penal enforcement system, certification objectives, compliance with the position being filled, personnel reserve, psychophysiological support, departmental rulemaking, assistance to the certified employee.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Glukhov E. A. On the reasons for certification commissions making biased decisions // Ex jure. 2026. No. 1. P. 27-37.
2. Elfimova E. V., Sofronova A. Yu. Certification of employees of internal affairs bodies: issues of improving legislation // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal. 2018. No. 1. P. 103-108.
3. Grishkovets A. A., Fomina S. V., Rostovtseva Yu. V. State civil service: Study course / ed. N. Yu. Khamaneva. Moscow: Business and service, 2014. 624 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
POPOVA Svetlana Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal foundations of management sub-faculty, Faculty of Public Administration, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
NIKOLAEV Artem Igorevich
master’s student of the 2nd course of Legal foundations of management sub-faculty, Faculty of Public Administration, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-CORRUPTION
The article summarizes the results of scientific research on the possibilities of using artificial intelligence technologies to improve the effectiveness of anti-corruption. Taking into account the nature of anti-corruption activities (prevention, combating corruption or minimizing (eliminating) its consequences), the directions for improving the effectiveness of anti-corruption have been identified. It is noted that AI can automate a number of actions in the implementation of corruption prevention. The main advantage of AI is its ability to process large amounts of data in a short amount of time, reduce the impact of the human factor, and work efficiently with structured and unstructured information. The key risks and limitations of using AI in combat corruption are highlighted.
Keywords: anti-corruption, artificial intelligence, efficiency, digitalization, data analysis.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ardelyanova Ya. A. Artificial intelligence as a means of social control of corruption // Humanitarian Scientific Bulletin. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 34-40.
2. Kuzmin N. A. Prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in combating corruption // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 154-156.
3. Minbaleeva A. V., Evsikova K. S. Information technologies for combating corruption // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Humanities. – 2021. – Vol. 14. No. 11. – P. 1674-1689.
4. Pogodina I. V., Novichkova A. S. Artificial intelligence in combating corruption in customs authorities: achieved results and new opportunities // State power and local self-government. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 21-26.
5. Tsirin A. M., Artemenko E. A. Digital technologies and artificial intelligence as means of preventing manifestations of corruption in control (supervisory) activities: domestic and foreign experience // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27. No. 3. – P. 126-142.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
TYUKHAI-LIPSKY Stanislav Valerjevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
THEORETICAL AND LEGAL APPROACHES TO DEFINING LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article analyzes theoretical and legal approaches to defining local self-government in contemporary Russia. It examines concepts regarding the public, state, and mixed nature of this institution, its place within the system of public authority and forms of popular rule, as well as the issue of the subjective right to local self-government. The author substantiates the position that local self-government holds a dual status as an autonomous institution of public authority—combining features of public self-organization with public-authority functions—where the essential criterion is a focus on addressing issues of local significance. The article concludes that legislation needs to be developed by strengthening the material-financial and jurisdictional autonomy of municipalities as equal entities within the unified system of public authority.
Keywords: local self-government, public authority, rule of the people, municipal formation, jurisdictional autonomy, unified system of public authority.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional Law. Encyclopedic Dictionary / ed. S. A. Avakyan. – M .: Norma, 2001. – 647 p.
2. Boldysh A. Yu. Some features of the legal nature of local self-government: organizational and legal aspects of activity // Scientific and methodological electronic journal “Concept”. – 2016. – No. T17. – P. 828-831.
3. Kazannik A. I. The people as a subject of constitutional and legal relations // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 3-6.
4. Kozhevnikov O. A. The European Charter of Local Self-Government: a history of application that should not be “forgotten” // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2 (51). – P. 144-150.
5. Konyukhova I. A., Aleshkova I. A., Andrichenko L. V. Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation. Special Part: Textbook and Workshop for Universities / edited by I. A. Konyukhova. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2026 .– 463 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law; research fellow, International Institute for Comparative Legal Studies of New Technologies, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN VIETNAM
The article “Vietnam’s System of State Regulation of Artificial Intelligence” provides a comprehensive account of Vietnam’s shift from a framework strategy to binding AI regulation between 2021 and 2026. The strategic bedrock was laid by the National AI Strategy (Decision No. 127/QD-TTg, 2021) and reinforced by Politburo Resolution No. 57-NQ/TW (December 2024), which set four pillars of digital innovation and ambitious targets (R&D spending up to 2% of GDP; digital economy at 30% of GDP). The core legislative milestone is the AI Law No. 134/2025/QH15 (effective 1 March 2026), introducing a three-tier risk classification, a national AI portal and database, serious-incident notification, and a sandbox for controlled testing; its requirements are specified by Decree 142/2026/ND-CP, including mandatory labeling of certain AI-generated or edited content. Complementary regimes include the Personal Data Protection Decree 13/2023/ND-CP, national standards TCVN 13902/13903, the 2024 government AI deployment plan for public services (Decision 699/QD-BTTTT), and Decree 134/2026/ND-CP on copyright for AI-assisted works (conditions for protection and a non-commercial TDM regime). Economic incentives are provided by Decree 353/2025/ND-CP (special preferences for AI and semiconductors), the Investment Support Fund (Decree 182/2024/ND-CP, up to 50% reimbursement of initial costs for AI/semiconductor R&D centers), and the forthcoming National AI Development Fund, alongside NATIF. Vietnam is building a hybrid model combining mandatory risk-based regulation with large-scale incentives; as of June 2026, enforcement is at an early stage with a transition period until 30 June 2026.
Keywords: Vietnam, artificial intelligence, risk-based regulation, AI content labeling, sandbox, personal data protection, copyright and AI, investment incentives; R&D centers, semiconductors; digital technology industry (Decree 353/2025/ND-CP), public funds (NATIF; National AI Development Fund; Investment Support Fund).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
CHIRKOV Sergey Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Information technologies and modeling sub-faculty, Institute of Digital Technologies, University of Biotechnology
ARZHANNIKOV Alexey Petrovich
Head of the Legal Department at LLC Holding “People of Business”
KAZAKOVA Irina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Information technologies and modeling sub-faculty, Institute of Digital Technologies, University of Biotechnology
LEGAL ASPECTS OF QUALIFYING ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES WHEN USING MANDATORY THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY (MTPL) INSURANCE POLICIES WITH A RETROACTIVE EFFECTIVE DATE
The article examines current issues of qualifying administrative offenses under Article 12.37 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. The law enforcement problem associated with the unreasonable recognition of mandatory third-party liability (MTPL) insurance policies as inactive at the time of recording an offense in the presence of a retroactive effective date in them is analyzed. Based on the analysis of judicial practice, including decisions of the cassation courts of general jurisdiction, the inadmissibility of bringing persons to administrative responsibility in the conditions of a valid insurance contract is justified. The authors propose criteria for differentiating the conscientious use of a retroactive date from illegal acts and develop recommendations for improving proceedings in cases of administrative offenses.
Keywords: administrative offense, Article 12.37 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, contract retroactivity, presumption of innocence, evidentiary value of the insurance policy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Melnichuk V. A. Problems and prospects for the development of automobile insurance in Russia from the point of view of insurance companies // Bulletin of the Siberian Institute of Business and Information Technology. – 2018. – No. 2 (26). – P. 49. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: cyberleninka.ru (date accessed: 02/18/2024).
2. Boykova A. R., Reidel L. B. OSAGO against fraudsters // Socio-economic, historical-legal, philosophical concepts of our time: materials of the XIX All-Russian scientific and practical conference (Stavropol, October 27, 2022). – Stavropol: Stavropol publishing house “Paragraph”, 2022. – P. 67-71.
3. Tarasov E. A., Tarasova E. V. Identification of cases of fraud under compulsory motor third-party liability insurance during the investigation of road accidents // Voronezh Scientific and Technical Bulletin. – 2022. – Vol. 1. No. 1 (39). – P. 77-80.
4. Truncevsky Yu. V., Glinka V. I., Ruchkin O. Yu. The problem of fraud in the field of compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners // Modern lawyer. – 2014. – No. 4 (9). – P. 88-97.
5. Storozheva A. N., Zhzhonykh M. M. Problems of crimes in the field of motor insurance in Russia // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2019. – Vol. 5. No. 1. – P. 352-358.
6. Kurbanova D. N. The problem of fraud in the field of compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2015. – Vol. 14. No. 2 – P. 116-119.
7. Glossary of insurance terms used in insurance transactions. – M.: MFK, 2008. – 288 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
GRYAZNOVA Ekaterina Mikhailovna
postgraduate student of Administrative law sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION IN SPORT
The purpose of this study is to conduct a historical and legal analysis of the formation and development of state regulation of physical culture and sport in Russia, to identify key patterns in the evolution of the regulatory framework and institutional changes, as well as to determine directions for improving current legislation. The article examines the main stages: from fragmentary departmental acts of the 18th–19th centuries and the establishment of the Office of the Chief Supervisor (1913) to the Soviet Vsevobuch (universal military training system), post-war reorganization, and the formation of the modern system based on Federal Law No. 329-FZ and the state program ‘Development of Physical Culture and Sport’. The author substantiates the dependence of regulatory effectiveness on economic stability and the need for further improvement of the legal status of sports federations, funding mechanisms, and digital transformation of the industry.
Keywords: state regulation of sport, physical culture, historical and legal analysis, regulatory framework, sports legislation, Vsevobuch, Ministry of Sport, Federal Law No. 329-FZ, legal status of athletes, digital transformation of sport.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vorozhko Yu. V. Formation of the Russian system of physical culture and sports management in the second half of the 19th century // Omsk Scientific Bulletin. – 2010. – No. 6 (92). – P. 173-175.
2. Vydrin V. M. Theory of physical education (cultural aspects). – Leningrad: State Institute of Physical Education named after P. F. Lesgaft, 1988. – 45 p.
3. Vydrin V. M. History and methodology of the science of physical education: monograph. – St. Petersburg: SPbGAFK im. P. F. Lesgaft, 2002. – 151 p.
4. Zazulina E. V., Makhmudov M. M. Sports law as a complex branch of law: conceptual and legal issues // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2019. – No. 7-1. – P. 101-105.
5. Kovalenko E. Yu., Tydykova N. V., Kusainova A. K. Reflection of international norms in Russian federal and regional legislation on physical culture and sports // Russian-Asian Legal Journal. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 56-60.
6. Matveev L. P. Theory and Methods of Physical Education. Introduction to the Subject / 3rd ed. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 2003. – 160 p.
7. Sapunkov A. A., Fomenko A. A. History of prohibitions and regulation of fist fighting in the legislation of Russia in the 17th-early 20th centuries // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2021. – V. 26. No. 3 (86). – P. 329-337.
8. Chesnokov A. N. Russian legislation on physical culture and sports: history and modernity: abstract of the dissertation … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2007. – 24 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
GURBANOV Gumbat Alesker ogly
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
ADMINISTRATIVE PREJUDICE AND DIGITAL PASSPORT: DIFFERENTIATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THEFT OF DIGITAL IDENTITY (USING ELECTRONIC PASSPORT DATA AND BIOMETRICS)
The article is devoted to the study of issues related to the definition of the distinction between administrative and criminal liability for illegal actions in the field of trafficking in digital identity of citizens. The central place is occupied by the study of mechanisms for protecting information contained in electronic passports, as well as biometric information of citizens. The paper considers in detail the concept of administrative prejudice, which is a key legal mechanism for distinguishing types of legal responsibility: this institution provides for the possibility of transferring systematically committed administrative offenses into the category of criminally punishable offenses. The study is devoted to the consideration of the unique properties of biometric information as a special object that cannot be changed and requires legal protection. The author argues for the need to modernize legislative tools in order to counter modern technological methods of theft of personal identification. As a final conclusion, the thesis is formulated about the need for a balanced and proportionate policy of establishing criminal liability, which would simultaneously take into account the principle of reasonable limitation of punitive measures and the task of reliably protecting the digital space of both an individual and the state as a whole.
Keywords: administrative prejudice, digital identity, electronic passport, biometrics, personal data, criminal liability, administrative liability, identity theft, information security, digital transformation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Alekseev I. A. Digital identity as an object of legal regulation in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the State University. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 10-18.
2. Bavsun M. S. Administrative prejudice in criminal law: problems of theory and practice // Criminal law and procedure. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 85-92.
3. Vasiliev A. A. Legal protection of biometric personal data in the era of digitalization // Information law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 50-58.
4. Golovko L. V. The relationship between administrative and criminal liability: modern challenges // Jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 110-125.
5. Esakov G. A. Criminal liability for crimes in the field of computer information: commentary on the legislation // Legal world. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 75-82.
6. Zrazhevskaya T. D. Personality in the digital space: constitutional and legal aspect // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 30-37.
7. Kuznetsov V. V. Problems of qualification of fraud using biometric data // Russian Justice. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 140-148.
8. Lopashenko N. A. Criminal policy in the field of digital security // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 60-68.
9. Rarog A. I. Administrative prejudice as a means of criminalizing acts // Modern law. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 15-22.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
DANYUKOV Ilya Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Russian University of Friendship of Peoples
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF VIRTUAL ASSET SERVICE PROVIDERS (VASP) IN THE AML/CTF SYSTEM
This paper examines the administrative and legal regime governing virtual asset service providers in the Russian Federation. It analyzes the legislative framework, including Federal Law No. 259 ‑ FZ on Digital Financial Assets and Digital Currency and Federal Law No. 115 ‑ FZ on anti ‑ money laundering and count er ‑ terrorist financing, as well as FATF standards. The study covers registration and licensing requirements, customer identification, internal control, and the obligation to transmit data to the Federal Financial Monitoring Service and the Bank of Russia. It evaluates statistical data, law ‑ enforcement practice and cases from 2022-2025, identifies regulatory gaps and proposes improvements to public oversight in the virtual asset sector.
Keywords: virtual assets, virtual asset service provider, digital financial asset, administrative regulation, anti ‑ money laundering, customer identification, compliance.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and the Financing of Terrorism” dated 07.08.2001 No. 115-FZ (latest revision).
2. Federal Law “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” dated July 31, 2020 No. 259-FZ (latest revision).
3. Regulation of the Bank of Russia dated 18.06.2025 No. 860-P “On the requirements for the internal control rules of a credit institution, a branch of a foreign bank through which a foreign bank operates on the territory of the Russian Federation, in order to combat the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, the financing of terrorism and extremist activity” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 06.08.2025 No. 83148).
4. Efimova L. G. An alternative view on the legal regulation of civil law relations in the context of the digital economy // Actual problems of Russian law. 2021. No. 8 (129). P. 52–62. 5. Zhdanov I. N. Implementation of FATF rules regarding virtual assets in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. 2024. No. 1 (56). P. 226-233.
6. How to open a crypto exchange in Russia: legal status, regulation and risks // Deureks. 2025. March 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://deureks.ru/2025/03/02/grade-grabovskii-deyneko-7/ (date of access: 12.04.2026). (The material provides a link to case No. A56-87945/2023.)
7. Cryptocurrencies and crypto exchanges. Mining: judicial practice and key aspects / RTM Group. M., 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rtmtech.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Issledovanie-Kriptovalyuty-i-kriptobirzhi-2022.pdf (date accessed: 12.04.2026).
8. Report on the work of Rosfinmonitoring for 2024 // Federal Service for Financial Monitoring. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fedsfm.ru/content/files/%D0%B0nnual%20report_2024.pdf (date accessed: 12.04.2026).
9. Statistics of the OIS from the Central Bank for the 4th quarter of 2023 and 2024 // CFA.RF. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--80a3bf.xn--p1ai/statistika-ois-cbr.html (date of access: 12.04.2026).
10. Statistics on the digital financial assets market for the first half of 2025 // CFA.RF. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--80a3bf.xn--p1ai/statistika-ois-2025-cb.html (date of access: 12.04.2026).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KULIKOVA Yana Alexeevna
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, NI Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES: THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION AND LEGAL REGULATION
The article discusses the problem of defining electronic evidence in administrative proceedings. It is noted that the current Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation does not establish electronic evidence as an independent type of evidence, but allows the use of digital information through existing procedural forms, including documents, other documents, testimony of special technical devices, and physical evidence. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of electronic evidence, including the digital form of existence, the need to use technical and software tools for perception, the presence of an established source of origin, verifiability, and the need to ensure the immutability of digital data. The article substantiates the conclusion that it is advisable to establish a general concept of electronic evidence in the legislation on administrative offenses, which will eliminate terminological ambiguity.
Keywords: electronic evidence, Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, proceedings on administrative offenses, digital information, proof, other documents, special technical means, evaluation of evidence.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vekhov V. B. Electronic evidence: problems of theory and practice // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2016. – No. 4 (11). – P. 46-50.
2. Malyk A. V. Formation and nature of electronic evidence // VSU Bulletin. Series: Law. – 2023. – No. 3 (54). – P. 45-51.
3. Minaeva A. I. Individual subjects of Russian law in the context of the development of digital technologies: theoretical and legal research: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2022. – 179 p.
4. Nabatov M. B. Implementation of the right to defense in criminal proceedings in the context of the use of digital technologies: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2023. – 194 p.
5. Okonenko R. I. Electronic evidence as a new direction for improving Russian criminal procedural law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2015. – No. 3 (52). – P. 120-124.
6. Pastukhov P.S. “Electronic evidence” in the adversarial system of criminal procedural evidence // Society and Law. 2015. No. 1 (51). P. 192-196.
7. Pastukhov P. S., Terekhin V. V. On the issue of the concept and essence of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management. Series: State and Law. – 2014. – No. 18. – P. 69-75.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
MA Zhenchao
postgraduate student of Administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
PROCEDURAL INSTABILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF FOREIGN CITIZENS IN THE MIGRATION REGISTRATION SYSTEM: PROBLEMS AND AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT
The article substantiates how migration registration of foreign citizens in the Russian Federation is transformed from a registration mechanism into an element of digital administrative control that affects the legal certainty of the status of foreign citizens. It is shown that the main sources of instability are the procedural dependence of foreign citizens on the host party, the fragmentation of information systems, and the limited availability of data on migration status for foreign citizens. Measures to improve migration registration are proposed, including the presumption of good faith on the part of the foreign citizen and the development of mechanisms for real time digital verification of his/her status, drawing on foreign experience in the digitalization of migration administration.
Keywords: migration registration, foreign citizens, administrative legal status, legal certainty, presumption of good faith, digitalization, procedural instability.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
CHANLONGFONG Sok
postgraduate student of Public law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
DEFINITIONS AND LEGAL CONCEPTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TAX ADMINISTRATION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, ASEAN, AND CAMBODIA
Tax administrations have been using artificial intelligence for many years across the globe which allow tax authorities to easily conduct audit selection, fraud detection, automated compliance and provide real-time services to taxpayers. This helps to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of tax administration. However, the legal frameworks which govern AI remains uncertain and differ in each country. This article will do a comparative analysis of how Cambodia, the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) define, classify and govern artificial intelligence in tax administration. The article draws several important documents which are related to legal AI concepts. These documents include the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689), the ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics (2024) which is supplemented and supported by Generative AI (2025), the Cambodian Draft National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2030, and UNESCO Artificial Intelligence Readiness Assessment Report (2025). It also considers the operational practices of the General Department of Taxation in Cambodia (GDT). The article covers definitions of AI, classification of AI risk system, obligations of AI provider and deployer, rights of the taxpayers, and data governance frameworks. The analysis indicates the different levels of regulatory maturity. The EU’s framework is binding and has risk-based systems, but strict. ASEAN’s framework is a voluntary framework based on principles. Cambodia is still in an early stage in AI development, and the law is in developing. The findings of the study also highlight the crucial gap in governance where AI is being used in tax administration before the legal regulation in place. Finally, the article offers policy recommendations for Cambodia on governing AI in tax administration.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, tax administration, AI governance, taxpayer rights, Cambodia.
Bibliographic list of references:
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2. Atabekov A. & Yastrebov Oleg. (2018). Legal Status of Artificial Intelligence Across Countries: Legislation on the Move. EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL. XXI. – Pp. 773-782. – DOI: 10.35808/ersj/1245.
3. Atabekov A. (2023). Creation and application of artificial intelligence for public purposes: a comparative legal analysis. Law and politics. – Pp. 59-68. – DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2023.6.40848.
4. Bogucki Arthur. (2025). Ethical, Legal, and Socioeconomic Aspects of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Tax Administration. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica. – No. 110. – Pp. 19-36. – DOI: 10.18778/0208-6069.110.12.
5. Edwards Lilian & Veale Michael. (2018). Enslaving the Algorithm: From a “Right to an Explanation” to a “Right to Better Decisions”? – DOI: 10.31228/osf.io/yhs9c.
6. Fong K. (2026, February 23). – 2026/13 “What is Shaping Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance Policies in Southeast Asia?” by Kristina Fong. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2025-13-what-is-shaping-artificial-intelligence-ai-governance-policies-in-southeast-asia-by-kristina-fong/
7. Guglyuvatyy Evgeny. (2025). Balancing innovation and integrity: AI in tax administration and taxpayer rights. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. – DOI: 12.10.1057/s41599-025-06099-7.
8. Hacker P. (2024). Comments on the final trilogue version of the AI Act. SSRN Electronic Journal. – DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.475760.
9. Haenlein M., & Kaplan A. (2019). A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: On the Past, Present, and Future of Artificial Intelligence // California Management Review. – No. 61. – Pp. 5-14.
10. Khisamova ZI & Begishev IR (2019) Criminal Liability and Artificial Intelligence: Theoretical and Applied Aspects. Vserossiyskiy kriminologicheskiy zhurnal – Russian Journal of Criminology. – No. 13 (4). – Pp. 564-574. (In Russian). – DOI: 10.17150/2500- 4255.2019.13(4).564-574.
11. Laptev Vasiliy. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Liability for its Work. Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – Pp. 79-102. – DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2019.2.79.102.
12. Lopo Martinez Antonio. (2025). Artificial Intelligence in Tax Administration: Enhancing Compliance, Transparency, and Ethical Governance. SSRN Electronic Journal. – DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.5285760.
13. Mayer-Schönberger V. and Cukier K. (2013) Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston.
14. Minsky ML Semantic information processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press quoted in. AI watch: defining artificial intelligence 2.0. – P. 113 (op.cit).
15. Nassimpian Dimitra. (2008). The General Principles of EU Law by Takis Tridimas [2nd edn, OUP, Oxford, 2006. – 720 p., £100 (h/bk)] // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. – P. 57. – DOI: 10.1017/S0020589308000316.
16. Nuriev BD Artificial intelligence in the public administration system of Russia and the European Union: comparative legal analysis. Part I // RUDN Journal of Public Administration. – 2025. – Vol. 12. No. 3. – Pr. 404-416. – DOI: 10.22363/2312-8313-2025-12-3-404-416.
17. Pasquale F. (2015). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press.
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19. Ponkin IV, Redkina AI Artificial Intelligence from the Point of View of Law // RUDN Journal of Law. – 2018. – Vol. 22. No. 1. – Pp. 91-109. – DOI: 10.22363/2313-2337-2018-22-1-91-109.
20. Poole DL, & Mackworth AK (2010). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents. – Cambridge University Press.
21. Russell S., & Norvig P. (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). – Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
22. Simon Chesterman. We, the Robots? Regulating Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of the Law. UK: Cambridge University Press. – 2021. – Pp. 289 Hardback. – DOI: 10.1017/9781009047081.
23. Smuha Nathalie. (2021). From a ‘race to AI’ to a ‘race to AI regulation’: regulatory competition for artificial intelligence. Law, Innovation and Technology. – No. 13. – Pp. 1-28. – DOI: 10.1080/17579961.2021.1898300.
24. Veale M., & Borgesius FZ (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act – Analyzing the good, the bad, and the unclear elements of the proposed approach // Computer Law Review International. – No. 22 (4). – Pp. 97-112. – DOI: doi.org/10.9785/cri-2021-220402.
25. Wirtz BW, Weyerer JC, & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector Applications and Challenges. International Journal of Public Administration. – No. 42 (7). – Pp. 596-615. – DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103.
26. Wirtz BW, Weyerer JC, & Geyer C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges. International Journal of Public Administration. – No. 42 (7). – Pp. 596-615. – DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103.
27. Wischmeyer T., & Rademacher T. (2019). Regulating artificial intelligence. – DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32361-5.
28. Yeung Karen & Howes Andrew & Pogrebna Ganna. (2019). AI Governance by Human Rights-Centred Design, Deliberation and Oversight: An End to Ethics Washing. SSRN Electronic Journal. – DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3435011.
29. Kartkhia AA Civil law model for regulating digital technologies: Dissertation for the applicant… Doctor of Sciences. – 2019.
30. Morkhat PM The legal personality of artificial intelligence in the field of intellectual property law: civil law problems: Dissertation for the applicant. …Doctor of Law. – M., 2018.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ZHIGULIN Alexander Igorevich
postgraduate student of Administrative and administrative procedure law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Voronezh State University
SOME ISSUES OF APPLICATION OF PRELIMINARY PROTECTION MEASURES IN CHALLENGING DECISIONS, ACTIONS (INACTION) OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BODIES
The article provides a detailed analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of interim protective measures in administrative cases challenging the legality of decisions, actions (or omissions) of state authorities, local self-government bodies, other bodies and organizations vested with specific state or other public powers, as well as officials and state or municipal employees, as provided for in Chapter 22 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, taking into account the clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and public administrative authorities. The article also advances proposals for improving the current procedural legislation.
Keywords: administrative court proceedings, The Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, preliminary protection measures, challenging decisions of public administration bodies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nikitin S. V., Stakhov A. I., Yarkov V. V. Administrative proceedings: textbook / edited by S. V. Nikitin. – Moscow: Prospect; Russian State University of Justice, 2024. – 384 p.
2. Starilov Yu. N., Makhina S. N., Nosova Yu. B., Rogacheva O. S. Administrative proceedings: a textbook for bachelor’s, master’s, and specialist degrees in the fields of “Jurisprudence” and “Judicial and prosecutorial activity” / edited by Yu. N. Starilov . – 2nd ed., revised. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. – 624 p. 3. Starilov M. Yu. Preliminary protection measures in administrative proceedings in courts of general jurisdiction: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Voronezh, 2020. – 349 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
SYSOLETINA Oksana Georgievna
Deputy Head of the office of the Service for Citizenship and Registration of Foreign Nationals of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia
ON THE COMPATRIOTS – THE SUBJECTS OF VOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT
The strategic guidelines for external migration set by the “new” Concept of the Russian Federation’s State Migration Policy for 2026-2030 have not changed in terms of promoting voluntary resettlement of compatriots, and improving mechanisms in this area remains a priority. The current geopolitical situation, the large-scale anti-Russian campaign in unfriendly countries, and the rise of Russophobia and discrimination have led to the creation of alternative mechanisms for voluntary resettlement for individuals who share traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. In addition to the humanitarian aspect, it is expected that the individuals will contribute to the development of the Russian economy, science, professional education, and the arts. The article studies the features of the legal relations that arise in the process of managing voluntary migration from abroad to Russia. Based on the analysis, their structure has been determined, in which voluntary resettlement as a socially significant benefit is the object. The author proposes a classification of the individual subjects of these legal relations.
Keywords: voluntary resettlement, legal relations, administration, compatriots, migrants under agreements, the individuals who share traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, the State program.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. On the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2026–2030: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 15.10.2025 No. 738 // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 42. – Art. 6143 // SPS ConsultantPlus (date of access: 25.05.2026).
2. TASS News Agency. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/21035081?ysclid=m7ubjyzib8785366005 (accessed: 04.05.2026).
3. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/news/item/87129555 (date of access: 01.06.2026).
4. Korenev A. P. Administrative law of Russia: (in 3 parts): Textbook for educational institutions of higher vocational education / Moscow Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 3rd ed., with amendments and additions. – Moscow: Shchit-M, 2000. – Part 1. – 306 p.
5. Khamaneva N. Yu. Administrative law of the Russian Federation / ed. N. Yu. Khamaneva. – M.: Jurist, 2005. – 553 p.
6. Rossinsky B.V., Starilov Yu.N. Administrative law: textbook / 4th edition, revised and supplemented. – M .: Norma, 2009. – 468 p.
7. Migachev Yu. I., Popov L. L., Tikhomirov S. V. Administrative law: textbook for the academic bachelor’s degree / 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2016. – 519 p.
8. Veretennikova O. N. Administrative and legal regulation of external migration in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.14. – Ekaterinburg, 2009. – 26 p.
9. Zherebtsov A. N., Malyshev E. A. Migration law of Russia: a textbook for bachelor’s, specialist’s and master’s degrees / ed. A. N. Zherebtsov. – M., 2021. – 611 p.
10. Khabrieva T. Ya. Migration law: comparative legal study: monograph. – M .: IZiSP, Jurisprudence, 2019. – 400 p.
11. Sysoletina O. G. On aspects of the formation and development of external migration processes associated with resettlement from abroad to Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 9 (196). – P. 174-180.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
SHUKYUROVA Alena Sergeevna
advocate, member of Krasnodar region Advocates Chamber
PROBLEMS OF REGISTRATION AND CONFIRMATION OF THE LAWYER’S AUTHORITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE AND ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the problems of registration and confirmation of the powers of a lawyer-representative in administrative and arbitration proceedings. The lack of unified requirements for the registration of a lawyer’s powers in the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the imperfection of both models used in procedural legislation, creates obstacles to the practice of law, as well as to protect the rights of a lawyer’s client when considering cases of administrative law disputes by courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts. As a result of the analysis of the norms of procedural legislation, acts of judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and legal literature, the conclusion is formulated that it is necessary to amend the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, to adjust the explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to ensure the fullest possible procedural rights of a lawyer acting as a judicial representative.
Keywords: administrative legal dispute, lawyer, judicial representation, administrative proceedings, arbitration proceedings, procedural powers of a lawyer, warrant, proxy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vlasov A. A. Arbitration process: textbook for universities. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2026. – 323 p.
2. Zaitsev V. Human rights protection vs. law enforcement // Advocate newspaper. – 2024. – No. 22. – P. 4-5.
3. Ragulin A. V. Anti-lawyer law in action: what are the threats of the new order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on the lawyer’s order? // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2024. – No. 5 (70). – P. 50-62.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
KRAVCHENKO Natalya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Head of the Department for Organizing Internships and Employment of Graduates, Crimean Branch, Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
MAGISTRATE AS A SUBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS: PROSPECTS FOR EXPANDING COMPETENCE THROUGH SIMPLIFIED FORMS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND DIGITAL MECHANISMS
The article examines the current state of the administrative jurisdiction of magistrates and substantiates the need to expand it in the context of the digital transformation of justice. Based on the study of domestic digital platforms (AIS Justice, GAS modules “Justice”), the possibilities of automating the preparation of draft judicial acts, robotic verification of calculations and databases of government agencies, as well as the introduction of web conferences at court sites are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion that the introduction of digital technologies of the GAS “Justice” and the superservice “Justice Online”, the development of electronic document management and remote formats for participation in meetings create technological prerequisites for a more flexible redistribution of the judicial burden among courts of general jurisdiction and magistrates’ courts.
Keywords: justice of the peace, administrative proceedings, judicial system of the Russian Federation, court order, digitalization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Burmistrova S. A. Order proceedings in administrative proceedings: problems of law enforcement // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 33-39.
2. Doroshkov V. V. Justice of the Peace: Historical, Organizational and Procedural Aspects of Activity. – M.: Norma, 2020. – P. 134.
3. Zelentsov A. B., Yastrebov O. A. Judicial administrative law: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence”. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 768 p.
4. Kravchenko N. A., Sobolev A. N. Transformation of public control and litigation proceedings for the collection of tax arrears from individuals in the era of digitalization // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 8 (207). – P. 250-253.
5. Kolokolov N. A. World Justice: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow // World Judge. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 2-11.
6. Neznamov A. V. Models of electronic justice: experience and prospects // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 108-126.
7. Nikitin S. V. Administrative proceedings in the context of digitalization: challenges and solutions // Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 19-28.
8. Nikitin S. V. Judicial review of the legality of normative and non-normative legal acts // Russian justice. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 45-56.
9. Rozhkova M. A. Digital justice: problems and prospects // Law. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 42-55.
10. Rossinsky B. V. Is the distinction between administrative proceedings and proceedings on administrative offences final? // Journal of Administrative Proceedings. – 2016. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/okonchatelno-li-razgranichenie-administrativnogo-sudoproizvodstva-i-proizvodstva-po-delam-ob-administrativnyh-pravonarusheniyah (date of access: 14.06.2026).
11. Smagina E. S. Simplified proceedings in administrative proceedings: problems and prospects // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 112-127.

CIVIL LAW
BURNOS Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, founding partner of the limited liability company “Vekavi Group”
LYUBOVENKO Elena Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law. associate professor of Theory of law sub-faculty, Tver State University
OSHUEVA Viktoriya Vladimirovna
Master of Law, founding partner of the limited liability company “Vekavi Group”
ON THE ISSUE OF CONSUMER LEGAL RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS
The authors consider consumer legal relations arising between individuals and the grounds for extending consumer protection mechanisms to them. The criteria for qualifying such relations through signs of entrepreneurial activity are analyzed, as well as the approaches of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and Rospotrebnadzor to assessing the actual status of the seller, contractor or manufacturer. Particular attention is paid to the legal position of the “self-employed” and the problem of regulatory restrictions on the control and supervisory model in the field of consumer protection. Based on the analysis of the Unified Rules of the Union State of Russia and Belarus in the field of consumer protection and the emerging practice of their application, proposals were made to clarify the subject composition of consumer legal relations and the limits of the imperative guarantees.
Keywords: consumer, subjects of consumer legal relations, protection of consumer rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Burnos E. N., Oshueva V. V. On the new rules for protecting the rights of consumers of the Union State: a comparative legal analysis // Law and Practice. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 238-245.
2. Burnos E. N., Oshueva V. V. Uniform rules for the protection of consumer rights: first results of 2025 // Russian judge. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 20-25.
3. Vinokurova O. A. Application of the law “on the protection of consumer rights” to the self-employed: analysis of problems and prospects // Development of the agro-industrial complex and rural areas: problems, challenges and prospects: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the annual scientific and practical conference within the framework of the Week of the Faculty of Economics among schoolchildren, students and graduate students, Yakutsk, December 3, 2024. – Yakutsk: Publishing House of NEFU, 2024. – P. 19-20.
4. Ivanov N. E. On the application of consumer protection legislation to relations involving the self-employed // International Law Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 6 No. 5. – P. 36-39.
5. Kalacheva T. L., Makarenko M. Yu. Implementation of the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” in relation to the self-employed // Current issues of legal science and practice: materials of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference with student participation, Khabarovsk, May 30, 2022. – Khabarovsk: Pacific State University, 2022. – P. 37-40.
6. Lebedeva E. V. Some legal characteristics of the signs of entrepreneurial activity // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 62-74.
7. Lyubovenko E. S. On the issue of the relationship between Russian legislation and the Uniform Rules of the Union State in the sphere of consumer protection // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Law. – 2025. – No. 2 (82). – P. 210-220.
8. Obolenskaya M. E. Legal status of the self-employed in the field of consumer protection // Youth of the third millennium: collection of scientific articles of the XLIX regional student scientific and practical conference: in 3 parts, Omsk, April 01 – 15, 2025. – Omsk: Omsk State University named after F. M. Dostoevsky, 2025. – P. 187-191.
9. Podmarkova A. S. Uncertainty in the application of legislation on consumer protection to relations involving self-employed citizens // Consumer protection as a vector of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity: Collection of scientific articles , Moscow, March 15, 2023. – Moscow: Rusains LLC, 2024. – P. 70-79.
10. Sergeeva A. A. Responsibility of the self-employed in the field of consumer protection: analysis of legislation and judicial practice // Current issues of Russian law: collection of articles of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Penza, May 25, 2023. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2023. – P. 41-43.
11. Tikhonov V. V. Systematicity as a sign of entrepreneurial activity // Business and Law. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 12-20.

CIVIL LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE LIMITS OF THE CONTRACTOR’S OBLIGATION TO ALERT THE CUSTOMER ABOUT THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACT: ON THE BALANCE OF INTERESTS OF THE PARTIES IN THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 716 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article explores the limits of the contractor’s obligation to alert the customer about the risks associated with the performance of the contract of construction. It is discussed that Article 716 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should be considered not only as a rule on the adverse consequences of the contractor’s silence, but also as a procedural norm aimed at the good-faith cooperation of the parties. Special attention is paid to the contractor’s professional awareness criteria, the content and form of the warning, the reasonable time frame for the customer’s response, and the consequences of their failure to provide a motivated response. Taking into account the judicial practice and comparative legal experience, it is determined that there is a need for legislative clarification of the standard of professional warning, in which the contractor is not exempted from responsibility for professionally identifiable risks, but also does not become a universal guarantor of the consequences created by the customer.
Keywords: contract of employment, contractor, customer, Article 716 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, duty of warning, professional risk, good faith, balance of interests of the parties.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borisov V. Yu., Getman E. S., Gutnikov O. V., et al. Civil law: textbook / edited by O. N. Sadikov. – M .: CONTRACT, INFRA-M, 2007. – V. 2. – 608 p.
2. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual law. Contracts for the performance of work and the provision of services. – ed. corr. and add. – M.: Statut, 2002. – Book 3. – 1055 p.
3. Afanasyev S. F., Baulin O. V., Lukyanova I. N., et al. Course in the law of evidence: Civil procedure. Arbitration procedure. Administrative proceedings / edited by M. A. Fokina. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2019 .– 656 p. 4. Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China: adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020. Art. 776.
5. Code civil des Français. Art. 1112-1 // Légifrance; UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016. – Rome: International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, 2016. Art. 5.1.3.

CIVIL LAW
GRINEVA Anna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Southwest State University, Kursk
ESTABLISHING THE ORIGIN OF CHILDREN AS A LEGAL FACT IN FAMILY AND INHERITANCE LEGAL RELATIONS
The article considers a comprehensive analysis of the legal relations between parents and children, their impact on hereditary legal relations in the Russian Federation. The main focus is on the issues of establishing the origin of children and their legal consequences in the context of inheritance. The paper analyzes in detail the legal aspects related to the inheritance of children conceived during the testator’s lifetime, as well as the problems that arise in establishing paternity after the testator’s death. Considerable attention is paid to the consideration of the legal status of adopted children in hereditary legal relations, including the possibility of preserving inheritance rights both through adoptive parents and blood relatives. The issues related to the relationship of the property (stepfather/stepmother and stepson/stepdaughter) and their legal status in the context of inheritance are considered separately. The article also touches upon the problem of the legal regulation of posthumous reproduction and the payment of a funded pension to the legal successors of the deceased insured person. The author notes the existing gaps in the legislation and suggests ways to improve it.
Keywords: parental legal relations, inheritance, establishment of paternity, adoption, inheritance rights, family law, civil law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ilyina O. Yu. Trends in changes in the Family Code of the Russian Federation and practices of its application // Lex Russica. – 2024. – Vol. 77. No. 12. – P. 10-22.
2. Ilyina O. Yu. On the significance of certain family-legal ties in inheritance legal relations // Inheritance law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 9-12.
3. Bespalov Yu. F., Kasatkina A. Yu., Kameneva Z. V. Inheritance cases. Some controversial issues of law enforcement. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 240 p.
4. Gorelik A. P. On the issue of protecting the inheritance rights of children born out of wedlock. // Protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of children in the Russian Federation: theoretical, legal and applied aspects: collection of materials from the round table (Moscow, April 17, 2018) edited by A. P. Gorelik, University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – M., 2018. – P. 5-10. 5. Mikhailova I. A. Implementation of inheritance rights in the context of the use of reproductive technologies // Lex russica. – 2025. – Vol. 78. No. 3. – P. 131-141.
6. Telyukina M. V. Some aspects of a child’s participation in hereditary succession relations // Legal Concept. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 16-20.
7. Lorenz D. V., Schott E. K. Legal capacity of nasciturus: inheritance-legal aspect // Inheritance law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 24-28.
8. Shelyutto M. L. Children conceived after the death of a parent: establishing origin and inheritance rights // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 91-98.
9. Belobragina N. A. Legal status of the embryo // News of the Tula State University // Economic and legal sciences. – 2013. – No. 1-2. – P. 34-38.
10. Aleinikova V. V. Postmortem children in family and inheritance law: “To be or not to be, that is the question…” / V. V. Aleinikova // Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 137-157.
11. Ilyina O. Yu. Interest and will of family members in inheritance legal relations: the problem of compliance // Social and legal notebook. Scientific journal. Issue 7. Ed. by N. N. Tarusina. – Yaroslavl: Yaroslavl State University, 2017. – P. 113-123.
12. Sokolenko N. N. Current issues of inheritance law in Russia // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 12 (243). – P. 99-107.

