EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №6(217)2026 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №6(217)2026

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
V. A. Belov:
Digitalization, platforms, algorithms, artificial intelligence and digital currency: new frameworks for legal regulation
An interview with Valery Alexandrovich Belov, Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of law, Head of legal and corporate support of fintech group, author of academic and practice-oriented works in the fields of civil, business, consumer, and digital law.

THE LUKASHUK READINGS – 2026
BURYANOV Maxim Sergeevich
Master of Law, postgraduate student, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Moscow City Pedagogical University; expert of the Youth Council under the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation
PROSPECTS FOR DIGITAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE NEW STAGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THROUGH THE LENS OF IGOR IVANOVICH LUKASHUK’S SCIENTIFIC LEGACY
This article examines the prospects for digital human rights in the context of the new stage of artificial intelligence development through the prism of II Lukashuk’s scientific legacy. It is argued that Igor Ivanovich’s understanding of globalization as a process radically transforming the state and law retains methodological value for the analysis of modern AI systems, which are becoming the infrastructure of governance, the economy, and everyday life. It is demonstrated that digital human rights in this new stage of AI development should be understood not as an optional supplement to technological policy, but as a necessary criterion for the benefit of the digital transformation of the state and international cooperation. Key areas for their development are highlighted: international legal institutionalization, integration into the lifecycle of AI systems, protection of individual cognitive autonomy, ensuring the right to a fair and explainable automated decision, the formation of a law-oriented model of the digital state, the establishment of strict international legal control over the military use of AI, the preservation of human agency, and the consolidation of digital human rights as a fundamental norm of social order in the era of AGI. It is concluded that, in the logic of II Lukashuk’s ideas, the new stage of artificial intelligence requires not a weakening of the law, but its advanced transformation in the interests of human dignity, freedom, and sustainable development.
Keywords: digital human rights, artificial intelligence, globalization, international law, Igor Ivanovich Lukashuk, digital state, digital transformation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Buryanov M. S. Problems and prospects for the development of law in the context of the digital transformation of the state // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 10 (209). – P. 502-504.
2. Buryanov M. S. Draft Declaration of Global Digital Human Rights // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 12 (211). – P. 522-526.
3. Buryanov M. S. Digital rights of the child: monograph. – Moscow: Rusains, 2023. – 294 p.
4. Buryanov M. S. Digital human rights in the context of global processes: theory and practice of implementation: monograph / edited by S. A. Buryanov. – Moscow: Rusains, 2024. – 148 p.
5. Buryanov M. S. Digital human rights as a condition for the effective participation of Russia and other member states of the Eurasian Economic Union in digitalization 4.0 // Technical and technological problems of service. – 2021. – No. 2 (56). – P. 83-90.
6. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. In Search of an Adequate World Order. The Future of the Rule of Law in the Era of Digital Globalization 4.0 // Century of Globalization. – 2024. – No. 2 (50). – P. 127-140. – DOI 10.30884/vglob/2024.02.10.
7. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Globalization of the world order and the law of force. What led to the aggravation of the power geopolitical confrontation in the modern world and is there a prospect of evolving towards sustainable human-oriented development? Part 1 // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 5 (204). – P. 23-27. 8. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Globalization of the world order and the law of force. What led to the aggravation of the power geopolitical confrontation in the modern world and is there a prospect of evolving towards sustainable human-oriented development? Part 2 // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 7 (206). – P. 18-22. 9. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Human rights as a key factor in achieving sustainable managed development // The Age of Globalization. – 2022. – No. 4 (44). – P. 97-110. – DOI 10.30884/vglob/2022.04.07.
10. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Problems and prospects for the development of globalistics in the context of a new stage of digital globalization // Century of globalization. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 117-127. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2026.01.11
11. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S., Nikitaev D. M. The right to freedom of conscience in the context of global processes: theory and practice of implementation in the Russian Federation: monograph (Master’s degree) / edited by S. A. Buryanov. – Moscow: Rusains, 2020. – 236 p. 12. Kartskhia A. A. Digital state: monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2021. – 208 p.
13. Kuksin I. N., Khoda V. D. Digitalization – a new reality in law and new threats // Theory of State and Law. – 2020. – Vol. 2. No. 4. – P. 115-140.
14. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and the State // Journal of Russian Law. – Moscow: Norma, 2001. – No. 4. – P. 64-75.
15. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and Law // State and Law. – 2005. – No. 12. – P. 112-115.
16. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, state, law, 21st century. – Moscow: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.
17. Lukashuk I. I. International Law. General Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. 3rd Edition, Revised and Supplemented. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 415 p. 18. Lukashuk I. I. International law: special part: textbook for students of law faculties and universities. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 517 p.
19. Farkhutdinov I. Z. War and Peace in the Context of International Law. Experience of doctrinal research into the problems of forming a modern model of international relations in the context of the development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 2 (141). – P. 25-33.
20. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of international law – from Westphal to Versailles: monograph. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2024. – 446 p. – (Scientific thought). – DOI 10.12737/2135819.
21. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of International Law from Versailles to Munich (1919–1938). Myths and Realities: Monograph. — Moscow: INFRA-M, 2025. — 496 p. — (Scientific Thought). — DOI 10.12737/2188100.
22. Chumakov A. N. Globalization and digitalization: social consequences of cumulative interaction // Questions of Philosophy. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 36-46.
23. Chumakov A. N., Krasnov A. S., Grinin L. E., et al. Philosophical problems of modern globalization (materials of the round table) // Century of globalization. 2025. – No. 3. – P. 25-44. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2025.03.03.
24. Alegre S. Freedom to Think: The Long Struggle to Liberate Our Minds. — London: Atlantic Books, 2023. — 400 p.
25. Barfield W., Pagallo U. Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence // Elgar Advanced Introductions. – Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. – 208 p.
26. Burianov M. Global Digital Human Rights in the Implementation of the Global Digital Compact: The Toolkit for Human-Centered Tech, AI and Global Governance. — United Humans Press, 2025. — 380 p.
27. Floridi L. The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information. — Oxford, 2003. — 388 rub .
28. Human Rights in the Digital Domain: Core Questions / ed. by Tiina Pajuste. — [ Electronic resource ]. – Mode access : Cambridge University Press, 2025. – 492 p.
29. Schwab K. Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution. – Cologne; Geneva: Portfolio Penguin, 2018. — 287 p.
30. Farkhutdinov I. The Mysterious and Obvious in American Diplomacy: From Monroe to Trump. – Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2020. – 533 p.

THE LUKASHUK READINGS – 2026
ERMOLIN Daniil Mikhailovich
Master’s Degree of the 1st course, program in International Energy Law of the group U-2542, Faculty of Law, Saint Petersburg State University of Economics
EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL DIGITALIZATION
The article analyzes the evolution of international legal standards for the protection of the right to privacy in the context of digitalization. It examines universal and regional regulatory mechanisms, as well as the case law of the European Court of Human Rights reflecting the transformation of the criteria for the admissibility of digital interference. The paper substantiates the necessity of forming a “digital international public order” as the core of imperative standards for the protection of digital rights.
Keywords: right to privacy, international human rights law, digitalization, personal data, European Court of Human Rights, digital international public order.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Eremina I. S. Constitutional and legal foundations for ensuring the inviolability of private life in the modern conditions of the development of digital technologies // Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 6 (205).
2. Lukashuk I. I. International Law. General Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. 415 p. 3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: adopted by resolution 217 A (III) of the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948.
4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: adopted by resolution 2200 A (XXI) of the UN General Assembly on 16 December 1966.
5. United Nations Human Rights Committee. General Comment No. 16 (1988): Article 17 (Right to privacy). 6. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, November 4, 1950).
7. The right to privacy in the digital age: UN Human Rights Council resolution 54/21 of 12 October 2023 Doc. A/HRC/RES/54/21.
8. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 (GDPR) // Official Journal of the European Union. L 119. 4 May 2016.
9. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 (AI Act) // Official Journal of the European Union. L 2024/1689.
10. Ovakanyan L.K. Mechanisms of legal protection of personal data subjects in the metaverse // Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 8 (207).
11. Court of Justice of the European Union. Case C-311/18. Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited and Maximillian Schrems (Schrems II): Judgment of 16 July 2020 // EUR-Lex.
12. On personal data: federal law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ: with amendments and add. // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2006. No. 31, Part 1. Art. 3451.
13. Vlasova E. L., Fidel P. M. Analysis of legislation in the field of personal data protection in the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 8 (207).
14. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, state, law, 21st century. Moscow: Spark, 2000. 279 p.
15. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and the State // Journal of Russian Law. 2001. No. 4. P. 64-75.
16. Lukashuk I. I. Interaction of international and domestic law in the context of globalization // Journal of Russian Law. 2002. No. 3. P. 115–128.
17. OECD. Recommendation of the Council concerning Guidelines governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, as amended on 11 July 2013.
18. Council of Europe. Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. Adopted May 17, 2024.
19. Revina S. N., Dvoryanchikov V. M. Digital space and human rights // Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 5 (204).

THE LUKASHUK READINGS – 2026
OGORODNIKOV Alexey Alexeevich
Master of Law of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL DIGITALIZATION PROCESSES 4.0: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS
This article examines the evolution of international legal protection of human rights in the context of global digitalization 4.0. It examines theoretical concepts of digital rights and analyzes universal UN mechanisms and regional initiatives, including the 2024 Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and the 2024 EU Artificial Intelligence Regulation (EU AI Act). Particular attention is paid to a comparative study of European and Chinese approaches to AI regulation, revealing a fundamental contrast between the priorities of protecting individual rights and state control. Key challenges (privacy, algorithmic discrimination, digital inequality), as well as problems of implementing standards, are highlighted. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to integrate human rights into the digital ecosystem to minimize inequality and ensure human dignity in the context of fragmented regulatory frameworks.
Keywords: human rights, digitalization 4.0, international law, artificial intelligence, data protection, digital inequality.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Buryanov M. S. Digital human rights in the context of global processes: theory and practice of implementation. Monograph. Under the scientific editorship of S. A. Buryanov. – M .: Rusains, 2024. – 148 p. 2. Buryanov M. S. Digital rights of the child: monograph. – M .: RUSAINS, 2023. – 294 p.
3. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, state, law, 21st century. – M.: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.
4. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and the State // Journal of Russian Law. – 2001. – No. 4. – P. 64-75.
5. Romanovskaya L. R. Artificial intelligence and human rights: problems of correlation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 12 (187). – P. 115-117.
6. Drobysheva A. V. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the European Union: on the issue of the possibility of application in Russian legislation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 3 (190). – P. 181-183.
7. Sirotkin A. A. Transformation of legal culture in the digital age: a comparative legal analysis of Western, Eastern and Russian models // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 3 (202). – P. 108-111.
8. Umarov Ya. V. Problems of liability when using systems with elements of artificial intelligence in international humanitarian law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 3 (202). – P. 45-47.
9. Council of Europe. The Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law [Electronic resource] = Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law / Council of Europe // Official website of the Council of Europe. – Strasbourg, 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.coe.int (date accessed: 16.02.2026).
10. Cyberspace Administration of China [Electronic resource] = National Cyberspace Administration of China // Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. – San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2026. – February 15. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikipedia.org (accessed: February 17, 2026).
11. EU Artificial Intelligence Act [Electronic resource]: [information and analytical portal dedicated to the EU Regulation on Artificial Intelligence] / Future of Life Institute. – European Union, [2024]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://artificialintelligenceact.eu (date of access: 16.02.2026).
12. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms [Electronic resource]: (Concluded in Rome on 04.11.1950) (with amendments and additions) // Kontur.Normative: [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://normativ.kontur/ru (date of access: 15.02.2026).
13. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [Electronic resource]: adopted by resolution 2200 A [XXI] of the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966 // United Nations: [official website]. – Geneva, 1966 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru (date accessed: 02/15/2026).
14. Miroshnichenko A. Manipulations are inevitable: what the scandal with the Facebook data leak says [Electronic resource] / Andrey Miroshnichenko // RBC: [website] – Moscow, 2018 – March 22. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru (date of access 02/15/2026).
15. UNESCO. Recommendation on the Ethics of AI [Electronic resource] = Recommendation on the Ethics of AI / UNESCO // Official website of UNESCO. – Paris, 2022. – September 26, 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www/unesco/org (date of access 02/15/2026).
16. United Nations. Global Digital Compact [Electronic resource] = Global Digital Compact / United Nations // Official website of the UN. – [New York], 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org (date of access: 02/16/2026).
17. Digital Karma: How the Social Credit System Will Work in China [Electronic Resource] // RBC Trends: [website] / RosBusinessConsulting. – Moscow, 2021. – July 8. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access Mode: https://trends.rbc.ru (date accessed: 02/17/2026).

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
MISHALCHENKO Yuriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of International and humanitarian law sub-faculty, North West institute for Management (Branch) Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg; Head of International law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Customs Academy
GRIGORJEVA Polina Alexeevna
specialist of the 2nd category of the Section of Information-Analytical and Regulatory-Methodological Supportat the Industrial scientific technical center for economics, pricing, labor intensity and labor norming in shipbuilding Rumb of the Shipbuilding and Shiprepair Technology Center, JSC Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Technology Center (SSTC)
MISHALCHENKO Mariya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International and humanitarian law sub-faculty, North West institute for Management (Branch) Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION IN COUNTERING ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
Abstract the article examines the legal foundations and institutional mechanisms of cooperation between Latin American countries and the European Union in the field of drug control. The regulatory framework is analyzed, including UN international conventions, the EU Drug Strategy for 2021-2025, and the COPOLAD III program. Special attention is paid to the principles of joint responsibility, human rights compliance, and alternative development. The role of international organizations (Europol, Interpol, UNODC) in operational interaction is under investigation. Problems of legislative fragmentation and technological compatibility are identified. Measures are proposed to improve legal regulation and strengthen coordination platforms to increase the effectiveness of combating the transnational drug threat.
Keywords: international cooperation, Latin America, European Union, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, COPOLAD.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1988_ru.pdf (accessed: 13.01.2026).
2. Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/oj/eng (accessed: 23.02.2026).
3. COPOLAD. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://copolad.eu/es/ (date of access: 23.01.2026).
4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2023. – Vienna: UNODC, 2023. – 256 p. – ISBN 978-92-1-148388-4.
5. International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/iol169.shtml (date of access: 16.01.2026).
6. New EU funding to help the fight against drugs in Bolivia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_13_782 (accessed: 23.01.2026)
7. European Commission. EU-UNODC Partnership. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/partnerships/united-nations/unodc_en (date of access: 25.01.2026)
8. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/orgcrime.shtml (date accessed: 01/25/2026)

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
MORDVINOVA Tatyana Borisovna
senior lecturer of International and maritime law sub-faculty, Admiral SO Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, St. Petersburg
SKARIDOV Alexander Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of International and maritime law sub-faculty, Admiral SO Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, St. Petersburg
LEGAL REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL STRAITS UNDER CONDITIONS OF MILITARY RESTRICTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL SHIPPING
This article analyzes the conceptual differences between the transit and innocent passage regimes enshrined in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and how they are reflected in the legislation of the states littoral to the Strait of Hormuz. Particular attention is paid to the deformation of the legal regime of navigation in the context of armed conflict and military restrictions on commercial shipping, which have worsened during the 2025–2026 crisis. Based on doctrinal analysis and a comparative legal method, promising models for the development of a sustainable legal regime for international straits are formulated, combining the security interests of coastal states with the freedom of international commercial navigation.
Keywords: international law of the sea, international straits, Strait of Hormuz, transit passage, innocent passage, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, Persian Gulf countries, freedom of navigation, military restrictions, legal regime of the straits.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gudev P. A. Political and legal aspects of the American-Iranian confrontation in the Strait of Hormuz and adjacent waters: legal interpretations // VOSTOK (QTKGPS). – 2020. – No. 2. 2. Iran’s Maritime Claims // US Department of State. Limits in the Seas. – 1994. – No. 114.
3. Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program Annual Report / US Department of Defense. – 2021.
4. The legal regime of the strait of Hurmuz and attacks against oil tankers: law of the sea and law on the use of force perspectives // Ocean Development & International Law. – 2022.
5. The Strait of Hormuz, shipping, and law / The Royal Institute of International Affairs. – 2026.
6. Nevitt M. Legal and Operational Issues in the Strait of Hormuz: Transit Passage Under Fire // SSRN. – 2026.
7. Kudrin B. The Strait of Hormuz and the Limits of Maritime Law // Lawfare. – 2026.
8. Strait of Hormuz / International Crisis Group // Flashpoint Analysis. – 2026.
9. The Strait of Hormuz as a Critical Oil Chokepoint US / Energy Information Administration (EIA). – 2025.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
NUTSALHANOV Gamzat Nutsalhanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
OBLIGATIONS PROVIDED BY NUCLEAR-WEAPON-FREE ZONE TREATIES FOR STATES IN THE REGION
In today’s geopolitical context, the importance of nuclear-weapon-free zones and the obligations they entail is significantly increasing. The most fundamental obligations (those without which it would be impossible to even speak of a nuclear-weapon-free zone) are present in all five treaties under consideration. However, beyond this “minimum scope,” additional restrictions may exist that give the treaty greater breadth, for example, by adding an environmental component. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the obligations under NWFZ treaties, highlighting, where necessary and appropriate, differences from the NPT. The study’s methodology utilizes a formal-legal approach and a comparative analysis. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that the obligations of parties to NWFZ treaties are comprehensive. However, in addition to the obligations common to all NWFZs, obligations specific only to certain nuclear-weapon-free zones can be noted, and these will be analyzed in subsequent publications.
Keywords: international treaty, obligations, nuclear-weapon-free zones, nuclear research, physical protection, disposal, radioactive waste.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Prusakov Yu. M. International legal issues of the creation and functioning of nuclear-weapon-free zones: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Rostov-on-Don, 1987. – 385 p.
2. Meyrowitz N. Les Armes Biologiques et le Droit International. Paris, Éditions A. Pedone, 1968. – Pp. vi, 158. – Index. Fr. 20. – R. 124.
3. Glebbeek P. The South Pacific nuclear free zone Treaty: a lost battle against the superpowers? // Working Paper Series. – 1990. – No. 73. – R. 15.
4. Firmage E. IN . The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons // American Journal of International Law. – 1969. – Vol. 63. No. 4. – R. 711-746.
5. The ANZUS Treaty of 15 September 1951. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/anzus-treaty (accessed: 22.02.2026).
6. Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.jscsto.org/upload/iblock/273/2734e030c2747ee8b4f711b4e048875b.pdf (date accessed: 02/14/2026).
7. Comprehensive study on nuclear-weapon-free zones in all its aspects of 16 September 1976. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/ga/31/docs/31res.shtml?ysclid=ms5sx3082c496792306 (date of access: 22.02.2026).
8. Wills. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, in Verification: Peacekeeping // Arms Control and the Environment, 1993. – R. 120.
9. Joint Declaration of 1992 on the Proclamation of the Korean Peninsula as a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/yadernoe-nerasprostranenie_t2_2002/p176/ (date of access: 02/22/2026).
10. South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pdf/nuclear_free_pacific.pdf (date of access: 02/22/2026) @@ African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/disarmament/yadernoe_nerasprostranenie/1733441/ (date of access: 02/22/2026).
11. Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Southeast Asia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/bangkok.shtml (date of access: 02/22/2026).
12. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pdf/tlatelolko.pdf (date of access: 02/22/2026).
13. Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902100530 (date of access: 02/22/2026).
14. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_r.pdf (date of access: 02/22/2026).
15. ICJ 1996. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Legality-of-the-Threat-or-Use-of-Nuclear-Weapons-1996.pdf (date of access: 02/22/2026).
16. Greenwood C., The Twilight of the Law of Belligerent Reprisals // Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. – Volume 20. – December 1989. – P. 35-69.
17. Goldblat J., The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Assessment and prospects. – 1997. – 457 rub .
18. Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901721677 (date of access: 02/22/2026).
19. Fyfe N., Beeby C., The South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty // Victoria University of Wellington Law Review. – 1987. – No. 17. – P. 33-51.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
SMIRNOVA Maya Ivanovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and Socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE
This article presents a comparative study of the legal mechanisms for social integration of persons with disabilities in the Russian Federation and the European Union. The study covers basic areas of integration policy: inclusive education, employment, access to culture and sports, social activity, and support for professional development. A comparative analysis of the mechanisms for implementing Russia’s and the EU’s obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is provided at three levels: the regulatory one, the law enforcement one, and the statistical one. Practical recommendations for Russian policy are introduced.
Keywords: disability, persons with disabilities, social integration, inclusion, rehabilitation, UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, discrimination, accessible environment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Romanov P. V., Yarskaya-Smirnova E. R. Disability policy: social citizenship of disabled people in modern Russia. – Saratov: Nauchnaya kniga, 2006. – 260 p.
2. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) / World Health Organization. – Geneva: WHO, 2001. – Official website of WHO. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health (date of access: 30.05.2026).
3. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/2565085/ (date of access: 01.06.2026).
4. On the social protection of disabled persons in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 24.11.1995 No. 181-FZ (as amended and supplemented). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10164504/ (date of access: 01.06.2026).
5. On education in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 29.12.2012 No. 273-FZ (as amended and supplemented). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/70291362/ (date of access: 01.06.2026).
6. On employment of the population in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 12.12.2023 No. 565-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202312120034 (date of access: 01.06.2026).
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INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
TALIMONCHIK Valentina Petrovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of General theoretical legal disciplines sub-faculty, senior researcher, North-Western Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
The purpose of the research is to identify whether the activities of international judicial institutions are effective enough to ensure the preservation of humanity as a biological species. The research used the problem-theoretical method and the method of analysis and synthesis. As a result, it was revealed that humanity is most affected by the brain-computer interface and genetic engineering, which can not only “fix” the human body, but also transform humanity from a social into a bioinformatic system, the state of which is unpredictable. In the context of scientific and technological progress, the ability of international judicial institutions to formulate special international customs that ensure the preservation of humanity as a biological species, which are formed objectively, but need external expression, is of key importance. It can be predicted that the integration courts will consider the biosafety issues raised in the acts of integration associations.
Keywords: efficiency, court, judge, justice, international judicial institutions, International Court of Justice, Andean Community, CARICOM, ECOWAS, brain-computer interface, genetic engineering.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Amirova M. A. International judicial institutions and domestic law of the Russian Federation. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012. – 215 p.
2. Bedjaoui M. The International Court of Justice: Past and Future // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 1995. – No. 2. – P. 42-46.
3. Bobrova E. V., Reshetnikova V. V., Grishin A. A., Vershinina E. A., Bogacheva I. N., Shcherbakova N. A., Isaev M. R., Bobrov P. D., Gerasimenko Yu. P. Muscle activity of the lower limbs under neural interface control: a neural interface based on walking imagination // Journal of Higher Nervous Activity named after I. P. Pavlov. – 2024. – Vol. 74. No. 5. – P. 591-605.
4. Bodin O. N., Solodimova G. A., Spirkin A. N. Neurointerface for controlling robotic devices // Measurement. Monitoring. Management. Control. – 2019. – No. 4 (30). – P. 70-76.
5. Bondarev I. M. International judicial institutions. – M., League for the Development of Science and Education, 2003. – 251 p.
6. Vereshchetin V. S. The International Court of Justice at a new stage // Russian Yearbook of International Law, 2006. – St. Petersburg: SKF “Russia-Neva”, 2007. – P. 13-22.
7. Vylegzhanin A. N., Sokolova E. L. International Court of Justice on the historical title in the law of the sea // State and Law. – 2014. – No. 11. – P. 80-88.
8. Galenskaya L. N. Legal regulation of transnational relations. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2022. – 316 p.
9. Goncharova N. N. International Court of Justice: ways to improve its effectiveness: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2007. – 205 p.
10. Zhitushkin Z. V., Pylenko I. P., Stepanenko M. M. International judicial institutions in the resolution of international disputes: general theoretical aspects // Bulletin of the Admiral F. F. Ushakov State Maritime University. – 2022. – No. 1 (38). – P. 64-66.
11. Zubkov A. V., Kamennov Ya. E., Orlova Yu. A., Rozaliev V. L. Studying patterns of brain activity using a neural interface // Innovative, information and communication technologies. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 187-191.
12. Kalamkaryan R. A. International Court in the world order based on the rule of law. – M.: Nauka, 2012. – 312 p.
13. Kozhevnikov F. I., Sharmazanashvili G. V. International Court of Justice: organization, goals, practice. – M.: International Relations, 1971. – 160 p.
14. Kostoeva P. M. The International Court of Justice and the progressive development of international law: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2004. – 160 p.
15. Kotov S. V., Isakova E. V., Slyunkova E. V. Application of the brain-computer neurointerface technology + exoskeleton as part of complex multimodal stimulation in the rehabilitation of patients with stroke // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after S. S. Korsakov. – 2019. – Vol. 119. No. 12-2. – P. 37-42.
16. Krylov S. B. International Court of Justice of the United Nations: issues of international law and procedure in its practice over ten years – 1947-1957. – M.: Legal Literature, 1958. – 167 p.
17. Novoselova-Saveleva N. A., Saveliev A. V. Digital neurointerface // Neurocomputers: development, application. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 56-64.
18. Trushin S. M., Volodina A. M., Ivanov K. N. Neurointerface: fiction or prospects for humanity // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2022. – No. 52. – P. 591-596.
19. Entin M. L. International judicial institutions. The role of international arbitration and judicial bodies in resolving interstate disputes. – M.: Publishing house “International Relations”, 1984. – 176 p.
20. Babich B. Günther A. Philosophy of Technology: From Phenomenology to Critical Theory. – London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. – 345 p.
21. De Vries Marc J. Teaching about Technology An Introduction to the Philosophy of Technology for Non-philosophers. – London, Springer, 2005. – 155 p.
22. Francioni F., Scovazzi T. (eds.). Biotechnology and International Law. – Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2006. – 470 rub .
23. Hansen SB Philosophers of Technology. – Berlin, De Gruyter, 2020. – 224 p.
24. Mariani M. The Intersection of International Law, Agricultural Biotechnology, and Infectious Disease. – Leiden, Brill, 2007. – 245 p.
25. Scharff R., Dusek .l (eds.) Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition – An Anthology. – 2nd edition. – Malden, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. – 737 p.
26. Singh KK Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Social Implications. – London, Springer, 2015. – 270 p.
27. Stasi A. Biotechnology Law and Policy: Emerging Legal Issues, Cases and Materials. – London, Springer, 2023. – 159 p.

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
SHUGUROV Mark Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of International law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
SHUGUROVA Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
AGENDA OF THE EAEU SPACE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL INFORMATION: POLITICAL-LEGAL ASPECT
This article provides an analytical examination of the EAEU’s political and legal agenda for information exchange on planned and ongoing fundamental and applied research. It is discussed that this is a key aspect of the formation and functioning of a common space for scientific and technical information. The authors describe the provisions of official documents that address various aspects of this exchange and measures for its practical implementation. A comprehensive approach is demonstrated, encompassing the legal regulation of exchange processes and their support services. It is concluded that the agenda under consideration includes fundamental principles, such as the systematic and mandatory nature of the information provision process.
Keywords: scientific and technical information, common scientific and technical space, EAEU, Integrated Information System, joint R&D, exchange of experience.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Shugurov M. V. Prospects for the formation of a common space of scientific and technical information within the EAEU: legal aspects // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2022. – No. 481. – P. 262-269.
2. Polyakova T. A., Troyan N. A. Issues of development of scientific and technological policy in the Russian Federation: legal support of national sovereignty and technological leadership // Legal policy and legal life. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 249-262.
3. Fedorov P. G. Information environment of high-tech companies // Information law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 4-9.
4. Report on the issue of mutual information on plans in the field of fundamental and applied scientific research. – M.: EEC, 2022. – 25 p.
5. Minich S. A. Expansion of scientific cooperation within the EAEU – as one of the conditions for economic sustainability against the backdrop of external challenges // Integration processes in Eurasia: status, challenges, prospects: materials of the II International scientific and practical conference. – Minsk: BSU, 2024. – Pp. 125-130.
6. Bliznets I. A., Tyunin M. V. Creation of a modern, in-demand ecosystem in the EAEU based on artificial intelligence methods. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eurasmedia.ru/sozdanie-sovremennoj-vostrebovannoj-ekosistemy-v-eaes-baziruyushhejsya-na-metodax-iskusstvennogo-intellekta/ (date of access: 20.06.2026).

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
VESELKINA Anastasiya Kirillovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
CONSENT OF THE INJURED STATE AS A CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING WRONGFULNESS: THE DUAL LEGAL NATURE AND THE QUEST FOR UNIFORM CRITERIA
The absence of a universal convention on State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts lends particular relevance to the doctrinal and practical examination of circumstances including wrongfulness. The consent of the injured State, being one of the oldest such circumstances, may appear self-evident at first glance; yet its application gives rise to numerous unresolved issues. This article analyzes the dual legal nature of consent, which lies at the intersection of the law of international responsibility and the law of treaties. It examines the criteria for the validity of consent, the circle of persons authorized to give it, the requirements concerning its form, and the permissible limits of derogation from obligations, including the challenges posed by multilateral treaties. Special attention is devoted to the moment at which consent is given, in particular the problem of subsequent consent and the inadmissibility of presuming consent from silence. Drawing on an analysis of doctrine, the case-law of the International Court of Justice, arbitral awards, and discussions in the Sixth Committee of the UN General Assembly, the article substantiates the need to develop uniform criteria for the validity of consent and advocates a restrictive interpretation of the range of State representatives entitled to grant it.
Keywords: international responsibility, circumstances including wrongfulness, consent of the injured State, law of treaties, International Law Commission, UN Sixth Committee, jus cogens, validity of consent, subsequent consent.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kolosov Yu. M. Responsibility in international law. – M.: International Relations, 1975. – 256 p.
2. Keshner M. V. Law of international responsibility: textbook. – M .: Prospect, 2019. – 240 p.
3. Lukashuk I. I. Law of international responsibility. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2004. – 432 p.
4. Besson S. (ed.) Theories of International Responsibility Law. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. – 340 p.
5. Crawford J. State Responsibility: The General Part. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. – 876 p.
6. Crawford J., Pellet A., Olleson S. (eds.) The Law of International Responsibility. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. – 1440 p.
7. Paddeu F. Justification and Excuse in International Law: Concept and Theory of General Defences. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. – 544 p.
8. Tolstykh V. L. Decisions of international courts: Arbitration courts, Permanent Court of International Justice, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. – M.: International Relations, 2023. – P. 57-58