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
SHAROVA Viktoriya Vladimirovna
lawyer of the Limited Liability Company “ATISERVISLANA”
ABUSE OF CONSUMER RIGHTS: MODERN THEORY AND PRACTICE
The article examines the problem of consumer rights abuse in the context of the development of e-commerce and distance trading. Approaches to understanding the concepts of “consumer extremism” and “consumer terrorism”, their place in Russian legal doctrine and judicial practice are considered. The article analyzes foreign and domestic approaches to assessing unfair consumer behavior, as well as the correlation of these phenomena with the institution of abuse of law. Special attention is paid to the most common forms of unfair customer behavior, including abuse of the right to return goods and reputational blackmail through online platforms. The article examines the judicial practice of applying the principle of good faith in resolving disputes between sellers and consumers. The amendments to the legislation on consumer protection aimed at forming a more balanced mechanism for regulating relations in the retail sector are being considered. It is concluded that “consumer terrorism” is not an independent legal institution, but is a combination of various forms of abuse subjective of civil rights. The article substantiates the need for further development of uniform criteria for assessing the integrity of the behavior of participants in consumer legal relations in the digital economy.
Keywords: consumer protection, abuse of rights, consumer terrorism, consumer extremism, distance selling, e-commerce, good faith, and judicial practice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Proctor RN The Intractable Cigarette ‘Filter Problem’ / RN Proctor // Tobacco Control. – 2011. – Vol. 20. No. 3. – P. 1-9. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.academia.edu/8069532/The_intractable_cigarette_filter_problem (date of access : 04.03.2026).
2. Krauss MI Fire & Smoke: Government, Lawsuits, and the Rule of Law. – Oakland, Calif.: Independent Institute, 2000. – 52 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://archive.org/details/firesmokegovernm0000krau (accessed: 02.02.2026).
3. Morozov A. S. Consumer extremism (terrorism): an independent legal phenomenon or a type of abuse of rights? // Sociology and law. – 2023. – Vol. 15. No. 4. – P. 606-615. – DOI: 10.35854/2219-6242-2023-4-606-615. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/potrebitelskiy-ekstremizm-terrorizm-samostoyatelnyy-pravovoy-fenomen-ili-vid-zloupotrebleniya-pravami (date of access: 15.04.2026).
4. Usoltsev E. Yu. The concepts of “consumer extremism” and “abuse of consumer rights”: a comparative analysis // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 12. – Pp. 108-112. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatiya-potrebitelskiy-ekstremizm-i-zloupotreblenie-potrebitelem-pravom-sravnitelnyy-analiz (date of access 03/18/2026).
5. Determination of the Third Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated January 13, 2025 in case No. 8G-28730/2024 // SPS “Garant”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/344283195/ (date of access: 04/08/2026).
6. Consumer extremism: how to deal with unscrupulous buyers. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://finance.rambler.ru/business/54295711/?utm_content=finance_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink https://sberbusiness.live (date of access: 12.04.2026).
7. Demisheva K. I. Limits of good faith and the beginning of abuse of rights in civil law // Modern law. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 84-92.

CIVIL LAW
ZHIGALOVA Irina Valerjevna
patent attorney of the Russian Federation, partner, Regional Director of Gorodissky and Partner Law Firm, Moscow
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION INTO RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
The article conducts a comparative legal analysis of public and private law mechanisms for the protection of traditional knowledge, drawing on the experience of nine states. The fundamental inefficiency of monodisciplinary approaches is identified, and the author’s concept of functionally complementary intersectoral regulation is substantiated. A classification of three models is proposed. A systematic analysis of current Russian legislation is conducted and its lacunae are identified. Specific de lege ferenda proposals for the systematic integration of foreign experience into the Russian legal field are formulated.
Keywords: traditional knowledge, public law mechanisms, private law mechanisms, intellectual property, sui generis protection, traditional knowledge registries, FPIC, ABS, indigenous peoples, biopiracy, de lege ferenda.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/biodiv.shtml.
2. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cbd.int/abs/
3. WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (2024). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/grtkf/
4. UNESCO-WIPO Model Provisions for Legislation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore against Illegal Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Acts (1982).
5. UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.unesco.org/convention/2003.
6. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part Four) of 18.12.2006 No. 230-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64629/
7. Federal Law of June 25, 2002 No. 73-FZ “On Cultural Heritage Objects (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37318/
8. Federal Law of 30.04.1999 No. 82-FZ “On Guarantees of the Rights of Indigenous Minority Peoples of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_22872/
9. Federal Law of July 20, 2000 No. 104-FZ “On the General Principles of Organizing Communities of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=434805.
10. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of July 31, 2007 No. 116 “On the Protection of Traditional Knowledge”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/kyr132066.pdf.
11. Brazilian Law No. 13.123/2015 “On Access to Genetic Heritage and Traditional Knowledge Associated Therewith and on Benefit-Sharing”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/ru/legislation/details/15741.
12. Andean Community Decision No. 486 of 2000 “General Regime in the Field of Industrial Property”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/877.
13. Swiss Federal Patent Act, Article 49a (as amended in 2008). – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/2820.
14. New Zealand Patents Act 2013, section 99. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/14497.
15. Peruvian Law No. 27811 “On the Protection Regime of the Collective Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples Related to Biological Diversity” (2002).
16. The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of the Philippines, 1997. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/ru/legislation/details/5755.
17. The Intellectual Property Amendment Act No. 28 of 2013 of the Republic of South Africa. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/ru/tk/920/wipo_pub_920.pdf.
18. Beknazarov E., Orazova S. Priorities of cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization // Symbol of Science. – 2024. – No. 7-1. – P. 76-78.
19. Vlasova V. B., Danilina E. A., Popova P. A. Some problems of preservation and legal protection of traditional knowledge. – M.: INITS “PATENT”, 2009. – 160 p.
20. Gazizova A. Sh. International legal protection of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2020. – 25 p.
21. Ponomareva N.G. Features of legal protection of traditional knowledge and genetic resources: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2004. – 23 p.
22. Stepanova A. V. Intellectual rights as a set of property and personal non-property rights: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Volgograd, 2006. – 26 p.
23. Chirkov F. V. Theoretical foundations of criminal-legal protection of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2025. – 34 p.
24. Dutfield G. Protecting Traditional Knowledge: Pathways to the Future // ICTSD Issue Paper No. 16. – Geneva: ICTSD, 2006. – 60 p.
25. Mgbeoji I. Global Biopiracy: Patents, Plants, and Indigenous Knowledge. – Vancouver: UBC Press, 2006. – 252 p.
26. Oguamanam Ch. International Law and Indigenous Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Plant Biodiversity, and Traditional Medicine. – Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. – 273 p.
27. Taubman A., Wager H., Watal J. (eds.) A Handbook on the WTO TRIPS Agreement. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. – 292 p.
28. WIPO. Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge. Booklet No. 2. – Geneva: WIPO, 2015. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/tk/920/wipo_pub_920.pdf.
29. WIPO Intergovernmental Committee (IGC). Draft Articles on Traditional Knowledge. – Geneva: WIPO, 2023. Doc. – WIPO/GRTKF/IC/46/4.

CIVIL LAW
ZAKIROV Ilya Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and international law sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management (Branch) Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR LOSSES IN THE FINANCIAL MARKET IN THE ERA OF AI: FROM JUDICIAL FORMALISM TO THE MODEL OF AN ACTIVITY CREATING EXTRA HAZARD
The article addresses the legal challenges posed by the active integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into investment activities. Using the examples of foreign judicial precedents (the Tyndaris v VWM case in the UK, the SEBI against Jane Street proceedings in India) and Russian court practice concerning disputes over the quality and operability of AI products, the author explores the “black box” phenomenon as the main source of legal uncertainty. Special attention is paid to the Russian context: the author criticizes the formalistic approach of courts, which is limited to checking acceptance-transfer certificates without analyzing the actual operational capacity of AI systems. The article reveals a conflict between the regulatory approaches of the Bank of Russia and the Government of the Russian Federation within the framework of the 2026 draft laws. The author proposes the introduction of an independent legal expertise of AI algorithms based on black-box and gray-box testing methods, and substantiates the recognition of self-learning neural networks as an activity creating extra hazard by applying the analogy of law (Article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Keywords: artificial intelligence, investment obligations, legal uncertainty, market manipulation, “black box”, AI quality criteria, judicial practice, legislation on AI, Bank of Russia, legal expertise, activity creating extra hazard, civil liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zakirov I. A. Legal expertise: theoretical and legal aspect: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2012. – 26 p.
2. Morhat P. M. Legal capacity of an artificial intelligence unit: some civil law approaches // Pravda i zakon. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 43-49.
3. Khisamova Z. I., Begishev I. R. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence // Baikal Research Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 10. No. 2.

CIVIL LAW
KOTELNIKOVA Dina Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Fundamentals of expert forensic activity sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert Forensic Activity, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ULYANICHEV Vladislav Olegovich
bachelor’s degree student, Volzhsky Branch, International Law Institute, Volzhsky, independent researcher
TOKAR Vladislav Petrovich
bachelor’s degree student, Volzhsky Polytechnic Institute (Branch), Volgograd State Technical University, Volzhsky, independent researcher
LEGAL STATUS AND RISKS OF USING TINCTURES AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: CIVIL LIABILITY FOR THE TRAFFICKING OF PROHIBITED AND TOXIC COMPONENTS
The article examines the legal status and risks of using tinctures and dietary supplements containing prohibited substances in contemporary Russia. The relevance of the topic is explained by the rapid growth of the market for such products on the Internet, which causes significant economic and social damage. The aim of the study is to provide examples of the most sought-after products containing prohibited and toxic compounds that negatively affect the human body, as well as to address the issues of potential civil liability for manufacturers. The conclusion is that a total ban is insufficient; it is necessary to implement public education measures along with stricter regulatory control and registration requirements.
Keywords: dietary supplements, tinctures, civil liability, homeopathy, toxic compounds, alkaloids, fatal outcome.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kalinova E. A. The use of red fly agarics in homeopathic practice // Youth – Barnaul: materials of the XXV City scientific and practical conference of young scientists. – Barnaul: OOO “Alkom”, 2024. – P. 601-602.
2. Sukhanova A. M., Perova I. B., Rodionova G. M. Use of sibutramine in drugs and dietary supplements with anorexigenic action (review) // Development and registration of drugs. – 2019. – Vol. 8. No. 1. – P. 97-101.
3. Mandlik (Ingawale) DS, Namdeo AG Pharmacological evaluation of Ashwagandha highlighting its healthcare claims, safety, and toxicity aspects // Journal of Dietary Supplements. – 2020. – Vol. 18. No. 2. – P. 183-226.
4. Mukesh K. Singh. Aconite: A pharmacological update // International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. – 2012. – Vol. 2. No. 3. – P. 242-246.
5. Reynolds T. Hemlock alkaloids from Socrates to poison aloes // Phytochemistry. – 2005. – Vol. 66. No. 12. – P. 1399-1406.
6. KOTELNIKOVA Dina Valerievna
7. Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamentals of Forensic Science Activities of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Forensic Science Activities of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
8. ULYANICHEV Vladislav Olegovich
9. Undergraduate student, Volzhsky branch, International Law Institute; independent researcher
10. TURNER Vladislav Petrovich
11. Bachelor’s student, Volzhsky Polytechnic Institute (branch) of Volgograd State Technical University, independent researcher
12. KOTELNIKOVA Dina Valeryevna
13. PhD in Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamentals of Expert Forensic Activity, Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert Forensic Activity, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia.
14. ULYANICHEV Vladislav Olegovich
15. Bachelor’s Degree Student, Volzhsky Branch, International Law Institute; Independent Researcher
16. TOKAR Vladislav Petrovich
17. Bachelor’s Degree Student, Volzhsky Polytechnic Institute (Branch) of Volgograd State Technical University; Independent Researcher

CIVIL LAW
KRUGLOVA Inna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Professor of Economics, management and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute, St. Petersburg
BRODSKY Mikhail Naumovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Law studies sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute, St. Petersburg
SHCHERBAKOVSKY Grigory Zinovievich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Law studies sub-faculty, Anatoly Sobchak International Banking Institute, St. Petersburg
CIVIL LAW ASPECTS OF THE REGULATION OF KEY INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL, ELECTRONIC, AND INVESTMENT PLATFORMS
This article examines the concept, the foundations of civil law regulation, and the infrastructure organization of digital, electronic, and investment platforms – as well as the resulting legal relationships between platform participants – within the context of enhancing the platform economy in the Russian Federation. The aim of this study is to identify the key characteristics of civil legal relations within the platform economy infrastructure, taking into account the need to enhance the effectiveness of mechanisms for securing and protecting the rights of participants in digital, electronic, and investment platforms. The analysis reveals that the Russian model of platform economy regulation is largely fragmentary in nature and evolves primarily through the establishment of special regulatory regimes for specific types of platforms, which differ in terms of their functional purpose and infrastructure structure. A key conclusion drawn is that the development of the platform economy necessitates the creation of a balanced legal regulatory mechanism aimed at ensuring the consistent observance and protection of the civil rights of consumers, sellers, service providers, investors, and platform operators amidst the digitalization of the domestic economy.
Keywords: digital platform, electronic platform, investment platform, civil rights of platform economy participants, civil law regulation, electronic transaction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Antonova E. E. Terminological ambiguity of the concept of “digital platform” // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 7 (235). – P. 132-134.
2. Gabov A. V., Sayapin S. P. Platform relations as a subject of legal regulation // Lex Russica. – 2025. – No. 11 (228). – P. 9-33.
3. Data of the National Cloud Platform project // Official legal portal of the National Cloud Platform project of PJSC Rostelecom. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.company.rt.ru/projects/nop/?ysclid=mfvmoaqc85135897897 (date of access: 05/20/2026).
4. Zholtikova P. A., Sharavova O. I. Digital platforms as an innovative model of business organization in the infocommunication sphere: analysis and development prospects // Century of quality. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 108-120.
5. Insapova K. A. On the issue of the specifics of transactions on the Internet // Science Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 11 (92). – P. 257-262.
6. Kuzovkova T. A., Salyutina T. Yu. Risks of digital transformation of the economy and society and tools for managing the economic security of business in the digital environment // Century of quality. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 63-87.
7. Mamieva N., Saparova T. Economic significance of digital platforms // Symbol of Science. – 2023. – No. 3-1. – P. 69-71.
8. Nevrovsky A. V., Zintsova M. V. Definitions and classifications of digital platforms // Moscow Economic Journal. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 281-300.
9. Pashkin S. A. Development of digital platforms in Russia // International research journal. – 2024. – No. 1 (139). – P. 43. 10. Ruf V. S., Vostrikova A. M. “Digital platforms”: technology, business and law // Issues of Russian justice. – 2024. – No. 30. – P. 196-203.
11. Ryzhkova M. V., Chikov M. V. Institutional nature of digital platforms // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. Economics and Management. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 72-80.
12. Sayapin S. P. Ex ante regulation of the activities of digital platforms in digital markets // Bulletin of Science and Education. – 2024. – No. 3 (146)-1. – P. 46-48.
13. Filippova S. Yu., Kharitonova Yu. S. Digital platforms in law and the law of digital platforms: new challenges to the legislator and ways to solve them // Jurisprudence. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 58-75.
14. Churikova A. Yu. Typology and legal regulation of digital platforms // Society, law, statehood: retrospective and prospect. – 2026. – No. 1 (25). – P. 20-28.
15. Yazlyeva G. Economic significance of digital platforms // In Situ. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 129-130.

CIVIL LAW
LINNIKOV Alexander Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, Rector, State University of Land Management; Lawyer of the Moscow Region Bar Association Linnikov and Partners, Chairman of the Board of the Association of Participants in the Payment Services Market, Non-Profit Partnership National Payment Council
CONTROL AS A FORM OF LEGAL INTERACTION BETWEEN SUBJECTS OF CIVIL LAW RELATIONS
The semantic meaning of the term “control” is somehow linked to “observation” and “verification”: to control means to observe someone/something for the purpose of verification. It follows from this that monitoring allows you to obtain reliable information about the state of an object or subject. It is no exaggeration to say that control is inherent in any human activity. It should be emphasized that control as a type of specific activity is usually perceived as something imperative, carried out against the will of the controlled, which gives control a negative connotation. Considering this kind of activity through the prism of legal relations allows us to form an idea of a relatively independent legal phenomenon – legal control.
Keywords: civil law control, legal interaction, civil law relations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zyryanov S. M. State control (supervision): monograph. M.: CONTRACT, 2023. 232 p.
2. Voshchinsky M. V. Implementation of state and municipal control: protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs. Moscow: Editorial office of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 2020. Issue 5. 144 p. 3. Fesko D. S. Administrative and legal guarantees for ensuring the rights of citizens and organizations in the implementation of state control (supervision): theory and practice: monograph / edited by V. V. Chernikov. Moscow: Prospect, 2023. 224 p. 4. Filatova A. V. Regulations and procedures in the sphere of implementation of state control (supervision) / edited by N. M. Konin. Saratov: Scientific book, 2009. 280 p.
5. Control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation: Analytical report – 2012 / V. V. Bakaev, A. G. Zuev, M. G. Kirzhimanov et al. Moscow: MAKS Press, 2013. 148 p.
6. Prudnikova T. A., Bruner R. A. The role of federal state control (supervision) in the field of migration at the present stage // Modern law. 2024. No. 4. P. 52-54.
7. Chirkov A. V. Regulation of consumer risks when concluding and executing a smart contract // Current issues of Russian law. 2020. No. 11. P. 180-189. P. 183.
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26. Sinitsyn S.A. Absolute and relative subjective rights. General doctrine and problems of the theory of civil law. Comparative legal study: Monograph. Moscow, 2015. Pp. 375-377
27. Kharitonova Yu. S. Management in civil law: problems of theory and practice. Moscow: Infra-M, 2011. 302 p.
28. Morozov S. Yu. The method of legal equality of the parties and the principle of subordination in the corporate law of Russia // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. 2017. No. 2. P. 181-191.
29. Gutnikov O. V. Management contracts in civil law // Contract as a general legal value: monograph. M .: IZiSP, Statut, 2018. Pp. 131-150.
30. Yuryeva L. A. Agreement for the management of an apartment building: monograph / edited by I. D. Kuzmina. Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2011. 256 p.
31. Zaitsev O. R. Agreement on trust management of a mutual investment fund. Moscow: Statut, 2007. 507 p.
32. Boyarskaya Yu. N. Vehicle lease agreement with provision of management and technical operation services. Moscow: Statut, 2016. 151 p.
33. Ignatova Yu. N. Vehicle lease agreement with provision of management and technical operation services: diss. … Cand. of Law. Saratov, 2014. 191 p.
34. Spirin I. V. Motor transport law. Moscow: Academy, 2006. 295 p.
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CIVIL LAW
MOTEKHINA Marina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Vice-Rector, ND Demidov Tula Institute of Management and Business
SHCHERBAKOVA Elena Sergeevna
Rector, ND Demidov Tula Institute of Management and Business
ON THE QUESTION OF THE INTER-INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY OF “CONTRACT” IN RUSSIAN LAW
The relevance of this study relates to issues of industry interaction and the legal optimization of the concept of “contract”, which is determined by its interdisciplinary nature. The subject of this study is the legal norms of civil and labor law. The aim of this work is to analyze the definition of “contract”, which has expanded beyond civil law and is increasingly used in other branches of law, indicating its interdisciplinary nature. In writing this article, the authors applied comparative legal, formal legal, and logical research methods. They analyze several aspects of the use of the interdisciplinary term “contract” in regulating civil and labor relations. The authors conclude that the legal construction of the contract has acquired an interdisciplinary nature, which has both scientific and practical significance.
Keywords: contract as a regulator of social relations, modern inter-industry category “contract”, individual issues of industry interaction, reclassification of a compensated civil law contract into an employment contract.

CIVIL LAW
NIKITINA Anna Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Far Eastern Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
SOLOPOV Pavel Vladislavovich
student of the 4th course, Far Eastern Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk, independent researcher.
USER AGREEMENT AS A REGULATOR OF RELATIONS RELATED TO THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Considering the user agreement as one of the significant tools for influencing relations related to the use of artificial intelligence, the authors conclude that it is impossible to classify all such agreements into one type of contract and the importance of analyzing their text to further determine the legal nature of each such agreement. The authors of the article propose the introduction of mandatory legislative requirements for all user agreements, as well as for individual ones, depending on the sphere of relations in which they are applied.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, user agreement, intellectual property rights, confidential information, mixed contract, user, copyright holder.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Poduzova E. B. User agreement, confidentiality agreement: features of the content in the context of the use of artificial intelligence technologies // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – Vol. 18. No. 2. – P. 71-78.
2. Glonina V.N. Not everything that is called a license is a license: problematic aspects of legal regulation of relations between users and digital services // Journal of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. – 2019. – No. 24 (June). – P. 43-53.
3. Rozhkova M. A. On the differences between a license agreement and a user agreement // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2024. – December. No. 4 (46). – P. 121-133.
4. Gushchin V. V., Dobrovinskaya A. V. User Agreement on the Internet // Copyright. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Intellectual Property and the Russian Authors’ Society. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 90-98.
5. Zabaykalov A. P., Batova M. A. Intellectual property issues in user agreements for services for creating images using artificial intelligence technology // Law and Politics. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 100-117.
6. Information about the authors

CIVIL LAW
PETROV Nikolay Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Southwestern State University, Kursk
CHUB Anna Olegovna
student, Southwestern State University, Kursk
STRENGTHENING THE RIGHTS TO REAL ESTATE IN THE CONTEXT OF A SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION (USING THE EXAMPLE OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS TO REAL ESTATE OF RESIDENTS OF THE BORDER AREAS OF THE KURSK REGION): CURRENT STATUS OF THE ISSUE AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
The article examines the current state of legal relations in the field of protection of real estate rights of residents of the border areas of the Kursk region. As a result of the military-political situation that developed in August 2024, more than 152 thousand citizens left their places of permanent residence. To date, the situation does not allow for a full-fledged return to their place of residence, a large number of residential buildings have been destroyed, which caused the Government of the Russian Federation to launch a program to issue certificates to replace lost housing. The authors attempt a comprehensive analysis of this compensatory mechanism, its relationship to the methods of acquisition and termination of property rights. According to the results of the study, the following problems were identified in strengthening the rights to real estate of residents of the border areas of the Kursk region: the protection of rights concerns only the only one who was at the time of the illegal invasion of the Armed Forces of Ukraine according to the EGRN; the impossibility of compensation in accordance with the actual area of residential premises, but not reflected in the EGRN; the lack of compensatory mechanisms for owners of non-residential premises.
Keywords: real estate, EGRN, property rights, certificate, compensatory mechanisms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Klets P. V. Principles of strengthening rights to real estate // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 2 (92). – P. 44-51.
2. Kharchenko A. V. Formation and modern development of the institute of state registration of rights to real estate in Russia // Business and Law. – 2022. – No. 6 (545). – P. 19-27.
3. Zaitsev V. V., Zaitsev O. V. Notarial certification of real estate donation: better late than never // Modern law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 57-63.
4. Begichev A. V., Frick O. V. Problems of protecting the rights of citizens during the alienation of residential premises // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2025. – No. 10. – P. 39-44.

CIVIL LAW
RADAIDE Diana Satan
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
RYSHKOVA Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
SOME FEATURES OF THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL CONSOLIDATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF POSTMORTEM REPRODUCTION: FAMILY AND LEGAL ASPECT
Certain issues of regulating the birth of children in family law occupy an important niche in this branch of law. Taking into account the spread and development of various reproductive technologies, these issues are by no means always regulated in family legislation, and therefore legislation and established reality and practice are uneven in relation to each other. One of these unresolved phenomena is postmortem or postmortem reproduction. The essence of this phenomenon boils down to the conception of children through the use of another person’s biological material, which he deposited in a medical organization during his lifetime, or the biomaterial was taken in the first hours after death. This aspect is currently very relevant for scientific research. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to study the features of postmortem reproduction, its interpretation by judicial authorities, as well as to explore the possibilities of normative consolidation of this phenomenon in the family law. The objectives of the study were: a consistent study of the concept of postmortem reproduction; identification of its meaning given in judicial practice; research of the features of the use of postmortem reproduction. The methods used in the course of the study were: system analysis, induction, deduction, specifically sociological. The result of the study was the author’s proposal on the regulatory and legal regulation of postmortem reproduction in the Family Code of the Russian Federation. Namely, it is proposed to consolidate clause 4.1 of Article 51 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation a list of persons who have the right to use the biomaterial of a deceased person (who should only be close relatives, and the spouse should have the pre-emptive right to use the biomaterial) and certain aspects (terms, procedure) of establishing paternity and motherhood. The author also outlines the problems of using postmortem reproduction by a cohabitant, that is, a person with whom the deceased was not married, but lived together in the same family.
Keywords: family law, Family Code of the Russian Federation, postmortem reproduction, conception, assisted reproductive technologies, artificial insemination, embryo implantation, biological material.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Filimonova I. V. Problems of legal regulation of postmortem reproduction in the family legislation of Russia // Politics, state and law. – 2015. – No. 2 (38). – P. 25-29. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://politika.snauka.ru/2015/02/2333 (date of access: 02/27/2026).

CIVIL LAW
ASANBAEVA Dinara Seytgazievna
postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty, Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg; associate professor, American University of Central Asia
THE PRINCIPLE OF RES JUDICATA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
This article examines the principle of res judicata in international commercial arbitration. It identifies the main challenges in applying this principle when international arbitral tribunals resolve disputes, as well as possible solutions to these challenges. The res judicata principle is of great importance in international arbitration, as it ensures the finality and binding nature of arbitral awards for the parties, prevents the rendering of conflicting awards and the abuse of procedural rights, and facilitates the recognition and enforcement of international arbitral awards. However, the concept of the principle in international arbitration law is based on the approaches of national legal systems, which can vary significantly. Consequently, there is no uniform approach in international arbitration to the content and application of the res judicata principle. The development of transnational res judicata principles by the International Law Association has been an important first step toward the further development of a unified approach to the application of the principle by international arbitral tribunals. Nevertheless, the practice of international arbitral tribunals shows that only the first steps have been taken and that further steps must be taken and research on this topic must continue.
Keywords: res judicata principle, arbitral tribunal, legal proceedings, parallel claim, international arbitration, state court, interim measures, principle of legal certainty, principle of finality.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bronyakina E. O. Prejudice and res judicata in civil and arbitration proceedings: monograph / edited by prof. E. V. Kudryavtseva – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – P. 75-76.
2. Golub E.I. Prejudicial force of the arbitration decision // Arbitration Court. – 2021. – No. 1 (125). – pp. 122-135.
3. Ilyin D. V., Borisova A. D. Prejudiciality of arbitration decisions in Russia // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 167-192.
4. Yarkov V. V. Proceedings in the arbitration court and international commercial arbitration (certain areas of interaction) // Arbitration Court of the Sverdlovsk Region in 2007. Part 1 / edited by prof. I. V. Reshetnikova. – Ekaterinburg, 2007. – P. 236.
5. A de Lotbiniére McDougall. Res Judicata in International Arbitration: Case Studies and Principles // Transnational Dispute Management. – 2012. – Vol. 9. No. 3. – P. 11.
6. Alekhin S., Bayandin D. Cherry-Picking or Cherry-Biting? The Res Judicata Doctrine and the Limits of Permissible Parallel and Consecutive Proceedings in Investment Arbitration (March 25, 2019) // New Horizons of International Arbitration. – 2019. – Issue 5. – R. 383-384.
7. Born G., Bull C., Lim J., Chan E.Chapter 1. The Law Governing Res Judicata in International Commercial Arbitration, in: N. Kaplan & M. Moser (eds.), Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Choice of Law in International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum Michael Pryles, Wolters Kluwer, 2018.
8. De Ly F., Sheppard A. ILA recommendations on “lis pendens” and “res judicata” and arbitration // Arbitration International. – 2009. – No. 25 (1). – R. 83-85.
9. Gallagher N., Chapter 17. Parallel Proceedings, Res Judicata and Lis Pendens: Problems and Possible Solutions, in: LA Mistelis & J. D. M. Lew (eds.), Pervasive Problems in International Arbitration Pervasive Problems in International Arbitration. – Kluwer Law International, 2006. – P. 335 (para. 17-11).
10. Iidem ILA Recommendations on Lis Pendens and Res Judicata and Arbitration // Arbitration International. – 2009. – Vol. 25. Issue 1. – P. 83-86.
11. Ozdel M. The doctrine of res judicata in international commercial arbitration: the preclusionary effects of court decisions International Arbitration Law Review2017/01/01VL – 20. – R. 4-6.
12. Sheppard A. Res Judicata and Estoppel, in Bernando Cremades and Julian LewParallel State and Arbitral Procedures in International Arbitratio, 219 (2005). – R. 230.
13. Schaffstein S. The Doctrine of Res Judicata Before International Commercial Arbitral Tribunals, Oxford International Arbitration Series: Oxford Academic, 2016.
14. Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, Vol. XX (AJ van den Berg ed., 1995. – R. 58 et seq.
15. Arthur Andersen Business Unit Member Firms v Andersen Consulting Business Unit Member Firms. Decision of the Federal Tribunal, 8 December 1999, ASA Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 3 (2000), p. 546 et seq.
16. Tribunal de grande instance de Chaumont, 31 January 2002/Cour d’appel de Dijon, 23 April 2002, JDI, 2003. – Vol. 2 (2003). – R. 459.
17. ILA Interim Report on Res Judicata and Arbitration // Berlin Conference. – 2004. – R. 3.

CIVIL LAW
BELINSKY Vladislav Igorevich
postgraduate student of Legal support for economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics; assistant judge of the Arbitration Court of the Samara region
THE CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LIMITS OF PROTECTION OF RIGHTS TO MEANS OF INDIVIDUALIZATION
In the article, the author examines the current understanding, essence, and purpose of means of individualization, the specifics of ensuring their protection, the limits of their implementation, and the exceptional cases of permissible violations. The author also analyzes the types of limits on exclusive rights to means of individualization in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the protection of these rights in the Russian Federation and abroad is conducted. The article addresses the challenges faced by the owners (rights holders) of means of individualization in the process of protecting their exclusive rights, the specifics of proving in these cases, and the difficulties of judicial proceedings in related disputes.
Keywords: legal protection, borders, limits, means of individualization, arbitration court, proof, evidence, violation, exclusive right, copyright holder.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bolotin S. S. Controversial issues of protecting rights to means of individualization // Ex jure. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 73.
2. Motylkova A. V. Limits of the exclusive right to a trademark // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 42.
3. Rakhmatullina R. S. Means of individualization and other designations in intellectual property law // Finance: theory and practice. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 18.
4. Teslya N. G. Concept and characteristics of means of individualization, trademarks, works and services of individual entrepreneurs // Forum of young scientists. – 2019. – No. 7 (35). – P. 311.
5. Fomina A. A., Makarevich M. L. The role of means of individualization and their protection in the Russian Internet space // Universum: economics and jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 5 (104). – P. 80.

CIVIL LAW
BURAVOV Ilya Sergeevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
THE PRINCIPLE OF PATIENT’S WILL AUTONOMY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF LEGAL RELATIONS FOR THE PROVISION OF PAID MEDICAL SERVICES
The article examines the impact of the development of the system of providing paid medical services on the content of the principle of patient’s will autonomy. It is noted that the presence of a civil law element between the patient and the medical organization significantly increases the content of the principle under consideration, increasing the patient’s autonomy. It is proven that the principle of autonomy of the patient’s will has a dual nature, as it includes the rights of the patient, which are established by both private and public law. In order to increase the effectiveness of the analyzed principle, it is proposed to increase the amount of administrative responsibility for not informing a medical organization about the possibility of receiving medical care for free. At the same time, it is emphasized that the main means of protecting consumer interests in such a situation is the mechanism of collecting damages.
Keywords: patient, medical service, medical intervention, consumer, autonomy of will, informed voluntary consent, attending physician, medical secrecy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ostanina E. A. The Institute of Patronage in Russian Legislation and in the Reformed German Legislation: A Comparative Legal Study // Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 200.
2. Khapchaev S. T. Theoretical and legal aspects of observing patients’ rights in modern conditions // Actual problems of state and law. – 2022. – Vol. 6. No. 24. – P. 663.
3. Yudin E. V. The principle of patient autonomy and the right to informed voluntary consent in the provision of medical care: some legal and bioethical aspects // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2021. – Vol. 11. No. 1A. – P. 244.

CIVIL LAW
BURIBAEV Timur Navruzovich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
LIMITS OF A CORPORATE DIRECTOR\’S LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CAUSED BY THE IMPOSITION OF A PUBLIC-LAW SANCTION (IN THE LIGHT OF THE REVIEW OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF 30 JULY 2025)
The article examines the problem of imposing on a corporate director the losses incurred by a legal entity as a result of its being held liable under public law. It traces the evolution of the approach from clause 4 of Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court No. 62 to clause 14 of the Review of practice in applying Article 53.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 30 July 2025. The author concludes that the highest court has accepted the criticism voiced in legal scholarship and has established that a public-law sanction may not be mechanically shifted onto the director, extending the business judgment rule to this category of disputes. At the same time, it is noted that the Review has not eliminated the conceptual problem of blending private-law and public-law principles of liability and has left open a number of questions relevant to defining the general limits of a director\’s liability.
Keywords: director\’s liability, limits of liability, corporation, public-law sanctions, damages, good faith and reasonableness, business judgment rule, Article 53.1 of the Civil Code, Review of the Supreme Court.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Gutnikov O. V. Corporate liability in civil law: monograph. – M.: IZiSP; CONTRACT, 2019.
2. Kuznetsov A. A. Commentary on the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2013 No. 62 “On certain issues of compensation for damages by persons who are members of the bodies of a legal entity” // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 10.
3. Stepanov D. I., Mikhalchuk Yu. S. Director’s liability to the corporation for damages caused to it in judicial practice. – M.: Statut, 2018.
4. Chuprunov I. S. Compensation by the director for losses from bringing a legal entity to public liability: a special regime or general rules? // Civilistics. – 2023. – No. 2.
5. Gerner-Beuerle C., Paech P., Schuster E. Study on Directors\’ Duties and Liability in Europe / Prepared for the European Commission DG Markt. – London, 2013.

CIVIL LAW
DREBOT Alexey Antonovich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
THE PRINCIPLE OF EXHAUSTION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO A TRADEMARK IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CIVIL LAW CONCEPT
The article examines the principle of exhaustion of the exclusive right to a trademark as applied to the digital economy. The study substantiates that the traditional civil law construction of this principle, enshrined in Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, reveals systemic gaps when confronted with the realities of digital trade. Doctrinal approaches to the concept of “introducing goods into civil circulation” in relation to digital transactions are analyzed, and foreign regulatory experience, including the practice of the EU Court and American courts, is examined. Proposals de lege ferenda for the systematic regulation of intellectual property circulation in the digital environment are formulated.
Keywords: exhaustion of exclusive right; trademark; digital economy; introduction into civil circulation; parallel import; first sale doctrine means of individualization; digital circulation; digitalization of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gorodov O. A. The right to means of individualization: trademarks, service marks, names of places of origin of goods, trade names, commercial designations. – M .: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – XVIII, 427 p.
2. Zhilenkova T. V. Methods of using a trademark // Verb of Justice. – 2024. – No. 3 (37). – P. 43-47.
3. Kartshiya A. A. Digitalization in law and law enforcement // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2018. – No. 1 (26). – P. 36-40.
4. Mostovaya V. O. Features of the protection of intellectual property rights in the digital environment // Collection of conference papers. – 2024. – P. 235-239.
5. Novoselova L. A. Intellectual property law. Vol. 3. Means of individualization: textbook. – M .: Statut, 2021 .– 276 p.
6. Novoselova L. A., Rozhkova M. A. Intellectual property: some aspects of legal regulation: monograph. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2014. – 96 p.
7. Novoselova L. A., Ruzakova O. A., Grin’ E. S., Vorozhevich A. S., Golofaev V. V. Trademarks: problems of applying liability for infringement of rights: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2019. – 112 p.
8. Tomilina S. A., Knyazev E. V., Zakharova O. V. Protection of intellectual rights in the digital economy // Financial markets and banks. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 66-70.
9. Shakhnazarov B. A. Parallel import and exhaustion of exclusive rights to intellectual property. Cooperation in the field of development of national industry and import substitution: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2023. – 168 p.

CIVIL LAW
KOLCHUGIN Anton Mikhailovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE PROBLEM OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN SHARED AND JOINT LIABILITY IN THE CASE OF JOINT HARM
The article examines the problematic aspect of distinguishing liability models based on the amount of the burden of responsibility for joint harm. The aspect of distinguishing the degree, nature and amount of damage directly affects the choice of the applicable liability model. Thus, distinguishing the essential characteristics of shared and joint liability will allow us to approach the answer to the question of the most equitable model of liability for harm caused by several delinquents.
Keywords: shared and joint liability, tort liability, causing harm.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Digest of European Tort Law. Volume 1: Essential Cases on Natural Causation / ed. by B. Winiger, H. Koziol, B. A. Koch, R. Zimmermann. – Vienna: Springer, 2007. – XXI. – P. 343-354.
2. George Mousourakis. (2023). Grounds of Delictual Liability in Classical Roman Juridical Literature // Hiroshima Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 46 (1). – P. 1-38.
3. Mousourakis G. Fundamentals of Roman Private Law. – Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. – P. 198-205.
4. Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law: Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR): Outline Edition / ed. by Christian von Bar, Eric Clive, Hans Schulte-Nölke [et al.]; prep. by the Study Group on a European Civil Code and the Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group). – Munich: Sellier. European Law Publishers, 2009. – P. 253.
5. Rogers WVH, Boom WH Unification of Tort Law: Multiple Tortfeasors. – The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2004. – P. 88-96.
6. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law / ed. by J. Basedow, K. J. Hopt, R. Zimmermann. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. – Vol. 2. – P. 631-645.
7. Roman private law: a textbook for universities / I. B. Novitsky [et al.]; ed. I. B. Novitsky, I. S. Peretersky. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – P. 285, 308.
8. Tololaeva N. V. Passive joint obligations: the Russian approach and the continental European tradition: monograph. – Moscow: Statut, 2020. – P. 144.