INTERNATIONAL RIGHT
GASANOV Farid Murshudovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
STRENGTHENING COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF NON-MILITARY SECURITY AND RESPONSE TO NEW TYPES OF CHALLENGES AND THREATS IN THE CASPIAN
The scientific article emphasizes that within the framework of the Caspian states, a number of interstate acts of a non-military nature are adopted, in particular: the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (2003), as well as a number of protocols to the Tehran Convention. It is indicated that there is an environmental problem in the Caspian Sea, and there is also smuggling of weapons, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, etc. in the Caspian states. It is concluded that the states of the Caspian states practically do not interact with each other in order to ensure non-military security of the Caspian region, which poses a danger to this region. Therefore, firstly, to increase the efficiency of interaction between the Caspian countries, it would be advisable to create a Headquarters, which would be located in one of the capitals of the five countries; secondly, to adopt a regional pact on cooperation in the field of non-military security; thirdly, to implement a competent policy in the ecological system of the Caspian Sea, it is necessary to create a unified system of environmental monitoring in the territory of the Caspian Sea; fourthly, to reduce the level of trans-border crime, it is necessary to organize joint patrolling of the Caspian waters and exchange of navigation information between the countries.
Keywords: Caspian Sea, non-military security, cooperation of the Caspian states, environmental security, transnational threats, ensuring security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abdulatipov A. M. Main directions of combating illegal arms trafficking in the Republic of Dagestan // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 49-55.
2. Murkshtis M. I. Illegal trafficking of arms and ammunition in Russia (genesis, current state) // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2018. – No. 6 (37). – P. 92-97.
3. Polstyanov R. D. Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea of August 12, 2018: History of Five Summits // Scientific Notes of NSUEM. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 4-7.
4. Sergeev I. S., Manusov V. M. The influence of geographical location on the formation of the drug industry in the Russian Federation // Problems of regional ecology. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 72-78.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MABERA Msafiri Bukuku
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia
THE DRC CONFLICT AND THE EFFICACY OF REGIONAL PEACE INITIATIVES: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS
This article examines the efficacy of the Great Lakes Region of Africa peace initiatives in their pursuit to bring sustainable peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as despite several peace efforts by regional organizations through the principle of subsidiarity, The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has faced more than two decades of conflict in its Eastern region. In this regard, the article will explore the continued failure of regional organizations like the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR), the East African Community (EAC), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to realize sustainable peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Through the use of qualitative methodology and the study of public international law, this article explores three cases, including, The ICGLR Peace Framework, the EAC Nairobi Process and EACRF, and the SADC SAMIDRC initiative. The study in this article reveals that, the repetitive failure in these peace efforts is due to a contradiction that exists between the concepts of collective security and national interests, especially for member states such as Rwanda and Uganda. This contradiction brings about interventionist tendencies, violence through proxy wars, and accountability gaps. For sustainable peace to be achieved, there must be a globally supported strategy that focuses on conflict minerals, state accountability, and political dialogues.
Keywords: Democratic Republic of Congo, Great Lakes Region, regional peace initiatives, African Union, East African Community, SADC, competitive interventionism, conflict minerals, proxy warfare.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Christoph N. Vogel, Conflict Minerals Inc.: War, Profit and White Saviourism in Eastern Congo. London: Hurst & Company, 2022. P. 45.
2. Gardachew BD The African Peace and Security Architecture as a Tool for the Maintenance of Peace and Security. Part 1 // RUDN Journal of Public Administration 7. 2020. No. 3. P. 179.
3. Gilbert M. Khadiagala. The Realities and Dynamics of Regional Security in the Great Lakes Region // in War and Peace in Africa\’s Great Lakes Region, ed. Gilbert M. Khadiagala, Cham. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. P. 28.
4. Paul D. Williams. The Capability Expectations Gap in African Peace Operations // International Peacekeeping 29. 2022. No. 5. P. 677.
5. East African Community (EAC), \”Concern over the Deteriorating Security Situation in North Kivu and Negative Propaganda against the EACRF\”, EAC Headquarters Statement, Arusha, Tanzania, 12 October 2023.
6. International Crisis Group, The East African Community\’s Intervention in Eastern DRC, Africa Report No. 312. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2023. P.5
7. Jason K. Stearns. The War That Doesn’t Say Its Name: The Unending Conflict in the Congo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022. P. 15.
8. Buzard DA Ethnocentric Nationality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Analysis under International Human Rights Law // African Human Rights Law Journal 21. 2021. No. 2. P. 985.
9. Filip Reyntjens. Path Dependence and Critical Junctures: Three Decades of Interstate Conflict in the African Great Lakes Region // Conflict, Security & Development 20. 2020. No. 6. P. 747.
10. Alexis Arieff. Democratic Republic of the Congo: Background and US Policy, CRS Report No. R47054. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2024. P. 15.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
NIYONZIMA Dieudonné
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
BURUNDI’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO ACHIEVE SDG 6: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASPECTS
This article examines how international partnerships contribute to Burundi’s SDG 6 agenda and argues that such cooperation should be understood not merely as development assistance, but as an integral component of the legal framework for realizing the human right to water and sanitation. The analysis focuses on four key channels of international support: multilateral development bank financing, which shapes national planning through project agreements and safeguard frameworks; UN agency regulatory and technical assistance, which elevates WASH programming to human rights imperative; bilateral donors’ technical cooperation, which supports infrastructure and institutional capacity building; and regional transboundary mechanisms, such as the Lake Tanganyika Authority, which address shared water resource governance. The author argues that while these partnerships are structurally necessary to address financing gaps and institutional weaknesses, their effectiveness depends on coordination through sector-wide approaches, alignment with state obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and safeguards against fragmentation, dependency, and inequality.
Keywords: SDG 6, Human rights to water and sanitation, Multilateral development banks, Transboundary water governance, Institutional capacity, Fragmentation, progressive implementation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. African Development Bank. Burundi: The African Development Bank Grants over USD 13 Million to Tackle Climate Change Impacts through Water Security. African development bank. – 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/burundi-african-development-bank-grants-over-usd-13-million-tackle-climate-change-impacts-through-water-security-64942.
2. Biermann, F. Global Governance by Goal-Setting: The Novel Approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2017.
3. CESCR. ‘General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)’. CESCR, 2002. Pub. L. No. E/C.12/2002/11. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/water/docs/CESCR_GC_15.pdf.
4. Cohen Andrew S., Elizabeth L. Gergurich, Benjamin M. Kraemer, et al. ‘Climate Warming Reduces Fish Production and Benthic Habitat in Lake Tanganyika, One of the Most Biodiverse Freshwater Ecosystems’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. – 113. – No. 34 (2016). – 9563-68. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603237113.
5. Goufrane Mansour. ‘The State of WASH Financing in Eastern and Southern Africa Burundi Country Level Assessment’ // Oxford Policy Management (Oxford). – 2019. – 56.
6. KFW Entwicklungs Bank. Ex Post-Evaluation Brief BURUNDI: Sector Programme Urban Water Supply Phase 1. KFW Entwicklungs Bank. – 2013. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/PDF/Evaluierung/Ergebnisse-und-Publikationen/PDF-Dokumente-A-D_EN/Burundi_WV_2013_E.pdf.
7. Meier, Benjamin Mason, Georgia Lyn Kayser, Urooj Quezon Amjad, and Jamie Bartram. ‘Implementing an Evolving Human Right through Water and Sanitation Policy’. Water Policy. – 15. – No. 1 (2013). – 116-33. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.198.
8. Niyongabo, Alain, Yiqing Guan, Danrong Zhang, and Wang Ziyuan. Water Quality Characteristics of Lake Tanganyika in Burundi and Lake Victoria in Uganda. 8 (2023). 1756–74. 8 (2023). 1745–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.120. 9. Scheumann, Waltina, and Susanne Neubert. ‘Transboundary Water Management in Africa: Challenges for Development Cooperation’. Deutsches Institut Für Entwicklungspolitik. – 2006. – 341.
10. The Global Center on Adaptation (GCA). ‘The Global Center on Adaptation (GCA) to Collaborate with the Government of Burundi and the African Development Bank to Tackle Climate Risks through Resilient Water Services’. G.C.A. – 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gca.org/news/gca-to-collaborate-with-the-government-of-burundi-and-the-african-development-bank-to-tackle-climate-risks-through-resilient-water-services/.
11. UNICEF Burundi. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Every Child Should Have Equal Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. UNICEF. – 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.unicef.org/burundi/water-sanitation-and-hygiene?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
12. United Nations Children’s Fund. Evaluation Synthesis of United Nations System and Development Bank Work Towards SDG 6. UNICEF/UN0512961/Dejongh. UN/UNICEF. – 2021.
13. WaterLex. ‘The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: An Annotated Selection of International and Regional Law and Mechanisms.’ Ocument. WaterLex. – 2017. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.waterlex.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Waterlex_HRWS-Publication_EN_Final.pdf.
14. World Bank, ‘Water Supply and Sanitation Global Practice: Annual Report 2023, 71-72; African Development Bank, Burundi – Water Sector and Climate Resilience Building Support Program (PASEREC) – Project Appraisal Report, 15-17.’ Document. World Bank. – 2023.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SEYDALY Adilkhan Zhumakhanuly
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, of the VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg; an employee of the Consular Department of the Consulate General of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Yekaterinburg
THE HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECT OF THE CONCEPT OF THE “COMMUNITY OF THE COMMON DESTINY FOR MANKIND” AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
Modern global problems and social contradictions are challenges for the entire international community. These challenges manifest themselves in various areas of public international law, including international human rights law. The well-established international human rights protection system demonstrates weakness in ensuring and protecting human rights. The concept of the “Community of the Common Destiny of Humanity” promoted by the People’s Republic of China is one of the responses to emerging challenges and human rights violations. The article focuses on the human rights aspect of this concept and its interaction with international human rights law. The essential characteristics of this Concept include: universal human values as an ontological basis; the development of human rights; relativism of human rights; inclusivity in the struggle for human rights; depoliticization of human rights; exchange and mutual learning as an active basis. Using the example of acts adopted within the framework of the United Nations, the practical implementation of the Concept of a “Community of a common destiny of humanity” in the field of human rights protection is demonstrated.
Keywords: human rights, community of common destiny for mankind, China, universal human rights standards, international human rights law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Azarov A. Ya. The system of protection of human rights and freedoms. Study guide. – M.: Moscow School of Human Rights, 2007. – 340 p.
2. Lomanov A. V. Human Rights in the Modern Ideology of the Communist Party of China // Oriental Studies. – 2022. – No. 5 (4). – P. 882–897. – DOI: 10.31696/2618-7043-2022-5-4-882-897.
3. Xi Ts. On respect for and ensuring human rights. – Beijing: Zhongyang biangyi chubanshe, 2022. – 487 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
TETERINA Irina Sergeevna
research intern of the Laboratory for the Study of Public Interest Protection under Economic Sanctions, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”; Head of Litigation and Administrative Practice, IT Company
EAEU VS WTO: THE DRAFT AGREEMENT ON ELECTRONIC TRADE IN GOODS AS A MODEL FOR REGIONAL REGULATION OF DIGITAL TRADE
The article offers a comparative legal analysis of the draft Agreement on Electronic Trade in Goods in the Eurasian Economic Union and the WTO Agreement on Electronic Commerce of 2024. The purpose of the research is to establish to what extent the EAEU regional model reproduces, supplements, or departs from the regulatory logic of e-commerce developed within WTO law. The paper examines the WTO regulatory framework as a benchmark, the content and legal nature of the EAEU draft agreement, and compares both instruments by subject-matter scope, legal force, data and consumer protection, dispute-settlement architecture, and treatment of digital financial assets. The study finds that the EAEU draft favors a narrow, technically detailed, and inherently binding model relying on the Union’s existing institutional infrastructure, whereas the WTO multilateral track tends toward broad subject-matter coverage at the cost of legal uncertainty and incomplete participation. The author concludes that the most transferable element of the EAEU model for future harmonization at the multilateral level is not its subject-matter scope but its institutional architecture — the combination of a binding agreement with a two-tier dispute-settlement mechanism.
Keywords: international trade law, digital trade, e-commerce, Eurasian Economic Union, World Trade Organization, regional trade agreements, digital financial assets, consumer protection.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sakovich O. M., Solovieva S. V., Shcherbak S. S., et al. Legal regulation of electronic commerce in foreign countries: monograph / ed. N. G. Doronin. – M .: Law firm CONTRACT, 2019.
2. Burri M. (ed.). Big Data and Global Trade Law. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
3. Banga R. Growing Trade in Electronic Transmissions: Implications for the South. – UNCTAD Research Paper No. 29. – UNCTAD, 2019.
4. Gao H. The Joint Statement on E-Commerce: Is This Glass Half Empty or Half Full? – Center for International Governance Innovation, 2024.
5. Stoler A. Joint Statement Initiatives and Progress in the WTO System. – Institute for International Trade, University of Adelaide, 2021.
6. Boklan D.S., Starshinova O.V., Bakhri A. Joint declaration initiatives: a legitimate end to the principle of “until everything is agreed upon”? // Journal of World Trade. – 2023. – Vol. 57. No. 2.
7. Kozinets N. V. Features of legal regulation of cross-border electronic commerce in the CIS and within the framework of Eurasian economic integration // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2015. – No. 10 (59).
8. Burri M., Polanco R. Digital Trade Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Introducing a New Dataset // Journal of International Economic Law. – 2020. – Vol. 23. No. 1.
9. Elsig M., Klotz S. Digital Trade Rules in Preferential Trade Agreements: Is There a WTO Impact? // Global Policy. – 2021. – Vol. 12. S4.
10. Fleuter S. The Role of Digital Products Under the WTO: A New Framework for GATT and GATS Classification // Chicago Journal of International Law. – 2016. – Vol. 17. No. 1.
11. Kwak D. No More Strategical Neutrality on Technological Neutrality: Technological Neutrality as a Bridge Between the Analogue Trading Regime and Digital Trade // World Trade Review. – 2022. – Vol. 21. No. 1.
12. Wunsch-Vincent S. The Internet, Cross-Border Trade in Services, and the GATS: Lessons from US – Gambling // World Trade Review. – 2006. – Vol. 5. No. 3.
13. Burri M., Vásquez Callo-Müller M., Kugler K. The Evolution of Digital Trade Law: Insights from TAPED // World Trade Review. – 2024. – Vol. 23. No. 2.
14. Gao H. Across the Great Wall: E-commerce Joint Statement Initiative Negotiation and China // Big Data and Global Trade Law / ed. by M. Burri. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
15. Mishra N. Privacy, Cybersecurity and GATS Article XIV: A New Frontier for Trade and Internet Regulation? // World Trade Review. – 2020. – Vol. 19. No. 3.
16. Mitchell AD, Mishra N. Data at the Docks: Modernizing International Trade Law for the Digital Economy // Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law. – 2018. – Vol. 20. No. 4.
17. Munu ML Assessing the Adequacy of Existing Multilateral Rules Regulating E-commerce: Lessons from EU Law // European Journal of Law Reform. – 2022. – Vol. 24. No. 1.
18. Shadikhodjaev S. Technological Neutrality and Regulation of Digital Trade: How Far Can We Go? // European Journal of International Law. – 2021. – Vol. 32. No. 4.
19. Andrianova E.K. Digital trade in Latin America: regulatory measures and development prospects: diss. … Cand. of Economic Sciences: 5.2.5. – St. Petersburg, 2025.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
FEDCHENKOV Alexander Vyacheslavovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF LAWYERS’ PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article examines international legal mechanisms for the protection of lawyers’ professional rights at the universal and regional levels. The relevance of this topic is determined by the globalization of legal practice, the increasing incidence of pressure on lawyers related to their professional activities, and the doctrinal link between the independence of the legal profession and the right to a fair trial. Based on a comprehensive analysis of normative sources—the 1990 UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, Recommendation No. R (2000) 21 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, and documents of the IBA, CCBE, UIA, and ICJ—the multi-layered architecture of international regulation of the legal profession is revealed. A legal comparative analysis of the continental, common law, and Scandinavian (hybrid) models for ensuring the independence of the legal profession reveals a convergence of legal systems at the level of basic principles, while significant differences in the mechanisms for their implementation persist. The case law of the ECtHR, including the case of Morice v. France (2015), is examined as a key instrument for operationalizing international standards at the national level. A conclusion is drawn about the dual nature of a lawyer’s professional rights: while being individual rights of a specific person, they simultaneously serve as a guarantee of the realization of every person’s fundamental right to access to justice.
Keywords: international legal standards for lawyers; independence of the legal profession; professional rights of a lawyer; ECtHR; UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers; professional secret; CCBE; IBA; comparative law; right to a fair trial.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Keshner M. V. International and domestic protection of human rights. – 2021. – 180 p.
2. Abdullin A. I., Davletgildeev R. Sh., Gibadullin T. D. International law in the context of global transformation: regional integration and interregional interaction: review of the International Legal Session of the III Kazan International Legal Forum // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 67-70.
3. Ageev E. G. Decriminalization in Soviet criminal legislation // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2025. – No. 10-2. – P. 235-239.
4. Vershok I. L., Syromakha O. A. Lawmaking as a phenomenon of legal reality // Epomen: Legal Sciences Epomen: law. – 2022. – P. 150.
5. Danilchenko V. B. The role of global international organizations in the formation of universal legal frameworks for the participation of a lawyer in the settlement of disputes about children // Law and Management. XXI century. – 2025. – V. 21. No. 1. – P. 99-110.
6. Tarasov A. A. On the fate of international standards of fair trial procedure in Russian criminal justice // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17. No. 1 (63). – P. 177-188.
7. Schwartz, O. “The Degree of Protection of the Professional Rights of Lawyers.” Brief Summary of Research Results – 2022. Moscow: Center for Constitutional Studies, 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://constlawcenter.ru/reports/defenders-rights.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
GUSEYNOV Ruslan Natigovich
postgraduate Student, Academy of Labor and Social Relations
LEGAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TOKENISED SECURITIES IN CROSS-BORDER PRIVATE TRANSACTIONS: BETWEEN A DIGITAL RIGHT AND AN UNCERTIFICATED SECURITY
The article examines the legal characterization of tokenized securities in cross-border private transactions and the law applicable to their issuance and transfer. Formal legal, comparative, and functional methods are used. The article distinguishes the fully digital native model, in which the ledger entry constitutes the security, from the representative model, in which the token embodies a separate claim linked to an underlying security. A functional-constitutive test is proposed to identify the content of the right, the legal effect of the entry, the effect of transferring the token, and the functions of the system. The article substantiates an issue-specific allocation of the applicable law between the corporate or issuance statute, the contractual statute, and the law governing the system. A cascading conflict-of-laws rule based on controlled party autonomy is proposed.
Keywords: tokenized security, digital right, uncertificated security, digital financial asset, distributed ledger, legal characterization, conflict-of-laws regulation, law of the system, issuer’s personal law, private international law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zakharkina A. V. Digital financial assets through the prism of the doctrine of uncertificated securities // Ex jure. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 55-69. DOI: 10.17072/2619-0648-2022-3-55-69.
2. Khoshimov S. E. Securities 3.0, or Legal Regulation of Digital Financial Assets in Russia // Legal World. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 22-26. DOI: 10.18572/1811-1475-2023-11-22-26.
3. Lavayssière X. Legal Structures of Tokenized Assets // European Journal of Risk Regulation. 2025. First View. P. 1-13. DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.88.
4. Krivenkova M. V. Conflict of laws regulation of relations related to the use of digital financial assets in the international private law of Russia // Legal world. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 44-47.
5. Kuzmenkov M. Yu. Conflict of laws regulation of digital rights circulation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 3. – P. 152-159. DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2021.124.3.152-159.
6. Dilek D., Omlor S., Skauradszun D. A New Private International Law for Digital Assets // Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht. – 2025. – Vol. 89. No. 4. – P. 714–742. DOI: 10.1628/rabelsZ-2025-0053.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ISAMAGOMEDOV Abdulkadyr Magomedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KARATOVA Tamari Rasulovna
Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, independent researcher
ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF ARBITRATION COURTS IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF THE RULE OF LAW
The article is devoted to the study of the establishment and development of arbitration courts in Russia under conditions of formation of the rule of law. The concept of the arbitral tribunal of the Russian Federation, the main stages of its institutional development, as well as the features of legal regulation of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period are considered. The study focuses on the analysis of constantly changing processes in the judicial system, aimed at consolidating the principle of legality, ensuring institutional independence of the judiciary, as well as to create effective guarantees for the protection of rights and legally protected interests of subjects of economic legal relations.
Keywords: arbitral tribunals, judicial system, economic disputes, judicial reform, judicial process, commercial court, specialized body.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arbitration process: textbook / Yu. A. Svirin. – M .: KNORUS, 2021. – P. 42.
2. Oblogin D. D., Rasskazov V. L. Features of the formation and development of the system of arbitration courts in the Russian Federation // Epomen. – 2021. – No. 64. – P. 208.
3. Svetukhina A. A. History of the formation of economic justice in Russia // Modern Science. – 2022. – No. 4-2. – P. 211.
4. Bukina O. A. Historical and legal analysis of the development of arbitration court system in Russian legal science // International research journal. – 2023. – No. 1 (127). – P. 3
5. Yarkov V. V. Arbitration process: textbook. – 4th edition, revised and enlarged. – M .: “Infotropic Media”, 2010. – P. 6.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PLOTNIKOVA Alexandra Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Southwest State University, Kursk
THE DUALISM OF COMMERCIAL LAW IN RUSSIAN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES AND THEIR THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
The article analyzes the formation and development of the dualism concept in commercial law within pre-revolutionary Russian jurisprudence. Based on the works of prominent legal scholars MM Mikhailov, AP Bashilov, DI Azarevich, AF Fyodorov, PP Tsitovich, AI Kaminka, and SI Galperin the key doctrinal approaches to defining the place of commercial law within the private law system are elucidated. It is revealed that dualism was understood not as an opposition to civil law, but as an interaction between the two: commercial law relied on civil law institutions, adapting them to address the practical needs of commercial turnover. The common grounds and differences in the scholars’ positions are identified, along with the practical significance of their ideas for codification and law enforcement.
Keywords: dualism of private law, civil law, commercial law, legal science, doctrine, trade relations, commercial turnover.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Azarevich D. I. Essays on commercial law. Issue 1. – Warsaw: Printing house of the Warsaw educational district, 1897. – 88 p.
2. Bashilov A. P. Russian commercial law: a practical course based on outlines of lectures given at the Imperial School of Law: a course of lectures. Issue 1. Introduction. Commercial legal relations. Their subjects (before partnerships). – St. Petersburg: Printing house of A. S. Suvorin, 1887. – 298 p. 3. Galperin S. I. Textbook of Russian trade and bill law. Edition I. General part and doctrine of subjects and objects of trade actions: for commercial schools, trade schools and in relation to university requirements. – Ekaterinoslav: printing house of Dityatkovskogo Tovarishchestvo, 1907. – 354 p. 4. Kaminka A. I. Essays on Commercial Law. Issue I. – 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. – St. Petersburg: publication of the legal book warehouse “Pravo”, 1911. – 351 p. 5. Mikhailov M. M. History of the formation and development of the system of Russian civil proceedings before the Code of 1649. – St. Petersburg: Karl Kray Printing House, 1848. – 127 p.
6. Mikhailov M. M. Trade Law: Lectures by M. M. Mikhailov, Doctor of Law, Adjunct Professor at the Imperial St. Petersburg University. First Edition. History of Trade, 1857–1860. – St. Petersburg: L. Demis Printing House, 1860. – 158 p. 7. Fedorov A. F. Trade law. – Odessa: Slavic printing house Odessa, 1911. – 896 p.
8. Tsitovich P. P. Course of bill law. – Rep. ed. 1887 – Moscow: Direct-Media, 2022. – 352 p.
9. Tsitovich P. P. Lectures on commercial law. Review of current commercial law in France, Germany and Russia. Theory of commercial actions. – Odessa: Printing house of P. Frantsov, 1873. – 172 p. 10. Tsitovich P. P. Essay on the basic concepts of trade law. – Kyiv: Type. I. N. Kushnereva and Co., 1886. – 255 p.
11. Tsitovich P. P. Textbook of commercial law. Issue 1, 1891. – 314 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PONOMARENKO Svetlana Valerievna
senior lecturer of Enterprise economics, human resource management in agriculture and law sub-faculty, KE Voroshilov Lugansk State Agrarian University
A SPECIAL NORM IN MODERN LEGISLATION: PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE
The article examines the goals and functions of special standards. It is noted that the purpose of the special rules varies. They can be focused on stimulating socially useful activity of subjects of law in certain spheres of life, establishing stability in society, legal equality and justice. At the same time, special rules can restrict the rights and freedoms established by law for some participants in legal relations. Special regulations are characterized by the implementation of such areas of influence on public relations that are unique to them. Taking into account the target paradigm, special prescriptions implement concretization, replenishing and restrictive functions. Based on teleological and functional analysis, the definition of a special rule of law is given.
Keywords: special norms, concretization of social relations, stimulation of activity, achievement of equality and justice, restriction of rights, concretization function, complementary function, restrictive function.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bordakova A. G. Exceptional norms in Russian law: general theoretical study: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2023. – 28 p.
2. Nedbaylo P. E. Application of Soviet legal norms. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1960. – 511 p.
3. Novikov M. V. The restrictive function of law and its implementation in Russian legislation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Vladimir, 2004. – 22 p.
4. Norms of Soviet law. Problems of theory / edited by M. I. Baitin, V. K. Babaev. – Saratov: Publishing house of Saratov University, 1987. – 248 p.
5. Perepletchikova A. I. Concretization norms of Russian law. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2024. – 175 p.
6. Perepletchikova A. I. On the issue of the functions of concretization norms of Russian law // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 70-72.
7. Piskunova O. V. Types of functions of legal norms // Legal Culture. – 2012. – No. 2 (13). – P. 88-91.
8. Piskunova O. V. Functions of the norms of Russian law: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Saratov, 2012. – 173 p.
9. Radko T. N. Concept and characteristics of the functions of law // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2016. – No. 3 (44). – P. 22-30.
10. Svidlov N. M. Special norms in criminal law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 1979. – 19 p.
11. Senyakin I.N. Special norms of Soviet law / edited by M.I. Baitin. – Saratov: Publishing house of Saratov University, 1987. – 96 p.
12. Ter-Akopov A. A. Morality and Law: Selected. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2015. – 525 p.
13. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed.: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. – 840 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
GOSTEV Nikolay Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Southwestern State University, Kursk
UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF EXPERIENCE IN THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT
It is important to track the dynamics of comprehension and understanding the concept of experience in the historical and legal context from the point of view of defining the concept of legal experiment and experimental legal regime, which in turn is relevant in the light of the dynamic development of new technologies and the demand for projects of technological sovereignty and structural adaptation of the economy. The purpose of this study is to identify the main directions of periodization of the understanding of experience in the historical and legal context. One of the main methods of this research was the historical method, which allows solving the main tasks within the framework of achieving the purpose of this article.
Keywords: experience, experiment, legal experiment, experimental legal regime, history of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aristotle. Collected Works: in 4 volumes. – M.: Mysl, 1981. – Vol. 3. – 1065 p.
2. Axioms of religious experience / I. A. Ilyin. – M.: OOO Izdatelstvo AST, 2002. – 586 p.
3. Berdyaev N. A. (2006) Spirit and reality. – M.: AST; Kharkov: Folio, 2006. – 943 p.
4. Kant I. Works: in 6 volumes. – M.: Mysl, 1964. – V. 3. – 566 p.
5. Durkheim E. Elementary forms of religious life. Collection: Mysticism. Religion. Science. Classics of world religious studies. Anthology. – M .: Canon+, 1998. – 432 p.
6. Heidegger M. Time and being: articles and speeches (translated from German; commentary by V.V. Bibikhin; series: Thinkers of the 20th century). – M., Republic 1993. – 654 p.
7. Dewey, John (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York, NY, USA: Henry Holt.
8. Arendt X. Experiences in understanding, 1930-1954. Formation, exile and totalitarianism [Text] / trans. from English E. Bondal, A. Vasilyeva, A. Grigorieva, S. Moiseeva. – M.: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2018. – 701 p.
9. Pokrovsky I. A. Basic problems of civil law. – M.: Statut (in the series “Classics of Russian Civil Law”), 1998. – 132 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
MINEEVA Evangeliya Evgenjevna
Master’s Student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, NI Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
PAPAL ENCYCLICALS AND THE VATICAN LEGAL SYSTEM
The article is devoted to one of the categories of messages of the Popes, encyclicals, which replaced papal bulls in the 19th – 21st centuries. The author examines the characteristics of normative acts emanating from the Pope, which are typical for the Vatican. The article constructs a hierarchy of documents created directly by the Popes, according to their legal force and significance. Attention is drawn to the reasons for the widespread popularity of encyclicals in the 19th and 20th centuries in connection with the activities of philosophers and other representatives of the socio-political sciences during the Age of Enlightenment and in subsequent periods. According to the author, the legal force of encyclicals is primarily associated with the personal authority of the Pope and his Magisterium.
Keywords: Pope, encyclical, Holy See, Magisterium, bull, papal authority.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. O’Malley JW L’événement Vatican 2. – Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. – 389 p.
2. Nau Paul A L’origine des encycliques modernes: un episode de la lutte des évéques et des parlements 1755-1756 // Quatrième série. – 1956. – Vol. 33. – P. 225-267.
3. Voltaire. Treatise on Tolerance. – M: EKSMO, 2023 – 75 p.
4. De Lanversin Jacques. L’appel Comme d’abus Dans La Jurisprudence Du Conseil d’État III // La Revue Administrative. – 1962. – Vol. 15. No. 89. – P. 487-494.
5. Desouche Marie-Thérèse. Les encycliques spirituelles du pape Pie XI: entre unification du pontificat et diversité des modalités de gouvernement // Publications de l’École française de Rome. – 2013. – T. 467. – R. 561-577.
6. Dom Paul Nau Une source doctrinale: les encycliques. sur l’autorité de leur enseignement. Le Editions du Cèdre. – Paris, 1952. – 87 p.
7. Gunya A. N., Efimov A. B. The Pope’s Encyclical Laudato si and its understanding from the position of an Orthodox scholar // Humanity Space Internationaal almanac. – 2019. – Vol. 8. No. 5. – P. 540-544.
8. Deacon Konstantin Golubev. The Main Aspects of Positioning Catholic Socio-Economic Teaching in the Encyclicals of Pope Francis // Christian Teaching. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 177-197.
9. Kudryashov A. Yu. Papal encyclicals of the late 19th – mid-20th centuries as the basis for the methodology of modern Catholic biblical studies // Biblical scholia. – 2025. – No. 2 (11). – P. 99-113. – https://doi.org/10.31802/BSCH.2025.11.2.007.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
NIKIFOROV Ilya Evgenjevich
LEADING LEGAL ADVISER FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE STATE DEFENSE ORDER PJSC “TECHPRIBOR”
State sovereignty as a spiritual and moral value: an axiological and philosophical-legal analysis The article undertakes a comprehensive philosophical and legal study of the category of state sovereignty through the prism of an axiological approach. The thesis is substantiated that in the conditions of the modern globalization crisis, sovereignty is evolving from a purely political and legal construct into a fundamental spiritual and moral value. Based on the analysis of the works of representatives of classical and modern philosophical and legal thought, the substantial connection between the independence of the state and the ability of the people to ethically self-determination is revealed. Special attention is paid to the role of sovereignty in protecting historical memory, the cultural code, the institution of the family and traditional values from external intellectual pressure. It is concluded that civilizational sovereignty and the formation of a sovereign philosophy of law are necessary existential conditions for preserving the moral health of a nation.
Keywords: state sovereignty, spiritual and moral values, axiology of law, cultural code, social harmony, sovereign philosophy of law, national identity, historical memory.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. With amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2020. – July 4. 2. Morozov A. I., Prokofiev K. G., Sergeeva A. Yu. The institution of family as a moral and legal value (on the issue of sovereign legal ideology as the basis of family law of the Russian Federation) // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 107-114.
3. Zhuk A. S., Salnikov V. P. Value consensus of society as the basis of a sovereign legal ideology // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 163-170.
4. Vorobyov A. O. Public consent as the basis of state sovereignty: value aspect // Bulletin of the Military Academy of the National Guard Troops. – 2025. – No. 2 (31). – P. 5-11.
5. Zaitsev V. A., Napolskikh I. M. The Importance of Traditional Family Values in the Development of the Constitutional and Legal Foundations of the Modern Russian State // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of the Southern Federal University. – 2025. – Vol. 12. No. 2. – P. 56-62.
6. Salnikov V. P., Maslennikov D. V., Zakhartsev S. I., Morozov A. I. Value basis of sovereignty (on the issue of sovereign state-legal ideology) // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 149-162.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
CHIGVINTSEV Alexey Yurjevich
competitor of the degree of Ph.D. in Law of Administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Master of Law, expert in the field of industrial safety
STATE CONTROL (SUPERVISION) AND RESPONDING TO APPEALS FROM CITIZENS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. LEGAL CONFLICTS
This paper examines the contradictions and correlations between the provisions of Federal Law No. 59-FZ of 05/02/2006 and Federal Law No. 248-FZ of 07/31/2020. Restrictions on the conduct of control (supervisory) measures reduce the effectiveness of consideration of citizens’ appeals, leaving the established facts of violations without the use of state coercion measures. The purpose of the work is to identify legal mechanisms for resolving the conflict between guarantees of consideration of appeals and legislative restrictions on supervisory activities. Formal legal and comparative legal methods, an analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as an analysis of law enforcement practice are used as a methodological basis. As a result of the research, the law enforcement practice of applying the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the “Administrative Code”) bypassing the procedures of state control (supervision) has been revealed. Additionally, the risks of using organizations’ appeals as a tool of unfair competition and pressure on the market under the current moratorium have been identified.
Keywords: state control (supervision), citizen complaints, moratorium on inspections, unscheduled control and supervisory activity, approval of inspection by prosecutor’s offices, prosecutor’s demand, administrative offense proceedings, balance of public and private interests.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Amangeldy A. A., Belyaeva O. A., Varlamova A. N. Competition in a market economy: limits of freedom and restrictions: monograph / ed. A. V. Gabov. – M .: IZiSP, Jurisprudence, 2016 // Access from SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Zyubanov Yu. A. Commentary on the Federal Law “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation” (article by article). – M .: Prospect, 2018 // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Ignatov S. L., Borisov A. N. Commentary on the Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 248-FZ “On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation” (article-by-article). 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Delovoy Dvor, 2021.
4. Martynov A. V., Bundin M. V., Shireeva E. V. Concept of legal regulation of the use of information technologies in the field of state control and supervision in the context of the “digital economy”: research results: monograph / edited by A. V. Martynov. – N. Novgorod: Publishing house of the Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky, 2021. 5. Spiridonov A. A. Constitutional and legal concept of the development of state control (supervision) and public control in the framework of improving public administration in Russia: monograph. – Tula: Tula State Pedagogical University named after L. N. Tolstoy, 2023. 6. Stepkin S. P. Problems of studying the objectivity and comprehensiveness of consideration of appeals // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 11 // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Tikhomirova L. A. Reform of control and supervisory activities (“regulatory guillotine”) in the field of industrial safety. – 2021 // Access from the SPS “ConsultantPlus”.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ABDUZHALILOV Timur Farkhodovich
postgraduate student of the Graduate School of Law and Forensic Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
SPIRIDONOV Vyacheslav Valentinovich
master of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering Expertise, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
INTERDISCIPLINARY FOUNDATIONS FOR CONDUCTING SOCIO-LEGAL AND OTHER INTEGRATIVE RESEARCH IN THE PUBLIC LAW FIELD
The article contains information about the fundamental principles of integrative socio-legal and other interdisciplinary research. The article analyzes the modern doctrine in the field of synthesis of achievements from legal science and from other related humanities, in particular, sociology and sociology of law. The provisions and arguments of scientists on the need to streamline the mechanism of interdisciplinary research in terms of establishing a list of principles for them, which will become the basis for consistency in the logic of integrative research, are systematized. The authors pay attention to the historical formation of scientific disciplinarity, highlight the features of the division into various fields of the humanities, determine the place of jurisprudence in the system of humanities, and fix the features of the theoretical position of the state-legal sphere of doctrinal research. Using logical techniques and methods, the authors carry out complex scientific work, the results of which lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to establish strict rules and principles for conducting integrative interdisciplinary research. Private-industry scientific methods are also used. The article has a system-forming theoretical character, has the potential to be used in the development of future humanitarian, in particular, legal scientific concepts, and has relevance for use in subsequent socio-legal and other complex synthetic scientific developments. In the final provisions of the scientific article, theses are formed on forecasting trends in the future of interdisciplinary research.
Keywords: scientific principles, integrative research, humanitarian thought, theory of law, theory of state, philosophy of research, integration of jurisprudence, legal doctrine, legal disciplinarity, development of jurisprudence, scientific principles, legal principles, principles of science, research foundations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Orlova E. P. Interdisciplinary approaches in legal scientific research // Logic and methodology of scientific research: collection of scientific articles and reports of the VI International scientific and practical conference, Orel, March 5, 2025. – Orel: RANEPA, 2025. – P. 254-259. – EDN BUTNRK.
2. Andreev Yu. N. On the relationship between legal principles and methods of legal regulation // Civilist. – 2023. – No. 3m (43). – P. 17-22. – EDN ZBHOEM.
3. Akpashev P. V. The legal system: theoretical aspect (based on English-language sources) // The culture of peoples in social space and time: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Irkutsk, April 13, 2023 / editors T. S. Karimova, M. G. Evdokimova. – Irkutsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2023. – Pp. 190-195. – EDN IFZNWM.
4. Minaeva A. I., Romanov S. A. Interdisciplinary approach in legal science (on the example of the study of the social credit system of China) // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2025. – No. 11 (135). – P. 104-112. – DOI 10.17803/2311-5998.2025.135.11.104-116. – EDN QCAWRD.
5. Omakaeva E. U., Lidzhiev M. A., Salykova V. V., Kovaeva B. M. The influence of legal terminology on the formation of semantic precision in modern philological studies of an interdisciplinary nature // Questions of Russian and international law. – 2025. – Vol. 15. No. 12A. – P. 83-94. – DOI 10.34670 / AR.2026.42.80.046. – EDN MWFKFL.
6. Koval K. I. Methods of developing interdisciplinary connections in the formation of universal competencies in legal education / K. I. Koval // The world of pedagogy and psychology. – 2025. – No. 11 (112). – P. 108-113. – EDN ATUNRN.
7. Volgina E. V. Interdisciplinary approach to the study of legal discourse // Man and Law – XXI century: almanac of the Institute of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 156-159. – EDN TMIBSQ.
8. Anisimov A. P. Implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in higher legal education: interdisciplinary aspect / A. P. Anisimov // Innovations in education. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 5-17. – EDN WBXFJQ.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
GOSTEV Nikolay Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Southwestern State University, Kursk
THE FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL EXPERIMENT IN RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE LEGAL SCIENCE
It is important to trace the dynamics of the formation of the concept of legal experiment in Russian-language legal science from the point of view of defining the concept of legal experiment and experimental legal regime, which in turn is relevant in the light of the dynamic development of new technologies and the demand for projects of technological sovereignty and structural adaptation of the economy. The purpose of this study is to determine the main directions of the formation of the concept of legal experiment in Russian–language legal science. One of the main methods of this research was the historical method, which allows solving the main tasks within the framework of achieving the purpose of this article.
Keywords: experience, experiment, legal experiment, experimental legal regime, history of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Effectiveness of legal norms / Kudryavtsev V. N., Nikitinsky V. I., Samoshchenko I. S., Glazyrin V. V. – M.: Legal Literature, 1980. – 420 p.
2. Lazarev V.V. Gaps in the law and ways to eliminate them. – M.: “Legal Literature”, 1974. – 312 p.
3. Legal experiment and improvement of legislation / edited by V. I. Nikitinsky and I. S. Samoshchenko. – M.: Legal Literature, 1988. – 290 p.
4. Sivitsky V. A., Sorokin M. Yu. Legal experiment and development of law // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 13-18.
5. Repyev A. G. Legal experiment and law-making experience as special models of legal regulation: technique, practice, limits // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1 (97). – P. 46-47.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
GOLUBEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE BASIC STATE LAWS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1906: ROLE IN THE LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM, CONTINUITY AND INNOVATIONS
The author of the article conducts a comparative analysis of the content of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire of April 23, 1906, and the Fundamental State Laws that open the first volume of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1857. The criterion for comparison is the subjects of regulation, which the author defines based on the structure of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation, which makes the research topic relevant. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that, compared to the Fundamental Laws of the mid-19th century, the Fundamental State Laws of the early 20th century contained innovations in terms of structure and content, including previously absent subjects of regulation, such as the rights of Russian subjects representative bodies, and general principles of their activities. In addition, the author raises the question of whether these Basic Laws can be considered a genuine constitution. In conclusion, it is concluded that the Basic Laws under study were, firstly, rather a prototype of a full-fledged constitution, and secondly, they can be considered as a legislative act of constitutional significance, in conjunction with the Imperial Manifesto of October 17, 1905. According to the author, the latter serves as a preamble to the Basic Laws. In the end, the author concludes that the Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire of 1906, which devoted most of its content to the legal status of the emperor and his family, were not fully implemented by the tsarist government and were not recognized by the liberals. However, they were a step forward in the development of state law, which was possible in a conservative monarchy.
Keywords: State law, legislative act, the Constitution, the manifesto, Basic laws, representative government, legal status, representative bodies.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Davtyan V. R. Constitutional project of M. T. Loris-Melikov: prerequisites and consequences // Bulletin of the Volgograd State University. – Series 5. Jurisprudence. – 2016. – No. 2 (31). – P. 101-105.
2. Bocharov I. E., Mironchukovskaya V. V. Draft Constitutions of the Russian Empire as Predecessors of the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. – 2024. – No. 2. T. 1. – P. 19-28.
3. Kozlova E. I., Kutafin O. E. Constitutional law of Russia: textbook. – 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Prospect, 2015. – 592 p.
4. Zubkov I. V. Basic state laws of 1906 // Great Russian Encyclopedia. – T. 24: Oceanarium-Oyashio. – M .: Scientific Publishing House Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2014. – P. 555.
5. Kevbrina O. B., Kotlyarova S. B. Historical and legal characteristics of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832 // Bulletin of the Russian University of Cooperation. – 2020. – No. 4 (42). – P. 119-122.
6. Kuryshova I. V. On the issue of the legal status of the head of state of the Russian Empire // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 1 (108). – P. 29-35.
7. Rybkina M. V., Artamonov R. D., Dashkevich N. G. On the issue of systematization of constitutional legislation and by-laws at the present stage // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (76). – P. 8-29.
8. Ilyin V. N. Triad of S. S. Uvarova “Orthodoxy – autocracy – nationality” // Altai Bulletin of State and Municipal Service. – 2018. – No. 16. – P. 33-35.
9. Zubov A. I. General characteristics of the Supreme Manifesto of October 17, 1905 on the improvement of state order // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2020. – No. 1-2 (100). – P. 12-14.
10. Khubaeva D.F., Tsoraeva A.M. Legal significance of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire of 1906 // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 225-227.
11. Sluchenkova Yu. S. “The Basic Laws of the Russian Empire” of April 23, 1906 as a stage in the development of Russian constitutionalism // Scientific and practical journal “State and Law in the 21st Century”. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 22-26.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
MIKHAILIK Anna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
LIKHATSKAYA Sofya Vasiljevna
student of the 1st course, Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MONARCHICAL AND DEMOCRATIC ELEMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE OF 1871
This article examines the dualistic nature of the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire, which legally enshrined a compromise between traditional monarchical authority and nascent bourgeois-democratic institutions. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of checks and balances within the \”alliance\” of the Kaiser and Chancellor, as well as the governance of Prussia, enshrined in the Federal Council. It concludes that the 1871 Constitution, by ensuring the governance of the Prussian monarchy and formal popular representation, subsequently created a solid foundation for accelerated economic development, but also laid the foundation for fundamental contradictions that manifested themselves in political instability and militarization.
Keywords: Reichstag, Bundesrat, federalism, Kaiser, Constitution, dualistic monarchy.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Botashev K. I. Formation and development of constitutional justice in Germany: (early 19th – mid 20th century). – (Norms and institutions in the constitutional field) // History of the state and law. – 2014. – No. 15. – P. 59-62.
2. Garipova R. M. Constitution and development of the state system of the German Empire // Alley of Science. – 2019. – V. 1. No. 5 (32). – P. 863-866.
3. Mukhaev R. T. History of the state and law of foreign countries: textbook for universities / 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2026. – 948 p.
4. Shakhanin V. A. The highest organs of state power of the German Empire under the Constitution of 1871 // Young scientist. – 2014. – No. 12 (71). – P. 224-228.
5. Chilkina K. V. Implementation of constitutional principles in the German Empire at the beginning of the 20th century // Bulletin of the SSLA. – 2016. – No. 2 (109). – P. 128-132.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
CHUB Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional Law sub-faculty, Southwestern State University, Kursk
CHUB Anna Olegovna
student, Southwestern State University, Kursk
CEREMONIES AND SYMBOLS AS VALUE-VISUAL FORMS IN THE HISTORY OF LEGAL REGULATION OF PERSONNEL AND OFFICIAL RELATIONS OF RUSSIA
The article defines the elements of systemic, visual control of the personnel sphere through formal actions and signs using the example of ceremonies and symbols. The historical retrospective examines the content of personnel ceremonies used by the Russian administration, determines the level of their representativeness, scale and effectiveness. Both the value-associative meaning of forms (observance of the service hierarchy, honor, respect for the supreme power, devotion to service) and the practically significant result (ensuring the safety of the administration, suppressing unjust luxury, controlling the severity of discipline, career development) are justified, the experience of which is important for modern transformations of legal culture, the formation of convincing motivation of officials and a favorable image of official communication.
Keywords: personnel ceremonies, symbols, service conduct associations, personnel records management, oath, legal protocol, uniform, public service, personnel policy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kalashnikova T. V. The Origin of the State and Law: a textbook. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M., 2025. – 304 p.
2. Khokhlov E. B. History of legal regulation of economy and labor in Russia: Russian Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: scientific research. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 896 p.
3. Alpatov M. A. Russian historical thought and Western Europe. XVII – first quarter of the XVIII century. – M .: Publishing house “Science”. 1976. – 455 p. 4. Talina G. V. Institute of the oath and transformation of power in Russia // Power. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 272-279.
5. Belyaev I. D. Lectures on the history of Russian legislation. – M. Printing house of A. A. Kartsev, 1888. – 584 p.
6. Labutina T. L. Perception of English culture in Russia during the era of Peter I // Questions of History. – 2002. – No. 9. – P. 17-36.
7. Romashkin P. S. Basic principles of criminal and military-criminal legislation of Peter I / Ed. by prof. A. A. Gertsenzon; Military Law Academy. – M .: RIO-VKA, 1947. – 95 p.
8. Isaev I. A. Mythologemes of the law: law and literature. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 304 p.
9. Shepelev L. E. The era of bureaucratic uniforms // Rodina. – 1994. – No. 7. – P. 80-83.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
ZADVORNOV Sergey Anatoljevich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of State and legal disciplines and international law sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTE OF MILITARY CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN SOVIET LEGISLATION, 1958-1991: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF LEGAL SOURCES
The article examines the complex of Soviet legislative acts of 1958-1991, which regulated the legal responsibility of military personnel. Based on the analysis of the USSR Law of December 25, 1958, the Disciplinary Regulations of the Armed Forces of the USSR of 1960, and the Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1960, the article reveals the structure of military crimes, their classification, and evolution. Special attention is paid to the humanistic turn of the legislation in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including the 1991 amnesty. The article concludes that the post-war military criminal law had a dual nature, moving from strict regulation of subordination to differentiation of responsibility and subsequent liberalization.
Keywords: military crimes, Soviet law, the 1960 Disciplinary Statute, the 1958 Law, criminal liability, desertion, the 1991 Amnesty, and subordination.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Ermolaev A. N. Development of military criminal legislation in the post-war period (1945-1960) // Military History Journal. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 16-23.
2. Zakomoldin R. V. Formation of domestic military-criminal legislation in the Soviet period (1918-1991) // Army and society. – 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stanovlenie-otechestvennogo-voenno-ugolovnogo-zakonodatelstva-v-sovetskiy-period-19181991-gg (date of access: 06/15/2026).
3. Law of the USSR of 25.12.1958 “On criminal liability for military crimes” // Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1959. – No. 1.
4. Disciplinary Regulations of the Armed Forces of the USSR. – M.: Voenizdat, 1960.
5. Criminal Code of the RSFSR (approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960) // Code of Laws of the RSFSR. – 1960. – Vol. 8.
6. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 15.12.1983 “On Amendments to the Law on Criminal Liability for Military Crimes” // Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1983. – No. 51.
7. Law of the USSR of 01.11.1991 No. 63-N “On amnesty for military personnel who evaded military service” // Vedomosti SND and VS USSR. – 1991. – No. 46.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
KOSTROMINA Kristina Dmitrievna
postgraduate student, Donbass State University of Justice, Donetsk
THE EVOLUTION OF HEREDITARY SUCCESSION OF REAL ESTATE IN THE LATE SOVIET PERIOD: DUALISM OF TITLES AND COLLISIONS OF TRANSITIONAL LEGISLATION (1964-1991)
The article examines the final stage in the evolution of Soviet legislation on inheritance of real estate, spanning the period from the second codification of civil law (1964) to the land reform of 1990-1991. The author analyzes the fundamental dualism of the hereditary mass, in which the building was inherited as an object of personal property while the land plot remained outside the hereditary turnover. Special attention is paid to the legal nature of lifetime inheritable ownership as a compromise title and the analysis of temporal and substantive collisions inherited by modern law enforcement practice.
Keywords: Civil Code of the RSFSR of 1964, dualism of the inheritance estate, land reform, lifetime inheritable possession, collisions of the transitional period.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Antimonov B. S., Grave K. A. Soviet inheritance law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1955. – 312 p.
2. Ryasentsev V. A. Inheritance by law and by will in the USSR. – M.: Knowledge, 1972. – 48 p.
3. Krassov O. I. Land law: textbook / 5th ed. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2019. – 560 p.
4. Blinkov O. E. Inheritance of land plots in the Russian Federation // Inheritance law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 27-31.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
MIKHAILIK Anna Alexandrovna
associate professor of Theory and history of law sub-faculty, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
BZHASSO Amina Inverovna
student of the 1st course, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
ERES Alexandra Andreevna
student of the 1st course, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON THE EVOLUTION OF LAW
The article provides a historical and legal analysis of the impact of economic development on the evolution of legal systems. Based on a comparison of classical theoretical approaches and modern empirical research, the dependence of the complexity of law on the growth of socio-economic complexity of society is substantiated. Special attention is paid to the methodological features of the quantitative analysis of law, in which the legal system is considered as a dynamic network of interrelated norms. It has been established that the key factor in the development of law is not only economic growth, but also the expansion of state functions, primarily in the social and tax spheres. The conclusion is made about the formation of a modern legal system as a structurally complex and interconnected regulatory model reflecting global trends in the institutionalization of the economy. It is shown that in world practice, these processes are manifested in the strengthening of regulatory regulation of new areas of public relations, and in the Russian Federation – in the development of public law mechanisms for influencing the economy and strengthening the role of constitutional control.
Keywords: law, economic development, legal system, state, legal evolution, quantitative analysis.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Supreme.justia.com. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/585/161454/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/585/16-1454/
2. Supreme.justia.com [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/585/161454/(https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/585/16-1454/.
3. SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ARB&n=577274#DfpzcFVQLYtotI9o.
4. SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_443913/.
5. Die Rationalisierung des Rechts nach Max Weber // Max Weber als Rechtssoziologe / Hrsg. von Rehbinder. – M.: Tieck K. – P.;B.,
6. The Communist Manifesto. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://komsomolrf.ru/wp-content/uploads/Маниспект-КОМУнистический-партии.pdf.
7. The Code of Hammurabi. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp(https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp)
8. Benson B. The Spontaneous Evolution of Commercial Law, 1989.
9. Katz DM, Coupette C., Beckedorf J., Hartung D. Complex Societies and the Growth of the Law // Scientific Reports. – 2020. – Vol. 10. – DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73623-x. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73623-x (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73623-x) ([Nature][1]).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
DENIKAEVA Saida Emirkhanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
TASHTEMIROVA Patimat Izamutdinovna
master’s student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, independent scholar
LEGAL STATUS OF FOREIGN CITIZENS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND STATELESS PERSONS: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
This paper examines the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in Russia. It addresses their obligations and the restrictions they face in public administration, the nature of this status, and the practical difficulties such persons encounter within the country. The statutory features of the status are outlined – the permit-based regime of stay, territorial limits, the specifics of electoral and labor rights, and the application of special administrative coercion measures. The study clarifies how the position of a foreigner or a stateless person differs from the administrative-legal status of a Russian citizen. Conclusions concern the further development of this status. The authors point to several directions: tightening control over foreigners’ stay, improving the selection of migrants for study and work in Russia, countering illegal employment, and differentiating regulation across migrant categories.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, foreign person, migration legislation, legal status, entry and stay in the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bobrov A. M., Ivanova O. A., Telegin A. S., Tiunova V. N. Administrative law: textbook / edited. ed. A. S. Telegina; Perm State National Research University. – Perm, 2020. – P. 69.
2. Shilov Yu. V. Administrative responsibility as an element of the administrative-legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons // Flagship of science. – 2024. – No. 6 (17). – P. 409-411.
3. Aniskovich P. S. Features of the administrative and legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons // Almanac of a young researcher. – 2024. – No. 16. – P. 186-190.
4. Koneva V. D., Zvyagina D. E. Features of the administrative and legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation // Scientific approach: Jurisprudence. – 2025. – No. 3 (3). – P. 113-117.
5. Ospishchev R. I. Legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in Russia // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 2 (218). – P. 47-49.
6. Ruzmatova M. F. Features of the administrative and legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons on the territory of the Russian Federation // Epomen. Global. – 2025. – No. 62. – P. 138-143.
7. Kislitsyna L. A., Listopadova E. V. Problematic aspects of the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons on the territory of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Science. – 2024. – Vol. 4. No. 9 (78). – P. 150-155.
8. Chukaeva D. V. Constitutional and legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 5-4 (68). – P. 11-13.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
PRIVALOV Sergey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor IE Farber and Professor VT Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES AND CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY: THE RELATIONSHIP AND INTERCONNECTION OF CONCEPTS
The article examines the concepts of constitutional values and constitutional identity in their dialectical interaction. The study analyzes the existing approaches to understanding these concepts in the doctrine of constitutional law and proposes an author’s interpretation. The article concludes that the relationship between constitutional values and constitutional identity is complex, as constitutional identity is based on constitutional values and at the same time defines them. The article also suggests that constitutional identity can be perceived as an independent constitutional value.
Keywords: constitutional identity, constitutional values, Constitution of the Russian Federation, Constitutional Reform of 2020, legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alexy R. A Theory of Constitutional Rights (1986). – Oxford, 2010. – 462 p.
2. Kommers DP Constitutional jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany. – 2nd ed., rev. and expanded. – Durham; London: Duke univ. press, 1997. – 648 p.
3. Belosludtsev O. S. Theoretical and legal nature of the concept of constitutional identity // Comparative Constitutional Review. – 2021. – No. 3 (142). – P. 39-62.
4. Karaseva I. A. Competition of constitutional values in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and constitutional courts of foreign countries: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2014. – 31 p.
5. Mamonov V. V. Constitutional values of modern Russia // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2013. – No. 4 (93). – P. 125-132.
6. Ovchinnikova O. D., Shaganyan A. M. On the issue of the essence and types of constitutional values // Altai Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4 (44). – P. 90-96.
7. Plotnikova I. N. Economic freedom as a value of Russian constitutionalism // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 3 (128). – P. 80-89.
8. Ryakhovskaya T. I. Illustration of some constitutional features of the Russian Federation in the context of the study of constitutional identity // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 7-11.
9. Shustrov D. G. Constitutional identity and constitutional change // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 21-49.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
CHERVONYUK Vladimir Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
BASIC FINANCIAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS: CONSTITUTIONAL CONNECTION WITH THE FINANCIAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF SOCIETY, NATURE, AND LIMITS OF IMPLEMENTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE FINANCIAL SECURITY
The article provides a justification for the legitimization of fundamental financial rights and freedoms as an independent type of human rights; it examines their nature, constitutional connection with economic freedom and financial security, and considers the forms of constitutionalization in the digital economy. The article also proposes an argumentation for the limits of the implementation of fundamental financial rights as a condition for countering the abuse of these rights (freedoms) and establishing a balance between them and the financial security of the state. It is assumed that the experimental legal regime is an innovative mechanism for detecting and fixing the limits of the right (freedom), which is a way of coordinating competing financial interests and simultaneously expressing their balance (literally: expressing the formula of the right) in law.
Keywords:economic freedom, foundations of the public legal order, financial security, financial and legal environment, constitutionalization, digital finance, identity of fundamental rights (freedoms), systematics of fundamental rights (freedoms).
Bibliographic list of references
1. Chervonyuk V. I. The idea of law and law in ideas: in 2 volumes. Volume II. Book 1. Theory of constitutional law: comparative legal and regional analysis: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 588 p.
2. Chervonyuk V. I. Comparative constitutional law: Textbook. – M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2025. – 1458 p.
3. Economic rights and freedoms: the unity of public and private principles: monograph / I. N. Akhmetova, V. N. Belousov, I. I. Plotnikova [et al.], E. T. Rybinskaya, R. V. Sholokhov, E. M. Yakimova. – Irkutsk: Publishing House of BSU, 2025. – 198 p.
4. Plotnikova I. N. Economic freedom of the individual in Russia: constitutional and legal dimension / edited by T. V. Zametina. – Saratov: Publishing house of the Saratov state legal academy. 2022. – 444 p. 5. Galochkina O.A. Economic freedom and its limits: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of economic sciences. Cheboksary, 1996. – 25 p.
6. Bodrov O. G. Development of economic entities: abstract. dis. … doc. economy Sci. – Yoshkar-Ola, 2005. – 38 p.
7. Druzhinin D. N. Economic rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation: Constitutional and legal aspect: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2003. – 29 p.
8. Socio-economic rights and freedoms: legislation and law enforcement practice: monograph [Averin A. V. et al.; eds. Guseva T. S., Nikolaev V. V.]. – Penza: Editorial and publishing department of the Penza Pedagogical University named after V. G. Belinsky, 2010. – 446 p. 9. Grachev N. A. Judicial protection of economic rights and freedoms of the individual: constitutional aspect: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2007. – 24 p.
10. Constitutional Economics: monograph / [G. A. Gadzhiev et al.]. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2010. – 255 p.
11. Economic Law: Textbook. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged / edited by prof. N. S. Bondar. – M.: Prospect, 2026. – 352 p.
12. Bondar N. S. Economic constitutionalism of Russia: judicial doctrine and practice. 2nd ed. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2026. – 304 p.
13. Financial sovereignty and financial security of Russia: threats and risks: monograph [A. G. Khabibullin et al.]; edited by A. G. Khabibullin. 2nd ed., expanded and supplemented. – Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University: Higher School of Public Audit, 2023. – 480 p. 14. Legal instruments for ensuring financial stability of the Russian Federation: monograph / under the general editorship of M. N. Kobzar-Frolova, scientific editor E. L. Vasyanina, responsible editor S. V. Zlatopolsky. – Voronezh: Publishing and printing center “Scientific book”, 2023. – 354 p. 15. Chervonyuk V. I. The idea of law and law in ideas: in 2 volumes. Volume II. Book 1. Theory of constitutional law: comparative legal and regional analysis: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 588 p.
16. Finance: textbook / [S. A. Belozerov et al.]; editor V. V. Kovalev. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 928 p.
17. Finance: textbook / edited by L. L. Igonin. – M.: Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Knorus. – 382 p.
18. Goyman V.I. The operation of law. Methodological analysis: monograph. – M.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1992. 182 p. 19. Digital finance: textbook / edited by I. P. Khominich and S. V. Frumina. – M .: INFRA-M, 2025. – 451 p.
20. Chervonyuk V. I. Constitutionalization as a specific pattern of development of modern law and civilization of the state // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 34-39.
21. Chervonyuk V. I. Structure of law: theory, methodology, technologies and practices of formation: monograph. – M.: Justitsinform, 2023. – 942 p.
22. Varlamova N. V. Human rights as principles of law // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2023. – No. 6 (157). – P. 146-157.
23. Plotnikova I. N. Economic freedom of the individual in Russia: constitutional and legal dimension: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of law. – Saratov, 2023. – 66 p.
24. Constitutional judicial process: Textbook. – M.: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2026. – 657 p.
25. Sharov D. V. Unified theory of interests / edited by A. I. Klimenko: monograph. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2026. – 192 p.
26. Chervonyuk V. I. “Legitimate Interests”: Traditional View (Positivist Interpretation) and Assessment in the Context of the Natural-Legal Nature of Human Rights // Legal Science and Practice. Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3 (59). – 46-56. 27. Chervonyuk V. I. Constitutional and legal content of the presumption of good faith of business entities // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2011. – No. 6. – P. 45-53.
28. Chervonyuk V. I. Abuse of law in the sphere of private and public law // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 166-170.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KHOLODIONOVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Academic Department of the School of Law and Governance, Tyumen State University
METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY INTO STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIATIVITY
Various methods are employed in legal literature to study state and public mediation. While most of these rely on existing scholarly work, developing a new methodology requires identifying patterns that will significantly influence the research objective – namely, formulating the concept of state and public mediation. Currently, state and public institutions are increasingly focusing on the potential for the peaceful resolution of emerging disputes and conflicts, a trend that promises to reduce the level of conflict across all spheres of state and society in the long term.
Keywords: mediative capacity, the state as a mediator in conflict resolution, the public role in conflict settlement, methods of scientific inquiry, the search for an alternative solution, protection of citizens’ rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Boshno S. V. State // Law and modern states. – 2013. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvo (date of access: 07/09/2026).
2. Khalikov A. N. Methods of Cognition in the Philosophy of Law // The Rule of Law: Theory and Practice. – 2016. – No. 3 (45). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metody-poznaniya-v-filosofii-prava (date accessed: 07.07.2026).
3. Kholodionova Yu. V. Constitutional provision on the right to judicial protection and its implementation in connection with the conclusion of a settlement agreement (mediation) // Constitutionalization of sectoral legislation of the Russian Federation. Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with foreign participation. – Tyumen, 2022. – P. 148-158.
4. Kholodionova Yu. V. Theoretical foundations and practice of applying alternative dispute resolution methods in Russia: monograph / Yu. V. Kholodionova; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Tyumen State University, Institute of State and Law. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University-Press, 2024. 5. Yafasov A. Ya., Tomashuk N. A. Conceptual model of the mediation process in digital conditions // Bulletin of the Baltic State Academy of the Fishing Fleet. – 2024. – No. 2 (68). – P. 82-92.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TSAREV Kirill Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of the 1st year of study, Institute of Law, Penza State University
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
This scientific work is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the legal consequences of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies, including generative neural network architectures, in the context of the implementation and protection of human rights. Both the positive effects of algorithmization and destructive risks are considered: erosion of the autonomy of the will, cognitive asymmetry, normative fragmentation and threats caused by the synthesis of photorealistic content. Special attention is paid to generative systems capable of creating deepfakes, which entails a violation of the right to privacy, protection of honor and dignity, and undermines the reliability of audiovisual evidence. The insufficiency of prohibitive measures is substantiated and the principles of an integrated regulatory approach are formulated, including mandatory labeling of synthesized content through digital watermarks, the distribution of responsibility between developers and users, as well as the need for international coordination of standards. The need to adapt procedural law and increase the digital literacy of the population as necessary conditions for the effectiveness of legal mechanisms is discussed.
Keywords: human and civil rights and freedoms, Constitution, artificial intelligence, Internet.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Builuk V. B. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Rights: Domestic and Foreign Experience // The Modern Russian State: Constitutional and Legal Dimension: Proceedings of the All-Russian Round Table dedicated to the 25th Anniversary of the Establishment of the N. V. Vitruk Department of Constitutional Law, Moscow, December 12, 2024. – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice named after V. M. Lebedev”, 2025. – P. 219-225. 2. Voronov A. A. Application of artificial intelligence in human rights activities // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2025. – No. 5. – P. 282-286.
3. Kostenkov K. A. Artificial intelligence and human rights: risks of interaction // Theory of state and law. – 2023. – No. 4 (33). – P. 224-234.
4. Kostornaya D. A. Regulation of legal relations using artificial intelligence // Intellectual resources for regional development. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 100-105.
5. Ladyga L. I. Implementation of human rights through the prism of the development of artificial intelligence // Russian policy in the context of modern international political tension: institutions, trends, transformations: collection of materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference of the Donetsk regional branch of the Russian Academy of Political Sciences for the Day of Political Scientist at Donetsk State University, Donetsk, September 12, 2024. – Donetsk: Donetsk State University, 2024. – P. 187-189.
6. Maltyz K. I. Problems and challenges associated with artificial intelligence in the modern world // Accounting and control. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 17-21.
7. Meshcheryakov A. N. Artificial intelligence in the subject of constitutional law // Law in the era of artificial intelligence: promising challenges and modern tasks: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the International scientific and practical forum, Tyumen, October 17-19, 2024. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University-Press, 2024. – P. 36-40.
8. Sorokopud M. S. Artificial intelligence in a digital society // Digital technologies in the development of modern economic systems: Proceedings of the II All-Russian scientific research conference with international participation, Lipetsk, December 27, 2023. – Lipetsk: Lipetsk State Technical University, 2024. – P. 204-208.
9. Shvydchenko S. V. Problems and prospects for the implementation of constitutional human rights using artificial intelligence // The modern Russian state: constitutional and legal dimension: Proceedings of the All-Russian round table dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Department of Constitutional Law named after N. V. Vitruk, Moscow, December 12, 2024. – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice named after V. M. Lebedev”, 2025. – P. 191-196.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KOSTRIGINA Mariya Yurjevna
postgraduate student of the 1st year of study, Institute of Law, Penza State University
CITIZENS’ RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: GENERAL ANALYSIS
The article is devoted to a general theoretical analysis of the rights of citizens in the digital environment. The author examines the impact of digitalization processes on the rights of citizens in the Russian Federation and constitutional principles, with a focus on constitutional rights. The article assesses the positive and negative effects of the emergence of the digital environment on the rights of citizens, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the transformation of human rights in the new conditions. The analysis is conducted on the example of the right to education, the right to privacy, and others. The results of the study reflect the risks of further development of the rights of citizens in the digital environment and assess the prospects for further changes.
Keywords: digital environment, digitalization, citizens’ rights, transformation of citizens’ rights, modern technologies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Volkova G. E. The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age // Philosophy of Law. – 2022. – No. 4 (103). – P. 174-180.
2. Grigorieva G. Yu. The Impact of Digitalization on Constitutional Principles and Citizens’ Rights // Best Student Research 2024: Collection of Articles from the II International Research Competition. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2024. – P. 36-38.
3. Krasnova G. A., Polushkina A. O. Digitalization of the right to education // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Informatics and informatization of education. – 2021. – No. 3 (57). – P. 90-99.
4. Kuznetsov A. A., Matsokina D. S. The influence of digitalization conditions on the problem of realizing the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation // Society and Civilization. – 2025. – Vol. 7. No. 4. – P. 31-35.
5. Maksimov A. A. Online rally as a way to realize human political rights // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 2 (123). – P. 30-38.
6. Minnikes I. A. Problems of protecting the constitutional rights of citizens in the context of globalization and digitalization // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 4 (56). – P. 80-85.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
POLYAKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
postgraduate student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Perm State National Research University
FOREST AS A NATURAL RESOURCE IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The challenge of balancing constitutional provisions that guarantee equal treatment of all forms of ownership over natural resources with civil circulation and ecological priorities continues to be relevant today. This article examines norms drawn from several branches of legislation (forestry, civil, and environmental) that govern the implementation of Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, taking forests as a case study. Forests are considered simultaneously as a natural resource, an ecological system, and an object of civil circulation. By examining the various forms of ownership, the article identifies the particular features and constraints involved in implementing norms that establish state, municipal, private, and other forms of forest ownership. The author consolidates approaches developed within legal scholarship regarding the legal regime of forest ownership and sets out the predominant view of forests as an object of property rights. The study draws on both general scientific and discipline-specific methods, including the general-logical method, analysis, synthesis, the formal-legal method, and legal forecasting. Drawing on an analysis of legal norms together with the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the article demonstrates the dual nature of forests, which stems, on the one hand, from their status as common heritage belonging to nature, and, on the other, from the possibility of forest plots being subject to civil circulation. Although Russian legislation treats forests as objects of private, state, municipal, and other forms of ownership, the full exercise of ownership powers – possession, use, and disposal – has not yet been achieved at the current stage of sectoral legislative development. The author concludes that the norms governing the development of forest use – whether private, state, or municipal – are predominantly shaped by ecological considerations. Going forward, the state will need to establish appropriate governmental institutions and refine the legal and regulatory framework for managing privately owned forests in order to strike a balance between ecological preservation, the interests of society, and the economic use of forest resources.
Keywords: forest, state ownership, municipal ownership, private forest ownership, legal regulation, legal regime, owner’s powers, balance of interests, forest resources, specificity and limitations
Bibliographic list of references
1. Forest land area // Official website of the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/38194 (date accessed: 07/16/2025).
2. Bykovsky V.K. Use of forests in the Russian Federation: legal regulation. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2009. – 220 p. – EDN: QQZXLX.
3. Brinchuk M. M. Rational use of natural resources as a methodological resource in choosing the optimal subject of legal ownership of natural resources // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2024. – Vol. 50. No. 2. – Pp. 104-111. – DOI: 10.21779/2224-0241-2024-50-2-104-111; EDN: GRKWSQ.
4. Bogolyubov S. A. Periodization of land development, environmental provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Agrarian and land law. – 2020. – No. 2 (182). – P. 87-90. – EDN: QLPFGR.
5. Badaev A. I. Legal characteristics of forests and tree-shrub vegetation. – Orel, 1999. – P. 14-15.
6. Bogolyubov S. A. Social significance of nature management in the acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 94-102. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_17308963_48411996.pdf; EDN: SMMVTH.
7. Malaya T. N. Natural resources as objects of property rights: on the relationship between natural resource and civil legislation in determining their regime // Environmental law. – 2009. – No. 5-6. – P. 46-49. – EDN: KZOWHL.
8. Shupletsova Yu. I. Forest Code of the Russian Federation: innovations and problems // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 10 (73). – P. 60-66. – EDN: JXADLD.
9. Krassov O. I. Commentary on the Forest Code of the Russian Federation. – M., 2007. – P. 5. – EDN: QXINCR.
10. Brinchuk M. M. Constitutional foundations of the right of ownership of nature // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2017. – Vol. 12. No. 4. – P. 97-132. – EDN: ZCOTBN.
11. Bykovsky V.K. Problems of legal regulation of forest ownership relations in civil legislation // Agrarian and land law. – 2012. – No. 5 (89). – P. 47-50. – EDN: PFIBMN.
12. Rodina M.E. Private ownership of forests on agricultural lands in the Russian Federation: trends in the development of civil, land and forest legislation // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2020.
13. Malaya T. N. Legal regime of forest areas // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 4. – EDN: NHMGBP.
14. Nikolaychuk A. A. Ownership of forests as a basis for economic forest relations // Problem analysis and public administration design. – 2010. – Vol. 3. No. 4. – P. 122-132. – EDN: NCPQOJ.
15. Osokin A. V. Forest plantations as an object of legal relations // Issues of Russian justice. – 2025. – No. 38. – EDN: QCNHGU.
16. Rodina M.E. Private ownership of forests on agricultural lands in the Russian Federation: trends in the development of civil, land and forest legislation // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2020. – P. 96.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SARKISYAN David Surenovich
Master of Law, independent researcher, Moscow
THE LEGAL FICTION OF A “FALSE OATH” IN THE TERMINATION OF ACQUIRED CITIZENSHIP IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ANALYSIS AND THE COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES
This article examines the constitutional and legal fiction of “false oath”, which effectively equates a conviction for a naturalized citizen with knowingly providing false information when acquiring Russian citizenship. This fiction creates a regime of permanent vulnerability for acquired citizenship. A naturalized person finds themselves in the position of a citizen with a conditional status, which may be reconsidered years after the completion of the citizenship procedure. Based on a comparison with the judicial model of denaturalization in the United States, it is proposed to abandon this automaticity and establish the court’s obligation to establish the person’s intent at the time of naturalization.
Keywords: citizenship, acquired citizenship, termination of citizenship, false oath, denaturalization, legal fiction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Barshova O. A., Garkina T. A., Seskina O. E. Some aspects of the implementation of the institution of termination of citizenship on the territory of the Russian Federation // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 97-103.
2. Ketova L. P. Institute of deprivation of citizenship in Russia // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 7 (223). – P. 140-144.
3. Konovalov D. D. Termination of citizenship as a measure of constitutional and legal responsibility // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. – 2024. – Vol. 65. No. 3. – P. 120-132.
4. Kotelnikov D. A. Termination of citizenship of the Russian Federation: presumption of false oath // Legislation. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 30-37.
5. Mikhailova A. A. Constitutional and legal nature of citizenship of the Russian Federation: a stable legal connection as an essential expression of citizenship // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 25-30.
6. Nikitina E. E. Legislation on citizenship and improvement of the migration policy of the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 30-42.
7. Piryazeva N. E. Termination of citizenship of the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.2; Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. – M., 2025. 31 p.
8. Pronyakina S. Yu. Deprivation of citizenship as a special basis for termination of legal ties with the state // Legal research. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 59-73.
9. Salikov M. S. On some issues of citizenship and legal status of foreign citizens in Russia // Russian law: education, practice, science. – 2017. – No. 5 (101). – P. 46-52.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TROFIMENKO Valeriya Ivanovna
postgraduate student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
TYPOLOGY OF LEGAL ARGUMENTS IN JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN RESEARCHERS’ WORK
The article explores the typology of legal arguments used in judicial activities as a tool for legitimizing court decisions and explaining the normative content of legal institutions. Based on an analysis of the scientific approaches of F. Bobbitt, R. Fallon Jr., D. Kennedy, R. Alexi, N. McCormick, and A. Yakab, the article identifies common similarities and differences in the criteria for classifying arguments, as well as the limitations of constructing a universal taxonomy. It is substantiated that the typology of arguments performs not only a descriptive, but also a normative and methodological function, increasing the transparency and verifiability of a court decision. It is concluded that it is necessary to use combined (integrative) typology models that allow taking into account the context of law enforcement and the competition of arguments.
Keywords: judicial argumentation, typology of arguments, interpretation of law, authority, constitutional justice, external and internal justification, and judicial decision.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Turanin V. Yu., Alokova M. Kh. The essence and properties of argumentation in relation to legal activity // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 153-158.
2. Usmanova E. F. Legal argumentation in resolving legal disputes and conflicts // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2021. – No. 4 (65). – P. 64-66.
3. Alexy R. A Theory of Legal Argumentation: The Theory of Rational Discourse as Theory of Legal Justification. – Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011. – 323 p.
4. Bobbitt Ph. Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution. – New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1984. – 304 p.
5. Fallon Jr RH A Constructivist Coherence Theory of Constitutional Interpretation // Harvard Law Review. – 1987. – No. 6. – P. 1189-1286.
6. Jakab A. Judicial Reasoning in Constitutional Courts: A European Perspective // German Law Journal. – 2013. – No. 8. – P. 1215-1278.
7. Kennedy D. A Semiotics of Legal Argument // Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law. – 1994. – No. 2. – P. 309-365.
8. MacCormick N. Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory. – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. – 322 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KOSTRIGINA Mariya Yurjevna
postgraduate student of the 1st year of study, Institute of Law, Penza State University
ACTIVITIES OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION TO PROTECT THE ELECTION PROCESS FROM MODERN INFORMATION THREATS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of election commissions in the context of ensuring the information and technological security of elections. The key role of the GAS “Elections” and the regulatory regulation of its protection are considered. The article explores the current challenges associated with the spread of fake information and the use of artificial intelligence for creating deepfakes, as well as the mechanisms for detecting them through fact-checking and interagency cooperation (Central Election Commission, Roskomnadzor, ANO Dialog Regions). The author concludes that, given the existing scope of authority for technical and methodological support, the lack of legislation clear regulations for direct counteraction to cyber threats, which requires additional legal development.
Keywords: digital environment, electoral process, electoral law, protection of digital resources.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ismelov N. M. State automated system “Elections” as a means of automating the electoral process // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2016. – No. 1 (133). – P. 68-70.
2. Makhova A. V., Rokotyanskaya A. A. Digitalization of the electoral process in Russia: legal aspects // Legal order and legal values. – 2024. – Vol. 2. No. 3. – P. 39-45.
3. Sermyagina K. A. On the issue of information security in the electoral process // Modern jurisprudence: current issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles from the VIII International scientific and practical conference. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G.Yu.), 2018. – P. 194-201.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
FILATOV Alexander Sergeevich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Russian University of Friendship of Peoples
TRANSFORMATION OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROCESS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The legal problem lies in identifying the reasons that truly motivated the domestic legislator to carry out constitutional reforms after the adoption of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Discussions regarding the possible reasons for constitutional reforms in Russia have been ongoing since the first public intentions to amend the text of the domestic Constitution. However, this discourse acquired particular relevance after the most extensive constitutional reform, which was carried out in 2020. The analysis carried out made it possible to identify the main constitutional trend that determines the dominant position of the institution of the President in the system of state power of the Russian Federation.
Keywords. President, parliament, Constitutional Court, amendments, system of checks and balances.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Avakyan S. A. Russian constitutionalism: reflections on the anniversary results and prospects. Constitutional and municipal law. 2024. No. 1. Pp. 2-12. – DOI 10.18572/1812-3767-2024-1-2-12;
2. Bobrova N. A. Constitutional reform – 2020 as a testing ground for innovations // Legal technology. 2021. No. 15. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsionnaya-reforma-2020-kak-poligon-innovatsiy (date of access: 03/12/2026).
3. Lazarev V. V. Ideology of constitutional reform of the legal system of the Russian Federation. Journal of Russian Law. 2021. Vol. 25. No. 4. Pp. 5-17. – DOI 10.12737/jrl.2021.042;
4. Mameva Ya. Yu. Once again about the elections of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Russian law: education, practice, science. 2015. No. 2 (86). P. 26 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/esche-raz-o-vyborah-glav-subektov-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 01.02.2026).
5. Khabrieva T., Rumyantsev O., Krasnov M., Yumashev Yu., Medushevsky A., Belov S., Tai Yu., Manzhosov S. Zeroing and the Spirit of the Constitution // Law. 2020. No. 3. P. 23-37. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=130070&ysclid=lysfmxwc7h400410308#JTzXxIUsD2lapx7r
6. Cherepanov V. A. On legal issues of change of power // Journal of Russian Law. 2020. No. 11. pp. 32-34 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-pravovyh-voprosah-smenyaemosti-vlasti (date of access: 01.02.2026).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TSAREV Kirill Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of the 1st year of Study, Institute of Law, Penza State University
FEATURES OF PROTECTION OF CITIZENS RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE DIGITAL SPACE
This article is a comprehensive study of the mechanisms for ensuring individual rights and freedoms in the context of rapid digitalization of public relations. The paper offers an analysis of the regulatory framework governing the protection of constitutional rights of citizens in a virtual environment. Special attention is paid to identifying and classifying modern challenges and risks arising in the process of implementing digital rights, including issues of privacy, personal data protection and freedom of information dissemination. The findings can be used to improve law enforcement practices and develop adaptive models of legal regulation of digital ecosystems.
Keywords: protection of rights and freedoms, digitalization, Constitution, Internet.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bulatov R. B. Legal regulation of the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation in the era of digitalization // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 30-33.
2. Bulatov R. B. Protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation in the context of modern development of digital technologies // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (76). – P. 89-102.
3. Diskin E. I., Malyutin M. R. Messenger max as a tool for modernizing e-government: analysis of the transformation of interaction between citizens and the state // Issues of public and municipal administration. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 144-169.
4. Karimov A. R. Cookies and their functional significance // Financial security – new horizons: Proceedings of the X International scientific and practical conference of the International Network Institute in the field of AML/CFT, Moscow, November 19-20, 2024. – Moscow: National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 2024. – P. 1069-1074.
5. Kolesnikova P. D. The Significance of Amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2025. – No. 35. – P. 72-78.
6. Petrova K. A. Protection of data privacy and individual rights in the digital environment: legal regulation and practical mechanisms // Scientific notes of young researchers. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 46-53.
7. Piskaikina V. M., Monetov A. G. The problem of protecting personal data in the era of digitalization // Russian studies. Law and politics. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 124-140.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
CHIREIKIN Nikita Mikhailovich
postgraduate student, Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management; lawyer of the Novosibirsk Region Law Chamber
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF CITIZENS’ PROPERTY TRUST IN THE COURSE OF REAL ESTATE TRADE: ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL POSITIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the methods of constitutional and legal protection of citizens’ property trust in the real estate market in the Russian Federation. The concept of “constitutional protection of property trust” is introduced into scientific discourse in relation to real estate. The article defines the essence of the legal nature of the principle of citizens’ property trust, and also analyzes the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation’s decrees, which establishes the concept of protecting a bona fide acquirer from the mistakes of public authorities. It is noted that procedural guarantees for the implementation of the principle should apply to all bona fide purchasers, not just to participants in constitutional proceedings.
Keywords: property trust, problems in legislation, The Constitution of the Russian Federation, legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, protection of property ownership, the legal mechanism for reviewing decisions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bondar N. S. Judicial constitutionalism: doctrine and constitutional-judicial practice: monograph. – M .: Norma, 2016. – 528 p.
2. Kravets I. A. Principles of Russian constitutionalism and constitutionalization of the legal order: monograph / Novosibirsk National Research State University. – M .: Rusains, 2024. – 326 p.
3. Suvorov E. D. Challenging the debtor’s transactions: monograph. – M .: Statut, 2021. – 524 p.
4. Gadzhiev G. A. Legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on guarantees of private property rights in the case of compulsory alienation of property for state needs // Legislation. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 40-50.
5. Koval V. N. Some aspects of determining methods for protecting ownership of real estate // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 243-264.
6. Nebratenko O. O. Limitation of property rights in the interpretation of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Russian judge. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 51-55.
7. Ovinnikov V. A. Some aspects of the implementation of the protection of housing rights: forms and methods (analysis of law enforcement) // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 8 (224). – P. 293-296.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BEZZATEEVA Veronika Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of Aerospace Instrumentation
QUALIFICATION OF MALICIOUS GAME MODIFICATIONS THAT INFRINGE ON THE PERSONAL DATA OF MINORS
The article examines the criminal-law qualification of the creation, use and distribution of malware disguised as game modifications, cheats, launchers and other user-generated add-ons. It is discussed that a game-related form does not alter the legal nature of a malicious object if its actual functionality is aimed at unauthorized copying, transmission or use of computer information. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of Articles 273, 272 and 272.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in cases involving minors’ personal data, as well as to evidentiary indicators of awareness and intent.
Keywords: malware, game modifications, minors, personal data, unauthorized access, criminal qualification, computer information.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bezzateeva V. S. Innovative methods of ensuring information security of minors on the Internet // Wave electronics and infocommunication systems: materials of the XXVII International scientific conference. – St. Petersburg: GUAP, 2024. – P. 28-32.
2. Kuchina Ya. O. Part 1 of Article 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Unauthorized access to computer information”: an error in the disposition as a cause of errors in qualification and proof // Russian investigator. – 2019. – No. 8. – P. 47-52.
3. Lakhtina T. A. Personal data of minors as an object of legal protection // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 190-194.
4. Tereshchenko L.K. State control in the field of personal data protection // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 142-161.
5. Fedorova A. S. Problems of ensuring the security of personal data of minors in information and telecommunication networks // Legal world. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 36-41.
6. Shchepelkov V. F. Criminal liability for illegal circulation of personal data (Article 272.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 35-42.
7. Yakusheva T. V., Gorovoy S. A. Unauthorized access to computer information: problems of qualification // Problems of legal and technical protection of information. – 2024. – P. 116-119.
8. Lee D., Rajbahadur GK, Lin D., Sayagh M., Bezemer C.-P., Hassan AE An Empirical Study of the Characteristics of Popular Minecraft Mods // arXiv, 2021. – arXiv:2103.14439.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
VLASOVA Elena Lvovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
OPTIMIZING THE PROCEDURE OF REGISTRATION FOR DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE: AMENDMENTS TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION\’S CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES FROM 2026
Amendments to Articles 27.12 and 27.13 of the Russian Federation\’s Code of Administrative Offenses, introduced by Federal Law No. 145-FZ of May 25, 2026, came into force on June 5, 2026. These amendments are aimed at streamlining the process for registering drivers suspected of driving under the influence by reducing the amount of paperwork. Previously, three to five separate documents were required (including suspension reports, vehicle detention reports, administrative offense reports, medical examination reports, etc.), which could take up to three hours. Information about the suspension and detention of a vehicle can now be recorded as notes in other procedural documents—for example, in the protocol for a medical examination or in the case resolution. The aim of the amendments is to improve the efficiency of traffic police officers and save labor. At the same time, the examination procedures themselves and key procedural guarantees for drivers, including the right to appeal, are preserved. However, simplifying the process carries the risk of incompletely recording the circumstances of the case, which could potentially complicate the protection of citizens\’ rights in court.
Keywords: Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, suspension from driving, vehicle detention, medical examination, procedural documents, procedural optimization.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Bondarenko M. V., Stroeva O. A. Legal culture of road users as a necessary condition for ensuring its safety // Legal Culture. 2016. No. 4 (27). P. 89-96.
2. Zhbanova S. A. Certain aspects of prevention of driving a vehicle while intoxicated // Scientific Bulletin of the Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov. 2023. No. 2 (95). P. 47-58.
3. Isaev M. M., Lyakhov P. V. Individual elements of the prevention of violations related to driving a vehicle while intoxicated, taking into account the conditions of their commission // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 5. P. 210-217.
4. Kapustina E. G., Limareva E. S. Features of law enforcement activities of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the field of ensuring road safety: all-Russian and regional experience // Legal science and law enforcement practice. 2016. No. 4 (38). P. 153-159.
5. Novikov I. A., Pechatnova E. V., Kiryushin I. I., Ilyin Yu. I. Stationary complexes for photo and video recording of traffic violations as a way to combat accidents // Voronezh Scientific and Technical Bulletin. 2024. No. 3. P. 118-125.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
RASHEVA Natalya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Murmansk Arctic University
SMIRNOVA Yuliya Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Murmansk Arctic University
FAMILY AND MARRIAGE IN THE STATE\’S ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY
Family and marriage are high-risk areas in anti-corruption matters, including conflicts of interest; control over expenses and income; sham marriages and sham divorces as corrupt schemes; family contracts and nepotism; and failure to control adult children. Ensuring the stability of civil circulation and protecting property rights is becoming a priority, but serious discussions are also underway regarding the confiscation of property at the request of the prosecutor\’s office. This paper analyzes current anti-corruption legislation and law enforcement practice, examining how marriage and family figure in anti-corruption legislation and law enforcement practice. Amendments are proposed to the Federal Law “On Combating Corruption” the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: family, marriage, anti-corruption, conflict of interest, control over expenses and income, sham marriage, sham divorce, nepotism, adult children, seizure of property at the request of the prosecutor\’s office, corrupt behavior, anti-corruption legislation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Federal Law of 03.12.2012 No. 230-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2025) “On control over the compliance of expenses of persons holding government positions and other persons with their income” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 280. – 05.12.2012.
2. Federal Law of 25.12.2008 No. 273-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2025) “On Combating Corruption” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 266. – 30.12.2008.
3. Federal Law of 02.03.2007 No. 25-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2025) “On Municipal Service in the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 47. – 07.03.2007.
4. Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ (as amended on March 8, 2026) “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 162. – July 31, 2004.
5. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on June 10, 2026) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 256. – December 31, 2001.
6. Labor Code of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2001 No. 197-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2025) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 256. – 31.12.2001.
7. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 10.06.2026) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
8. Family Code of the Russian Federation of 29.12.1995 No. 223-FZ (as amended on 23.03.2026) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 17. – 27.01.1996.
9. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on June 10, 2026) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 238-239. – December 8, 1994.
10. Letter of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated July 26, 2018 No. 18-0/10/P-5146 “On methodological recommendations on issues of holding officials accountable for failure to take measures to prevent and (or) resolve a conflict of interest” // Solidarity. – No. 29, 08. – 15.08.2018.
11. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 31.10.2024 No. 49-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of Articles 195 and 196, paragraph 1 of Article 197, paragraph 1 and the second paragraph of paragraph 2 of Article 200, the second paragraph of Article 208 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the request of the Krasnodar Regional Court.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus (date of access: 10.07.2026).
12. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 1 (2026) (approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 25, 2026 No. 5A/2026). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus (date of access: July 10, 2026).
13. Thematic review of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. On the consideration by courts of cases related to the application of legislation on combating corruption and the transfer to the income of the Russian Federation of property acquired as a result of violating requirements and prohibitions aimed at preventing corruption (approved by Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 01.07.2026 No. 17A/2026). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ConsultantPlus (date of access: 10.07.2026).
14. Rasheva N. Yu. Digitalization as an effective tool for combating corruption // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 6-1. – P. 106-119.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SOLOVJEV Andrey Mikhailovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Legal and Humanitarian Disciplines, Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian Technical Institute
SLYUSAREVA Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Legal and Humanitarian Disciplines, Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian Technical Institute
PROBLEMS OF USING THE CATEGORY OF INSIGNIFICANCE WHEN BRINGING TO ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY
The article examines the issue of the legal nature of the insignificance of an administrative offense and the specifics of its application when bringing individuals to administrative responsibility. It reviews the approaches to defining the insignificance of an offense that have emerged within the science of administrative law. Based on an analysis of judicial practice, the article identifies key features of law-enforcement discretion in assessing the insignificance of an act. It outlines the main problems associated with applying Article 2.9 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. The article proposes legislative solutions to these problems by formalizing the criteria for assessing the insignificance of an act and aligning them with the legal elements constituting administrative offenses. The first proposed approach involves introducing a quantitative criterion for assessing the harm caused by the offense, while the second entails delineating the specific types of offenses for which the application of the insignificance doctrine should be restricted.
Keywords: insignificance, administrative offense, judicial discretion, oral remark, law enforcement, administrative responsibility, public danger.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Baklanov I. S., Bichakhchyan M. K. Legal consciousness as a basis for the development of a democratic society // Economic and humanitarian studies of regions. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 74-80.
2. Baklanov I. S., Bichakhchyan M. K., Baklanova O. A. Social determination of the dynamics of legal consciousness: modern Russian experience // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 23-26.
3. Baklanov I. S., Kolosova I. V. Dynamics of legal values in the context of globalization and digitalization // Economic and humanitarian studies of regions. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 214-217.
4. Vasilchenko A. A. On the issue of criteria for the insignificance of an act // Law and education. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 66-75.
5. Vinokurov V. N. Determination of the insignificance of an act in the aspect of the systemic application of the norms of criminal and administrative law // Legality. – 2022. – No. 9 (1055). – P. 35-39.
6. Gerasimov A. M. Insignificance of an act under criminal law and administrative-tort law: nature and content // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2024. – V. 77. No. 5 (210). – P. 73-82.
7. Kiryanova O. V. Recognition of an administrative offense as insignificant: problems of theory and practice // State power and local self-government. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 49-53.
8. Panov A. B. On insignificance in bringing to administrative responsibility // Public Law Today. – 2022. – No. 4 (14). – P. 108-123.
9. Popov A. V., Fomina I. A. Concept and criteria of insignificance of the committed administrative offense // Siberian Legal Review. – 2023. – Vol. 20. No. 2. – P. 132-144.
10. Soloviev A. M., Shlyundt N. Yu. Qualification of sanctions and sanctions clauses as special conditions of the contract // Power of Law. – 2024. – No. 3 (59). – P. 155-166.
11. Suleimanova O. L. Problems of the concept of “insignificance of an administrative offense” // Agrarian and land law. – 2022. – No. 5 (209). – P. 146-151.
12. Chukin D. S. Insignificance of an act from the perspective of judicial discretion // Bulletin of the Saratov Military Institute of the National Guard Troops. – 2022. – No. 4 (9). – P. 113-119.
13. Chukin D. S. Social danger of an act as an evaluation category // News of the Saratov Military Institute of the National Guard Troops. – 2025. – No. 2 (19). – P. 85-95.
14. Shlyundt N. Yu., Soloviev A. M. Qualification of sanctions in the practice of termination of contracts: protection of the interests of counterparties // Law and Right. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 158-163.
15. Shurukhnova D. N., Mendel A. S. Circumstances excluding the administrative delictual nature of an act and exempting from administrative liability: legal nature and judicial enforcement // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 48-52.
16. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on March 23, 2026) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 1 (Part I). – Art. 1.
17. Decision of the Zavolzhsky District Court of Yaroslavl No. 12/1-250/2025 of October 29, 2025 in case No. 12/1-250/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/quGJnyf8nn54/.
18. Resolution of the Magistrate of Judicial Precinct No. 239 of the Biryulevo Zapadnoye District of Moscow dated October 31, 2025, in case No. 05-0862/239/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/magistrate/doc/Rnrl62ssE7gT/.
19. Resolution of the Justice of the Peace of Judicial Precinct No. 253 of the Pechatniki District of Moscow dated October 29, 2025 in case No. 05-0537/253/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/magistrate/doc/WBWZDOTja6r3/.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BARANOVA Irina Sergeevna
competitor for the degree of Ph.D. in Law, Assistant to the First Vice-Rector — Vice-Rector for Economic Activities, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL GUARANTEES OF THE LAWFUL TECHNOLOGICAL EXERCISE OF PUBLIC POWERS IN THE SPHERE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL SECURITY
The article substantiates an integrated set of legal guarantees for the lawful technological exercise of public powers, comprising the legal liability of the competent authority, review of lawfulness and the legal protection of the addressee. It sets out the mechanism by which an algorithmic output is authorized by the competent authority, and the structure of that authority’s duties, the performance of which may be entrusted to the operator of a state information system without reducing their scope. The author identifies the shift of review from the final act to the stages preceding it and proposes two instruments of judicial review that require no amendment of procedural legislation: the allocation of the burden of proof and the criteria of meaningful participation of an official. Conditions are formulated under which the proactive exercise of powers is lawful. The non-conformity of the technological model to the legal nature of the power is substantiated as an independent ground for challenging a legally significant act.
Keywords: technological exercise of powers, guarantees of lawfulness, legal liability, operator of a state information system, judicial review, burden of proof, proactive service delivery, procedure without application, social security, challenging administrative decisions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zelentsov A. B., Natroshvili G. I. Digital support of administrative justice in the context of building an “electronic state”: some theoretical issues // Administrative law and process. 2020. No. 12. P. 24-28.
2. Zubarev S. M. General conditions (prerequisites) for ensuring legality in public administration // Actual problems of Russian law. 2023. Vol. 18. No. 9 (154). P. 47-58.
3. Zubarev S. M. Legal risks of digitalization of public administration // Actual problems of Russian law. 2020. Vol. 15. No. 6 (115). P. 23-32.
4. Zubarev S. M., Travin A. V., Frolov A. I. Tort liability in the adoption and implementation of public management decisions using digital information systems // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. 2020. No. 38. P. 121-135.
5. Kononov P. I. Judicial control over administrative discretion in decision-making, actions (inactions) by executive authorities, other bodies vested with administrative and public powers, and their officials // Siberian Legal Review. 2025. Vol. 22. No. 4. Pp. 613-626.
6. Nazarov N. A. Ensuring data quality in automated decision-making in public administration // Journal of Russian Law. 2024. Vol. 28. No. 5. P. 140-155.
7. Stakhov A. I. Discretion of public administration as an object of administrative justice in the Russian Federation // Siberian Legal Review. 2025. Vol. 22. No. 4. P. 656-665.
8. Talapina E. V. Public administration in the context of digitalization: a chance to improve quality // Journal of Russian Law. 2025. Vol. 29. No. 9. P. 103-115.
9. Talapina E. V., Chereshneva I. A. Legal issues of responsibility for public administration decisions using artificial intelligence // Information Society. 2024. No. 6. P. 98-106.
10. Tereshchenko L.K. Registry model for the provision of state and municipal services // Journal of Russian Law. 2021. Vol. 25. No. 7. P. 110-120.
11. Shmelev I. V., Muratova E. V. Criteria for the contestability of administrative decisions on the example of Anglo-Saxon countries // Eurasian Law Journal. 2023. No. 3 (178). P. 126-127.
12. Yastrebov O. A. Legal capacity of an electronic person: theoretical and methodological approaches // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018. Vol. 13. No. 2. P. 36-55.
13. Citron DK Technological Due Process // Washington University Law Review. 2008. Vol. 85. P. 1249-1313.
14. Huq AZ A Right to a Human Decision // Virginia Law Review. 2020. Vol. 106. P. 611-688.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BOYKO Tatyana Viktorovna
competitor of Administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Deputy General Director of the limited liability company SMU-173, Moscow
LEGAL STATUS OF TERRITORIAL ANTIMONOPOLY AUTHORITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation (FAS RF), like all federal executive bodies, has its own territorial bodies (FAS RF). A key element of the FAS RF’s legal status is its powers, which include a number of functions related to oversight of other public authorities. The FAS RF’s regulatory powers were initially established during the formation of the antimonopoly system in the 1990s. These powers enable the FAS RF to carry out a wide range of actions aimed at combating antimonopoly violations and ensuring fair competition in the marketplace. These powers, which constitute a key element of the FAS RF’s status, are the subject of a detailed study within the framework of this article, based on comparative historical and other general scientific methods. Furthermore, the FAS RF has the right to issue individual legal acts on matters falling within the competence of the territorial body. The status of a territorial antimonopoly body implies, as follows from regulatory legal acts, the possibility of having joint powers with the FAS RF.
Keywords:economic regulation, public administration, protection of competition, regulatory powers of the Federal Antimonopoly Service, system of antimonopoly authorities, territorial antimonopoly authority.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Domchenko A. S. Compliance of regulatory administrative acts with the legislation on the protection of competition as a subject of antimonopoly control: theoretical and applied problems // Competition Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 13-16.
2. Konovalov D. D. Responsibility as a principle in the relationship between the state and municipalities in the Russian Federation // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2026. – No. 5. – P. 51-58.
3. Salishcheva N. G. Responsibility for violation of antimonopoly legislation: dynamics and prospects // Competition and Law. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 6-8.
4. Spirchagov G. S. On the practice of antimonopoly regulation (on the example of a subject of the Russian Federation) // Competition Law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 12-15.
5. Soloviev A. A. On the administrative responsibility of officials of state authorities and local governments // Administrative law and process. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 59-60.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law; research fellow, International Institute for Comparative Legal Studies of New Technologies, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CHINA’S STATE REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The article examines China’s state regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education as an integrated cycle—from high ‑ level strategy to day ‑ to ‑ day compliance. It traces how the State Council’s New Generation AI Development Plan and the Ministry of Education’s AI Innovation Action Plan drive structural change through the updated Undergraduate Majors Catalog and a dynamic add/remove mechanism. At the operational level, the paper analyzes: interim rules for anthropomorphic AI services (disclosure, age assurance, parental consent under 14, bans on emotional manipulation), mandatory AI ethics review with institutional ethics committees, and security standards for AI agents (permission scoping, logging, kill switches, periodic audits). It shows how universities embed these requirements into curriculum and governance (data management, A/B testbeds, faculty support) while expanding programs in AI, data science, intelligent manufacturing, and robotics. Graduate employment pathways are outlined across tech firms, research institutes, the public sector, and EdTech. The article concludes that the Chinese model is reproducible: it scales AI talent development while mitigating risks of campus AI deployment.
Keywords: state regulation, artificial intelligence, higher education, China, dynamic adjustment of undergraduate majors, anthropomorphic AI services, ethical review, AI agent security, age assurance and minors’ protection, data protection, campus AI services, talent pipeline, new engineering disciplines.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
IGITOV Alexandr Mikhailovich
competitor, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); researcher at the Scientific Research Department, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF SOME NATIONAL (CENTRAL) ANTI-CORRUPTION AUTHORITIES IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Article is devoted to highlighting the issues of the administrative and legal status of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation as public authorities with the greatest prospects for improving their administrative and legal status. The subject of the study is a set of legal norms regulating the public legal position of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Combating Corruption in the general system of anti-corruption authorities of the Russian Federation. The study analyzed the administrative and legal status of the Ministry of Labor and the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption within the framework of the system of anti-corruption authorities in the Russian Federation. The study found that, from a doctrinal point of view, the Ministry of Labor does not meet most of the criteria for preventing or combating corruption, while the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption meets most of the doctrinal criteria for preventing corruption. The conclusion is made about the possibility of excluding the Ministry of Labor from the system of anti-corruption bodies of the Russian Federation with the transfer of functions for advisory and methodological support of anti-corruption work to the Council under the President of the Russian Federation on Combating Corruption.
Keywords: public law, administrative and legal status, Ministry of labor, Presidential Council for Combating Corruption, system of government, anti-corruption body, anti-corruption, structural and functional method, systematic approach.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Cecily R. International Anti-Corruption Norms: Their Creation and Influence on Domestic Legal Systems.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.  267 p.
2. Zozulya V. I. The role and place of the Ministry of Labor of Russia in the field of combating corruption // Young science of SIU: Proceedings of the III intra-university scientific conference of students and graduate students. In 2 parts, Novosibirsk, December 14-15, 2023. Part 1. Series: Scientific content of SIU RANEPA. – Novosibirsk: Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.  2024.  P. 26-27. EDN TLHITY.
3. Igitov A. M. Administrative and legal status of the national body for preventing and combating corruption: doctrinal provisions // Administrative and municipal law.  2025.  No. 6.  P. 19-35.  EDN DKZKTW.
4. Igitov A. M. National Authority for the Prevention and Combating of Corruption: Discretion of Authorities and Its Typification // Eurasian Law Journal.  2025.  No. 11 (210).  P. 165-168.  EDN HUHBKE.
5. Igitov A. M. National Authority for the Prevention and Combating of Corruption: Characteristics of the Public-Law Nature // Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Social Sciences.  2026.  No. 4.  P. 194-199.  EDN FRNZIS.
6. Pomazuev A. E. Corruption risks: concept and significance for the mechanism of combating corruption // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal.  2016.  No. 2.  P. 62-69.  EDN VXBEHD.
7. Saparkina A. V., Struchenko A. S. Organization of the activities of government bodies to combat corruption in the Russian Federation // Current issues of regional development: Collection of scientific papers / Responsible for the release Ya. V. Ganich. – Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamchatka State Technical University, 2016.  P. 93-97. EDN XPGYRF.
8. Tkachev V. N. Current issues of regulatory improvement of combating corruption in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.  2021.  Vol. 21. No. 4.  Pp. 82-88.  EDN ZETTUJ.
9. Trofimov E. V. National Authority for the Prevention of Corruption (on International and Administrative Law) // Eurasian Law Journal.  2017.  No. 11 (114).  P. 303-308.  EDN ZXJMCX.
10. Truntsevsky Yu. V. Compliance by organizations with the requirements of anti-corruption legislation: practical issues // Journal of Russian Law.  2019.  No. 2 (266).  P. 169-182.  EDN YVXCTR.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KUDRYAVTSEV Vladislav Alexandrovich
competitor, North-West Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
PROBLEMS WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL GUARANTEES FOR PARTICIPANTS IN SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATIONS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS
The relevance of the article is due to the need to develop a detailed administrative and legal mechanism for the implementation of the rights of participants in special military operations and their family members. The article examines administrative and legal guarantees as an independent element of the special administrative and legal status of participants in special military operations. The author proposes a definition of administrative and legal guarantees, differentiates them from social support measures, and develops a classification. Based on the analysis of law enforcement, the article identifies the main problems in the implementation of administrative and legal guarantees, which are related to the lack of a unified administrative procedure for confirming the right to state support measures and the lack of effective means of administrative and legal regulation. The expediency of formalizing the principle of one-time confirmation of the status of a participant in a special military operation, as well as the unified administrative and legal principles for the implementation of their rights, is substantiated.
Keywords: administrative and legal guarantees, administrative and legal status, participants in a special military operation, public administration, administrative procedures.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bobkov V. N., Odintsova E. V., Chashchina T. V. On social guarantees for participants in a special military operation and their family members // Social and labor research. – 2024. – No. 1 (54). – P. 138-146.
2. Boer V. M., Kaynov V. I. Administrative and legal guarantees of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation // Law. Right. State. – 2025. – No. 4 (48). – P. 98-100.
3. Kirichenko N. S. Issues of social guarantees for military personnel participating in a special military operation in Ukraine // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2022. – No. 12 (305). – P. 115-118.
4. Koryakin V. M. Benefits and guarantees in the field of education, established by law for participants in a special military operation and their family members // Bulletin of the Law Institute of MIIT. – 2024. – No. 1 (45). – P. 9-15.
5. Popov S. V. Administrative and legal guarantees for the implementation of the rights and freedoms of citizens // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 7 (170). – P. 134-136.
6. Sinyugin V. Yu. Administrative and legal guarantees in the system of conditions and means of realizing the rights of citizens // Man and the Law. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 19-26.
7. Trofimova I. A. Implementation and problems of application of certain types of pre-trial administrative-legal guarantees of citizens’ rights in the Russian Federation // Law and Right. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 72-79.
8. Kholikov I. V., Naumov P. Yu. Functions of military medical examination in organizing work on providing guarantees and compensation to participants in a special military operation // Bulletin of Military Law. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 40-46.
9. Chernenko I. N. On the issue of administrative and legal guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens // Economy and Society. – 2016. – No. 11-1 (30). – P. 1535-1539.
10. Shenshin V. M., Popkov D. V. On the planned new guarantees for participants in a special military operation // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2024. – No. 10 (327). – P. 27-31.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ROMANOV Mikhail Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; attorney at Padva & Partners Law Office, Moscow
THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION ON THE PARTICIPATION OF PUBLIC BODIES IN BANKRUPTCY CASES
The article provides a historical and legal analysis of the participation of public authority in insolvency (bankruptcy) relations in Russia from the 11th century to the present day. It successfully examines pre-revolutionary bankruptcy legislation, the Soviet experience of the extreme publicization of bankruptcy proceedings during the NEP period and the institution’s subsequent removal from legislation, as well as post-Soviet developments. The article traces the genesis of domestic legislation on the participation of public bodies in bankruptcy cases and identifies the patterns of its development. The dual nature of the institution of insolvency (both private-law and public-law) is neither accidental nor new: it took shape historically, and the extent of the presence of public authority in bankruptcy relations in each period was determined by the general type of interaction between the state and the economy. It is shown that the 2002 reform represents a transition to a “regulatory state” model, while recent legislative developments (the moratorium on the initiation of bankruptcy proceedings, extrajudicial bankruptcy of individuals, and the digitalization of bankruptcy infrastructure) attest to the growing administrative-law dimension of the institution.
Keywords: insolvency (bankruptcy), bankruptcy law, historical and legal analysis, periodization, administrative-law regulation, insolvency administrator, self-regulatory organizations, authorized body.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arbekova A. V. Evolution of liability measures applied in bankruptcy to violators of the property rights of creditors in Russia. // Current problems of Russian law. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 5 (126). Pp. 84-97. – DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2021.126.5.084-097.
2. Astrakhantseva I. A., Kukukina I. G. Accounting and analysis of bankruptcies: a tutorial. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: INFRA-M, 2026. Electronic version: https://znanium.ru/catalog/document?id=486742 (date of access: 15.07.2026). 377 p. – ISBN-online: 978-5-16-109735-9.
3. Vitryansky V. V. New legislation on insolvency (bankruptcy) // Business and Law. 1998. No. 3. P. 38-48.
4. Golmsten A. H. Historical essay on the Russian competitive process. St. Petersburg: V. S. Balashev Printing House, 1888. 292 p. 5. Kleinman A. F. On the insolvency of individuals under Soviet procedural law. Irkutsk: Publishing house of Irkutsk University, 1929. 40 p. 6. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries: in 9 volumes / edited by O. I. Chistyakov. Volume 1: Legislation of Ancient Rus’. / edited by V. L. Yanin. Moscow: Legal Literature, 1984. 430 p. 7. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries: in 9 volumes / edited by O. I. Chistyakov. Volume 3: Acts of the Zemsky Sobors / edited by A. G. Mankov. Moscow: Legal Literature, 1985. 511 p. 8. Shershenevich G. F. Competitive process. 3rd ed. M.: Statut, 2021 (Classics of Russian civilistics). 477 p. – ISBN 978-5-8354-1726-1.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SOLOVJEV Kirill Konstantinovich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL STATUS OF AI IN THE USA: NATIONAL STRATEGIC VISION AND REGULATION AT THE STATE LEVEL
The article examines the legal status of artificial intelligence in the United States at the federal and regional levels. It analyzes the national AI strategy formalized by the 2025 presidential executive order, which comprises three key pillars: creating a favorable environment for innovation, developing infrastructure, and strengthening global leadership. The study considers the statutory definitions of artificial intelligence enshrined in the US Code, as well as the distinction between narrow and general AI. It explores the specifics of AI regulation in various spheres of public administration – healthcare, justice, and national defense, including the use of the Maven system in military operations. Particular attention is paid to questions of responsibility for the actions of AI systems, the division of powers between the federal center and the states, and the positions of leading American legal scholars on the problem of AI legal personality. The legislative initiatives of individual states, in particular the laws of California and Nevada, and their contradiction with the federal deregulation policy are analyzed. The author concludes that a dichotomy has formed in the American public sphere between supporters of strong and weak regulation, and that the American and European models of legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies diverge.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal regulation, USA, public administration, national security, AI ethics, legal personality, federal legislation, state regulation, AI responsibility, AI in healthcare, AI in justice, AI in defense, legal status of AI, strategic planning, technology policy, regulatory framework, algorithmic systems, government agencies, national strategy, technological development, innovation ecosystem, critical infrastructure, international cooperation, ethical principles, risk management.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kamolov S. G., Varos A. A., Kribits A., Alashkevich M. Yu. Dominants of national strategies for the development of artificial intelligence in Russia, Germany and the USA // Issues of public and municipal administration. 2022. No. 2. P. 85-105. DOI: 10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-2-85-105.
2. Conceptual approaches and practice of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the public sphere: a comparative legal study: abstract of dis. … Doctor of Law: 5.1.2 / Atabek Rustamovich Atabekov; [Place of protection: Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Dissertation Council PDS 0900.008]. Moscow, 2024. Pp. 144-145.
3. Balkin JB The Path of Robotics Law // California Law Review. 2015. Vol. 6. P. 45-60.
4. Belorusov M.M., Dmitrieva E.A., Martynova A.E. Ethics and safety of AI-based systems // Sociosphere. 2025. No. 1. P. 247. EDN: PVSYKU.
5. Wang X. Digital constitutionalism and legal protection of personal data in global perspective // Environmental Management Issues. 2025. T. 4. No. 4. P. 8-12.
6. Saktaganova A. B., Saktaganova I. S., Turegeldiev B. U. Comparative analysis of legal approaches to countering deepfake fraud and social engineering: the experience of the USA, EU and the Republic of Kazakhstan // Bulletin of the L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Series: Law. 2026. No. 1. P. 261.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law; research fellow, International Institute for Comparative Legal Studies of New Technologies, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM GOVERNING OBJECTS OF INFRINGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT MEASURES TO PROTECT THEM
The article provides an in ‑ depth overview of Vietnam’s current and transitional legal framework governing objects of infringement in the digital environment and the administrative enforceme nt tools used to protect them. The architecture centers on the 2018 Law on Cybersecurity (effective until 1 July 2026 and to be replaced by Law No. 116/2025/QH15), the 2025 Personal Data Protection Law (which replaced Decree 13/2023/ND ‑ CP and elevated both status and sanctions), and the Law on E ‑ commerce No. 26/2024/QH15 (effective 1 July 2025; selected administrative liability provisions effective 1 January 2026). The article surveys key protected interests and liability regimes: personal data and cross ‑ bo rder transfers (maximum fines up to 5% of the previous year’s revenue or at least VND 3 billion; suspension/prohibition of processing, data destruction, public apologies), cybersecurity and critical infrastructure (duties to prevent incidents, notify and cooperate with authorities; draft sanctions up to 5% of revenue, business suspension, deportation of foreign nationals), e ‑ commerce and consumer protection (Decree 23/2026/ND ‑ CP; Decree 136/2020/ND ‑ CP; consolidated instrument 03/VBHN ‑ BCT; fines up to VND 120 million for significant digital platforms under Decree 24/2025/ND ‑ CP), as well as administrative measures for online IP violations. The institutional enforcement landscape is mapped as follows: the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) for cybersecurity and data protection; the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) for e – commerce; and the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) for telecoms and content. The paper highlights implementation challenges: a transition period through 1 July 2026; reliance on implementing decrees; regulatory fragmentation and gaps; incomplete alignment between prohibited content lists, operator duties and sanctions in the new law; and limited enforcement practice to date. The use of regulatory sandboxes is noted as a pathway for controlled innovation.
Keywords: Vietnam; digital environment, administrative enforcement, personal data, cross-border data transfers, critical information infrastructure, cyber incidents, ecommerce, consumer protection, online intellectual property, blocking, suspension of operations, regulatory sandboxes, transition period.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
ABLYAKIMOVA Elvina Ernestovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
KHMIL Irina Vladimirovna
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Specialist in the Processing of Scientific Information of the Department of Scientific and Editorial and Publishing Activities of the 2nd Category, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
THE PRINCIPLE OF ACCESSIBILITY OF JUSTICE IN THE CONTEXT OF CONDUCTING COURT HEARINGS VIA WEB CONFERENCE UNDER THE CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE COURT PROCEDURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The study reveals the main practical aspects of individuals’ participation in court hearings via web conference in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Administrative Court Procedure of the Russian Federation (CACP RF). A comprehensive analysis of academic views, legal positions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as other courts, concerning the implementation of the principle of accessibility of justice in the use of web conferences, has made it possible to identify debateable issues related to conducting court hearings through web conferences. The main focus of the study is ensuring the constitutional right to judicial protection. The principle of accessibility of justice and the mechanism of its implementation – in the form of the possibility to join a court hearing via web conference – are among the key means of guaranteeing this right. The authors have examined recent changes in legislation and current judicial practice, which has allowed them to formulate generalizing conclusions and identify directions for further academic research on the topic under consideration.
Keywords: the right to judicial protection, administrative court proceedings, Code of Administrative Court Procedure of the Russian Federation, web conference, principles of judicial proceedings, principle of accessibility of justice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Trempolets L. A. The principle of accessibility in the system of principles of administrative proceedings of the Russian Federation: problems of definition and consolidation // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 154-158.
2. Tikhomirova Yu. V., Shkarevskaya V. V. Problems of distinguishing between the concepts of “videoconferencing” and “web meetings” in the practice of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2022. – No. 11 (115). – P. 165-168.
3. Poteeva A. V. Remote methods of participation in a court hearing: advantages and disadvantages // Arbitration disputes. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 204-227.
4. Burdina E. V. Digital access to the court in the Russian Federation: problems of legal regulation // Russian judge. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 49-53.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
PETROV Ilya Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
MAGUNOV Danila Artemovich
postgraduate student of Administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL LIABILITY: JURISDICTIONAL PRACTICE
This article examines the legal qualifications of artificial intelligence in legal relationships related to liability. It examines the substantive and procedural aspects of AI using process, including the technology’s impact on the nature of an offense, the distribution of liability between developers, operators, and users, and the use of AI in preparing procedural documents, recording offenses, proving, and preparing judicial decisions. Based on Russian and international jurisdictional practice, it is discussed that, in the vast majority of cases, the mere use of AI should not be considered an independent basis for liability. What is legally significant is the relation between the technology’s operation, the behavior of a specific subject, the verifiability of the result, and the possibility of establishing guilt or fault. It concludes that risk-based regulation is necessary to ensure legal certainty, proportionality of liability, and prohibit the uncontrolled use of AI in making legally significant decisions.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, risk-based approach, administrative liability, administrative offense, guilt, state control, legal certainty, proportionality.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arkhipov V. V., Naumov V. B. Artificial intelligence and autonomous devices in the context of law: on the development of the first law on robotics in Russia // Proceedings of SPIIRAS. 2017. No. 6. P. 46-62.
2. Bruner R. A. Problems of proving the guilt of a legal entity when imposing an administrative penalty // Modern Law. 2010. No. 6. P. 101-105.
3. Gadzhiev G. A., Voynikanis E. A. Can a robot be a subject of law? (search for legal forms for regulating the digital economy) // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2018. No. 4. P. 24-48. 4. Izhaev O. A., Kuteinikov D. L. Artificial intelligence systems and non-contractual civil liability: a risk-oriented approach // Lex russica. 2024. Vol. 77. No. 6. Pp. 23-34.
5. Kozlov K. P. Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation: “strict” liability of legal entities (comparative legal study) // Russian Justice. 2009. No. 2. P. 37-41.
6. Morhat P. M. Artificial intelligence: a legal view: a scientific monograph. Moscow: Buki Vedi, 2017. 258 p. 7. General administrative law: textbook: in 2 parts. Part 2: Administrative-tort law (Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation). Administrative proceedings (CAS RF) / edited by Yu. N. Starilov; Voronezh State University. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. Voronezh: Publishing House of VSU, 2017. 822 p. 8. Papysheva E. S. Artificial intelligence and criminal liability: problems of attraction (comparative legal analysis) // International criminal law and international justice. 2023. No. 3. P. 9-13.
9. Poduzova E. B. “Artificial Intelligence” and “Artificial Intelligence” Technologies in Contract Law: Civilistic Concept: Monograph / Ed. L. Yu. Vasilevskaya. Moscow: Prospect, 2023. 336 p. 10. Khatov E. B. Digital assistant or digital prosecutor? // Russian journal of legal research. 2023. No. 1. P. 87-92.
11. Yastrebov O. A. Artificial intelligence in the legal space // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. 2018. No. 3. P. 315-328.
12. Anders G. Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen. Bd. I: Über die Seele im Zeitalter der zweiten industriellen Revolution. München: CH Beck, 1956. 353 s.
13. Barfield W., Pagallo U. Advanced Introduction to Law and Artificial Intelligence. Cheltenham; Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020. 208 p.
14. Reiling D., Papagianneas S. Lessons from China’s Smart Court Reform? // International Journal for Court Administration. 2025. Vol. 16. Iss. 1. Article 2. 12 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iacajournal.org/articles/10.36745/ijca.679 (date of access: 06/12/2026).

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
STARCHIKOV Alexander Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of Judicial and law enforcement activities sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, assistant judge of the Tenth Arbitration Court of Appeal
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE IN THE MATTER OF PAYMENT OF STATE DUTY BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES: IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT OF ARBITRESS COURTS’ ACTIVITIES
The article analyzes the impact of the 2024 tax law reform on the organizational burden placed on the apparatus of Arbitress Courts. A differentiated effect of the state duty increase has been identified: a significant reduction in the number of appeals to higher instances, while the flow of applications to first instance courts remains high. Based on an analysis of the case law of higher judicial bodies and doctrinal approaches to distinguishing the public-authoritative and civil-law status of public entities, the conclusion is substantiated that the dual nature of the legal position of public authorities creates an additional procedural burden on court staff. The author proposes legislatively enshrining the obligation of public authorities to pay state duties on general grounds in civil-law disputes, while retaining the possibility of a payment deferral with the subsequent distribution of court costs depending on the outcome of the case.
Keywords: Arbitress Court, court apparatus, organizational support of court activities, state duty, judicial workload, public authorities, civil-law dispute, legal status, public and private.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Administrative law: textbook / edited by A. S. Telegin; Perm State National Research University. – Perm, 2020.
2. Golubtsov V. G. Civil-legal status of state and municipal bodies // Journal of Russian Law. – 2006. – No. 6 (114).
3. General administrative law: textbook: in 2 parts / edited by Yu. N. Starilov. Voronezh State University. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – Voronezh: VSU Publishing House. Part 1. 4. Organization of judicial activity: textbook / edited by V. V. Ershov. – M.: RGUP, 2016.
5. Osipov A. A. Civil-legal status of state authorities and local governments in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Saratov, 2016.
6. Popov A. A. On the issue of payment of state fees by public authorities as legal entities (participants in civil circulation) when applying to arbitration courts // Russian Justice. – 2025. – No. 10.
7. Rudakova V. D. Civil-legal status of state bodies and public authorities // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2015. – No. 10 (14).
8. Starchikov A. V. Legal status of employees of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation: analysis and prospects // Judicial and law enforcement activities as a guarantee of ensuring the sovereignty of the Russian Federation: problems and prospects: collection of articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical round table (11/15/2024, Moscow) / ed. E. V. Burdina. – M .: RGUP, 2025.
9. Stakhov A. I., Kononov P. I. Administrative law of Russia: textbook for universities / 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2024.
10. Trofimova I. A. Management of state and municipal property: administrative and legal aspect: textbook. – M .: RGUP, 2022.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil and administrative proceedings sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
BUTS Sergey Borisovich
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
PLATFORMIZATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS: CURRENT REALITIES AND PROSPECTS
The article analyzes and reveals the features and problems of the platformization of administrative proceedings, which in the modern realities of the formation of an ecosystem of electronic justice is considered very relevant and in demand for scientific discussions. The authors analyze and reveal the concept and essence of the ecosystem of electronic administrative court proceedings, reveal its elements, the concept of “artificial intelligence”. They explore the regulatory and legal foundations of the platformization of administrative proceedings provided for by current legislation, and reveal the main directions of digital transformation and platformization of administrative proceedings provided for by current legislation. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that today, in the context of the digital transformation of administrative proceedings, there is an active platformization of administrative proceedings, however, these two concepts should not be confused. The platformization of administrative proceedings is an important new stage in the digital transformation of administrative proceedings and an important element of the ecosystem of electronic administrative proceedings.
Keywords: platformization of administrative proceedings, digital transformation of administrative proceedings, artificial intelligence, ecosystem of electronic administrative proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Evsikova E. V., Buts S. B. On the issue of digital transformation of administrative proceedings in the context of the formation of an electronic justice system // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 7 (206). – P. 196-198. – EDN QAAZOO.
2. Mitashova A. A., Ivanenko I. N., Tarasenko A. A. The Impact of Digitalization on Administrative Proceedings: Challenges and Prospects // International Law Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 8. No. 8. – P. 11-16.
3. Minnigulova D. B., Novozhenina I. V. Transformation of the role of a judge in the context of platform justice // Judge. – 2026. – No. 6. – P. 54-64.
4. Burdina E. V. The court as a technological platform: new approaches to building a judicial system // Russian justice. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 5-16. – DOI 10.37399/issn2072-909X.2021.12.5-16. – EDN COJUUS.
5. Morugina N. A. Electronic justice: concept, stages and development prospects // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – V. 16. No. 2 (60). – P. 133-143.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
OGNEVA Kseniya Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of MS Shakaryan Civil and administrative process sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
JUDICIAL PROCEDURE FOR PROTECTING CITIZENS’ ELECTORAL RIGHTS IN SINGAPORE
In Russia, the judicial procedure for protecting electoral rights is the most effective, as it allows for a final resolution of the violated right. Unlike the administrative procedure, the judicial procedure has a mechanism for enforcing the decision, which makes it more effective. To develop a better understanding of the judicial procedure for protecting electoral rights, it is useful to look at the experiences of other countries to explore their existing institutions and implement the most successful ones, provided they can be adapted to the legal system of our country. In this article, we will use Singapore as an example.
Keywords: protection of electoral rights, judicial precedent, electoral dispute, election judge, freedom of expression, and challenge to election results.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Egorov V. S. Formation of Singapore as a global financial center // Scientific notes of the V. B. Bobkov St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2023. – No. 3 (87). – P. 29-34.
2. Kirilenko V. P., Atnashev V. R. Legal aspects of human rights protection in the countries of the Malay-Indonesian region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines) // Management consulting. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 20-28.
3. Modern electoral systems. Netherlands. Nicaragua. – Singapore. – Issue 11. – Moscow, 2016. – P. 253-389.
4. Hu Liyan, Zubareva S. S., Kolegov S. S. The Republic of Singapore and the People’s Republic of China: Features of Cooperation (1990-2025) // Scientific Dialogue. – 2026. – No. 15 (3). – P. 541-559.
5. Judicial review of elections in Asia / Edited by Po Jen Yap. Description. – New York, NY: Routledge, 2016. – 251 rub. (ISBN: 978-1-138-95028-3 (hbk)).