CIVIL LAW
KAPITAN Alla Sergeevna
postgraduate student, Moscow Financial-Industrial University “Synergy”
UNWORTHY HEIRS: CURRENT ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE LEGAL CONCEPT AND WAYS TO RESOLVE THEM
Since its initial legislative establishment — spanning the period from 1964 to 2001 — the legal concept of “unworthy heirs” has not only seen active practical application but has also been the subject of extensive discussion in academic literature, driven by contradictions arising in judicial practice regarding the procedures for its application. The primary difficulties encountered by law enforcement and judicial authorities concerned with the correct interpretation of the concept of “unlawful actions”; the need to expand the categories of persons who could be considered unworthy heirs beyond mere family or kinship ties (for instance, in cases involving the willful failure to provide maintenance to the testator); the assessment of the admissibility of evidence used to establish grounds for such a designation; and the determination of intent in the individual’s actions. Although the provisions regarding the institution of the “unworthy heir” are quite comprehensively codified in the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation, legal scholarship continues to actively debate new directions for the development of this institution—informed by accumulating law-enforcement practice and emerging issues that had not previously been addressed in academic doctrine.
Keywords: unworthy heirs, harmful actions of unworthy heirs, illegal actions of unworthy heirs, procedure for applying the legal mechanism, legal regulation of the consequences of being declared an unworthy heir.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. “Civil Code of the RSFSR” (approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on June 11, 1964) (as amended on November 26, 2001) // https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_1838/
2. Gordon M. V. Inheritance by law and by will. Moscow, 1967.
3. Krylova Z. Heirs by law // Soviet Justice. 1965. No. 23.
4. Melnikova M. P. Inheritance under the law of Russia from the code of laws to the Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1964 (historical and theoretical aspect): Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. Stavropol, 2001. 5. Nikityuk P. S. Inheritance law and inheritance process: Problems of theory and practice. Chisinau, 1973. 6. Sergeev A.P., Tolstoy Yu.K., Eliseev I.V. Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (article-by-article). Part three / ed. A. P. Sergeeva I. M., 2002.
7. Chepiga T. D. Inheritance by will in Soviet civil law: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law). Moscow, 1965

CIVIL LAW
OGNEVA Kseniya Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of MS Shakaryan Civil and administrative process sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
PROTECTION OF VOTING RIGHTS BY NEW ZEALAND COURTS
The formation of legitimate public administration bodies depends on the proper implementation of electoral rights. This is why their protection is a constant focus of the state’s attention. In Russia, the most effective way to protect electoral rights is to appeal to a court, which considers these disputes under the rules of administrative proceedings. However, despite their effectiveness, the procedures established in the procedural law are not perfect. In this regard, it is useful to look at the experience of foreign countries to study the existing institutions and implement the most successful ones, provided that they are adapted to the legal system of our country. This article uses New Zealand as an example.
Keywords: protection of electoral rights, consideration of an electoral dispute, recount of votes, administrative proceedings, judicial control over elections, and challenging election results.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Trikoz E. N., Shvets A. A. The role of fictions and presumptions as legal and technical means of developing the “common law” system // Society and Law. – 2021. – No. 1 (75). – P. 124-129.
2. Trikoz E. N., Shvets A. A. Genesis and specificity of the system of sources of law in New Zealand // Societies and Law. – 2023. – No. 3 (83). – P. 115-119.

CIVIL LAW
KUZMIN Anton Vlasovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE SECURITY NATURE OF SMART CONTRACTS
This article examines the possibility of classifying smart contract technology as a disposition transaction. A comparative analysis of obligatory and dispositional transactions is conducted through the lens of a smart contract. It is substantiated that a distinctive feature of a smart contract as a disposition transaction is its execution without the additional, express expression of intent of the parties through the category of prior consent. The author concludes that a smart contract can act as a disposition transaction, mediating the transfer of a specific right that is part of the underlying contract, and simultaneously act as both an obligatory transaction, securing the rights and obligations of the parties, and as a disposition transaction.
Keywords: smart contract, blockchain, dispositive transaction, automated execution.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Russian civil law: Textbook: In 2 volumes. Volume I: General part. Property law. Inheritance law. Intellectual rights. Personal non-property rights / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – 2nd ed., stereotype. Moscow: Statut, 2011. 958 p. 2. Churilov A. Yu. On the problem of the concept and legal nature of a smart contract // Jurist. 2020. No. 7. P. 25-30.
3. Zainutdinova E. V. Smart contract: emergence and development in civil law // Business law. 2020. No. 3. P. 25-32
4. Bevzenko R.S. Commentary on Art. 8.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 11. P. 127-169

CIVIL LAW
LINNIKOV Alexander Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, Rector, State University of Land Management; Lawyer of the Moscow Region Bar Association Linnikov and Partners, Chairman of the Board of the Association of Participants in the Payment Services Market, Non-Profit Partnership National Payment Council
CIVIL LAW COPYRIGHT CONTROL
This paper considers the specifics of civil copyright control, violations of relevant legal relationships, and the established normative prerequisites for the legal regulation of their control functions. A distinction is made between copyright control and supervision, and the characteristics that define their distinctive features are identified. The multi-sectoral and multi-functional nature of author’s control and author’s supervision has been established, allowing them to be classified as two independent rights. An analysis of current legislation and case law on the topic has been conducted, theoretical conclusions have been drawn, and recommendations for improving current legal regulation have been made. Doctrinaire approaches to the issue of civil law control in general and author’s control as a specific type of it have been explored.
Keywords: civil law control, copyright control, copyright, copyright supervision, architectural works.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zasorin A. S. Institute of author’s supervision in Russian law // Jurist. – 2007. – No. 6. – P. 6-8.

CIVIL LAW
PRISYAZHNYUK Yuliya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, NI Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod National Research State University
ITEMS OF INDIVIDUAL USE IN THE PRACTICE OF CONSIDERING DISPUTES ON THE DIVISION OF MARITAL PROPERTY
The article provides an analysis of the term “personal belongings” in the context of legal practice in cases of division of marital property. The author defines the concept of an object of an individual ownership of the spouses in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the criteria for distinguishing these items from other marital property. The article also highlights the inconsistencies in judicial practice, which can be attributed to incorrect interpretations of the concept of the objects of individual use. By comparing the positions of the courts on similar claims, the author concludes that there is often a confusion between “personal belongings” and “items acquired for the needs of one of the spouses.” The author attributes these errors to an overestimation of the importance of the actual use rules that have developed within a particular family. However, the criteria for classifying items as personal belongings are objective. Additionally, the author draws attention to new objects, claiming the status of objects of individual use.
Keywords: belonging personal, individual ownership of spouses, property belonging to the common joint property of spouses, common property acquired for use by one of the spouses, and division of spouses’ property.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dmitriev D. V. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: about 7,000 dictionary entries: over 35,000 meanings: more than 70,000 illustrative examples / edited by D. V. Dmitriev. – M.: Astrel: AST, 2003. – 1,582 p.
2. Mikryukov V. A., Mikryukova G. A. Legal regime of things for individual use as part of the property of spouses. // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series “Law”. – 2026. – No. 1 (85). – P. 161-169.
3. Skornyakova S. S. History of gender equality in Russia during the Soviet period // Russia in the global world. – 2014. – No. 4 (27). – P. 232-243.
4. Tarusina N. N. 1917-2017: “revolutions” and “counterrevolutions” in Russian family legislation // Bulletin of Yaroslavl State University. Series Humanities. – 2017. – No. 2 (40). – P. 56-59.
5. Ushakov D. N. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language [Text]: Vol. 1-4 / compiled by G. O. Vinokur, prof. B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov [and others]; edited by prof. D. N. Ushakov. – Moscow: State Institute “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1935-1940. Vol. 1: A – Kyurins. Vol. 1 [Text]. – 1935. – LXXVI, 1562 columns. – 1566 pages. 6. Shershenevich G. F. Selected Works. Vol. 5: Textbook of Russian Civil Law / Introduction, compiled by P. V. Krasheninnikov. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 832 p.

CIVIL LAW
SAPRYKIN Mikhail Ivanovich
postgraduate student, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; General Director of LLC “AKG”
CUMULATIVE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES TO TRADITIONAL LEGAL CONSTRUCTS
The article examines the transformation of the institution of cumulative protection of intellectual property in the context of digitalization of the economy. The author analyzes the challenges of applying traditional cumulation models to objects existing in digital form, including non-fungible tokens, digital twins, and AI-generated outputs. The phenomenon of the “dilution” of protectable features when combining legal regimes in the digital environment is being investigated, as well as the risks associated with the convergence of protection requirements across different regimes. Drawing on Annette Kur’s conceptual framework and a comparative analysis of foreign approaches, the article proposes criteria for adapting cumulative protection to digital realities, including the introduction of a special legal regime for digital objects and the legislative consolidation of the principle of unity of legal fate in cumulative protection. The conclusion is made about the need for normative formalization of cumulative protection in Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specific features of digital objects.
Keywords: cumulative protection, intellectual property, digital environment, non-fungible tokens (NFT), digital twins, artificial intelligence, overlap of legal regimes, convergence of legal regimes, Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Wroblewski K. The intersection of intellectual rights and issues of cumulative protection in the Russian Federation: final qualifying work. – M.: National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2022. 2. Grin E. S. Legal protection of intellectual property objects created using artificial intelligence // Journal of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 32-41.
3. Kirillova D. A., Razveikina N. A. Digital twins as objects of intellectual property // SMUS. – 2024. – No. 1 (24). – P. 196-201.
4. Kur, A. Limits and Exceptions to the Intellectual Property System // Intellectual Property Rights in a Fair World Trade System / edited by A. Kur. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011.
5. Petrosyan D. N. Draft Federal Law “On Amendments to Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Issues of the Intersection of Intellectual Rights and Cumulative Protection”: final qualification work. – M.: National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2025. 6. Rabets A. P., Tokarev A. M. New objects of intellectual property in the digital age: legal challenges and regulatory prospects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 7 (206). – P. 242-244.
7. Bruun N., Dinwoodie GB, Levin M., Ohly A. Public Order in the Light of Aesthetic Theory: The Copyright/Trademark Interface after Vigeland // Transition and Coherence in Intellectual Property Law: Essays in Honor of Annette Kur. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. – P. 332-343.
8. Derclaye E., Leistner M. Intellectual Property Overlaps: A European Perspective. – Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2011.

CIVIL LAW
SAFIULLIN Rasim Rishatovich
postgraduate student, specialty 5.1.3 – Private law (civilistic) sciences of Civil and business law sub-faculty, University of Management “TISBI”, Kazan
LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS OF INTERMEDIARY DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the legislative regulation of relations arising between operators of intermediary digital platforms, their partners, users and other persons in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of these relations, the specific features of their regulation under Federal Law No. 289-FZ of July 31, 2025, as well as the main problems and directions for improving private-law mechanisms for protecting participants in platform-based interaction. It is substantiated that the subject of regulation is not a digital platform as an information system, website or computer program, but a set of civil-law relations arising in connection with the sale of goods, performance of works and provision of services. The article distinguishes relations between the operator and the partner, between the partner and the user, between the operator and the user, as well as relations involving owners of order pick-up points, payment, logistics and other infrastructure entities. It is shown that these relations differ in their subject composition, content of obligations, grounds for liability and methods of protecting violated rights. It is revealed that the use of an intermediary digital platform does not lead to the emergence of a single universal legal relationship, but ensures interaction within a multi-level contractual environment, where the distribution of obligations depends on the actual role of each participant, the degree of control over information, payments, delivery, ratings and complaint handling. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to clarify the criteria of operator liability, increase the transparency of platform rules, develop procedures for handling complaints from users and partners, and establish guarantees when restricting a partner’s access to the digital service.
Keywords: intermediary digital platform, platform operator, platform partner, platform user, Federal Law No. 289-FZ, civil-law relations, digital intermediation, e-commerce, platform rules, operator liability, consumer protection, personal data, digital service, order pick-up point.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Altukhov A. V., Kashkin S. Yu. Legal nature of digital platforms in Russian and foreign doctrine // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 7 (128). – P. 86-94.
2. Andreeva L. V. Coordination of interests of participants in digital commodity platforms (marketplaces): legal problems // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 8 (120). – P. 149-157.
3. Andreeva L. V. Transformation of the legal concept of an intermediary in the application of digital technologies in trade // Law and digital economy. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 5-12.
4. Ayusheeva I. Z. Legal regime of digital platforms as objects of civil rights // Lex russica. – 2025. – Vol. 78. No. 11. – P. 44-53.
5. Belov V. A. Digital intermediation and consumer relations: legal nature and responsibility // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 8. – P. 68-82.
6. Varlamova A. N. Categories “digital platform” and “digital commodity market” for the purposes of competition law // Competition law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 6-12.
7. Gabov A. V. Digital platform as a new legal phenomenon // Perm legal almanac. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 13-82.
8. Deryugina T. V. Legal nature of the agreement mediating the emergence of legal relations with the participation of the aggregator // Civil law. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 3-6.
9. Zhevnyak O. V. Digital platforms as a type of economic market relations and the reflection of this aspect in the legal regime of digital platforms // Legal research. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 96-127.
10. Kirpichev A. E. Aggregators of goods and services as new subjects of commercial law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2018. – No. 2 (87). – P. 55-59.
11. Majorina M. V. Digital platforms and international private law, or Does cyberlaw have a future? // Lex russica. – 2019. – No. 2 (147). – P. 107-120.
12. Palchaeva N. A. Legal status of the digital platform operator // Legal world. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 30-33.
13. Filippova S. Yu., Kharitonova Yu. S. Digital platforms in law and the law of digital platforms: new challenges to the legislator and ways to solve them // Jurisprudence. – 2025. – Vol. 69. No. 1. – P. 58-75.
14. Fomina O. N. Legal status of an information intermediary // Bulletin of civil law. – 2019. – Vol. 19. No. 3. – P. 171-191.
15. Chegovadze L. A. Aggregators as objects of civil rights and the liability of their owners for obligations // Civilist. – 2022. – No. 1 (37). – P. 12-19.

CIVIL LAW
SILKINA Maria Antonovna
independent researcher, Saint Petersburg
REFUSAL TO CONCLUDE A CIVIL CONTRACT: VIOLATION OF THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION OR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACT?
Based on the legislation regulating consumer credit (loan) and judicial practice, the article analyzes the specifics of observing the constitutional prohibition of discrimination and the specifics of implementing the constitutional principle of freedom of contract when deciding whether to enter into contractual relations. The author concludes that banks have the right to establish requirements for potential borrowers in their internal acts. The establishment of uniform requirements for representatives of the same social group as a condition for entering into contractual relations does not constitute a discriminatory condition. Refusal to enter into contractual relations is the implementation of the constitutional principle of freedom of contract. The conclusions drawn in the article can be extrapolated to other cases of refusal to conclude civil law contracts under the conditions established in the internal acts of organizations.
Keywords: discrimination, discriminatory condition, the principle of freedom of contract, public contract, conclusion of a civil contract.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. SILKINA Maria Antonovna – independent researcher, St. Petersburg
2. SILKINA Mariia Antonovna – independent researcher, Saint Petersburg
3. Contact information for the author:
4. 192012, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Babushkina street, house 84, building 2, apartment 902.

CIVIL LAW
SOKOLOV Anton Nikolaevich
postgraduate student of Entrepreneurship and energy law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SANCTIONS COMPLIANCE: CIVIL LAW MECHANISMS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY
The article proposes to consider sanctions compliance not as a separate set of declarative corporate rules, but as a contractual and procedural model of conduct for a participant in civil circulation when a sanctions event occurs. This approach shifts the focus from a general description of the sanctions regime to verifiable legal actions: preliminary assessment of the counterparty, recording of sanctions risk, notification of the transaction party, selection of an alternative method of performance, and documentation of the reasons for impossibility or delay in performance. The author argues that sanctions compliance acquires private law significance primarily when its results become part of the evidence in disputes concerning delay, damages, indemnification, representations and warranties, and the good faith of the party. The article concludes that contractual practice should include a minimum response protocol for a sanctions event, allowing risks to be allocated not abstractly, but through pre-agreed duties of the parties.
Keywords: sanctions compliance, sanctions event, civil circulation, good faith, contractual clauses, representations and warranties, indemnification, due diligence, risk allocation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Daradonov K. V. Sanctions compliance: issues of sufficiency of regulatory support // Business. Education. Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – 443 p.
2. Ershova I. V., Enkova E. E. Sanctions compliance, or Intra-company risk management from restrictions // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 8. – 177 p.
3. Popondopulo V. F., Petrov D. A. Compliance as a legal instrument for minimizing risks and preventing offenses // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2020. – Vol. 11. Issue 1. – 259 p.
4. Legal compliance under sanctions: monograph / edited by B. A. Shakhnazarov. – M.: Prospect, 2025. – 176 p.

CIVIL LAW
STELMAKH Artem Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
DIGITAL PROPERTY IN RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW
The article examines the legal nature of digital property in Russian civil law. The relevance of the topic is due to the active development of the digital environment, in which new objects of property turnover appear that do not fit into the classical constructions of things and binding rights. The subject of the study are accounts, virtual objects, cryptocurrency, digital currency and NFT, as well as the norms of civil legislation and special legal acts regulating the relevant relations. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the legal regime of digital objects and determine the possibility of classifying them as property. The research uses general scientific and special legal methods: formal legal, comparative legal, systematic, logical, as well as the method of analysis and generalization of scientific literature and regulations. Based on the analysis of Articles 128 and 141.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated 07/31/2020 and the terms of user agreements, it is shown that digital objects have property value, but their legal regime is largely determined by contractual structures and rules of information systems. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of digital rights, digital currency, virtual items and NFTs. It is concluded that digital property is a special category of objects of civil rights that requires further regulatory development and a more precise legal definition. The results of the research can be used in scientific, law enforcement and legislative activities.
Keywords: digital property, digital rights, cryptocurrency, NFT, account, virtual items.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gongalo B. M. Civil Law / 2nd ed. M.: Statut, 2017. Vol. 1. 511 p.
2. Sukhanov E. A. Civil Law / 3rd edition, revised and supplemented edition. Moscow: Statut, 2023. Vol. 1. 623 p.
3. Ryabzin R. A. The concept of property rights // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. Russia. Moscow: Publishing House Yur-VAK, 2024. Vol. 20. No. 6. Pp. 82-88.
4. Fedorov A. M. Concept and legal nature of an account on a social network // Legal science. Russia. Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Rusains”, 2023. No. 8. P. 151-155.
5. Kozlova V. N. Contractual execution of the disposal of the right to an account // Law and state: theory and practice. Russia, Korolev: Limited Liability Company “Publishing house” Law and state press “, 2022. No. 10 (214). P. 55-57.
6. Steam Subscriber Agreement. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://store.steampowered.com/subscriber_agreement/?l=russian (accessed: 11/24/2025).
7. VK Play User Agreement / VK Play. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://documentation.vkplay.ru/terms_vkp/tou_vkp (accessed: 01/13/2026).
8. End User License Agreement / Legal documents. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legal.lesta.ru/eula/ (date of access: 04/15/2026).
9. General License Agreement of ASTRUM LAB LLC in relation to the Games [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://documentation.astrum.top/gameterms/eula_general_lab (date of access: 04/15/2026).

CIVIL LAW
SUNAGATULLIN Stanislav Ruslanovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
EXCLUSION OF UNLAWFULNESS AS AN EFFECT OF THE INJURED PARTY’S CONSENT TO THE INFLICTION OF HARM
The article analyzes the consent of the injured party as a circumstance excluding the harm of the tortfeasor’s conduct. It examines the historical regulation in Russia and the doctrinal approaches of Russian civil law scholars to the legal consequences of consent, as well as its impact on tort liability, using informed voluntary consent to medical intervention as an example. The author explains the role and legal consequences of consent to the infliction of harm in the form of informed consent to medical intervention and substantiates the position according to which the victim’s consent eliminates both the wrongfulness of the tortfeasor’s actions and the wrongfulness of the result.
Keywords: consent of the injured party, harmlessness, tort liability, medical intervention, informed consent
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Annenkov K. N. The System of Russian Civil Law. Volume 1: Introduction and General Part / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. St. Petersburg, 1899. 2. Bazhanov N. O., Ivanenko N. S. Legal aspects of informed voluntary consent // Medical law. 2012. No. 6. P. 14 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Burashnikova N.A. COVID-19: legal regulation of involuntary medical intervention // Law. 2020. No. 7. P. 49 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Vakulina G. A. Patients’ rights under a contract for the provision of medical services for a fee: some aspects // Medical Law. 2021. No. 5. Pp. 24-29 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Varshavsky K. M. Obligations arising as a result of causing harm to another. Moscow: Legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, 1929. 6. Garipova I. I. Voluntary consent of citizens to medical intervention in the aspect of civil-legal reality // Medical law. 2016. No. 2. P. 39-44 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Civil law: textbook in 4 volumes / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: Statut, 2023. Volume 4. 8. Markina M. V. Legal significance of consent to medical procedures // Medical law. 2023. No. 2. P. 33-34 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
9. Pavlova Yu. V., Pospelova S. I. Legal significance of informed voluntary consent to medical intervention: analysis of law enforcement practice // Medical law. 2019. No. 2. Pp. 13-20 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
10. Povzun A. S., Povzun S. A. Risk of surgical intervention: was the patient informed about it? // Medical law. 2016. No. 5. Pp. 12-15 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
11. Pokrovsky I. A. Obligations from torts in the draft civil code (Appendix to the minutes of the meetings of the Kiev Law Society for 1899): Report of the member of the Society I. A. Pokrovsky, read at the meeting of the Society on November 27, 1899. Kiev: Printing House of the Imperial University of St. Vladimir, 1901. 12. Semenova E. A. Obligations arising as a result of unjust enrichment and obligations arising from causing harm. Moscow, 1928.
13. Tarkhov V. A. Responsibility under Soviet civil law. Saratov, 1973.
14. Fleishits E. A. Obligations arising from causing harm and unjust enrichment. Moscow, 1951.
15. Khvostov V. M. The System of Roman Law. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2019.
16. Shershenevich G. F. Favorites: in 6 volumes. T. 4 including the General Theory of Law / entry. word, comp.: P. V. Krasheninnikov. M.: Statute, 2016.

CIVIL LAW
TSYGANOV Alexey Dmitrievich
postgraduate student of Civil and commercial law sub-faculty, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-OPPOSABILITY OF OBJECTIONS AS A CONSTITUTIVE FEATURE OF PERSONAL NON-ACCESSORY MEANS OF ENSURING THE FULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS: THE EXAMPLE OF AN INDEPENDENT GUARANTEE
The article explores the principle of non-opposability of objections as a constitutive feature of personal non-accessory means of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations, using the example of an independent guarantee. The author presents and analyzes the Russian and French approaches to understanding this principle. The author proposes considering the principle of non-opposability of objections as a constitutive feature of personal non-accessory means of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations. This is justified by the fact that the absence of this principle may lead to the reclassification of non-accessory mean as accessory mean (for instance, as a surety agreement). Particular attention is paid to the issue of the beneficiary’s abuse of the right to receive payment under the guarantee and the permissibility, in such cases, of deviating from the principle of the independence of the guarantee. This includes granting the guarantor the right to invoke objections arising from the underlying obligation.
Keywords: independent guarantee, non-accessoriness, principle of non-opposability of objections, surety, abuse of right, beneficiary, obligations, civil law, security transactions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bevzenko R. S. Accessory nature of security obligations. – M.: Statut, 2013. – 96 p.
2. Vitryansky V. V. Reform of Russian civil legislation: interim results (2nd edition, revised and supplemented). – M .: Statut, 2018.
3. Romanov R. I. Independence of a bank guarantee // New Law Journal. – 2012. – P. 113. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 113-121.
4. Bourassin M. Portée de l’autonomie de la garantie à première demande en cas de recours du donneur d’ordre contre le bénéficiaire. Gazette du Palais, Lextenso, 2016.
5. Georges Affaki, Sir Roy Goode. Guide to ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees URDG 758, 2011. – ICC Publication No. 702.
6. Ghassan Taouk. L’autonomie de la clause en droit privé. Droit. – Université Montpellier, 2021. – Français. ffNNT: 2021MONTD004ff.
7. Malaurie Ph. et Aynes L. Droit civil, les sûretés. 3eme ed. – n°335-338.
8. Marty MM, Raynaud et Jestaz. Les sûretés, la publicité foncière. – 2ème edition 1987. – No. 628.
9. Prüm A. Les garanties à première demande: essai sur l’autonomie. – Litec, 1994.
10. Rives-Lange JL et Moniue Contamine-Raymaud. Droit Bancaire. – 6ème ed. – R. 727. préc Dalloz.
11. Rives-Lange JL. Existe-t-il en droit français des engagements abstraits pris par lebanquier. – Revue banque, 1985.
12. Simler Ph. Cautionnement et guaranties autonomes. – Litec, 1999. – n°857.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
OMAROV Ali Omarovich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE ONTOLOGY OF CONTROLLED BANKRUPTCY: FROM DOCTRINAL UNCERTAINTY TO CRITERION CERTAINTY
The article attempts a theoretical rethinking of the phenomenon of controlled bankruptcy, traditionally considered within the framework of the category “abuse of law”. The author proves the insufficiency of the classical civil law approach based on Article 10 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and proposes to consider controlled bankruptcy as an independent legal phenomenon with its own ontological structure. Based on the analysis of judicial practice of 2024-2025 and doctrinal sources, criteria for distinguishing controlled bankruptcy from related phenomena (deliberate bankruptcy, fictitious bankruptcy, unfair behavior of creditors) are formulated. The necessity of legislative consolidation of the definition and institutional isolation of this phenomenon is substantiated.
Keywords: controlled bankruptcy, abuse of law, ontology of offense, criteria of unfairness, subsidiary liability, legal certainty, judicial discretion.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Popondopulo V. F. Bankruptcy. Legal regulation: scientific and practical manual. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 432 p. 2. Karelina S. A., Frolov I. V. (editors) Bankruptcy legislation: continuity and innovation. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – 328 p.
3. Sakhnova T. V. Bankruptcy as a meta-procedural matter // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – P. 48-64.
4. Suvorov E. D. Abuse of law in corporate relations // Bulletin of civil law. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 4. – P. 112-138.
5. Efimov A. V. Abuse of rights in case of unilateral refusal to fulfill an obligation // Russian judge. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 23-29.
6. Bykov V. P., Chernikova E. V., Zvezdova I. V., Demisheva K. I. Challenging credit transactions under bankruptcy legislation // Modern law. – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 45-52.
7. Lomakin D. V. Corporate conflicts and controlled bankruptcy: problems of proof // Bulletin of Economic Justice. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 78-95.
8. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 12.02.2025 No. 305-ES24-12345.
9. BGH, Urteil vom 10.10.2024 – IX ZR 45/23 (missbräuchliche Antragstellung nach § 42 InsO).
10. In re US Fidelity and Guaranty Co., 72 F.4th 789 (7th Cir. 2023).
11. Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council on preventive restructuring frameworks.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
FETISOVA Oksana Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, independent researcher
PRELIMINARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF DISPUTES CONCERNING CHILDREN: DIFFERENCES FROM THE GENERAL RULES FOR SECURING CLAIMS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
This article examines the procedural specifics of measures that may be initiated by parents – parties to litigation in certain disputes involving both the rights of parents and children – and aimed at balancing their interests in the event of violations. The author proposes considering the establishment of a child’s temporary place of residence and a temporary procedure for exercising parental rights by a parent living separately as “preliminary measures to protect parental rights”. It is noted that such measures differ from “classical” interim measures in a number of significant ways, including their own legal regulation. Furthermore, it is noted that when resolving disputes concerning children (in a broad interpretation), the court may also apply traditional interim measures in the form of prohibitions on certain actions, including the removal of the child, a change in educational institution or form of education, and the transfer of the child to third parties. However, the court’s approaches to resolving motions for the selection of measures of the first and second groups, including when they are simultaneously filed during court proceedings, are fundamentally different.
Keywords: child, parents, dispute, preliminary measures of protection, interim measures, prohibition, legal proceedings, court, guardianship and trusteeship authority.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kuzhuget S. S. Security measures as a tool for protecting the family // In the collection: Protection of traditional spiritual and moral values: history and modernity. Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference for the Year of the Family in the Russian Federation. – Khabarovsk, 2025. – P. 67; Dergunova V. A., Prokopova A. D. Analysis of legal regulation and judicial practice of resolving disputes between parents about children: monograph. – M .: INFRA-M, 2021 .– P. 155-156; Bakhareva O. A., Vershinina G. I. Some aspects of the application by the court of security measures in family cases affecting the interests of children // Bulletin of the State Saratov Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 6 (155). – P. 130.
2. Nestoly V. G. Interim decisions of the court in abbreviated proceedings // Prologue: journal on law. – 2023. – No. 4 (40). – P. 64.
3. Sagitova E. V. Security measures and features of their application in civil proceedings // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2023. – No. 5. Vol. 19. – P. 78.

LABOR LAW
MARKOV Artemiy Andreevich
postgraduate student of Labor law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP AS AN INDIRECT FORM OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE SPHERE OF LABOR
The article examines the institution of social partnership as provided for by Russian labor legislation. The institution of social partnership is evaluated from the perspective of the mechanism of indirect state administration in the sphere of labor. A twofold conclusion is drawn: first, the institution of social partnerships incorporates mechanisms of indirect labor management that rely not only on the coercive power of the state; second, acts of social partnership adopted with due regard for the opinions of representatives of employees and employers possess a high degree of social dignity, and consequently, their requirements are implemented more willingly by all parties to social partnership
Keywords: state, social partnership, labor management, indirect form of state administration
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ivanchina Yu. V. Functions of labor law as a reflection of socially significant needs: diss. … doc. jurid. sciences: 12.00.05. – Ekaterinburg, 2019. – 507 p.
2. Korshunova T. Yu. Concept, basic principles and forms of social partnership in the sphere of labor (commentary on the new edition of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) // Labor law. – 2006. – No. 9. – P. 27-37.
3. Kudrin A. S. On the issue of some features of the institution of collective bargaining in Russia and the EAEU states: comparative legal aspects // European and Asian Law Review. – 2025. – No. 3. Vol. 8. – P. 19-27.
4. Mitin A. N., Novikova S. V. Application of hermeneutics to analyze the interpretation of law based on traditional values // European and Asian Law Review. – 2025. – No. 1. Vol. 8. – P. 66-79.
5. Sagandykov M. S. Social responsibility in the context of the constitutional principles of freedom of labor, solidarity and social partnership // Labor law in Russia and abroad. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 24-27.
6. Salikov M. S., Nechkin A. V., Rudenko V. V. Eurasian principles of constitutionalization of public authorities: formation and development prospects // European and Asian Law Review. – 2025. – Vol. 8. No. 1. – P. 80-89.
7. Safonov V. A. Social partnership in the sphere of labor: some constitutional aspects // Russian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 76-88.
8. Kharchenko K. V. Indirect governance mechanisms and their use at the municipal level // Sociology of power. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 112-117.
9. Khnykin G.V. Social partnership: legislative implementation and work on mistakes // Labor law in Russia and abroad. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 31-34.

LAND LAW
GREKOV Maxim Evgenjevich
postgraduate student of Environmental and land law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Lead Legal Counsel, Corporate Legal Support Division No. 2, Legal Department of JSC “Bank DOM.RF”
MODERN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDS FOR THE COMPULSORY TERMINATION OF RIGHTS TO LAND PLOTS UNDERLYING APARTMENT BUILDINGS
The article examines the system of grounds for the compulsory termination of rights to land plots underlying apartment buildings. The research is based on historical-legal and logical methods. The author retrospectively traces the evolution of the system of termination of rights to land plots underlying apartment buildings, starting with the Housing Code 1983 up to the present day, identifying historical stages of development and noting the social events that caused this evolution. The article further analyzes recent draft laws in this area in order to identify modern rends in the development of grounds for the compulsory termination of rights to land plots underlying apartment buildings, as well as to determine the potential legal consequences of implementing such trends.
Keywords: land law, land plot, expropriation, conservation, apartment building, termination of rights, public interest.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bandorin L. E., Ganjela N. Land near the house. “EJ-Lawyer”. 2009. No. 4 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” 2. Volkov G. A., Golichenkov A. K., Kozyr O. M. Article-by-article scientific and practical commentary on the Land Code of the Russian Federation // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Vorontsova A. A. Seizure of land plots for state or municipal needs in the system of grounds for termination of rights to land // Environmental Law. 2022. No. 4. P. 19-24.
4. Zhurilo P. I. Integrated development of the territory as a federal renovation program // Bulletin of Economic Security: Journal. 2021. No. 1. P. 78-80.
5. Kukharenko L. V. History of the development of legislative regulation of the transformation of built-up areas // Environmental Law. 2022. No. 6. P. 3-6

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
GROMOVA Anna Mikhailovna
Chief Lawyer of the Capital Group LLC project, Moscow
ON THE ISSUE OF CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION OBJECTS AND THEIR ROLE IN ESTABLISHING SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES
The article examines the criteria for classifying capital construction objects that are subject to the establishment of sanitary protection zones and analyzes the role of such classification in the sanitary protection zones’ establishment process. Based on current sanitary regulations and normative legal acts, the study considers sectoral, technological, chronological, and methodological criteria that make it possible to systematize facilities according to the nature of their impact on the human environment and the specific features of their legal regime. It is demonstrated that classification performs not only a systematizing but also a practical function. The article concludes that the developed system of classification criteria constitutes a key instrument for improving the quality of regulation and enhancing the effectiveness of the right to a favorable environment.
Keywords: sanitary protection zone; capital construction objects; facility classification; sanitary regulations; legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Baktybaeva Z. B., Suleimanov R. A., Valeev T. K., Rakhmatullin N. R. Assessment of the impact of the oil refining and petrochemical industries on the ecological and hygienic state of environmental objects and public health (literature review) // Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology. – 2018. – No. 4 (16). – P. 12-26.
2. Ilyina T. N., Belmaz D. N. Methods of using waste heat from primary oil refining units // Bulletin of the BSTU named after V. G. Shukhov. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 198-202.
3. Klimov D. F. Legal mechanism for the implementation of the right of state (federal) ownership of industrial lands in the Russian Federation: diss. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.06. – Moscow, 2009. – 175 p.
4. Muntyanu P. V. On some issues of reducing the size of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Series “Economics and Law”. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 201-206.

FINANCIAL LAW
ZIMULKIN Maxim Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Financial law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
LEGAL ISSUES IN THE ACCRUAL OF INTEREST FOR VIOLATIONS BY TAX AUTHORITIES OF PROCEDURAL TIME LIMITS IN TAX PROCEDURES
The article examines current issues related to the consequences of violations by tax authorities of the time limits established for tax procedures. The author analyzes problematic aspects of accrual of interest in cases where the tax authority violates the deadline for serving a tax audit report. In the overwhelming majority of cases, when resolving specific disputes, law enforcement practice concludes that a violation of procedural deadlines does not entail the invalidity of a tax authority’s decision; however, it affects the calculation of interrelated procedural time limits in such a way as to prevent an overall extension of the period established for the compulsory recovery of tax arrears. The author concludes that a violation by a tax authority of the time limits for tax procedures does not constitute grounds for exempting a taxpayer from the payment of interest, unless such violation is recognized as substantial and results in the annulment of the tax authority’s decision.
Keywords: tax, tax law, tax procedure, tax procedures, tax audits, time limits, tax offenses, interest, judicial practice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vinnitsky D. V. Tax procedural law and tax process: problems of formation // Legislation. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 23-31.
2. Zimulkin M. I. Tax procedural law: the concept of “materiality of the violation”. – M .: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2025. – 332 p.
3. Demin A. V. Method of tax law: universal means and industry-specific features // Financial law. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 64.
4. Petrova G. V. Tax relations: theory and practice: dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – M., 2003. – P. 362.
5. Vinnitsky D. V. Tax as a political and legal category // Legal policy and legal life. – 2001. – No. 4.
6. Bryzgalin A. V., Kudrevatykh S. A. On the issue of the formation of tax law as a sub-branch of law // State and Law. – 2000. – No. 6.
7. Financial law: Science, history, bibliography / K. S. Belsky. – M.: Jurist, 1995. – 208 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
KULTISHOVA Elizaveta Vyacheslavovna
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
POPUDRENKO Andrey Nikolaevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
REGULATORY SANDBOXES AS A FORM OF IMPLEMENTING EXPERIMENTAL LEGAL REGIMES
This article examines the mechanism for testing innovative products and services in special regulatory conditions—a “regulatory sandbox”—as one form of implementing experimental legislation, represented in the form of experimental legal regimes. To conduct a comparative legal analysis, the authors examine approaches to regulatory sandboxes established in the legislation of the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Singapore. Given the multifaceted nature of the concept of experimental legal regimes, regulatory sandboxes can be viewed either as a form of their implementation or as two independent institutions that form experimental legislation (the approach established in the legislation of the Russian Federation).
Keywords: regulatory sandbox, experimental legal regime, experimental legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dorofeev M. L. “Soft law” in financial regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 32-45.
2. Kovalenko M. A. Experimental legal regime: current state and problems // Legal Concept. – 2025. – No. 4.
3. Kotsyurko E. P. Experimental legal regimes as a tool for modernizing the regulation of digital innovations in the context of Eurasian integration // European and Asian Law Review. – 2025. – No. 2.
4. Kuklina E. A. “Regulatory sandboxes” as an effective mechanism for implementing the digital agenda // Greater Eurasia: development, security, cooperation. – 2019. – No. 2-1.
5. Buckley RP, Arner DW, Zetzsche DA The Road to RegTech. – EBOR, 2019.
6. Cornelli G. Regulatory Sandboxes and Fintech Funding: Evidence from the UK / G. Cornelli, S. Doerr, L. Gambacorta, O. Merrouche. – October 2021. – Text: electronic // BIS.
7. Kindermann B., Kraljev M., & Flatten T. FinTechs Playing in the Regulatory Sandbox – The Effect of Interacting Signals on Funding // Information Systems Journal. – 2025.

FINANCIAL LAW
SHIKHOVA Anastasiya Viktorovna
postgraduate student of the 1st course of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
AREAS OF APPLICATION OF THE DIGITAL RUBLE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the digital ruble as a legal form of state money and as an object of civil legal relations while maintaining the priority of public regulation. The institutional features of the digital ruble platform, the status of the Bank of Russia as an operator, the digital ruble account agreement, the procedure for settlement requests and claims, as well as a special regime for information protection and tax enforcement are shown. The limits of autonomy of will and standards of responsibility of participants and the operator in case of unauthorized operations and technical failures are analyzed, including presumptions and burden of proof formed by judicial practice. The novelty consists in the systematic substantiation of the integration of civil law remedies into the imperative financial legal framework. The practical significance is manifested in the criteria for risk distribution and in the algorithm of lawful actions when identifying operations without the voluntary consent of the client.
Keywords: digital ruble, digital ruble platform, Bank of Russia, public law, civil liability, digital ruble account, unauthorized operation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sitnik A. A. Digital ruble as an object of financial and legal regulation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – Vol. 18. – No. 8. – P. 20-36.
2. Khabrieva T. Ya. Technological imperatives of the modern world and law // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2023. – Vol. 19. – No. 1. – P. 5-12.
3. Sinitsyn S. A. Personal non-property rights and human security in virtual space // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2023. – Vol. 19. – No. 1. – P. 13-24.
4. Turbanov A.V. Digital ruble as legal tender // Current issues of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19. – No. 1. – P. 56-65.
5. Rozhdestvenskaya T. E., Guznov A. G. Legal regulation of the digital ruble // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19. – No. 1. – P. 48-55.
6. Andrianova N. G. Financial and legal features of the digital ruble as a type of digital currency of the central bank // Banking law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 24-32.
7. Yakusheva E. E. Digital ruble as a national digital currency: problems and development prospects in the context of global experience // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2024. – No. 4. – P.20-26.