MUNICIPAL LAW
KARPOV Vasily Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Municipal law sub-faculty Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
TRADITIONAL INDIGENOUS RULES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
Traditional institutions in what is now known as Nigeria existed long before the arrival of the colonial authorities and had a significant impact on the population. However, with the advent of British colonial rule and subsequent reforms of local self-government, the influence of the chiefs, emirs, and sultans gradually decreased. Although they have not completely disappeared at present, but have been preserved and adapted to changing conditions, their influence and role in the implementation of local self-government has become noticeably more modest. In modern Nigeria, traditional institutions continue to influence local self-government, but within the framework of the country’s legal framework they are faced with the problem of constitutional recognition, while retaining their importance and authority in the eyes of the people. The purpose of this study is to examine the problem of integrating traditional institutions into the Nigerian local government system, to understand the reasons for the continued relevance of traditional institutions, and to determine how they contribute to the development of this system.
Keywords: Nigeria, local government, traditional institutions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ola, ROF and Tonwe, DA (2009).Local Administration and Local Government in Nigeria, Lagos: Amfitop Book.
2. Adesoji, A. O. (2010) Traditional Ruler Ship and Modern Governance in the 20th Century. In Babawale, T. A. Alao and A. Adesoji (Eds.), The Chieftaincy Institution in Nigeria, Lagos: Concept Publishers for Center for Black and African Arts and Civilization.
3. Orewa, G.O. & Adewumi, J.B. (1983) Local Government in Nigeria: The Changing Scene, Ethiope Publishing Corporation, Benin City.
4. Vanguard Newspapers (2012) Senate to Fashion Constitutional Role for Traditional Rulers in Nigeria.

CIVIL LAW
GAZIZULLIN Rishat Ilnurovich
Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in economical sciences, Vice-Rector for Finance, associate professor at the Higher School of Business, Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
THE CIVIL LAW MODEL OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN THE ISSUER, THE ORGANIZER OF THE PLACEMENT, THE AUDITOR AND THE APPRAISER IN CASE OF AN UNRELIABLE SECURITIES PROSPECTUS
The article examines the civil law model of the distribution of responsibility for an unreliable, incomplete or misleading securities prospectus, and analyzes the ratio of responsibilities of the issuer, the organizer of the placement, financial consultant, auditor and appraiser. The author proceeds from the fact that the securities prospectus is not only an issue document, but also a special information and legal basis for an investment decision, and therefore responsibility for its defect should be distributed not according to the formal basis of participation in the issue, but according to the criterion of creation, approval or professional confirmation of a specific information block. The conclusion on the central responsibility of the issuer, the functionally limited responsibility of the persons who approved or signed the prospectus, and the segmental responsibility of the auditor and appraiser for the information confirmed by them is substantiated.
Keywords: prospect securities, issuer, placement organizer, financial consultant, auditor, appraiser, false information, investor, losses, civil liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Anisimov N. I. The place of state guarantees and insurance in stimulating investment activity // Jurist. 2025. No. 3. P. 16-21.
2. Bauer R. E. On the form of an investment consulting agreement // Jurist. 2024. No. 2. P. 8-13.
3. Zvyagintseva N. A. Features of the development of private investment in the Russian securities market in modern conditions // Bulletin of the Baikal State University. 2025. Vol. 35. No. 4. P. 546-558.
4. Ivanov L. N. Protection of investors’ rights when raising funds through digital financial assets: legal mechanisms and risks // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2025. Vol. 21. No. 2. P. 129-133.
5. Karpov K. A. Financial and legal regulation of the procedure for initial public and secondary placement of securities in the Russian Federation // Financial Law. 2024. No. 3. P. 24-26.
6. Karpov K. A. Financial and legal regulation of halal investments in the securities market in the Russian Federation // Financial Law. 2025. No. 3. P. 23-26.
7. Kobzar-Frolova M.N. On the harmonization of investment legislation of the Russian Federation // Financial Law. 2023. No. 9. P. 23-28.
8. Kostina T. V. Legal risks and economic losses of participants in the securities market of the Russian Federation during the implementation of cyber threats // Bulletin of Donetsk University. Series 03. Economics and Law. 2026. No. 1. P. 125-139.
9. Larina O. N. Protection of the rights of owners of securities: current issues // Young scientist. 2024. No. 26 (525). P. 258-261.
10. Ostrovskaya N. B. Legal status of a retail investor in the context of the increasing role of the financial market in financing the transformation of the economy of the Russian Federation // Financial Law. 2025. No. 2. P. 24-26.
11. Pilintsov A. V. Unqualified investor in the face of deprivatization // Business and Law. 2025. No. 9. P. 112-122.
12. Spiridonova O. I., Tropskaya S. S. Guarantee system in the securities market. Peculiarities of an unrealized project // Financial Law. 2023. No. 7. P. 26-29.
13. Travin G. D. How to improve the categorization of retail investors in order to ensure their protection? // Public Service. 2024. No. 1 (147). P. 86-91.
14. Travin G. D. “Retail investor” in doctrine and legislation // Modern law. 2025. No. 9. P. 54-60.
15. Khamidullina F. I., Gazizullina L. Z. Tokenized shares vs. traditional IPOs: a comparative analysis of the protection of investors’ rights // Uchen. zap. Kazan. University. Series. Humanitarian sciences. 2026. Vol. 168, book 3. Pp. 220-236.
16. Chekirova A. M. Protection of investors’ rights in the post-Soviet space in light of the prospects of creating an international investment court // Jurist. 2026. No. 1. P. 26-31.
17. Yakovlev D. I., Ostrovskaya N. B. Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of non-qualified investors by the Bank of Russia in the context of high stock market volatility: trends and prospects // Financial Law. 2023. No. 5. P. 11-13.
18. Kim A.G., Muhn M., Nikolaev V.V. Bloated Disclosures: Can ChatGPT Help Investors Process Information? Chicago: Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at the University of Chicago, 2023. 46 p.

CIVIL LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil Law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
KOLODKINA Vera Nikolaevna
associate professor of Civil Law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, retired judge
COLLISIONS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE WHEN RESTRICTING THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
The article identifies and analyzes the main contradictions that have developed in judicial practice of limiting freedom of contract. Drawing on concrete examples – qualification of buyout leasing, assignment of rights under consumer credit contracts, assessment of antisocial transactions and unfair contractual terms – it demonstrates how the absence of uniform criteria generates legal uncertainty. Based on a synthesis of doctrinal positions and clarifications of higher courts, the necessity of unifying approaches is substantiated. Ways to overcome the identified collisions are proposed, including formalization of evaluative concepts, differentiation of judicial control depending on the subject composition, and restrictive application of mandatory rules to innominate contractual structures.
Keywords: freedom of contract, collisions of judicial practice, unfair contractual terms, innominate contract, buyout leasing, assignment of rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Karapetyan A. G., Saveliev A. I. Freedom of contract and its limits: in 2 volumes. – Moscow: Statut, 2012. – Volume 1: Theoretical, historical and political-legal foundations of the principle of freedom of contract and its limitations. – 452 p.
2. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contract law: general provisions / 4th ed. – Moscow: Statut, 2020. – 847 p.
3. Churilov A. Yu. Legal regulation of intellectual property and new technologies: challenges of the 21st century: monograph. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2020. – 224 p.
4. Bevzenko R. S. Contract law. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rutube.ru/video/9c0d493558b1f6e774cfb34783982de5/ (date of access: 06/05/2026).

CIVIL LAW
KIRICHENKOVA Anna Alexeevna
Judge of the Frunzenskii Distict Court of St. Petersburg
INSURANCE AS A PART OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION OF IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS
The civil protection of immovable historical buildings with cultural value provides, in addition to measures provided for by special legislation for their preservation, other ways and means of protecting and protecting such objects. The author of the article examines insurance as one of the possible civil law means of protecting the objects in question, draws attention to the goals and possibilities of applying this institution to objects with cultural or historical value. Based on the research conducted, it is concluded that insurance can be identified as an integral part of the civil law protection of immovable objects of cultural heritage.
Keywords: civil law protection, immovable objects of cultural heritage, historical and cultural monuments, insurance.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gribanov V. P. Implementation and protection of civil rights / 3rd ed., corrected. – M .: Statut, 2022. – 414 p.
2. Kazarinova E., Romanov L. Preservation of cultural heritage sites: problems of the effectiveness of lawmaking and law enforcement on the example of France and Russia // The World of Arts. Bulletin of the International Institute of Antiques. – 2013. – No. 3 (03). – P. 84-90.
3. Malein N. S. Protection of individual rights by Soviet legislation. – M., 1985. – 128 p.
4. Sergeev A. P., Tolstoy Yu. K. Civil Law: Textbook. Part 1 / edited by A. P. Sergeev, Yu. K. Tolstoy. – St. Petersburg, 1996. – 415 p.
5. Sukhanov E. A. Property law: scientific and educational essay / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2024. – 626 p.
6. Ekzekova L. M. Property insurance as a type of property insurance. // In the collection: Concepts and trends in economics, law and social sciences. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference. 2021. – P. 74-77.

CIVIL LAW
KUZMENKOVA Miroslava Romanovna
legal specialist of the School of Advanced Studies (SAS), master’s student of the 2nd course in the field of “Master of Law”, Tyumen State University
MOROZ Narkiza Abrikovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of the Higher Academic Council, associate professor of the Center for Foreign Languages and Communication Technologies of the School of Metasubject Competencies, Tyumen State University
KHOLODIONOVA Yulia Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Academic Department of the School of Law and Management, Tyumen State University
THE CONCEPT OF HONOR, DIGNITY AND BUSINESS REPUTATION AND THEIR PLACE WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF INTANGIBLE GOODS
This article examines the legal concept of honor, dignity and business reputation and determines their place within the system of intangible goods established by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. Since the legislator provides no statutory definition of these goods, the author analyzes the principal doctrinal approaches and, drawing upon them, identifies the features that are significant for the application of the law. Honor is characterized as a socially evaluative category in which the objective element predominates; dignity as a person’s self-assessment grounded in social evaluation, in which the subjective elements prevail; and business reputation as an evaluative good reflecting the professional and business qualities of a natural or legal person. Particular attention is devoted to the criteria distinguishing these categories, namely the direction of the assessment and the range of their bearers, and to the legal consequences of the subjective criterion for the composition of the available remedies, including compensation for moral harm and for non-pecuniary (reputational) harm. The author concludes that the goods examined form an internally connected system, united by a common moral foundation and by the single mechanism of protection provided for in Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: honor, dignity, business reputation, intangible goods, personal non-property rights, protection of honor and dignity, moral harm, reputational harm, defamation, Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arkhiereev N.V. Effectiveness of judicial protection of business reputation of business entities // Judge. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 57-60.
2. Barsukova V. N. Concept and types of methods for protecting the honor and dignity of an individual in the Russian Federation // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 47-50.
3. Barsukova V. N. Honor and dignity of the individual: concept and general characteristics // Modern law. – 2014. – No. 12. – P. 22-26.
4. Bezrodnova K. V. On the development of ideas about the categories of honor and dignity: historical and legal aspect // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Law. – 2012. – No. 43 (302). – P. 6-9.
5. Gavrilov E. V. Compensation for intangible (reputational) damage as a way to protect the business reputation of legal entities: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 220 p.
6. Civil law: textbook: in 3 volumes. Volume 1 / edited by A. P. Sergeev, Yu. K. Tolstoy. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Prospect, 2019. – 784 p.
7. Civil law: textbook: in 4 volumes. Volume 2 / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2019. – 464 p.
8. Dobrieva T. B. Civil protection of honor, dignity and business reputation // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 90-93.
9. Marchenko V. Ya. Personal dignity in the constitutional and legal dimension: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2008. – 260 p.
10. Podrabinok E. M. Protection of personal dignity // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 10-16.
11. Rafieva L.K. Honor and dignity as legal categories // Jurisprudence. – 1966. – No. 2. – P. 61-64.
12. Rozhkova M. A. Protection of business reputation in cases of its defamation and unlawful use: monograph. – M .: Statut, 2021. – 158 p.
13. Sergeev A. P., Tereshchenko T. A. To what extent are the rules on the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation sufficient and effective? // Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 15-23.
14. Tikhomirov M. Yu. Protection of honor, dignity and business reputation: new rules. – M.: Publishing house of Tikhomirov M. Yu., 2014. – 360 p.
15. Sherstobitov A.E. Civil-legal regulation of the right to honor, dignity and business reputation, and the right to the image of a citizen // Civil law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 8-13.
16. Erdelevsky A. M. Defamation // Legality. – 1998. – No. 12. – P. 12-16.

CIVIL LAW
KUKLIN Egor Romanovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, State University of Education
KILMASHKINA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, State University of Education
THE CURRENT STATE OF NATIONALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION PROCESSES IN RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN LEGISLATION ON PPP IN 2025-2026
This research article examines the current legal and economic regulation and prospects for the development of public-private partnerships (hereinafter referred to as PPPs) in the Russian Federation during the digitalization of the economy and future trends in the development of PPP regulatory mechanisms. An analysis of statistical data and scientific publications revealed significant challenges in the PPP sector, leading to significant implementation issues in new projects. The most effective mechanisms for using PPPs in regional projects are identified, and the Republic of Tatarstan\’s experience in this area is demonstrated. A number of recommendations for the legal development and regulation of the PPP project implementation system are developed.
Keywords: public-private partnership, privatization, nationalization, concession agreement, digital economy, infrastructure projects, regional development, investment activity.
Bibliographic list of references
1. New areas of PPP: potential and prospects. Analytical review, 2026 // VTB Infrastructure Holding. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vtbinfra.ru/upload/VTBInfra_SPIEF26.pdf?ysclid=mr3fzax11g436387962 (date of access: 06.06.2026).
2. Weiss Yu. V., Weiss A. A. Development of public-private partnership in the context of digitalization of the economy: world practice and Russian experience // Fundamental research. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 74-84. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=43984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17513/fr.43984 (date of access: 06/05/2026).
3. Karavaeva E. V., Baiburin R. R. The role of public-private partnership in the context of digitalization of the economy // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2023. – No. 10 (part 3). – P. 316-321. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vaael.ru/ru/article/view?id=3050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17513/vaael.3050 (date of access: 02.06.2026).
4. Perevalova O. S., Ivaschenko A. V., Pushkarnaya A. A. Analysis of the structure of assessing the effectiveness of PPPs in the regions in order to identify levers of influence on the efficiency of PPPs // Methods, models and algorithms for supporting decision-making in managing organizational systems: Proceedings of the I International Scientific and Practical Conference, Voronezh, April 22, 2025. – Voronezh: ZAO “University Book”, 2025. – P. 58-62. – EDN XQGCGP. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=82612568&ysclid=mr3l3ypvyn879678704 (date of access: 06/28/2026).
5. Badertdinova K. F., Koshkina I. A. Assessment of investment attractiveness of enterprises in the road construction industry for participation in infrastructure PPP projects // Economy and Management: Problems, Solutions. – 2026. – Vol. 8. No. 2 (167). – P. 137-145. – DOI 10.36871/ek.up.pr2026.02.08.016. – EDN NRFUDK. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_89113456_89559914.pdf. (date of access: 06/28/2026).

CIVIL LAW
KURSINOV Danila Alexandrovich
lawyer of the VOA Consult LLC, St. Petersburg
OGANESYAN Stepan Mkhitarovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Public law disciplines sub-faculty, Gatchina State University
ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN IDENTIFICATION AND INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INDIVIDUALS: SEARCHING FOR A COMMON GROUND
The aim of the article is to resolve the terminological conflict that has developed in the civil law doctrine around the concepts of “identifier”, “means of individualization” and “individualizing feature” in relation to individuals. The work employs general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, systems approach) and the formal legal method; an analysis of the provisions of Chapters 8 and 76 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as doctrinal approaches of M.A. Rozhkova, S.Yu. Filippova, SV Lukashevich, OS Bolataeva is carried out. It is substantiated that the primary element is the “individualizing feature” – a natural or social characteristic of an individual. The author proposes to distinguish three levels of objectification of a feature: as a non-material benefit, as a means of individualization in the broad (doctrinal) sense, as well as identifiers (accounting instruments) and means of individualization in the narrow (legal) sense (objects of exclusive rights under Chapter 76 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The same feature (name, appearance) can exist in different legal planes, which is not a contradiction but a consequence of different levels of objectification. The conclusions of the article can be used for further research on the legal regime of biometric data and for the systematization of legislation on the identification of individuals.
Keywords: individualization, identification, individualizing feature, means of individualization, identifier, individual, non-material benefits, exclusive rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gongalo B. M. Civil law: textbook: in 2 volumes. – M.: Statut, 2017. – V. 1. – 511 p.
2. Sukhanov E. A. Russian civil law: textbook: in 2 volumes. – M.: Statut, 2011. – Volume II: Law of Obligations. – 1207 p.
3. Aleynichenko V. G. Civil-legal individualization of individuals in the Russian Federation: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2006. – 191 p.
4. Bodrov R. I. Civil-law means of individualization of citizens (natural persons): issues of theory and practice: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2016. – 173 p.
5. Orlova V. V. Theory and practice of individualization in the field of intellectual property: diss. … Doctor of Law. – M., 2005. – 342 p.
6. Filippova S. Yu., Kharitonova Yu. S., Shcherbak N. V. Individualization and identification in property turnover: a textbook. – M.: Justitsinform, 2025. – 664 p.
7. Rozhkova M. A. Intangible objects and property rights to them in the system of absolute rights: monograph. – M .: GAUGN Press, 2024. – 257 p.
8. Lukashevich S. V. The system of means of individualization of individuals as subjects of civil law: monograph. – M .: INFRA-M, 2023. – 197 p.
9. Bolotaeva O. S. Legal protection of the means of individualization of individuals in the context of the development of digital technologies // Bulletin of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov. Series: History. Political Science. Law. – 2024. – No. 3 (35). – P. 12-16.
10. Yaroshenko K. B. Scientific and practical commentary to the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for entrepreneurs. – M.: Spark, 1999. – 736 p.
11. Pokrovsky I. A. Basic problems of civil law. – M.: Statut, 1998. – 353 p.
12. Maleina M. N. Intangible assets and prospects for their development // Law. – 1995. – No. 10. – P. 102-105.
13. Tretyakov S. V. Disposal of the right to someone else’s behavior: legal nature and dogmatic qualification // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 7-26.
14. Ostanina E. A. Citizen as a subject of private law: dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2026. – 598 p.
15. Bagaev G. F., Gazzaeva M. T. Results of intellectual activity as objects of Russian civil law // Agrarian and land law. – 2016. – No. 11 (143). – P. 87-91.

CIVIL LAW
LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE CELLS: LEGAL ISSUES AND PROSPECTS
This article examines the legal regulation of the use of human reproductive germ cells and related issues. In particular, the author notes that reproductive technologies continue to develop rapidly, and, unfortunately, the number of infertile individuals is growing. Therefore, the state must properly regulate issues related to the use of cryopreserved human reproductive germ cells, especially in cases of non-anonymous donation. The legislator has enshrined the right to dispose of germ cells, thereby recognizing their status as an object of civil rights. However, it is impossible to completely deny their intrinsic value, which triggers both the moral, ethical, and constitutional aspects of such an object of legal regulation. The researcher believes that it is impossible to fully and adequately regulate these issues using current civil law provisions. Furthermore, we believe that in this case, specific legal regulation is necessary that takes into account the moral and ethical aspects of reproductive technologies for human reproduction. In our opinion, this can be achieved within the framework of family law, taking into account the rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens.
Keywords: object of civil law, human reproductive germ cells, in vitro fertilization, civil law, assisted reproductive technologies, reproductive functions, infertility, donation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.10.2007 No. 1351 (as amended on 01.07.2014) “On approval of the Concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025”. [Electronic resource] // Reference system “ConsultantPlus”. Legislation (date of access: 05.05.2026).
2. Bogdanova E. E., Belova D. A. Artificial human reproduction: the search for an optimal model of legal regulation. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2024. – 216 p.
3. Abzalova A. M. Assisted reproductive technologies as a means of preserving the population of Russia // Law and Right. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 23-27.
4. Shmareva T. A. Legal regulation of assisted reproductive technologies in Russia. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2022. – 16 p.
5. Kovaleva V. V. Legal regulation in the field of biotechnology // Legal science. – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 21-26.
6. Yarosh A. V. Mechanisms for the implementation of telemedicine technologies in reproductive areas of medicine // Education and Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 33-38.
7. Vorontsova M. A. The Influence of Legal Positions of Higher Courts on the Formation of the Institute of Reproductive Rights in the Russian Federation // The Role and Significance of Legal Positions of Higher Courts of the Russian Federation in Cases Arising from Public Law Relations in Modern Law Enforcement Practice: Collection of Materials from the International Scientific and Practical Conference, St. Petersburg, April 14, 2022 / edited by E. Yu. Ignatyeva, L. V. Karasayeva, R. V. Terentyev. – St. Petersburg: Center for Scientific and Information Technologies “Asterion”, 2022. – P. 139-146. 8. Vorontsova M. A. Reproductive human rights and their constitutional and legal nature // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 6 (169). – P. 90-93.
9. Dorozhinskaya E. A. New reproductive technologies and surrogacy: legal problems of implementation in Russia and abroad // The Constitution and legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of the modernization of social processes: dialogue and progressive development: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the constitutional and legal aspects of the implementation of the Message of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 1, 2023 “Economic course of a Fair Kazakhstan”, Astana, September 1, 2023. – Astana: L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2023. – P. 199-204.
10. Kudinova A. V. Legal regulation of the provision of medical services using assisted reproductive technologies // Social sciences in the projection of the development of modern society (legal, socio-political, philosophical sciences): a collection of articles based on the materials of the VI International Youth Scientific Forum, Moscow, April 19, 2023. – Moscow: Educational institution of trade unions of higher education “Academy of Labor and Social Relations”, 2023. – P. 68-72.
11. Novikova D. A. Problems of legal regulation of diagnostics and editing of the embryo genome // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2025. – Vol. 15. No. 2-1. – P. 158-164.
12. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 16.05.2017 No. 16 (as amended on 26.12.2017) “On the application of legislation by courts when considering cases related to establishing the origin of children.” [Electronic resource] // Reference system “ConsultantPlus”. Legislation (date of access: 05.05.2026).
13. Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated July 31, 2020 No. 803n “On the procedure for using assisted reproductive technologies, contraindications and restrictions to their use” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 19, 2020 No. 60457). [Electronic resource] // ConsultantPlus Reference System. Legislation (date accessed: May 5, 2026).
14. Law of the Russian Federation of 22.12.1992 No. 4180-1 (as amended on 01.05.2022) “On the Transplantation of Human Organs and (or) Tissues”. [Electronic resource] // ConsultantPlus Reference System. Legislation (date accessed: 05.05.2026).

CIVIL LAW
LINNIKOV Alexander Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, Lawyer, Moscow Region Bar Association Linnikov & Partners, Chairman of the Board of the Association of Participants in the Payment Services Market, Non-Profit Partnership National Payment Council
TYPOLOGY OF CIVIL LAW CONTROL
In this article, the author attempts to classify civil law control for further research into this category. A distinction is made between public law and private law control, identifying their significant differences, the specific composition of entities, and the nature of legal relationships. It is established that public law disciplines limit themselves to describing control solely as an audit, as their subject matter does not include the management of a specific object. In turn, it is demonstrated that civil law control/audit can be both a right and an obligation of the controlling entity. The author’s conclusions are based on an analysis of current legislation, judicial practice, and doctrinal approaches to the problem under consideration.
Keywords: civil-law control, typology, public-law control, management, control and inspection.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Grabko O. V. Civil-legal control under Russian civil law. – P. 11, 43.
2. Gracheva E. Yu. Problems of legal regulation of state financial control. – M., 2000. – P. 7.
3. Geymur O. G. State financial control in the budgetary sphere of Russia: organizational and legal regulation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Tyumen, 2011. – P. 12.
4. Tkachenko M. V. State control and supervision of notarial activities: administrative and legal issues of the author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2011. – P. 15.
5. Management and corporate control in a joint-stock company / ed. E. M. Gubin. – M.: Jurist, 1999. – P. 18.
6. Glushetsky A. A. Corporate control of participants in a business entity and methods of its formation // Management and business administration. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 38.
7. Kozlova N.V. Legal capacity of a legal entity. – M.: Statut, 2005. – P. 38-39.
8. Corporate law: textbook: in 2 volumes / ed. I. S. Shitkina. – M .: Statut, 2017. – Vol. 1. – P. 183 @@ Mantul G. A. Limitation of the legal capacity of a legal entity when introducing the observation procedure // Jurist. – 2006. – No. 8. – P. 12.
9. Kurbatov A. Ya. Legal capacity of credit institutions: theoretical foundations of formation, content and problems of implementation. – M.: Jurisprudence, 2010. – 280 p. – P. 39 @@ Kurbatov A. Ya., Pirogova E. S. Limitation of legal capacity and legal capacity of legal entities – debtors in the framework of insolvency (bankruptcy) cases // SPS ConsultantPlus. – 2011 @@ Telyukina M. V. Fundamentals of bankruptcy law. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2004. – P. 290 @@ Karelina S. A. Legal regulation of insolvency (bankruptcy). – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – P. 134 @@ Shibanova E. S. Comparative legal characteristics of the category of “legal capacity” of a legal entity – debtor in pre-revolutionary and modern legislation // History of the state and law. – 2010. – No. 7. – P. 41-45.
10. Dorokhina E. G. Debtor as a subject of management in the bankruptcy system // Law. – 2008. – No. 7. – P. 145-150.
11. Goryachina D. A. Risk management in Russian civil law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2013. – P. 8.
12. Kharitonova Yu. S. Reflection of the management function in civil law institutions: abstract. dis. … doc. legal Sci. – M., 2011.
13. Pavlov A. A. Agreement on the management of other people’s affairs under Russian civil law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kazan, 2020. – P. 12.
14. Gorshkov D. A. Agreement on the management of a pledge under Russian civil law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2024. – P. 9.
15. Sokolova S. V. Management of economic interests in the financial resources market in Russia: dis. … Doctor of Economics. – M., 2003. – 322 p. @@ Erchak A. I. Theoretical aspects of managing interests in the consumer market // Problems of modern economics. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 90-95.
16. Selskaya O. V. Improving social control over the activities of the administrative organization of the university: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2006. – P. 13.
17. Okrushko O. Ya. The problem of managing economic interests // Problems of modern economics. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 62-66. – P. 62 @@ Potapova E. G. On the issue of the epistemological nature of economic interests // Chelyabinsk humanitarian. – 2009. – No. 1 (7). – P. 64-68.
18. Sokolova S. V. Problems of interaction of economic interests of the state and firms as entrepreneurial structures // Bulletin of the Leningrad State University named after A. S. Pushkin. – 2011. – Vol. 6. No. 2. – P. 143.
19. Belkina N. A. Slav P. A. Classification of economic interests // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Economics and Management”. – 2011. – No. 28. Issue. 19. – P. 58-65.
20. Mogilevsky S. D. Limited Liability Company: Legislation and Practice of Its Application. – M.: Statut, 2010. – P. 88-89.
21. Glushetsky A. A. Commercial corporations: types and organizational structure. – M.: Statut, 2023. – 294 p. (Chapter 4, paragraph 4.1).

CIVIL LAW
MITYACHKINA Ekaterina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of General jurisprudence sub-faculty, Faculty of Jurisprudence and Legal Regulation, Russian State Social University
PANKRASHKINA Diana Olegovna
student of the 3rd course of General jurisprudence sub-faculty, Faculty of Jurisprudence and Legal Regulation, Russian State Social University
SURROGACY AGREEMENTS: GAPS IN LEGAL REGULATION AND WAYS TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF BIOLOGICAL PARENTS
The desire to have children is one of the essential needs of most people. This need represents a socio-psychological trait of an individual, who may experience certain difficulties in self-realization without having children. Like any sphere of public life, surrogate motherhood must be regulated by law, since family relations always acquire a socially significant character. Moreover, the demographic problem in Russia is a matter of state concern. Artificial insemination – specifically, surrogate motherhood – has become one of the ways to address demographic challenges today. This article examines the problems of legal regulation of surrogate motherhood in Russia, including gaps in legislation and ways to protect the rights of biological parents. The author analyzes existing legal №rms and judicial practice and proposes ways to improve legal regulation. Particular attention is paid to defining the legal nature of the surrogacy agreement, issues related to a surrogate mother’s refusal to hand over the child, and conflicts in determining the parties to the contract.
Keywords: surrogacy, agreement, legal regulation, biological parents, protection of rights, family law, civil law, judicial practice, gaps in legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abramovskaya D. V., Volkova A. A., Seregin D. S. Surrogacy. A modern view // Questions of student science. – 2019. – No. 12-2 (40). – P. 409-413. 2. Borisova T. E. Surrogacy agreement: current issues of theory, legislation and practice // Russian Justice. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 7-10.
3. Gitlina K. A. Surrogacy in the legislation of Israel and Russia // Scientific works of the Russian Academy of Advocacy and Notary. – 2015. – No. 1 (36). – P. 103-106.
4. Zhuravleva S. P. Legal regulation of the surrogacy agreement in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Moscow, 2011. – 27 p.
5. Kozinchenko T. N. Surrogacy agreement in Russian law // Bulletin of MNEPU. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 147-152.
6. Mitryakova E. S. Requirements for potential parents when using the surrogacy method // Family and housing law. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 7-9.
7. Mitryakova E. S. Legal regulation of surrogacy in Russia: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Tyumen. 2007. – 175 p.
8. Romanovsky G. B., Tarusina N. N., Mokhov A. A. [others]. Biomedical law in Russia and abroad: monograph. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2015. – 368 p.
9. Stebleva E. V. Problems of realization of rights of participants of surrogacy relationships: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Moscow, 2012. – 18 p.
10. Tolstikova O. M. Problems of legal regulation of surrogacy in Russia // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2017. – No. 1 (76). – P. 83-87.
11. Fetisova O. V. Childless families in Russia: solutions to the problem // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 44-59.
12. Chashkova S. Yu. The system of contractual obligations in Russian family law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Moscow, 2004. – 23 p.
13. Chesnokova Yu. V. Legal regulation of parental rights in the Russian Federation // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. – 2017. – Vol. 6. No. 3 (20). – P. 375-378.
14. Shadrin V. V. Legal nature of surrogacy // Young scientist. – 2015. – No. 22 (102). – P. 641-645.
15. Shamshov A. A., Golomyshkina K. V. Problems of legal regulation of surrogacy in Russia // Issues of modern jurisprudence. – 2015. – No. 54-55. – P. 35-39.

CIVIL LAW
SIMATOVA Elena Lvovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil Law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO THE INTEGRITY OF A WORK AFTER THE AUTHOR\’S DEATH
The right to the integrity of a work, as an inseparable link between the creator and the work, can and should be protected and defended even after the author\’s death, regardless of the author\’s dualistic understanding through the lens of the author\’s honor and dignity or their adherence to the original creative vision. However, the current wording of the civil law provisions does not fully ensure the protection and enforcement of this type of copyright, as it unreasonably narrows the list of actions that can be considered as encroachments on the integrity of a work, and limits the possibility of its protection to cases that damage the author\’s honor, dignity, or business reputation. The ongoing debate regarding the definition of the list of individuals who are authorized to use the existing mechanisms for protecting this right creates an actual impossibility of ensuring the integrity of a work after the author\’s death. The article substantiates the idea of using a comprehensive historical and literary examination to
Keywords: copyright, the right to inviolability, personal non-property rights of authors, protection of the integrity of a work
Bibliographic list of references
1. Dragunova S. A. The right to the inviolability of a work and the right to rework it // Social and political sciences, 2019. No. 3. P. 165-168.
2. Matveev A. G. Russian model of the right to the inviolability of a work. Bulletin of Perm University // Legal sciences. 2011. No. 14 (4). P. 91-99.
3. Matveev A. G. Protection of the inviolability of a work after the death of the author under Russian law // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Law”, 2013. No. 2 (35). P. 127-131.
4. Potapenko S. V. Violation of the inviolability of a work as a synergy of copyright and defamation torts // Society and Law, 2025. No. 3 (93). P. 134-139.

CIVIL LAW
CHAPLIN Nikita Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
PROPERTY LAW IN THE EAEU: NEW AREAS OF GROWTH FOR INDIVIDUALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION?
The intensive development of integration processes in law is creating new substantive content and expressions of the essence of property rights. These manifestations are not always associated with ensuring uniformity in property law regulation across EAEU member states. Even in the absence of grounds and prerequisites for comprehensive unification of property rights, EAEU law must establish minimum standards for the recognition and protection of property rights for economic participants. Of particular relevance is the legal vulnerability of a bona fide purchaser when one of the participants in the transaction chain violates the norms and requirements of public law regarding customs and tax control. This article offers an analysis of the general and individual aspects of property law regulation, taking into account the format of the EAEU integration association. This article is intended to stimulate discussion about a new perspective on the problems of property law regulation in relation to integration processes.
Keywords: property rights in the law and member states of the EAEU, property rights and integration entities, unification and harmonization of property law in modern conditions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Sinitsyn S. A. General provisions on property law: a comparative legal study. – M., 2019.
2. Neshataeva T. N. Eurasian integration: common values and legal institutions // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2020. – No. 1. Miashchanava M., Frolova E. Political and philosophical analysis of the interpenetration of public-law and private-law spheres of regulation in the activities of the Eurasian Economic Union // Wisdom. – 2023. – Vol. 28. No. 4. – R. 164-172.
3. Rusakova EP, Frolova EE Philosophical foundations of the transformation of the judicial method of rights protection in the context of the creation of a unified information space of the EEU // Wisdom. – 2023. – Vol. 28. No. 4. – P. 173-181.

CIVIL LAW
SHAKHAEVA Aminat Medzhidovna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ADIGYUZELOVA Kamila Demirovna
master\’s student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, independent researcher
CURRENT ISSUES OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF TOURISTS IN THE PROVISION OF TOURIST SERVICES
Based on the analysis of current judicial practice, this article examines two key issues in protecting the rights of tourists in Russia: the inconsistency of actually provided tourist services with the terms of the contract (such as hotel replacement, downgrading of its category, or changes to the excursion program), as well as the unjustified refusal of tour operators to refund money when a tourist cancels a trip before departure. The author proposes specific amendments to the Federal Law \”On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation\” aimed at eliminating legal uncertainty and guaranteeing tourists full compensation for damages.
Keywords: tourist services, consumer protection, judicial practice, tour operator, refund.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual Law. Book 3. – M.: Statut, 2019. – 1058 p.
2. Kalmykova A. V. Legal regulation of tourist activities // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – 15 p.
3. Kurbatov A. Ya. Protection of consumer rights. – M .: Norma, 2022. – 168 p.
4. Romanets Yu. V. Obligations to provide services. – M.: Statut, 2019. – 350 p.
5. Yakovlev V. F. Tourist activity and law // Economy and law. – 2020. – 8 p.
6. UN Tourism (formerly UNWTO). World Tourism Barometer: January 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.unwto-ap.org/news/worldtourismbarometer_jan2025/ (date of access: 17.04.2026).

CIVIL LAW
RODIONOV Egor Ivanovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
SELF-DEFENSE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS (PART 1)
The first part of this article examines the general provisions of self-defense as a civil law institution and their application to intellectual property, using self-defense of exclusive rights as an example. The paper analyzes selected provisions of Part Four of the Russian Civil Code that provide for self-defense of copyright and related rights through technical protection measures and rights management information. In this regard, the article draws specific conclusions regarding the legal nature of prohibitions in case of established preventive measures and the consequences of their violation.
Keywords: self-defense of civil rights, preventive measures, technical protection measures, rights management information.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Civil law: textbook in 4 volumes / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2023. – V. 1. – 624 p.
2. Civil law: textbook in 4 volumes / ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2023. – V. 2. – 508 p.
3. Gribanov V. P. Implementation and protection of civil rights / 3rd ed., corrected. – M .: Statut, 2022. – 414 p.
4. Dernburg G. Pandects. General part / translated from German by G. von Rechenberg; edited by P. Sokolovsky. – Moscow: University Printing House, 1906. – 465 p.
5. Dozortsev V. A. The concept of exclusive rights // Legal World. – 2000. – No. 3. – P. 8.
6. Intellectual property law: a textbook for universities / I. A. Zenin. – 12th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2025. – 524 p.
7. Commentary on Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (article by article): in 2 volumes / ed. by E. A. Pavlova. – 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. – M .: Statut, 2025. – Vol. 1. – 788 p. 8. Sinaisky V. I. Russian civil law. Issue I. General part. Property law. Copyright. – 2nd ed., corrected. and additional. – Kiev: Tipo-Lithography “Progress”, 1917. – 258 p. 9. Tretyakov S. V. Development of the doctrine of subjective private law in foreign civilistics: dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – M., 2022. – 495 p.
10. Shcherbak N. V. Intellectual Property Law: General Teaching. Copyright and Related Rights: A Textbook for Universities. – M .: Yurait, 2019. – 309 p.

CIVIL LAW
TITOV Ilya Evgenjevich
LL.M. (Free University of Berlin); postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia; Lawyer, IP, Digital & Data Practice Group, International Law Firm ADVANT Beiten. Moscow
DERKATSCH Taras Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law; Head of Legal Department, Beckman Coulter LLC, Moscow
EXHAUSTION OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS TO A TRADEMARK AND ITS LIMITS UNDER RUSSIAN AND GERMAN LAW
The article examines the issues surrounding the classification of the exhaustion of exclusive rights to a trademark as either a termination or a limitation of rights. Based on a comparative legal analysis of German and Russian legislative, judicial, and doctrinal sources, the author proposes an original definition of trademark exhaustion from the perspective of rights limitation. The relevance and novelty of the study are further demonstrated by the author’s proposed classification of the limits of trademark exhaustion – specifically identifying territorial, temporal, subject-matter (objective), and mode-of-use limits, all of which are analyzed in detail.
Keywords: Trademark, limitation of rights, exhaustion of exclusive rights, limits of exhaustion.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Anishin A. A., Khromov A. V. The principle of exhaustion of trademark rights and parallel import in Russia: present and future // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2018. – March. No. 19. – P. 109-117.
2. Gavrilov E. P. The principle of exhaustion of the exclusive right and its interpretation in the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Business and Law. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 36-46.
3. Gavrilov E. P. The principle of exhaustion of the exclusive right and the right to a selection achievement // Business and Law. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 69-75.
4. Ghosh Sh. Implementation of the Doctrine of Exhaustion of Rights: Conclusions Based on National Experience // Trade Policy. – 2015. – No. 4/4. – P. 24-87.
5. Ivliev G. P., Shakhnazarov B. A. Legal regulation of relations in the sphere of parallel import. Experience of the states of the Eurasian region // Lex russica. – Vol. 76. – No. 2 (195), February 2023. – P. 56-67.
6. Kozhemyakin D. V. Domain name in the system of civil rights objects. – M .: Prospect, 2019. – 152 p.
7. Kosunova D. D. Improving the legal protection of means of individualization in connection with the adoption of Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Author’s abstract of Cand. of Law diss. – M., 2007. – 27 p.
8. Nazarov A. G. Limits of the exercise of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) diss. – Ekaterinburg, 2011. – 31 p.
9. Orlova V., Alekseev M. Exhaustion of the exclusive right to a trademark: is it possible to use someone else’s trademark in your advertising? // Recipe. – 2012. – No. 4 (84). – P. 82-87.
10. Orlova V.V. Commentary on Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Company name. Trademark. Place of origin of the goods. Commercial designation. Article-by-article commentary to chapter 76 / M. Ya. Kirillova, P. V. Krasheninnikov, V. V. Orlova and others; edited by P. V. Krasheninnikova. – M.: Statute, 2015. – 222 p.
11. Pavlova E. A., Kalyatin V. O., Kolzdorf M. A., Korneev V. A., Novoselova L. A., Radetskaya M. V., Spiridonova N. B., Turkina A. E. Concept of Amendments to Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in Relation to Trademarks // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2025. – December. No. 4 (50). – P. 150-173.
12. Intellectual Property Law: textbook / edited by Doctor of Law, Professor L. A. Novoselova. 2nd edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Statut, 2024. – Vol. 3: Means of individualization. – 392 p.
13. Savelyev A. I. Certain issues of application of the rules on exhaustion of rights in relation to computer programs // Bulletin of civil law. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 102-128.
14. Sagdeeva L. V. Exclusive right and property right: unity and differentiation in implementation and protection. Diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2020. – 296 p.
15. Sagdeeva L. V. The principle of exhaustion of rights as a limitation of exclusive rights // International Law. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 55-70.
16. Shakhnazarov B. A. Parallel import and exhaustion of exclusive rights to intellectual property. Cooperation in the field of development of national industry and import substitution. – M .: Prospect, 2023. – 168 p.
17. Boddien TW § 24 Erschöpfung. In: Ingerl R., Rohnke C., Nordemann A. (Hrsg.). Markengesetz. Gesetz über Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen. CH Beck München. 4. – Auflage 2023. – Rn. 1-103.
18. Fezer K.-H. § 24 Erschöpfung. In: Fezer K.-H. (Hrsg.). Markenrecht. Kommentar zum Markengesetz (MarkenG) und zum Internationalen Markenrecht der Pariser Verbandsübereinkunft (PVÜ) und des Madrider Markenabkommens (MMA). CH Beck München. 6. – Auflage 2025. – Rn. 1-197.
19. Kohler J. Das Autorrecht. – Jena: Fischer, 1880. – 352 S.
20. Steudtner C. § 24 Erschöpfung. In: Kur A., von Bomhard V., Albrecht F. (Hrsg.). BeckOK Markenrecht. CH Beck München. 42. – Edition 2025. – Rn. 1-5.
21. Wolf M. Kapitel 1. Grundlagen des Wettbewerbsrechts. In: Säcker FJ (Hrsg.). Münchener Kommentar zum Wettbewerbsrecht CH Beck München. 4. – Auflage 2023. – Rn. 1072-1287.

CIVIL LAW
ASTAKHOV Pavel Olegovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
DECENTRALIZED RESOLUTION OF DIGITAL DISPUTES (ARBITRATION) ON BLOCKCHAIN PLATFORMS
This article examines decentralized arbitration as an innovative mechanism for resolving digital disputes on blockchain platforms. It analyzes the operating principles of the Kleros, Aragon Court, and Jur platforms, which are based on the use of smart contracts, random selection of arbitrators, economic incentives, and collective decision-making. The article explores the advantages of such systems, including a high degree of automation, efficiency, relatively low costs, cross-border applicability, and the possibility of automatic enforcement of decisions. At the same time, it identifies their principal shortcomings, including limited procedural safeguards, simplified mechanisms for the examination of evidence, and the absence of a clear regulatory framework. The article argues that decentralized arbitration has significant potential for further development through the improvement of procedural mechanisms, the establishment of specialized panels of arbitrators, and the integration of blockchain protocols with national legal systems and international commercial arbitration. It concludes that decentralized arbitration may evolve into models of digital justice applicable not only within the Web3 ecosystem but also in traditional commercial relations.
Keywords: decentralized arbitration, blockchain, digital disputes, smart contracts, Kleros, Aragon Court, Jur, Web3, DAO, digital assets, dispute resolution, digital justice.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alesia Zhuk. Applying blockchain to the modern legal system: Kleros as a decentralized dispute resolution system // International Cybersecurity Law Review. – 2023. – No. 4. – 351-364. – Doi: 10.1365/s43439-023-00086-x (in English).
2. Aouidef, Y., Ast, F., and Deffains, B. (2021). Decentralized Justice: A Comparative Analysis of Blockchain Online Dispute Resolution Projects. Front. Blockchain – 4. – 564551. – Doi: 10.3389/fbloc.2021.564551 (in English).
3. Frolova EE, Rusakova EP Development of digital technologies for dispute resolution of economic entities as a means of increasing economic stability // Advances in Research on Russian Business and Management. – 2022. – T. 2022. – P. 65-73.
4. Rusakova E. P., Frolova E. E. China-Africa Joint Arbitration Center (CAJAC): the result of international and technological collaboration // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 246-268. – Doi: 10.17323/2072-8166.2026.1.246.268. – EDN URXVKG.
5. Rusakova E. P. Comparative analysis of the development of electronic justice in the regions of North and South Africa: features of regional approaches // State and Law. – 2026. – No. 3. – P. 207-220. – DOI 10.7868/S2713039826030192. – EDN BDRXBF.
6. Rusakova E. P., Frolova E. E. On the effectiveness of resolving digital disputes through arbitration in England and Wales // State and Law. – 2024. – P. 179-187.

CIVIL LAW
BALASHOV Egor Mikhailovich
postgraduate student of the 1st course, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
A PARTICIPANT’S RIGHT TO WITHDRAW FROM AN LLC: A TOOL FOR PROTECTING OR ABUSING CORPORATE RIGHTS
The article is devoted to a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the institution of voluntary withdrawal of a participant from a limited liability company. The author views this institution not as a narrow procedural mechanism, but as a cross-branch phenomenon arising at the intersection of corporate status, the law of obligations, and the public reliability of state registers. The paper examines the dual nature of the right to withdraw: on the one hand, as a guarantee of freedom of economic self-determination and a form of extrajudicial self-protection for the participant, and on the other, as a potential instrument of opportunistic behavior and pressure on the company amid economic instability. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the ambivalence of dispositive regulation. The article analyzes the position regarding legislative gaps caused by the excessive dependence of the right to withdraw on the provisions of the company’s charter, which creates risks for minority participants and legal uncertainty. The author polemicizes against the assessment of dispositiveness as a purely negative factor, arguing that it leads not to destabilization but to a redistribution of the regulatory burden from mandatory norms to the level of judicial interpretation and individual corporate structuring. The fragmentary nature of modern doctrine is critically assessed, as it reduces the analysis either to technical legal aspects or to an isolated method of terminating participation, and the need to develop a holistic theory of the limits of exercising corporate rights is substantiated. The conclusion is drawn that the effectiveness of the institution is determined not so much by the letter of the law as by the balance between charter autonomy, the good faith of participants, and functional judicial control, which facilitates a transition from normative formalism to an inquiry into the real economic substance of the parties’ conduct.
Keywords: limited liability company, corporate legal relations, participant’s right of withdrawal, share in authorized capital, termination of participation, abuse of rights, good faith, corporate conflict, protection of corporate rights, limits on the exercise of civil rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2025) “On Limited Liability Companies” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one): Federal Law of 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ: as amended on 31.07.2025 // SZ RF. – 1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
3. Mikryukov VA Innovations and Analogies in the Legal Regulation of Withdrawal from a Limited Liability Company under Current Russian Law. Laws. – 2021. – No. 10 (2). – R. 21. – https://doi.org/10.3390/laws1002002.
4. Andreev V.K., Laptev V.A. Modern legal problems of interaction between private and public property in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2025. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-pravovye-problemy-vzaimodeystviya-chastnoy-i-publichnoy-sobstvennosti-pri-osuschestvlenii-predprinimatelskoy (date of access: 02/19/2026).
5. Savelyeva N. M. Withdrawal of a participant from an LLC: family legal aspect // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2018. – T. 4. No. 3. – P. 77-82.
6. Chernyaeva A. M. Legal aspects of a participant’s withdrawal from an LLC // Bulletin of Law. – 2023. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-aspekty-vyhoda-uchastnika-iz-ooo (date of access: 06.05.2026).
7. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated October 27, 2015 No. 306-ES15-1674 in case No. A65-4202/2014 // SPS “Garant”.

CIVIL LAW
BELITSINA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of Civil law and process, business, and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Deputy Head of the Legal Department of JSC “MIC “NPO Mashinostroeniya”
ASPECTS OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article discusses the goals and objectives of industrial digitalization, identifies the problems of its legal regulation, provides the concept of digitalization as a process, as well as as a methodology, provides the concept of digital maturity, provides typical stages of digital transformation of enterprises, highlights the main risks of digitalization. The author focuses on the digital transformation of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, which is relevant in the context of modern geopolitical and economic challenges. In conclusion, the author substantiates the thesis about the lack of thoroughness and consistency of the legal regulation of digitalization, formulates possible negative legal consequences, and makes proposals on the directions of further research in the studied area.
Keywords: digital transformation of industry, legal regulation, military-industrial complex, digital maturity, internal transformation strategy of the enterprise, digital risks.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / edited by L. F. Ilychev et al. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. – P. 365.
2. Manushin D. V. Clarification of the concept of “macroeconomic system” // Economic analysis: theory and practice. – 2013. – No. 39. – P. 15-25.
3. Mashkina N. A., Veliev A. E. The Impact of the Digital Economy on the Development of the Transport Industry in the World // CITISE. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 290-299. – DOI: http://doi.org/10.15350/2409-7616.2020.1.27/.
4. Pashentsev D. A. Gaps in the Law in the Age of Digitalization // Gaps in the Law in the Context of Digitalization: A Collection of Scientific Papers / D. R. Alimova, S. A. Afanasyeva, L. T. Bakulina, et al.; edited by D. A. Pashentsev, M. V. Zaloilo. – Moscow: Infotropic Media, 2022. – 472 p. – ISBN 978-5-9998-0417-4. 5. Selected regulatory legal acts of the People’s Republic of China in the field of digitalization / translated from Chinese by Li Yao. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 136 p.
6. Glotov S. A. “Digital China”: Review of legislative acts of the People’s Republic of China regulating issues of cybersecurity and personal data protection // Social and humanitarian sciences. Domestic and foreign literature. Series 4. State and law. – 2026. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsifrovoy-kitay-obzor-zakonodatelnyh-aktov-kitayskoy-narodnoy-respubliki-reguliruyuschih-voprosy-kiberbezopasnosti-i-zaschity.
7. Yakovleva E. A., Tolochko I. A. Tools and methods of digital transformation // Issues of innovative economics. – 2021. – Vol. 11. No. 2. – P. 415-430. – DOI: 10.18334/vinec.11.2.112016.
8. Protopopova O. V., Belitsina E. V. Issues of legal regulation of contracts for the performance of experimental design work in the process of digital transformation of the defense industry of the Russian Federation // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2024. – Vol. 20. No. 5. – P. 56-65. – DOI 10/33693/2541-8025-2024-20-5-56-65.
9. Eroshin S. E., Shcheglov D. K. Methodology for developing the Concept of digital transformation of the defense-industrial complex organization // Innovations and Investments. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 214-223.

CIVIL LAW
BORZIKOV Sergey Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE CRITERION OF ORIGINALITY IN THE CREATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY USING AI SOFTWARE
This article discusses the applicability of the criterion of originality when creating the results of intellectual activity using software that mimics human actions. The purpose of the study is to determine the boundaries within which the result of intellectual activity can be recognized as original when using artificial intelligence. The objectives of this study are to define the concept of \”originality\” and identify the goals of software copyright holders and other persons when creating intellectual property objects.
Keywords: software, result of intellectual activity, originality, author, registry of Russian software, copyright holder, software functions.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Vitko V. S. The content of the criterion of “originality” in the doctrine of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 14-20.
2. Morgunova E. A. Features of works of science, literature and art and other results of intellectual activity as objects of legal protection. Their differences from the results generated by artificial intelligence // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 11-15. 3. Modern civil and family law: prospects for the development of doctrine, legislation and law enforcement practice: monograph / V. V. Aleinikova, I. Z. Ayusheeva, I. Kh. Bobodzhonzoda et al.; eds. E. V. Vavilin, O. M. Rodionova. – Moscow: Statut, 2024. – 115 p. // SPS Consultant Plus.
4. Komarov S. G. Features of the protection of literal levels of representation of computer programs // IS. Copyright and related rights. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 35-43 @@ No. 5. – P. 84-91.
5. Rakhmatulina R. Sh. The relationship between the concepts of “originality” and “digital originality” in copyright // Civil law. – 2025. – No. 5. – P. 30-32.
6. Gurko A. Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: A Look into the Future // IS. Copyright and Related Rights. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 7-18.
7. Business law in Russia: results, trends and development paths: monograph / E. G. Afanasyeva, A. V. Belitskaya, V. A. Vaypan et al.; ed. E. P. Gubin. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2019. – 664 p. 8. Ovchinnikov I. V. Does copyright have a future? // IP. Copyright and related rights. – 2025. – No. 5. – P. 64-70.

CIVIL LAW
VASILJEVA Anastasiya Sergeevna
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
LEGAL REGIME OF RESULTS CREATED WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE MEMBER-STATES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION
This article aims to develop a scientific understanding of the legal regime of results created with the use of artificial intelligence in the member-states of the Eurasian Economic Union. It is determined that human creative input is necessary for legal protection of results created using artificial intelligence. Some Eurasian Economic Union states establish labeling for artificial intelligence-generated results. Regarding the subject matter of the rights holders to the results of artificial intelligence generation, it is stated that the user is recognized as having a creative role in the process of creating results using the technology. It is also revealed that some Eurasian Economic Union states discuss changing the current intellectual property law paradigm, which places individuals as the sole author of intellectual property results.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, generation, result of intellectual activity, artwork, legislation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasilyeva A. S. Criteria of creative thinking. Creativity and intelligence // EAEU: strategic directions and priorities of cooperation: materials of the International scientific and practical conference (Ufa, November 6, 2025) / ed. L. R. Saifutdinova. – Ufa: Ufa University, 2025. – Pp. 240-247. 2. Poduzova E. B. “Artificial Intelligence” and “Artificial Intelligence” Technologies in Contract Law: Civilistic Concept: Monograph / ed. L. Yu. Vasilevskaya. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – P. 20-21.
3. Kantemirov R. M. Criteria for the emergence of co-authorship in the creation of works using generative artificial intelligence // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – Vol. 20. No. 6 (175) June. – P. 97-110. – DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2025.175.6.097-110

CIVIL LAW
IONTSEV Mikhail Anatoljevich
Ph.D., associate professor of Banking law sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); associate professor of Basic Department of the Bank of Russia, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”; Head of Projects at the Legal Department, Bank of Russia
LEGAL STATUS OF A BROKER AS AN ORGANIZER OF DIGITAL CURRENCY CIRCULATION AND THEIR ROLE IN THE CIRCULATION OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES
The article examines the theoretical and legal foundations, as well as practical aspects, of shaping the legal status of a broker as a key subject within the crypto-market infrastructure. The author analyzes the scope of regulation under the relevant legislation, distinguishing between the institutions of “circulation” and “organization of circulation” of digital currencies. The research focuses on the exhaustive list of regulatory actions enshrined in Chapter 4 of the Law on Digital Currency and Digital Rights, providing a detailed breakdown of the substantive legal content of Article 15 of the said law, along with recent amendments to the Law on the Securities Market concerning the integration of digital currencies into the perimeter of brokerage activities. Based on a systematic interpretation of legal norms, it is demonstrated that the execution of client orders for transactions with digital assets is imperatively assigned to the exclusive domain of brokers. The author concludes that the legal personality of a broker possesses a dual nature, combining the functions of a traditional financial intermediary and a guarantor of stability within the technological framework of new digital asset circulation.
Keywords: digital currencies, digital rights, legal status of a broker, organization of circulation of digital currencies, brokerage perimeter (or brokerage framework), financial innovations, legislative regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Davis DJ Does decentralized finance equal deregulated finance? / DJ Davis, Sh. H. Band // Journal of Financial Compliance. – 2023. – Vol. 6. No. 2. – P. 158-172.
2. Zinchenko S. A. Legal facts in civil law: monograph / S. A. Zinchenko. – Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2021. – 128 p.
3. Shagiev B. V. Legal activity: legal nature, quality and efficiency: specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”: dis. … Doctor of Law; Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 2011. – 412 p. 4. Financial law: a textbook for bachelors / edited by E. Yu. Gracheva. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – 648 p.
5. Guznov A. G., Rozhdestvenskaya T. E. Public-legal regulation of the financial market in the Russian Federation: monograph. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 448 p.

CIVIL LAW
KANDRINA Elena Gennadjevna
postgraduate student of the Civil Law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF PERSONS CONTROLLING THE DEBTOR IN BANKRUPTCY AND NON-BANKRUPTCY SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY: LIMITS OF CRIMINALIZATION OF BAD BUSINESS PRACTICES
The correlation of civil and criminal liability of persons controlling the debtor (CDL) in bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy subsidiary liability is considered. The civil law toolkit – Articles 61.11, 61.12 of the Law on Bankruptcy, Article 3.1 of the Law on LLCs, Article 53.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation – forms a stable model of personal tort liability; the criminal law framework (Articles 177 and 195-197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) remains narrow. The inadmissibility of automatically criminalizing the fact of subsidiary liability has been discussed. A differentiated model is proposed: civil liability is the basic restorative mechanism, while criminal liability is only applicable in cases of proven active and unscrupulous evasion.
Keywords: controlling debtor, subsidiary liability, non-bankruptcy subsidiary liability, Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, wrongful actions in bankruptcy, entrepreneurial risk, good faith, the limits of criminalization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (in the current version). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/ (date of access: May 17, 2026).
3. Federal Law of 26.10.2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
4. Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies” (as amended by Federal Law of 13.06.2023 No. 249-FZ). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_17819/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
5. Federal Law of 06.04.2024 No. 79-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/408739605/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
6. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 07.02.2023 No. 6-P. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_439423/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
7. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 21.12.2017 No. 53 (as amended on 23.12.2025) “On certain issues related to bringing persons controlling a debtor to liability in bankruptcy”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_286130/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
8. Review of the practice of consideration by arbitration courts of cases on corporate disputes on subsidiary liability of controlling persons for the obligations of an inactive legal entity, approved. by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 19.11.2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/press_center/news/34920/ (date of access: 17.05.2026).
9. Methodological recommendations of the Federal Bailiff Service of Russia for the identification and investigation of crimes under Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, approved on August 21, 2013, No. 04-12 (as amended on October 3, 2016). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_154953/ (date of access: May 17, 2026).
10. Statistical bulletin “Bankruptcy – 2025”. Fedresurs. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%202025%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81.pdf (date of access: 19.05.2026).
11. Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Consolidated statistical information on the state of criminal records in Russia for 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.api-press.rf/stats/ug/t/14/s/17 (date of access: 17.05.2026).
12. Bobrov E. V., Tkachev A. A. Double liability of controlling persons in bankruptcy proceedings // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 145-150. – DOI: 10.24412/20733305-2024-1-145-150.
13. Danilovskaya A. V. Criminalization as an element of criminal law policy in the sphere of protection of fair competition // Law and Politics. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 67-85. – DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2023.12.69454.
14. Laptev V. A. Subsidiary liability of controlling persons for the obligations of a company excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 28. No. 1. – P. 163-177.
15. Romanov V. A. On the current situation with the application of Articles 195-197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and possible measures to change it // Ex jure. – 2025. – No. 2.

CIVIL LAW
KOSTINA Kristina Alexeevna
postgraduate student of Private law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL PROCUREMENT
Conflict of interest is a key category of public and municipal procurement legislation, aimed both at preventing various corrupt practices by parties to the procurement process and eliminating the negative consequences of such violations. However, the historical prerequisites for the formation and development of this legal category have not been the subject of an independent doctrinal research. The purpose of this article is to examine the fundamental documents containing provisions on conflicts of interest in public procurement and supplies, from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century.
Keywords: conflict of interest, public procurement, government contract, municipal contract, anti-corruption, state tenders.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Belinskaya M. P. Restrictions and prohibitions in the system of state contracts in the Russian Empire // Legal technology. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 88.
2. Belyaeva O. A. Auctions and competitions: commentary on judicial and arbitration practice. – M.: Wolters-Kluwer, 2010. – 304 p.
3. Kikavets V. V. History of legal regulation of public procurement in Russia: financial aspect: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2019. – P. 15.
4. Vedeneev G. M., Kobzev G. N., Goncharov E. Yu. Competitive bidding in Russia: historical experience – 2nd edition, supplemented. – M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2005.
5. Mikhashin A. V. Civil-legal regulation of procurement under the state defense order: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: IZiSP. – M., 2020.

CIVIL LAW
LAPTEV Vladislav Igorevich
Master of Law, Employee VOA CONSULT LLC
THE OBLIGATION TO PAY THE ACTUAL VALUE OF A SHARE: LEGAL NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-PERFORMANCE IN BANKRUPTCY CONDITIONS
The article examines the legal nature of a limited liability company’s obligation to pay the actual value of a share (AVS) to a withdrawing member. The relevance of the topic is due to the ambiguity of judicial practice and the lack of a unified doctrinal approach to the qualification of this claim, especially in the context of a company’s property crisis. The paper substantiates that the obligation to pay the AVS is a vertical corporate obligation arising from a unilateral dispositive transaction — a notice of withdrawal. The author analyzes the phenomenon of “naturalization” and subordination of this obligation in bankruptcy proceedings, and also examines new approaches of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to determining the amount of the AVS, based on the principle of inadmissibility of “leonine partnership” and taking into account the actual losses of the company. Based on the analysis of judicial practice and doctrine, it is concluded that the claim for payment of the AVS is a residual claim, satisfied after the claims of external creditors, and its amount is subject to adjustment taking into account the actual economic state of the company at the time of the member’s withdrawal.
Keywords: actual value of a share, withdrawal from LLC, corporate obligation, subordination of claims, bankruptcy, residual claim, society leonina, entrepreneurial risk, natural obligation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Shitkina I. S. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”. T. 1. – M .: Statut, 2021. – 416 p.
2. Performance and termination of an obligation: commentary to Articles 307-328 and 407-419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – M.: M-Logos, 2022. – 496 p.
3. Lomakin D. V. Corporate legal relations: general theory and practice of its application in business entities. – M.: Statut, 2008. – 504 p.
4. Sukhanov E. A. Civil law: textbook. T. 1. – 4th ed. – M.: Statute, 2019. – 720 p.
5. Egorov A. V. Disposal transactions: emerging from the shadows // Civil Law Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 38-72.
6. Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies” (as amended on 28.12.2025).
7. Chuprunov I. S. The beginning of a “new life” in Russian corporate law. Commentary on the definition of the SCES of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 11.06.2020 No. 306-ES19-24912 // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 82-95.
8. Novitsky I. B., Lunts L. A. General doctrine of obligation. – M.: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1950. – 345 p.
9. Federal Law of 26.10.2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” (as amended on 29.12.2025).
10. Popova I. Yu. Payment of the actual value of a share in bankruptcy // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 92-96.
11. Kuznetsov A. A. Limits of autonomy of will in corporate law: a brief essay. – M.: Statut, 2017. – 126 p.
12. Chuprunov I. S. Director’s liability to a legal entity: scientific and practical commentary to the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation No. 62. – M.: M-Logos, 2024. – 184 p.

CIVIL LAW
MALKHASYAN Tigran Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Russian State Social University, Moscow; attorney at the Moscow Region Bar Association
MECHANISM FOR THE INHERITANCE, OWNERSHIP, AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPANY SHARES BY MINORS IN AUSTRALIA
The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the coverage of the transfer of control over the family business and the preservation of continuity, which is especially important in the light of the upcoming large-scale transfer of family capital, in the context of generational change. The purpose of the work is to analyze the legal regulation and practical mechanisms for the transfer of family business by inheritance to minors in Australia. The paper examines the key provisions of the inheritance law of states and territories where there is no single federal law, and analyzes the specifics of the transfer of rights to business assets (shares in companies, trusts) to heirs under the age of 18. Special attention is paid to the coverage, followed by a study of the mechanism for managing inherited property until the heir comes of age. The article reveals the rules according to which a minor’s share of the inheritance passes to him immediately (without delay until the age of 18), however, the property is managed by appointed trustees or guardians until the age of majority or marriage. The article considers the implementation of the powers of executors to appoint trustees for the property of minors, as well as taxation issues, including the use of testamentary trusts to obtain tax benefits for minor benefits. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set: To study and analyze the current legislation of Australia in the field of inheritance by minors, shares of company shares. Australian legislation, based on the traditions of common law, builds the regulation of the status of minor shareholders around a fundamental contradiction: a child under the age of 18 can be recognized as the owner of shares as property, but does not have the legal capacity to exercise corporate rights – voting, alienation, and including transactions. Attention is paid in the field of inheritance to shares that pass to a minor by will or by law. As a result, the Australian mechanism is a well-thought-out system based on trust ownership, fiduciary responsibility and judicial control, which guarantees the safety and enhancement of a child’s property rights, completely eliminating the risk of rash orders, while preventing the use of children in tax schemes and ensuring predictability for issuing companies. For practicing lawyers and heirs, understanding these rules is critically important, since errors in the registration of trust management can lead to litigation, tax surcharges and even loss of shares, however, in general, the Australian approach is recognized as one of the most balanced in the world, combining the flexibility of the Anglo-Saxon tradition with rigid protective mechanisms, which makes it a valuable object for comparatively- legal research. The Australian legal system offers a complex and balanced approach to regulating the status of minors as participants in corporate relations. The main dilemma underlying this regulation is that a person under the age of 18 can formally be considered the owner of shares as a property asset, however, due to the lack of full legal capacity, he is unable to independently exercise corporate rights related to shares – to vote at meetings, alienate securities or enter into legally binding transactions. Given that, the Law does not set a minimum age for owning shares, unlike the requirement for company directors to be at least 18 years old. However, the absence of an outright ban does not mean that it is easy to implement such rights in practice. Restrictions on governance and fiduciary duties. Tax consequences. Conclusion. The Australian mechanism of inheritance, ownership and management of juvenile shares is a well-thought-out system built on three key elements: trust ownership, fiduciary responsibility of the manager and judicial control. This system guarantees the safety of the child’s property rights, completely eliminating the risk of rash orders, while preventing the use of children in tax schemes and ensuring predictability for issuing companies. Understanding these rules is critically important for practicing lawyers and lawyers, as errors in the registration of trust management can lead to litigation, tax surcharges, and even the loss of shares. The Australian approach is recognized as one of the most balanced in the world, combining the flexibility of the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition with rigid protective mechanisms.
Keywords: wills for minor children in Australia, executor, trust asset, capital gains tax, creation and management of a family trust.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Korol I. G. “Personal non-property rights of a child under the family law of the Russian Federation.” Scientific and practical manual. 2. Petrov E. Yu. Inheritance law of Russia: state and development prospects (comparative legal study).
3. Alieva A. B. Radzhabova Zh. K. Inheritance law. 2019.
4. Trifonova Yu. I. Implementation of the inheritance rights of a child under the law of the Russian Federation. Private educational institution of higher education “Siberian Law University”, Omsk
5. Panichkin V. B., Ryzhik A. V. “Alternatives to inheritance in Russian and Anglo-American law.”

CIVIL LAW
RODIONOV Egor Ivanovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
SELF-DEFENSE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS (PART 2)
The second part of this article examines the general provisions of self-defense as a civil law institution and their application to intellectual property, using self-defense of exclusive rights as an example. The analysis identifies some features of self-defense of subjective rights, clarifying the legal nature of civil (subjective) rights protection and enforcement. In addition, the article gives a detailed analysis of theoretical approaches to arbitrariness in civil law and proposes specific provisions concerning the legal nature of arbitrariness within the protection and enforcement of subjective rights.
Keywords: self-defense of civil rights, preventive measures, legal power of a rightsholder, arbitrariness in civil law.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Annenkov K. N. Arbitrariness and self-defense as means of protecting civil rights // Bulletin of civil law. – 2018. – No. 4.
2. Windscheid B. Textbook of pandect law. General part / translated from German, edited by S. V. Pakhman. – St. Petersburg: Skaryatin Printing House, 1874. – 358 p.
3. Dernburg G. Pandects. General part / translated from German by G. von Rechenberg; edited by P. Sokolovsky. – Moscow: University Printing House, 1906. – 465 p.
4. Digests of Justinian: in 8 volumes / trans. from Latin by T. A. Bobrovnikova, A. A. Grigorieva, L. L. Kofanova [and others]; resp. ed. L. L. Kofanov. – 2nd ed., rev. – M.: Statute, 2008. – 2 volumes – 622 pp.
5. Course of German civil law/L. Enneckerus, T. Kipp, M. Wolf. trans. from German by V. A. Altshuler, I. B. Novitsky, G. N. Polyanskaya; edited by D. M. Genkin and I. B. Novitsky. – Moscow: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1950. – Vol. 1, half-volume 2. – 483 p.
6. Meyer D. I. Selected works: in 3 volumes. – M.: Statut, 2022. – V. 1. – 848 p.
7. Pukhta G. F. Course of Roman civil law / translated from the latest German edition by prof. Rudorff. – M.: Printing house “Sovrem. Izvestia”, 1874. – 550 p.
8. Sinaisky V. I. Russian civil law. Issue I. General part. Property law. Copyright. – 2nd ed., corrected. and additional. – Kiev: Tipo-Lithography “Progress”, 1917. – 258 p. 9. Shcherbak N. V. Copyright and related rights in the system of intellectual rights: diss. … Doctor of Law. – M., 2022. – 509 p.

CIVIL LAW
RYABOV Alexander Konstantinovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION ON JOINT OWNERSHIP OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS OBJECTS
In the article, the author conducts a retrospective analysis of Russian legislation governing legal relations concerning the joint ownership of exclusive rights to copyright and related-rights subject matter by multiple persons. The study covers the period from the formation of domestic intellectual property law to the present, with particular attention paid to draft laws introduced in the State Duma of the Russian Federation in recent years. The research employs formal legal and historical-legal methods. The author concludes that, traditionally, Russian law has applied, to varying degrees depending on the stage of development of the legal system, the provisions on common shared ownership to legal relations concerning jointly held intellectual property. However, since the 2000s, Russian legislation and law enforcement practice have moved away from this paradigm, and recent draft laws demonstrate a trend toward convergence with the Anglo-American approach to joint ownership of exclusive rights.
Keywords: exclusive right, copyright, related rights, joint ownership of exclusive rights, share in an exclusive right.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Khokhlov V. A., Demieva A. G. On the feasibility of using the historical method in civilistic research (using the example of a peasant (farm) household) // Methodological problems of civilistic research. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 131-145.
2. Volodkova E. N. Formation and development of copyright in the Russian Empire // Law and Right. – 2019. – No. 9. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stanovlenie-i-razvitie-avtorskogo-prava-v-rossii-skoi-imperii (date of access: 03/08/2026).
3. Shershenevich G. F. Selected Works. Vol. 3 including Copyright on Literary Works / Introduction, compiled by P. V. Krasheninnikov. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 480 p. 4. Kantorovich Ya. A. Copyright on literary, musical, artistic and photographic works. – St. Petersburg, 1911. – 437 p.
5. Murzin D. V. Exercise of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity: admissibility of the analogy of the rules on property rights // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Rights. – 2019. – No. 24. – P. 5-15.
6. Martyanova E. Yu. Civil-legal regime of exclusive copyright owned by several persons: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Ulyanovsk, 2020. – 224 p.
7. Kubyshko M. V. Development of copyright legislation of the Soviet period // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2011. – No. 10. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razvitie-zakonodatelstva-ob-avtorskom-prave-sovetskogo-perioda (date of access: 06.03.2026).
8. Zakimatov M. A. Agreements on the disposal of exclusive rights to intellectual property objects through the prism of historical development // Economy and Law. XXI century. – 2025. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dogovory-o-rasporyazhenii-isklyuchitelnymi-pravami-na-obekty-intellektualnoy-sobstvennosti-cherez-prizmu-istoricheskogo-razvitiya (date of access: 06.03.2026).
9. Matveev A. G. Specifics of the study of related rights in pre-revolutionary Russian and Soviet civilistics // Methodological problems of civilistic research. – 2019. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/spetsifika-issledovaniya-smezhnyh-prav-v-dorevolyutsionnoy-rossiyskoy-i-sovetskoy-tsivilistike (date of access: 06.03.2026).
10. Gavrilov E. P. Commentary on the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 19, 2006 on the application of legislation on copyright and related rights (article by article) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
11. Gavrilov E. P. Commentary on the Law “On Copyright and Related Rights”. Protection of intellectual property in Russia. Collection of laws, international treaties, rules of Rospatent with comments / ed. L. A. Trakhtengerts, scientific ed. V. M. Zhuykov. – M .: CONTRACT, 2005. – 880 p. 12. Gavrilov E. P. Commentary on the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (article by article) / 4th edition, revised and enlarged. – M .: Exam, 2005 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
13. Pogulyaev V. V., Vaypan V. A., Lyubimov A. P. Commentary on the Law of the Russian Federation “On Copyright and Related Rights” (article by article). – M .: Yustitsinform, 2006. // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
14. Kostkova O. V., Timoshenko V. A. Article-by-article commentary to the Federal Law of July 9, 1993 No. 5351-1 “On Copyright and Related Rights” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
15. Ivanov N. V. Share in the exclusive right // Intellectual property. Copyright and related rights. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 26-34.
16. Martyanova E. Yu. Civil status of a co-holder of an exclusive related right to joint performance // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2025. – No. 1 (67). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/grazhdansko-pravovoe-polozhenie-soobladatelya-isklyuchitelnogo-smezhnogo-prava-na-sovmestnoe-ispolnenie (date of access: 06.03.2026).
17. Kokina S. Status of the head of a group of performing artists in accordance with Article 1314 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Business and Law. – 2011. – No. 12 (419). – P. 11-21.
18. Baganova S. V., Belkova E. G. Exclusive right of co-holders // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 1 (92). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/isklyuchitelnoe-pravo-soobladateley (date of access: 07/04/2026).
19. Kalyatin V. O. Development of the system for regulating the disposal of intellectual property rights in Russia // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 54-63.
20. Sergeev A. P. Application of the rules of Section II “Ownership and Other Property Rights” of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to intellectual property relations // Law. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 87-95.
21. Gavrilov E. P. 10 shortcomings of the fourth part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation that need to be corrected // “Patents and Licenses”. – 2015. – No. 10 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
22. Gutnikov O. V., Sinitsyn S. A. Plurality of holders of exclusive rights: problems of theory and practice // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 67-73.
23. Demieva A. G., Ryabov A. K. Exclusive right owned by several persons jointly: law enforcement practice // Perm legal almanac. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 113-123.
24. Sidorkin S. S. Legal regulation of civil relations with a plurality of persons, the object of which are exclusive rights: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2012. – 174 p.
25. Paraskevova S. A., Sedova N. A., Ermolaev S. N. Improving the legal regulation of the plurality of subjects of civil law // Power of Law. – 2013. – No. 3 (15). – P. 26-30.
26. Gulbasarova E. V., Koroleva A. G. Models of joint possession of an exclusive right// Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – June 2024. – No. 2 (44). – P. 114-126.
27. Ryabov A.K. Projects for the transformation of the civil-legal regime of the exclusive right owned by several persons jointly // Digital society: scientific initiatives and new challenges: Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the IX All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Moscow, November 15, 2024. – M .: Center for the Development of Education and Science, 2024. – P. 48-52.
28. Turkina A. E. Comparative legal analysis of approaches to regulating joint ownership of copyright // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 75-103.
29. Shcherbak N.V. Ideal share in exclusive copyright: utopia or reality? // Bulletin of civil law. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 166-192.

CIVIL LAW
TITARENKO Timur Evgenjevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
NOVATION AS A WAY TO TERMINATE OBLIGATIONS UNDER A SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT UNDER THE SANCTIONS
The article is devoted to the study of the novation mechanism as a method of termination of obligations under a software license agreement (hereinafter – software) in the conditions of anti-Russian sanctions, identification of prospects and risks of application of this mechanism. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve a number of tasks: to study the theoretical foundations of the institution of novation, to analyze the peculiarities of application of novation in relation to software licensing contracts, to consider the impact of sanctions restrictions on the possibility of novation. The methods of the present research are dialectical, logical, sociological, formal-legal, comparative-legal. The results of the study show that innovation can be an effective way to protect the interests of the parties, minimizing the risks of legal (and political) uncertainty. The findings confirm the need to adapt existing regulations to take into account the specifics of sanctions conditions, as well as the importance of elaboration of existing and development of new models of contractual relations, ensuring stability and predictability of contractual obligations in the IT sphere.
Keywords: novation, termination of obligations, license agreement, sanctions legal regime, sanctions restriction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Butakova Ya. S. International economic sanctions in international private law: theoretical aspect // International law and international organizations. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 36-55.
2. Podgorbunskaya N. O. Legal nature of novation as a method of terminating an obligation // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 93-98.
3. Sukhanov E. A. Civil Law. Textbook in 4 volumes. Volume III. General Provisions on Obligations and Contracts // Statute. Moscow. – 2023. – P. 106.
4. Shakhnazarov B. A. Sanctions law: concept, subject, method, normative composition // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 7 (140) July. – P. 143-149.
5. Yashina V., Sinchenkova A. Novation of obligations: main difficulties and judicial practice // Website “PRAVOru”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/story/244730/ (date of access: 02.05.2026).
6. Zuykov and Partners. On the Application of EU Anti-Russian Sanctions and Their Impact on Intellectual Property // Website “zakon.ru”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://zakon.ru/blog/2023/10/06/o_primenenii_antirossijskih_sankcij_es_i_ih_vliyanii_na_intellektualnuyu_sobstvennost (date of access: 05.05.2026).
7. Nozikova E. Agree or leave: how to conclude licensing agreements with foreigners // PRAVO.ru website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/story/250846/ (date of access: 05/18/2026).

CIVIL LAW
TITOV Ilya Evgenjevich
LL.M. (Free University of Berlin); postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia; Lawyer, IP, Digital & Data Practice Group, International Law Firm ADVANT Beiten. Moscow
QUALIFICATION OF THE PLACING OF GOODS INTO CIRCULATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EXHAUSTION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO A TRADEMARK UNDER THE LAWS OF RUSSIA AND GERMANY
This article is dedicated to a comparative legal study of the act of placing trademarked goods into circulation and its legal consequences for the exhaustion of the exclusive right to the trademark affixed to the goods. The relevance of the study is driven, on the one hand, by the lack of systematic legal regulation of the specified issue, as well as by the significance for commercial circulation of determining the moment from which a trademark owner loses the ability to determine the further legal fate of the goods marked with such a trademark. The purpose of the study is to analyze and legally qualify the act of placing trademarked goods into circulation. Through the study of Russian, German, Eurasian, and European regulatory legal acts, judicial practice, and doctrinal sources, the author proposes their own definition of the term “placing goods into circulation” from the perspective of the exhaustion of the exclusive right to a trademark.
Keywords: exhaustion of the exclusive right, trademark, placing into circulation, right holder’s consent, methods of trademark use.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Fezer, Dr. Karl-Heinz. Markenrecht. Kommentar zum Markengesetz (MarkenG) und zum Internationalen Markenrecht der Pariser Verbansübereinkunft (PVÜ) und des Madrider Markenabkommens (MMA). 5. Auflage. 2023.
2. Baranovsky P. D. International legal problems of intellectual property protection on the Internet: abstract of a dissertation for the candidate of legal sciences degree: in the specialty 12.00.03 – civil law; business law; family law; international private law; Moscow State Law Academy, Department of International Private Law. Moscow, 2005. 32 p. 3. Vorozhevich A. S. Boundaries of exclusive rights to patent-protected objects // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. 2018. September. No. 21. P. 29-45.
4. Ivanova M. M. Exhaustion of rights in licensing online content // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. 2018. September. No. 21. P. 96-100.
5. Pirogova V. V. Exhaustion of exclusive rights and parallel import. Moscow: Statut, 2008. 155 p.
6. Snegur A. A. Unfair competition in the field of intellectual property (analysis of judicial practice) // Arbitration and civil procedure. 2014. No. 10. P. 26-30.
7. Shakhnazarov B. A. Parallel import and exhaustion of exclusive rights to intellectual property. Cooperation in the field of development of national industry and import substitution: monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2023. 168 p. 8. Shakhnazarov B. A. Parallel import and implementation of the principle of exhaustion of exclusive rights in the context of contractual relations of economic entities // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2023. No. 9 (109). P. 52-65.
9. Yakhin Yu., Fokina A. Introduction of goods into circulation: nuances of qualification // Competition and Law. 2016. No. 3. P. 17-20.

CIVIL LAW
KHARITONOVA Anna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Director of Market-Stroy LLC
ON THE ISSUE OF RECOGNIZING MEDICAL LAW AS AN AREA OF LAW
The article analyzes the debateable issue of the sectoral status of medical law. The genesis of the concept of complex branches of law in domestic doctrine is considered, as well as a critical assessment of the arguments of researchers who recognize medical law as an “independent” or “complex” branch of law. It is argued that the concept of a “complex branch of law” is logically contradictory, and the division of branches into independent and complex is incorrect. The conclusion is drawn that medical law is not a branch of law, but rather a complex inter-branch body of legislation and a sought-after scientific and educational field.
Keywords: system of law, medical law, branch of law, independent branch of law, complex branch of law, subject matter of legal regulation, sphere of public life, differentiation of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Azmi D. M. The legal system and its structure: methodological approaches and solutions. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2014. – 392 p.
2. Alekseev S. S. General theoretical problems of the system of Soviet law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1961. – 187 p.
3. Alekseev S.S. Structure of Soviet law. – M.: Legal. lit., 1975. – 263 p.
4. Aslanyan N. M. The concept of complex branches of law in the light of systemic ideas // Prologue: journal on law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 7-17. – DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2024.4.1.
5. Aslanyan N. P. “Complex branch of law” as a terminological misunderstanding // Modern law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 12–21.
6. Baranov V. M. Medical law in the focus of the nomenclature of scientific specialties in jurisprudence “pro et contra” // Actual problems of population health management: thematic collection of scientific papers based on the results of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation “Medicine and Law in Modern Conditions” / edited by I. A. Kamaev, V. M. Levanov. – N. Novgorod: Publishing house of PIMU, 2019. – Issue XII, Volume II. – P. 136-147.
7. Bratus S. N. Subject and system of Soviet civil law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1963. – 197 p.
8. Voronina I. A., Osinochkina E. V. Legal regulation in bioethics // Bulletin of OSU. – 2014. – No. 3 (164). – P. 3-8.
9. Golunsky S. A., Strogovich M. S. Theory of State and Law. – M.: Yurizdat, 1940. – 304 p.
10. Deryagin G. B., Kicha D. I., Konovalov O. E. Medical law: a textbook. – M .: UNITY-DANA: Law and Right, 2017. – 239 p.
11. Dubovik O. L. Medical and environmental law: common objectives, ways and means of interaction in protecting the human environment // Modern medical law. Collection of scientific papers / ed. V. N. Listovskaya et al. – Moscow: Publishing house of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. – P. 408-418.
12. Ivannikov I. A. Actual problems of development of branches of Russian law // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 15-20.
13. Ioffe O. S., Shargorodsky M. D. Questions of the Theory of Law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1961. – 381 p.
14. Kechekyan S. F. On the system of Soviet socialist law // System of law: collection / compiled by T. N. Ivanova, O. V. Monchenko. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2021. – P. 96-113.
15. Kozodaeva O. N. Medical law: features of legal regulation // Bulletin of TSU. – 2011. – Issue 6 (98). – P. 247-251
16. Kolokolov G. R., Makhonko N. I. Medical law: a textbook. – M .: Dashkov i K°, 2009. – 450 p.
17. Krasavchikov O. A. The system of law and the system of legislation (civil law aspect) // Jurisprudence. – 1975. – No. 2. – P. 62-71.
18. Litovka A. B., Litovka P. I. Medical law – a complex branch of national law of Russia: formation, development prospects // Jurisprudence. – 2000. – No. 1 (228). – P. 80-83.
19. Mokhov A. A. Medical law (legal regulation of medical activity). Lecture course: textbook. – Volgograd: VolSU Publishing House, 2003. – 186 p. 20. Nesmeyanova S. E. On the issue of the medical law branch // International Forum “Medical Law”: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – Ekaterinburg: Ural State Law University, 2021. – P. 273-281.
21. General Theory of State and Law: Academic Course in 2 Volumes. Volume 2. Theory of Law / edited by M. N. Marchenko. – Moscow: Zertsalo Publishing House, 1998. – 640 p.
22. Petrov D. E. Differentiation and integration of structural formations of the Russian legal system: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Saratov, 2015. – 505 p.
23. Petrov D. E. Branch structure of law and its structure: aspects of the relationship // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. – 2015. – No. 2 (82). – P. 23-29.
24. Petrova N. G. Medical law: textbook. – M .: INFRA-M, 2023. – 193 p.
25. Radchenko M. V. Medical law as a component of the humanitarian branch of law // Bulletin of SUSU. – Series: Law. – 2011. – No. 6 (223). – P. 81-83.
26. Reicher V.K. Social and historical types of insurance. – M.-L.: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1947. – 283 p.
27. Röricht A. A. Theoretical foundations of medical law: Problems of formation and development: Monograph. – M .: INION RAS, 2011. – 214 p.
28. Romanovsky G. B. Problems of the formation of medical law // Social and political sciences. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 75-77.
29. Rubanova N. A. Medical law as a new branch of law // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 86-88.
30. Savoshchikova E. V. Medical law: monograph. – Orenburg: OSU, 2017. – 145 p.
31. Sadovsky V. N. Foundations of the General Theory of Systems: Logical and Methodological Analysis. – Moscow: Nauka, 1974. – 276 p.
32. Sergeev Yu. D., Mokhov A. A. Fundamentals of medical law in Russia: a textbook. – M .: OOO Publishing house “Medical information agency”, 2016. – 416 p.
33. Sergeev Yu. D., Pavlova Yu. V., Pospelova S. I., Kamenskaya N. A. Medical law in Russia: stages of formation and development prospects // Medical law: theory and practice. – 2016. – Vol. 2. No. 1 (3). – P. 13-21.
34. The system of Soviet legislation / edited by I. S. Samoshchenko. – M.: Legal Literature, 1980. – 328 p.
35. Sitdikova L. B. Medical law as an independent branch of law: development prospects // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series “Legal Sciences”. – 2015. – No. 1 (17). – P. 80-88.
36. Tolstoy Yu. K. On the theoretical foundations of the codification of civil legislation // Jurisprudence. – 1957. – No. 1. – P. 42-55.
37. Tonkov E. E., Sinenko V. S. Complex branches in the legal system and the system of legislation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 5-12.
38. Fedorova M. Yu. Medical law: a textbook. – M .: VLADOS, 2003. – 320 p.
39. Khlapov A. L. Justification of legal categories in relation to medical law // Far Eastern Medical Journal. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 118-121.

CIVIL LAW
SHAMAEV Rovshan Yakubovich
postgraduate student, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE LIMITS OF REALIZATION OF A CITIZEN’S RIGHT TO EXCLUDE PROPERTY FROM THE BANKRUPTCY ESTATE AND THE PROBLEMS OF ABUSE IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS
This article reveals the problems of abuse by persons participating in the bankruptcy case, in particular, the right to exclude property from the bankruptcy estate. The peculiarities of the person’s abuse of the right to exclude property from the bankruptcy estate, namely, the only residential premises suitable for his residence and family members, the subsidy level and other property, have been identified. The problems of abuse by creditors of their rights highlighted, particularly when the court approves a local restructuring plan and a separate settlement agreement regarding the debtor’s only mortgaged residential property. The legal nature of the abuse of right is investigated, the features of the abuse of right in the exclusion of property from the bankruptcy estate of a citizen are outlined.
Keywords: insolvency (bankruptcy), bankruptcy estate, single dwelling, abuse of law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belenchenko E. P. Legal nature and signs of abuse of law // Actual problems of our time: science and society. – 2014. – No. 4 (5). – P. 23.
2. Pokrovsky I. A. Basic problems of civil law. – M.: Statut. 1998. – P. 113.
3. Agarkov M. M. The problem of abuse of rights in Soviet civil law // Bulletin of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Department of Economics and Law. – 1946. – No. 6. – P. 428-429.
4. Shirvindt A. M. Civil law: textbook: in 4 volumes / ed. Sukhanov E. A. Volume I: General part / Asoskov A. V., Em V., Vladimirovich V. V., et al. – M .: Statut, 2019. – P. 475.
5. Osmanova D. O. Abuses in insolvency (bankruptcy): dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2018. – P. 29.
6. Shishmareva T. P. Methods of counteracting the abuse of rights by participants in insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2021. – No. 2 (February).
7. Koraev K. B. Theoretical foundations for lifting enforcement immunity from the only suitable housing of the debtor // Lexrussica. – 2025. – No. 1 (218).
8. Shishmareva T. P. Protection of creditors’ rights in insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2019. – No. 9 (September) // SPS “Garant”.

CIVIL LAW
SHIGAREVA Viktoriya Alexandrovna
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, AS Griboyedov Moscow University
TRANSACTIONAL CAPACITY OF MINORS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CERTAIN STATES OF THE ROMANO-GERMANIC LEGAL FAMILY
The subject of the research is the transactional capacity of minors as a component of civil legal capacity in the law of the Russian Federation and several states of the Romano-Germanic legal family (Germany, France, Switzerland and Spain). The methodological basis of the work comprises the comparative legal, formal legal and systemic-structural methods, which made it possible to compare national constructions by the number of age stages and by the underlying criterion that delimits a minor’s autonomy. The author demonstrates that, while the protective approach is common to the continental tradition, national models diverge markedly. Russian law follows a three-stage scheme based on a rigid age threshold, German law relies on the criterion of an exclusively legal advantage, whereas the Swiss legislator has abandoned a fixed age in favor of an individual capacity of judgment. Comparing the functional analogues of independent transactional capacity, namely the petty everyday transaction, the German pocket-money rule and the French acts of ordinary life, reveals the limits of the Russian construction. The author argues for a statutory definition of the petty everyday transaction and for supplementing the formal age criterion with elements assessing actual maturity in relation to minors’ digital transactions.
Keywords: transactional capacity, civil legal capacity, minors, petty everyday transaction, emancipation, Romano-Germanic legal family, capacity of judgment, criterion of legal advantage, digital transactions, comparative law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belozertseva V. V. Emancipation of minors under Russian civil law // Social and political sciences. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 197-200.
2. Bratus S. N. Subjects of civil law. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1950. – 368 p.
3. Webers J. R. Legal personality of citizens in Soviet civil and family law. – Riga: Zinatne, 1976. – 231 p.
4. Voronina S. V. Legal capacity of minors in the Russian Federation and the Commonwealth of Independent States: a comparative legal study // Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3 (51). – P. 104-110.
5. Ioffe O. S. Selected works on civil law. – Moscow: Statut, 2000. – 776 p.
6. Muradyan A. E., Shein D. V. Development of legal regulation of the institution of emancipation: comparative legal and retrospective aspects // Legal Science. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 4-8.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
EFIMOVA Vlada Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate Professor of Civil and administrative process sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
VORCHIK Bogdana Alexandrovna
student of the 4th course, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
PROBLEMS OF PROVING AFFILIATION IN ARBITRAZH PROCEEDINGS
The object of this study is the social relations arising in the course of consideration by arbitrazh courts of disputes complicated by the potential affiliation of participants in legal relations. The subject of the study comprises the procedural and substantive legal aspects of proving affiliation, including the assessment of formal indicators of connectedness and the totality of factual circumstances reflecting the actual possibility of influencing the conduct of participants in commercial turnover. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of proving affiliation in arbitrazh proceedings and to substantiate the need for improving law-enforcement approaches to the evaluation of relevant evidence. The methodological basis of the research includes dialectical, systemic, structural, and formal-legal methods, the method of legal interpretation, as well as the analysis of judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the relevance of establishing factual connectedness between persons in the absence of a universal legislative approach. As a result of the research, the author concludes that there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of evidence of affiliation, the inadmissibility of a purely formal approach, and the necessity for courts to ensure the full establishment of legally significant circumstances.
Keywords: affiliation, formal affiliation, factual affiliation, proof, indirect evidence, evaluation of evidence.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gabov A. V. Regulation of affiliation in civil legislation: problems and prospects // Current problems of business and corporate law in Russia and abroad: a collection of scientific and practical articles of the International scientific and practical conference. – M .: Jurist, 2014. – P. 23-39.
2. Efimov A. V. Signs, grounds and civil consequences of affiliation of legal entities // Bulletin of civil law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 19-33.
3. Kamenkov M. V. Problems in judicial practice of identifying the actual affiliation of persons // Law. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 116-127.
4. Vas’kovsky E.V. Textbook of civil procedure. 2nd edition, revised. – M.: Bashmakov Brothers, 1917. – 439 p.
5. Arbitration process: textbook / ed. V. V. Yarkov. 7th edition, revised and enlarged. – M .: Statut, 2017. – 752 p.
6. Civil Procedure: Textbook / edited by M.K. Treushnikov. 7th ed., revised. – M .: Gorodets, 2021. – 992 p.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
MATVEEVA Taisiya Vladimirovna
Acting Head of Jurisprudence and international law sub-faculty of the Educational, Scientific and Production Complex, International University of Kyrgyzstan
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DIGITALIZATION AND THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE COURT PROCEEDINGS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
The article examines the problems and prospects of digitalization and the application of artificial intelligence technologies in civil and administrative court proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic. The author analyzes the existing digital infrastructure of the judicial system: the automated information system “Sud” (“Court”), the “Sanarip Sot” portal, and the system of electronic notification of participants in court proceedings. The article considers recent legislative developments: the Law “On the Introduction of Digital Court Proceedings”, which entered into force on January 1, 2026, and the Digital Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, which for the first time established a framework for the legal regulation of artificial intelligence systems. The key challenges of the digital transformation of justice are identified: uneven technical equipment of courts, the need to improve the digital competence of the judiciary, and cybersecurity issues. Drawing on Kazakhstan\’s experience, the author shows where AI can be useful to courts: searching for and analyzing similar court decisions, drafting documents, and predicting case outcomes. At the same time, the main rule remains unchanged: AI only assists the judge, while the decision in the case is always made by a human.
Keywords: digitalization of justice, artificial intelligence, civil court proceedings, administrative court proceedings, Digital Code, AIS “Sud”, e-justice, Kyrgyz Republic.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Semenov N. S. Legal problems of establishing information relations in electronic justice of the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. – 2022. – Vol. 22. No. 3. – P. 107.
2. Stepanov O. A., Basangov D. A. Status and Prospects of Implementing Digital Technologies in Judicial Practice // Vestn. Tomsk. state University. – 2025. – No. 510. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sostoyanie-i-perspektivy-vnedreniya-tsifrovyh-tehnologiy-v-sudebnuyu-praktiku (date of access: 11.07.2026).
3. Sidorova N. V., Dulatbekov N. O., Kusainova L. K. Artificial intelligence as a legal category and an object of legal regulation // Bulletin of Karaganda University. Series “Law”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://law-vestnik.buketov.edu.kz/law/article/download/590/536/1744 (date of access: 07/17/2026).
4. Alekseeva E. V. Artificial Intelligence in Legal Proceedings: The Experience of a Legal Experiment in Singapore, China, and Kazakhstan // Legal Technology. – 2025. – No. 19. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-v-sudoproizvodstve-opyt-pravovogo-eksperimenta-v-singapure-kitae-i-kazahstane (date of access: 19.07.2026).

CIVIL PROCEDURE
BATRAHANOV Arman Ablaikhanovich
postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg; research fellow, Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan
ON SOME ASPECTS OF THE STATE’S PARTICIPATION AS A PARTY IN THE SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DISPUTES
This article is devoted to a specific set of issues concerning the participation of the state as a party to legal proceedings in civil proceedings. The paper attempts to analyze and synthesize a certain part of theoretical knowledge and law enforcement practice of jurisdictional bodies on issues of the state’s participation in legal proceedings as a participant in international economic turnover. As a result, significant information was obtained on the process of state proceedings in international judicial bodies at the request of other subjects of international civil proceedings, namely participants in international investment relations. A number of substantive legal relationships that precede the emergence of international economic disputes involving the state have been identified. The probative value of facts established by national courts in international economic disputes is assessed.
Keywords: competence, states, interstate dispute, subjects of law, jurisdiction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Solntsev A. M. International Law. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: A Textbook for Universities / 3rd ed., corrected and supplemented. – M .: Yurait, 2023. – 221 p.
2. Kozlov A. F. Subjects of Soviet procedural law on the fundamentals of civil proceedings and the new Civil Procedure Codes of the Union Republics // SGP. – 1965. – No. 6. – P. 100-106.
3. Loginova A. S. Resolution of trade conflicts in the World Trade Organization: economic and legal significance for Russia: monograph. – St. Petersburg: Troitsky Most, 2021. – 134 p.
4. Renz I. G. Evaluative facts and categories in the resolution of international disputes: where does judicial discretion end? @@ Professor Vladimir Vladimirovich Yarkov. Life is in the process. Facts and illustrations: Liberamicorum: for the 65th anniversary of the Statute 2024. – 420 p.
5. Semenov V. M. Mutual binding nature of decisions and sentences in Soviet civil proceedings // Issues of Soviet civil law and procedure: scientific notes. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1955. – V. 3. – P. 139-186.
6. Chechina N. A. The rule of law and the court decision. – L., 1961. – 76 p.
7. Shakaryan M. S. The doctrine of the parties in Soviet civil proceedings: a textbook. – M.: VYuZI, 1983. – 68 p.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
PODOLINSKY Ilya Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, assistant of the School of Law and Governance, Tyumen State University
THE RIGHT TO AN EXPLANATION OF DECISIONS MADE WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: FROM PROCEDURAL REASONING TO A NEW LEGAL GUARANTEE
The article addresses the situation in which a legally significant decision is made with the use of artificial intelligence systems, while its addressee is unable to understand why the decision has been taken and therefore loses any real opportunity to challenge it. The aim of the study is to determine the legal meaning of the explainability of a decision and to show what consequences its loss entails for procedural guarantees. The author concludes that the constitutional right to judicial protection, together with the requirements of reasoned decision-making and good faith, implies the right of the addressee to receive substantive information on the grounds of a decision simultaneously with the decision itself. It is proposed to designate this right as the right to explanation and to regard it as a continuation of the requirement of reasoned decision-making under conditions where the decision is prepared by an algorithm.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, right to explanation, reasoned decision-making, procedural guarantees, contestability of decisions, good faith, justice, right to judicial protection.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Du Plooy E., Casteleijn D., Franzsen D. Personalized Adaptive Learning in Higher Education: A Scoping Review of Key Characteristics and Impact on Academic Performance and Engagement // Heliyon. – 2024. – Vol. 10. Iss. 21. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11544060/ (accessed: 01.07.2026).
2. Kotlyarova V. V. On the problem of motivation of court decisions in civil proceedings // Arbitration and civil proceedings. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 22-25.
3. Talapina E. V. Transparency of artificial intelligence algorithms // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2025. – Vol. 18. No. 3. – P. 4-27.
4. Kharitonova Yu. S. Legal means of ensuring the principle of transparency of artificial intelligence // Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 1. No. 2. – P. 337-358. – DOI: 10.21202/jdtl.2023.14.
5. Gadzhiev G. A. New constitutional values: the concept of sustainable economic growth from the point of view of legal capitalization // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 16-28.
6. Perona R., Carrillo de la Rosa Y. Unveiling AI in the Courtroom: Exploring ChatGPT’s Impact on Judicial Decision-Making through a Pilot Colombian Case Study // AI & Society. – 2024. – DOI: 10.1007/s00146-024-01943-x.
7. Vered M., Livni T., Howe P., Miller T., Sonenberg L. The Effects of Explanations on Automation Bias // Artificial Intelligence. – 2023. – Vol. 322. – Art. 103952. – DOI: 10.1016/j.artint.2023.103952.
8. Kelly A., Devitt A. A Tale of Two Algorithms: The Appeal and Repeal of Calculated Grades Systems in England and Ireland in 2020 // British Educational Research Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 47. Iss. 3. – P. 725-741. – DOI: 10.1002/berj.3705.
9. Ilyin O. A. Legal mechanisms for preventing discrimination in the field of consumer lending when using artificial intelligence // Banking law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 36-43.
10. Filippova S. Yu., Kharitonova Yu. S. Digital platforms in law and the law of digital platforms: new challenges to the legislator and ways to solve them // Jurisprudence. – 2025. – Vol. 69. No. 1. – P. 58-75. – https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2025.104.
11. Kharitonova Yu. S., Savina V. S. Artificial intelligence: civilistic concept of regulation: monograph. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2025. – 332 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2227448.
12. Kleinberg J., Ludwig J., Mullainathan S., Sunstein CR Discrimination in the Age of Algorithms // Journal of Legal Analysis. – 2018. – Vol. 10. – P. 113-174. – DOI: 10.1093/jla/laz001.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SARGISYAN Artem Pavlovich
postgraduate student, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
ENFORCEMENT OF A SHARE IN THE CAPITAL OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY IN ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS
The article examines current problems of legal regulation and practical implementation of foreclosure on a share in the authorized capital of a limited liability company in enforcement proceedings. The author analyzes the gaps of the federal Law “On Enforcement Proceedings” in terms of the procedure for determining the market value of a share, requesting the necessary information from the company and the mechanism for observing the preemptive right to purchase a share by other participants. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts and judicial practice, the author formulates conclusions about the insufficient effectiveness of existing mechanisms and proposes specific areas for improving legislation.
Keywords: limited liability company, share in the authorized capital, enforcement proceedings, bailiff, foreclosure, preemptive right to purchase, corporate rights, share valuation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrova S. N. Features of foreclosure on a share (part of a share) of a participant in the authorized capital of a limited liability company // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2008. – No. 7.
2. Burachevsky D. V., Kudryavtseva V. P., Medvedev A. V. Foreclosure on a debtor’s share in the authorized capital of a limited liability company: theoretical and practical issues // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2019. – No. 5.
3. Gusakov S. Yu. On the foreclosure of a debtor’s share in the authorized capital of a limited liability company // Bulletin of enforcement proceedings. – 2019. – No. 2.
4. Kurbatov A. Ya. Share in the authorized capital as an object of trust management: from legal essence to the solution of specific issues // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2018. – No. 4.
5. Lomakin D. V. Shares of participation in the authorized capital of business entities as special objects of civil turnover // Business and Law. – 2008. – No. 2.
6. Maksurov A. A. Actual problems of alienation of shares and stakes in the authorized capital of business entities: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2021.
7. Legal positions of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation: selected decisions for 2006 with commentary / edited by A. A. Ivanov. – M.: Statut, 2012.
8. Kharitonova Yu. S. Formation of rules for foreclosure on a share in the authorized capital of an LLC in the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2018. – No. 8.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SHTUMAK Roman Anatoljevich
competitor of Civil process sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy; postgraduate student of Procedural law sub-faculty, Rostov State University of Economics (RINE); lawyer at the Rostov Regional Bar Association “Shtumak”
REALIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DISPOSITIVENESS IN THE JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF CONSUMERS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the principle of dispositiveness and the impact of the digitalization of civil proceedings on certain aspects of its implementation in the judicial protection of the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of financial services. It is shown that the principle of dispositiveness is multifaceted and operates within the limits established by procedural law. It is established that digitalization expands the opportunities for exercising procedural rights and contributes to more effective judicial protection; however, differences in the ability to use information technologies may aggravate the de facto inequality of procedural opportunities among participants in civil proceedings. A comparison of the capabilities of financial organizations and consumers of financial services reveals a de facto advantage of financial organizations in exercising procedural rights through the use of information technologies, as well as the need to overcome informational, contractual, and procedural disparities. It is further established that the use of electronic judicial communication in the implementation of the principle of dispositiveness requires participants in proceedings to possess certain technical skills, which may further aggravate this inequality. The need to preserve traditional forms of judicial communication is substantiated. Using remote participation in court hearings as an example, the article shows that the full implementation of the principle of dispositiveness in civil litigation requires account to be taken of additional procedural safeguards for the judicial protection of consumers of financial services at the stage of preparing a case for trial, in particular the plaintiff’s right to bring an action under the rules of alternative jurisdiction. The article also points to the need to provide a legislative definition of the principle of dispositiveness in the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: civil process, judicial protection of the rights and legitimate interests of consumers of financial services, principle of dispositiveness, digitalization of civil proceedings, electronic judicial communication, consumers of financial services, financial organizations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Krupchatnikova A. R. The principle of dispositiveness in civil proceedings // Young scientist. 2024. No. 17 (516). P. 301-303.
2. Katomina V. A. Dispositivity in the legal doctrine of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the SSLA. 2020. No. 4 (135). P. 12-21.
3. Fedina A. S. The influence of informatization and digitalization processes in the sphere of justice on the implementation of individual principles of civil procedure // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. 2025. No. 2 (126). P. 109-116.
4. Matveeva E. Yu. Doctrinal approaches to the issue of enshrining the principles of law // Legal science. 2022. No. 6. P. 12-16.
5. Principles of justice and their development in the information society: collective monograph / edited by A. A. Dorskaya, V. A. Kosovskaya. St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2023. – 220 p.
6. Kuras T. L. The principle of dispositiveness in Russian civil procedure: modern and historical aspects // Siberian Legal Bulletin. 2022. No. 3 (98). P. 69-77.
7. Lipatova T. B. Implementation of the principles of civil procedural law in the framework of electronic justice // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2022. No. 4 (147). P. 100-107.
8. Surmeneva E. A. Criteria for the effectiveness of methods for protecting the rights of consumers of financial services // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2023. No. 4 (153). P. 278-284.
9. Kondyurina Yu. A. Principles of the civil process in the electronic justice system: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.15. Saratov, 2020. – 25 p.
10. Vavilin E. V., Chekmareva A. V. The principle of discretion as a fundamental principle for the implementation of civil rights and their judicial protection // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019. No. 1 (45). P. 96-101. 11. Mironova Yu. V. Implementation of the principles of civil procedural law when using videoconferencing systems: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.15. Saratov, 2021. – 239 p.
12. Magomedova K.K. Some aspects of the implementation of the principles of civil procedure in the context of the introduction of information technologies // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. 2025. No. 2. P. 126-134.
13. Samokaeva V. V. Some issues of legal regulation of court hearings in civil proceedings using videoconferencing systems // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. 2024. No. 11-3 (98). P. 141-144.