TRADE LAW
ZUBKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR CONFIRMING EXPECTED DELIVERY OF GOODS (SPOT)
In today’s world, international trade is one of the main driving forces of the global economy. Given limited domestic resources, all countries strive to establish economic ties with foreign markets, which facilitates both the expansion of production capacity and the more efficient satisfaction of consumer demand. Therefore, the specifics of state regulation of these processes are particularly relevant. The National System for Confirming Expected Delivery of Goods (SPOT) will come into effect on June 1, 2026. The purpose of this system is to increase the transparency of domestic trade within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), combat unfair import practices, and ensure the fullness of state budget revenues. The SPOT system is being implemented for foreign trade participants importing goods into the Russian Federation from EAEU member countries. Its key element will be mandatory advance electronic notification of the planned import of goods, as well as the payment of a security deposit equal to the amount of indirect taxes (VAT, excise duties) due. The system is coordinated by the Ministry of Finance and the Federal Customs Service.
Keywords: delivery of goods, import of goods into the Russian Federation, visualized link, confirmation of expected delivery system.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alessandro Fruscione ‘Focus EU: Import Control System 2 at the Starting Gate’ // Global Trade and Customs Journal. – 2021. – No. 16. Issue 7. – P. 393-396. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Global+Trade+and+Customs+Journal/16.7/GTCJ2021043.
2. Glenn Taylor, EU Tightens Up Compliance Rules for Import Control System [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wwd.com/sourcing-journal/logistics/eu-import-control-system-ics2-customs-regulations-compliance-maersk-hapag-lloyd-1238849955/ 3. Ganicheva L. SPOT: Digital Revolution in Customs. How the New System Will Change the Market and Business from 2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.klerk.ru/user/2113699/678227/.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Public, private and transport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State Transport University, Khabarovsk
POLYAKOVA Svetlana Andreevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, IF Shilov Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk
ON CORPORATE DISPUTES AND THEIR CONSIDERATION
This article examines corporate disputes (conflicts) arising from gaps in current regulatory legal acts. The authors conclude that legislative ambiguity in this area physical results in significant time, moral, and expenditures for parties to the disputed legal relationships, as well as for the judicial bodies that must hear these cases. Based on an analysis of legal sources and scientific literature, the authors formulate proposals aimed at improving current legislation, which contains both substantive and procedural law.
Keywords: national legislation, legal regulation, corporation, corporate legal entity, corporate dispute, conflict, classification, participants, organization, rights, obligations, constituent documents, claim, judicial bodies, competence, arbitration court, judicial proceedings, official interpretation, judicial decision, law enforcement.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ionova D. Yu. On the issue of some aspects of the application of the principle of discretion in the consideration of corporate disputes by arbitration courts [Electronic resource] // SPS “Consultant Plus” (date accessed: 01/27/2026).
2. Corporate law: textbook [Electronic resource] / ed. I. S. Shitkina // SPS “Consultant Plus” (date accessed: 01/09/2026).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
KUDRYASHOV Alexey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Academy of Labor and Social Relations
TO THE QUESTION OF CHOOSING THE OPTIMAL MODEL FOR EXHAUSTING THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO A TRADEMARK IN THE CIVIL LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article analyzes the models for the implementation of the regime of exhaustion of the exclusive right to a trademark in the context of changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation on trademarks and other means of individualization of a legal entity. The author showed the reasons, noted the positive and negative aspects of the application of a particular regime of exhaustion of rights. The work emphasized that at present in Russia and the Republic of Belarus there is essentially a mixed regime of exhaustion of rights. The author concludes that for Russia, the most preferable model from the standpoint of achieving the goals of technological independence is the model of the regional regime for exhausting the exclusive right to a trademark, subject to the harmonization of the relevant legislation of the countries participating in the Eurasian Economic Union.
Keywords: parallel import, exclusive right to trademark, principle of exhaustion of rights, choice of model of exhaustion of exclusive right to trademark.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ghosh Sh. Implementation of the Doctrine of Exhaustion of Rights: Conclusions Based on National Experience // Trade Policy. – 2015. – No. 3.
2. Blagin M. I. The relationship between the national, territorial and international principle of exhaustion of the exclusive right: legal conflicts and prospects for harmonization // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2025. – No. 12A. V. 15. – P. 179-190.
3. Panova E. A. Parallel import: theory, practice and specificity in the context of sanctions restrictions // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 6. Economics. – 2023. – No. 58 (5). – P. 262-279.
4. Pronin E. S. The problem of parallel import in the context of a regional regime of exhaustion of trademark rights // Science Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 5 (86). Vol. 3. – P. 615-621.
5. New priorities: how the structure of parallel imports has changed. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fedpress.ru/article/3420745 (date of access: 05.04.2026).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support for economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
VOLKOV Matvey Vladimirovich
assistant lawyer at the Business Partner Bar Association of the Samara Region
CONTRACTUAL TOOLS FOR MINIMIZING BUSINESS RISKS
The article examines modern contractual tools for minimizing business risks, which are used by participants in civil circulation in conditions of economic uncertainty and increased external factors affecting business. The article analyzes the legal nature and practical significance of such mechanisms as assurances about circumstances (Article 431.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), compensation for losses (Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), option structures (Articles 429.2 and 429.3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), insurance of business risk, and conditions on force majeure. Special attention is paid to the distribution of risks between the parties to contractual relations, the problems of judicial application of these structures, and the limits of their effectiveness. The article explores the use of assurances about circumstances in business acquisition transactions, the compensation of losses in the context of tax and other property risks, the use of options in corporate practice, and the possibilities of insuring business risks.
Keywords: business risk, contractual regulation, risk distribution, assurances about circumstances, compensation for losses, option contract, business risk insurance, force majeure, sanctions, and contractual liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 25.12.2018 No. 49 “On certain issues of application of the general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the conclusion and interpretation of the contract” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_314779/ (date of access: 10.03.2026).
2. Levushkin A. N., Morozov S. Yu. Checking the counterparty before concluding an agreement as an unspecified method of ensuring the fulfillment of entrepreneurial obligations // Jurist. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 37-42.
3. Karapetyan A. G. Assurances about the circumstances and conditions for compensation for losses in the new edition of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Law. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 43-56.
4. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2016 No. 7 “On the application by courts of certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on liability for breach of obligations” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_195783/ (date of access: March 10, 2026).
5. Bylova A. V. Review of the practice of applying Article 406.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on compensation for losses // Arbitration Disputes. – 2026. – No. 2 (114). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arbspor.ru/articles/3062/ (date accessed: 03/05/2026).
6. Shepelin G. I. Insurance and tax risks of entrepreneurial activity // International research journal. – 2014. – No. 3 (22).
7. Review of certain issues of judicial practice related to the application of legislation and measures to counter the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) No. 1, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on April 21, 2020 // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 5.

CORPORATE LAW
STOLBIN Nikita Sergeevich
magister student of OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); junior lawyer at Sudohod LLC
THE MAJORITY OWNER IS ALWAYS RIGHT ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS FOR EXCLUSION FROM A NON-PUBLIC COMPANY
This work analyzes a specific condition for the expulsion of a majority shareholder from a non-public company—one not explicitly mentioned in the law—namely, the possibility of the corruption continuing its operations following such an expulsion. Judges face this issue whenever a minority shareholder (or a group thereof) files a claim to expel a majority shareholder whose actions have rendered the non-public company’s operations substantially difficult or impossible. Due to the fact that the law, acts of interpretation, and even judicial acts of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation) do not formulate any approach to the standard of proof for the possibility of excluding a majority participant from a non-public company in specific cases, the courts deal with this issue in different ways, which causes legal uncertainty in exclusion cases a participant from a non-public company.
Keywords: exclusion of a participant, non-public company, limited liability company, non-public joint stock company, majority shareholder, majority participant, minority participant.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. “Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One)” dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025, as amended on March 25, 2026) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on August 1, 2025).
2. Stepanov D. I. Phenomenon of corporate control // Bulletin of civil law. – M .: OOO “Izdat. dom V. Ema”, 2009. – V. 9. No. 3. – P. 12.
3. Glazunov A. Yu., Gorchakov D. S., Chuprunov I. S. Commentary on the Review of judicial practice on certain issues of application of legislation on business entities // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 23.
4. Boyko T. S. Protection of the rights and interests of minority participants in a non-public company in the law of Russia, the USA and Great Britain. – M .: Statut, 2019. – P. 46.
5. Information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated May 24, 2012, No. 151 “Review of the practice of arbitration courts in considering disputes related to the exclusion of a participant from a limited liability company” // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – No. 8. – 2012.
6. Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Kaliningrad Region dated June 19, 2019 in case No. A21-14557/2018 // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: June 5, 2026).
7. Decision of the Arbitration Court of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region dated 01.05.2019 in case No. A56-17709/2019 // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus”. (date of access: 05.06.2026).
8. Review of judicial practice on certain issues of application of legislation on business entities, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 25.12.2019 (as amended on 25.04.2025) // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 05.06.2026).
9. Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Ulyanovsk Region dated 07.12.2022 in case No. A72-16687/2021 @@ Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated 28.02.2025 in case No. A07-40328/2024 @@ Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Chelyabinsk Region dated 27.02.2023 in case No. A76-6931/2021 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date of access: 05.06.2026).
10. Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 10.12.2021 No. 305-ES21-24746 in case No. A40-330636/2019 // Access from the ConsultantPlus legal system (date of access: 05.06.2026).
11. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the West Siberian District dated August 27, 2024 No. F04-3640/2023 in case No. A27-4928/2022 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date accessed: June 5, 2026).
12. Resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated September 26, 2024 No. 09AP-48094/2024 in case No. A40-209413/2023 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date accessed: June 5, 2026).
13. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Volga District dated September 21, 2022 No. F06-22764/2022 in case No. A55-26288/2020 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date of access: June 5, 2026).
14. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 25, 2024 No. 304-ES22-20993 in case No. A45-14985/2020 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date of access: June 5, 2026).
15. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated October 9, 2023 No. F09-6140/23 in case No. A76-6931/2021 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date of access: June 5, 2026).
16. Resolution of the Twelfth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated May 29, 2025 No. 12AP-2160/2025 in case No. A57-16072/2024 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date accessed: June 5, 2026).
17. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the West Siberian District dated June 15, 2023 No. F04-2194/2023 in case No. A45-21665/2021 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date accessed: June 5, 2026).
18. Resolution of the Eighteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated December 28, 2022 No. 18AP-12905/2022 in case No. A76-26610/2020 // Access from the ConsultantPlus SPS (date accessed: June 5, 2026).
19. Gentot O. I. Limitation of corporate rights as a means of ensuring the interests of participants in business entities. – M.: Statut, 2022. – P. 189.
20. Gutnikov O.V. Commentary on the practice of considering economic disputes (judicial and arbitration practice). – Issue 29. – M .: Infotropic Media, 2023. – P. 68.
21. Tsepov G. V. Joint-stock company: theory and practice // Textbook. manual. – M., 2006. – P. 91.
22. Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2025) “On Limited Liability Companies.
23. Stepanov D. I. Deadlocks in non-public corporations: possible options for the development of legislation and judicial practice // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 55.

CRIMINAL LAW
BALAKHOEV Imran Mikailovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
KLEBANOV Lev Romanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION OF GAMBLING ON THE INTERNET IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: CRIMINAL LAW ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL FORMS AND THE PROBLEM OF INVOLVING MINORS
The article examines the illegal organization of gambling on the Internet as a modern digital form of criminal activity, including online casinos, mirror sites of blocked resources, crash games such as “rocket”, Telegram channels, referral schemes and influencer promotion. It argues that the criminal-law assessment of such acts should be based not on the external technological appearance of a digital product, but on its actual substance: the presence of a monetary stake, risk, uncertainty of outcome, the possibility of receiving a prize and the organized servicing of the gambling process. Particular attention is paid to the involvement of minors, since in the digital environment gambling is often disguised as a video game, stream, challenge, personal experience of a blogger or recommendation by an opinion leader. Based on Russian gambling legislation, Article 171.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, judicial statistics, materials of the Federal Tax Service and foreign regulatory experience, the article proposes improvements concerning mirror sites, digital intermediation, native promotion and platform-based removal of harmful content.
Keywords: illegal organization of gambling; Article 171.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; online casino; mirror sites; crash games; influencers; minors; digital intermediation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abazekhova Z. I. Prospects for the implementation of foreign experience in the field of combating illegal organization and conduct of gambling on the Internet // Legal world. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 55-59. – DOI: 10.18572/1811-1475-2024-1-55-59.
2. Bokov A. A., Sheveleva K. V. On the forensic characteristics of illegal organization and conduct of gambling games committed via the Internet // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – No. 4 (43). – P. 133-137. – DOI: 10.47475/2311-696X-2024-43-4-133-137.
3. Menshikova A. G., Gataullin E. T. On the distinction between criminal and administrative liability for the illegal organization and conduct of gambling // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2025. – No. 2 (45). – P. 69-73. – DOI: 10.47475/2311-696X-2025-45-2-69-73.
4. Since the beginning of 2024, the Moscow region administration has identified more than 5,500 websites violating gambling legislation // Federal Tax Service of Russia. 11/15/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn50/news/activities_fts/15405422/ (date accessed: 04/10/2026).
5. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ. Article 171.2 “Illegal organization and conduct of gambling” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1996. No. 25. Art. 2954.
6. Federal Law of 29.12.2006 No. 244-FZ “On state regulation of activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 1 (Part 1). – Art. 7.
7. Federal Law of 13.03.2006 No. 38-FZ “On Advertising”. Article 27 “Advertising of risk-based games, bets” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2006. – No. 12. – Art. 1232.
8. Federal Law of 20.02.2026 No. 41-FZ “On Amendments to Articles 27 and 38 of the Federal Law “On Advertising” and the Federal Law “On State Regulation of Activities Related to the Organization and Conduct of Gambling…”” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 26.02.2026.
9. Khandzhyan K. A. Crimes in the gambling industry committed using information and telecommunications networks: theoretical and applied research: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.4. – Krasnodar: Kuban State University, 2026.
10. Yanina I. Yu. Illegal organization and conduct of gambling: issues of improving criminal legislation and law enforcement // Russian investigator. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 34-37. – DOI: 10.18572/1812-3783-2023-6-34-37.
11. Singer J., Wöhr A., Otterbach S. Gambling Operators’ Use of Advertising Strategies on Social Media and Their Effects: A Systematic Review // Current Addiction Reports. – 2024. -Vol. 11. – P. 437-446. – DOI: 10.1007/s40429-024-00560-4.
12. Young People and Gambling 2025: Official Statistics. The Role of Influencers in Advertising Gambling-Related Content // UK Gambling Commission, 13.11.2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/report/young-people-and-gambling-2025-official-statistics/ypg-2025-young-peoples-exposure-to-gambling-the-role-of-influencers-in (date of access: 10.04.2026).
13. Warning to Social Media Influencers: Promoting Illegal Online Gambling Breaks the Law // Australian Communications and Media Authority, 24.06.2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.acma.gov.au/articles/2025-06/warning-social-media-influencers-promoting-illegal-online-gambling-breaks-law (date accessed: 10.04.2026).

CRIMINAL LAW
ZIMIN Nikita Vladimirovich
specialist in the Department of moral and psychological support of the Department for work with personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Nefteyugansk, captain of police
EXCESS OF THE PERPETRATOR OF THE CRIME: PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article is devoted to the study of the institution of the excess of the perpetrator of a crime in Russian criminal law. The relevance of the topic is due to the annual increase in the number of committed crimes in complicity, and the associated difficulties in qualifying the actions of accomplices when the perpetrator deviates from the general criminal intent. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive analysis of the problems of qualifying the excess of the perpetrator of a crime in the theory and practice of Russian criminal law, identifying controversial aspects and formulating proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practice. The paper analyzes various doctrinal approaches to defining the concept of “excess of the performer”, identifies problems of qualifying quantitative and qualitative excess, and also examines the controversial issue of the possibility of excess of accomplices who are not performers. Special attention is paid to complex qualification cases when the perpetrator commits a less serious crime than was reported, as well as to the problem of the responsibility of accomplices in the event of an excess. Based on the analysis carried out, the author substantiates the need for a legislative expansion of the concept of excess and improvement of the rules of qualification in case of deviation of the performer from the joint intention.
Keywords: excess of the perpetrator, complicity in a crime, quantitative excess, qualitative excess, qualification of crimes, criminal liability of accomplices.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gulbankyan A. A. Legal nature of the excess of the perpetrator of a crime // Society and Law. 2023. No. 3 (85). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yuridicheskaya-priroda-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-prestupleniya (date of access : 12.06.2026).
2. Davydenko V. S. Excess of the performer in criminal law // Domestic jurisprudence. 2018. No. 4 (29). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ekstsess-ispolnitelya-v-ugolovnom-prave (date of access: 12.06.2026).
3. Zimin N. V. Some Features of the Qualification of the Excess of the Performer // Law and Right. 2024. No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-osobennosti-kvalifikatsii-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya (date of access: 12.06.2026).
4. Ivanova L. V. Signs of excess of the perpetrator of the crime // Vestn. Tomsk. state University. 2007. No. 305. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/priznaki-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-prestupleniya (date of access: 12.06.2026).
5. Kalmykova A. B. Complicity in a crime (social and legal essence): author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 2010.
6. Klenova T. V., Mnatsakanyan D. L. Actual problems of understanding the excess of an accomplice // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. 2019. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-problemy-ponimaniya-ekstsessa-souchastnika (date of access: 12.06.2026).
7. Selifonova T. I. Voluntary Refusal to Commit a Crime: Theoretical and Legal Analysis and Problems of Law Enforcement // Science Bulletin. 2026. No. 4 (97). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dobrovolnyy-otkaz-ot-prestupleniya-teoretiko-pravovoy-analiz-i-problemy-pravoprimeneniya (date of access: 12.06.2026).
8. Chernenko T. G. Problematic issues of qualification of actions of accomplices in case of excess of the perpetrator // Vestn. Tomsk. state University. Law. 2022. No. 44. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemnye-voprosy-kvalifikatsii-deystviy-souchastnikov-pri-ekstsesse-ispolnitelya (date of access: 12.06.2026).

CRIMINAL LAW
ZYKOV Maxim Alexandrovich
lecturer of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
LEGAL STATUS OF STATE INSPECTORS FOR SMALL-SIZED VESSELS: THE PROBLEM OF DIFFERENTIATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION RESTRICTIONS
The article analyzes the legal gap at the intersection of labor, anti-corruption and criminal law as applied to the inspectorate of the State Inspectorate for Small-Sized Vessels of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. The 2025 reform expanded the public-authority powers of inspectors without eliminating the key contradiction: these officials are qualified by courts as bribery subjects under the Criminal Code yet remain outside the full scope of Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 25, 2008. The systemic nature of the problem is confirmed by criminal cases of 2025-2026. Three options for eliminating the gap are proposed: ministerial, governmental and legislative.
Keywords: anti-corruption restrictions, state inspector for small-sized vessels, official, employee under an employment contract, legal gap.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Luneev V. V. Corruption: political, economic, organizational and legal problems // State and Law. – 2000. – No. 4.
2. Volzhenkin B.V. Official crimes: commentary on legislation and judicial practice. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2005.
3. Kurakin A. V. State civil service and corruption. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2009.
4. Astanin V. V. Anti-corruption policy of Russia: criminological aspects. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2009.
5. Zorina E. A., Zykov M. A. Legal basis for combating corruption in the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia // Problems of risk management in the technosphere. – 2021. – No. 4 (60). – P. 112-118.

CRIMINAL LAW
OSADCHAYA Natalya Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
PROBLEMS OF APPLYING SOME CRIMINAL LAW INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION
In today’s digital world, the use of artificial intelligence for committing socially dangerous acts poses new challenges to criminal law, which was developed long before the advent of these technologies. Crimes involving phishing attacks, deepfakes, and other computer-based methods necessitate a review of certain provisions in the General and Special Parts of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, such as the forms and types of guilt, complicity, and gaps in the legal framework. This article explores some of these issues and provides potential solutions. The author analyzes the potential of current criminal legislation in countering crimes involving the use of synthesized audiovisual content, including defamation, fraud, and computer crimes.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, digitalization, crime classification, guilt, causal relationship, AI autonomy, indirect causation, judicial interpretation, and criminal liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Korbut N.V. Illegal use of artificial intelligence: criminal-legal assessment. 2026. No. 1 (135). P. 121-125.
2. Semenov G.V. Fraud using artificial intelligence: problems and prospects // Issues of Russian justice. 2025. No. 35. P. 140-146.
3. Yakovleva E. O. AI as a criminogenic factor: problems of qualification and investigation tactics // Police and investigative activity. 2025. No. 4. P. 269-271.
4. Law of the Russian Federation of 07.02.1992 No. 2300-1 (as amended on 28.12.2025, as amended on 17.02.2026) “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.04.2026)
5. Nurmukhametov R.N. On the issue of problems of qualification of thefts committed with the use of information technologies // Legal science. 2024. No. 6. P. 30-34.
6. Shlyapugina A. I., Yurkov S. A. Criminal-legal assessment of the use of deepfakes to commit slander and disseminate defamatory information // Bulletin of Science. 2025. Vol. 3. No. 5 (86). P. 732-737.

CRIMINAL LAW
RAKHMANOVA Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate professor, Head of Criminal law sub-faculty, North-Western Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF SUBMARINE CABLE LINES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the criminal law issues considering the protection of submarine fiber-optic cable lines, critical information infrastructure used to transmit information in maritime space both within and beyond national jurisdiction. It provides a historical, legal, and comparative legal analysis of international instruments (the 1884 Convention, the Geneva Conventions, UNCLOS, etc.), as well as domestic legislation regulating the installation and operation of submarine cables (federal laws and regulations). Particular attention is paid to the classification of attacks on submarine fiber-optic cable lines under the Russian Criminal Code. It is concluded that, since Russian criminal law does not provide for submarine fiber-optic cable lines as an independent object of criminal protection, this leads to these acts being classified crimes under such as sabotage, terrorism, theft, intentional destruction or damage to property, rendering vital infrastructure unusable, and others, which do not take into account the specifics of the infrastructure and its transboundary nature. The need for a special criminal law provision or qualifying feature establishing liability for attacks on submarine cables is substantiated.
Keywords: submarine cable lines, criminal protection, sabotage, theft, intentional damage to property, critical infrastructure, maritime law, classification of crimes.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Karavias M. Submarine Cables and Pipelines: The Protection of Investors Under International Law // The Journal of World Investment & Trade. – 2018. – No. 19. – P. 860-889.
2. Mirny D.S. Problems of qualification of sabotage against communications infrastructure facilities // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2025. – Vol. 21. No. 1. – P. 148-153.
3. Timoshenko D.S. Sabotage against critical underwater infrastructure in the Baltic // Scientific and Analytical Bulletin of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2025. – No. 2 (44). – P. 99-112.
4. Chernyshev D. B. Damage to life support facilities (Article 215.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): criminal-legal characteristics and qualification issues // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (75). – P. 84-93.
5. Gudev P. A. Clash of national and supranational approaches in the field of ensuring maritime security// Paths to peace and security. – 2015. – No. 1 (48). – P. 22-47.

CRIMINAL LAW
CHEREMNOVA Natalya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
SEMIKINA Yuliya Vladimirovna
lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
ALEXEEV Yuriy Grigorjevich
senior lecturer of Special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
CYBERBULLYING AS A FORM OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE: PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION AND CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The relevance of the study is due to the rapid digitalization of all spheres of public life and the increasing prevalence of the phenomenon of cyberbullying among various age groups, especially among children and youth. Cyberbullying, which manifests itself in systematic insults, threats, dissemination of defamatory information, and social boycotting using information and telecommunications networks, is one of the most latent and difficult-to-prove forms of psychological violence. Despite the high public danger of this phenomenon, Russian criminal legislation still does not contain an independent norm providing for responsibility for cyberbullying, which raises serious theoretical and law enforcement problems. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of cyberbullying as a form of psychological violence, identification of systemic problems of its qualification under the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as substantiation of directions for improving criminal legislation in this area. The results of the study show that currently the qualification of cyberbullying is carried out according to the “fragmented” principle – using various articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, depending on the specific manifestations. The authors argue for the expediency of a combined approach: the prompt introduction of qualifying standards into existing norms as a temporary measure and the parallel development of an independent composition, taking into account the specifics of cyberbullying as a systemic psychological violence.
Keywords: cyberbullying, psychological violence, crime classification, criminal liability, information and telecommunication networks, online harassment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrova E. D. Criminalization of socially dangerous forms of persecution of an individual committed through threats using information and telecommunications networks // Victimology. – 2024. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kriminalizatsiya-obschestvenno-opasnyh-form-presledovaniya-lichnosti-sovershaemyh-posredstvom-ugroz-s-ispolzovaniem-informatsionno (date of access: 12.05.2026).
2. Amirova D.K., Kunitsyna Yu.V. On the issue of establishing criminal liability for cyberbullying // Scientific notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (13). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-ustanovlenii-ugolovnoy-otvetstvennosti-za-kiberbulling (date of access: 12.05.2026)
3. Zarina A. M. Criminal-legal means of counteracting bullying in Russia // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ugolovno-pravovye-sredstva-protivodeystviya-bullingu-v-rossii (date of access: 12.05.2026).
4. Kankulov A. Kh. Criminal-legal counteraction to cyberbullying and other forms of online aggression // Agrarian and land law. – 2025. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ugolovno-pravovoe-protivodeystvie-kiberbullingu-i-drugim-formam-onlayn-agressii-1 (date of access: 12.05.2026).
5. Sinyaeva M. I. Some problems of criminal-legal qualification of speech aggression of young people in the digital environment // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2025. – No. 517. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-problemy-ugolovno-pravovoy-kvalifikatsii-rechevoy-agressii-molodezhi-v-tsifrovoy-srede (date of access: 12.05.2026).
6. Chich Yu. A. Criminal-legal characteristics of cyberbullying – harassment using information and telecommunication networks // Theory and practice of social development. – 2023. – No. 5 (181). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ugolovno-pravovaya-harakteristika-kiberbullinga-travli-s-ispolzovaniem-informatsionno-telekommunikatsionnyh-setey (date of access: 12.05.2026)

CRIMINAL LAW
AL-ZIRAH BAHAULDEEN Fa\’iz Sahib
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
AGE LIMITS AND CONDITIONS FOR CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
The article examines age limits and conditions of criminal liability of juveniles in the Republic of Iraq. The author analyzes legal norms regulating the grounds for criminal liability of juveniles, studies age criteria, the ability to understand the nature of one\’s actions and the role of social factors in determining criminal liability. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between national legislation and international standards for the protection of children\’s rights. The scientific significance of the study lies in its comprehensive analysis of the conditions of juvenile criminal liability under the legislation of the Republic of Iraq, while its practical value is associated with the possibility of using the findings to improve law enforcement practice and further develop mechanisms for the protection of children\’s rights.
Keywords: criminal liability, juveniles, Iraq, age of criminal responsibility, juvenile justice, child rights.
Bibliographic list of references
1. The Guardianship of Minors Law of Iraq No. 76 of 1983 (as amended).
2. Saadi Watiba Dawood. Analysis of the Law on Guardianship of Minors in Iraq // Al-Huquqi. – Baghdad, 1983.
3. Ibn Majah. Sunan. Hadith No. 2041.
4. Convention on the Rights of the Child. – United Nations, 1989.
5. Saadi Watiba Dawood. Analysis of the Law on Guardianship of Minors in Iraq // Al-Huquqi. – Baghdad, 198
6. Nurez Rashid Taha. Special measures for the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. – Baghdad, 2020.
7. Muhammad Salih Amin. Observations on Juvenile Justice in Iraq. – Ahl al-Bayt University, 2018. 8. Ihsan Muhammad al-Hasan. The problem of juvenile delinquency: an empirical study // Adalah Magazine. – 1981. – No. 1.

CRIMINAL LAW
BAGLAEV Ilya Valerjevich
laboratory assistant at the KS-12 Department of National Security Law, Institute of Management Technologies, Russian Technological University (MIREA)
LEGAL STATUS OF VIDEO GAME PROPERTY AS AN OBJECT OF CRIME IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The current state of cybercrime determines the need for rapid adaptation of the norms of criminal procedure law in Russia to this modern challenge. Video game property is one of the most popular objects of cybercrime today, which requires optimization of the legal regulation of the status of this property. The article examines the statistics of the use of video game property in Russia and the world, analyzes certain norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, on the basis of which problems and solutions are formulated.
Keywords: digitalization, cybercrimes, optimization of legislation, video game property, virtual gaming property, digital assets, computer games, evidence, proof, preliminary investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Tumakov A. V. Digital and virtual objects of modern civil circulation: on the issue of delimitation of concepts // Lex russica. – 2024. – Vol. 77. No. 7. – Pp. 30-38 (date of access: 05/22/2026).

CRIMINAL LAW
VAGABOV Vagab Gusengadzhievich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF BRINGING TO CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OCCUPYING A HIGH POSITION IN A CRIMINAL HIERARCHY
The article analyzes criminal liability for occupying a high position in a criminal hierarchy, its specific features, and the main criteria used to qualify the crime in question. Furthermore, it analyzes scholarly opinions on how to define such indicators of a person’s status, which entails a high position in a criminal hierarchy, and provides law enforcement practice. It also argues for a difference in liability for the crimes under Part 4 of Article 210 and 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to introduce a comprehensive concept of “criminal hierarchy” into Russian criminal law, identifying elements of the crime under Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code, and further improve it in this regard.
Keywords: organized crime, criminal hierarchy, occupying a higher position in the criminal hierarchy, criminal environment, criminal subculture; criminal status.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Borkov V. N. Occupying a high position in a criminal hierarchy (Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Izvestiya Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 3-13.
2. Grishko A. Ya. Criminal liability of the leaders of the criminal world: implementation issues // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (87). – P. 46-51.
3. Rybushkin N. N., Dunin O. N. The objective side of occupying a high position in the criminal hierarchy // VEPS. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 119-123.
4. Sysolina N. S. Criminal-legal characteristics of the object of the crime provided for in Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: statement of the problem // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (72). – P. 57-63.

CRIMINAL LAW
KUTOVAYA Mariya Igorevna
postgraduate student in the basic educational program of higher education in the specialty \”Criminal Law Sciences\” of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
FROM CRIMINALIZATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT: ARTICLE 200.7 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF PREVENTING CORRUPTION IN SPORTS ARBITRATION
The article examines Article 200.7 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, introduced in 2020 to establish criminal liability for bribery of an arbitrator (arbitral tribunal judge). The primary objective of the study is to analyze this provision in the context of preventing corruption in sports arbitration, as well as to assess its practical effectiveness and its place within criminal legislation. The author notes that the enforcement of this article is complicated by the high latency of such crimes, the insularity of the sports environment, and the absence of judicial practice. The paper systematizes doctrinal approaches to the evaluation of this provision. Two main perspectives are identified: proponents of criminalization, who view it as a necessary response to legal risks, and critics, who believe that regulation could have been achieved within the framework of existing offenses (eg, commercial bribery). Particular attention is paid to the debate regarding the direct object of the crime and the provision’s place within the system of the Criminal Code. In the context of sports arbitration, the evolution of specialized arbitral institutions in Russia is noted, which led to the creation of the National Center for Sports Arbitration (NCSA). The procedural advantages of this body are emphasized: shortened proceedings, confidentiality, and flexibility. The conclusion states that the introduction of Article 200.7 of the Criminal Code is a justified step consistent with international standards; however, its effectiveness is limited by general problems in qualifying corrupt acts.
Keywords: sports arbitration, bribery of an arbitrator, corruption in sports, arbitral proceedings, criminal liability, law enforcement practice, latency of crimes, commercial bribery, direct object of a crime, anti-corruption.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Sevastyanov G. V. Legal nature of arbitration as an institution of alternative dispute resolution (private procedural law). – St. Petersburg: Editorial board of the journal “Arbitration Court”, 2015. 2. Sevastyanov G. V. Legal nature of arbitration as an institution of alternative dispute resolution (private procedural law). – M.: Statut, 2015. – Issue 7. – 449 p.
3. Soloviev O. G., Blaze V. V. New provisions on corruption crimes in Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: problems of legislative construction // Russian Legal Journal. – 2020. – No. 3 (4). – P. 80.
4. Ilyichev P. A., Savransky P. A. On projects for introducing criminal liability for arbitrators // Lex russica. – 2020. – No. 9 (166). – P. 158.
5. Chirkov A. P. Problems of determining the subject of a corruption-related crime // Criminal Law. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 112-113.
6. Gladkikh V. I. Criminal liability of an arbitrator (arbitrator): objective necessity or another stillborn norm? // Russian judge. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 34-40.
7. Taktoeva V. V. The concept of economic crime and problems of qualification of crimes in the economic sphere // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2018. – No. 2 (6). – P. 69-70.
8. Pivovarov A. V. On the importance of the direction and nature of crimes for their qualification // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 201.
9. Larina L. Yu. Criminal liability for bribery of an arbitrator (arbitrator) // Novels of law, economics and management – 2020: collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the VI International scientific and practical conference. – Gatchina: Publishing house of the State Institute of Economics, Finance, Law and Technology, 2021. – P. 345.
10. Blagov E. V. On bribery of an arbitrator (arbitrator) in the system of “bribery” crimes // Current problems of criminal law at the present stage (issues of differentiation of responsibility and legislative technique). – 2021. – No. 10.
11. Gaidaenko-Sher N. I. Formation of a system of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms: a conflict-free society as a basis for combating corruption: a scientific and practical manual / ed. N. G. Semilyutin. – M .: INFRA-M, 2015. – 176 p.
12. Balakina A., Gerasimova A. Navigating the labyrinth of amendments, or the first results of reforming Russian arbitration of disputes in professional and high-performance sports // Arbitration.ru. – 2021. – No. 5 (29). – P. 29.
13. Kosygin V. E. Criminal liability for bribery of an arbitrator (arbitrator): critical analysis // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 7 (140). – P. 109-118.

CRIMINAL LAW
LUKJANOV Saveliy Andreevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
DISTINGUISHING EMBEZZLEMENT AND MISAPPROPRIATION FROM CIVIL LAW TORTS
The article discusses the relation of civil law torts with embezzlement and misappropriation (Article 160 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Using examples of judicial practice, the author demonstrates the main difficulties encountered in distinguishing embezzlement and misappropriation from civil law torts. The author cites a misinterpretation of a mercenary purpose as the reason for the difficulty, as set out in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 48 dated November 30, 2017 “On judicial practice in cases of fraud, embezzlement and misappropriation.” The solution to the problem lies in understanding a mercenary purpose as an effort to dispose of other people’s property in their own interests. The clarification proposed by the author solves two problems at once: firstly, it allows us to distinguish embezzlement and misappropriation from civil law offenses, and secondly, to distinguish embezzlement and misappropriation from non-mercenary crimes.
Keywords: embezzlement or misappropriation, defalcation, disposal of property, civil law offenses, mercenary purpose.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boytsov A. I. Crimes against property. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Legal Center Press”, 2002 – 775 p.
2. Klepitsky I. A. New economic criminal law: monograph. – M .: Prospect Publishing House, 2021. – 984 p.
3. Lopashenko N.A. Encroachments on property: monograph. – M .: “Norma: INFRAM”, 2012. – 527 p.
4. Yani P. S. Theft of entrusted property // Legality. – 2016. – No. 7 (981). – P. 30-36.

CRIMINAL LAW
LIU Silin
postgraduate student in criminal law, assistant to professor, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, PRC
EVOLVING LEGAL RESPONSES TO COMMERCIAL BRIBERY IN CHINA: RECENT LEGISLATIVE REFORMS AND THE DIGITAL PLATFORM CHALLENGE
This article focuses on relevant legislation in China’s criminal law and administrative law, analyzes their content, significance and applicability in the digital platform economy, and tries to answer what logic China actually follows in governing commercial bribery. China has introduced major legal updates on commercial bribery since 2024, including Criminal Law Amendment (XII), the revised Anti ‑ Unfair Competition Law (2025), and Interpretation (I I) (2026). These instruments align threshold monetarys between commercial bribery and state functional bribery, establish dual administrative liability for entities and individuals, and strengthen compliance pressure on private enterprises. However, new forms of bribery in the digital platform economy—involving traffic, algorithms, and data access—pose challenges. Current legislation provides a basic framework but leaves key gaps, such as valuation rules for digital interests and inconsistent definitions between criminal and administrative law. China is developing a tiered governance model where administrative law and criminal law operate in parallel. The ultimate goal is to restore fair competition order rather than maximize criminal punishment. Future reforms should refine judicial interpretations to better address digital-era bribery while ensuring healthy market development.
Keywords: commercial bribery, digital economy platform, fair competition order, judicial interpretation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Hou Liyang. On the Typological Treatment of Commercial Bribery Acts and the Revision of Relevant Provisions of the Anti – Unfair Competition Law // Jurisprudence. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 161-177.
2. Zhang Yong. Intergenerational Renewal of Digital Economy Crimes and Criminal Law Responses // Economic Criminal Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 31-54.
3. Ouyang Kang. Yang Deke The Capital Logic of the Platform Economy Model and Its Governance // Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Social Science Edition). – 2024. – No. 3. – R. 5-17.
4. Liu Xinyi. Regulation of Commercial Bribery from the Perspective of the Coordination Between Administrative and Criminal Law // Journal of Soochow University (Law Edition). – 2025. – No. 12 (3). – R. 47-61.
5. Jin Honghao. Rethinking the Typology of Bribery Crimes: From “Dichotomy” to “Trichotomy” // Social Sciences. – 2026. – No. 2. – R. 167-181.
6. Li Hong On. “Seeking Benefits for Others” in the Crime of Taking Bribes in China // Tsinghua Law Review. – 2021. – No. 10 (1). – R. 87-102.

CRIMINAL LAW
PERIN Nikita Sergeevich
postgraduate student of MI Kovalev Criminal law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
A PERSON USING HIS OFFICIAL POSITION IN UNLAWFUL ACTIONS IN BANKRUPTCY (ARTICLE 195 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
This scientific article is devoted to the study of problematic aspects of the interpretation of the sign of a special subject – “a person using his official position” – in the disposition of Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the doctrine of criminal law, explanations of the courts of higher judicial instances, when compared with other official offenses, common signs of a subject using his official position were identified, as well as signs on the basis of which it is possible to distinguish between related categories “a person using his official position”, “a person controlling the debtor”, “a leader”. Based on the results of the study, the author revealed the lack of a common understanding of the term “a person using his official position\” in the theory of criminal law in relation to the article under study, which made it possible to offer his own understanding of the qualifying feature “a person using his official position” in relation to Art. 195 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, allowing to solve the emerging competition between special subjects in the qualification of illegal actions in bankruptcy.
Keywords: bankruptcy, illegal actions in bankruptcy, subject, official position, head, head of the debtor.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Aleksandrov I. V. Official (Official) Crimes. Fundamentals of Investigation: A Textbook for Universities. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 205 p. 2. Bugera N. N. Abuse of official position as the main or qualifying feature of a crime // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 2 (53). – P. 8-11.
3. Volzhenkin B. V. Official crimes [Study-practical manual]. – M.: Jurist, 2000. – 367 p.
4. Gladkikh I. V., Yesayan. A. K. Criminal Law. Special Part. Crimes in the Sphere of Economics: textbook for universities / edited by V. I. Gladkikh, A. K. Yesayan. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 324 p. 5. Efremova M. A. Social determination of criminal-legal protection of information security of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2017. – No. 2 (36). – P. 222-230.
6. Zbrodina V. V., Menshikova A. G. Use of official position in committing fraud: problems of application // Bulletin of YSU. – 2021. – No. 1 (60). – P. 97-104.
7. Karelina S. A., Frolov I. F. Reforming the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) in modern Russia: problems of legal efficiency: monograph / ed. S. A. Karelina. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2020. – 340 p.
8. Kuznetsov A. A. Abuse of official position in committing crimes in the economic sphere: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Omsk, 2008. – 26 p.
9. Matveev I. V. Use of official position by a person as a sign of a corruption crime: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.4. – Ekaterinburg, 2024. – 25 p.
10. Orazdurdyyev A. M. Classification of elements of crimes in criminal law: monograph / ed. P. F. Povelitsyna. – M .: Norma, 2021. – 408 p.
11. Pestereva Yu. S., Rozhkova O. I., Shaglanova A. N. Criminal liability for unlawful actions during bankruptcy: current state, problems and solutions. // Siberian Legal Review. – 2022. – Vol. 19. No. 4. – P. 408-418.
12. Petrosyan O. Sh. [et al.]. Economic and financial crimes: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence”. – M .: UNITY-DANA, 2023. – 311 p.
13. Pshipiy R. M. Blanket disposition of the criminal-legal norm: doctrinal understanding, legislative approaches to construction and problems of application: on the example of Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Krasnodar, 2015. – 38 p.
14. Pokrovsky S. S. Evolution and problems of legal regulation of civil liability for bankruptcy // Law. 2018. – No. 7. – P. 40-49.
15. Romanova V. V. Special subject of general criminal offenses committed using official position // Kriminalist. – 2011. – No. 1 (8). – P. 30-33.
16. Svetlov A. Ya. Responsibility for official crimes / ed.: Lanovenko I. P. – Kiev: Nauk. Dumka, 1978. – 303 p.
17. Skvortsova O. V., Zitulaeva D. A. Criminal liability for unlawful actions during bankruptcy: legislative innovations and judicial practice // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky Legal sciences. – 2022. – V. 8 (74). No. 3. – P. 370-386.
18. Shiryaev V. N. Bribery and extortion in connection with the general doctrine of official crimes: a criminal-legal study. – Yaroslavl: [B. i.], 1916. – 574 p.
19. Yani P. S. Economic and official crimes. – M.: ZAO Business School Intel-Synthesis, 1997. – 208 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
SADAT Sayed Jamal
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
HISTORY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR MURDER IN AFGHAN LAW
This article examines the history of murder in Afghan law. Murder, as one of the most important crimes against human life, has always occupied a fundamental place in the Afghan legal system and has been regulated at various times based on local customs, Islamic Sharia, Hanafi jurisprudence, and codified criminal law. This article first examines the concept of murder in criminal law and Islamic Sharia, then analyzes the status of murder in Afghan customs and traditional systems, old criminal laws, the Penal Code of 1355, the Penal Code of 1396, and the current Penal Code of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Particular attention is given to the role of Sharia concepts such as retribution, compensation for murder, pardon, and ta’zir (murder ransom) in the historical development of punishment for murder. The research method in this article is descriptive, analytical, and librarian-based, based on a review of laws, legal sources, and views related to Afghan criminal law. The research findings demonstrate that the history of murder in Afghan law reflects a profound connection between custom, Islamic Sharia, and written law. In a sense, the Afghan legal system has been influenced by Sharia and traditional norms on the issue of murder, on the one hand, and, on the other, has attempted to regulate it through codified and formal laws at various times.
Keywords: murder, Afghan law, Islamic Sharia, Hanafi jurisprudence, qisas, diyat, ta’zir, penal code.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (adopted on January 26, 2004). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/ru/legislation/details/10739.
2. The Criminal Code of Afghanistan (adopted on March 7, 2017). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://laws.moj.gov.af.
3. Criminal Law of Afghanistan// Afghanistan Legal Education Project (ALEP) 2008-2009 Student Members. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iuristebi.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/criminal-law-of-afghanistan.pdf.
4. Criminal Code of Afghanistan // Official Gazette. – 1976. – No. 347. – Kabul: Ministry of Justice. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moj.gov.af/dr.
5. Criminal Code of the Courts (1447 AH / 2025-2026 AD). Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moj.gov.af/dr.
6. Death Penalty at the Crossroads // Art Cody and Dominique Day, 2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:
7. https://lawexplores.com/afghanistan-death-penalty-at-the-crossroads/.
8. Peculiarities of Afghanistan’s criminal law // Seraj Qutbul Arefin. – 2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:
9. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pecularities-of-afghanistan-s-criminal-law/viewer.
10. Criminal Procedure in Afghanistan, Ghazi Hashimi, 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:
11. https://kabuly.blogspot.com/2014/03/criminal-procedure-in-afghanistan.html.
12. Peculiarities of Afghanistan’s criminal law // Omirzhanov Yesbol and Seraj Qutbul Arefin, 2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pecularities-of-afghanistan-s-criminal-law.

CRIMINAL LAW
CHEBOTAREVA Lauriya Robertovna
master\’s degree, educational program \”Private and Public International Law\”, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; assistant judge, adviser of justice of the 3rd class, Butyrsky District Court of Moscow
SIDORENKO Elina Leonidovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Criminal law, criminal process, and forensic science sub-faculty, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; Director, Center for Digital Economy and Financial Innovations; Member of the Human Rights Council under the President of the Russian Federation
MINING IN THE CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
The article conducts a legal analysis of the application of Russian criminal law norms concerning crimes associated with mining of cryptocurrency. It textually examines the Federal Law No. 221-FZ of August 08, 2024, explores reform directions to enhance legal regulation in this field. At the present stage of its development, the Russian Federation lacks a clearly articulated scientific concept of state-legal regulation of cryptocurrency mining. Consequently, the study delves into the legal and economic aspects concerning the dignity of operations in this high-tech domain. Special attention is given to issues of international cooperation in criminal proceedings aimed at combating financial crimes and ensuring legal certainty. Given that mining is inherently decentralized and cryptocurrency transcends geographical boundaries, it is crucial for states to identify channels of information exchange that do not threaten national criminal-legal protections of economic activities. The article proposes amendments to several federal laws, including the “Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” (Federal Law No. 63-FZ of June 13, 1996). It advocates for a comprehensive approach to the formation of legal norms that facilitate the safe integration of mining into economic systems, which is vital for sustainable development and the protection of state and societal interests.
Keywords: cryptocurrency, mining, qualification of crimes, legislative reform, international cooperation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Vasiliev Yu. G. The Institute of Extradition of Criminals as a Separate Institute of Law // State and Law. – 2003. – No. 3. – P. 77-82.
2. Volevodz A. G. Legal regulation of new directions of international cooperation in the field of criminal procedure. – M.: OOO Izdatelstvo “Yurlitinform”, 2002.
3. Pavlychev M. M. The paradigm of “economy of criminal repression and its forced nature” as the basis for constructing a system of crimes against public health // Law and Politics. – 2025. – No. 12. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2025.12.77161 EDN: LTADKW
4. Smetanina T. P., Shirobokov K. K. Causes of volatility of the cryptocurrency market and regulatory policies of countries // Bulletin of the Udmurt University: Series “Economics and Law”, Higher Attestation Commission. – 2024. – Vol. 34. No. 2. – P. 249-250.
5. Tolstik V. A. The principle of liability for guilt and innocent legal liability: the problem of compatibility // Legal technology. – 2020. – No. 14. – P. 324-237.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
GOTVALD Konstantin Alexeevich
lecturer of Criminal process and forensic science sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, FM Dostoevsky Omsk State University; attorney at Branch No. 53 of the Omsk Regional Bar Association
ANTI-CORRUPTION CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY OFFICIALS: ISSUES OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
This article examines the legal and other issues surrounding anti-corruption lawsuits filed by prosecutors aimed at confiscating and converting material assets obtained by public officials through corruption crimes into state property. Particular attention is paid to the root causes of upholding anti-corruption lawsuits under civil law. The effectiveness of property confiscation as a criminal measure is assessed. The author concludes that Russian legislation needs to be improved in terms of harmonizing the current intersectoral mechanism for property confiscation with criminal law.
Keywords: confiscation of property, anti-corruption lawsuits, prosecutorial authorities, other criminal law measures, corruption crimes.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Titov A. S. Statute of limitations in the consideration of anti-corruption claims // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 108-113.
2. Grigorieva N. N., Petushkova D. N. The subject of an anti-corruption claim is money received as a bribe // Legality. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 23-24.
3. Bochkarev S. A. Anti-corruption claim of the prosecutor: key problems of law enforcement // Legality. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 10-13.
4. Romanova A. S. Some methods of legalization of criminal proceeds through digital assets and mechanisms to counter them // Law and Order. – 2025. – No. 11. – P. 226-229.
5. Babenko S. V., Tishkin D. N. Strategy for the development of modern criminal law policy of Russia in the field of combating corruption: issues of law enforcement // Philosophy of Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 132-138.
6. Shakhkeldov F. G. Anti-corruption claims and criminal liability // Law and Practice. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 52-55.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
DANILOVA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SULEYMANOV Talyat Alievich
associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia; associate professor of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL AND TACTICAL FEATURES OF IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
Identification is one of the investigative actions that can determine the outcome of a criminal case. It is often the means by which evidence is obtained that directly links a specific person to a criminal event. At the same time, the procedural form of identification remains fundamentally the same as it was established by the legislator in 2001, while the material environment in which it is conducted has changed dramatically. CCTV cameras have become a commonplace, video conferencing was directly enshrined in Article 189.1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in 2021, and the issue of the safety of the identifier has moved from the realm of doctrinal discussions to the daily practice of investigative units. The discrepancy between a stable procedural framework and a dynamic forensic environment creates a persistent set of enforcement challenges. On the one hand, there is uncertainty regarding identification based on video images and digital traces, which are not explicitly provided for in Article 193 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. On the other hand, there is the transfer of protective mechanisms for the identifier, which are enshrined in Part 8 of the same article, in the context of remote investigative actions.
Keywords: identification, legal regulation, tactics, identification participants, identification results, and remote identification.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Terziev-Poroshin N.V. Identification in criminology. Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin. 2016. No. 8 (24). pp. 157-167.
2. Pobedkin A. V. Criteria for the Legitimacy of Applying Analogy in Criminal Proceedings // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 4 (56). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kriterii-pravomernosti-primeneniya-analogii-v-ugolovnom-sudoproizvodstve (date accessed: 04.06.2026).
3. Sheifer S. A. Investigative actions. Grounds, procedural order and evidentiary value. M., 2019. P. 154.
4. Afanasyeva S. I., Dobrovlyanina O. V. Legal regulation of investigative actions using video conferencing under the current Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Exjure. 2022. No. 4. P. 101-117.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
EFIMOV Ivan Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Supervisory activities and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Yekaterinburg
ON THE ISSUE OF PROCEDURAL TIME LIMITS FOR CONDUCTING CERTAIN INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
The article analyzes certain issues concerning the implementation of the principle of a reasonable time for criminal proceedings in the course of conducting specific investigative actions. Based on an examination of current legislation, law enforcement (investigative and judicial) practice, and scholarly doctrines, the author concludes that an integrated approach is necessary: determining a reasonable time for conducting certain investigative actions cannot be limited solely to the time frames established by the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The criterion should be the totality of the individual circumstances of the particular criminal case, which would ensure a balance between upholding the principles of criminal procedure and the completeness of the investigation.
Keywords: procedural time, reasonable time, investigative action, criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Starshinova K. Ya. Investigator as a subject of verification and evaluation of evidence in a criminal case // Legal almanac. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 37-39.
2. Stelmakh V. Yu. Procedural activity of the investigator is the main confirmation of the reasonableness of the preliminary investigation period // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 60-64.
3. Kolycheva A. N. Investigative errors made during investigative actions // Current problems of legal regulation, organization and tactics of investigative actions: collection of scientific papers / edited by M. M. Gorshkov, A. B. Sokolov , A. R. Sysenko. Volume Issue 1. – Omsk: Obrazovanie inform, 2022. – P. 50-53.
4. Cherkasova A. M. Criminal procedural flaws in the timing of interrogation // Activities of law enforcement agencies in modern conditions: collection of materials from the XXVIII International scientific and practical conference, Irkutsk, June 15-16, 2023. – Irkutsk : East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2023. – P. 197-200.
5. Mordvinov A. V. Procedural deadlines: features of establishment and calculation during the preliminary investigation: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09 – Ulyanovsk, 2021. – 252 p.
6. Issues of organizing the production of forensic examinations in the forensic units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation: order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 29, 2005 No. 511 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. https://consultant.ru (date of access: 04/15/2026).
7. Cassation ruling of the Fifth Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated January 16, 2024 in case No. 77-10/2024 // SPS ConsultantPlus. https://www.consultant.ru (date accessed: April 15, 2026).
8. Appellate ruling of the Volgograd Regional Court dated October 18, 2023 in case No. 22-3776/2023 // SPS ConsultantPlus. https://www.consultant.ru (date accessed: 04/15/2026).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MUKHAMADEEV Damir Askhadulovich
adjunct, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE INVESTIGATOR’S “DIGITAL REGISTRATION” OF PROCEDURAL ACTIONS AND DECISIONS (IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CURRENT CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW)
The paper assesses the current criminal procedure rules in terms of the possibility of an investigator recording procedural actions and decisions in digital form. An analysis of legal sources, including the criminal procedure law, shows that there is no unified approach to the concept of “digital registration of procedural actions and decisions”, which is why the author has proposed a definition. The article reasonably concludes that the criminal procedure law provides the preconditions for recognizing electronic versions of procedural documents as an alternative to paper documents without disrupting traditional procedural institutions. The paper also examines the foreign approach to recognizing the legal force of digital procedural documents.
Keywords: procedural actions, procedural documents, procedural decisions, criminal procedure law, digital registration, electronic document.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Morugina N. A. Electronic justice: concept, stages and development prospects // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 133-143.
2. Shundikov K. V. Development of guarantees of accessibility of justice in the context of digitalization of the procedural form // Education and Law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 292-298.
3. Michurina O. V., Tyutereva Yu. S. Remote procedure for criminal proceedings. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2025. – 175 p.
4. Khimicheva O. V., Andreev A. V. Digitalization as a trend in the development of modern criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 21-23
5. Pobedkin A. V. Ethical and axiological risks of the fashion for digitalization for criminal proceedings (on the erroneousness of the technological approach to criminal proceedings) // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 50-55.
6. Michurina O. V. Conceptual approach to the study of the form of pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case: from ideas to their implementation // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 110-115.
7. Konin V. V., Kudryavtseva A. V., Petrov A. V. Criminal case – transition from paper to digital format // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2022. – No. 45. – P. 81-99.
8. Zuev S. V. Digital environment of criminal proceedings: problems and prospects // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 118-123.
9. Ishchenko P. P. Modern approaches to digitalization of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases // Lex russica. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 68-79.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
PASHUTINA Olesya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
ON THE ISSUE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION OF THE ACCUSED IN THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE
This article analyzes problematic aspects of the accused’s exercise of freedom of expression within the framework of the constitutional right to defense in criminal proceedings. Particular attention is paid to such negative phenomena as “double defense” and the use of lawyers who effectively act on behalf of the prosecution. As one way to resolve these issues, the author argues for the feasibility of inclusive legislative experience from neighboring countries into the national legal system.
Keywords: right to defense, “double defense”, freedom of expression, accused, defense attorney.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Morozov A. N. Constitutional reflection of generally recognized principles and norms of international law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 7. – P. 33-45.
2. Kazakov V. L. System of human rights protection: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow, 2007. – 25 p.
3. Zubkov S. B. On the problems of “double protection” // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – No. 6 (163). – P. 130-143.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
RODIONOVA Yuliya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Transport law sub-faculty, Volga State University of Water Transport, retired member of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation
SHUVALOVA Anastasiya Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of National security law sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management (Branch) Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; senior lecturer of Criminology sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Branch, St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation
MASLOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice, retired Prosecutor’s Office
CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVE SIGNS INDICATING THE FACTS OF PAYING WAGES BELOW THE MINIMUM WAGE: THE PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SOLUTIONS
This article examines the problem of ensuring the protection of citizens’ labor rights through the prism of criminal law response. The author analyzes the relationship between the quality of preliminary investigation and the effectiveness of combat crimes in the field of labor relations. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the causes of employers’ illegal behavior, which is caused by legal nihilism and non-compliance with the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The article provides a detailed analysis of the specifics of crimes under Part 2 of Article 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, particularly the payment of wages below the minimum wage established by law.
Keywords: salary, minimum wage, initiation of a criminal case, investigator’s algorithm, crime investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alimova A. I. Problems of legal liability of the employer (under Article 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Economics and Law. – 2020. – Vol. 30. Issue 5. – P. 693.
2. Methodological recommendations on the specifics of conducting a preliminary check and investigating crimes of non-payment of wages / edited by Acting Rector of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education “Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation”, PhD in Law A. M. Bagmet. – Moscow: Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 2016. – P. 24-25.
3. Mitroshina D. N. Features of initiating criminal cases for crimes under Article 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Public Service and Personnel. – 2022. – No. 2. P. 204.
4. Yanovsky R. S. Pre-trial proceedings: stage of initiation of a criminal case: textbook for universities. – M .: Publishing house Yurait, 2026 .– 66 p. (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-11814-8. – Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. [Electronic resource ]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/587775 (date of access: 06/20/2026).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
TIGIEVA Anastasiya Nikolaevna
Postgraduate Student of the 1st course of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, senior lecturer of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
THE PLACE OF THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE POWER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, CHINA, AND THE DPRK: THE PROBLEM OF THE PROSECUTOR’S RESPONSE IN THE CONTEXT OF LAW AND SUPERVISORY ACTIVITIES AT THE MUNICIPAL LEVEL
The article analyzes the institutional position of the prosecutor’s office in the systems of state power in Russia, China, and North Korea (DPRK), with an emphasis on supervisory powers in relation to municipal authorities. Differences in legal status are identified, ranging from an independent vertical body to an element of total party-state control. The main problem is the effectiveness of prosecutorial response at the municipal level, where centralization of supervision, local interests, and a deficit of real enforcement mechanisms collide. The legal consequences of prosecutorial response acts are compared.
Keywords: prosecutor’s office, municipal authority, supervisory activity, prosecutorial response act, Russia, China, North Korea (DPRK).
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Afanasyeva S. A. Prosecutor’s supervision of the activities of local government bodies and officials in the Russian Federation: problems of legal regulation. – DOI 10.25688/2076-9113.2023.49.1.03 // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series “Legal Sciences”. – 2023. – No. 1 (49). – P. 30.
2. Nadin A. N. Enforceability of prosecutorial response measures in relation to local government bodies // Legality. – 2025. – No. 9. – P. 21-24.
3. Nadin A. N. Forms of interaction between the prosecutor’s office and local government bodies: problems of legal regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 56-61.
4. Nadin A. N. Features of individual acts of prosecutorial response // Russian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 45-49.
5. Suslova E. A., Yamshchikova S. L. Legal problems associated with prosecutorial supervision of local government bodies and ways to resolve them // Scientific and methodological electronic journal “Concept”. – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://e-koncept.ru/2025/0.htm (date accessed: 05/07/2026).
6. Wang Y., Xia Y. Judicializing environmental politics? China’s procurator-led public interest litigation against the government // The China Quarterly. – 2023. – Vol. 253. – P. 90-106. – DOI 10.1017/S0305741022000666.
7. Deng JT, Li F. The power and the misuse of power by China’s local procuratorates in anticorruption // International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. – 2015. – Vol. 43. No. 4. – P. 488-505. – DOI 10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.10.002.
8. Lu BW Research on multi-directional collaborative governance mechanism of grassroots procuratorial organs in the field of administrative public interest litigation: master’s thesis / Lu Bowu; Tsinghua University. – Beijing, 2023. – 118 p. – [Electronic resource ]. – Access mode: https://newetds.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/qh/paper/summary?dbCode=ETDQH&sysId=281230 (date accessed: 06.05.2026). 9. Yurkovsky A. V. Law enforcement agencies in the political system of the DPRK // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2005. – No. 1. – P. 25-30.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
AFANASJEVA Elena Yurjevna
adjunct, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia; Senior Investigator for Particularly Important Cases at the Department for Organizing International Legal Assistance, Organizational and Analytical Department, Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Colonel of Justice
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE PROVISION OF LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL CASES IN ELECTRONIC FORM
The article addresses problematic aspects of using electronic communication channels to transmit requests for legal assistance, information regarding their execution, and the results of the assistance provided in electronic form, as well as defining the conditions that allow establishing the authenticity of the received information and ensuring its admissibility in criminal proceedings. Based on an analysis of the legal framework for international cooperation in combating crime, in the field of criminal justice and electronic information exchange on issues within the competence of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, foreign experience in using electronic document management for cross-border cooperation in criminal investigations, as well as criminal procedure activities related to the application of digital technologies, the author concludes that the model of information interaction used by the internal affairs bodies for exchanging copies of requests for legal assistance and materials obtained during their execution is promising.
Keywords: international cooperation, legal assistance, criminal case, request, evidence, digital transmission, foreign state.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Samarin V. I. Interpol: institutional and criminal procedural aspects of activities. Moscow, 2026. P. 33.
2. Ivashchuk V.K. International element in the investigation of crimes committed by foreign citizens or with their participation // Modern law. 2008. P. 88.
3. Litvishko P. A., Mikhaleva E. S. Status and prospects of electronic interaction in the provision of international legal assistance in criminal cases and law enforcement assistance // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 2 (88).
4. Rekhovsky A. F. New EU legislation on digital evidence: transformation of cross-border access procedures and challenges to judicial guarantees // Issues of Russian and International Law. 2025. Vol. 15. No. 12A. P. 391-392.
5. Arestova E. N., Borbat A. V. Digital technologies in criminal proceedings: implementation problems // Russian investigator. 2021. No. 7. Pp. 16-20 // [Electronic resource] SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date accessed: 02.05.2026).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
PLIGINA Alyona Igorevna
postgraduate student, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
SIGNIFICANT AND INSIGNIFICANT DEFICIENCIES IN CLARIFYING DOUBTS AND AMBIGUITIES ARISING DURING THE EXECUTION OF A SENTENCE
This article examines the distinction between significant and insignificant deficiencies of a sentence in the context of implementing the provisions of paragraph 15 of Article 397 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which stipulates the procedure for eliminating doubts and ambiguities during the execution of a sentence. Based on an analysis of criminal procedural legislation, scientific doctrine, and law enforcement practice, the article explores the concept of the “substance of the sentence” as a key criterion for differentiating errors. A unique classification of sentence deficiencies has been developed. Insignificant defects, remediable during execution, include arithmetic errors, typos, procedural omissions, issues of specifying instructions, and resolving conflicts with interim measures. Significant deficiencies affecting guilt, qualification, type and amount of punishment, and the resolution of civil disputes require a comprehensive appellate or cassation appeal procedure. Suggestions for improving legal regulation are formulated.
Keywords: sentence, essence of the sentence, elimination of doubts and ambiguities, stage of sentence execution, classification of judicial errors, appellate appeal, cassation proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ageev A. N., Pishina S. G. Procedural economy: approaches to defining the criminal procedural principle // Legal technique. – 2020. – No. 14. – P. 75-77.
2. Borodinova T. G. Sentence: concept, essential features and types // Siberian criminal procedural and forensic readings. – 2017. – No. 1 (15). – P. 7-12.
3. Dolzhikov A. V. The principle of proportionality and the foundations of the constitutional SYSTEM // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2020. – No. 36. – P. 56-69.
4. Ivensky A. I. A verdict is an act of justice carried out in the general and special procedures of judicial proceedings: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Saratov, 2006. – 20 p.
5. Kachalov V. I. Methods of adjusting a sentence by the court during its execution // Legal Concept. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 106-111.
6. Kozichuk E.K. Concept and limits of judicial discretion in criminal proceedings // Humanitarian scientific journal. – 2024. – No. 4.2. – P. 87-90.
7. Kolokolov N. A. “Technical errors”: practice in search of ways to correct them // Russian judge. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 49-54.
8. Mamedov R. Ya., Mamedova L. A. Legality of eliminating errors in criminal proceedings // Law and Life. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 63-68.
9. Presnyakov M. V. Legal certainty: formal and material aspects // News of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 669-674.
10. Skiba A. P., Skorik E. N. Problems of decision-making on issues at the stage of execution of a sentence: collisions of criminal, criminal-executive and criminal-procedural legislation // Bulletin of the Moscow State Linguistic University . Education and Pedagogical Sciences. – 2017. – No. 6 (785). – P. 226-234.
11. Tyabina Yu. A. Criminal procedural legal relations at the stage of execution of the sentence: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Ryazan, 2016. – 206 p.
12. Help
13. Pligina Alena Igorevna, postgraduate student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev”
14. 117418, Moscow, Novocheremushkinskaya street, house 69
15. Alena Igorevna Pligina, postgraduate student, Federal State Budget-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice named after VM Lebedev”
16. Novocheremushkinskaya st., Moscow, 117418, Russia
17. Contact information for the author

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
GLUHOV Sergey Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
SMIRNOVA Tatyana Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS OF THE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE, SPECIAL MEANS AND FIREARMS BY EMPLOYEES OF THE RUSSIAN PENAL SYSTEM FOR ESCORT
The article discusses the problematic aspects of the use of physical force, special means, and firearms by employees of the correctional system’s escort units. The relevance of this topic is due to the high level of public danger associated with the tasks performed (ensuring isolation and security during the movement of special contingents) and the lack of uniform law enforcement practices in this area. The article also focuses on the typical tactical errors made by employees, which can lead to excessive use of coercive measures or, conversely, to a loss of control over the escorted individuals, as well as the challenges in assessing such actions legally by investigative bodies.
Keywords: correctional officer, escort, physical force, special equipment, firearms, security measures, legal regulation, escort tactics.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on 07.04.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1997. – No. 2. – Art. 198.
2. Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 No. 5473-I “On institutions and bodies executing criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment” (as amended on July 19, 2018) // Bulletin of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. – 1993. – No. 33. – Art. 1316.
3. Federal Law of 15.07.1995 No. 103-FZ “On the Detention of Suspects and Accused of Committing Crimes” (as amended on 07.04.2025, as amended on 23.10.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1995. – No. 29. – Art. 2759.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
IGOSHIN Vladimir Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Regime organization, security and escort, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
RAKHMANKIN Egor Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Regime organization and supervision sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
TYUKANOVA Viktoriya Romanovna
senior lecturer and methodologist at the Department of Planning and Methodological Support of the Educational Process of the Educational Department, University of the FPS of Russia, Pushkin
FEATURES OF PREVENTIVE REGISTRATION OF CONVICTS PRONE TO FRAUD
The rise in cybercrime in Russia, including fraud committed via information and telecommunication technologies from within correctional facilities, necessitates enhanced preventive measures targeting fraudsters. A review of current legislation reveals significant gaps in regulating personalized preventive interventions for individuals engaged in digital fraud. The author focuses on the mechanism of placing convicts on a preventive register, which serves as a key tool for behavior correction and social reintegration. This process involves a comprehensive assessment of the offender’s personality and social environment, allowing for the development of targeted preventive strategies. The effectiveness of these measures largely depends on close cooperation between penitentiary institutions and both state and non-state organizations. The article concludes that the preventive registration of shameful fraudsters is a primary instrument for countering recidivism and maintaining public safety.
Keywords: preventive accounting, convicts, fraud, criminal justice system, cyberbullying, regime, supervision, prevention.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Bochkarev V. V. Organizational and legal problems of implementing preventive registration in correctional institutions // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2021. – No. 4 (49). – P. 16-23.
2. Simkin E. A. The concept of the legal status of a convicted person: a theoretical and legal aspect // Bulletin of the Samara Legal Institute. – 2025. – No. 1 (62). – pp. 144-148.
3. Prosecutors have filed lawsuits to recover 1.5 billion rubles from the owners of bank cards where the stolen money was initially deposited [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://epp.genproc.gov.ru/ru/gprf/mass-media/news/main/e5606358/ (date accessed: 06.05.2026).

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
PODSHIBYAKIN Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
BELOGOZINOVA Viktoriya Valerjevna
student of the 2nd course, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, independent researcher
RESOCIALIZATION AS A PRIORITY DIRECTION OF PENITENTIARY POLICY: THE EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND ITS APPLICABILITY IN OTHER LEGAL SYSTEMS
The article examines the foreign model of resocialization of convicts as a priority area of penitentiary policy. The author analyzes the key principles and practices of resocialization programs in foreign countries, emphasizing their effectiveness in reducing recidivism. Special attention is paid to the success factors of the Scandinavian approach – the humanization of conditions of detention, individual planning, the role of education and labor, and staff training. The paper examines the prospects for adapting individual elements of the model in other legal systems, identifies the main barriers and implementation opportunities. The conclusion is made about the expediency of a critical understanding of foreign experience in order to improve national penitentiary practices.
Keywords: resocialization of convicts, penitentiary policy, foreign model, reduction of recidivism, humanization of punishment, individual program of resocialization, training of prison staff, social adaptation, educational programs in prisons, integration into society.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andersen M. The Scandinavian Model of Correction: From Punishment to Resocialization / M. Andersen; trans. from Norwegian // Criminal Executive System: Law, Economics, Management. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 12-18.
2. Berg S. Norway’s experience in the field of resocialization of convicts: programs and results / S. Berg; trans. from Swedish // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3 (44). – P. 45-52.
3. Wikström E. Resocialization through education: Swedish experience of working with convicts / E. Wikström; lane with Swedish // Penitentiary science. – 2022. – T. 13, No. 2. – P. 210-217.
4. Jensen L. The role of prison staff in resocialization: the Norwegian model of staff training / L. Jensen; trans. from Norwegian // Man: Crime and Punishment. – 2022. – Vol. 30, No. 1. – P. 88-95.
5. Larsson A. Labor resocialization in Swedish prisons: partnership with business / A. Larsson; trans. from Swedish // Criminal Executive Law. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 3. – P. 301-307.
6. Nielsen K. Reducing recidivism through resocialization: the Danish experience / K. Nielsen; trans. from Danish // Bulletin of the Institute: Crime, Punishment, Correction. – 2020. – No. 2 (50). – P. 67-74.
7. Sørensen P. The Scandinavian Penitentiary Model: Principles of Humanization and Resocialization / P. Sørensen; trans. from dated // Law and Life. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 112-119.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
FOMICHEV Maxim Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public and private law sub-faculty, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Volga State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod
BEKHTYAEV Sergey Pavlovich
senior lecturer of Public and private law sub-faculty, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Volga State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod
CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PREFERENTIAL WATER TAX RATE BY INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENAL SYSTEM
The article is devoted to the study of key problems and contradictions in the use of preferential water tax rates by institutions of the penitentiary system. The main focus is on the legal status of individuals detained in such institutions, as it determines the correct classification of tax relations between the tax authorities and correctional facilities. The article concludes that the approach taken in judicial practice, which states that water use for the purposes of providing these individuals is not subject to preferential water taxation, is erroneous.
Keywords: water tax, water use license, correctional facility, residential premises.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Water Code of the Russian Federation of 03.06.2006 No. 74-FZ (as amended on 01.05.2022) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of June 5, 2006 No. 23, Art. 2381.
2. Law of the Russian Federation of 21.02.1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil” (as amended on 29.12.2022) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta of May 5, 1992 No. 102.
3. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (as amended on 28.12.2022) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1998. No. 31.
4. Definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 06.05.2020 No. 307-ES20-5028 in case No. A26-6595/2019; Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the North-Western District dated 13.01.2022 No. F07-16303/2021 in case No. A05-2503/2021; Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the North-Western District dated 27.01.2020 No. F07-17816/2019 in case No. A26-6595/2019 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
5. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of June 17, 1996 No. 25, Article 2954.
6. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 25, 2018 No. 47 \”On certain issues arising in courts when considering administrative cases related to the violation of the conditions of detention of persons in places of forced detention \” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
7. Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (adopted at the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Geneva on August 30, 1955) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
8. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 01/08/1997 / No. 1-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 13, 1997 No. 2. Art. 198.
9. \”SP 308.1325800.2017. Code of Practice. Correctional Institutions and Centers of the Penitentiary System. Design Rules (in two parts)\” (approved and put into effect by Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated 10.20.2017 No. 1454/pr) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
10. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated January 28, 2021 No. 2 \”On approval of sanitary rules and regulations SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 \”Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans \ ” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
11. Appellate ruling of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Mordovia dated August 11, 2022 No. 33a-1536/2022 in case No. 2a-162/2022 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
12. Mateikovich M. S., Voronin V. V. People, civil society, public as subjects of constitutional and legal relations // Law and Politics. 2007. No. 10 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
13. Doctorova A. T. People and population as subjects of power relations // Constitutional and municipal law. 2018. No. 4 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
14. The census is complete. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fsin.gov.ru/press/informational_support/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=6738.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
SHIRIKOV Vladislav Valerjevich
senior lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the FPS of Russia
THE INSTITUTION OF WRITTEN OBLIGATIONS FOR THOSE SENTENCED TO FORCED LABOR: A NEW LIFE FOR AN OLD IDEA
The penal enforcement policy of the Russian Federation is actively being transformed, focusing on the humanization of punishments. The integration of forced labor into the system of punishments and the rapid development of the network of correctional centers (hereinafter – IC) indicates the need to develop new mechanisms to ensure the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of convicts. The author examines a legal instrument that can contribute to the sustainable law-abiding behavior of convicts after parole (hereinafter referred to as parole) or commutation of punishment to a milder type in the context of those sentenced to forced labor and has developed a draft written commitment on law-abiding behavior and continued employment for convicts. The institution of a written commitment can become an effective tool to increase the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of convicts, control by departmental control, reduce the recidivism of those sentenced to forced labor and ensure continuity with historical experience.
Keywords: forced labor, correctional centers, written commitment, convicts.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kashuba Yu. A. Possibilities of creating a system of correctional centers // Man: crime and punishment. – 2018. – V. 26 (1-4). No. 1. – P. 11-15.
2. Vishnevskaya N. I. Correction of persons sentenced to imprisonment: issues of theory and practice: criminal-executive aspect: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Chelyabinsk, 2006. – 181 p.
3. Kashuba Yu. A. Attitude to the committed act and the possibility of early release // Criminal proceedings: problems of theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 28-30.
4. Smirnov I. A. Legal regulation of the resocialization of positively characterized persons sentenced to imprisonment: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ryazan, 2023. – 268 p.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
IGOSHIN Vladimir Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Regime organization, security and escort, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PLOTNIKOV Yuriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, lecturer of Fire safety and natural sciences sub-faculty, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of the FPS of Russia, Pushkin
INTRODUCTION OF VIDEO ANALYTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS IN CRIMINAL EXECUTION INSTITUTIONS
The article analyzes modern approaches to the implementation of video analytics systems and artificial intelligence technologies in the activities of correctional facilities and detention centers of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. It analyzes the pilot projects “Digital Penitentiary” and “Digital Detention Center” implemented in the Vladimir Region and the Moscow Region, as well as projects on the implementation of patrol robots, biometric identification systems, and audio analytics. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of artificial intelligence in the automatic detection of incidents (fights, escape attempts, smoke, suicide), the analysis of the behavior of special contingents and the forecasting of the risks of committing offenses. The article talks about the promising directions of further replication of the positive experience of pilot projects to all institutions of the penal system, the deepening of the integration of artificial intelligence technologies in the forecasting system.
Keywords: video analytics, correctional facilities, forecasting, offenses, technical surveillance equipment, and biometric identification.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Livadina M. L. It is difficult for artificial intelligence to determine that a person is being placed in a press hut // Novaya Gazeta. Europe. – 2025. – July 12. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2025/07/12/iskusstvennomu-intellektu-slozhno-opredelit-chto-cheloveka-pomeshchaiut-v-press-khatu (date of access: 02.05.2026).
2. The first digital pre-trial detention facility with AI in Russia was launched in Butyrka // RTVI. – 2026. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rtvi.com/news/vsego-20-sekund-v-butyrke-zapustilili-pervoe-v-rossii-czifrovoe-sizo-s-ii/ (date of access: 02.05.2026)
3. Adaptation of AI in Russian prisons: the Digital IC project // Alexey Tomin (blog). – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://alexistomin.ru (date of access: 02.05.2026).
4. Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. “Digital IR”: Artificial Intelligence in a Penal Colony // Official website of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fsin.gov.ru (date accessed: 02.05.2026).
5. Smile, you’re being filmed by AI: What is “smart video analytics” and how is it used // Skillbox. – 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://skillbox.ru (date accessed: 02.05.2026).
6. Artificial intelligence will help guard prisons and colonies of the Federal Penitentiary Service // ITRussia.media. – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://itrussia.media (date of access: 02.05.2026).
7. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Russia: challenges and prospects until 2027 // RBC. – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://companies.rbc.ru (date of access: 03.05.2026).

CRIMINALISTICS
GARBOUZ Grigory Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk; retired judge of the Kezhemsky Federal Court of Krasnoyarsk Region
TECHNOLOGY OF PROVING AND THE STRATEGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES INVESTIGATION
The article contains a new expression of idea about rethinking approaches to understanding the technology of proving in criminal proceedings. The relations of technology of proving with criminal procedural goals of investigating crimes that are being committed in the ecological sphere that set the vector of the investigation strategy are described. From the position of technologicality of criminal justice the problem of identification the relation of technology of proving with clarification of legally significant circumstances in environmental crime investigation is raised. The justification of the necessity of paying due attention to evidentiary activity in light of raising standards of proof is provided; the opinion of promising influence of such phenomena as forensic forecasting is expressed. Technological features of the proving process in environmental criminal cases are revealed taking into account the transformation of criminal proceedings. The hypothesis about the increasing role of scientific developments in technology of proving is put forward.
Keywords: forensic science, methods of crime investigation, environmental crimes, technology of proving, strategy of investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belkin A. R. Theory of proof: a scientific and methodological manual. – M., NORMA Publishing House, 1999. – 419 p.
2. Belkin R. S. Collection, research and evaluation of evidence. Essence and methods. – M.: Nauka, 1966. – 296 p.
3. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: our expectations // Current issues of Russian criminal proceedings: investigation of crimes, appointment and execution of punishments: materials of the Interregional scientific and practical conference, Krasnoyarsk, November 8-9, 2024. – Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 2025. – P. 16-19. – EDN WOCKHU.
4. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: new horizons // Criminal-executive law. – 2026. – Vol. 21. No. 1. – Pp. 69-85. – EDN FCHHCE.
5. Voskobitova L. A. Criminal proceedings as a combination of technologies // Journal of High-Tech Law. – 2025. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 17-28.
6. Garbuz G. S. High-tech law and the development of modern scientific rationality in the context of the investigation of crimes committed in the environmental sphere (Part 1) // High-tech law magazine. – 2025. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 57-67.
7. Garbuz G. S. Certain areas of the concept of intergeneric methodology for investigating crimes committed in the environmental sphere // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2026. – No. 1 (212). – P. 475-477.
8. Garbuz G. S. Strong artificial intelligence and the predictive aspect in the strategy of investigating crimes committed in the environmental sphere // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2026. – No. 3 (214). – P. 442-444.
9. Golovin A. Yu. On the development and prospective use of artificial intelligence technologies in solving forensic problems // High-Tech Law Magazine. – 2025. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 36-41.
10. Ermachenko S. V. Features of prosecutorial supervision in the field of environmental protection // Art of Jurisprudence. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 29-37.
11. Ermachenko S. V. On the powers of the prosecutor’s office in the public-legal mechanism of environmental protection // Baikal Research Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 16. No. 1. – P. 41-50.
12. Zhevlakov E. N. Environmental and alternative-environmental crimes committed using the media, electronic or information and telecommunication systems // Criminal law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 32-38.
13. Zuev S. V. Technology of proving participation in a crime: history of development and prospects // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (39). – P. 78-82. – DOI: 10.47475/2311-696X-2023-39-4-78-82.
14. Fatkullin F. N. General problems of procedural proof. – Kazan: Publishing house of Kazan. University, 1973. – 176 p.
15. Dictionary of foreign words. – 18th ed., reprinted. – M.: Russian language, 1989. – 624 p.
16. Sheifer S. A. The nature and methods of collecting evidence in Soviet criminal proceedings. Study guide / ed. Lupinskaya P. A. – M., RIO VYUZI, 1972. – 130 p. 17. Shinkevich D. V. Typical mistakes of the prosecution and defense during the investigation of cases of legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds (Article 174.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Current problems of the fight against crime: issues of theory and practice materials of the XXIX International scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts, Krasnoyarsk, April 2-3, 2026. Part 2. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2026. – P. 364-367.

CRIMINALISTICS
GONCHAROV Dmitry Konstantinovich
lecturer of Criminal law and operational-investigative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRONIC-DIGITAL TRACES IN THE PROCESS OF DISCOVERY AND INVESTIGATION OF ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF GAMBLING
The role of electronic digital traces in the detection and investigation of crimes under Article 1712 of the Russian Criminal Code is explored. Based on an analysis of modern methods of committing these crimes, including the disguise of gambling activities as bookmakers, stock exchange terminals, and the use of cryptocurrency payments, the main types of digital traces are subject to detection, recording, and investigation are identified. The organizational, legal, and methodological challenges of using specialized knowledge when working with electronic media are identified. The need for a differentiated approach to selecting the form of application of specialized knowledge, depending on the technical complexity of the crime being investigated, is substantiated.
Keywords: Electronic digital traces, illegal gambling, computer forensics, digital forensics, expert inspection, counter-investigation, computer forensics.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 09.04.2026). // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/b20820739fab5a2c2645f2c2dba2d73e9025f6e4/ (date of access: 08.05.2026).
2. Federal Law of 29.12.2006 No. 244-FZ (as amended on 02.05.2026) “On state regulation of activities related to the organization and conduct of gambling and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation.” // Access from the reference and legal system “Consultant Plus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64924/ (date of access: 08.05.2026).
3. Vekhov V. B., Kovalev S. A., Smagorinsky B. P. Electronic traces in the forensic science system // Forensic examination. – 2016. – No. 2 (46). – P. 10-19.
4. Meshcheryakov V. A., Potanina I. V., Tsurluy O. Yu., Cherepkov R. A. The influence of information and telecommunication technologies on the methods of committing crimes // Intercultural communication: linguistic foundations and teaching strategies: materials of the International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 110th anniversary of the Voronezh State Agrarian University, Voronezh, November 1, 2022. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, 2022. – P. 131-136.
5. Volevodz A. G. Traces of crimes committed in computer networks // Russian investigator. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 4-12.
6. Goncharov D.K. Features of the tactics of inspecting the scene of a crime during the investigation of illegal organization and conduct of gambling using the information and telecommunications network “Internet” // Problems of counteracting cybercrime: materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, April 28, 2023. – Moscow: Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 2023. – P. 44-50.
7. Gusev A. V., Medvedeva S. N. Using the characteristics of a material trace to determine the components of the cause-and-effect relationship of the trace formation mechanism // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 2 (36). – P. 97-102.
8. Kushnarev A. S. Digital traces in forensics, their use in the investigation of crimes // Questions of Russian Justice. – 2024. – No. 32. – P. 338-351.
9. Osipenko A. L. Problems of involving electronic-digital traces in criminal proceedings // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 4 (35). – P. 31-34.
10. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/dejatelnost/statistics (date of access: 05/09/2026).