FAMILY LAW
PRISYAZHNYUK Yuliya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, NI Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod National Research State University
MULTIFACETED LUXURY (ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF “LUXURY GOODS” IN FAMILY LAW)
The article is devoted to the interpretation of the concept of “luxury items” in relation to family dispute resolution practice. The inter-branch legal nature, versatility and context-related historic correction of this term may lead to fallacious understanding and enforcement. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice, the article proposes an algorithm that allows to distinguish the concept of “luxury items” from other marital property. The author underlines that in family law the category of “luxury” is only applicable to items of individual use. At the same time, for the purpose of making informed decisions, courts are encouraged to consider the quantity of the items serving the same purpose and their functionality rather than the value of the disputed property. Given the evaluative nature of the concept of “luxury items” in family law, the author does not consider it appropriate to legislate the list of such items, but recommends to more thoroughly investigate the combinations of circumstances of the use of matrimonial property. For this purpose the article proposes criteria for assessing personal property of spouses as “luxury”.
Keywords: luxury items, luxury, items of individual use, personal property of spouses, joint property of spouses, common property, division of property of the spouses.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Babaytseva E. A., Inzhieva B. B. The category of “luxury items” in Russian family legislation, scientific doctrine and judicial practice // Jurist. 2022. No. 3. P. 22-27.
2. Balandina S. I., Mukhtarova E. A. Family law: a textbook; Federal Penitentiary Service, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics. Vologda: VIPE FSIN of Russia, 2017. 168 p. 3. Galay Yu. G. Russian legislation of the 18th-19th centuries on luxury. // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2012. No. 17. P. 66-70.
4. Gomola A. I., Gomola I. A. Family law: a textbook for students of secondary vocational education institutions / 13th ed., corrected and supplemented. Moscow: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2021. 176 p. 5. Rogovin L. M. Customs tariffs for European trade. (General and conventional). According to the official edition of 1906, continuations of 1908 and 1909, supplemented by the Laws published before March 1, 1911. St. Petersburg, 1911. 393 p.

INHERITANCE LAW
KARHANINA Lyudmila Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, scientific secretary of the Academic council, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia; associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Samara University of Public Administration, International Market Institute
A MINOR AS A SUBJECT OF INHERITANCE LEGAL RELATIONS
The article examines the features of the implementation of inheritance rights by individuals who have not reached the age of majority. It analyzes the provisions of the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as court practice on the subject of research, with a particular focus on problematic issues. The author proposes a theoretical concept that reveals the specifics of inheritance relations with a special subject – a minor, as well as mandatory participants – legal representatives who ensure the child’s private interests and the guardianship and custody authority that monitors compliance with their rights. Conclusions are drawn about the division of minor subjects according to the degree of independence in the implementation of inheritance rights, depending on their age.
Keywords: minor; hereditary legal relations; legal representative; guardianship and guardianship authorities; subjects of legal relations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nintsieva T. M. On the issue of inheritance rights of minors // Bulletin of the Chechen State University named after A. A. Kadyrov. – 2023. – No. 3 (31). – P. 148-155.
2. Fedorenko G. B. Features and problems of implementing constitutional inheritance rights of minors // Altai Legal Bulletin. – 2026. – No. 1 (53). – P. 76-81.
3. Shulzhenko I. S. Hereditary status of a minor as a subject of inheritance legal relations // Bulletin of the Moscow Humanitarian and Economic Institute. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 18-21.

LABOR LAW
KUROCHKINA Anastasiya Nikolaevna
competitor of KN Gusov Labor law and social security law sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); assistant of Public law sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute (Branch) OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), St. Petersburg
THE CONCEPT OF CHANGING AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
The article examines the evolution of the legal regulation of the amendment of an employment contract in Russian labor law from 1918 to the current stage of the development of labor legislation. The author analyzes the approaches of the legislator to the relationship between the concepts of transfer, displacement and changes in working conditions. It is established that initially the change in work activity was mainly of an administrative and administrative nature. It is shown that the subsequent development of legislation was accompanied by the strengthening of contractual principles, the differentiation of transfer and displacement, as well as the formation of an independent institution for changing the terms of an employment contract. The scientific approaches to defining the concept of changing an employment contract are analyzed and the existing doctrinal positions are critically evaluated. The conclusion about the incompleteness of the normative formalization of this legal category and the predominant role of the doctrine in its development is substantiated. The author’s definition of changing the employment contract is proposed.
Keywords: employment contract, amendment of an employment contract, transfer to another job, Labor Code of the RSFSR, relocation, employee consent, labor function, doctrine, Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrov N. G. Labor relations. – M., 1948. – 336 p.
2. Aleksandrov N. G. Soviet labor law / 3rd ed., revised. and additional / State Publishing House of Legal Literature. – M., 1963. – 414 p.
3. Aleksandrov N. G., Zaikin A. D., Livshits R. G. Basic Law on Labor. – M., 1972. – 143 p.
4. Andreev V. S. Soviet labor law. – M., 1976. – 415 p.
5. Balitsky K. S. Development of the labor law structure of transferring an employee to another job // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 50-58.
6. Bugrov L. Yu. Employment contract in Russia and abroad: monograph. – Perm, 2013. – 641 p.
7. Golovina S. Yu. Conceptual apparatus of labor law: monograph. – Ekaterinburg, 1997. – 180 p.
8. Gusov K. N. Labor law. – M., 2016. – 628 p.
9. Ilyina M. V. Changing working conditions and terms of the employment contract: on the issue of the legal nature // Labor law in Russia and abroad. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 32-35.
10. Kiselev I. Ya. Labor law of Russia. Historical and legal research. – M., 2001. – 371 p.
11. Course of Russian labor law: in 3 volumes. Volume 3. Labor contract / scientific editor E. B. Khokhlov. – St. Petersburg, 2007. – 656 p.
12. Livshits R. Z., Chubais B. M. Employment contract. – M., 1986. – 173 p.
13. Livshits R. Z. Labor legislation: present and future. – M., 1989. – 191 p.
14. Lushnikov A. M., Lushnikova M. V. Course of labor law: textbook: in 2 volumes. Volume 1. The essence of labor law and the history of its development. Labor rights in the system of human rights. General part. – M., 2009. – 879 p. 15. Lushnikov A. M., Lushnikova M. V. Course of labor law: textbook: in 2 volumes. Volume 2. Collective labor law. Individual labor law. Procedural labor law. – M., 2009. – 1151 p.
16. Mavrin S.P., Khokhlov E.B. Labor law of Russia. – M., 2007. – 656 p.
17. Mironov E. A., Sevostyanov A. S. Features of the development of domestic labor legislation in the Soviet period // Law and Right. – 2004. – No. 7. – P. 245-248.
18. Parpan T. V. Legal aspects of transfers to another job // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2013. – No. 3 (21). – P. 157-166.
19. Penov Yu. V. Changes in the employment contract: theoretical problems // Russian yearbook of labor law. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 102-105.
20. Russkikh T. V. The concept of transfer to another job: history and modernity // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. – 2007. – No. 6. – P. 137-144.
21. Tomashevsky K. L. Changes in the employment contract and working conditions: a comparative analysis of the legislation of Russia, Belarus, other CIS countries and Western Europe. – M., 2005. – 207 p.

LABOR LAW
KHARLAMOVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of KN Gusov Labor law and social security law sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
LEGAL CHALLENGES OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION: EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
This article analyzes the impact of the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies on Russian labor legislation in terms of ensuring safe working conditions and occupational health. The author considers the digital transformation of production as a source of new legal challenges that require a systematic regulatory response. Based on the National AI Development Strategy until 2030 (Decree No. 490 of the President of the Russian Federation), the key provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 2, 37, 74, and 214 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), Federal Law No. 426-FZ “On Special Assessment of Working Conditions”, Federal Law No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data”, and the regulations of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, the article explores the evolving responsibilities of employers in the integration of AI and robotics. Special attention is paid to new and previously unregulated risks, such as software failures and AI-related accidents, psychosocial stress, changes in the nature of occupational risks, the need for unscheduled special assessments of working conditions, updating medical examinations, training programs, and instructions, as well as strengthening requirements for protecting employees’ personal and biometric data. The author emphasizes that the introduction of AI does not eliminate, but rather significantly complicates the employer’s responsibility for the lives and health of employees, making the issues of social and psychological adaptation of personnel, cooperation with trade unions, and informing employees about new risks relevant. In conclusion, it is concluded that there is a need for a comprehensive revision of labor legislation and the formation of a flexible, risk-oriented legal regulation that will ensure a balance between technological innovations and the constitutional right to safe work (Article 37 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Only a systematic approach by the government, businesses, trade unions, and mandatory institutions will allow Russia to realize the benefits of digitalization without compromising social stability and the protection of labor rights.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, occupational safety, labor legislation, legal challenges, digitalization, professional risks, personal data, employer responsibility, labor relations, working conditions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Blagodir A. L. Unmanned vehicles: problems of labor and employment // Labor law in Russia and abroad. 2023. No. 1. P. 19-22.
2. Blagodir A. L., Voronin V. N. Promising areas of use of unmanned vehicles in Russia and abroad // legislation. 2021. No. 9. P. 80-86.
3. Bozhkova E. O., Zemzyulina V. Yu. The influence of artificial intelligence on the work functions of employees of an industrial enterprise // Collection of reports of the international conference “Spring Days of Science of InEU”. Ekaterinburg. 2025. P. 870-876. 4. Lantseva D. E. Artificial intelligence in labor law: current issues // Tribune of the young scientist. 2024. No. 3 (51). P. 50-54.
5. Popov V. D. Artificial intelligence in the development of mental control // Communicology. 2024. Vol. 12. No. 1. P. 66-78.
6. Puchkova V. V. Legal regulation of labor relations in the context of the formation and development of digitalization: problems and development prospects // Law and state: theory and practice. 2025. No. 1. P. 218-220.
7. Rybakov O. Yu. Philosophy of Law: a textbook for masters. Moscow, 2025. 8. Stepanov K. A., Lunin S. A. Problems and prospects of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the sphere of labor // Ural Journal of Legal Research. 2022. No. 4. P. 90-97.
9. Labor law: national and international dimensions: monograph / edited by S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. Moscow. 2022. Vol. 2: Transformation of labor relations and problems of individual labor law institutions. Atypical employment.
10. Filipova I. A. Artificial intelligence, labor relations and law: influence and interaction // State and Law. 2019. No. 11. P. 70-77.
11. Filipova I. A. The role of artificial intelligence in the transformation of labor relations and employment (labor law aspect) // Labor and social relations. 2025. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 198-209.
12. Chernykh N.V., Vorontsov D.I. Prospects for improving labor legislation and labor protection legislation in the implementation of robotization of production // Actual problems of Russian law. 2024. Vol. 19. No. 12. P. 68-80.
13. Shukhov F. G. Some legal aspects of the implementation of artificial intelligence systems in labor protection // Law and state: theory and practice. 2025. No. 8. P. 288-290.
14. REFERENCES (TRANSLITERATION)
15. Blagodir AL Unmanned Vehicles: Labor and Employment Issues // Labor Law in Russia and Abroad. 2023. No. 1.Pp. 19-22.
16. Blagodir AL, Voronin VN Promising Directions for the Use of Unmanned Vehicles in Russia and Abroad // Legislation. 2021. No. 9.Pp. 80-86.
17. Bozhkova E.O., Zemzyulina V. Yu. The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Functions of Employees at an Industrial Enterprise // Collection of Papers from the International Conference “Spring Days of Science at INEU”. Yekaterinburg, 2025. Pp. 870-876.
18. Lantseva DE Artificial Intelligence in Labor Law: Current Issues // Tribune of a Young Scientist. 2024. No. 3 (51). pp. 50-54.
19. Popov VD Artificial Intelligence in the Development of Mental Management // Communicology. 2024. Vol. 12.No. 1.Pp. 66-78.
20. Puchkova VV Legal Regulation of Labor Relations in the Context of the Formation and Development of Digitalization: Problems and Prospects // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2025. No. 1.Pp. 218-220.
21. Rybakov, O. Yu. Philosophy of Law: A Textbook for Magisters. Moscow, 2025.
22. Stepanov KA, Lunin SA Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the Labor Sphere // Ural Journal of Legal Research. 2022. No. 4.Pp. 90-97.
23. Labor law: national and international dimension: a monograph / edited by SY Golovina, NL Lyutov. Moscow. 2022. Vol.2: Transformation of labor relations and problems of individual institutions of labor law. Atypical employment.
24. Filipova IA Artificial Intelligence, Labor Relations, and Law: Influence and Interaction // State and Law. 2019. No. 11.Pp. 70-77.
25. Filipova IA The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Transformation of Labor Relations and Employment (Labor Law Aspect) // Labor and Social Relations. 2025. Vol. 36.No. 3.Pp. 198-209.
26. Chernykh NV, Vorontsov DI Prospects for Improving Labor Legislation and Occupational Safety Legislation in the Process of Robotic Production // Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2024. Vol. 19.No. 12.Pp. 68-80.
27. Shukhov FG Some Legal Aspects of the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Occupational Safety // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2025. No. 8.Pp. 288-290.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
VLASENKO Valeriy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Land and environmental law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
LEGAL REGULATION OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
This article analyzes the legal regulation of specially protected natural areas in Russia. Two bills adopted in the first reading in 2026 are examined. The authors conclude that significant revisions to the proposed amendments are necessary to preserve limited commercial access to protected areas. A critical assessment is provided of the initiative to introduce fees for the operation of protected areas. The authors express a positive attitude toward the proposal to introduce a mandatory comprehensive environmental survey of the area for the purpose of assigning protected area status, but also point out the need to expand the rules governing the survey in the bill.
Keywords: specially protected natural areas, protected areas, mandatory comprehensive environmental survey of the territory, fees for ensuring the functioning of specially protected natural areas.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Demichev A. A. Specially protected natural areas of local significance: general characteristics of legislation and categories // Environmental law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 8-13.
2. Demichev A. A. Monuments of landscape gardening as a specially protected natural area of local significance // Environmental Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 27-31.
3. Shirokov K. M. Some features of economic activity on the lands of specially protected natural areas // Agrarian and land law. – 2024. – No. 12 (240). – P. 77-80.
4. Luneva E. V. Trends in the weakening of legal protection of protected areas // Environmental Law. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 13-19.
5. Suyunchev M. U. Legal regime of specially protected natural areas: modern trends towards a decrease in legal guarantees // Environmental law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 24-26.

FINANCIAL LAW
ABRAMOV Mikhail Yurjevich
advisor to the Financial Department, Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING THE CONTRACT SYSTEM IN THE FIELD OF PROCUREMENT AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM: AN ASPECT OF CONSIDERATION
The paper examines the provisions of Federal Law No. 44-FZ of April 5, 2013, “On the Contract System in the Sphere of Procurement of Goods, Works, and Services for National and Municipal Needs.” The purpose of this study is to uncover legislative provisions in the field of national and municipal procurement, identify existing regulatory issues in this area, and develop proposals for addressing them. The methodological basis of the work consists of dialectical, system-structural, and formal-legal methods. Conclusions. The need to secure the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, control and audit bodies of municipalities, and banks as participants in the contract system in the area of procurement has been identified. It has been established that the term “procurement of goods, works, services” is not well-defined. The term “acquisition of goods, services, and results of work” appears to be more appropriate. The scientific significance lies in deepening and developing scientific approaches to the legal regulation of public procurement. The conclusions formulated in this work can contribute to domestic science by providing a basis for promising scientific and practical research. The practical significance lies in improving the quality of legal regulation of the public procurement system. The proposals developed can be taken into account when developing regulatory legal acts.
Keywords: public procurement, participant in the contract system, procurement, purchase, acquisition.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Kabitov P. P. Administrative and legal regulation of the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs: specialty 12.00.14 “Administrative law; administrative process”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2021. – 208 p. 2. Kikavets V. V. Public procurement in Russia: concept and content // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 17. No. 2. – P. 397-420.
3. Farkhutdinova Yu. A. Concept and content of procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 4 (76). – P. 112-116.

FINANCIAL LAW
YEMCHENKO Lyudmila Yurjevna
master in law, senior lecturer of State and law sciences sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
KOLODKINA Vera Nikolaevna
associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
TAXATION OF INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS: FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article analyzes the dual legal nature of the status of an individual entrepreneur (IE) in Russia. Based on the conflict of norms between the Civil Code and the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the author shows that, on the one hand, an IE is equated with commercial legal entities, while on the other hand, remains a natural person. This duality blurs the boundaries between the status of a citizen and that of an economic entity, creating specific features and problems in tax regulation. Special attention is paid to the practice of applying the Unified Tax Account (UTA), the rules for paying fixed insurance contributions, and the issues of distinguishing between property used for business and personal purposes. Common tax optimization schemes through business splitting (“patent splitting” and “simplified taxation system (STS) splitting”) involving IEs are examined. In conclusion, directions for improving legislation are proposed: enshrining the principle of property segregation, clarifying the criteria for entrepreneurial activity, and creating special regimes for family entrepreneurship.
Keywords: individual entrepreneur, legal status, Unified Tax Account (UTA), Unified Tax Payment (UTP), business splitting, tax optimization, interdependent persons.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Antipova V. V., Chesnokov A. A. Civil-legal status of an individual entrepreneur: features of legal regulation // Universum: economics and jurisprudence. – 2025. – No. 12 (134).
2. Esenzhulova L. S. Single tax payment in 2025: reform analysis // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2025. – No. 10 (128). – P. 136.
3. Movsisyan A. A. Duality of the legal status of an individual entrepreneur as a reason for the lack of uniformity of judicial practice in arbitration courts // Epomen.Global. – 2024. – No. 55.
4. Polinskaya M. V., Chepelenko A. O., Lebed S. R., Chernusskaya A. I. Business fragmentation: legal optimization or tax crime? // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2024. – No. 4 (63).
5. Staroverova O. V. Business fragmentation as a way to reduce the tax burden // Audit reports. – 2025. – No. 3.

FINANCIAL LAW
KOSTIKOVA Ekaterina Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Financial law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
BUSINESS VALUATION: A NEW SERVICE FROM THE TAX AUTHORITIES
This article examines a new tax authority service that provides analysis (assessment) of information on the financial and economic activities of a legal entity (sole proprietor). The authors conclude that the service is useful for external users, as comprehensive analytical data on a partner’s business enables informed business decisions. The study identifies the need for further improvement of legal regulation. In particular, it notes the need to establish a special procedure for resolving disputes between tax authorities and business entities within the framework of legal relationships established within the new service.
Keywords: analysis (assessment) of information on the financial and economic activities of a legal entity (individual entrepreneur), legal entity assessment service, individual entrepreneur assessment service, tax authorities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arabyan K.K., Guskov S.V. Analysis of financial and economic activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs by the Federal Tax Service // Auditor. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 32-38.
2. Zhuravleva T. A. Improving approaches to assessing the financial and economic condition of legal entities: a comparative analysis of the methods of the Federal Tax Service of Russia // Management accounting – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 180-187.
3. Lisovskaya I. A., Trapeznikova N. G. Evaluation of information on the financial and economic activities of an organization as a factor in its financial security / Current problems and trends in the development of the economy of enterprises (organizations): a collection of scientific papers following the results of the All-Russian round table with international participation of the Department of Economic Security of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art)”, dedicated to the anniversary of the Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin. – Moscow, 2025. – P. 188-194.
4. Tipalina M. V., Senkov V. A., Domnichev D. Yu. A new function of tax authorities – assessment of information on the financial and economic activities of organizations: positive aspects and risks for business / Actual problems and trends in the development of the economy of enterprises (organizations): a collection of scientific papers following the results of the All-Russian round table with international participation of the Department of Economic Security of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin (Technology. Design. Art)”, dedicated to the anniversary of the Russian State University named after A. N. Kosygin. Moscow, 2025. – P. 266-270. 5. Shishkin R. Analysis of taxpayers’ activities by tax authorities in 2026 // Legal reference book for the manager. – 2025. – No. 9. – P. 11-14.

FINANCIAL LAW
DANYUKOV Ilya Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF FATF TRAVEL RULE REQUIREMENTS IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON VIRTUAL ASSETS AND AML/CFT
The article examines the FATF Travel Rule requirements stated in Recommendation 16 and interpretive notes and assesses their implementation in Russian legislation on digital financial assets, digital currency and antimoney laundering and counterterrorism financing. It analyzes Russian statutory acts, scholarly opinions, international standards and statistics. The research identifies gaps and conflicts and proposes ways to improve regulation.
Keywords: Travel Rule, FATF, digital currency, digital financial assets, AML/CFT, identification, internal control.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Federal Law of 07.08.2001 No. 115-FZ “On Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and the Financing of Terrorism.”
2. Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency, and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.”
3. Borisova E. V. Cryptocurrency and its impact on economic security // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 162-165.
4. Botasheva L. Kh., Zasukhin T. A. Features of regulation of virtual assets in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2025. – Vol. 17. No. S5. – P. 11 (63FAVN525).
5. Zhdanov I. N. Implementation of FATF rules regarding virtual assets in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2024. – No. 1 (56). – P. 226-233.
6. Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism. Monitoring the Risks of Using Virtual Assets for Criminal Purposes. – 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://eurasiangroup.org/files/uploads/files/Public_typology_reports/Monitoring%20the%20Risks%20of%20Use%20of%20Virtual%20Assets_rus.pdf (accessed: 12.04.2026).
7. FATF. FATF Statement on the Russian Federation. – 24 February 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/fatf-statement-russian-federation.html (date accessed: 12.04.2026).
8. FATF. Targeted Update on Implementation of the FATF Standards on Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers. – Paris, France: FATF/OECD, 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/recommendations/2024-Targeted-Update-VA-VASP.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf (date accessed: 12.04.2026).
9. FATF. Updated Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers – Paris, France: FATF/OECD, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/guidance/Updated-Guidance-VA-VASP.pdf (accessed: 12.04.2026).
10. The FATF Recommendations. International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation. – Paris, France: FATF/OECD, 2012-2025. – Updated February 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/recommendations/Feburary%202025%20FATF%20Recommendations.pdf (date accessed: 12.04.2026).

FINANCIAL LAW
SOLOVJEV Fedor Maximovich
independent researcher, Moscow
DIGITAL CURRENCY IN RUSSIAN LAW: CHALLENGES OF LEGAL QUALIFICATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
This article examines the specific features of legal regulation of digital currency in the Russian Federation. It analyzes the provisions of the current legislation, primarily Federal Law No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, and identifies the key characteristics of digital currency derived from its norms. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the legal nature of digital currency, restrictions on its circulation, and issues of taxation. Based on an analysis of judicial practice, the article reveals the absence of a uniform approach to the legal qualification of cryptocurrency, which creates difficulties in protecting the rights of participants in civil transactions. The paper also addresses issues related to inheritance, vindication, and the use of digital currency in the criminal law sphere. It concludes that the current regulatory framework is fragmented and requires further development.
Keywords: digital currency, cryptocurrency, mining, legal nature, civil law, criminal law, judicial practice, taxation, legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Budylin S. L. Cryptoassets: role in civil circulation and legal nature // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 74-115.
2. Egorova M. A., Kozhevina O. V. The place of cryptocurrency in the system of objects of civil rights // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 81-90.
3. Ivanov T. M., Kornienko A. V., Papkova V. A. Features of digital currency and its regulation in the Russian Federation // Russian Scientific Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 286-291.
4. Ivantsov S. V., Sidorenko E. L., Spasennikov B. A., Berezkin Yu. M., Sukhodolov Ya. A. Crimes related to the use of cryptocurrency: main criminological trends // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 85-93.
5. Novoselova L. A. On the legal nature of Bitcoin // Business and Law. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 3-16.
6. Sazhenov A. V. Cryptocurrencies: dematerialization of the category of things in civil law // Law. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 106-121.
7. Tisen O. N. The mechanism of committing crimes using cryptocurrencies: based on the results of the analysis of investigative and judicial practice // Russian investigator. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 7-11.
8. Yakovlev O. K. Analysis of the legal definition of digital currency // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2021. – No. 1 (50). – P. 39-43.
9. Yankovsky R. M. Cryptocurrencies in Russian law: surrogates, “other property” and digital money // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 43-77.
10. Yankovsky R. M. Problems of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies // Entrepreneurial law. Appendix “Law and Business”. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 45-51.

FINANCIAL LAW
KHENKIN Alexander Viktorovich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
ADVANCE DETERMINATION OF TAX CONSEQUENCES OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS: ISRAELI EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIAN REGULATION
The article examines advance tax rulings as a procedural instrument for increasing legal certainty in investment activity. Russian law already provides several mechanisms for prior interaction between taxpayers and tax authorities, but they differ in scope, legal effect and accessibility and do not constitute a unified procedure. A functional analysis of the Israeli model identifies the core elements of an advance ruling: a taxpayer-initiated application, full disclosure of relevant facts, a reasoned position of a specialized authority, binding effect while the facts and law remain unchanged, and publication of anonymized legal approaches. The author argues that an advance ruling is not an individual tax benefit and must not permit negotiation of the amount of tax. A limited model for introducing the institution into Russian law in relation to complex investment transactions is proposed.
Keywords: tax law, advance tax ruling, investment activity, legal certainty, tax administration, tax control, protection of taxpayers’ rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ponomareva K. A., Golovanev M. A. Legal certainty as a condition for the application of rules on tax benefits (using the IT industry as an example) // Law enforcement. – 2025. – Vol. 9. No. 1. – P. 24-33.
2. Sadovsky D.S. Preliminary clarifications of tax authorities: some issues of theory and practice // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (229). – P. 121-124.
3. Nadtochiy M. D., Makarchuk Z. V., Zelentsov A. B. Tax rulings in the tax administration system: experience of foreign countries // Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2025. – V. 29. No. 2. – P. 365-381.
4. Givati Y. Resolving Legal Uncertainty: The Unfulfilled Promise of Advance Tax Rulings // Virginia Tax Review. – 2009. – Vol. 29. – P. 137-175.
5. Demin A. V. The principle of certainty of taxation. – M.: Statut, 2015. – 368 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
SHISHLYANNIKOV Kirill Igorevich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Head of the Legal Department of the Expert Media Holding (Expert.Media LLC), Moscow
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND ADVERTISING OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES AS PUBLIC LAW MECHANISMS OF INVESTOR PROTECTION
This article examines two public law mechanisms for the informational protection of investors in the digital assets market established by Federal Law No. 282-FZ of August 4, 2026, “On Digital Currencies and Digital Rights”, and the concurrently adopted companion law, namely information disclosure and the special legal regime for advertising. The paper analyzes whether the new informational regime overcomes the information imbalance, which constitutes the primary risk for investors in this market. The study substantiates the conclusion that informational protection is structured around the intermediary rather than the digital asset, as a result of which the imbalance is not overcome but rather redistributed. Proposals for the improvement of legislation are formulated.
Keywords: digital currency, digital rights, investor protection, information disclosure, advertising, public law mechanism, investor, Bank of Russia, administrative liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Abramova E. N. On the concept of cryptocurrency: problems of terminology and definition formation // Banking law. 2021. No. 2.
2. Bogdanov E. A. Legal regulation of digital assets: challenges and prospects for protecting the rights of financial market participants // International public and private law. 2025. No. 2.
3. Borisova O. V. Formation of a modern taxonomy of digital financial assets and methodology for their assessment // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2024. No. 8. P.
4. Volodina N.V. Further prospects for the development of digital law in modern society // Modern law. 2025. No. 8.
5. Goncharov A. I., Sadkov A. N., Sadkov V. A., Davudov D. A. Digital currency in modern Russia: legal content and place in circulation // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2023. No. 3.
6. Temchuk M. I. Comparative legal analysis of the protection of investors’ rights in securities and digital financial assets: history of the issue, current status and evolution // Bulletin of arbitration practice. 2024. No. 3.
7. Khimchenko A. I. Digital financial assets: issues of protecting the rights and trust of investors // Jurist. 2024. No. 7.

FINANCIAL LAW
KOSTIKOVA Ekaterina Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Financial law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
FINANCING THE ELIMINATION OF UNAUTHORIZED SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS: PROBLEMS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
This article analyzes the latest practice of the Judicial Collegium for Administrative Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in cases involving filed applications against municipalities for the liquidation of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills located on land plots to which state ownership is not delineated. It identifies the challenges faced by courts in resolving issues related to co-financing the costs of liquidating such landfills from budgets at three levels. The author concludes that systemic legislative changes are necessary to address the identified enforcement challenges.
Keywords: unauthorized landfills, municipal solid waste, MSW, liquidation, land plots for which ownership is not delineated, shared financing.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Davydov A. A. On the problem of execution of acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the issue of liquidation by public authorities of places of unauthorized placement of municipal solid waste // Local law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 27-34.
2. Shirobok A. S. Resolution of legal disputes related to the elimination of land (land plots) pollution by municipal solid waste // Russian Justice. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 44-53.
3. Shchepachev V. A. On the problems arising in the course of execution by local government bodies of powers in the sphere of handling municipal solid waste, and ways of solving them // Local law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 3-10.
4. Kolb A. A. Problems of defining the term “unauthorized waste dump” // Agrarian and land law. – 2024. – No. 10 (238). – P. 112-117.
5. Misnik G. A. Development of the legal teaching of Professor V. V. Petrov in the modern doctrine of legal regulation of waste management // Environmental Law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 8-12.

TAX LAW
ZELNIKER Grigory Feliksovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
UNJUSTIFIED TAX BENEFITS AND THEIR SIGNS
The article discusses one of the most important problems of the modern Russian tax system, which is the interpretation of unjustified tax benefits. The relevance of this topic is related to the ongoing tax reform, which has led to an increase in tax obligations. The main legal provisions governing unjustified tax benefits are outlined in Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The imperfections in the tax legislation regarding the definition of unjustified tax benefits have resulted in a lack of legal protection for businesses. Based on the analysis of the regulatory framework, judicial and business practices, and scientific literature, the key criteria for the concepts of unjustified tax benefits are discussed. It is emphasized that the issue of establishing clear criteria for unfairness requires a legislative solution.
Keywords: Unjustified tax benefit, justified tax benefit of a taxpayer, tax optimization, signs and criteria of good faith, Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and the accuracy of information.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Arslanbekova A. Z. The concept and essence of tax benefit, its place in the conditions of business functioning // Legal Bulletin of DSU. – 2024. – Vol. 49. No. 1 (69). – P. 80.
2. Popov G. D. Problems of applying Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in light of the letter of the Federal Tax Service dated March 10, 2021 // Proceedings of the XX International Scientific Conference of Young Scientists and Students. Ural State Law University. – Ekaterinburg, 2022. – P. 962.
3. Ivanov S. V. Subject of proof of offenses related to the receipt by a taxpayer of an unjustified tax benefit within the framework of the application of Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation // Legal Science. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 123.
4. Koltsova T. A., Shcherbakova E. E. On due diligence when working with counterparties // Economic security of the country, regions, organizations of various types of activities: materials of the VI All-Russian Forum in Tyumen on economic security. – Tyumen, 2025. – P. 330.
5. Parshukova I. V. Entrepreneurial risk in the context of tax disputes (due diligence and caution) // Humanities. Higher School. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 70.
6. Arslanbekova A. Z., Ismailov I. K. Problems of determining the criteria for an unjustified tax benefit // Legal Bulletin of DSU. – 2024. – Vol. 50. No. 2 (70). – P. 59.

INFORMATION LAW
GONTAR Lyudmila Olegovna
Head of the Aerodynamics Directorate of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation; Director of the Center for Industrial Projects in the Sphere of Artificial Intelligence, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Director of the Digitalization Center at the Federal Research Center for Advanced Studies; Head of the State Research Center of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP) Working Group; Expert at the Project Office for Arctic Development (PORA); associate professor, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk; lecturer, VI Ulyanov (Lenin)St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (LETI)
FORMULATING LEGAL AND TECHNICAL APPROACHES AS A KEY FACTOR IN ESTABLISHING TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR (DIRECTION OF AI-INNOVATIONS)
In this article, the author proposes to examine the theoretical and applied issues of developing technological sovereignty in the energy industry. This will allow for a more thorough examination of the legal and technical aspects of import substitution and the development of innovation in the energy sector. The development of hybrid approaches combining physical modeling with machine learning methods, physically informed neural networks, and digital twins open new horizons for optimizing the energy sector. The article also addresses the challenges of the Russian Federation\’s technological dependence and technical and legal approaches and incentives for the energy sector. The author also proposes legal and technical solutions.
Keywords: energy strategy, AI in energy, innovation, import substitution, digital twins, digital platforms.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Robin M. Schmidt. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs): A Gentle Introduction and Overview. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.05911 (accessed: 07.07.2026).
2. VAN HOUDT, Greg; Mosquera, Carlos & NAPOLES RUIZ, Gonzalo (2020) A review on the long short-term memory model. In: Artificial intelligence review, 53, p. 5929-5955.
3. Zaboli, A., S. L. Choi, T.-J. Song, and J. Hong. 2024. “ChatGPT and Other Large Language Models for Cybersecurity of Smart Grid Applications,” Presented at the 2024 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Seattle, Washington, July 21–25, 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.05462 (accessed: June 16, 2026).
4. Li, T.; Pan, J.; Ma, S.; Raikov, A.; Arkhipov, A. SimpleScale: Simplifying the Training of an LLM Model Using 1024 GPUs. Appl. Sci. 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8265 (accessed: 06/16/2026).
5. Takuya Kurihana. A 3D super-resolution of wind fields via a physics-informed pixel-wise self-attention generative adversarial network. Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning: workshop at NeurIPS 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.13212 (accessed: 18.06.2026).
6. Hu, J.-L.; Li, Y.; Chew, J.-C. Industry 5.0 and Human-Centered Energy System: A Comprehensive Review with Socio-Economic Viewpoint.2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/9/2345 (accessed: 07.07.2026).

INFORMATION LAW
MIZIEV Nazir Mussaevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
BIG DATA IN THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL CATEGORIES
The article discusses the main approaches to the legal qualification of big data: as information, databases, information technology and a complex information technology phenomenon. It is shown that these constructions reflect individual aspects of big data, but do not allow them to establish a single legal regime. As a criterion for distinguishing big data from other information systems, it is proposed to take into account the functional conditionality of the technologies used by the characteristics of the information array. The distinction between the technical identification of big data and the legal qualification of emerging relationships is substantiated.
Keywords: big data, legal nature, legal qualification, information, database, information technology, information system, legal regime, data processing, functional conditionality.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Vasilevskaya L. Yu. Big data in the mechanism of formation of the main directions of the national project “Data Economy”: a civilian view of the problem // Lex russica. – 2024. – 77 (1). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2024.206.1.009-021.
2. Gulidov P. V. What is big data? // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. – 2023. 3. Leskina E. I. Characteristics of individual legal regimes of big data (Big Data) // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. – 2025. – No. 1 (23). – DOI: 10.22394/3034-2813-2025-5-102-116. – EDN: BMDSVA.
4. Minbaleev A. V. Legal nature of big data // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 3. – DOI: 10.14529/law240314.
5. Ulyanova E. V. Big Data: technology, principles and architecture // Journal of the Court of Intellectual Property. – 2020. – No. 4 (30).

INFORMATION LAW
LI Yalung
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE INVALIDITY OF CONTRACTS IN CHINESE LAW
The article provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the institution of contract invalidity in modern Chinese civil law, considering the introduced by the PRC Civil Code of 2021. The author examines in detail the multi ‑ level structure of contract validity, distinguishing between binding force and enforceability, and explores the specific features of contracts requiring administrative approval and those concluded by unauthorized persons. Special attention is paid to the legislative evolution from the former Contract Law to the provisions of the Civil Code, including the analysis of Article 502 and the interpretations of the Supreme People\’s Court. A comparative legal analysis with Russian civil law is conducted, revealing theoretical and practical challenges in qualifying such contracts, the interplay between unauthorized disposal and bona fide acquisition, and suggesting ways to resolve conflicts in judicial practice, which underscores the relevance and practical significance of the study for ensuring stability in civil transactions.
Keywords: contract invalidity, contract validity, administrative approval, right of disposal, Civil Code of the PRC, contract requiring approval, suspended validity, Chinese civil law, Russian civil law, bona fide acquisition.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Wang Y. Civil-legal significance of administrative permission // Social Sciences of China =中国社会科学. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 86-102. (in Chinese;行政许可的民法意义)
2. Liu Guixiang. Research on the validity of a contract: a monograph =合同效力研究/ Liu Guixiang. – Beijing: People’s Judicial Publishing House, 2012. – 412 p. (in Chinese;合同效力研究)
3. Liu Guixiang. On the administrative approval and validity of a contract: the example of the transfer of shares in enterprises with foreign investment // Chinese law =中国法学. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 146-158. (in Chinese;论行政审批与合同效力—以外商投资企业股权转让为线索)
4. Liang Huixing. Some Issues of the Second Draft Section on Contracts of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China // Liang Huixing. Codification of the Civil Code, Principles of Civil Law and Legal Methods. – Beijing: Peking University Press, 2022. – P. 272-289. (in Chinese;民法典之合同编草案二审稿若干问题)
5. Liang Huixing. Formation of Special Rules for Interpreting the Legal Force of a Sale and Purchase Agreement: Commentary on Article 3 of the Interpretation (法释[2012]7号) // Collection of Studies on Civil and Commercial Law: Coll. scientific works / edited by Liang Huixing. – Issue 52. – Beijing : Legal Publishing House, 2013. – Pp. 196-205. (in Chinese;买卖合同特别效力解释规则之创设——买卖合同解释(法释[2012]7号)第3条解读)
6. Wu Guangrong. The Impact of Administrative Approval on the Validity of a Contract: Theory and Practice // Jurist =法学家. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 105-118. (in Chinese;行政审批对合同效力的影响：理论与实践)
7. Wu Guangrong. Multilevel nature of “validity of contract” in the context of Chinese civil law // Modern Law Science. – 2024. – Vol. 46. No. 1. – Pp. 177-192. (in Chinese;中国民法语境下“合同效力”的层次性)
8. Wu Guangrong. On the Limits of Application of the Institution of Disposition Without Authority // Chinese and Foreign Law =中外法学. – 2005. – No. 3. – P. 329-345. (in Chinese;论无权处分的适用范围)
9. Tserkovnikov M. A. Liability of the seller in the event of seizure of goods from the buyer: monograph. – M.: Statut, 2015. – 328 p.

CORPORATE LAW
VASILJEV Vladislav Dmitrievich
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; lawyer, Corporate Practice, Stonebridge Legal
THE ESCROW MECHANISM AS A SECURITY INSTRUMENT FOR PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM A SHAREHOLDERS’ AGREEMENT
This article examines the permissibility of using the escrow mechanism as a mean of securing the performance of obligations arising under a shareholders’ agreement. The author identifies distinct categories of obligations derived from such agreements, the performance of which may be effectively secured through the deposit of shares into escrow. The article further sets forth arguments confirming the security function of the share escrow arrangement in the context of non-monetary (non-proprietary) obligations under a shareholders’ agreement. Additionally, the author provides a rationale for the efficiency of the escrow agreement as a security instrument for obligations under share option arrangements.
Keywords: shareholders’ agreement; security instruments for performance of obligations, escrow agreement, non-proprietary (non-monetary) obligations, option agreements.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Dubnova D.K. On the issue of the legal nature of the escrow account agreement // Law and society in the context of globalization: development prospects: collection of articles of the international scientific and practical conference (December 12, 2016). – Saratov, 2017. – Pp. 112-114.
2. Pavlovskaya Yu. V., Matveeva T. P., Kuznetsova N. A. Escrow agreement: basic provisions // Synergy Sciences. – 2018. – No. 30. – P. 1216-1222.
3. Tokmakov M. A. Conditional deposit (escrow) in the law of Russia and the USA: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Samara, 2017. – 239 p.
4. Loan, credit, factoring, deposit and account: article-by-article commentary to Articles 807–860.15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – M.: M Logos, 2019. – 1282 p.
5. Vasilevskaya L. Yu. Escrow account agreement: problems of legal qualification // Electronic supplement to the Russian Law Journal. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 37-50. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://electronic.ruzh.org/?q=ru/system/files/2016-2.pdf.
6. Dorofeeva Ya. V. Escrow agreement in Russian civil law: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Perm, 2022. – 189 p.
7. Seveeva K. V. Option agreements in corporate law: diss. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.3. – Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2024. – 235 p.

CORPORATE LAW
KASHAROV Zaurbek Azretalievich
Senior Lecturer, competitor of Civil and corporate law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
CORPORATE COORDINATION LEGAL RELATIONS AS A TYPE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONS
The article examines coordination of corporate relations as a specific layer of corporate relations aimed at aligning the conduct of corporate members and governing bodies in order to pursue the common corporate interest. It argues that corporate relations are predominantly organizational in nature: they construct and maintain the corporation’s internal legal architecture (membership regime, formation and competence of bodies, decision-making procedures, control mechanisms, and information flows). Coordination links manifest themselves in horizontal interactions between members (voting alignment, joint position building, shareholder/corporate agreement) and in mixed “members – bodies” interactions (initiating a general meeting, submitting agenda proposals, accessing information, challenging corporate decisions). The paper shows that coordination relations cannot be reduced to obligations: their content often consists of formative (secondary) and procedural conduct, while remedies focus on restoring proper corporate governance organization (challenging decisions and corporate acts; special liability for breach of a corporate agreement). The conclusion is that corporate coordination relations should be treated as a type of organizational civil-law relations, which is relevant for dispute qualification and the choice of remedies.
Keywords: corporate relations, coordination relations, organizational legal relations, corporate acts, corporate governance.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contract Law. Book One: General Provisions. – 3rd ed., reprinted. – M.: Statut, 2011. – 847 p.
2. Belov V. A. Corporate law. Current issues of theory and practice. – M.: Yurait, 2014. – 678 p.
3. Krasavchikov O. A. Civil organizational and legal relations // Categories of civil law science: Selected works: in 2 volumes. Volume 1. – 2nd ed., reprinted. – M .: Statut, 2017. – P. 3-60.
4. Krasheninnikov P.V. (ed.) Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Legal entities: Article-by-article commentary to Chapter 4. – M.: Statute, 2014.
5. Laptev V. A. Corporate law: legal organization of corporate systems: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2019.
6. Sukhanov E. A. Commentary on Articles 65.1-65.3 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 107-130.
7. Sukhanov E. A. On the subject of corporate law // Current issues of private law: a collection of articles for the anniversary of P. V. Krasheninnikov (Moscow-Ekaterinburg, June 21, 2014) / ed. B. M. Gongalo, V. S. Em. – M .: Statut, 2014. – P. 227-249.
8. Sukhanov E. A. Comparative corporate law: monograph. – M.: Statut, 2014.
9. Kasharov Z. A. Non-property corporate legal relations // International Research Journal. – 2020. – No. 6 (96). – DOI: 10.23670/IRJ.2020.96.6.143.
10. Kasharov Z. A., Onufrieva O. A. The relationship between obligatory and corporate relations // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 6 (145).
11. Kasharov Z. A. On the issue of independence of corporate bodies // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 4 (191).
12. Kasharov Z. A. On the issue of the interest of a corporation // Scientific notes of the Faculty of Law. – 2015. – Issue 38 (48). – P. 42-45.
13. Kasharov Z. A. Organizational corporate relations // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – Issue 4 (143). – P. 180-183.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALTYNBAEVA Liliya Mudarisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Omsk Order of the Badge of Honor Academy of the MIA of Russia
KVASNIKOV Evgeniy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Omsk Order of the Badge of Honor Academy of the MIA of Russia
QUALIFICATION OF A MOTHER\’S MURDER OF A NEWBORN CHILD (ARTICLE 106 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
The article is devoted to the issues of the qualification of a crime under Article 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – the murder of a newborn child by a mother. A description of the composition of this crime is given, the problems of the doctrinal interpretation of its signs and the practice of applying Art. 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are outlined. The issues of differentiation from related compounds are investigated, in particular, by signs: temporary (“during or immediately after childbirth”), psychophysiological (“traumatic situation”, “mental disorder that does not exclude sanity”) and subjective (the moment of intent formation). The analysis of judicial practice and opinions of scientists is carried out concerning the Art. 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, including murder by omission, complicity in a crime, as well as the murder of two or more newborns.
Keywords: murder of a newborn by its mother, privileged crime, qualification of crimes, newborn child, traumatic situation.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Criminal Law of the Russian Federation. Special Part. Textbook edited by Professor M. V. Bavsun. – Omsk, 2020. – 767 p. 2. Khatuev V. B. Evolution of the criminal legislation of Russia on liability for the murder of a newborn child by a mother // Lex russica. – 2019. – No. 1.
3. Pimakova O. G. Kolesova A. S. Murder of a newborn child by a mother: criminal law aspects // Russian investigator. – 2019. – No. 12.
4. Bytko Yu. I. “On some trends in modern Russian criminal policy in relation to persons who repeatedly commit crimes” Legal policy and legal life. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 22-36.
5. Kvasnikov E. S. Qualification of crimes against life committed in the form of inaction // Altai Legal Bulletin. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 116-125.

CRIMINAL LAW
GONCHAROVA Natalya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International and European law sub-faculty, VG Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEMP)
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN CRIMINAL LEGAL REGULATION OF CYBERBULLYING
The article analyzes foreign law on bringing to justice for digital bullying, and also provides experience in bringing to justice for cyberbullying using the example of the United States, England and Wales. Of particular importance for the study were the rules defining the classification of forms of digital bullying, as well as the mechanism of legal regulation of liability for crimes in information and telecommunication networks on the Internet. The purpose of the study is to identify legal mechanisms to combat cyberbullying in order to adapt to the Russian legal system. Based on foreign experience, directions for the development of domestic law are identified.
Keywords: cyberbullying, digital bullying, digital environment, criminal liability, cyberstalking, digital technologies, foreign law, Internet.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Deineka O. S., Dukhanina L. N., Maksimenko A. A. Cyberbullying and victimization: a review of foreign publications // Prospects of Science and Education. – 2020. – No. 5 (47).
2. Elin V. M. Criminal-legal instruments for combating cyberbullying in the USA // International criminal law and international justice. – 2022. – No. 1.
3. Cyberbullying and its impact on human rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/chronicle/article/21893 (accessed: 15.06.2026).
4. Latypova E. Yu., Gil’manov R. E. Criminal liability for disseminating fakes on social networks // Digital technologies and law: Collection of scientific papers of the 1st International scientific and practical conference. In 6 volumes, Kazan, September 23, 2022 / edited by I. R. Begishev [et al.]. Volume 5. – Kazan: Publishing house “Poznanie”, 2022. 5. Latypova E. Yu. Some aspects of criminal liability for acts infringing on the inviolability of private life // Oeconomia et Jus. – 2019. – No. 2.
6. Turtseva U. A., Goncharova N. N. Forms of cyberbullying and international experience: combating and preventing // Legal support for national economic security: theoretical and practical problems of improving lawmaking and law enforcement: Collection of scientific articles from the international round table, Minsk, June 5, 2025. – Minsk: IOOO “Law and Economics”, 2025. 7. Digital transformation: legal, economic and social aspects / V. V. Garipova, N. N. Goncharova, N. V. Grishina [et al.]. – Kursk: ZAO “University Book”, 2025.
8. Chatzakou D., Kourtellis N., Blackburn J., De Cristofaro E., Stringhini G., Vakali A. Mean birds: detecting aggression and bullying … // In: Proceedings of the ACM on Web Science Conference, Troy, New York. USA. – 2017.
9. Juvonen J., Gross EF Extending the school grounds? – Bullying experiences in cyberspace // Journal of school Health. – 2008. – Vol. 78 (9).
10. Kyriacou C., Zuin A. Cyberbullying of teachers by students…: challenging the image of teacher authority in the digital age // Res. Pap. – 2015. – Educ. 1522 (October).