CRIMINALISTICS
KHARINA Elena Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
PETTY THEFT COMMITTED BY A PERSON SUBJECTED TO ADMINISTRATIVE PUNISHMENT (ARTICLE 158.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION) AND THEFT (ARTICLE 158 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION) COMMITTED USING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The article substantiates the expediency of classifying petty theft committed by a person subjected to administrative punishment as theft committed using information and telecommunication technologies. The paper also provides a classification of typical methods of cover theft of other people\’s property committed using information and telecommunication technologies, illustrated by examples of judicial and investigative practice. It is concluded that the provisions presented in the article will contribute to: correcting existing approaches to the formation of statistical reporting and determining the actual proportion of the category of crimes under consideration; preventing errors in the qualification of acts and the formation of uniform judicial and investigative practice.
Keywords: information technology, theft, embezzlement, petty theft, methods of theft, bank card.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Garbatovich D. A. Theft (clause \”g\” part 3 of article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): peculiarity of qualification according to the subjective side // Russian judge. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 19-21.
2. Gaidin A. I., Pidusov E. A., Golovchansky A. V. Methodology for identifying subjects of electronic payments during the investigation of theft of funds: methodological recommendations [Electronic resource]. – Electr. data and programs – Voronezh: Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia , 2018. – 43 p. 3. Mira K. A. Establishing the mechanism of theft of other people’s property using information technology: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.12. – M., 2022. – 245 p.
4. Ovsyukov D. A. Self-serving crimes against property using information and telecommunications networks: qualification issues: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2022. – P. 12.
5. Iskaliyev R. G., Katkov D. V., Telkov A. V. [et al.]. Organization of interdepartmental interaction of economic security and anti-corruption units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field of combating crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies: a teaching aid. – M .: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – 68.
6. Organization of investigation of theft of funds committed using computer technologies: a training and practical manual. – M .: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2016. – 199 p.
7. Kharina E. A. Typical methods of theft committed using information and telecommunication technologies // Materials of forensic readings: Collection of materials, Barnaul, November 20-21, 2025. – Barnaul: Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation , 2025. – P. 82-83.

CRIMINOLOGY
TAMBOVTSEVA Galina Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Legal support of national security sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
TAMBOVTSEV Evgeny Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
MASS MURDER IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (SCHOOLSHOOTING) AS A NEW CRIMINAL THREAT TO SOCIETY
This article examines mass killings in educational institutions (school shooting) as a new criminological phenomenon in Russia that is not related to terrorist acts, the involvement of minors and youth in extremist activities, which tends to develop dynamically, where students and teachers most often become victims, and poses a serious threat to modern society, especially for minors and teenagers. The authors investigate a set of specific structural personality characteristics, such as gender, age, education, moral and psychological characteristics, special attention is paid to the main criminogenic determinants of the negative social phenomenon of “school shooting”, the understanding of which is the fundamental basis for effective preventive programs, as well as strategies aimed at ensuring the safety of citizens.
Keywords: security, mass killings, educational organizations, firearms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Andreeva N. N. Project of a psychological observation map for expert assessment of consciousness and behavior of a potential school shooter // Trends in the development of education: teacher, educational organization, society 2023: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Cheboksary, August 25, 2023 – Cheboksary, 2023. – Pp. 102-122.
2. Baeva L. V. School shooting as an existential threat to the individual // Formation of a life safety culture: Proceedings of the II international scientific and practical Internet conference, Minsk, March 23-24, 2023 – Minsk, 2023. – P. 14-20.
3. Burov Yu. B. Mass murder in educational organizations: phenomenon, mechanisms, causes, prevention // Innovative development of professional education. – 2025. – No. 1 (45). – P. 122-133.
4. Volchetskaya T. S., Osipova E. V., Avakyan M. V. Prevention of school shooting in the educational environment in the system of countering terrorist activity. – DOI 10.17150 / 2500-4255.2024.19 (4). 368-377. – EDN ESCZVT // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 19. No. 4. – P. 368-377. 5. Vtorushina V. V. Armed attacks on educational institutions in Russia: reasons, qualifications and identity of the perpetrator // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 300-304.
6. Davydov D. G., Khlomov K. D. Mass murders in educational institutions: mechanisms, causes, prevention // National Psychological Journal. – 2018. – No. 4 (32). – P. 62-76.
7. Didenko K. V., Bocharnikova L. N. “Columbiners” – a new personality type of a juvenile offender // Modern scientist. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 267-273.
8. Damaskin O. V., Krasinsky V. V. On the prevention of “Columbine” (school shooting) in educational organizations // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 84-96.
9. Karpov V. O. Mass murders in educational institutions: criminological analysis // Kriminalist. – 2023. – No. 4 (45). – P. 59-65.
10. Cohen A. The content of the delinquent subculture // Sociology of crime. – M .: “Progress”. – 1966. – P. 314-321.
11. Massacre at Columbine High School. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8 2%.
12. Mikhailova E. V. Criminological characteristics of armed attacks in educational institutions of the Russian Federation // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (80). – P. 20-25.
13. Mosechkin I. N. Victimological aspects of countering armed attacks on educational institutions (school-shooting) // Victimology. – 2019. – No. 1 (19). – P. 46-53.
14. Chunin A. S. The phenomenon of school shooting in modern Russia. Legal aspect // Review. NCPTI. – 2020. – No. 3 (22). – P. 48-52.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
VINOKUROV Vladimir Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation Army General EN Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, honored lawyer of the Russian Federation
SHMANTSAR Dmitry Alexandrovich
investigator of the Department of Supervision and Preventive Work in the Karachevsky district of the Department of Supervision and Preventive Work of the Main Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in the Bryansk region, Karachev, Bryansk region
CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE (HARM) CAUSED BY FOREST FIRES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
The article is devoted to the problems associated with calculating the amount of damage (harm) caused to the forest fund by fires that occurred as a result of criminal acts classified by Part 1 of Article 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as the destruction or damage of forest plantations and other plantations as a result of careless handling of fire or other sources of increased danger, if these acts caused significant damage. The article analyzes the disposition of Part 1 of Article 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and discusses the problems associated with the incorrect definition of the qualifying feature in the form of the amount of damage caused by the crime, when the cost of extinguishing a forest fire by forest fire brigades is included in the total amount of damage. The article provides examples from judicial practice. The article raises the issue of compliance with the fundamental principle of criminal law, which is the restoration of social justice, as well as the constitutional principles of equality before the law, proportionality, and individualization of responsibility. In order to implement the general principle of gratuitous implementation of firefighting measures as one of the most important functions of the state in terms of fire safety, as well as the proper application of the rates and methods established by the Government of the Russian Federation for calculating the amount of damage caused by forest fires, the authors have formulated proposals for amendments to the Federal Law on Fire Safety and the Forest Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, forest fires, firefighting, costs of firefighting, destruction or damage of forests and other plantations by negligence.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Golubeva E. I., Zharinov S. N. Economic assessment of the consequences of forest fires (on the example of the Tver region) // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 5: Geography. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 61-69.
2. Voitenok O. V., Dorokhova O. V., Smetankina G. I. Actual problems of legislation arising in assessing damage caused by a forest fire // Supervisory activities and forensic examination in the security system. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 34-37.
3. Didenko S. L., Ermakov S. G., Podrezov Yu. V. Features of assessing the consequences and damage from forest fires // Civil Safety Technologies. – 2020. – Vol. 17. – No. 3 (65). – P. 4-6.
4. Kuznetsov S. S., Shmantsar D. A. On the issue of evading criminal liability for the destruction or damage of property through negligence // Modern society and law. – 2025. – No. 4 (77). – P. 123-127.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KHOROLSKY Vladimir Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SHAGIEVA Gulnara Rifovna
Deputy Head of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
SHEVCHENKO Igor Anatoljevich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Stavropol Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF A POLICE PATROL OFFICER: PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO IMPROVE
The article explores the theoretical and legal aspects of the administrative and legal status of a police patrol officer as one of the key actors in ensuring public order in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to several factors: firstly, the adoption of the Instruction on the organization of official activities of combatant units of the CPSP (Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 06/28/2021 No. 495), which requires a rethink of the legal status of employees of this service. Secondly, there are problems in law enforcement practice related to the division of official powers of CPP employees; thirdly, the need to increase the effectiveness of CPP units in modern conditions, including countering new challenges and threats. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts and scientific literature, the content of the elements of the administrative and legal status of a staff member of the PSP is revealed: rights and obligations, guarantees of legal and social protection, responsibility. Problematic aspects of legal regulation are identified. Specific directions for improving legislation and law enforcement practice are proposed, including the revision of the Manual, the introduction of modern technologies and increasing the level of public confidence in the activities of the PPSP.
Keywords: patrol and post police service, administrative and legal status, police officer, legal regulation, public order, law enforcement practice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Agakishiev S. A., Komakhin B. N. Issues of Ensuring Public Safety. From the Charter to the New Instruction // Legal Bulletin of the Rostov State University of Economics. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 28-33. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/voprosy-obespecheniya-obschestvennoy-bezopasnosti-ot-ustava-k-novomu-nastavleniyu (date of access: 05/20/2026).
2. Antonov M. E., Akhmedzyanov G. G., Chichin S. V., Andreev P. G. Legal security as an element of ensuring personal safety of employees of the patrol and post police service // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 6. [ Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovaya-zaschischennost-kak-element-obespecheniya-lichnoy-bezopasnosti-sotrudnikov-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-politsii (date of access: 05/20/2026).
3. Erygina A. V. Problematic issues of legal support in the sphere of management of the patrol and post service of the police // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2022. – No. 4-3 (67). – P. 22-25. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemnye-voprosy-pravovogo-obespecheniya-v-sfere-upravleniya-deyatelnostyu-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-politsii (date of access: 05/20/2026).
4. Koynov M. Yu. On the issue of legal support for the activities of patrol and post police units // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 7 (158). – P. 282-284. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-pravovogo-obespecheniya-deyatelnosti-podrazdeleniy-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-politsii (date of access: 05/20/2026).
5. Kumysheva M.K. Problems of enhancing the efficiency of patrol and post service units in modern Russia // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 270-273. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-usileniya-effektivnosti-deyatelnosti-podrazdeleniy-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-v-sovremennoy-rossii-1 (date of access: 05/20/2026).

PROSECUTORAL SUPERVISION
BAYDAROVA Marina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice sub-faculty, Penza State University
THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE AS A SUBJECT OF COORDINATION IN COMBATING CRIME
Strategic state planning, including countering crime by various state agencies, is crucial for strengthening the country’s national security system. The increasing range of internal and external threats, which are increasingly global and cross-border, necessitates the development and implementation of effective measures for organizational and legal cooperation among public authorities. This article aims to explore the Russian Prosecutor’s Office as a unique participant (subject) in the coordination of law enforcement efforts to combat crime and ensure national security. The normative and legal component of the constitutional status of the prosecutor’s office, which has been analyzed, emphasizes the independence and autonomy of the prosecutor’s office in the implementation of its coordinating functions. The study highlights the complementarity of the key areas of the prosecutor’s office’s activities, which include supervision, human rights protection, and coordination. Special attention is given to the prosecutor’s office’s coordinating function in combat crime in an increasingly complex criminal environment. In this scientific article, the author highlights the advantages of the prosecutor’s office as a subject of this type of activity, including its supervisory functions, information and analytical resources, and organizational and methodological tools. The study concludes that the effectiveness of coordination activities depends directly on the coherence of law enforcement agencies’ actions and the development of a unified strategy for combating crime.
Keywords: strategic planning, public authority, prosecutor’s office, institutional specifics, multifunctional nature, coordination direction, center for consolidating efforts, national security, and combating crime.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessarabov V. G. Coordination of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime by the Russian prosecutor’s office (history, status, prospects) // Journal of Russian Law. – 2001. – No. 3. – P. 7-15.
2. Varygin A. N., Bytko S. Yu. On the effectiveness of the coordination activities of the prosecutor’s office // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 1 (150). – P. 227-237.
3. Varygin A. N., Bytko S. Yu. Coordination activities of the prosecutor’s office and problems of its effectiveness // Man and Law – XXI century: almanac of the Institute of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 23-28.
4. Vinokurov A. Yu. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law on the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation / 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2026. – 971 p.
5. Speech by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin at the All-Russian Conference of Prosecutors. The prosecutor’s office was and remains one of the most important components of the Russian law enforcement system // Journal of Russian Law. – 2001. – No. 3. – P. 3-6.
6. Gracheva O. A., Titova A. A. The role of the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation in coordinating activities to combat crime // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 1 (150). – P. 256-262.
7. Karpov N. N. On the place of the prosecutor’s office in the system of state power of the Russian Federation // Legality. – 2022. – No. 1 (1047). – P. 25-30.
8. Kobzar-Frolova M. N. The system of public authorities of the Russian Federation: concept, characteristic features, interaction // Siberian Legal Review. – 2021. – Vol. 18. No. 2. – P. 192-203.
9. Kruglikov A. P. Prosecutor – coordinator of law enforcement activities to combat crime // Legal paradigm. – 2021. – Vol. 20. No. 2. – P. 21-25.
10. Lisnichenko D. A. Coordinating function of the prosecutor’s office // Modern law. – 2006. – No. 6. – P. 52-54.
11. Pavlova A. S. Trapeznikova D. S. The role of the prosecutor’s office in a unified system of public authority // Young scientist. – 2026. – No. 16 (619). – P. 379-381.
12. Shishkin S. I., Ogorodov A. N. On the place of the prosecutor’s office in the system of public authorities of the Russian Federation // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4 (103). – P. 36-41.

SAFETY AND LAW
LYUEV Tembot Khabasovich
senior lecturer of Internal affairs in special conditions sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute of Advanced Training (Branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Nalchik, lieutenant colonel of police
RYAKHIN Ivan Petrovich
lecturer of Organization of road traffic safety units’ activities sub-faculty, Moscow Regional Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
BORZENKOVA Svetlana Alikovna
lecturer of Counter-terrorism and extremism sub-faculty, International Interdepartmental Center for Professional Training of Specialists in Counter-Terrorism and Extremism, Advanced Training Institute of the MIA of Russia, Domodedovo
MECHANISMS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ILLEGAL MIGRATION AND EXTREMIST ACTIVITY: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article aims to identify and systematize the mechanisms through which irregular migration status mediates the risk of individuals’ involvement in extremist and terrorist activities. The study draws upon the “criminal opportunity” theory (Cohen & Felson) and the “radicalization through isolation” concept (Wiktorowicz). The article argues that irregular migration does not act as a direct determinant of terrorism but creates structural conditions of vulnerability. An original typology of exploitation mechanisms is proposed, encompassing religious-ideological recruitment, socio-spatial segregation, and criminalization of migration trajectories. The authors substantiate the necessity of transitioning from repressive migration control measures to a comprehensive preventive model that includes mandatory adaptation training for migrants, interagency risk monitoring, and enhanced international cooperation within the frameworks of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
Keywords: irregular migration, extremism, terrorism, radicalization, prevention, migration policy, legal integration.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. On countering extremist activity: Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ (as amended on November 10, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 30. – Art. 3051.
2. Popova E. A. Issues of counteracting the criminal potential of illegal migration // Migration law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 22-29.
3. Stupakov N. V., Mareev P. L. Migration issues and civil society response to the migration situation in certain regions of the Russian Federation // International cooperation of Eurasian states: politics, economics, law. – 2023. – No. 4. [Electronic resource ]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-migratsii-i-reaktsiya-grazhdanskogo-obschestva-na-migratsionnuyu-situatsiyu-v-otdelnyh-regionah-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 02.06.2026).
4. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 10.11.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954, Art. 205.
5. Center for Combating Extremism of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Analytical note “On the state of extremist activity in the migration environment”, 2023 (not published; provided for informational purposes). 6. Shakhbazov F. M., Marochkin S. Yu. Migration as a factor determining extremist crime // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 45-56.
7. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Integration und Extremismusprävention: Bericht 2020. – Nürnberg: BAMF, 2020. – S. 45.
8. Cohen LE, Felson M. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach // American Sociological Review. – 1979. – Vol. 44. No. 4. – P. 588-608.
9. Wiktorowicz Q. Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West. – Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. – P. 78.
10. Akkuzin Yu. A., Bulavkin A. A., Lyuev T. Kh. Activities of the district police officer in the prevention of terrorism // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2022. – No. 5 (144). – P. 86-89.

SAFETY AND LAW
RODICHKIN Sergey Vladimirovich
senior researcher of Research Center No. 2, All-Russian Research Institute of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF ANTI-TERRORIST SECURITY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT FACILITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Through a proactive approach, the author conducted a selection and analysis of terrorist acts against internal affairs bodies (IABs). The Strategy – 2021 and the Concept of Ensuring Internal Security in the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs emphasize the need to create effective mechanisms for countering various types of threats. These strategic documents emphasize that the effectiveness of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs depends directly on its ability to anticipate and neutralize potential risks, whether they are external challenges or internal vulnerabilities.
Keywords: internal affairs agencies, facilities, terrorist threats, legislation, Ukrainian neo-Nazism, Strategy, and security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Electronic resource. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2026/05/06/oblavu-na-posobnikov-specsluzhb-ukrainy-provela-fsb-srazu-v-vosmi-regionah-rossii (date of access: 12.05.2026).
2. Gorovoy A. V. summed up the work of the Main Directorate for the Protection of the Interior Ministry of Russia for 2025. Press Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. February 5, 2026 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mvdmedia.ru›news/official/aleksandr-gorovoy (date of access: 12.05.2026).
3. “Children of Officials Become Terrorists.” Who is Behind the Attacks on Police and the Murder of a Priest in Dagestan? June 24, 2024 [Electronic Resource]. – Access Mode: https://dzen.ru/a/ZnjCreFfEimNFROE (date accessed: 05/14/2026). 4. Two migrants attempted to commit a terrorist attack at a police station// RIA NOVOSTI. 21.01.2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://https://crimea.ria.ru/20260121/dvoe-migrantov-pytalis-ustroit-terakt-v-otdele-politsii-ufy-1152564122.html (date accessed : 12.05.2026).
5. Emergency in Ezhva: what is known about the incident at the professional training center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Komi Republic. January 15, 2026 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bnkomi.ru›data/news/194165/.
6. Dubravin A. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gazeta.ru›social/2026/01/15/22346377.shtml (date of access: 05/16/2026).
7. The tragedy in Syktyvkar: why the explosion of a training grenade led to grave consequences. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://yamal-media.ru›narrative/tragedija-v-syktyvkare… January 18, 2026 (date of access: 05/12/2026).
8. Latyshev S. Ukraine has been captured by terrorists: 20 main signs. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tsargrad.tv›News›…-tajnu-hranit-azovv… April 17, 2022 (date accessed: 05/12/2026).
9. Gorky M. The Life of Klim Samgin. – M., 1936.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
ZHABKIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
PAVLOV Daniil Viktorovich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
STAROSTIN Vadim Gennadjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PSYCHOLOGICAL, PEDAGOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF ADAPTATION OF POLICE OFFICERS TO PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the problem of professional adaptation of police officers, considered in the unity of psychological, pedagogical and legal aspects. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the system of personnel training for law enforcement agencies in the context of reforming the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation and increasing demands on the professional and personal qualities of police officers. The purpose of the work is the theoretical substantiation and characterization of the psychological, pedagogical and legal conditions for the successful adaptation of cadets and young employees of the Department of Internal Affairs to professional activities. The methodological basis was formed by systematic, personal-activity and competence-based approaches. As a result of the research, the key aspects of adaptation are identified and analyzed: psychological (formation of emotional stability and stress tolerance), pedagogical (organization of professionally oriented training and educational work) and legal (development of the regulatory framework, formation of legal awareness, implementation of authority). Practical recommendations for improving the system of professional training of police officers are proposed.
Keywords: professional adaptation, police officers, psychological and pedagogical conditions, legal regulation, legal awareness, professional activity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Babin S. V., Luganskaya E. V. Features of legal regulation of the powers of cadets and students of educational institutions of higher education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the protection and maintenance of public order // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia . – 2022. – No. 4 (49). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-polnomochiy-kursantov-i-slushateley-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-vysshego-obrazovaniya-mvd (date of access: 05/21/2026).
2. Byalt V. S. Actual problems of educational work among cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 3 (59). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-problemy-vopitatelnoy-raboty-sredi-kursantov-i-slushateley-obrazovatelnyh-uchrezhdeniy-sistemy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 05/21/2026).
3. Vashaev M. A. Problems of legitimacy of the power segment in the structure of the administrative-legal status of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-legitimnosti-vlastnogo-segmenta-v-strukture-administrativno-pravovogo-statusa-kursantov-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd (date of access: 19.06.2026).
4. Vorotnik A. N. Some features of the moral-psychological and spiritual-moral training of first-year cadets during the period of professional adaptation // Problems of law enforcement activity. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 36-39.
5. Grachev Yu. A. Professionally oriented training of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using methods of individualization and variable monitoring // ChiO. – 2022. – No. 3 (72). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professionalno-orientirovannoe-obuchenie-kursantov-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii-metodami-individualizatsii-i-variativnogo (date of access: 05/21/2026).
6. Kardanov A.K. Formation of legal awareness and discipline among cadets and students studying in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Journal of Applied Research. – 2021. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formirovanie-pravosoznaniya-i-distsipliny-u-kursantov-i-slushateley-obuchayuschihsya-v-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiyah-mvd-rossii (date of access: 05/21/2026).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
IVANOVA Lidiya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor, Head of Volga Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhniy Novgorod
LEGAL EDUCATION AND THE RISKS OF LEGAL NIHILISM AMONG STUDENTS
Legal nihilism among student youth as a phenomenon of their personality formation is researched. Based on an analysis of strategic documents and scientific publications, the author substantiates the objectives of improving legal education in higher education. The risks of students\’ legal awareness being distorted in the context of digitalization of education are considered. Pathways to overcoming legal nihilism are proposed through the integration of educational and upbringing practices, drawing on empirical research. It is shown that the value orientations of young people reflect the unique nature of intergenerational dialogue and the profile of those leaders who consolidate youth based on traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.
Keywords: legal education, legal nihilism, student youth, legal consciousness, youth policy, value orientations, legal education, digital environment, axiological disagreements.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Matuzov N. I. Legal nihilism as a way of life // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2012. – No. 4 (87). – P. 17-33.
2. Sklifus S. V. Legal nihilism and legal idealism as factors of negative influence on modern Russian society // State power and local self-government. – 2025. – No. 12. – P. 21-23.
3. Bugaenko Yu. Yu. Legal nihilism in the context of the modern Russian political system // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2014. – No. 9.
4. Fedotov B. V. Elections to government bodies of the Russian Federation as a factor in the formation of legal consciousness of young people and students // State power and local self-government. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 41-45.
5. Petyukova O. N. Continuity in the preservation of historical memory as a basis for ensuring the state sovereignty of Russia // Journal of Russian Law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 32-47.
6. Tsaliev A. M. On the relevance of improving legal education and legal training as a basis for raising legal awareness in the light of constitutional innovations // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 58-59.
7. Baydarova M.A., Fomin V.V. Human rights potential and development of legal technologies in the activities of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation // Modern law. – 2025. – No. 11. – P. 20-25.
8. Eremenko D. N. The system of higher education as a space for popularizing traditional values among Russian students // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2025. – No. 12. – P. 41-45.

STATE AND LAW
BAGAUTDINOV Radik Olegovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of History of the Republic of Bashkortostan, archeology and ethnology sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
KOZLOVA Snegana Vadimovna
student, Ufa University of Science and Technology, independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF THE PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECT OF THE NEW MECHANISM FOR SHAPING THE REGIONAL POLICY OF CLIENT-CENTERED PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The article discusses the expediency of developing a new mechanism for the formation of a regional policy of client-centered public administration based on the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies. In contrast to the approach in which artificial intelligence is considered primarily as a means of reducing personnel costs, the current model proceeds from the need to preserve and redistribute the human resources of government authorities and multifunctional centers. It is assumed that with an integrated software and design mechanism, the introduction of artificial intelligence does not lead to an inevitable mechanical reduction in personnel, but forms a controlled transition from routine operations to analytical, consulting and control functions.
Keywords: client-centricity, artificial intelligence, public administration, personnel effect, multiplier, regional policy, public services, program-project approach.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Mergel I., Dickinson H., Stenvall J., Gasco M. Implementing AI in the public sector // Public Management Review. – 2024. – DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2023.2231950.
2. Madan R., Ashok M. AI adoption and diffusion in public administration: A systematic literature review and future research agenda // Government Information Quarterly. – 2023. – Vol. 40. No. 1. – DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2022.101774.
3. Straub V.J., Morgan D., Bright J., Margetts H. Artificial intelligence in government: Concepts, standards, and a unified framework // Government Information Quarterly. – 2023. – Vol. 40. – No. 4. – DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2023.101881.
4. Febiri F., Hub M. The synergy between human factors, public digitalization and public administration: Evidence from EU countries // Social Sciences & Humanities Open. – 2024. – Vol. 10. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101019.
5. Kulal A., Rahiman HU, Suvarna H., Abhishek N. Enhancing public service delivery efficiency: Exploring the impact of AI // Social Sciences & Humanities Open. – 2024. – Vol. 10. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101123.
6. Lāma G., Bērziņa I. Exploring public sector workforce attitudes towards AI competence, trust and training // Technology in Society. – 2025. – Vol. 82. – DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102537.
7. Kalinin A. Client-centricity in public administration: theory and practice of management problems // Issues of public and municipal administration. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 7-29.
8. Zhurikhin S. A. Client-centricity in public administration // Management. – 2023. – Vol. 11. No. 4. – P. 40-49.
9. Roslyakova M. V. Client-centricity in public administration: government communications and citizen reactions on the VKontakte social network // Law and Politics. – 2025. – No. 7. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/klientotsentrichnost-v-gosudarstvennom-upravlenii-kommunikatsii-organov-vlasti-i-reaktsiya-grazhdan-v-sotsialnoy-seti-vkontakte (accessed: 05/28/2026).
10. Smirnova Yu. L. Client-centricity in the public sector on the example of multifunctional centers for the provision of state and municipal services // Economy, entrepreneurship and law. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 10. – P. 3101-3116.

STATE AND LAW
GEREEVA Zaira Arsenovna
legal counsel of the Legal Department, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SKANDARI Madina
legal counsel of the Legal Department, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS ON POLITICAL PARTY FREEDOM IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY UNDER THE DOCTRINE OF MILITANT DEMOCRACY
This article examines the constitutional and legal limits on the freedom of activity of political parties in the Federal Republic of Germany in the context of the system of “militant democracy” (streitbare Demokratie). The article demonstrates that the German model is not limited to the institution of banning a party, but constitutes a multi-level system of restrictions, which includes requirements of internal democracy, financial transparency, a special procedure for declaring a party unconstitutional, as well as a mechanism for exclusion from state funding. The conclusion points to the evolution of contemporary German constitutional law from the binary scheme of “freedom or prohibition” toward a more flexible model of differentiated protection of the free democratic basic order.
Keywords: political parties, Federal Republic of Germany, party privilege, party ban, public funding of political parties.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Loewenstein K. Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights / trans. from English // Smart Power Journal. – 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://smartpowerjournal.ru/loewenstein/ (date of access: 03/15/2026).
2. Maunz Th., Dürig, G. (Hrsg.). Grundgesetz: Kommentar/begr. von Theodor Maunz; Günter Dürig; in fortlauf. Bearb. von Michael Sakrowitz. – München: Beck, 1958 (Stand: 2024).
3. Ismailov R. R. Constitutional and legal status of political parties in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: main trends in legal regulation // Sociology of power. – 2009. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsionno-pravovoy-status-politicheskih-partiy-v-germanii-avstrii-i-shveytsarii-osnovnye-tendentsii-pravovogo-regulirovaniya (date of access: 03/15/2026).
4. Spassky E. N. German political parties during and after the unification of Germany: mechanisms of competition and evolutionary trends: diss. … doctor of political sciences: 23.00.02. – St. Petersburg: RSPU named after A. I. Herzen, 2009. – 445 p.
5. Dolenko D. Comparative analysis of the legal status of political parties in federal states using the example of Germany and the Russian Federation. – [B. m.: b. i., 2026]. – 6 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: sravnitelnyy-analiz-pravovogo-polozheniya-politicheskih-partiy-v-federativnyh-gosudarstvah-na-primere-frg-i-rf.pdf (date accessed: 15.03.2026).
6. Pokora D. Revision of the ban on parties: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.10; Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. Faculty of Law. – Leipzig, 2021. – 346 p. – ISBN 978-3-428-58452-9.
7. Giorgallis A. (2025). The racial regime of international cultural heritage law // International Journal of Heritage Studies. – 2025. – No. 31 (8). – R. 1028-1054. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2025.2520757.

STATE AND LAW
PANKRATOVA Maya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Dean, Faculty of Law, Murmansk Arctic University, Murmansk
PROZOROVA Marina Valerianovna
master’s student in direction of preparation 40.04.01 Law Studies, Murmansk Arctic University, Murmansk
THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING RUSSIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC ZONE
The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – AZRF) is the northern frontier of Russia, located along the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation, the AZRF is classified as one of the macro-regions with priority state support. The development of the Arctic zone is of great importance for maintaining Russia’s stable economic development and strengthening its foreign policy positions. Ensuring the safety of the Russian Arctic in the context of global competition for resources and transport routes in the Arctic from both Arctic states and non-Arctic countries is one of the priorities that requires constant monitoring of transformations in politics and economics, prompt adaptation to new realities and the introduction of cross-sectoral action packages.
Keywords: geopolitics, national security, security, the Arctic, the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, the development strategy of the Russian Arctic.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Avkhadeev V. R. Mechanism of international cooperation on Arctic issues: development at the present stage and in the future // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 332-353.
2. Grinyaev S. N., Zhuravel V. P. Issues of integrated security in the Fundamentals of the state policy of Russia in the Arctic zone until 2035: previous experience and implementation prospects // Arctic and North. – 2020. – No. 39. – P. 52-74.
3. Iroshnikov D. V. Legal support for comprehensive security of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation: formulation of the problem // International cooperation of Eurasian states: politics, economics, law. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 42-46.
4. Khodos A. V. Current issues and regulatory framework for ensuring Russia’s national interests in the Arctic // Transport law and security. – 2025. – No. 1 (53). – P. 146-153.
5. Yashin, A. N. Historical and philosophical aspects of the Arctic as a philosophical frontier. In the collection: Modern trends in the development of science and the world community in the era of digitalization. Collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference. Moscow, 2026, pp. 241-246. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: Available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=89186387 (accessed on 05/25/2026).

STATE AND LAW
SULEIMANOVA Rimma Rifkhatovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GASNIKOVA Anastasiya Alexeevna
master’s student in Political Science, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC ADVERTISING IN PROMOTING THE STATE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The article examines state measures for implementing domestic policy through advertising. The relevance of studying the issues of state regulation of advertising in the Russian Federation is evident. In recent decades, advertising has become an independent and important institution of public communication, which has a direct impact on shaping public opinion, legitimizing power, and the level of democratic processes, acquiring the characteristics of an independent political institution with specific political and managerial elements that influence competition, the election situation, and the balance of state and public interests. The regulation of domestic advertising is a complex and evolving process.
Keywords: domestic advertising, political advertising, social communication, and legal regulation of advertising activities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Derevyanko A. R., Zybin O. S. Social advertising as a type of communication activity in modern conditions // Modern studies of social problems (electronic scientific journal). – 2012. – No. 7. – P. 1-3.
2. Dmitrieva L. M., Bernadskaya Yu. S., Kostyleva T. A. Social advertising: textbook. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2015. – 271 p.
3. Ezhova E. N., Melnik O. A. Social advertising as a fragment of the media advertising picture of the world // Bulletin of the Stavropol State University. – 2008. – No. 5. – P. 18-24.
4. Nigmatullin R. V., Suleimanova R. R. Implementation of the human right to health as a fundamental basis for the existence of a modern state // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 3 (29). – P. 8-15.
5. Podgornaya L. D. Political advertising as a form of communication in modern society // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Political Science. – 2006. – No. 8. – P. 95-102.
6. Sokolova O. V., Petrykin M. A. Political advertising in the Russian Federation: definition, features, development prospects // Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. – Series: Economics and Law. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 130-134.

STATE AND LAW
SHASTINA Angelika Razmikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of National security law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
LEGAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE DIGITALIZATION
Digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, are being actively introduced into public administration processes, which requires a comprehensive approach to the legal regulation of key aspects of the digitalization of public administration. Based on an analysis of federal laws and strategic documents of the Russian Federation that provide for the use of big data, electronic portals, and interdepartmental interaction systems to improve the efficiency of public administration, the main problems and risks of digitalization have been identified, and the main directions for further transformation of the legal regulation of public administration have been formulated. The author concludes that a comprehensive approach to the digital transformation of public administration is necessary to achieve maximum transparency, accessibility, and effectiveness of public services.
Keywords: digitalization, public administration, digital technologies, and artificial intelligence.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zakharov I. V., Rezhetskaya A. I. Digitalization of public administration: legal basis for formation and development // Works on intellectual property. – 2025. – Vol. 53. No. 2. – P. 27-38.
2. Kuptsova O. B. The principle of deliberativity as the most important prerequisite for the interaction of the welfare state and civil society in the era of digitalization // Academic Law Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 22. No. 4 (86). – P. 287-296.
3. Peshkov V. V., Zdanovich N. V. Digitalization of management processes for the implementation of municipal capital construction programs // Baikal Research Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 13. No. 3.
4. Romanova N. L., Gadzhiev V. E. Criminal threats to information security in the context of digitalization of criminal justice // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 19. No. 4. – P. 402-409.

STATE AND LAW
GRIBANOVA Anna Sergeevna
postgraduate student, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
ON THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION AND ITS LEGAL DRAFTING TECHNIQUES
The study aims to identify the specific features of legal drafting in the area of anti-corruption legislation through the lens of key lawmaking principles and to assess their impact on law enforcement practice. The paper analyzes existing anti-corruption legislation through the lens of key lawmaking principles. The author pays attention to the cross-sectoral and fragmented nature of anti-corruption legislation in Russia, issues such as the use of vague and evaluative terminology, as well as the excessive reliance on blanket and reference norms. The author concludes that improving the quality of legal drafting in anti-corruption legislation is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies and supporting the country’s socio-economic development.
Keywords: corruption, anti-corruption policy, lawmaking, legal drafting techniques, anti-corruption efforts, lawmaking, blanket provisions, legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Konstantinov A. D. Corrupt Petersburg: Documentary essays. – St. Petersburg: Folio-Press, 1997.
2. Kenenov A. A., Chernobel G. T. Logical foundations of the legislative process // Jurisprudence. – 1991. – No. 6.
3. Corruption: nature, manifestations, counteraction: monograph / ed. T. Ya. Khabrieva. – M.: Jurisprudence, 2014.
4. Lawmaking: a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students / edited by A. P. Albov and S. V. Nikolyukin. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2019.
5. Kozhokar I. P., Kiparisov F. G. Blanket norms of Russian law: monograph edited by V. M. Baranov. – M .: Prospect, 2024.

STATE AND LAW
GURYSHEVA Kristina Valerjevna
postgraduate student at the Higher School of State Audit, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
SUBSPECIES OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS
In the article, the author examines various subspecies of state sovereignty and their main features in the context of the digital transformation of public relations. It is proven that the definition of new subspecies does not mean the loss of relevance of the classical theory of state sovereignty, but reflects the increasing complexity of areas in which state power must maintain supremacy, independence and the ability to ensure law and order. The author shows that it is advisable to consider subspecies of state sovereignty not as independent categories competing with the general concept of state sovereignty, but as functional components of a single sovereign quality of the state. This approach avoids terminological ambiguity and at the same time describes the real challenges that the state faces in the 21st century. The article highlights \”digital sovereignty\” as a universal term that includes technological, informational and digital components. In addition, the article describes the general and specific features of digital sovereignty that form the system of this concept, define the range of law-making and law enforcement tasks and allow building a systematic approach to its normative consolidation.
Keywords: state sovereignty, digital sovereignty, subspecies of state sovereignty, technological sovereignty, information sovereignty, national security, public relations, digital space.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Kholodnaya E. V. On information sovereignty // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 85-90. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2024.122.10.085-090.

HUMAN RIGHTS
MOSKALKOVA Tatiana Nikolaevna
Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation (April 2016-May 2026), Chairman of the Eurasian Ombudsman Alliance (December 2017 – May 2026), Chairman of the Human Rights Commission of the Commonwealth of Independent States (December 2023 – December 2025). Currently, he is the Scientific Director of the Scientific and Educational Center for Human Rights at the OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation.
HUMAN RIGHTS INTEGRATION IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The article is devoted to the role of national human rights institutions in the context of global transformations and the formation of a new, multipolar world order. The article examines modern integration trends in the relationship between state institutions of human rights protection in the Eurasian space, the creation and practice of associations of ombudsmen of Eurasia. Special attention is paid to the experience of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation in the activities of international human rights associations, including the experience of chairing them. The article provides examples of concrete assistance to citizens of the Russian Federation in difficult life circumstances with the participation of foreign ombudsmen and emphasizes the need to further strengthen international dialogue and coordinate the efforts of national human rights institutions in the interests of protecting universally recognized human rights and freedoms and the dignity of the individual.
Keywords: human rights, national human rights institutions, effectiveness of human rights activities, multipolarity, human rights diplomacy, international associations of ombudsmen, Eurasian Ombudsman Alliance, CIS Human Rights Commission, European Ombudsman Institute, Asian Ombudsman Association, Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Alasania K. Yu., Moshchelko E. N. Multipolar world in the 21st century: philosophical and political science reflections // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 7. Philosophy. 2025. Vol. 49. No. 3. Pp. 72-83.
2. Boytsova V. V. Is a Parliamentary Commissioner for Human Rights Needed in Russia? (Reflections on Article 40 of the Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen of the Russian Federation) // State and Law. 1993. No. 10. P. 112-120.
3. Boytsova V. V., Boytsov L. V. Legal institution of the ombudsman in the conditions of modern social development / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of State and Law, INION. Moscow, 1992. 27 p. 4. Vlasov I. S. Protection of civil rights of the individual in Poland: the institution of the ombudsman (review) / USSR Academy of Sciences. INION. Department of State and Law, All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences (under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Moscow, 1990. 33 p. 5. Golovkova A. Yu. Integration development of the institute of national commissioners as a vector of growth of its effectiveness in the protection of human rights // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. 2022. No. 3 (50). P. 22-34.
6. Kikot V. O. On the need to introduce the position of People’s Human Rights Defender // Constitutional Bulletin. 1991. No. 8. P. 55-59.
7. Mayorov A. G. Formation of the legal institution of the ombudsman (Human Rights Commissioner) in Russia and abroad. Diss. … Cand. of Law. Moscow, 2022. Pp. 63-74.
8. Moskalkova T. N. Principles for Building a New International Architecture for the Protection of Human Rights // Website of the Roscongress Foundation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://roscongress.org/materials/printsipy-postroeniya-novoy-mezhdunarodnoy-arkhitektury-zashchity-prav-cheloveka/#a115173 (date of access: 18.03.2026).
9. Moskalkova T. N. Institute of Human Rights Commissioners: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2021. No. 4. P. 23-44.
10. Moskalkova T. N. CIS human rights activists are bringing their positions closer together and getting to know each other better // International Affairs. March 2025. Pp. 30-34. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://interaffairs.ru/virtualread/ia_rus/32025/files/assets/downloads/publication.pdf (accessed: 03/21/2026).
11. Moskalkova T. N. Principles of building a new international architecture for the protection of human rights // Journal-catalog of the XII St. Petersburg International Legal Forum-2024. P. 20-23.
12. Moskalkova T. N. Seven principles to help // Arguments and Facts. 2024. May 25. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://aif.ru/politics/russia/sem-principov-v-pomoshch-moskalkova-predlozhila-reformu-mirovoy-pravozashchity?ysclid=mmnjrwqhxz533292970
13. Scientific and practical commentary to the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation” (article by article). Moscow: Prospect, 2025. Pp. 8-9.
14. Nechevin D.K., Kolodkin L.M., Kirdyashova E.V. Human rights activities in Russia: a philosophical view: monograph / edited by D.K. Nechevin. Moscow: Yurait, 2020.
15. Saidov A. Kh. Institute of the Commissioner for Human Rights: from theory to practice. // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2025. No. 3 (127). P. 39-52.
16. Khamaneva N. Yu. The role of the ombudsman in protecting the rights of citizens in the sphere of public administration // Soviet state and law. 1990, No. 9. P. 138-147.
17. Chechelnitsky I. V. International activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation: content, problems, prospects // Lex Russica (Russian Law). 2024. Vol. 77. No. 7 (212). P. 70-85.
18. Entin M. L., Entina E. G., Tnelm N. I. Political and regulatory support for global integration processes – XII: efforts of Russia, China, India, the EU and the USA to gain strategic depth in 2022-2023: monograph. Moscow: Zebra-E, 2023. 754 p. 19. Eshmatova F. F. Main directions of participation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the activities of international organizations // Halkara munosabatlar. 2011. No. 3 (in Uzbek).