CRIMINAL LAW
DENISENKO Evgeniy Vladimirovich
lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg; advocate of the St. Petersburg Bar Association
PROBLEMS WITH PROVING SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION OF A THREAT WHEN THE LIMITS OF NECESSARY DEFENSE ARE EXCEEDED
The article is devoted to the problem of proving the subjective perception of a threat in cases of exceeding the limits of necessary defense. The article analyzes the regulatory provisions of Article 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the law enforcement practice. The main difficulties associated with the subjective perception of a threat are identified: the impossibility of directly proving the mental state, the complexity of assessing the suddenness of the attack and the psychoemotional state of the defender, the problems of conducting expert research, and the specifics of collecting evidence. Special attention is paid to the issue of false defense.
Keywords: necessary defense, exceeding the limits of necessary defense, subjective perception of a threat, proof, sudden attack, psychoemotional state, and imaginary defense.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekhine V. P., Molchanov T. D. Problems of qualification in the use of necessary defense // Epomen. Global. – 2025. – No. 67.
2. Dembitsky D. A., Korotchenkov D. A. Exceeding the limits of necessary defense: theoretical regulation and problems of law enforcement // Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – No. 5 (86). – P. 393-401.
3. Kudryavtsev I. A. Complex forensic psychological and psychiatric examinations of the state of necessary defense // Russian Psychiatric Journal. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 31-37
4. Puchnin A. V., Prokhonov V. S., Sysolina N. S. Problems of establishing the excess of the limits of necessary defense // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 246-249.
5. Reshnyak M. G. On some problematic features of necessary defense // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2020. – Vol. 13. No. 4. – P. 180-184.
6. Rodionova A. A. Problems of proving the state of necessary defense // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – No. 5-4 (92). – P. 253-255.
7. Saveliev A. V. Social and legal characteristics of the institution of necessary defense // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 453-458.
8. Shchelkonogova E. V. Psychological aspects of the legality of causing harm in necessary defense // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – No. 4 (43). – P. 154-161.
9. Encyclopedia of criminal law. In 35 volumes. Volume 8. Unfinished crime and complicity in crime / edited by V. B. Malinin. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of prof. Malinin, 2007. – 512 p. – ISBN 978-5-91040-011-9.
10. Criminal Law. General Part. Crime. Academic Course: in 10 volumes / edited by N. A. Lopashenko. – Volume 7: Subject of the Crime. Subjective Side of the Crime. Book 2: Subjective Side of the Crime. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2016. – 400 p. – ISBN 978-5-4396-1058-7.

CRIMINAL LAW
IBRAGIMOV Magomed Abdulmu’minovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
URUDZHEV Razhidin Rafikovich
postgraduate student of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
THE ROLE OF MOTIVE AND PURPOSE IN THE QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES (DIFFERENTIATION OF RESPONSIBILITY)
The article is devoted to the study of the role of motive and purpose as elements of the subjective side of crime in the process of qualifying socially dangerous acts and differentiating criminal responsibility. Special attention is paid to practical qualification problems that arise in the absence of a legislative definition of motive and purpose in the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors make a detailed distinction between related crimes: murder and causing death in a state of passion, theft and abusive possession of a vehicle, hooliganism and intentional destruction of property. The article substantiates the need to improve legislative technology in terms of regulating the subjective elements of a crime as an urgent task of Russian criminal law science and law enforcement practice.
Keywords: criminal motive, criminal purpose, subjective side of crime, qualification of crimes, differentiation of criminal liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bezverkhov A. G. Selfish intent as a subjective sign of theft of someone else’s property // Criminal law, criminal law: theory and practice: collection of scientific articles. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2017. – P. 26-32. – EDN YPTBMD.
2. Botareva E. A. Unlawful seizure of a car or other vehicle without the intent to steal (Article 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and theft of a vehicle (Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): Certain provisions of criminal-legal and forensic characteristics // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – No. 11-1 (38). – P. 143-147.
3. Lisauskayte V. V. Prohibited methods of warfare (Part 1 of Article 356 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): issues of qualification and features of the content of the blanket norm // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (106). – P. 187-193.
4. Murin N.V. Distinction between a terrorist act and related crimes // Skif. – 2021. – No. 6 (58). – P. 295-298.

CRIMINAL LAW
ROBAK Vladimir Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
BASOV Andrey Vitalievich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean Law Institute (Branch), University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Simferopol
BODAEVSKY Viktor Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminal law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
CAUSES AND CONDITIONS OF ILLEGAL ARMS TRAFFICKING
The article is devoted to the analysis of the main causes and conditions that, according to the authors, contribute to the existence and development of the illicit trafficking of weapons, their main parts, ammunition, explosives, and explosive devices. The illicit trafficking of these items is one of the destabilizing factors affecting the criminogenic situation, in particular, it stimulates the development of organized crime and terrorist crimes. It is noted that the illicit trafficking of weapons is influenced by both general factors that determine crime in general, and specific factors that directly contribute to the commission of this type of crime.
Keywords: criminal arms market, illegal arms trafficking, causes, conditions.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Burda M. A. Risks of illegal migration as a threat to Russia’s national security // Politbook. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 83-92.
2. Gracheva Yu. V., Malikov S. V. Corruption: research over two centuries (based on the pages of the book: Lut S. S. Corruption…): Bibliographic reference (1810-2018). – Moscow: Contract, 2019. – 528 p.) // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – V. 15. No. 8 (117). – P. 209-215.
3. Grebenkin M. Yu., Shalagin A. E. Illegal arms trafficking and its prevention // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 2 (28). – P. 55-60.
4. Ibragimov M. G. Criminological problems of theft of firearms, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices in military units: based on the materials of military units stationed in the Republic of Dagestan: specialty 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; penal law”: dis. for the degree of candidate of legal sciences; Dagestan State University – Makhachkala, 2005. 5. Kolotushkin S. M., Bychkova E. S. Problems of circulation of civilian firearms in Russia: criminological and forensic aspects // Improving criminal procedural and forensic measures to combat crime: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Omsk, 2022. – P. 111-114.
6. Lee D. A. Crime as a social phenomenon. – Moscow: Russian World, 1997. – 264 p.
7. Merkuryev V. V. Criminological characteristics of organized resistance to the fight against crime // Criminological journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law. – 2013. – No. 3 (25). – P. 25-41.
8. Dubonos S. M., Kovalev A. A., Sorokolet D. A., Alpatikov V. V. Illegal migration as a threat to national security of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries // Young scientist. – 2016. – No. 13. – P. 628-630.
9. Samarkin P. S., Firsov O. V. Certain problems of combating illegal arms trafficking // Young scientist. – 2018. – No. 38. – P. 151-154.
10. Solonitskaya E. V. Criminological characteristics of illegal arms trafficking and measures to combat it: specialty 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; penal law”: dis. for the academic degree of candidate of legal sciences; Rostov. legal institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – Rostov-on-Don, 2004. – 185 p. 11. Chufarovsky Yu. V. Criminology. – Moscow: Vocational Education, 2002. – 144 p. – ISBN 5-94297-027-0.
12. Robak V. A. The fight against the criminal arms market in Russia: theoretical and practical issues: specialty 5.1.4. “Criminal Law Sciences”: dis. for the academic degree of Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2024.

CRIMINAL LAW
TOCHENY Mikhail Dmitrievich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Humanities and socioeconomic disciplines sub-faculty, Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation
ON NECESSARY CHANGES IN RUSSIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the features of corruption as a complex social phenomenon with a multilevel horizontal-vertical relationship, as well as the search for ideas for improving Russian anti-corruption legislation. The author examines corruption from the perspective of legal, economic, and socio-humanitarian sciences, identifies gaps in current legislation regarding the qualification of digital assets as a subject of bribery, and also justifies the need to introduce criminal liability for creating conditions for concealing corruption offenses. Based on the historical experience of Russia (from the 16th to the middle of the 20th century) and the analysis of two of the most successful foreign models – East Asian and North European – a number of specific legislative proposals are formulated: the introduction of confiscation of assets of officials and their relatives, financial incentives for informants, the creation of a specialized federal anti-corruption body, a lifetime ban on holding public office for suspicion of corruption and presumption of guilt on suspicion of illicit enrichment. The article is addressed to specialists in the field of criminal law, public administration and anti-corruption policy.
Keywords: corruption, anti-corruption, anti-corruption legislation, bribery, digital assets, cryptocurrency, organized crime, historical experience, foreign experience, Singapore, Sweden, presumption of guilt, asset confiscation, criminal liability.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Russian legal encyclopedia. – M.: Publishing House INFRA-M, 1999. – X. 1110 p.
2. Batygov Z. O., Gandaloev R. B., Uzhakhov R. M. Legal definition of corruption and its features // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 12. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoe-opredelenie-korruptsii-i-ee-osobennosti.
3. Sigurova O. Yu. Basic economic approaches to defining corruption // Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 1: Economics and Management. – 2022. – No. 1 (40). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-ekonomicheskie-podhody-k-izmereniyu-korruptsii.
4. Vakhrushev R. V. The sociological meaning of corruption: subjects and the normative system // Theory and practice of social development. – 2013. – No. 9. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsiologicheskiy-smysl-korruptsii-subekty-i-normativnaya-sistema.
5. Magomedov A. A., Naumov Yu. G. Corruption and organized crime: problems and relationships // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2008. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/korruptsiya-i-organizovannaya-prestupnost-problemy-i-sootnosheniya.
6. Minina T. I., Kosenko V. V. Fight against corruption: the Swedish experience // Chronoeconomics. – 2019. – No. 3 (16). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/borba-s-korruptsiey-opyt-shvetsii.

CRIMINAL LAW
VISHNEVETSKY Mikhail Eduardovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ABOUT SOME PROBLEMS OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS IN THE APPLICATION OF AMNESTY
This article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the institution of amnesty in Russian law. The relevance of the topic is due to the continuing controversy of many aspects of amnesty law enforcement, as well as the need to find a balance between public and private interests. The author examines the evolution of regulatory regulation, identifies systemic defects: the lack of a legal definition and a special federal law, the uncertainty of the subject composition, the high rate of recidivism among the amnestied, as well as the infringement of the rights of victims. Based on the comparative legal method and historical precedents, the concept of reforming the institution is proposed through the adoption of a relevant law, the introduction of conditional amnesty, the establishment of mandatory consideration of victims’ opinions and the creation of state compensation funds to compensate for harm.
Keywords: Legislation of foreign countries, amnesty, protection of victims’ rights, release from punishment, convicts, humanism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Seliverstov I. V. The essence and content of amnesty: problematic issues // Man: crime and punishment. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 32-35. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/suschnost-i-soderzhanie-amnistii-problemnye-voprosy (date of access: 01.05.2026).
2. Lyublinsky P. I. The right of amnesty: a historical, dogmatic and political study. – St. Petersburg: Senate Printing House, 1907. – 363 p.
3. Mitskevich A. V. Acts of the highest bodies of the Soviet state. The legal nature of normative acts of the highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR. – M.: Legal Literature, 1967. – 175 p.
4. Kvashis V. I. Amnesty and pardon under Soviet law: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – M.: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1967. – 16 p.
5. Kokhman D. V. Legal mechanism for implementing amnesty in the Russian Federation and social consequences of its application: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M .: 2019. – 235 p.
6. Kirakosyan M. B. The role of language in the professional activity of a lawyer // Philological sciences. Questions of theory and practice. – 2014. – No. 6 (36). – Part 1. – P. 89.
7. Tyazin E. N. Problems of strengthening law and order in the USSR in the spring-autumn of 1953 // Contentus. – 2017. – No. 9 (62). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-ukrepleniya-pravoporyadka-v-sssr-vesnoy-osenyu-1953-goda (date of access: 01.05.2026).
8. Kuritsyna E. V. The Amnesty of 1953 and its influence on the criminalization of public life in the USSR (based on materials from the Penza region) // Izvestia of the V. G. Belinsky PSU. – 2012. – No. 27. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/amnistiya-1953-gi-ee-vliyanie-na-kriminalizatsiyu-obschestvennoy-zhizni-v-sssr-na-materialah-penzenskoy-oblasti (date of access: 01.05.2026).
9. Kokotova D. A. Modern Russian amnesty in the context of the ideas of C. Beccaria: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2020. – 231 p.
10. Kokhman D. V. Mitigation of the Negative Consequences of Amnesty in the Sphere of Observing the Rights of Victims and Compensating for Material Damage Caused by a Crime // The Rule of Law: Theory and Practice. – 2018. – No. 2 (52). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nivelirovanie-negativnyh-posledstviy-amnistii-v-sfere-soblyudeniya-prav-poterpevshih-i-vozmescheniya-materialnogo-uscherba (date of access: 05.05.2026).
11. Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of December 13, 1994 No. 386-I GD “On the declaration of amnesty in relation to persons who participated in illegal actions related to armed conflicts in the North Caucasus” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1994. – No. 35. – Art. 3667.
12. Savitsky V. M. Compensation for damages – by the state. But by whom exactly, in what cases and from what funds? // Soviet Justice. – 1992. – No. 6. – P. 12-14.
13. Yunoshev S. V. State compensation for victims of crime: foreign experience and Russian prospects // Bulletin of Samara State University. – 2014. – No. 11-2 (122). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvennye-kompensatsii-zhertvam-prestupleniy-zarubezhnyy-opyt-i-rossiyskie-perspektivy (date of access: 02.05.2026).
14. Kokhman D. V. Some problems of the implementation of the amnesty act by correctional institutions related to its effect over time // Criminal-executive law. – 2017. – Vol. 12. No. 3. – P. 306-311.
15. Grishko A. Ya. Amnesty. Pardon. – M .: Prospect, 2014. – 236 p.
16. Babayan S. L., Krapchatova I. N., Kokhman D. V. The relationship between the psychological perception of convicts of amnesty and the level of recidivism // Psychology and Law. – 2021. – Vol. 11. No. 1. – P. 27-36.
17. Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus of July 9, 1999 No. 275-Z (as amended and supplemented as of May 1, 2026) // IS Continent. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://continent-online.com (date accessed: May 1, 2026).
18. Dolgova A. I. Crime, its organization and criminal society. – M.: Russian Criminological Association, 2003. – 572 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
ELGIN Andrey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University
Harm caused by bankruptcy crimes: who are the victims?
The article examines such an element of the corpus delicti of crimes under Articles 195 and 196 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a consequence in the form of damage. Law is not clear on who suffers this damage and at what point does it appear. An analysis of the social danger inherent in these offenses leads to the conclusion that harm is inflicted not only upon creditors and creditor relations, but also upon the very course of the insolvency procedure. The seizure of property belonging to an insolvent debtor is a mandatory element of any bankruptcy proceeding. This results in the formation of a special pool of assets which, for the purposes of implementing the bankruptcy process, is managed and owned by the curator. The theory of a personified bankruptcy estate posits that once the debtor\’s property is alienated, it forms a special legal entity to which bankruptcies-related crimes cause harm through the concealment of valuables or documents. It follows from this that the consequence provided for by the analyzed norms is not separated in time from the act itself. This approach also indicates that after the initiation of any bankruptcy procedure, the sole entity is capable of claiming satisfaction for a civil claim within a criminal case is the bankruptcy estate itself, whose interests are represented by the curator. These conclusions allow for a partial resolution of the issue concerning the relationship between a subsidiary liability claim and a lawsuit filed in a criminal case. Furthermore, this method helps to avoid double recovery of the same compensation and facilitates the return of lost property to the bankruptcy estate. Additionally, the article briefly highlights the problems associated with satisfying a civil claim in a criminal case prior to the commencement of insolvency proceedings.
Keywords: bankruptcy crimes, damage, victim, personalized bankruptcy estate, subsidiary liability.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Anashkin S. P. Theory of the personified bankruptcy estate // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 191-208. – DOI: 10.37239/2500-2643-2022-17-10-191-208.
2. Birkley V. E., Zazulin A. I. Civil claim and subsidiary liability: issues of correlation and conflict // Russian law: education, practice, science. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 55-66. – DOI: 10.34076/2410-2709-2023-5-55.
3. Volzhenkin B.V. Crimes in the sphere of economic activity under the criminal law of Russia. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2007. – 763 p.
4. Ivanov N. G. Criminal bankruptcies: criminal-legal characteristics: monograph. – M: Prospect, 2023. – 96 p.
5. Ivanov N. G. Social danger as an ontological basis of criminalization: monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2016. – 79 p.
6. Jering R. Interest and Law / R. Jering; translated from German by V. M. Nechaev; edited by the St. Petersburg Legal Society. – Yaroslavl: Publishing House of the Provincial Zemstvo Council, 1880. – 150 p.
7. Klepitsky I. A. New economic criminal law: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 984 p.
8. Lyaskalo A. N. Damage in bankruptcy crimes // Criminal law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 27-40.
9. Meyer D. I. Russian civil law: in 2 parts. Part 1 / D. I. Meyer; according to the publ. – M.: Statut, 1997 (original publ. – M.: Richter Printing House, 1902). – 286 p.
10. Mikhalev I. Yu. Criminal bankruptcy. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2001. – 214 p.
11. Pavlukhin A. N. Socially dangerous behavior and its criminal illegality. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2007. – 111 p.
12. Stasyuk I. V. Subsidiary liability vs. compensation for damage caused by a crime: competition of claims // Law. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 76-85.
13. Yani P. S. Problems of qualification of crimes in the field of bankruptcy // Legality. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 38-42.
14. Bork R. Corporate insolvency: a comparative textbook. – Cambridge: Interesentia Publ, 2023. – 228 P.
15. McJohn SM Person or property? On the Legal Nature of the Bankruptcy Estate // Bankruptcy Developments Journal. – 1994. – Vol. 10. – P. 465-524.

CRIMINAL LAW
IVANOV Sergey Artemovich
adjunct, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR BUDGET FUNDS EMBEZZLEMENT IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN RUSSIA AND BELARUS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The article discusses criminal law methods of protecting budget funds in the field of public procurement in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The article analyzes the composition of embezzlement by abuse of official authority under Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus and the composition of fraud committed using official position (Part 3 of Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), as well as their place in the system of combating corruption and financial abuse in contractual relations. Special attention is paid to the distinction between criminal and administrative liability for violations of procurement legislation, and the doctrinal positions of Belarusian and Russian scientists. The author of the article applies a comprehensive comparative approach to the assessment of these compounds, taking into account the historical continuity of the criminal legislation of Russia and Belarus, and draws conclusions and suggestions on improving the qualification of embezzlement of budget funds and the application of special rules in the field of public procurement.
Keywords: public procurement, contract, fraud, embezzlement, official, official position, corruption.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bildeiko A. A. General rules for distinguishing between administrative offenses and official crimes in the sphere of procurement of goods (works, services) // Theory and practice of ensuring economic security in the Republic of Belarus: abstracts of reports of the international. pract . conf. – Minsk: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2022. – P. 11-14.
2. Borzenkov G. N. Crimes against property (on the chapter in the draft Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 11. Law. – 1992. – No. 6. – P. 12-21.
3. Dankova T. N. Abuse of power or official authority as a threat to economic security: forensic aspect // Theory and practice of ensuring economic security in the Republic of Belarus: abstracts of reports of the international. practical. conf. – Minsk: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2022. – Pp. 41-44.
4. Egorova N.A. Responsibility for “official” fraud: the need for new legal approaches // Russian Justice. – 2014. – No. 8. – P. 19-22.
5. Ivanov S. A. On the issue of criminal-legal qualification of theft of budget funds committed in the sphere of public procurement of works, goods and services // St. Petersburg meetings of young scientists: Proceedings of the IV All-Russian Congress, St. Petersburg, June 10-11, 2026. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2026. – P. 552-557.
6. Lopashenko N. A. Encroachments on property. – M.: Norma, 2012. – 527 p.
7. Prokhorov E. A. Causes of corruption in public procurement // State and law: theory and practice: materials of the IV International scientific conf. – Kazan: Young scientist, 2018. – P. 37-41.
8. Criminal Law of Russia: General and Special Parts: textbook / edited by A. I. Rarog. – 6th edition. – M .: Prospect, 2016. – 442 p.
9. Khilyuta V. V. Theft through abuse of official powers as a corruption crime under the criminal legislation of Belarus // Current issues of economics and law. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 158-161.
10. Khlus A. M. Theft through abuse of office: forensic analysis of the crime object // Criminal-legal, criminal-procedural and forensic issues of combating crime: collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the 4th All-Russian scientific -practical conf. – Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2019. – Pp. 116-122.
11. Khlus A. M. Theft through abuse of office: problems and ways to improve investigation methods // Issues of criminology, forensic science and forensic examination: collection of scientific papers. Minsk: Law and Economics. – 2018. – No. 2/44. – P. 154-165.

CRIMINAL LAW
KUTOVAYA Mariya Igorevna
postgraduate student in the basic educational program of higher education in the specialty “Criminal Law Sciences” of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE RESULT OF AN OFFICIAL SPORTS COMPETITION AS THE OBJECT OF A CRIME
This article offers a systematic analysis of the criminal-law mechanisms used to protect the results of official sporting competitions under Russian law. Drawing on the provisions of Federal Law No. 329 of 4 December 2007 “On Physical Culture and Sport in the Russian Federation”, the author develops an original interpretation of the concept of an “official sporting competition” and proposes a classification of the forms of competition\’s result may take as an independent object of criminal-law protection. The paper examines the social danger inherent in acts involving the manipulation of competition results, and provides a criminal-law characterization of the aims, methods, and range of possible offenders involved in the crimes established under Articles 184, 230.1, and 230.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is given to a gap identified in the legislative description of the offender category in so-called “anti-doping” crimes, illustrated with relevant examples from law-enforcement practice. The study concludes with proposals for improving criminal legislation in this field: enshrining in law a definition of “the result of an official sporting competition”, consolidating the norms governing liability for sports-related crimes into a single coherent system, and replacing the phrase “other specialists” in Articles 230.1 and 230.2 of the Criminal Code with the broader formulation “other interested persons”.
Keywords: official sports competition, competition result, manipulation, doping, article 184 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, articles 230.1 and 230.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, special subject, sports law.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Barkhatova E. N., Repetskaya A. L. Subject of the crime provided for in Article 184 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (in the aspect of sports activities) // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 72-78.
2. Spirev M. V. Criminal-legal measures to suppress crimes among athletes // Sports: economics, law, management. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 10.
3. Rusman G. S., Morozova Yu. A. Fixed matches: responsibility and consequences // Man. Sport. Medicine. – 2022. – Vol. 22. No. 1. – P. 133-137.
4. Alekseeva A. P. Decriminalization of certain provisions of Art. 184 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a way to eliminate the contradictions existing therein // Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 74-78.
5. Ermakova Ya. A. Subjects of unlawful influence on the outcome of an official sports competition // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 107-110.
6. Mokhov A. A. Anti-doping policy of the Russian Federation and its legal support // Sports: economics, law, management. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 26-28.
7. Ivanov A. S. Illegal influence on the outcome of an official sports competition or a spectacular commercial contest as a crime of a corrupt nature // Legal sciences and law enforcement practice. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 188-192.

CRIMINAL LAW
SOPOVA Natalya Igorevna
postgraduate student of the 4th course of the correspondence course of Criminal process, justice, and prosecutor’s supervision sub-faculty, Donbass State University of Justice (DSUEJ of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation)
CRIMINAL OFFENCES IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
The subject of this paper is the set of socially dangerous acts that infringe upon the established order of state and municipal procurement, together with the means of criminal-law counteraction to them. The aim of the research is to identify the systemic patterns of crime in the procurement sphere, to characterize its criminal-law and criminological content, and to assess the effectiveness of the protective mechanisms applied. To achieve this aim, a number of tasks have been solved: the prerequisites for the criminalization of abuses in procurement have been disclosed; the principal corpora delicti committed in this field have been systematized; the corruption and embezzlement components of procurement crime have been analyzed; and the problems of qualification and investigation of the relevant acts have been examined. The methodological basis comprises the formal-legal, comparative-legal, statistical and systematic-structural approaches, supplemented by methods of document analysis and the generalization of judicial and investigative practice. The author demonstrates that procurement crime is latent and predominantly corruption-related in nature, and that its prevention requires the coordinated application of criminal-law, organizational and control instruments. It is established that the introduction of a special norm on liability for abuses in the sphere of procurement has not removed the difficulties of qualification associated with the competition between the corpora delicti of embezzlement, official and corruption offences. Particular attention is paid to the criminological profile of the offender and to the typical mechanisms of committing infringements at various stages of the procurement cycle. The results obtained are applicable in improving criminal legislation, in developing methods for detecting and investigating prosecution crimes, and in teaching disciplines of the criminal-law cycle. The conclusions drawn may serve as a theoretical basis for further investigations in the field of countering economic and corruption crime.
Keywords: public procurement, criminal liability, corruption offenses, abuse of authority, embezzlement, qualification of crimes, criminological characteristics, crime counteraction.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Torbin Yu. G. Criminal-legal and criminal-procedural aspects of the qualification and investigation of crimes in the field of public procurement // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2025. – Vol. 18. No. 3. – P. 154-160.
2. Soloviev D. N. On the issue of the prerequisites for the appearance in the criminal law of the elements of a crime provided for in Article 200.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Agrarian and land law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 442-444.
3. Shepel E. N., Shichanina S. Yu. Criminal liability for abuse in procurement for state and municipal needs // Current issues of science and education: collection of materials from the XVI International scientific and practical conference. – Moscow, 2025. – P. 97-101.
4. Gabbasova V. V. Signs of corruption crimes committed in public procurement activities // Procurement of goods, works and services for the needs of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation: problems of organization, control, accounting and law enforcement : materials of the III annual Interdepartmental scientific and practical conference. – St. Petersburg, 2025. – P. 32-36.
5. Valueva K. L. Combating corruption-related crimes in the sphere of public procurement // Procurement of goods, works and services for the needs of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation: problems of organization, control, accounting and law enforcement: materials of the III annual Interdepartmental scientific and practical conference. – St. Petersburg, 2025. – P. 149-154.
6. Agil’din V. V., Katyrev I. G., Spiridonova V. A. Criminal protection of the procedure for implementing state and municipal procurement // Constitutionalism and power in Russia: history, current problems and prospects: materials of the VIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists. – Irkutsk, 2025. – P. 360-364.
7. Karnakova O. I. Criminal-legal characteristics of crimes committed by officials in the sphere of state defense procurement // Law and Management. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 139-142.
8. Chukhnina G. Ya. Analysis of the current situation in the sphere of public procurement in terms of committed offenses // Current issues of history, philosophy, law and pedagogy: collection of articles of the VII All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Ryazan, 2025. – P. 402-406.
9. Nevencheny Ya. A. Abuses in the sphere of Russian public procurement: signs, essence, concept // Legal science. – 2025. – No. 8. – P. 400-406.
10. Radzhabov Sh. R., Akhmedkhanova S. T. Criminal-legal characteristics and problems of qualification of thefts committed in the sphere of procurement for meeting state and municipal needs // International Scientific Bulletin. – 2025. – No. 10. – P. 45-47.
11. Shadrina E. S. Criminological characteristics of crime in the sphere of state and municipal procurement // Law and Society. – 2025. – No. 3 (20). – P. 29-34.
12. Zheleznyak A. R. Features of the investigation of abuse of official powers in the sphere of procurement of goods (works, services) for state and municipal needs // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2025. – Vol. 18. No. 6. – P. 102-111.

CRIMINAL LAW
USMANOV Kamaleddin Rafailovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
FACTORS OF THE SPREAD OF RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM IN PLACES OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF ITS PREVENTION
The article examines the factors contributing to the spread of religious extremism among convicts in penal institutions. The author proposes a grouping of determinants that includes social-environmental, personal-psychological and organizational-legal factors. It is substantiated that each group of determinants corresponds to an independent direction of preventive activity, while the cumulative nature of their action requires the comprehensive implementation of preventive measures. A proposal is formulated to supplement the formal criterion for differentiating convicts who are carriers of radical ideology with a substantive criterion.
Keywords: religious extremism, places of deprivation of liberty, penal system, convicts, determinants, prevention, radicalization, differentiation of convicts.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bakulina L. V., Khalilov R. N., Mustafina A. R. Extremism in places of deprivation of liberty // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. 2016. No. 4. P. 145-148.
2. Gedgafov M. M. Factors in the spread of extremist ideologies in places of detention: ways of detection and counteraction // Journal of Applied Research. 2022. No. 9. Vol. 1. P. 54-58.
3. Zvarygin V. E., Kondakov A. S. Problematic issues of defining the essence of religious extremism as a criminal-legal and social phenomenon // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law. 2024. Vol. 34. Issue 2. Pp. 301-305.
4. Ilyukhin S. E., Sukharev S. N. The nature of religious extremism in places of deprivation of liberty // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. 2025. No. 1 (62). P. 29-35
5. Kovalev S. D. Counteracting extremism in places of deprivation of liberty // Agrarian and land law. 2024. No. 11 (239). P. 272-274.
6. Lesnikov G. Yu. The principle of differentiation of execution of punishments as a tool for countering religious extremism // Law and state: theory and practice. 2025. No. 6. P. 586-588.
7. Mikheeva S. V., Deriglazova A. A., Ermakova O. A. Problems of counteracting religious extremism in correctional institutions // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. 2025. No. 2 (63). P. 143-148
8. Tyugaeva N. A. Adaptation of convicts to the conditions of serving a sentence: psychological and pedagogical aspect // Man: crime and punishment. 2021. No. 4. P. 537-549.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
ALEXANDROVA Lyudmila Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of PM Davydov Judicial activity and criminal process sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
AN EXPERIMENTAL MEASURE IN THE STRUCTURE OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS AND ISSUES OF THEIR DIFFERENTIATION
The article is devoted to determining the place and significance of experimental activities in the cognitive activity of the investigator during the performance of investigative actions. To do this, the investigative action is considered as a structural phenomenon, its working (production) part is allocated, within which the research task is solved. The nature of the experimental event is considered in relation to the voluntary consent of its participants, and voluntariness is noted as a sign combining an investigative experiment with other investigative actions, which are imperatively preceded by interrogation. The universality of experience (experiment) as a method of cognition is also noted, and the possibility of its consolidation as one of the general rules for conducting investigative actions along with the independent existence of an investigative experiment is considered. Examples from judicial practice are given confirming this conclusion, when the data necessary for the appointment of an expert examination can be obtained exclusively experimentally, which makes it impossible to conduct it before a criminal case is initiated. The presented research is aimed at solving the identified problems through the systematization of investigative actions by defining their purpose.
Keywords: investigative actions, experience, experiment, systematization, investigative experiment, on-site verification of testimony, inspection, expertise.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aleksandrova L. A. Investigative action as a set of procedural measures and an element of the system in the structure of the institute of evidence // Bulletin of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 32-40. – Doi: 10.5922/vestnikhum-2025-3-3.
2. Aleksandrova L. A. Legal basis for the conduct of investigative actions as a sign of their systematization // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (76). – P. 71-78.
3. Arzamastseva I.V. Management of terminology: textbook. – Ulyanovsk: UlSTU, 2016. – 156 p.
4. Davletov A. A. Criminal proceedings of the Russian Federation. Special part. Lecture course. – Ekaterinburg, 2011. – 264 p.
5. Zagoryan S. G., Misnik I. V. Investigative experiment as an investigative action at the stage of preliminary investigation // Verb of justice. – 2023. – No. 2 (32). – P. 40-46.
6. Iskra A. Experiment as a scientific method and its types // Bulletin of the Siberian State Transport University. Humanitarian research. – 2023. – No. 4 (19). – P. 40-47. – Doi: 10.52170/2618-7949_2023_19_40.
7. Novikov A. M., Novikov D. A. Methodology: dictionary of the system of basic concepts. – M.: Librokom, 2013. – 208 p.
8. Rossinsky S. B. Pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case: the essence and methods of collecting evidence. – M .: Norma, 2021. – 408 p.
9. Semenov V. A. Investigative actions in pre-trial proceedings. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2017. – 256 p.
10. Investigative actions: a textbook / V. V. Kalnitsky, E. G. Larin. – Omsk: Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2015. – 170 p.
11. Smolin A. V. Experimental method in proof in criminal cases // Legal technology. – 2025. – No. 19: Materials of the XXVI International Interdisciplinary Scientific and Practical Forum “Yurtekhnetics” on the topic “Experiment in legal regulation (doctrine , practice, technology)” (Nizhny Novgorod, September 25-28, 2024) / ed. in-chief prof. V. M. Baranov. – Nizhny Novgorod: UNICOPI, 2025. – P. 676-678. 12. Stelmakh V. Yu. Verification of testimony on the spot and its importance for proof // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 200-207. – Doi: 10.24412/2073-0454-2023-2-200-207.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BODROVA Elena Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal Process sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
DISCREPANCY OF THE NORMS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL AND RELATED LEGISLATION IN DEFINING THE BASIC SECTORAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AS ONE OF THE NEGATIVE FACTORS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article is devoted to the analysis of criminal and criminal procedure legislation, as well as the main doctrinal criminological positions regarding the essence, legal nature, and interrelation of such basic concepts for the process of crime detection and investigation as “detection”, “investigation”, “prevention” and “warning”. The author concludes that the current norms of criminal procedure legislation in this matter have a certain inconsistency with both the provisions of criminal law and the generally accepted positions of criminological science. This is a negative factor in the fight against crime in general. To resolve this legal conflict, it is proposed to amend Article 6 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and establish the prevention of new crimes as the purpose of criminal proceedings.
Keywords: crime detection, crime investigation, crime prevention, prevention of new crimes, purpose of criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Antonyan Yu. M. Science of criminology: monograph. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2015. – 374 p.
2. Burlakov V. N. Criminology for bachelors and specialists, a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction and specialty “Jurisprudence” / [V. N. Burlakov, Doctor of Law, et al.]; edited by V. N. Burlakov, N. M. Kropachev. – St. Petersburg [et al.]: Piter, 2013 [i.e. 2012]. – 303 p. 3. Gerasimov I. F. Some problems of solving crimes; Sverdlovsk Legal Institute. – Sverdlovsk: Middle Ural Book Publishing House, 1975. – 184 p.
4. Grishko A. Ya. Amnesty. Pardon = Clemency / 3rd ed., revised. – Moscow: Logos, 2014. – 234 p.
5. Dolgova A. I. Criminal realities, responses to them and the law: [collection] / [edited by A. I. Dolgova]. – Moscow: Russian Criminological Association, 2018. – 315 p.
6. Kleymenov M. P. Criminology: a textbook for secondary vocational education. – Moscow: Norma, INFRA-M, 2018. – 399 p.
7. Naumov A. V. Russian criminal law. General part: lecture course / 6th edition, revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Prospect, 2017. – 781 p.
8. Theoretical foundations for preventing economic crimes: monograph / [Borin B.V. et al.]; edited by V.D. Larichev. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2012. – 307 p.
9. Criminal Procedure: textbook / A. V. Smirnov, K. B. Kalinovsky; under the general editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor A. V. Smirnov. – 8th ed., revised. – Moscow: Norma, INFRA-M, 2020. – 783 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BUTENKO Tatyana Pavlovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminal law sub-faculty, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk
PETAICHUK Anton Andreevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk
THE PUBLIC COUNCIL UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE AS A SUBJECT OF PUBLIC CONTROL OVER ENSURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
In the article, the authors analyze the legal acts regulating the activities of the Public Council under the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia and its territorial bodies. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Public Chamber of Russia and its role in the formation of public councils under various authorities, including bodies of the penal system. In the course of the research, collisions are identified, which indicate a lack of consistency in the improvement of the regulatory framework on this issue. In conclusion, the conclusions are formulated, which the authors propose to consider as a call for scientific discussion.
Keywords: Public Chamber, Public Council, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, civil society institutions, public control
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Konnunikova V. V., Pekareva V. V. Problems of compliance with and protection of the rights and freedoms of persons serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment // Criminal-executive system: law, economics, management. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 18-21.
2. Chebotarev G. N. Public chambers as a special public-state institution of civil society // Russian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 53-63.
3. Nikitina E. E. Constitutional and legal foundations for the institutionalization of civil society in the Russian Federation: monograph. – M .: INFRA-M, 2019. – P. 233.
4. Grib V. V. Models and principles of formation of public chambers in the subjects of the Russian Federation // LexRussica. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 352.
5. Mikheeva T. N. On the issue of public chambers of municipalities // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 88-92.
6. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Civil society in the focus of law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2013. – No. 10. – P. 39.
7. Teplyashin P. P. Probation: theoretical and legal foundations and research problems: monograph. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2026. – P. 4.
8. Olkhovik N.V. Legal basis for the activities of public councils under the Federal Penitentiary Service and its territorial bodies // Criminal-executive system: law, economics, management. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 8-10.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
DENISOVICH Veronika Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Digital Technologies and Law, VG Timiryasov Kazan Innovation University; associate professor of International relations, political science and regional studies sub-faculty, National Research South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
CRIMINAL RISKS ARISING IN THE OPERATION OF METAVERSES
Undoubtedly, no technology, including digital technology, can be absolutely safe. The use of technology and its safety also depends on the well-being and health of users themselves. All avatar interactions in metaverses have very real consequences. The moral and legal issues underlying the metaverse may potentially cause harm to the global cultural and ethical ecosystem. Security problems may aggravate psychological and moral issues. For example, metabullying may become widespread in the metaverse. Incidents of metabullying may result in traumatic experiences for users and may also undermine the moral foundations of the metaverse ecosystem. The metaverse may become a direct source of financial crimes if it is not properly monitored and regulated. Metaverse platforms use cryptocurrencies and on-chain tokens to conduct transactions within the metaverse. This means that the sale and purchase of digital assets create opportunities for cross-border financial transactions that are more difficult for authorities to trace. Cybercriminals use cryptocurrency for money laundering and other crimes. This article is devoted to the study of the above-mentioned groups of criminological risks.
Keywords: metaverses, virtual spaces, augmented reality, cyberspaces, digital security, virtual crimes, cybercrimes.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Begishev I. R., Denisovich V. V. Metauniverses in the criminal-legal dimension // Digital technologies and law: collection of scientific papers of the II International scientific-practical conference: in 6 volumes, Kazan, September 22, 2023. – Kazan: Poznanie, 2023. – P. 40-44. – EDN QJOYKU.
2. Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, D. L., Coombs, K., Constantiu, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., … and Upadhyay, N. “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Information Management Research and Practice: Transforming Education, Work, and Life,” International Journal of Information Management, 2020, 55:1022–11. 3. Denisovich V. V. Formation of the concept of metauniverses in Russia // Technologies of the 21st century in jurisprudence: Proceedings of the Sixth All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Yekaterinburg, May 24, 2024. – Yekaterinburg, 2024. – P. 58-65. – EDN BCPPNG.
4. Denisovich V. V. Contents of criminal-legal protection of VR spaces and metauniverses // Social management. – 2024. – Vol. 6. No. 11. – P. 423-433. – EDN GKDJYD.
5. Denisovich V. V. Criminal-legal regulation of metauniverses // Social management. – 2023. – Vol. 5. No. 11. – P. 531-535. – EDN BIGXAO.
6. Denisovich V. V. Terminological interpretation of metauniverses in the theory of criminal law // Conceptual and categorical apparatus of sciences of the criminal-legal cycle: Proceedings of the II International scientific and practical conference, Yekaterinburg, April 11, 2025. – Yekaterinburg : Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, 2025. – P. 29-40. – EDN QIBYPN.
7. Smushkin A. B. Forensics in digital worlds (using online games as an example) // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2024. – No. 502. – P. 214-219. – DOI 10.17223/15617793/502/22. – EDN WEDHYV.
8. Alvesson M., Sandberg J. Generating research questions through problematization // Academy of management review. – 2011. – T. 36. No. 2. – P. 247-271.
9. Buhalis D., Lin MS, Leung D. Metaverse as a driver for customer experience and value co-creation: implications for hospitality and tourism management and marketing //International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. – 2023. – T. 35. No. 2. – P. 701-716.
10. Usmani SS, Sharath M., Mehendale M. Future of mental health in the metaverse // General Psychiatry. – 35 (4). – Article ID. – 2022.
11. Chen D. (2022) The Metaverse Is Here… But Is the Hardware Ready? // Spiceworks. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.spiceworks.com/tech/hardware/guest-article/the-metaverse-is-here-but-is-the-hardware-ready/ (accessed: 10/28/2022).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
DYAKONOVA Viktoriya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of PM Davydov Judicial activity and criminal process sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE IN THE AGE OF DIGITALIZATION: FROM LEGAL AXIOLOGY TO THE DETERMINATION OF “TOTAL SUSPICION”
This article examines the impact of mass digitalization, biometric identification systems, and the preventive accumulation of metadata on the underlying meaning and content of the principle of the presumption of innocence. The author demonstrates that the widespread introduction of automated algorithms into pre-trial proceedings entails a latent shift in the mechanism for distributing the burden of proof. In criminal proceedings, the emergence of the phenomenon of “total suspicion” is substantiated, whereby the burden of confirming an “innocent digital profile” is effectively shifted to the individual, contrary to the imperative of Article 14 of the Russian Criminal Procedure Code. An analysis of recent case law (the case of hydrologist AI Tsvetkov) reveals the risks of law enforcement officials’ uncritical acceptance of technical reports from software platforms. The author’s concept of personal digital sovereignty is proposed as a necessary procedural barrier against algorithmic determinism in proof, as well as amendments to Article 88 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which enshrine the priority of judicial legal consciousness and the interpretation of any technological errors in favor of the accused.
Keywords: presumption of innocence, total suspicion, digital sovereignty, legal axiology, procedural prohibitions, biometric identification, algorithmic justice, evaluation of evidence.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Azarov V. A., Tarichko I. Yu. Review of the monograph by L. V. Golovko “The State and its Criminal Proceedings” // Criminal Justice. – 2023. – No. 22. – P. 148-151. – Doi: 10.17223/23088451/22/25.
2. Dyakonova V. V. Ethical issues of the use of digital technologies in judicial and law enforcement activities // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2025. – Vol. 15. No. 3. – P. 584-591.
3. Papysheva E. S. Artificial intelligence as a threat to the principle of the presumption of innocence // Advocate practice. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 2-5.
4. Papysheva E. S. Artificial intelligence and principles of criminal proceedings: compatibility issues // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 430-436.
5. Tsvetkov Yu. A. Artificial intelligence in justice // Law. – 2021 – No. 4. – P. 91-107.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
EFIMOV Ivan Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Supervision and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Yekaterinburg
ON THE CONCEPT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROCEDURAL TIME LIMITS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
In the article, the author addresses the problem of defining the concept of “procedural time limit” in Russian criminal proceedings, emphasizing the relevance and significance of the theoretical issue under consideration for ensuring the rights and freedoms of participants in criminal proceedings. An analysis of various scholarly positions and the regulatory legal framework led to the conclusion that the lack of a uniform approach to defining the term in question results in divergent interpretations of its content among law enforcement practitioners, which in turn gives rise to practical difficulties, such as when calculating procedural time limits in months.
Keywords: procedural time limit, the concept of procedural time limits, criminal procedure, the significance of procedural time limits, criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Markin I. S. On the concept and types of procedural deadlines in criminal proceedings // Law and Power. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 140-146.
2. Stelmakh V. Yu. Procedural deadlines in criminal proceedings: a textbook for universities. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. – 122 p.
3. Gulyaev A. P. Procedural deadlines at the stages of initiating a criminal case and preliminary investigation. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1976. – 143 p.
4. Korepanova T. L. Procedural deadlines as a guarantee of protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual in Russian criminal proceedings: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Izhevsk, 2004. – 32 p.
5. Khatmullin K. Yu. Legal and time-based means of ensuring the effectiveness of criminal proceedings: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Chelyabinsk, 2014. – 31 p.
6. Zheleva O. V., Tkach A. S. Concept and criminal procedural deadlines // Bulletin of the Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 80-89.
7. Adilov A. G. Procedural deadlines as a guarantee of a lawful decision of the preliminary investigation bodies // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 100-101.
8. Khatmullin K. Yu. Legal nature of procedural deadlines in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series “Law”. – 2013. – T. 13. No. 4. – P. 70-74.
9. Geldibaev M.Kh., Vanldyshev V.V. Criminal Procedure / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: UNITY-DANA, Law and Right, 2017. – 719 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KRAPIVA Igor Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and forensic science sub-faculty of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE AND THE RISK OF INJURY DUE TO NEGLIGENCE
In the article, the author concludes that the unprofessional actions of medical professionals are the primary cause of harm to a patient’s health, where high technology serves as both a means and a condition for causing harm to a patient’s life and health. The guilt of medical professionals and the causal relationship between their unprofessional actions and the resulting severe consequences can only be established through criminal proceedings based on a comprehensive set of evidence. The conclusion of a comprehensive forensic medical examination serves as the primary evidence of medical professionals’ guilt in causing severe harm.
Keywords: high technologies in medicine, iatrogenic crimes, complex forensic medical examination.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Karas E. S., Stefanovich I. V. Modern trends in the development of the global market of high technologies in the field of medicine // In the collection: International relations: history, theory, practice. Proceedings of the XIII scientific and practical conference of young scientists of the Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University. – Minsk, 2023. – P. 180-183. 2. Sveredyuk M. G. Normative and legal regulation of new high technologies in medicine. Legal uncertainties, problematic issues // Medical law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 40-45.
3. Khramov S. M. Criminal-legal protection of human rights when committing socially dangerous acts in the field of high technology in medicine. // In the collection: Protection of human rights: theory and regional practice. Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Abakan, 2021. – P. 176-177.
4. Butorina A. V., Arkharov A. M. New cryogenic, microwave and laser technologies for influencing biological tissues // In the collection: Refrigeration and cryogenic technology, air conditioning and life support systems. Third international scientific and practical conference : conference proceedings. – 2020. – P. 105-106.
5. Yesimzhanova S. R., Asanova Zh. A., Laszlo V., Akhpanbaeva A. A. The role of innovative technologies in improving the quality of medical services // Bulletin of the University of Turan. – 2025. – No. 2 (106). – P. 283-295.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MAKOGON Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Preliminary Investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and methodological complex for the preliminary investigation in the DIA, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
BEZVERKHOVA Svetlana Viktorovna
senior lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
THE ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS OF AN OFFICIAL WHEN CHECKING RECEIVED REPORTS ON THE FACTS OF ILLEGAL ACCESS TO THE PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OF CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON THE UNIFIED PORTAL OF PUBLIC SERVICES, FOLLOWED BY ILLEGAL REGISTRATION OF LOANS IN MICROFINANCE ORGANIZATIONS
Currently, cybercrime is growing rapidly, affecting all vital human spheres, including citizens’ accounts located on a single portal of public services, with the aim of their subsequent misuse to create criminal online lending schemes. Such actions of criminal elements have an increased public danger, as they cause enormous damage to the property of citizens and affect their confidential rights. The qualitatively collected material of the pre-investigation check will allow us to correctly determine the qualifications of the crime and eliminate the loss of digital traces. In this, law enforcement officers can be helped by knowing the correct sequence of their actions during a procedural check, that is, algorithmization. In this regard, this article suggests a step-by-step algorithm for the actions of employees of the bodies of inquiry when conducting verification actions upon receipt of reports of the type of crimes in question.
Keywords: Unified State Portal, microfinance loans, requests, algorithm, unauthorized access, verification of crime reports, theft, Internet, official.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Biryukov S. Yu., Skorikov D. G., Zakatov A. A. The Importance of Speech Culture in the Work of an Investigator // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 3 (46). – P. 116-121.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MASLENNIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Theory of state and law, international and European law sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
DANILOVA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR INVESTIGATING DISORGANIZATION OF ACTIVITIES OF INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING ISOLATION FROM SOCIETY
The article analyzes the activities of penitentiary institutions that carry out criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment in order to identify disorganization in these institutions. Based on statistics over the past five years, problems have been identified that contribute to the commission of the crime of disorganization in correctional institutions. The author reveals the reasons for the commission of this type of crime and proposes ways to solve them. The article reveals the organizational and methodological foundations necessary in the course of the investigation of the disorganization of penitentiary institutions performing imprisonment. An analysis of the norms of regulatory documents, in particular the criminal procedure law, the criminal law, was carried out. The author determined the main goals of applying organizational and methodological foundations in the course of investigating the disorganization of institutions that ensure isolation from society. The article reveals the structure and content of organizational and methodological foundations. Organizational methods for investigating crimes include and disclose the distribution of functions between correctional officers in cooperation with officials of other government agencies during the investigation of disorganization. The article analyzed the activities of the investigating authorities during the investigation of the disorganization of correctional institutions. The features of the functioning of penitentiary institutions are disclosed.
Keywords: organizational basis; methodological foundations; disorganization; correctional facilities; imprisonment investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bakhteyev, D. V., Drapkin, L. Ya. Interaction of investigators with inquiry bodies and other participants in the investigation of crimes // Russian Law Journal. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 87-96.
2. Maslennikova E. A. On the issue of legislative improvement of the principles of criminal proceedings // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 5 (192). – P. 384-385.
3. Tsivkunov A. G. The initial stage of the investigation of the disorganization of the activities of institutions providing isolation from society: monograph. – Vologda: Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2016. – 148 p. – ISBN 978-5-94991-372-7. – EDN ZAIMCH.
4. Morozov R. M., Tsivkunov A. G. Investigation of the disorganization of the activities of institutions providing isolation from society: a textbook. – Vologda: Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2015. – 100 p. – ISBN 978-5-94991-327-7. 5. Yablokov N. P. Forensic Science: textbook. – M.: Yurist, 2005. – 781 p. – ISBN 5-7975-0728-5 (in translation)

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MEDVEDEVA Anna Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
PROKOFJEVA Svetlana Mikhailovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
CHASOVNIKOVA Olga Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN RUSSIA
This article examines current security issues in the modern context of information technology use, exploring the possibilities and legal conditions for using artificial intelligence (AI) in preliminary investigations of criminal cases in Russia. This article analyzes the definition of AI, its rational and autonomous properties, and its potential impact on investigative work. Particular attention is paid to the legal boundaries of AI applications, including the exclusivity of human decision-making, the admissibility of evidence, as well as technical and legal frameworks such as the instrumental nature of AI and the protection of personal data. The need for further legal regulation and improvement of legislation with the digitalization of criminal proceedings is noted.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, preliminary investigation, criminal proceedings, procedural aspects, legal aspects, evidence, evidence collection, data analysis, automation, digitalization, forensics, investigative activities.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bakhteyev D. V. Artificial intelligence in investigative activities: tasks and problems // Russian investigator. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 3-6. – DOI 10.18572/1812-3783-2020-9-3-6. – EDN CSIXKE.
2. Ryabykh E. S. Artificial intelligence and its use in crime investigation // Legal almanac. – 2025. – No. 2 (42). – P. 36-42. – EDN OTCMPN.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
OLIFIRENKO Ekaterina Pavlovna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, North Caucasus State Academy, Cherkessk
ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING PROSECUTOR’S OVERSIGHT IN COMBATING CYBERCRIME ON THE INTERNET
The article examines the key aspects of prosecutorial supervision of the implementation of legislation in the field of combating crime in the digital space. The author notes that modern processes of digitalization of society have significantly complicated the tasks of prosecutorial supervision, especially in the context of monitoring the investigation of crimes related to the use of information and communication technologies. The article emphasizes that traditional methods of prosecutorial supervision require significant adaptation in conditions where modern crimes are characterized by a high degree of technological equipment, anonymity, and cross-border nature. Based on the analysis of current law enforcement practice, the author offers specific practical recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision in the field of countering cybercrime.
Keywords: prosecutorial supervision, prosecutor’s offices, digital environment, information and communication technologies, cybercrime, Internet, fraud.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Golobiani K. D. On the role of the prosecutor’s office in combating crimes in the field of information technology // Bulletin of the Kama Social Institute. – 2025. – No. 3 (102). – P. 43-46.
2. Isaenko V. N. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of laws in the investigation of crimes in the context of the development of computer technologies // Collection of materials of the 1st All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Digital technologies in the fight against crime: problems , status, trends (Dolgovsky readings)”. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 41-54.
3. Kozhurova Yu. V. Counteraction of cybercrimes by the prosecutor’s office // Alley of Science. – 2023. – V. 1. No. 10 (85). – P. 860-864.
4. Nomokonov V. A., Tropina T. L. Cybercrime as a new criminal threat // Criminology: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2012. – No. 1 (24). – P. 45-55.
5. Pavlova L. A. The role of the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation in the fight against cybercrime // Problems of modern science and education. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 40-43.
6. Rogova E. V. The role of information and communication technologies and computer information in the commission of acquisitive crimes // Collection of materials of the I All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Digital technologies in the fight against crime: problems, status , trends (Dolgovsky readings)”. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 68-73.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
NOVIKOVA Lyudmila Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SULEIMANOV Talyat Aliyevich
associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia; associate professor of Criminal law and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE NEED TO ENSURE THE RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF THE SUSPECT AND THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article highlights the authors’ opinion on the relationship between the possibility and reality of using one’s rights and interests by a suspect or accused in criminal proceedings at the pre-trial stages. There is an ongoing debate among researchers about what is more important for a preliminary investigation: solving crimes or respecting the rights and interests of the suspect or accused. It is impossible to provide a definitive answer to this question, as a categorical response would reject one of the two underlying assumptions. We believe that both assumptions represent a fundamental goal for criminal proceedings, but achieving either goal alone is currently unattainable. The degree of research and resolution of the issue indicates that the priority for investigative bodies remains the disclosure of a crime, while ensuring the rights and freedoms of the suspect and accused is secondary to the investigation of a criminal case.
Keywords: ensuring and protecting the rights and interests of the suspect and the accused, the legal principle of ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the process, and the legal status of the participant in the process.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Suchkov A. V. Ensuring the constitutional rights of a suspect during an inquiry // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2007. – No. 303. – P. 167-170.
2. Tarsheva M. N. Human rights activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation: criminal procedural aspects // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: scientific and practical journal. – Irkutsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (114). – P. 247-260.
3. Teppeev A. A., Misrokov T. Z. The investigator’s activities in applying preventive measures and the problem of its implementation // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 327-331.
4. Stelmakh V. Yu. Temporary suspension of the accused (suspect) from office: gaps in legislative regulation and ways to overcome them // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (85). – P. 125-135.
5. Tatyana D. M. The principle of ensuring the accused and suspect the right to defense // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Series “Economics and Law”. – 2020. – No. 30 (5). – P. 763-768.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
TKACHENKO Nikolay Viktorovich
postgraduate student of PM Davydov Judicial activities and criminal process sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
THE GENESIS OF PEOPLE’S REPRESENTATION IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM (PRE-REVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT STAGE OF RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE)
The article analyzes the genesis of models of public participation in the domestic criminal justice system during the pre-revolutionary period. It is shown that the natural evolution of forms of public participation proceeded within the framework of the Romano-Germanic (continental) type of criminal process and was implemented in the Schöffener model. The thesis is substantiated that the introduction of the jury trial by the Judicial Reform of 1864 was an artificial borrowing of the Anglo-Saxon model, which was typologically inconsistent with the continental type of criminal process.
Keywords: jury trial, schoffener model, public participation, judicial reform of 1864, criminal procedure.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Rozin N. N. On the jury trial (public lecture given on February 24, 1901 in favor of those affected by crop failure in Tomsk province). – Tomsk, 1901. – 35 p.
2. Biryukova O. V. Popular participation in justice: the example of the Sheffield court and the jury trial // Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 1 (25). – P. 59-65.
3. Davletov A. A. Azarenko N. V. Criminal procedure in Russia: historical roots, current state, prospects for evolutionary development: monograph; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev. – Ekaterinburg: Ural State Law University, 2023. – 504 p. 4. Ignatenkova I. A. Court of class representatives in Russia: formation and development: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Saratov, 2007. – 188 p.
5. Foinitsky I. Ya. Course of criminal procedure. Volume 1. 4th edition. – St. Petersburg: Printing house of the “Public Benefit” company, 1912. – 566 p. 6. Shcheglovitov I. G. Jury trial (From lectures on Russian judicial system) // Journal of the Ministry of Justice. – 1913. – No. 9. – 50 p.
7. Rakhmetullina O. R. Jury trial as a form of popular participation in the administration of justice: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Samara, 2013. – 245 p.
8. Nasonov S. A. National identity of the Russian model of proceedings in court with the participation of jurors // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2026. – No. 1 (83). – P. 83-91.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
YASTREBOV Dmitriy Dmitrievich
independent researcher, Moscow
PROCEDURAL FOUNDATIONS OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS PERMITTED BY COURT DECISION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES
This article current addresses issues regarding the exercise of judicial control in the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings during the conduct of investigative actions that restrict citizens’ constitutional rights. The author examines the procedural order of preparation and judicial consideration of petitions from investigative bodies, identifying typical violations related to non-compliance with investigative jurisdiction, incomplete evidentiary base, and non-appearance of officials in court. Special attention is paid to the relationship and interaction between judicial control and prosecutorial supervision as mechanisms for protecting individual rights. Based on the analysis of judicial and investigative practice, the author formulates proposals for improving criminal procedure legislation and law enforcement activities to increase the effectiveness of guarantees for the protection of citizens’ rights and legitimate interests.
Keywords: court, legal proceedings, judicial control, guarantee of the protection of citizens’ rights and interests.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Glushkov A. I., Filimonova Yu. A. Tasks and limits of the implementation of judicial review at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings // Scientific Horizons. – 2020. – No. 9 (37).
2. Course of criminal procedure / edited by L. V. Golovko. – M., 2016.
3. Petrukhin I. L. On the effectiveness of judicial control over the investigation and operational-search activities // Criminal Law. – 2007. – No. 2.
4. Judicial power / edited by I. L. Petrukhin. – M., 2003.
5. Criminal Procedure. Workshop / edited by B. Ya. Gavrilov, A. V. Pobedkin. – M., 2020.
6. Foinitsky I. Ya. Course of criminal proceedings. T. II. – St. Petersburg, 1996.