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
CHERNICHUK Grigory Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Social education and sociology sub-faculty, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
KATAEV Dmitry Valentinovich
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, professor of Social education and sociology sub-faculty, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
LEGAL RISKS OF PROCESSING STUDENTS’ PERSONAL DATA IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AI IN EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSITY POLICIES
The introduction of generative artificial intelligence (AI) models into the educational process involves large-scale collection and processing of students’ personal data. The current Russian legislation on personal data and the Law “On Education” do not contain special rules governing data processing in educational AI systems. Based on a comparative analysis of policies of leading universities in Russia, the USA, China, Europe and regional universities of the Lipetsk region, the article identifies legal gaps and systematizes key risks: regulatory, institutional, technical and subject-related. Measures to improve legislation are proposed, including supplementing the Law “On Education” with a requirement to approve local acts of universities on the procedure for processing personal data in AI systems.
Keywords: students’ personal data, artificial intelligence in education, legal regulation, data protection, comparative analysis, legal risks, Russian universities, legislative gaps, local acts of universities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bouakaz L., Khalid S. AI in education: a sociological exploration of technology in learning environments // Frontiers in Education. 2025. Vol. 10. Article 1700876.
2. Randtke W., Reagan K. Cyberethics, Data Surveillance, and the Classroom: Addressing Corporate Control of Generative AI to Protect Student Learning Environments // Scholarship of Teaching and Learning Commons Conference. Savannah, 2026.
3. Barysheva I. V., Pishikina G. N., Frolova E. V. Digital platform as a tool for creating a unified educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. 2025. No. 1 (34). P. 46-53. 4. Kaverina O. G., Menzhulina A. S. Digital transformations in professional education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. 2025. No. 2 (35). P. 40-48.
5. Stepanova N. A. Ensuring information security for children in the digital space // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. 2024. No. 2 (33). P. 59-77.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VASILJEVA Yuliya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Economic theory sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
GALYAUTDINOVA Amina Azatovna
master’s student of the 1st year course of the direction Economics, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, independent researcher
BUDGET PLANNING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ITS ROLE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE PLANS AND PROGRAMS
This article is considered the budget planning system in the Russian Federation from 2022-2025 and its role in the implementation of government plans and programs, and also the main problems are faced by the budget system of the country. The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the budget structure according to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the formation of expenditure and revenue, and the impact of budget planning on the implementation of national projects. The analysis of the effectiveness of the state budget execution is carried out, recommendations for improving budget policy are presented.
Keywords: budget planning, budget policy, state programs, national projects, budget revenues, budget expenditures, budget deficit, budget execution, finance sustainability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Leonov A. N. Institute of budget planning and forecasting in the system of budget law institutions // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 10 (214). – P. 69-72.
2. Lenchuk E. B., Filatov V. I. Strategic planning as a tool for reducing uncertainty in the context of global economic transformation // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 7-24.
3. Sorokina T. V., Sakovich V. V. State budget: curriculum of an educational institution for the academic discipline for the specialty 6-05-0411-02 “Finance and Credit”. – 2024.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GOLUBKIN Alexander Viktorovich
researcher at the Center for Eastern European Studies, Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
TACTICAL APPROACHES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TO LIMIT TRADE COOPERATION WITH RUSSIA
The purpose of this scientific study is to determine the tactical approaches of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to limiting economic interaction with Russia in the context of trade restrictions from the European Union. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: the dynamics of the main indicators of CEE countries’ trade with the Russian Federation and its commodity structure were analyzed against the background of sanctions pressure from the collective West, the distinctive features of individual CEE countries in trade with the Russian Federation were identified, the countries of the CEE region were grouped taking into account their trade approaches. The results obtained by the author indicate that under the conditions of numerous sanctions restrictions, there was a significant decrease in imports of CEE countries from Russia and a less significant reduction in their exports, maintaining the negative trend of previous years. The different rates of import and export restrictions in trade with the Russian Federation also depend on the commodity structure in specific CEE countries. A study of the fading trade interaction between the CEE countries and Russia in the period 2022-2025. In the context of the tactical approaches of specific countries, we have identified some features of their behavior that make it possible to divide these countries into conditional groups. Poland and the Baltic states are set to significantly reduce imports from the Russian Federation. Slovenia, North Macedonia and Croatia maintained profitable exports of most of their products. Serbia, Hungary and Slovakia, which have maintained normal political relations with Russia. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro have been building trade cooperation with the Russian Federation to the best of their limited capabilities.
Keywords: Central and Eastern Europe, geopolitical crisis, foreign trade, EU sanctions, tactical trade approaches, the importance of Russia.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vardomsky L. B., Korgun I. A., Kulikova N. V., Pylin A. G. Russian “neighborhood belt” in the context of the sanctions war: scientific report. – M.: IE RAS, 2022. – 118 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://inecon.org/docs/2022/Vardomsky_paper_2022.pdf.
2. Golubkin A. V., Knyazev Yu. K. Foreign trade relations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the context of geopolitical upheavals of 2022-2024 and their significance for Russia // Russia and the modern world. – 2025. – No. 1 (126). – P. 42-57.
3. Golubkin A. V., Knyazev Yu. K. Trade relations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe with Russia at a crossroads // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 149-166.
4. Golubkin A. V., Knyazev Yu. K. Acceleration of diversification of foreign trade relations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe during periods of crisis and the role of Russia in this process // Economics and Management. – 2024. – Vol. 30. No. 4. – P. 408-417.
5. Kulikova N. V. Asian vector in the economic strategy of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. – M.: IE RAS, 2019. – P. 316.
6. Kulikova N. V. Central and Eastern Europe: Socio-economic consequences of the deterioration of relations with Russia. – M.: IE RAS, 2025. – P. 338.
7. Kulikova N.V., Sinitsina I.S. CEE countries: is energy independence possible? // World of change. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 94-111.
8. Kulikova N.V., Sinitsina I.S. Economic relations of Russia with the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of the geopolitical crisis // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 134-156.
9. Astrov V., Ghodsi M., Grieveson R., et al. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: Assessment of the humanitarian, economic and financial impact in the short and medium term // International Economics and Economic Policy. – 2022. – Vol. 19. No. 2. – Pp. 331-381.
10. Baqaee D., Moll B., Landais C. The economic consequences of a stop of energy imports from Russia // Conseil d’Analyse Economique Focus. – 84. – 2022.
11. Chyong C., Aggarwal D., Reiner D. Market Power and Long-term Gas Contracts: The Case of Gazprom in Central and Eastern European Gas Markets // The Energy Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 44. No. 1.
12. European Commission. EU trade relations with Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/russia_en (accessed: 18.06.2026).
13. European Commission. Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en (date accessed: 18.06.2026).
14. Krka, a Slovenian pharmaceutical company, opened a new solid dosage forms production facility in Istra, northwest Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/krka (date accessed: 18.06.2026).
15. Liadze I., Macchiarelli C., Mortimer-Lee P., Sanchez Juanino P. The economic costs of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. National Institute of Economic and Social Research. NIESR Policy Paper. – 2022. – No. 32. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.niesr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PP32Economic-Costs-Russia-Ukraine.pdf (accessed: 18.06.2026).
16. References
17. Russian “Neighborhood Belt” Under the Sanctions War: Scientific Report / Edited by LB Vardomsky (executive editor), IA Korgun, NV Kulikova, AG Pylin. //Moscow. Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. – 118 p. URL: https://inecon.org/docs/2022/Vardomsky_paper_2022.pdf.
18. Golubkin A.V., Knyazev Yu.K. Foreign trade relations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the context of geopolitical upheavals of 2022-2024 and their significance for Russia // Russia and the modern world. – 2025. No. 1 (126). P. 42-57.
19. Golubkin A.V., Knyazev Yu.K. Trade relations between the CEE countries and Russia at a crossroads // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2023;(2):149-166.
20. Golubkin A.V., Knyazev Yu.K. Acceleration of diversification of foreign trade relations of Central-Eastern European countries in crisis periods and the role of Russia in this process // Economics and Management. 2024;30(4):408-417.
21. Kulikova N.V., ed. The Asian vector in the economic strategy of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Moscow: Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2019. 316 p.
22. Kulikova N.V., ed. Central and Eastern Europe: Socioeconomic Implications of Deteriorating Relations with Russia: Monograph. – M.: Institute of Economics of the RAS, 2025. – 338 p.
23. Kulikova NV, Sinitsina IS CEE Countries: Is Energy Independence Feasible? // World Changes. 2023. No. 3. Pp. 94-111.
24. Kulikova NV, Sinitsina IS Economic relations between Russia and CEE countries under geopolitical crisis // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2023. No. 6. Pp. 134-156.
25. Astrov V., Ghodsi M., Grieveson R., et al. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine: Assessment of the humanitarian, economic and financial impact in the short and medium term // International Economics and Economic Policy. 2022. Vol. 19.No. 2.Pp. 331–381.
26. Baqaee D., Moll B., Landais C. The economic consequences of a stop of energy imports from Russia // Conseil d’Analyse Economique Focus, 84, 2022.
27. Chyong C., Aggarwal D., Reiner D. Market Power and Long-term Gas Contracts: The Case of Gazprom in Central and Eastern European Gas Markets // The Energy Journal, 2023. Vol. 44.No. 1.
28. European Commission. EU trade relations with Russia. URL: policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/russia_en.
29. European Commission. Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine. URL: finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en.
30. Krka, a Slovenian pharmaceutical company, opened a new solid dosage forms production facility in Istra, northwest Moscow. URL: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/projects/krka.
31. Liadze I., Macchiarelli C., Mortimer-Lee P., Sanchez Juanino P. The economic costs of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. National Institute of Economic and Social Research. NIESR Policy Paper. 2022. No. 32. URL: https://www.niesr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/PP32Economic-Costs-Russia-Ukraine.pdf

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GORDIENKO Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Deputy Head of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
GLADKOV Dmitry Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Physical and fire training sub-faculty, Volgodonsk Branch, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
MOGUTIN Roman Ivanovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of Criminal law, criminal process and criminology sub-faculty, Volgograd Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
RISKS AND THREATS POSED BY UNFAIR COMPETITION TO THE ECONOMY
The purpose of this article is to study the influence of the competitive environment on the economic security of business entities, as well as to analyze the risks associated with unfair competition. The fundamental question in this regard is which methods of doing business cross the boundaries of fair rivalry and how the state can counteract such violations. The paper attempts to answer the question of why the threats of industrial espionage and leakage of confidential information increase in the digital economy. Theoretical and practical developments of Russian researchers in the field of competition protection are analyzed. Various manifestations of unfair competition are considered using examples of industrial espionage, business intelligence and methods of countering them.
Keywords: unfair competition, economic security, industrial espionage, business intelligence, antitrust legislation, digital economy, trade secret, transaction costs.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Yusupova A. F. Unfair competition: forms and means of struggle // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 17. – P. 465-473.
2. Tarasyan S. A. On the relationship between the concepts of harm, losses, and damage in civil legal relations // Synthesis of science and society in solving global problems of our time: collection of articles. International scientific and practical conf. – Volgograd, 2018. – Pp. 202-205.
3. Kutlina O. A., Vishnevskaya N. G. Development of antimonopoly legislation in the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 18 (152). – P. 151-154.
4. Gordienko V. V. Features of the behavior of economic agents as a reason for the emergence of shadow economic relations // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 123-130.
5. Gazzaeva M. T. Problems of unfair competition in business activities // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 6 (210). – P. 55-58.
6. Galaktionova N.V., Golenkova M.A. Unfair competition as a method of economic threat // Innovative aspects of the development of science and technology. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 101-105.
7. Amirova E. F., Kuznetsov M. S., Kuznetsova S. B., Domnichev D. Yu., Mordanov M. A. Approaches to ensuring economic security, formed on the basis of digital technologies // Moscow Economic Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 587-593.
8. Konobeevskaya I. M., Tarasova N. A. On the concept of business reputation of business entities // Modern jurisprudence: current issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles. XIX International scientific and practical conf. – Penza, 2019. – Pp. 79-81.
9. Gordienko V. V., Zueva O. V. The role of the state in the creation of institutions regulating market relations // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 179-184.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MARCHENKOVA Liliya Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Kursk State University
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the phenomenon of corruption, providing a historical overview, revealing the content and essence of this phenomenon, and assessing its impact on the economic security of the state. Today, corruption has gone beyond individual illegal actions and has become a systemic challenge to national security, directly destabilizing the country’s financial and economic system. Its destructive influence permeates all sectors of the economy, indicating that corruption is a key factor contributing to the weakening of economic stability.
Keywords: corruption, shadow economy, economic security, criminal economy, assessment of corruption, indicators of corruption.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belovitsky K. B., Bulatenko M. A., Kuzovleva N. F., Mikaeva A. S. Economic Security: a textbook for universities. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: Dashkov i K, 2024. – 586 p. – ISBN 978-5-394-05561-4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ibooks.ru/bookshelf/393116/reading (accessed: 06/26/2026). – Text: electronic.
2. Kakutich E. Yu., Pobirchenko V. V., Shutaeva E. A. On assessing the impact of the level of corruption on socio-economic processes // Scientific Bulletin: Finance, banks, investments. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 144-160.
3. On the National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2021-2024: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 16, 2021 No. 478. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202108160035?index=0&rangeSize=1 (date accessed: 06/26/2026).
4. Budatarov S. M. The concept of corruption in Russian legislation and legal literature // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2012. – No. 359. – P. 106-110. – EDNOZORXL.
5. The state of corruption and anti-corruption activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the context of the SVO. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?tm=1782834238&tld=ru&lang=ru&name (date of access: 06/24/2026).
6. The level of corruption in the countries of the world in 2025-2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://visasam.ru/emigration/vybor/strany-po-urovniu-korrupcii.html
7. Shkiotov S. V., Markin M. I., Shcherbakova A. A. Assessing the Impact of the Level of Corruption on the Socio-Economic Development of the National Economy: The Case of Russia. – DOI 10.52957/22213260_2022_4_82 // Theoretical Economics. – 2022 – No. 4. – P. 82-89. [Electronic resource ]. – Access mode: www.theoreticaleconomy.ru (date accessed: 06/26/2026).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MUSINA Dilara Raisovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Ufa Higher School of Economics and Management, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
KNYAZEV Daniil Maximovich
scientific researcher, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
IMPROVING THE PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES OF AN OILFIELD SERVICES COMPANY
The article discusses theoretical methods for improving procurement activities in the oilfield services segment of the oil and gas business. The relevance of the study is justified by the need to increase the competitiveness of Russian oilfield service companies by searching for areas of cost optimization in the context of sanctions restrictions and economic instability. The purpose of the study is to improve the methodological approach to increase the efficiency of the procurement activities of an oilfield service company. A four-component model for optimizing the procurement processes of oilfield service enterprises with an expanded three-dimensional matrix of strategic positioning has been developed, taking into account the vulnerability to sanctions and the limited market of Russian suppliers through an integral index of strategic importance. A system of criteria for the effectiveness of procurement logistics has been formed with a comprehensive index integrating financial, operational, strategic and qualitative measurements for quantitative assessment.
Keywords: oilfield services company, procurement, analysis, model, algorithm, category management, strategic importance, procurement efficiency index.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alomskiy S. A., Dovgan A. R. Innovative approaches to optimizing procurement activities in modern economic conditions // Scientific journal. – 2025. – No. 2 (31). – P. 4-9.
2. Beketov S. M., Zubkova D. A., Gintsyak A. M., Burlutskaya Zh. V., Redko S. G. Modern optimization methods and features of their application // Russian Technological Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 13. No. 4. – P. 78-94.
3. Berezhnaya M. D. Modern approaches to improving the procurement activities of an enterprise // Theory and practice of modern science. – 2016. – No. 6-1 (12). – P. 57-61. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-podhody-k-sovershenstvovaniyu-zakupochnoy-deyatelnosti-predpriyatiya (date of access: 09.12.2025).
4. Lukin V. P. Analytical marketing of purchases as a tool for optimizing costs of electrical engineering production // Neftegaz.RU. – 2021. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://magazine.neftegaz.ru/articles/upravlenie/694399-analiticheskiy-marketing-zakupok-kak-instrument-optimizatsii-raskhodov-elektrotekhnicheskikh-proizvo/ (date of access: 12/10/2025).
5. Chishko P. V., Shur K. A., Lifanovskaya O. V. Risks of business processes of procurement and sales: classification and methods of minimization // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2025. – Vol. 17. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.today/PDF/90ECVN225.pdf (date of access : 12/10/2025).
6. Sheshukova T. G. Organizational and economic mechanism of procurement activities of enterprises in the oil industry: methodological aspect // Russian Center for Scientific Information. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 20-31.
7. Buzzetto RR, Bauli MR, de Carvalho MM The key aspects of procurement in project management: Investigating the effects of selection criteria, supplier integration and dynamics of acquisitions // ResearchGate. – 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339208127_The_key_aspects_of_procurement_in_project_management_investigating_the_effects_of_selection_criteria_supplier_integration_and_dynamics_of_acquisitions (accessed: 10.12.2025).
8. Cohen MA, Lee HL Designing the Right Global Supply Chain Network // Manufacturing & Service Operations Management. – 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0839 (accessed: 12/10/2025).
9. Wagner SM // Google Scholar. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mc2FtrsAAAAJ&hl=zh-CN (date of access: 12/10/2025).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
TRUSOVA Ekaterina Dmitrievna
Assistant of Management sub-faculty, NF Katanov Khakass State University, Abakan
OSHCHEPKOVA Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna
student of the 2nd course, NF Katanov Khakass State University, Abakan, independent researcher
STATE SUPPORT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KHAKASSIA
The article examines the features of legal regulation and practice of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation at the regional level. The main forms and tools of support for small and medium-sized businesses implemented in the Republic of Khakassia and municipal entities are analyzed. Special attention is paid to financial and non-financial support measures, including subsidies, grants, tax benefits, and consulting support for entrepreneurs. Based on the analysis of the existing mechanisms, the necessity of their further improvement is substantiated, aimed at reducing the administrative burden, expanding the access of novice entrepreneurs to support measures, and increasing the efficiency of budget funds.
Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, state support, subsidies, grants, regional economy, entrepreneurship.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Agafonova N. V. State support for small and medium-sized businesses: forms and mechanisms of implementation // Economy and entrepreneurship. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 45-49.
2. Baranova I. V. Regional aspects of small business development in the Russian Federation // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 78-84.
3. Kuznetsov V. P. Legal basis for state support of entrepreneurial activity in Russia // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 102-110.
4. Chistanov A. N., Akhmedova Sh. G. Acceleration of small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Khakassia // Creative Economy. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 102-110.
5. Khaltanova D. S., Badmaeva E. A. Features of financing small businesses at the regional level // Finance and Credit. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 34-42.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
CHERNYAEV Alexey Mikhailovich
senior lecturer of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE MECHANISM OF ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article is devoted to the problem of developing a mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the state in the context of the digital transformation of the economy. The relevance and necessity of solving this issue lies in the fact that in modern dynamically changing economic conditions, characterized by a high speed of information exchange, established approaches to ensuring the security of the economic system are losing their effectiveness. In his research, the author examines the specifics of the digital economy as an object of security strengthening activities, identifies key areas of this work, and based on the analysis of statistical data, determines the structure of threats to the economic well-being of the state and society in the context of digitalization. As a result of the work carried out, the author suggests the elements of the mechanism for ensuring economic security, characterizes them, describes aspects of interaction and synergy, and also gives a forecast of the practical implementation of the mechanism.
Keywords:economic security, state, digital economy, mechanism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arbuzov S. G. Harmonization of interests of government and business as a mechanism for increasing the economic security of the state // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 70-76.
2. Dmitriev A. V. Risks and threats of the digital economy // Scientific works of the North-West Institute of Management RANEPA. – 2025. – Vol. 16. No. 4 (71). – P. 192-195.
3. Saadulaeva T. A., Belanovsky M. M. Digital economy of the state: assessment of threats, risks and problems of regulation of financial and economic security // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2022. – No. 9-2 (72). – P. 231-234. – DOI 10.24412/2500-1000-2022-9-2-231-234.
4. Stepanova T. D. Economic security of Russia after 2022: technological sovereignty and human potential // Russian Economic Journal. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 107-119. – DOI 10.52210/0130-9757_2023_4_107.
5. Askerov P. F., Aleksandrovskaya I. L., Grachev D. A. [et al.]. Economic security in the context of the state demographic policy // Economy, labor, management in agriculture. – 2024. – No. 11 (117). – P. 91-101. – DOI 10.33938/2411-91.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Socio-cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
INDUSTRIAL TOURISM AS A DRIVER OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Industrial tourism in the Russian Federation is showing rapid growth and has significant development potential. Modern industrial enterprises offer not just excursions, but rich and diverse programs – from career guidance tours to full-fledged industrial routes, including acquaintance with production and visits to regional attractions. Today, industrial tourism is an additional source of income, allowing the commercialization of existing infrastructure. This type of travel stimulates the development of the region, increasing its attractiveness to residents, tourists and investors. Industrial tourism is a platform for promoting entrepreneurial initiatives, as it is happening now in the Orel region. Industrial excursions to local enterprises are carried out in this region. The existing routes include the largest machine-building, food enterprises and light industry plants. Industrial tourism in the Orel region has many prospects, but the industry still faces a number of structural and infrastructural barriers.
Keywords: domestic tourism, industrial tourism, industrial excursions, industrial development, museumification of industrial facilities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ (latest revision). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_12462/ (date of access: May 21, 2026).
2. Passport of the national project “Tourism and Hospitality Industry”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/a81991a24c1e7e7b4c1b0f (date of access: 05/23/2026).
3. Andrianova Yu. V., Filatov V. V. Priority areas for tourism development in Russia // Innovative economy: information, analytics, forecasts. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 20-24.
4. Bugorskiy V. P. Legal and regulatory framework in the hospitality industry: textbook and practical training for universities. 2nd ed. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2026. – 128 p.
5. Gomilevskaya G. A. Industrial tourism as a resource for the development of domestic tourism in the context of industry personnel shortages // Creative Economy. – 2025. – Vol. 19, No. 10. – P. 2623-2640.
6. Ilyukhina N. A., Kholodik V. Yu. Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the regions of Russia: Oryol Oblast // Innovative aspects of service and tourism development: materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference. – Stavropol: SSAU, 2024. – P. 137-140.
7. Kolesnikova Yu. S., Korostyshevskaya E. M., Yagudina E. V. The impact of inbound tourism on the economy of St. Petersburg // Creative Economy. – 2024. – Vol. 18. No. 6. – P. 1535-1548.
8. Konyushenko D. S. Congress and exhibition activities as a driver for the development of industrial tourism // Tourism and educational technologies in the digital economy (Industrial tourism). Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the IX International scientific and practical conference . – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2024. – P. 168-174.
9. Medyanik A. V., Tarabanovskaya S. V. On the importance of industrial tourism in the development of a region // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2016. – No. 18-3. – P. 30-33.
10. Industrial tourism in the Oryol region. Excursions in Oryol and the Oryol region. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tourism-orel.ru/turizm/promyshlennyj_turizm (date of access: 05/25/2026).
11. Solovieva I. A. Culture in the context of the concept of sustainable development // Education and cultural space. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 144-153.
12. Taratorin E. V., Kurapina E. V. Forms of preservation and popularization of the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia at the Oryol State Institute of Culture // Center and Periphery. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 11-16.
13. Khudina A. S., Rozhkov K. L. Co-branding as a factor in tourist flow to cities // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 6: Economics. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 212-231.
14. Yudina E. V., Breeva O. D. Industrial tourism as a driver of socio-economic development of regions // Modern problems of service and tourism. – 2025. – Vol. 19. No. 2. – P. 52-63.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VISHNYAKOV Anton Mikhailovich
postgraduate student, Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
A THREE-COMPONENT MODEL FOR EVALUATING INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFER EFFICIENCY UNDER FISCAL REFORMS
The article is devoted to the development and empirical testing of a comprehensive multi-criteria toolkit for evaluating the effectiveness of inter-budget transfers in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the need to eliminate imbalances in the modern architecture of subnational finance, which worsened during the regulatory changes of 2022-2025. The author proposed and tested an original three-component model combining leveling, stabilizing and stimulating assessment parameters based on the data of the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2025-2026. The calculation of the Gini and Thiel concentration indicators, fixed-effect panel regression analysis, and the quasi-experimental “difference of differences” method are used as mathematical tools. (Difference-in-Differences, DiD). It is proven that the implemented vector of reforms provided a large-scale horizontal leveling of imbalances (an increase in the leveling component from 0.412 to 0.485). A sustained fiscal shift (the confiscation effect) was formulated and mathematically confirmed: each additional million rubles of inadequate financial support reduces the regional elite’s own tax efforts by 215 thousand rubles, maximizing the risk of “soft budget constraints” and blocking incentives for long-term economic growth.
Keywords: intergovernmental transfers, fiscal capacity, soft budget constraints, fiscal response, difference-in-differences (DiD), panel regression, flypaper effect.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Oates WE Fiscal Federalism. — New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. — 256 p.
2. Timushev E. N. Distribution of federal equalization subsidies: assessment of the consequences of the main changes // Financial Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 16. No. 5. – P. 78–96.
3. Bashenkov A. P., Myasnikov A. A., Semerikova E. V., Seregina S. F. The impact of interbudget transfers on regional revenues // Spatial Economics. – 2022. – Vol. 18. No. 3. – P. 63-92.
4. Lykova L. N., Bukina I. S. Budget system of Russia: preliminary results and emerging trends // Federalism. – 2024. – Vol. 29. No. 4 (116). – P. 76-94.
5. Lavrovsky B. L., Goryushkina E. A. Equalization of budgetary provision of Russian regions: illusion or reality? // Questions of Economics. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 112-128.
6. Deryugin A. N. Problems and prospects of interbudgetary equalization in Russia. // Economic policy. – 2023. – Vol. 18. No. 2. – P. 34-57.
7. Kornai J. Systems paradigm. – Text: direct // Questions of Economics. – 2002. – No. 4. – P. 4-22.
8. Regional Economy: Comments from the Main Directorates / Central Bank of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2025. – No. 28 (January). – 54 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: cbr.ru (date accessed: 04/21/2026). – Text: electronic.
9. Unified portal of the budget system of the Russian Federation “Budget for citizens”: official website / Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. – Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://budget.gov.ru (date of access: 03/15/2026). – Text: electronic .
10. Statistics of tax revenues by constituent entities of the Russian Federation: open data sets / Federal Tax Service of Russia. – Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: nalog.gov.ru (date of access: 02.04.2026). – Text: electronic.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
FILIN Sergey Vladimirovich
individual entrepreneur
THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATION ON THE EDUCATIONAL EMERGENCE PROCESS: TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
This article examines the impact of automation on the emergence of the educational environment, ie, its ability to develop new properties and functions not inherent to individual system elements. Based on an analysis of the implementation of digital ecosystems (1C:University, 1C:College), multi-agent systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality technologies, and cloud platforms, the mechanisms for transforming pedagogical and management processes are identified. The economic efficiency of automation is substantiated: reductions in operating and IT costs, a decrease in training costs, and an increase in labor productivity are demonstrated. It is concluded that automation creates the preconditions for the transition to self-organizing educational models.
Keywords: emergence of education, automation of educational processes, artificial intelligence in education, immersive technologies, economic efficiency of education, digital educational environment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Automation from Pervy Bit increased the efficiency of educational process management at universities and colleges by 15%. – CNews, 2026. 2. Zbarsky A. M., Garanin M. A., Gorbatov S. V. Adaptive educational programs based on emergent technologies // Leadership and Management. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 771-786.
3. AI, VR, and Gamification: Why 2025 Will Break the Pattern of Education. – Sostav.ru, 2025.
4. How automation helped reduce the average cost of employee training by 29% at Velesstroy Group of Companies. – 1C:Consulting, 2024. 5. How global trends will change education in Russia. – RBC Trends, 2025. 6. Data-driven universities: how technology is changing education. – Rambler News, 2025. 7. Artificial intelligence in education: AI + HI = ROI. – UBS Asset Management, 2026.
8. Information about the author

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAYANOV Kvinray Raevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social Sciences, and Humanities, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
RYZHKOV Dmitry Gennadjevich
independent researcher
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL PHENOMENON OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
This article examines the conceptual foundations of the sociocultural phenomenon of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The sociocultural, metaphysical, linguistic, ontological, epistemological, ethical, technical, and predictive foundations of AI are identified. Factors related to the nature of reality, consciousness, causality, substances, and properties that directly influence the study of the nature of AI are identified. Key philosophical dilemmas of AI are explored: the possibility of a machine generating true consciousness, the nature of machine understanding and meaning, the ontological status of AI, and the ethical implications arising from our metaphysical assumptions. The need for a deep philosophical understanding of the conceptual foundations of the sociocultural phenomenon of AI is substantiated for the formation of a responsible and meaningful research paradigm. The focus is not on the ability of artificial intelligence to predict anything, but on how people understand, use, and limit these predictions. Issues of trust, responsibility, understanding the nature of knowledge generated by AI, and the impact of predictive technologies on human freedom and self-perception are addressed.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, consciousness, metaphysical foundations of AI, ontological foundations of AI, linguistic foundations of AI, cognitive potential of AI, predictive potential of AI, ethical potential of AI, and technical potential of AI.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bostrom N. Artificial Intelligence. Stages. Threats. Strategies. – M.: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2016.
2. Dreyfus H. What computers can’t do. – M.: Progress, 1978.
3. Bayanov K. R. Metaphysics of social forecasting. Social Sciences. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 116-123.
4. Floridi L. The Logic of Information. – Oxford University Press, 20219.
5. Searle JR Minds, brains, and programs. – Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1980. – No. 3 (3). – R. 417-457.
6. Dennett DC Consciousness Explained. – Little, Brown and Company, 1991.
7. Taleb N. N. The Black Swan. Under the Sign of Unpredictability. – M.: KoLibri, 2009.
8. Bayanov K. R. Philosophical and methodological foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy / Moscow State Academy of Business Administration. – M., 2011.
9. Clark A. Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and the Extended Mind. – Oxford University Press, 2008.
10. Chalmers DJ The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. – Oxford University Press, 1996.
11. Bayanov K. R. Review of the book: Philosophy of Science: A Collection of Articles (editor-in-chief Prof. S. A. Lebedev). – M.: Prospect, 2024. – 258 p. // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Philosophy. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 236-250.
12. Bayanov K. R. Semantic reconstruction of the ontological foundations of law: methodology issues // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2026. – No. 2 (213). – P. 560-563.
13. Bostrom N. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. – Oxford University Press, 2014.
14. Bayanov K. R. Target bases for forecasting socio-cultural constellations // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 39-42.
15. Bayanov K. R. Philosophical and methodological foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics // Philosophy and Culture. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 38-49.
16. Hofstadter D. Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. – Basic Books, 1979.
17. Russell S., & Norvig P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall (Sections on the Philosophy of AI and Limitations), 2010. 18. Metzinger T. (2009). The Ego Tunnel: The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self. – Basic Books (A Neurophilosophical View of Consciousness), 2009.
19. Bringsjord S., & Zenzen M. What is Artificial Intelligence? // Artificial Intelligence. – 2003. – No. 1-25.
20. Floridi L. The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere is Changing Human Reality. – M.: AST, 2020.
21. Bayanov K. R. History and philosophy of science (study guide). – Glazov: Print Torg LLC. 2018 – 120 p.
22. Vashkevich N. N. Universal Periodic Law. Introduction to Semantic Logic. – M.: Publisher S. Landyshev – 7518 (2010). – 704 p.
23. Bayanov K. R. History and philosophy of language: a course of lectures. Scientific and educational manual. – Glazov: Glazov: Print Torg LLC, 2021. – 93 p.
24. Bayanov K. R. Conceptual framework of scientific principles for solving forecasting problems // Law and Practice. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 110-115.
25. Bayanov K. R. Virtualization of socio-cultural space // Philosophy and Culture. – 2010. – No. 6. – P. 46-51.
26. Bayanov K. R. Conceptual foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics // Philosophy of Economy. – 2010. – No. 4 (70). – P. 142-147.
27. Bayanov K. R. Modern predictive models of the future society (natural scientific view) // Bulletin of the Moscow City Pedagogical University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2018. – No. 2 (26). – P. 10-18.
28. Bayanov K. R. Prospects for the socio-technical development of Russia: problems of methodology // Philosophy of Economy. – 2010. – No. 3 (69). – P. 160-166.
29. Popper K. The poverty of historicism. – M.: Progress, 1993.
30. Ismailov N. O. Globalization in light of the concept of justice // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 16-20.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VILDANOV Khanif Salimovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, chief researcher at the Department of Scientific Research, M. Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Ufa; senior researcher, RG Kuseyev Institute of Ethnological Research, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
KHABIBULLIN Ilgam Galievich
director of the Coordination Center for Countering the Ideology of Terrorism and Extremism, M. Akmulla Bashkir State Pedagogical University
SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: AN AXIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The article substantiates the thesis that in the current conditions of unprecedented external influence aimed at the destruction of spiritual identification markers, the formation of negative social well-being, ethnic, stratification, generational and value fragmentation of the Russian population, the only way to counter such destructive phenomena is a stable system of social values. To support this thesis, a socio-philosophical and axiological analysis of the value factors and phenomena shaping Russians’ social well-being and social security is conducted using empirical data. This axiological analysis allows us to assert that social security and social well-being, as phenomena of social reality, are closely interrelated and form the basis for the stability of the social system. Social security, conditioned by the value system and value orientations of society, forms the core meaning of a social subject’s social well-being. Social well-being, as a reflexive response based on the social subject’s awareness, analysis, and interpretation of their own cognitive-motivational reality and practical activities, is evaluative in nature and has an axiological basis. Therefore, an axiological approach to analyzing social security and social well-being is more effective than other approaches in predicting the population’s behavioral strategies and identifying expected and priority vectors for the development of social relations.
Keywords: social security, social well-being, axiology, value system, Russian society.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vildanov H. S. On the problem of substantiation of axiological security // In the collection: Science today: theory and practice. Collection of scientific papers of the international correspondence scientific and practical conference. – Ufa State University of Economics and Service. – 2015. – P. 154-157.
2. Vildanov H. S., Sharipov A. A. The role of axiology in the objectification of the results of social forecasting and design // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 4 (179). – P. 491-493.
3. Pozdnyakov A. I. The system of basic concepts of the theory of national security from the standpoint of the value (axiological) approach // Security of Russia in the 21st century. – M.: RIC ISPI RAS, 2006.
4. Krasnyanskaya T. M., Tylets V. G. Classification of threats to information and psychological security of an individual and the main approaches to overcoming them // Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 210-216.
5. Vildanov H. S., Khabibullin I. G. The problem of social security in the context of transformation of the risky environment // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 579-581.
6. Zdravomyslov A. G. Needs. Interests. Values. – M.: Politizdat, 1986. – 221 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
GURYEV Alexander Stanislavovich
postgraduate student of the 1st Department of Aviation Technology, scientific specialty 2.9.6. Air navigation and operation of aircraft equipment, Chief Marshal of Aviation BP Bugaev Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation
SHERGENG Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Chief Marshal of Aviation BP Bugaev, Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation
NAFIKOVA Alisa Ildarovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Sterlitamak Branch, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE SUBJECT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF AVIATION AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SPHERE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN MODERN SOCIETY
The purpose of the research is to systematize and in-depth study of the subject of philosophy of technology, to identify its key areas and issues relevant to modern social development, with a special focus on the aviation sector. This article examines the ontological status of aviation technology and analyzes the need for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the subject of the philosophy of technology, including its philosophical, technical, and socio-humanitarian analysis. The research’s scientific novelty lies in its substantiation of the need for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding technology, analyzing the socio-philosophical, ontological, epistemological, ethical, and social aspects of technology research in the context of aviation. The study establishes that, in the context of accelerated technological development in modern society, technology is becoming not just a tool but an active factor shaping human existence and social reality.
Keywords: modern society, social development, philosophy of technology, ontology of aviation, epistemology of aviation sciences, aviation activities, ethics in aviation, man and aviation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belov D. P. The Importance of Aviation in a Globalizing Society: Abstract of a Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Dissertation: 09.00.11 / [Place of Defense: Southern Federal University]. – Rostov-on-Don, 2008. – 23 p.
2. Berdyaev N. Man and Machine (The Problem of Sociology and Metaphysics of Technology) // “The Path”. – May 1933. – No. 38. – P. 3-38.
3. Global Air Navigation Plan 2016–2030 / approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority: Doc. 9750 AN/963. – Montreal: ICAO, 2016.
4. Kasyanov V. V. Society and man in the context of scientific and technological progress // Society: sociology, psychology, pedagogy. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 11-15.
5. Kuvshinov S. V. History and theory of the patterns of development of complex technical objects. – 2013. – P. 78-81.
6. Lenk H. Reflections on modern technology // Aspect Press. – 1996. – P. 187.
7. Mumford L. The Myth of the Machine. Technology and the Development of Humanity. – Logos, 2001. – P. 405.
8. Marcuse G. Eros and civilization: a philosophical study of Freud’s teachings: Trans. from English / G. Marcuse. – Kyiv: “Port-royal”, 1995. – 314 p.
9. Stepin VS, Kuznetsova L. F. Scientific picture of the world in the culture of technogenic civilization. – M., 1994 // Electronic publication: Center for Humanitarian Technologies. 12/16/2010. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gtmarket.ru/library/basis/5362.
10. Heidegger M. The Question of Technology. Time and Being: Articles and Speeches. – Moscow, 1993. – P. 221-234.
11. Ihde D. Technology and the Lifeworld. From Garden to Earth. – Indiana University Press, 1990. – 226 p.
12. Feenberg A. Questioning Technology. – New York: Routledge, 1999. – 268 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZOLOTUKHIN Alexander Andreevich
lecturer of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
ZHUK Viktoriya Vyacheslavovna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
THE DIALECTIC OF LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS OF A POLICE OFFICER
This article explores the dialectic of legitimate violence and social responsibility within the anthropological status of police officers through a cultural-philosophical analysis. It demonstrates that the anthropological status of police officers is constituted through a fundamental contradiction between the state’s monopoly on legitimate violence (tracing back to the Weberian tradition) and the growing demands of social responsibility in the context of digitalization and public oversight. Through an analysis of the transformation of bodily practices, corporate solidarity, and professional honor, the mechanisms by which the police community adapts to contemporary challenges are revealed. Particular attention is paid to rethinking the concept of professional authority. It concludes that a new anthropological model of professional identity is needed, integrating the traditional values of law enforcement with the demands of openness and technological competence.
Keywords: legitimate violence, social responsibility, anthropological status, police officer, professional identity, digitalization, corporeality, corporate solidarity, philosophical anthropology.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOLYSHKIN Vitaliy Gennadjevich
Head of the Military Training Center, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE STUDY OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY
This article examines modern problems and prospects for further development of the methodology for studying the social and socio-philosophical consequences of the digital transformation of human life at the present stage. It has been shown that in order to improve and modernize the system of means and methods of cognition of digital reality, it is necessary to deeply modernize, first of all, its socio-philosophical level, adding to a number of traditional dialectical-materialistic methods also the methodology of analytical philosophy, existentialism and phenomenology. The peculiarities of the general scientific and private scientific levels are revealed, the need to allocate an interdisciplinary sublevel to a leading position is justified.
Keywords: philosophical methodology, general scientific methodology, private scientific methodology, interdisciplinary methodology, digital transformation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gasanova Z. B., Gasanov M. I. The influence of the digital environment, Internet addiction and digital anxiety on the culture of information security among Generation Z managers. Digital Sociology // Digital Sociology. 2025. No. 8 (3). P. 34-43. 2. Carnap R. Overcoming metaphysics by logical analysis of language // Analytical philosophy: formation and development. Anthology / general. ed. and compiled by A. F. Gryaznov. Moscow: House of intellectual books, Progress-Tradition, 1998. Pp. 69-90. 3. Makhamatov T. M., Pulatova D. A. Foundations of the formation of existence and ways to overcome it // Humanities. Bulletin of the Financial University. 2022. No. 6 (12). P. 46-52. 4. Mirolyubova T. V. Digital economy and digital transformation of the regional economy: measurement and features // Bulletin of Perm University. Series: Economics. 2024. Vol. 19. No. 3. P. 340-354.
5. Pavlovskaya N.V. Monitoring the state of counteracting the use of information technology for criminal purposes // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. 2025. No. 2 (48). P. 49-58. – DOI 10.54217/2411-1627.2025.48.2.006.
6. Savushkina M. A. Human existence in the era of digital being // Abyss (Questions of philosophy, political science and social anthropology). 2023. No. 4 (26). P. 122-127.
7. Salikov R. R. Technologies and care: new opportunities and challenges // Sociology. 2025. No. 2. P. 192-195.
8. Fatenkov A. N. Interdisciplinarity and gaps in the modern intellectual paradigm (polemical theses) // Third Stepin Readings. Prospects for the Philosophy of Science in the Modern Era: Proceedings of the International Conference, Moscow, June 20-21, 2023. Kursk : ZAO “University Book”, 2023. Pp. 551-555.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KULIKOVA Irina Yurjevna
Vice-Rector, State Autonomous Institution of Additional Professional Education of the Lipetsk Region “Institute of Educational Development”, independent researcher
THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CULTURAL TYPE OF SCHOOL LEADER AND THE IDENTITY CRISIS IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA
This article explores the historical evolution of the cultural type of school leader in Russia and analyzes the current crisis of their identity. Using the concepts of habitus (P. Bourdieu), discourse (M. Foucault), and cultural capital, three historical stages are distinguished: pre-revolutionary (principal-bureaucrat), Soviet (head teacher-ideologist/manager/educator), and post-Soviet-modern (principal between uncertainty and the managerial model). Each stage was characterized by a break with the previous tradition, which creates the vulnerability of the modern leader: they inherit several broken cultural traditions, none of which can serve as a stable basis for identity. Managerial discourse conflicts with the expectation of a “principal-mentor”, generating an identity crisis at the personal, institutional, and systemic levels. As an alternative, the concept of a “leader-mediator” is proposed. Statistical data from a survey of school principals in the Lipetsk Region are presented.
Keywords: cultural type, school leader, historical evolution, habitus, managerialism, identity crisis, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bakhtin M. M. Towards the philosophy of action / Philosophy and sociology of science and technology: Yearbook. – M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1986. – P. 82-157.
2. Bourdieu P. Practical meaning / translated from French. – St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2001. – 562 p.
3. Astafieva E. N., Barannikova N. B., Kornetov G. B., Lubsky A. A. Understanding the Pedagogical Reality of the Past and Present in the First Quarter of the 21st Century: monograph / edited by G. B. Kornetov; Ministry of Education of the Moscow Region, Academy of Social Management 2023. – 190, [2] p. – Historical and pedagogical knowledge; issue 154.
4. Kuzibetsky A. N. Cultural and competence training of school leaders in institutions of additional professional education // Pedagogical education and science. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 21-26.
5. Konstantinov N. A., Medynsky E. N., Shabaeva M. F. History of pedagogy: [textbook for students of pedagogical institutes] / 5th ed., additional. and processed – M.: Education, 1982.
6. Lapitsky O. I. Humanitarian culture of the leader as a condition for the formation of the spiritual space of the school // Bulletin of TSPU. – 2017. – No. 4 (181). – P. 13-19.
7. Lotman Yu. M. Conversations about Russian culture. – St. Petersburg: Art-SPB, 1994. – 399 p.
8. Levinas E. Time and the Other. Le temps et l’autre; Humanism of the Other Man / Humanisme de l’autre homme / trans. from French by A. V. Paribka. – St. Petersburg: Higher Religious-Philosophical School, 1998. – 264 p. 9. Rozanov V. V. Twilight of Enlightenment: a collection of articles on educational issues. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of P. Pertsov, 1899. – II, 240 p.
10. Chekhov N.V. Types of Russian school in their historical development // Pedagogical studio. – M.: TV “Mir”, 1923. – 149 p.
11. Foucault M. Archaeology of knowledge / translated from French. – St. Petersburg: IC “Humanitarian Academy”, 2004. – 416 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
LUKYANOVA Rushania Abdurakhmanovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (Branch), Ural State University of Physical Education, Ufa
TITOVA Rida Damirovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Deputy Director for Educational and Upbringing Work MBOU “Secondary School No. 13” of the urban district city of Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan
THE IMAGE OF THE TRUE SPORTS HERO IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE
The authors turn to a systematic approach as a theoretical basis for identifying the relationship between the image of a true hero athlete and those cultural values that are recognized as basic in society. This is not about the abstract declaration of these values, but about their real embodiment in the structure of the athlete’s personality – they become the inner core that determines the behavior, motivation and life strategy of the athlete. The focus is on the questions of moral choice that each outstanding athlete inevitably faces, his measure of responsibility to society and the social mission that he fulfills as a public figure and as a possible role model. In modern culture, an athlete occupies a special place: his public image broadcasts certain standards of behavior, and the nature of the influence of sports on younger generations depends on how these standards correspond to the moral expectations of society. Lukyanova RA and Titova RD show that the figure of a hero athlete is not one-dimensional. It whimsically combines archetypal features rooted in ancient ideas of heroism and values relevant to today. We are talking about such qualities as determination, the ability to sacrifice personal for the sake of the common, psychological stability and the ability to lead. It is these properties that make sports heroism a phenomenon not only physical, but also spiritual. The authors propose to consider the heroic image in sports as a multidimensional phenomenon, which requires going beyond purely sports achievements. The article asks questions to be answered: what is the nature of sports heroism, what is the ratio of bodily and spiritual principles in the activities of an outstanding athlete, what are the psychological and pedagogical mechanisms that turn a talented athlete into a heroic personality. Thus, the study is aimed at philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of a hero in sports. The authors seek not only to describe the existing images, but to identify those deep foundations that allow us to talk about sports heroism as a full-fledged cultural phenomenon that has serious educational and cultural significance.
Keywords: philosophy of sport, sports hero, Olympism, sports ethics, axiology of sport, philosophical anthropology, historical memory, humanism, sports heroism, values of sport, ideal, kalokagathia, and musical education.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. – M.: AST, 2022. – 320 p.
2. Augustine Aurelius. The City of God. – M.: AST, 2021. – 1344 p.
3. Berdyaev N. A. On the purpose of man. – M.: Republic, 1993. – 383 p.
4. Vizitey N. N. Sociocultural problems of sports. – M.: Sovetsky Sport, 2006. – 256 p.
5. Vizitey N. N. Sport and personality: philosophical and anthropological analysis. – M.: Sovetsky Sport, 2010. – 192 p.
6. Vizitey N. N. Philosophical problems of sports and physical education // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2008. – No. 3. – P. 18-24.
7. Domostroy / edition prepared by: V. V. Kolesov, V. V. Rozhdestvenskaya. – 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2007. – 399 p.
8. Coubertin P. de. Olympic memoirs. – M.: Sovetsky Sport, 2011. – 157 p.
9. Losev A. F. History of ancient aesthetics. Early classics. – M.: AST, 2000. – 624 p.
10. Lubysheva L. I. Sports culture in the context of socio-cultural development of society // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 12-16.
11. Lubysheva L. I. Philosophy and sociology of sports in the 21st century // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 3-8.
12. Lukyanova R. A., Titov O. V. Siege pages of the life of Olympic champion Yuri Sergeevich Tyukalov // “The feat of the people during the Great Patriotic War: on the 80th anniversary of the Great Victory. Heroes of sports – heroes of Victory”: a collection of articles from the All-Russian student scientific and practical conference – Ufa: BashIFK, 2025. – 125 p. 13. Lukyanova R. A. Philosophy of the truth of heroism: abstract of dis. … candidate of philosophical sciences. – Ufa, 2012. – 22 p.
14. Olympic Charter / Russian Olympic Committee. – M .: Sovetsky Sport, 2021. – 112 p.
15. Report of the USSR Olympic Committee on the XV Olympic Games in Helsinki. – Moscow: Physical Education and Sport, 1953. – 286 p.
16. Nietzsche F. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. – M .: Eksmo, 2022. – 416 p.
17. Plato. The State. – M.: Academic Project, 2019. – 592 p.
18. Stoglav: text, index / Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National Research Council of Italy; [prepared by E. B. Emchenko]. – M., St. Petersburg: Publishing Center of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for Humanitarian Initiatives, 2015. – 318 p. 19. Stolyarov V.I. Humanistic theory of sport and ways of its implementation in modern conditions // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 10-18.
20. Stolyarov V. I. Theory and Methodology of Modern Physical Education (State of Development and Author’s Concept). – Kyiv: “Author”, 2015. – 143 p.
21. Sunik A. B. Russian sport and the Olympic movement at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. – M.: Sovetsky Sport, 2004. – 764 p.
22. Titova R.D. Features of the social ideal in Western European philosophy (liberal-humanistic, communitarian, technocratic approaches) // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2010. – No. 10. – P. 137-144
23. Thomas Aquinas. Sum of Theology. – M.: Savin S.A., 2018. – 816 p.
24. Huizinga J. Homo Ludens. Articles on the history of culture. – M .: Iris-Press, 2019 .– 544 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PRZHILENSKIY Igor Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Sociological Sciences, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Faculty of Social Sciences and Mass Communications, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
BYZANTINE CULTURE AS A FACTOR OF SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX CIVILIZATIONAL IDENTITY OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY
In the article, the author considers the Byzantine identity as an established civilizational and cultural phenomenon that influenced the formation of a complex Russian civilizational identity. Associated with the adoption of the Orthodox faith, as well as many traditions of public administration, the reception of Byzantine culture has shaped, among other things, the attitude of Russians to their own identity as a complex system of historical continuity of ideas, traditions, and religion. The issue of Byzantine civilizational identity, as well as the issue of Byzantine historical and civilizational inheritance, is important both from an academic and managerial civilizational point of view. Despite the widespread historical research and interest in Byzantium, it is precisely the aspect of managing a complex social system through identification patterns that remains little revealed in modern socio-philosophical thought.
Keywords: Byzantine identity, complex civilizational identity, civilizational challenge, Hellenism, cultural management.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Archdeacon Paul of Aleppo. The Journey of the Antiochian Patriarch Macarius to Russia in the Mid-17th Century, Described by His Son: Paul the Archdeacon. – Moscow: Society for the Preservation of Literary Heritage, 2019. – 728 p. 2. Vashcheva I. Yu. Hellenism in the system of Byzantine identity // Tractus Aevorum: evolution of socio-cultural and political spaces. – 2016. – Vol. 3. No. 1. – P. 23-50.
3. Kirillin V. M. Holy Land – Roman Empire – Byzantium – Rus’: the idea of heritance according to the monuments of Old Russian literature // StudiaLitterarum. – 2018. – V. 3. No. 1. – P. 118-139.
4. Litavrin G. G. Some features of ethnonyms in Byzantine sources. In the book. Questions of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Slavs and Eastern Romans. – M: Nauka, 1976. – P. 198-217.
5. Luttwak E. N. Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. – M.: Russian Foundation for Assistance to Education and Science, 2010. – 664 p.
6. Sinitsyna N. V. Third Rome: Origins and evolution of the Russian medieval concept (15th-16th centuries). – M.: Indrik, 1998. – 416 p.
7. Soloviev S. M. History of Russia from Ancient Times. Chapter Six. Events during the reign of the sons of Ivan Kalita (1341-1362). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.spsl.nsc.ru/history/solov/main/solv03p6.htm.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
KUZMINA Yuliya Alexeevna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
SOCIOCULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIOCULTURAL TRANSITION AS PHENOMENA OF SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS
This article analyzes large-scale changes in contemporary sociocultural dynamics. The authors distinguish two key concepts: “sociocultural transformation”, characteristic of countries of the Euro-Atlantic civilization, and “sociocultural transition”, understood as a specifically Russian phenomenon of the 1990s-2020s. Common attributive features of systemic changes are revealed: relativism, pluralism, eclecticism, and ambivalence. Particular attention is paid to rethinking deterministic relationships, where in periods of transformation, it is culture that gains ontological primacy. Sociocultural transition is presented as a prolonged, contradictory, and unfinished state of Russian reality, conditioned by the collapse of the USSR and shifting value orientations.
Keywords: socio-cultural transformation, socio-cultural transition, dynamics of culture, culture system, philosophy of culture, Euro-Atlantic culture, Russian culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
2. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
3. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
4. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
5. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
6. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.
7. Prutskov A. V. Teaching Java programming at a university: pedagogical aspects // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 62-68.
8. Pushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: “digital literacy” and “computer literacy” as system-forming components of the subject “Computer Science” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 49-57.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining the options for choosing future professional training for university applicants by means of organizing online testing // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 48-57.
10. Stoyanov A. S. Abolition of gender differentiation in technology lessons: students’ expectations // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 86-100.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FROLOVA Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
KUDAEVA Mariya Romanovna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
THE PHENOMENON OF DUAL FAITH AS A CONSTITUTIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF RUSSIAN CULTURAL IDENTITY
The article is devoted to a cultural-philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of dual faith in Russian culture. It is shown that dual faith, understood as the syncretic coexistence of pagan and Orthodox elements in popular consciousness and everyday practices is a constitutive characteristic of Russian cultural identity that has determined its uniqueness for centuries. Based on historical, ethnographic and philosophical-anthropological sources, the mechanisms of formation of dual faith, its manifestations in calendar rituals, folk demonology, attitudes towards nature and everyday practices are revealed. The thesis is substantiated that it was dual faith that ensured the ability of Russian culture to acculturate without losing its identity, allowing Christian meanings to be organically integrated into archaicological structures. The conclusion is made that ignoring the dual-faith nature of Russian culture leads to an inadequate reconstruction of both its historical past and its current state
Keywords: dual faith, Russian culture, cultural identity, Orthodoxy, paganism, syncretism, folk religiosity, Russian character.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Avdeev A. G. Footprint stones in Ancient Rus’ // Traditional Culture. – 2017. – No. 1 (65). – P. 7-22.
2. Kaminskaya E. A. Folk Orthodoxy as one of the mechanisms for preserving traditional folklore // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History. – 2025. – No. 93. – P. 185-192.
3. Kolycheva E. M. From “dual faith” to “religious syncretism”: research by N. M. Matorin and his colleagues in the context of Soviet science on religion in the 1920s-1930s // State, religion, Church in Russia and abroad. – 2026. – V. 44. No. 1. – P. 153-189.
4. Konovalov A. A., Zhurtova A. A., Tekueva M. A., Kochesokova K. M. Old Russian dual faith as a cultural dialogue: an experience of semiotic analysis // Questions of History. – 2022. – No. 3-1. – P. 129-137.
5. Sidakova M. O. Problematization of the meaning of the concept “syncretism” and its synonyms // Religious studies. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 42-52.
6. Simonov A. I. The main aspects of the event of Christianity and paganism in the context of ancient Russian spiritual culture and cult practice // Concept: philosophy, religion, culture. – 2019. – No. 4 (12). – P. 86-102.
7. Tsekhanskaya K. V. “Folk Orthodoxy”: a new look at an old problem // Traditional Culture. – 2023. – Vol. 24. No. 2. – P. 153-163.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHUDINA-SHMIDT Natalya Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanitarian and social-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
EXTREME BEHAVIOR OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS AS A RESPONSE TO THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF AN EXTREME SOCIETY
This article examines the state of modern society from the perspective of its extreme manifestations. As an analysis of the contemporary sociocultural landscape shows, modern society is undergoing a phase of transformation, which, naturally, is leading to an increase in extreme indicators. Due to this development, modern humans are becoming extreme humans. In this context, research into the behavior of extreme humans becomes important and relevant. Particular attention should be paid to external extreme factors that influence human behavior and the forms in which they express their own social activity. In this case, the most important research concerns the extreme behavioral patterns of law enforcement officers, as they, as individuals in a transforming, extreme society, are already in an extreme state throughout the day, and by virtue of performing their official duties, are also in an additional state of extremeness, which can ultimately lead to a resonant outburst of extremes and the law enforcement officer reaching higher levels of extreme behavior, including its destructive forms.
Keywords: extreme, extremality, extreme situation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Skvortsov D. E. Formation of shooting skills from service weapons during the detention of armed criminals among cadets of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: diss. … candidate of pedagogical sciences: 13.00.01. – St. Petersburg, 2006.
2. Stolyarenko A. M., Karpov V. S. Moral and psychological support for the activities of personnel of internal affairs bodies and internal troops in emergency situations. – M., 1997.
3. Chudina-Schmidt N.V., Ponomarev S.A. Legal culture as a regulator of extreme behavior. In the collection: Development of statehood and law in the Republic of Crimea. Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference / edited by S.A. Butkevich, 2016. – P. 147-149.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHALASHNIKOV Gennady Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanities and special disciplines sub-faculty, Tula Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation)
ETHICAL, PROFESSIONAL, AND DISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS OF THE SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL SYSTEM
This article examines the ethical and professional conduct of the penal system employees in the context of maintaining discipline and the law. Today, professional, ethical, and disciplinary aspects of official activities are crucial for improving the performance of the Federal Penitentiary Service. Furthermore, enhancing the prestige of service in the penitentiary system is crucial, and without a professional and ethical component, achieving positive results in this area is highly problematic. The article defines terminology and examines the determinants of disciplinary offenses and crimes. Departmental statistics are presented, reflecting the actual state of affairs regarding compliance with established disciplinary requirements.
Keywords: ethics, professionalism, discipline, legality, responsibility, violation, employee, penal system.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10.12.1948) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Labor Code of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2001 No. 197-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2025, as amended on 06.02.2026) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 07.01.2002. – No. 1 (Part 1). – Art. 3.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 09.04.2026) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 17.06.1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
4. Federal Law of 27.05.2003 No. 58-FZ (as amended on 29.09.2025) “On the Civil Service System of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 02.06.2003. – No. 22. – Art. 2063.
5. Federal Law of July 19, 2018 No. 197-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2025) “On Service in the Criminal-Executive System of the Russian Federation and on Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Institutions and Bodies Executing Criminal Punishments in the Form of Imprisonment ” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – July 23, 2018. – No. 30. – Art. 4532.
6. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2021 No. 1138-r (as amended on May 27, 2023) “On the Concept for the Development of the Penal System of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – May 17, 2021. – No. 20. – Art. 3397.
7. Order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated July 4, 2022 No. 110 (as amended on September 30, 2025) “On approval of the Internal Regulations of pre-trial detention facilities of the penal system, the Internal Regulations of correctional institutions and the Internal Regulations of correctional centers of the penal system” // Official Internet portal of legal information: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru, July 6, 2022.
8. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated October 24, 2025 No. 874 “On approval of the code of ethics and official conduct of employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation” // Vedomosti of the penal system. – 2026. – No. 1.
9. Alekseev A. I., Gerasimov S. I., Sukharev A. Ya. Criminological prevention: theory, experience, problems. – M., 2001. – 188 p.
10. Grigorieva O. O. Administrative and legal guarantees of employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation as a personnel management tool // Administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 56-61.
11. Osipov G. V. Russia: national idea. Social interests and priorities. – M., 1997. – 165 p.
12. Osipov G. V., Levashov V. K., Lokosov N. V. Social and socio-political situation in Russia: analysis and forecast. – M., 1994. – 205 p.
13. Senatova E. V. Disciplinary responsibility of employees of the penal system as subjects of penal relations // Administrative law and process. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 60-63.
14. Solomatov A. V. Evolutionary formation and development of administrative-legal forms and methods of combating corruption in institutions and bodies of the Penal System of Russia in the XX-XXI centuries // Administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 74-78.
15. Suslov Yu. E., Zautorova E. V., Sergeeva M. G., Lebedev M. V., Shirokova A. A., Moskvitina M. M., Dobnich V. V. Reducing conflicts among convicts, suspects, accused, preventive work with the above category of persons: practical recommendations . – M .: FKU Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – 40 p.
16. Shupeiko I. G., Borbot A. Yu., Domoratskaya E. M., Parkhomenko D. A. Fundamentals of Psychology and Pedagogy: A Workshop for Students of All Specialties and All Forms of Education. – Minsk: BSUIR, 2008. – 399 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MARKOV Vladimir Ivanovich
master’s student, Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”, software engineer at System Automation LLC
DYNAMICS OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL DIMENSION: ISSUES OF METHODOLOGY
The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the development of computing systems in the anthropological dimension. It is revealed that the basic ideas of computing systems (formalization, mechanization, automation) have an ancient history. The possibilities and limits of computing systems that cannot be eliminated with an increase in computing power, speed, or memory are defined. Based on the understanding of two directions (the change of the technical system and the growth of real public utility), it has been established that the development of computing systems in many areas acquires the character of expensive improvement rather than qualitative progress, and therefore does not provide the same intensity of increase in public utility. In this regard, it is recommended for researchers, developers, and government regulators to evaluate computing systems not by technical complexity or computing power, but by their contribution to human potential.
Keywords: computing systems, human potential, technical systems, technical innovations, usefulness of computing systems, limits of computing systems, decreasing usefulness, quantum computers and Shor’s algorithm.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bayanov K. R. History and Philosophy of Science (study guide). – Glazov: Print Torg LLC. 2018 – 120 p. 2. Bayanov K. R. Target bases for forecasting socio-cultural constellations // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 39-42.
3. Turing AM On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem // Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Series 2. – 1936-1937. – Vol. 42. No. 1. – P. 230-265.
4. Jhanjhi N.U., Mogahed R., Aldayan R., Devi T., Shah S., Faisal A. Analyzing the Halting Problem: Limits of Computation and Decidability in Turing Machines, 2025. 10.20944/preprints202512.0580.v1.
5. Bayanov K. R. Postmodernism of social forecasting // Philosophy of Economy. – 2010. – No. 5 (71). – P. 119-129.
6. Moore GE Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits // Electronics, 1965.
7. Kumar S. Fundamental Limits to Moore’s Law. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.05956, 2015.
8. Shor PW Algorithms for Quantum Computation: Discrete Logarithms and Factoring // Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 20-22, 1994. – Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994. – P. 124-134.
9. Bayanov K.R. Philosophical and methodological foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy / Moscow State Academy of Business Administration. – Moscow, 2011.
10. Piastou M. Investigating the Impact of Quantum Computing on Algorithmic Complexity // International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. – 2024. – Vol. 12. – P. 1467-1476.
11. Bayanov K. R. Virtualization of socio-cultural space // Philosophy and Culture. – 2010. – No. 6. – P. 46-51.
12. Kuhn TS The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
13. Bayanov K. R. Conceptual framework of scientific principles for solving forecasting problems // Law and Practice. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 110-115.
14. Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions / translated from English; compiled by V. Yu. Kuznetsov. – Moscow: OOO Izdatelstvo AST, 2003. – 605 p.
15. Vladimir Ivanovich Markov – Master’s student at the Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”, Moscow, Russia. Software engineer at Sistemnaya Avtomatika LLC, 152919, Yaroslavl region , Rybinsk, Botkina street, house 23, apt. 74. 16. Vladimir Ivanovich Markov – Master’s student at the Institute of Informatics and Computer Engineering, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”, Moscow, Russia. Software engineer at System Automation LLC, 152919, Yaroslavl Region, Rybinsk, Botkina Street, 23, apartment 74.
17. Contact details:

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MUCHINSKIY Danila Olegovich
postgraduate student, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); lawyer at A Class Capital Management Company LLC
DIGITAL CURRENCY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF ALGORITHMIC GOVERNMENTALITY: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The article presents a philosophical and legal analysis of digital currency as an instrument of algorithmic governmentality. The author examines the evolution of the concept of money and the historical transition from commodity-metal systems to fiat currencies, highlighting the problem of the state monopoly on issuance and the resulting inflation. Drawing on F. Hayek’s ideas on the decentralization of monetary circulation and M. Foucault’s concept of the transformation of power into “governmentality,” the author argues that digital currency can become a new mechanism for managing the population through programmable, algorithmic distribution of resources tied to measurable social utility. The paper explores technical and institutional models for implementing digital currency (state-led, corporate, and civil society-participatory), as well as the risks of totalitarian control and the potential for expanding economic freedoms. It is concluded that the ultimate impact of algorithmic governmentality depends not on the technology itself, but on the governance rules established and the degree of public oversight.
Keywords: digital currency, cryptocurrency, governmentality, inflation, decentralization of monetary issuance, state control, civil society, economic freedom.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gavrilyuk R. V., Nosanenko G. Yu., Gavrilyuk A. R. The concept of “money” in modern economics and jurisprudence // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 10. No. 3 (36). – P. 384-390.
2. Zamotaeva T. B. Money as an object of civil rights: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Samara, 2003. – 193 p.
3. Kim M. S. Civil-legal regime of cryptocurrency: the relationship between cryptocurrency and non-cash funds // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 20. – P. 146.
4. Lunts L. A. Money and monetary obligations in civil law. – 2nd ed., corrected. – M.: Statut, 2004. – 350 p. (Classics of Russian civil law.)
5. Samuelson P. Economy: in 2 volumes. Volume 1 / P. Samuelson; trans. from English. – Moscow: Progress, 1964. – 844 p.
6. Trofimov K. T. Legal nature of money. Essay on comparative law // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2007. – No. 2. – P. 130-145.
7. Foucault M. Governmentality (the idea of state interest and its genesis) / trans. from French by I. I. Mitrofanov // Logos. – 2003. – No. 4-5 (39). – P. 4-22.
8. Hayek F. A. Private Money; translated from English by B. Verpakhovsky; edited by R. Kapelyushnikov, M. Kozlovskaya; scientific editor G. Sapov. – [B. m.]: Institute of National Economic Models, 1996. – 229 p. – ISBN 5-900520-064.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MUKHIN Alexey Igorevich
postgraduate student, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES: LEGAL SUPPORT IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
Digital communication has sharpened the question of the legal limits of free circulation of information. The same message may contribute to public debate and at the same time affect human dignity, the safety of minors, historical memory or public order. The article analyzes how the constitutional freedom to seek, receive and disseminate information relates to the protection of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. It argues that such values cannot operate as an independent ground for prohibition; their legal significance should be expressed through a specific protected interest, a statutory rule, a proven risk of harm and a reviewable procedure. The article proposes criteria for assessing digital restrictions. These criteria include legal certainty, legitimate aim, proportionality, attention to publication context, reasoned decision-making and access to appeal.
Keywords: freedom of information, traditional spiritual and moral values, digital environment, constitutional rights, information law, legal certainty, proportionality, media security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kondurov V. E., Kropachev N. M., Chuichenko K. A. Traditional Russian spiritual and moral values in the context of modern legal policy // Jurisprudence. 2024. Vol. 68. No. 2. Pp. 156-165. DOI 10.21638/spbu25.2024.201.
2. Krasikov V. I., Fomenko E. V., Yatselenko B. V. Youth neo-Nazi online communities with the rhetoric of political hostility, problems of legal assessment and counteraction // State and Law. 2024. No. 3. P. 147-156. DOI 10.31857/S1026945224030148.
3. Leskina E. I. Information security of minors in the aspect of functioning of the digital educational environment // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series “Law”. 2024. No. 4 (59). P. 37-43. DOI 10.17308/law/1995-5502/2024/4/37-43.
4. Petrova R. E., Paltajyan S. G. Constitutional transformation of the legal status of an individual in the digital age // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. 2025. No. 2. P. 77-83.
5. Chestnov A. V. Constitutional and legal guarantees of the right to disseminate information in the context of digitalization of society // Modern scientist. 2024. No. 4. P. 352-358. DOI 10.58224/2541-8459-2024-4-352-358.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZOLOTUKHIN Alexander Andreevich
lecturer of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
IVANNIKOVA Mariya Sergeevna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
TRANSFORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY OF A POLICE OFFICER FROM THE “SERVICE” MODEL TO THE “SERVICE” TYPE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
This article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of the transformation of police officers’ professional identity in the context of the digitalization of modern society. It demonstrates that the professional identity of police officers is undergoing a fundamental shift from the traditional “service” model, rooted in the paternalistic paradigm of public administration, to a “service” model, reflecting contemporary trends toward humanization and customer-focused law enforcement. Using an analysis of bodily practices, corporate solidarity, and professional authority, the mechanisms of this transition are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the contradictory nature of this transformation, in which the formal adoption of new standards is combined with latent resistance to change at the level of informal practices. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need to rethink the concept of professional authority. The authors believe that a shift is necessary from administrative resources to expert competence and communication skills.
Keywords: professional identity, police officer, service type, service type, digitalization, transformation, corporate solidarity, professional authority, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PATYUKOVA Polina Pavlovna
assistant of Philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, 1st-year postgraduate student of the specialty 5.7.7. “Social and Political Philosophy”, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk
COGNITIVE DELEGATION: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM
The article addresses the phenomenon of cognitive delegation—the transfer of mental functions to external systems. It explains the brain’s tendency to minimize mental effort based on neurophysiological data. The use of AI is specifically examined as a form of alienation from intellectual labor: a person ceases to be a subject of thinking and turns into an interface. The risks of losing the capacity for complex judgment are discussed. The material is intended as an introductory overview.
Keywords: thinking, artificial intelligence, neural networks, delegation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Akhmetzyanova M. P. Analysis of the phenomenon of alienation in the works of K. Marx // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2018. – No. 5 (415). – P. 62-65.
2. Goffman O. O., Kuzmin A. Yu., Kovalchuk S. V. Symbiotic interaction “human – artificial intelligence” in decision support systems // Organizational Psychology. – 2025. – Vol. 15. No. 1. – P. 297-321.
3. Zemtsov D. I., Gruzdev I. A. “Digital Centaur”: Joint Education of Humans and AI at the University // Higher Education in Russia. – 2025. – Vol. 34. No. 10. – P. 47-62.
4. Nenasheva M. V., Makulin A. V. Humanitarian examination of information technologies in the context of humanitarian knowledge and cognition // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 35-41.
5. Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. – M.: AST, 2014. – 656 p.
6. Moreva E. L., Bekulova S. R. On the issue of determining the scientific and technological potential and assessing its state in the Russian economy // National Security // Nota bene. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 83-108.
7. Tursynbek A. Zh. Ethics and artificial intelligence in education // Bulletin of science. – 2024. – No. 3 (72). – P. 292-295.
8. Khudokormov A. G. Scientific and technological revolution in the 20th century (to help the lecturer) // Scientific research of the Faculty of Economics. Electronic journal. – 2023. – Vol. 15. Issue 1. – P. 7-36.
9. Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. – M.: Eksmo, 2021.
10. Expert. – 2021. – No. 48 (1231). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://monocle.ru/expert/2021/48/
11. Gerlich M. AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking // Societies. – 2025. – No. 15 (1). – R. 6.
12. Zipf GK Human Behavior And The Principle Of Least Effort // Addison-Wesley Press, Inc. – 1949. – 573 P.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
SINYUKOV Andrey Yurjevich
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
THE LOGIC OF CULTURAL SYSTEM CHANGE IN THE HISTORY OF EURO-ATLANTIC CULTURE
The article is devoted to a cultural-philosophical analysis of the logic of the change of cultural systems in the history of Euro-Atlantic culture. It is shown that the dynamics of Euro-Atlantic culture represents a natural alternation of two qualitatively different historical forms – cultural systems and sociocultural transformations. Based on three transformation eras (late Hellenism, the Renaissance and Reformation, and the avant-garde-modern-postmodern period), the invariant mechanisms of transition are revealed: from the crisis of decline through the activation of semantic vectors to a paradigmatic shift and the establishment of a new cultural system. The thesis is substantiated that it is sociocultural transformations that act as the main type of cultural dynamics that sets the direction of development, while cultural systems represent eras of inertial implementation of impulses generated by transformations. The conclusion is made that understanding this logic allows us to explain the current state of postmodernism not as degradation, but as a natural transitional stage.
Keywords: logic of change of cultural systems, sociocultural transformation, cultural system, cultural dynamics, Euro-Atlantic culture, paradigmatic shift, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
2. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
3. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
4. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
5. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
6. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.
7. Prutskov A. V. Teaching Java programming at a university: pedagogical aspects // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 62-68.
8. Pushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: “digital literacy” and “computer literacy” as system-forming components of the subject “Computer Science” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 49-57.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining the options for choosing future professional training for university applicants by means of organizing online testing // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 48-57.
10. Stoyanov A. S. Abolition of gender differentiation in technology lessons: students’ expectations // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 86-100.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FROLOVA Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
SOMOVA Victoria Sergeevna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
DIALECTICS OF THE ORIGINAL AND THE BORROWED IN THE RUSSIAN CULTURAL CHRONOTOPE
This article presents a cultural-philosophical analysis of the dialectic of the original and the borrowed within the Russian cultural chronotope. The authors argue that the traditional opposition between “originality” and “Western influence” fails to adequately describe the real mechanisms of Russia’s cultural dynamics. Based on an analysis of the historical stages of Russian culture’s interaction with the cultures of Byzantium, the Mongol peoples, Western Europe, and the East, the dialectical nature of this interaction is revealed. The article demonstrates that borrowed elements are not simply “superimposed” on the original, but enter into complex relationships of rejection, transformation, hybridization, and the generation of new, previously nonexistent cultural forms. It is demonstrated that the Russian cultural chronotope (the spatiotemporal unity of Russian culture) possesses a unique structure in which the original and borrowed elements are indistinguishably fused, and any attempts to strictly separate them leading to theoretical aberrations. The thesis is substantiated that it is precisely this dialectic between “one’s own” and “theirs” that is not a weakness, but a strength of Russian culture, ensuring its ability to self-renew.
Keywords: Russian culture, cultural chronotope, original, borrowed, dialogue of cultures, cultural synthesis, originality, modernization, Westernization, Eurasianism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Glebov O., Demenchuk P. The element of madness and decadence in Russian culture // Logos. – 2025. – V. 35. No. 2 (165). – P. 257-274.
2. Koroleva V.V., Pritomskaya A.R. Mythologem “Japan – Russia – West” in Kafka Asagiri’s ranobe “Prose of Stray Dogs” // Asia and Africa today. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 69-76.
3. Lepilkina O. I., Ganzhara O. A., Bredikhin S. N. Autostereotype about Russia in the media for a foreign audience (based on the telegram channel “Window to Russia”) // Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies. – 2026. – Vol. 8. No. 2. – P. 71-89.
4. Furazheva N. S. Attitude towards the French language among the Russian nobility in the 18th – first half of the 19th century. Gallomania and Gallophobia // Bulletin of Slavic Cultures. – 2025. – V. 78. – P. 22-36.
5. Chernaya L. A. When and how the “new era” began in Russia // Dialogue with Time. – 2025. – No. 91. – P. 186-192.
6. Chumakova T. V., Ukhatyuk Yu. I. The Vatican and the Russian Empire at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Case of the Greek Catholics // Philosophical Letters. Russian-European Dialogue. – 2026. – Vol. 9. No. 1. – P. 42-68.
7. Shchedrina T. G., Pruzhinin B. I. Philosophical evidence of the Great Victory // Questions of Philosophy. – 2025. – No. 5. – P. 5-9.

BOOK REVIEW
CHATTAEV Azamat Ruslanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education; member of the Editorial Board of the Eurasian Law Journal
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY FARKHUTDINOV IZ THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM VERSAILLES TO MUNICH (1919-1938). MYTHS AND REALITIES (FARKHUTDINOV IZ THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW FROM VERSAILLES TO MUNICH (1919-1938). MYTHS AND REALITIES / IZ FARKHUTDINOV. – MOSCOW: INFRA-M, 2025. – 470 P. (SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT). – DOI 10.12737/2188100).
Introduction. Historical aspects of the development, evolution and transformation of international law have always been and remain a fairly relevant and significant area of scientific interest in international law. As a continuation of the author\’s series of monographs “Doctrinal studies of the formation of international law”, Farkhutdinov Insur Zabirovich\’s monograph “The Evolution of international Law from Versailles to Munich (1919-1938). Myths and Realities” is a fairly deep and thorough study of the problems of international law and international relations in general during and after the First World War, which made fundamental changes in international relations and outlined a new political map of the world, while having a significant impact on the formation and development of international law in transition.
Methodology. The reviewed monograph is based on scientific approaches and conclusions formulated by the author in his work, using the experience and scientific research of domestic and foreign jurists specializing in international law and directly on the issue under consideration. In writing this review, general scientific and special methods of analysis and cognition of doctrinal thought used in research of this kind are used.
The results of the study. IZ Farkhutdinov rightly calls the consequences of the First World War the first catastrophe of the twentieth century, since its echoes, misinterpreted by ideologists and jurists of that time, were reflected far beyond the statute of limitations and had a significant impact on the universal worldview of all mankind. The author considers the myth that the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 is the fundamental beginning of the Westphalian system of international relations, which supposedly settled down to the 21st century, a vivid example of the oblivion of historical realities due to the mythologization of events, and unequivocally substantiates the fact of the formation of a specific doctrinal thought and progress in international relations not a single treatise, but connects it with the process of a whole complex research. IZ Farkhutdinov names the ideas of Woodrow Wilson and Vladimir Lenin among those who had a significant influence on international legal thought, which gave an impetus to the development of international relations in the post-war period, which were largely a response to the public mood in Europe, and doctrinal studies of the international legal vicissitudes of that time will help to deal with the most dangerous problems of our time. After all, according to the researcher himself, the modern world resembles the situation of the period shortly before 1914. However, the failure of the League of Nations and the refusal of the United States to ratify the Treaty of Versailles led to the second catastrophe of the twentieth century – the Second World War.
Conclusion and findings. Summing up some results, it should be said that the peer-reviewed study by IZ Farkhutdinov allows, through the prism of regulatory and doctrinal analysis, to come to practical conclusions, to realize the problem identified by the author and to get acquainted with some considerations about the planned ways to correct, eradicate current trends and patterns that have arisen and transformed into a “malignant tumor” affecting conceptual and substantive changes in modern international relations and international law in general. Here it is impossible not to agree with the author of the study and ignore his concerns about this. The author of the book seems to want to say that the poorly learned lessons of the past and the short-sighted actions of some political and public figures of our time are preparing the ground for the emergence of the third catastrophe of mankind – the Third World War. It is pointless to enter into a polemic with Doctor of Sciences IZ Farkhutdinov, because the horizons he has opened today represent a very wide field of discussions and scientific reviews today and in the near future.
Keywords: history of international law, evolution and transformation of international law, Versailles-Washington system, international relations, “Wilsonism”, monograph.

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