CRIMINALISTICS
GLUSHKOVA Mariya Konstantinovna
postgraduate student of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University
PEREPECHINA Irina Olegovna
Ph.D. in medical sciences, professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Academician of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
FORENSIC FEATURES OF THE CIRCULATION OF SUBSTANDARD MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES AS THE OBJECT OF THE CRIME UNDER ARTICLE 238.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (BASED ON COURT PRACTICE MATERIALS FROM 2015–2025)
The article deals with the forensic characteristics of substandard medicinal products and medical devices as the subject matter of the crime under Article 238.1 of the Russian Criminal Code. The empirical foundation consists of court practice materials under Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from 2015 to 2025, as well as statistical and analytical reports issued by Roszdravnadzor concerning the detection and withdrawal from circulation of substandard medical products. As a result of the study, the forensic characteristics of the circulation of substandard medicinal products and medical devices have been revealed including their characterization as the subject matter of the crime, methods of committing the crime, the circumstances under which it was committed, and the profiles of the perpetrators and victims.
Keywords: Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, court practice, substandard medicinal products, substandard medical devices, forensic characterization, Roszdravnadzor, differentiation method.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Bolt Yu. A., Vasiliev E. A. Problems of interdepartmental interaction of subjects of operational-search activities of the Russian Internal Affairs Directorate with other federal agencies in countering the illegal circulation of medical products // Russian investigator. – 2019. – No. 10.
2. Vardanyan G. A. Methodology for investigating crimes related to the production and circulation of drugs, medical devices or dietary supplements that do not meet licensing and permitting requirements and (or) counterfeit, poor-quality, unregistered drugs: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.12. – Rostov-on-Don, 2015.
3. Zuikov G. G. Forensic science doctrine on the method of committing a crime: Abstract of a doctoral dissertation in law. – Moscow, 1970.
4. Obraztsov V. A. Theoretical foundations for solving crimes related to improper performance of professional functions in the sphere of production. – Irkutsk, 1985.
5. Semelev V. N. Methodology for investigating crimes in the field of circulation of medical devices: abstract of dis. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.4.; [Place of protection: “Ufa University of Science and Technology”; Dissertation Council 24.2.479.09]. – 2025.
6. Fayzrakhmanov N. F. Investigation of the circulation of counterfeit and poor-quality drugs, dietary supplements: dissertation … Cand. of Law: 12.00.12. – M., 2013.
7. Faizrakhmanov N. F. Some issues of forensic characteristics of the circulation of counterfeit and poor-quality drugs, biologically active supplements // Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. – No. 1 (22).

CRIMINALISTICS
KHARINA Elena Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
FRAUD COMMITTED USING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The article provides official statistics on the number of thefts committed using information and telecommunication technologies, most of which are various types of fraud. The criteria defining the qualification of a person’s actions when committing a secret theft of someone else’s property using information and telecommunication technologies are analyzed, in the process of which deception and abuse of trust from fraud can be used. The article provides a list of typical fraud methods committed using information and telecommunication technologies, based on the study of scientific literature and modern forensic investigative practice.
Keywords: information and telecommunication technologies, fraud, theft, typical methods of fraud.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bezborodov D. A., Zarubin A. V., Kraev D. Yu., Popov A. N. Special issues of qualification of crimes against property: study guide / edited by A. N. Popov. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2019. – 121 p. 2. Garipov T. I. Evidence in criminal cases of crimes committed using modern information technologies: a tutorial. – Kazan: Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2022. – 89 p.
3. Davydov V. O., Tishutina I. V. On the current problems of forensic support for the detection and investigation of fraud committed using information and telecommunication technologies // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2020. – No. 2 (14). – P. 81-91.
4. Ivanov D. A., Gorach N. N., Skachko A. V. Features of the inspection process during the investigation of remote theft of funds under the pretext of attracting investment markets // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 66-70.
5. Moskalkov A. V. On the methods of committing crimes against property on the Internet // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 6. – P. 199-208.
6. Features of the investigation of theft of funds committed using information and communication technologies in the banking sector: a study guide. – Yekaterinburg: Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2024. – 76 p.
7. Sadyrin I. S., Meshcheryakov V. A. Features of initiating a criminal case when committing remote fraud using mobile telecommunications: methodological recommendations. – Voronezh: Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2022. – 24 p.
8. Safonov V.N., Kharchenko O.V. Criminological study of fraud in the field of computer information using the example of the activities of online bookmakers // Journal of Legal and Economic Research. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 39-50.

CRIMINALISTICS
KORYAK Yuliya Dmitrievna
adjunct, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
IMPROVING THE TECHNIQUES (METHODS) OF DISGUISE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF CRIMINAL AND POST-CRIMINAL ACTIVITY: UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE, PROBLEMS OF COGNITION, FORENSIC METHODS OF DETECTION AND EXPOSURE
The article reveals the essence of disguise, which goes beyond its understanding as a traditional method of concealment and a method of counteracting an investigation. It is indicated that camouflage techniques (methods), adapting to the realities of our time, begin to influence new digital objects, one of which is the digital appearance of the subject associated with the crime event. The conclusion is made about the need to improve the teaching of the digital appearance of a person, knowledge of its components, as well as the development of a new set of forensic methods for identifying and exposing digital camouflage techniques (methods).
Keywords: forensic science, digitalization, disguise, criminal and post-criminal activities, digital images, methods of concealing and countering investigation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Tishutina I. V. Counteracting investigation in the context of digitalization of crime // Philosophy of Law: scientific and theoretical journal. Rostov-on-Don. – 2025. – No. 4 (115). – P. 150-158.
2. Koryak Yu. D. Forensic problems of identifying and exposing methods of digital disguise // Philosophy of Law: scientific and theoretical journal. – Rostov-on-Don, 2026. – No. 1 (116). – P. 109-112.
3. Andreev A. S., Vardanyan A. V. Digital image of a person in criminal and post-criminal reality: history, problems of cognition, facts, content // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2025. – V. 19. No. 6. – P. 621-631.
4. Andreev A. S., Knyazkov A. S. Digital habitology: problems of forensic knowledge and development paths // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2026. – No. 59. – P. 5-22.
5. Usov A. I., Khaziev Sh. N., Shtokhov A. N. Destruction of digital traces when concealing a crime as a challenge to forensic expertology // Theory and practice of forensic examination. – 2025. – V. 20. No. 1. – P. 11-22.

CRIMINALISTICS
MUSTAEV Timur Ildarovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF EXIT CONTROL FOR SUSPECTED MIGRANTS: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS
The article examines the mechanism by which foreign nationals evade criminal prosecution through the deliberate commission of migration offenses followed by administrative expulsion before the initiation or completion of criminal proceedings. Based on the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Code of Administrative Offenses, and judicial practice, the study reveals the absence of normative alignment between expulsion procedures and the objectives of criminal justice, as well as a deficit in interagency coordination. The paper substantiates the need to suspend the enforcement of expulsion decisions when a criminal case has been initiated and to introduce a special preventive measure in the form of a temporary travel ban with mandatory notification of migration and border authorities. It is assumed that the implementation of these measures will contribute to ensuring the inevitability of punishment and the effectiveness of criminal investigations.
Keywords: migration offense, administrative expulsion, evasion of criminal prosecution, procedural competition, preventive measure, temporary travel ban, interagency coordination, criminal procedure guarantees, judicial practice, inevitability of punishment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Administrative expulsion from the Russian Federation (deportation). Undesirability of entry // Pravo163.ru – legal portal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo163.ru/administrativnoe-vydvorenie-za-predely-rf-deportaciya-nezhelatelnost-vezda (date of access: 08/30/2025).
2. Bastrykin announced a continuing increase in crime among foreign citizens // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 07/08/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2025/07/08/bastrykin-zaiavil-o-prodolzhaiushchemsia-roste-prestupnosti-sredi-inostrannyh-grazhdan.html (date of access: 09/10/2025).
3. More than 80,000 migrants were expelled from Russia in 2024 // Vedomosti. – 01/08/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/news/2025/01/08/1085086-bolee-80-000-migrantov-vidvorili (date of access: 08/30/2025).
4. The Supreme Court overturned the administrative deportation of a foreigner three years after the sentencing // Advocate Newspaper. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/vs-otmenil-administrativnoe-vydvorenie-inostrantsa-spustya-tri-goda-posle-naznacheniya-nakazaniya (date of access: 08/30/2025).
5. Ermakov S. V. Some features of the activities of investigators in the criminal prosecution of foreign citizens who have committed crimes on the territory of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 103-106.
6. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: August 30, 2025).
7. Migration situation in the Russian Federation. Dossier: Deportation and administrative expulsion // TASS. – 12.08.2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/spravochnaya-informaciya/585538 (date of access: 30.08.2025).
8. Generalization of the practice of consideration by the courts of the Republic of Tatarstan of cases on administrative offenses related to the violation of migration legislation, and issues of application of administrative deportation from the Russian Federation // Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vsrt.tatarstan.ru/obobshchenie-praktiki-rassmotreniya-sudami.htm (date of access: 08/30/2025).
9. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: August 30, 2025).
10. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: August 30, 2025).
11. The number of decisions to deport foreigners in 2024 was a record for nine years // TASS. – 04/23/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/23753633 (date accessed: 08/30/2025).

CRIMINALISTICS
KHARINA Elena Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
ROBBERY, EMBEZZLEMENT, OR EMBEZZLEMENT COMMITTED USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
The article provides statistical information on the number of thefts committed using information and telecommunication technologies and an analysis of criminal encroachments classified in this category. The research conducted, expressed in the study of scientific literature, the analysis of modern judicial and investigative practice, led to the conclusion that it is possible to classify robbery, robbery, embezzlement or embezzlement as crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies. Modern typical methods of these criminal attacks are highlighted, illustrated by examples of judicial and investigative practice. It is concluded that the presented modern approach will help to expand the subject of the study of the criminal activity in question and adjust the definition of the actual proportion of crimes committed using information technology.
Keywords: information and telecommunication technologies, robbery, robbery, embezzlement, embezzlement, typical methods.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Merinov S. E. Appropriation and embezzlement: analysis of judicial practice through the prism of the law enforcement officer’s determination of the moment of completion of the crime // Current scientific research: collection of articles from the XXI International scientific and practical conference, Penza , September 10, 2024. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G.Yu.), 2024. – P. 131-133.
2. Mira K. A. Establishing the mechanism of theft of other people’s property using information technology: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.12. – M., 2022. – 245 p.
3. Neklyudov D. A. Analysis of the subject of a criminal offense as an element of the forensic characteristics of misappropriation and embezzlement in a budgetary organization // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2025. – V. 15. No. 2-1. – P. 481-488.
4. Ovsyukov D. A. Self-serving crimes against property using information and telecommunications networks: qualification issues: diss. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.4. – M., 2022. – 231 p.
5. Organization of interdepartmental interaction of the economic security and anti-corruption units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the field of combating crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies: a training and methodological manual / Iskaliyev R. G., Katkov D. V., Telkov A. V. [et al.]. – M .: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – 68 p.
6. Organization of investigation of theft of funds committed using computer technologies: a training and practical manual. – M .: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2016. – 199 p.
7. Ushakov R. M. Qualification of thefts committed using information technologies: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – 160 p.

CRIMINOLOGY
ARDASHEV Roman Georgievich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Philosophy and social sciences sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk; professor of State and municipal administration sub-faculty, Institute of Social Sciences, Irkutsk State University
ON THE USE OF HUMAN LUNAR RHYTHMS IN CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
This article substantiates the continued importance of applying innovative, non-traditional techniques and knowledge in criminal proceedings. It considers how the detection and investigation of grave crimes against life and health often calls for the involvement of biorhythmology specialists in identifying offenders. The author notes that lunar-cycle considerations in law-enforcement practice have long drawn the attention of researchers across countries and remain a subject of scholarly debate. Based on this analysis, several practical recommendations are offered for using data on lunar phases when investigating crimes.
Keywords: biological rhythms, lunar phases, non-traditional methods of investigation, criminology, and suicide.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Shamurzaev T. T., Kitaev N. N., Kitaeva V. N. Forensics and spiritualism. On the penetration of pseudoscience into jurisprudence // Law and Law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 115-117.
2. Arkhipova A. N., Kitaev N. N., Kitaeva V. N. Issues of solving and investigating murders “without a corpse.” – Irkutsk, 2018. – P. 62.
3. Filipenko V. I. Psychological problems of non-traditional ways of combating crime // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – Omsk, 1996. – No. 2 (4). – P. 99.
4. Protopopov A. L. Investigation of serial murders. – St. Petersburg, 2006. – P. 217.
5. Shamurzaev T. T., Ardashev R. G. Solving serial murders and astrological mantics // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 177-179.
6. Cheban S. M. On the issue of hygienic regulations in ancient Russian literature // Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. – 1913. – No. 1. – P. 100-121.
7. Dubrov A. P. Lunar rhythms in humans (a brief essay on selenomedicine). – M. 1990. – P. 16.
8. Melchior P. Earth tides. – M., 1968. – P. 45-47.
9. Neumann D. Tidal and lunar rhythms // Biological rhythms. – M., 1984. – V. 2. – P. 5-43.
10. Moiseeva N. I. Biorhythms of life. – St. Petersburg, 1997. – P. 18-20.
11. Lieber AL The Lunar effect. Biological tides and human emotions. – New York. Anchor Press. 1978. – P. 115.
12. Heckert H. Lunationsrhythmen des menschlichen Organismus (melhodisches und ergebnisse). – Leipzig: Akad. Verl. Geest and Porti K.- G. 1961. – 168 s.
13. Lieber AL, Sherin CR Homicides and the Lunar Cycle: towards a theory of lunar influence on Human Emotional Disturnance // Amer/ J. Psychiat. – 1972. – Vol. 129. No. 1. – P. 69-74.
14. Bastrykin A. I. Forensic Science. Tactics, Techniques and Methods of Investigating Crimes. – St. Petersburg, 2011. – P. 329-330.
15. Shaposhnikova V. I., Kitaev N. N. The Importance of Chronobiology for Forensic Science // Legality. – 1997. – No. 11. – P. 46-48.
16. Gilinsky Ya. I. Deviantology: sociology of crime, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide and other “deviations”. – St. Petersburg, 2013. – P. 24.
17. Bilenko N. P., Ardashev R. G. Monthly rhythm of medical, criminological, social, man-made and natural excesses. – Ulan-Ude. 2023. – P. 34. 18. Tregubov L.Z., Vagin Yu.R. Aesthetics of suicide. – Perm, 1993. – P. 11.
19. Ardashev R. G. Investigation of murders associated with post-criminal suicide of the person who committed the crime: diss… candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.12. – Kaliningrad, 2017. – 232 p.
20. Ardashev R. G., Bilenko N. P., Kitaev N. N. Post-criminal suicide of murderers and problems of forensic biorhythmology // Law and Right. – 2017. – No. 8. – P. 99-100.
21. Ambrumova A. G. Non-pathological situational reactions in suicidological practice // Scientific and organizational problems of suicidology. – M., 1983. – P. 40-51.
22. Jones PK, Jones SL Lunar association with suicide // Suiside and Life-Threat. – Behav, 1977. – Vol. 7. No. 1. – R. 31-39.
23. Khasnulin V. I. Cosmic secrets of your well-being. – Novosibirsk, 1992. – P. 9-13.
24. Ardashev R. G. Posthumous forensic psychological examinations of murderers who resorted to suicide // Law and Right. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 107-108.
25. Dubinin N. P., Karpets I. I., Kudryavtsev V. N. Genetics, behavior, responsibility. – M., 1982. – P. 170.

CRIMINOLOGY
SINEV Ivan Iljich
postgraduate student, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
TORTURE OF MINORS: CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
The paper examines criminological and criminal law issues of the torture of persons under the age of 18, including the problems of qualifying the act under Article 117 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the difficulties of proving the systematic nature of violence. Based on the analysis of statistical data and materials of judicial practice, the main stages of the development of domestic violence have been identified, as well as proposals for improving criminal legislation, including amendments to the provisions of Articles 117 and 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The recommendations developed in the study can increase the effectiveness of measures taken to protect victims of violence against children and strengthen the protection of their rights, as well as ensure that more cases of such crimes are identified.
Keywords: minors, torture, domestic violence, physical suffering, prevention of domestic violence, violent crimes, legal assessment.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zharkikh E. A. Criminal-legal and administrative-legal recidivism: points of contact // Russian investigator. Scientific article. 2016. No. 19. P. 23-26.
2. Bespalov Yu. F. Domestic violence in the Russian Federation as a vice in the life and activities of the family and its members: social and legal aspect // Notary. Scientific article. 2019. No. 1. P. 21-25.
3. Shchepelkov V. F., Savin S. D., Timoshina E. M. Domestic violence in the Russian Federation (state, problems of criminological assessment) // All-Russian Criminological Journal. 2024. Vol. 18. No. 3. Pp. 232–244. DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2024.18(3).232-244.
4. Davydova N. N. The principle of respect for the honor and dignity of the individual in Russian criminal proceedings // Russian investigator. Scientific article. 2019. No. 9. P. 22-25. 5. Galyukova M. I. Criminological aspects of domestic violence. Scientific article. “Law” 2013. P. 4-7
6. Kim E. P. Crime in the sphere of everyday relations and its prevention: problems of theory and practice: abstract of the doctor of legal sciences: 12.00.08 / Legal Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Monograph. Moscow, 2002. 51 p. 7. Shikula I. R. Actual problems of criminal-legal protection of the rights and freedoms of a victim in a helpless state from violence in the family and domestic sphere // Russian investigator. Scientific article. 2020. No. 3. P. 48-51.
8. Zebnitskaya A.K. Some issues of legal regulation of “domestic (home) violence” in Russia and the USA // International criminal law and international justice. Scientific article. 2020. No. 3. P. 17-19.
9. Zharkikh E. A. Criminal-legal and administrative-legal recidivism: points of contact // Russian investigator. Scientific article. 2016. No. 19. P. 23-26
10. Kravtsov, D. A. Criminological characteristics of domestic violence: victimological aspects, problems and countermeasures in the Russian Federation. Scientific article// Young scientist. – 2023. No. 22 (469). P. 280-282. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/469/103521/ (date accessed: 03/09/2025).
11. Kuyanova A. V. Prevention of family and domestic conflicts, domestic violence and prevention of crimes committed on domestic grounds // Administrative law and process. 2015. No. 9. P. 52-56.
12. Popov D. V. General and specific features in crimes against the family and minors committed through violence in the criminal legislation of Russia and the countries of the European Union // International criminal law and international justice. Scientific article. 2018. No. 1. P. 26-29.
13. Reshetnikova G. A. Criminalization of cruel treatment of adult family members // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Scientific article. 2024. No. 4. P. 716-721.
14. Krasikov A. N. Criminal-legal protection of political, civil and other constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Russia // Publishing house of Saratov. University. Moscow, 2000. P. 99
15. Kharlamov V. S. Criminal-legal interpretation of the victim aspect of domestic violence // Journal of Russian Law. 2016. No. 4. P. 108-118.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MINGAZIZOVA Gulnara Gumyarovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SHAGIEVA Gulnara Rifovna
Deputy Head of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
YAKUSH Artem Alexeevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
FORMATION OF THE LEGAL CULTURE OF THE POLICE OFFICER THROUGH INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OF PROFESSIONAL AND TACTICAL TRAINING
This article is devoted to the study of the urgent problem of the formation of the legal culture of employees of internal affairs bodies in the context of the reform of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation and the increasing demands on professional and personal qualities of police officers. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in modern law enforcement practice, the gap between the theoretical legal knowledge acquired by employees in the process of professional training and their ability to apply this knowledge in non-standard, extreme situations of official activity requiring rapid adoption of legitimate and tactically justified decisions is becoming more and more obvious. The authors substantiate the need to move from the traditional model of legal training, focused primarily on memorizing normative legal acts, to an integrative model, in which legal knowledge is not just acquired theoretically, but becomes personal beliefs and practical guidelines in the course of professional and tactical training. The paper analyzes various doctrinal approaches to defining the concept and structure of the legal culture of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, highlights its cognitive, value-motivational, activity-based and reflexive components.
Keywords: legal culture, legal awareness, interdisciplinary integration, professional training, internal affairs officer, legal education.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Adaeva O. V. Features of the implementation of legal education of employees of internal affairs bodies // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 26-27.
2. Balakleyets I. I. The Importance of the Legal Culture of Officials in the Context of Innovative Development of the State // Legality and Law and Order. Legal Scientific and Practical Journal of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Belarus. – 2011. – No. 1 (17). – P. 62-67.
3. Kanunnikov R. I., Savich I. I. Features of the formation of legal culture among employees of internal affairs bodies // Education and Law. 2023. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-formirovaniya-pravovoy-kultury-u-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del (date of access: 05/19/2026).
4. Kashirgov A.Kh. Using the case method in improving the culture of professional thinking of police officers // Business. Education. Law. 2023. No. 1 (62). P. 357-361. DOI: 10.25683/VOLBI.2023.62.541.
5. Martysyuk Pavel Grigorievich Formation of the legal culture of employees of internal affairs bodies in the context of social processes // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 2 (66). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formirovanie-pravovoy-kultury-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-v-kontekste-obschestvennyh-protsessov (date of access: 05/19/2026).
6. Titarenko T. A. Formation of the legal culture of the employees of the internal affairs bodies // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2011. – No. 3 (46). – P. 48-52.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MIRZAEV Mirza Abdullaevich
associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ISAMAGOMEDOV Abdulkader Magomedovich
associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN THE FACE OF NEW CHALLENGES AND THREATS: LEGAL RESPONSE MECHANISMS
The article highlights the modern challenges and threats that the internal affairs of bodies are currently facing, which determine the main directions of their activities. It is noted that in the past few years, law enforcement agencies have been operating in extreme conditions, causing an increased burden on personnel and increasing the requirements for their preparedness. This poses a difficult task for the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the speedy formation and implementation of complex measures to further strengthen the entire system of internal affairs bodies as one of the fundamental elements of the country’s law enforcement system. An assessment was given of the effectiveness of legal measures and expectations regarding the future development of the country after the completion of a special military operation. The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the complexity of the situation in the modern world, in which Russian law enforcement agencies resolve problems related to the protection of public order, ensuring security and countering crime.
Keywords: law enforcement agencies, new challenges and threats; arms trafficking; legal response mechanisms, security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Fedorovskaya M. Yu. Actual problems of Russian military law in the conditions of a special military operation // Bulletin of Military Law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 41-45.
2. Kononov A. M. Internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in light of new challenges and threats // Academic thought. – 2024. – No. 4 (29). – P. 89-93.
3. Lapatnikov V. A. New challenges and threats to Russia’s national security: political and legal analysis // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management. – 2023. – No. 3 (69). – P. 3-12.
4. Nazarova I. S. Theoretical and applied foundations for strengthening Russian statehood in the context of countering new challenges and threats // Agrarian and land law. – 2026. – No. 2. – P. 36-39.
5. Rumyantsev N. V. Counteraction of extremist and terrorist threats by law enforcement agencies as a factor in ensuring state security: organizational and legal aspect // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 185-189.
6. Misrokov T. Z. Transformation of the role and place of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in ensuring law and order and stability in the face of new challenges and threats // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 46-49.
7. Vagaytsev V. M. Efficiency of the service of district police officers in the context of digitalization of law enforcement activities: challenges of 2026 // Law and Management. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 161-164.

SAFETY AND LAW
ABRAMOVA Svetlana Radikovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Economic and legal support for security sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
BASHIRINA Evgeniya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Economic and legal support for security sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GIZATULLINA Venera Gabdulkhakovna
senior lecturer of Economic and legal support for security sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LEGAL AWARENESS AND LEGAL CULTURE AS FACTORS OF ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY
The object of the research is a complex of law enforcement and protective public relations that develop in the process of ensuring national security. The subject of the research is the patterns, structure and mechanisms of the impact of legal awareness and legal culture on the state of protection of vital interests of the individual, society and the state. The purpose of the work is to theoretically substantiate the determinative role of legal awareness and legal culture as natural factors of national security, as well as to develop an author’s model for their integration into the national security strategy. For the first time, an author’s definition of legal culture has been proposed, focused on its instrumental value for security. The mechanism of transition of individual legal consciousness into the organic solidarity of society is revealed. A correlation has been established between the authentic culture of an ethnic group, the legal culture and the economic damage caused by crime. The potential of legal culture as a resource for reducing the criminal burden on the national economy is substantiated.
Keywords: legal awareness, legal culture, national security, organic solidarity, legal nihilism, economic damage, social control.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Osipov R. A. Legal culture, legal consciousness, legal awareness: issues of correlation // Legal technology. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 615-617. – EDN VLKRBT.
2. Chupanova A. Ch. Legal culture and legal consciousness in the system of values of civil society // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 39-41. – EDN PJIMZP.
3. Rybakov V. A. Legal consciousness: on the issue of the concept // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. – 2015. – No. 3 (44). – P. 23-28. – EDN ULEYGJ.
4. Bainiyazov R. S. Legal consciousness and legal mentality in Russia: specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”: dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law. – Saratov, 2006. – 349 p. – EDN NOYYGN.
5. Strygina S. V. Legal culture of modern Russia // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. – 2007. – V. 7. No. 1. – P. 69-72. – EDN JWNXMZ.
6. Khoruzhiy V. V. Legal culture and legal consciousness // New science: Experience, traditions, innovations. – 2017. – Vol. 2. No. 3. – P. 183-186. – EDN YGACQL.
7. Durkheim, Emile On the Division of Social Labor; [translated from French by A. B. Hoffman]. – Moscow: Canon, 1996. – 430, [1] p. – (History of sociology in monuments).; ISBN 978-5-88873-036-1.

SAFETY AND LAW
PETROVSKAYA Miroslava Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg
ANCHABADZE Kseniya Anrievna
student of the 3rd course of the Full-time Department, Faculty of Law, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg, an independent researcher
REGULATION OF LABOR MIGRATION TO RUSSIA: LEGALIZING LABOR MIGRANTS AND ENSURING THE SAFETY OF CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In this article, the author analyzes modern mechanisms for regulating labor migration in Russia in the context of migration policy transformation in 2025-2026. Measures to legalize labor migrants and strengthen migration control are being considered, taking into account their impact on ensuring the safety of citizens of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the new Concept of the state migration policy of Russia, developed for the period 2026-2030, as well as new legislation in this area, which aims to protect national interests while maintaining the flow of legal labor migration.
Keywords: migration policy, migration, migrant workers, government policy, legalization, security, foreign workers.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Aksenov I. A. International labor migration as a factor in the transformation of the labor market and economic security of Russia // Kadrovik. – 2026. – No. 3. – P. 96-111.
2. Boyko E. Yu. Prospects of national migration policy in the sphere of labor migration // Civil service and personnel. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 95-100.
3. Voronina O. V. Actual problems of improving migration policy in the Russian Federation // Journal of legal and economic research. -2026. – No. 1. – P. 84-90.
4. Shustov A. Russia, migration results – 2025. Human flows // Rhythm of Eurasia: electronic journal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ritmeurasia.ru/news–2026-01-10–rossija-migracionnye-itogi-2025.-ljudskie-potoki-85127 (date of access: 04/15/2026).
5. The State Duma announced planned amendments to migration policy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/news/2019428/ (date accessed: 04/15/2026).

SAFETY AND LAW
PRONINA Darya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Private and public law sub-faculty, Penza State University
DIGITAL DETERMINANTS OF INVOLVEMENT OF MINORS IN TERRORIST ACTIVITIES
The involvement of minors in terrorist activities is becoming more widespread with each year. However, the prohibitions and toughening of punishment do not give a sustainable effect of reducing such crimes. The purpose of the study is to identify, classify and analyze digital determinants that lead to the involvement of minors in terrorist activities, as well as to develop proposals for improving the system for countering this phenomenon. The results showed that the digital determinants of the involvement of minors in terrorist activities are a complex phenomenon of complementary factors, which can be roughly divided into three groups: technological, socio-digital and personal-digital.
Keywords: determinants, involvement of minors in terrorist activities, protection of children’s rights.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bogdanov A. V., Khazov E. N., Komakhin B. N. Juvenile delinquency: new solutions and new problems // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 34-38. – EDN QISJWL.
2. Neumann PR Radicalized: new jihadists and the threat to the West. – Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. – 238 p.
3. Sageman M. Leaderless jihad: Terror networks in the twenty-first century. – University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. – 208 p.
4. Berger JM, Morgan J. The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and describing the population of ISIS supporters on Twitter, 2015.
5. Ovchinsky V. S. Criminology of the digital world: a textbook for master’s degree students. – M.: Norma: INFRA M, 2018. – 352 p.
6. Polyakova T. A., Minbaleev A. V., Naumov V. B. [et al.]. Legal regulation of information security in the face of major challenges in the global information society. – Saratov: Amirit, 2019. – 236 p.
7. Turunova M. N. Counteracting the influence of the Internet on the criminal behavior of minors: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, 2023. – 242 p. – EDN DJAIUU.
8. Alieva S. Yu. Involvement of minors in the commission of terrorist crimes and problems of counteraction (regional study): specialty 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; penal law”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, 2014. – 222 p. – EDN OKCENI.
9. Entman RM et al. Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm // McQuail’s reader in mass communication theory. – 1993. – T. 390. – P. 397.
10. Damaskin O. V., Krasinsky V. V. Criminological characteristics of the mechanism of involving minors in illegal activities // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 41-54. – DOI 10.31857/S102694520011029-2.
11. Ahmmad M. et al. Trap of social media algorithms: a systematic review of research on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and their impact on youth // Societies. – 2025. – T. 15. No. 11. – P. 301.
12. Voevodina L. N. Subcultures as forms of collective identity and social resistance // Bulletin of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. – 2025. – No. 2 (124). – P. 60-68. – DOI 10.24412/1997-0803-2025-2124-60-68. – EDN YHZSXL.
13. Galyashina E. I., Nikishin V. D. Destructive speech behavior in the digital environment: factors determining the negative impact on the user’s worldview // Lex Russica (Russian Law). – 2021. – Vol. 74. No. 6 (175). – P. 79-94. – DOI 10.17803/1729-5920.2021.175.6.079-094. – EDN VDFTBQ.
14. Leontiev A. A. Psychology of communication / 3rd ed. – M.: Smysl, 1999 – P. 365
15. Samosvat O. I. “Like” in social networks as an indicator of social approval among teenagers / O. I. Samosvat // Kazan pedagogical journal. – 2015. – No. 6-1 (113). – P. 148-151.
16. Tirkkonen SK, Tietjen RR Loneliness and radicalization //Philosophy & Social Criticism. – 2025. – S. 01914537251334550.
17. Arendt H. The origins of totalitarianism. – Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1973. – T. 244.
18. Volkova E. N., Sorokoumova G. V. Digital literacy of Russian teenagers in the youth digital skills indicator (yDSI) model // Psychological and pedagogical research. – 2025. – Vol. 17. No. 3. – Pp. 149-163. – DOI 10.17759/psyedu.2025170309.
19. Frissen T. Internet, the great radicalizer? Exploring relationships between seeking for online extremist materials and cognitive radicalization in young adults // Computers in Human Behavior. – 2021. – T. 114. – P. 106549.
20. Bronsard G. et al. Adolescents engaged in radicalization and terrorism: A dimensional and categorical assessment //Frontiers in psychiatry. – 2022. – T. 12. – P. 774063.
21. Kasinathan J., Parsons A. Radicalization in adolescents: mental health considerations for violent extremism // Australasian Psychiatry. – 2025. – T. 33. No. 1. – P. 57-63.

SAFETY AND LAW
KHARAEV Azamat Arsenovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Department, North Caucasus Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia (Branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
KAZACHENKO Alexander Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES BY ASSAULT UNITS
The article attempts to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects related to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the actions of assault units. It examines the tactical and strategic advantages, operational specifics, and limitations of including unmanned aerial vehicles into the structure and operations of assault groups. Special attention is given to the experience gained during the special military operation, as well as the promising areas for developing and improving the tactics of using unmanned aerial vehicles.
Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drone, assault detachments, use of UAVs, special military operation (SVO), actions of assault detachments, fire support, electronic warfare.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Opening remarks by the President of the Russian Federation at the meeting of the Military-Industrial Commission on April 23, 2025 // Official website of the President of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/76781 (date accessed: 06.05.2026).
2. Kazachenko A. A., Kharaev A. A. Issues of practical implementation of the powers of law enforcement agencies to counter unmanned aerial vehicles // Bulletin of the Law Institute of MIIT. – 2021. – No. 4 (36). – P. 28-33.
3. Makarevich O. L. Application of unmanned systems in the armed forces of Ukraine and directions of their development // VOENMEKH. Bulletin of the Baltic State Technical University. – 2025. – No. 4 (23). – P. 7-28.
4. Mikhailov V. V., Korsun E. V., Zhukov P. V. The main trends in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles in the military sphere // Collection of works based on the materials of the XV International Competition of Scientific Research Works, Ufa, November 20, 2023. – Ufa: Limited Liability Company “Scientific Publishing Center” Vestnik Nauki “, 2023. – P. 295-304.
5. Shvetsova T. R. Comparative analysis of the flight performance characteristics of various UAV designs // Digital production: science, practice, personnel: Collection of materials of the First All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Yekaterinburg, December 10-11, 2024. – Yekaterinburg: Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 2025. – P. 201-202.

SAFETY AND LAW
KHOKONOVA Laura Askerovna
lecturer, North Caucasus Institute of Advanced Training (Branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
STEPANOVA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor associate professor of the Department, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
KHARAEVA Dana Azamatovna
student of the 3rd course, Institute of Law, Economics, and Finance, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
ISSUES OF RUSSIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF SOLVING MIGRATION PROBLEMS
Uncontrolled migration flows have a range of negative consequences for host countries, making it one of the most pressing issues of our time. The authors analyze the current state of migration processes in Russia and conclude that effective counteraction requires a systematic approach that coordinates the economic interests of different countries and develops innovative mechanisms for managing cross-border population movements within both individual countries and the European Union. The authors conclude that in order to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to build a system for controlling migration flows based on the professional training of the incoming migrants, their material resources for conducting business, and taking into account the real needs of the specific territories where the migrants are sent.
Keywords: national interests, national security, migration flow factors, illegal population movement, migration dynamics, risks and challenges, migration movement, and migration background.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bidova B. B. Ensuring the national interests of Russia in the context of the national security strategy / Monograph // ANO DPON “UC” Magister “. – Kislovodsk, 2018. – 236 p.
2. Bulatov R. B. Current issues of ensuring migration security of the Russian Federation as an important component of national security and sovereignty of the state // Migration law. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 10-13.
3. Zhukova M. V. Ensuring public security in the aspect of international migration // National interests: priorities and security. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 54-61.
4. Pakhomov A. N., Kharaev A. A. Problems of modern migration policy as a factor in determining global crime // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 12 (151). – P. 271-273.
5. Reznik G. A. Migration as a threat to the country’s national security: international and national aspects // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2016. – No. 6 (37). – P. 82-86.
6. Rosstat presented preliminary figures on the population size in the country’s regions according to the All-Russian Population Census. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru (date accessed: 04/15/2026).
7. Silantyeva V. A. Regulation of migration processes as the basis of Russia’s national security // Historical and socio-educational thought. – 2020. – No. 1. – P.22-27.
8. Solodilov A. V. National security and migration problems for modern Russia // Power. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 118-122.
9. Shamkov S. L. Criminal movement of people: possibilities of counteraction. – M.: Academia, 2018. – 183 p.

MEDICAL LAW
ZHDANOVA Mariya Leonidovna
Ph.D. in medical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Clinical Medicine, NI Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
NAZAROVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
SKVORTSOV Vladislav Alexandrovich
STUDENT AND OFFICE ASSISTANT, NI LOBACHEVSKY NATIONAL RESEARCH NIZHNY NOVGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY
Legal regulation of a source of increased danger in the field of dental activities This article analyzes the theoretical and practical issues surrounding the classification of dental practice as a source of increased danger within the context of Article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It examines doctrinal approaches to the concept of a source of increased danger, including the concepts of activity, the properties of things, and moving objects. Particular attention is paid to identifying the reasons for the inconsistent application by courts of liability rules for harm caused by a source of increased danger, as well as the issue of allocating liability between a medical organization as the owner of the source and an individual physician. It is substantiated that enhanced liability under Article 1079 of the Civil Code may apply in dental practice. However, a differentiated approach is most appropriate: simple procedures should be regulated on a general basis, while complex and potentially dangerous types of care (implantation, surgical interventions, the use of lasers and X-ray equipment) may be classified as activities associated with a source of increased danger. Paths for improving legal regulation are proposed, including the adoption of judicial interpretations and the expansion of the tentative list of sources of increased danger in Article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by specifying specific types of medical practice.
Keywords: source of increased danger, dental activity, civil liability, harm to health, medical service.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Al-Khalifa KS, AlSheikh R., Al-Swuailem AS, Alkhalifa MS, Al-Johani MH, Al-Moumen SA, et al. Pandemic preparedness of dentists against coronavirus disease: a Saudi Arabian experience. – PLoS One. – 2020; 15.
2. Moodley R., Naidoo S., Wyk JV The prevalence of occupational health-related problems in dentistry: A review of the literature. J. Occup. – Health. – 2018; 60(2).
3. Dolinskaya V. V. Sources of increased danger // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2009. – No. 9. – P. 51.
4. Maleina M. N. Man and medicine in modern law. – M., 1995. – P. 272.
5. Trubetskov A. D., Makhonko M. N., Shkrobova N. V., Shelekhova T. V., Chuslyaeva D. A. Risk factors for the health of medical workers in modern dental practice (literature review) // Hygiene and Sanitation. – 2023. – V. 102. No. 5. – P. 452-456.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
MALIKOVA Aziza Khorisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of General history, classical disciplines and law sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
ISSUES OF LEGAL LIABILITY IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES: LIABILITY FOR UNAUTHORIZED ONLINE PUBLICATION OF INDIVIDUALS’ IMAGES, OFFENSIVE COMMENTS IN GROUP CHATS, AND DISSEMINATION OF DEFAMATORY INFORMATION
This article examines sector-specific provisions of Russian legislation that implement the constitutional right of individuals to privacy and the protection of their honor and dignity. Particular attention is paid to legal liability for violations involving the unauthorized publication of individuals’ images on the Internet, the posting of offensive comments in group chats, and the dissemination of information that defames the honor and dignity of another person. Employing private law research methods, the author elaborates on the legal mechanisms for protecting teachers\’ rights to the inviolability of their image and reputation, identifies the forms of liability applicable to the relevant legal violations, and specifies the corresponding penalties and sanctions.
Keywords: sector-specific legislation, messenger group chats, individuals’ images, participants in the educational process, privacy protection, honor and dignity, legal liability.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Vozkaev S.-U. S.-A. Protection of personal data after the 2025 reform // Agrarian and land law. – 2025. – No. 9. – P.297-300.
2. Zdor D. M., Zhuravlev D. M., Fedoreeva O. E. Application of interactive presentations in the context of implementing distance learning technologies // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 320-324.
3. Kirillov A. A. Priority and continuity of education as key principles of state educational policy // University Lawyer. – No. 6. – 2024. – P. 2-6.
4. Marushina V. A., Chugunov D. K. On the issue of state policy in the field of personal data protection // Legal research. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 59-65.
5. Polyanin A. R., Korotun S. N. Methodology of using presentations in lectures at a university: modern discourse // Domestic and foreign pedagogy. – 2017. – T. 1. 4 (41). – P. 172-184.
6. Fedorova E. N., Plotnikova V. S. Psychological and pedagogical conditions for the use of video and audio lectures on distance educational platforms // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Pedagogy. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 101-108.
7. Svitashev L. E. New requirements for personal data in 2026: what is now mandatory. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://companies.rbc.ru/news/lIWDgweSHr/novyie-trebovaniya-k-personalnyim-dannyim-v-2026-chto-teper-obyazatelno/ (date of access : 17.07.2026).
8. Kravtsov announced the expectation of a decree on the special status of teachers. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/6a4911589a794712b3ff600f (date of access: 07/17/2026).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
NEDZELYUK Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Siberian Institute of Management (Branch) Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Novosibirsk
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING LAW STUDENTS: EXPLICIT “PROS” AND IMPLICIT “CONS”
The article is devoted to the identification of deep didactic risks in the training of law students using digital technologies. The research is analytical in nature. The methods of included observation and reflection are used. Both the actual practice of digital teaching and the discursive opinions of colleagues were analyzed. The article highlights the clear advantages and implicit disadvantages of the teaching methodology, which was considered innovative in the 2025-2026 academic year. The author expresses doubts and suggestions regarding the increasing digitalization of education and the use of remote technologies. While acknowledging the achievements of technological progress, it is crucial to consider the “human factor.”
Keywords: digital technologies, teaching methods, law students, digitalization in education, distance technologies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belenko I. A. Phygital training of law students in reading professionally oriented foreign language texts // Innovative development of professional education. – 2024. – No. 1 (41). – P. 20-25.
2. Varentsova I. A., Korelskaya I. E. Phygital laboratory in the educational environment of the university // Phygital movement: innovations, technologies and digital transformation in physical education and sports work of universities. – St. Petersburg, 2025. – P. 375-377.
3. Demidova E. E., Klenova K. A. Phygital technologies in the modern educational process // Modern professional education. – 2026. – No. 4. – P. 149-152.
4. Kalipova A. B. Integration of phygital technologies into the educational space of the university // Student Bulletin. – 2026. – No. 17. – P. 242-243.
5. Kustitskaya T. A., Oshlakova P. A. Identifying learning strategies using a digital footprint in LMS MOODLE // Teacher XXI century. – 2024. – No. 3-1. P. 82-98.
6. Lavrinenko I. Yu. Prospects for using LMS in the framework of modern higher education // Concept: scientific and methodological journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 17-35.
7. Nedzelyuk T. G. From the experience of independent work of law students in self-isolation mode (using the example of teaching the discipline “History and Methodology of Legal Science” // Best scientific and innovative work 2020: Collection of articles of the II International research competition. – Petrozavodsk, 2020. – Pp. 7-11.
8. Nedzelyuk T. G. Academic discipline “Fundamentals of research activity” for lawyers as a project // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 9 (208). – P. 76-77.
9. Pravkina Yu. R. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of phygital trainings in the framework of professional training of university students // Economic and Management Congress: collection of scientific papers. – Belgorod, 2025. – P. 513-515.
10. Sidorov M. V. The Phygital World and Digital Consciousness // Noospheric Research. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 60-64.
11. Soloviev M. M., Blinova A. V., Kuprina K. V. Relevance of the application of phygital sports technologies in universities using the example of a phygital rhythm simulator // Medical, biological and pedagogical foundations of adaptation, sports activities and a healthy lifestyle: a collection of scientific articles. – Voronezh, 2024. – P. 365-369.
12. Stepanova L.K., Nikolaev A.M. Advantages and disadvantages of using LMS MOODLE in distance learning // Modern education: traditions and innovations. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 268-271.
13. Teplakova R. I. Formation of natural science literacy of students using the phygital approach // Bulletin of the Saratov Regional Institute for Education Development. – 2026. – No. 1 (40). – P. 44-50.
14. Trubnikova V. V., Starodubtseva A. S. Formation of a competitive advantage of a phygital center through the integration of digital technologies // Differentiation in economics and management: interdisciplinary approaches and development prospects: collection of materials from the interregional scientific and practical conference. – Kursk, 2025. – P. 216-220.
15. Kharlamova L. S., Yarsky-Smirnov E. P. Phygital disciplines on the way to Olympus: analysis of the prospects for inclusion in the Olympic Games program // New horizons of humanitarian knowledge: traditions and modernity: a collection of scientific articles. – Moscow, 2026. – P. 135-139.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
POPOVA Natalya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Theoretical foundations of physical education sub-faculty, Altai State Pedagogical University, Barnaul
ZHELONKIN Vadim Viktorovich
lesturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia; postgraduate student, Altai State Pedagogical University, Barnaul
TATARNIKOV Semyon Alexeevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, IF Shilov Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk
DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF CADETS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
This article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of developing information technology competencies among law school students enrolled in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the context of the digitalization of their professional activities. The relevance of the study stems from the increasing demands placed on the information technology training of law enforcement officers. A competency-based approach served as the methodological foundation, allowing for an analysis of the educational content and practical application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the academic process at the Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. A study of the regulatory framework for educational activities within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia identified prospects for its improvement. It was found that the institute’s modern technological infrastructure and the pedagogical methods employed (electronic teaching aids, multimedia presentations, legal reference systems, and a modular rating system) foster the development of both general scientific and professional competencies among law school students. The article also identifies the role of information technology training in the professional safety of future specialists and substantiates the need to integrate information technology not only into the classroom but also into students’ independent work. Further development of this direction is seen in the reform of the legal framework regulating educational activities in universities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs system.
Keywords: competency-based approach, information technology, professional competencies, cadets, legal education, legal framework, innovative teaching methods, regulations.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zayats Yu. S. Resources of the interfaculty technology park of universal pedagogical competencies in the professional training of future primary school teachers // Bulletin of the Altai State Pedagogical University. 2024. No. 2 (59). P. 31-37.
2. Ivanov P. A. Formation of readiness of future specialists to conduct classes outside of school hours // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2023. No. 80-3. P. 230-233.
3. Menner M. O., Knyazev S. A. The state and prospects for the development of the system of professional training of future specialists // In the collection: SNK-2023. Proceedings of the LXXIII open international student scientific conference of the Moscow Polytechnic University. Moscow, 2023. Pp. 387-389
4. Odintsova L. A. Implementation of continuous pedagogical education in the region in the context of a pedagogical university // Teacher: science, technology, practice. 2001. No. 1. P. 95-98.
5. Pichugina A. E. Use of electronic educational resources in modern educational methodological complexes in mathematics for primary school // In the collection: Modernization of professional and pedagogical education: trends, strategy, foreign experience . Proceedings of the international scientific conference. edited by M. P. Tyrina, L. G. Kulikova. 2017. Pp. 133-136. 6. Popova N. V., Kiseleva Yu. V. Professional and pedagogical culture of a university teacher // World of science, culture, education. 2010. No. 5 (24). P. 206-208.
7. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 01.12.2025 No. 1006 “On approval of the Monitoring Indicators of federal state organizations carrying out educational activities under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, and the procedure for its implementation.”
8. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 16, 2025 No. 370 “On the organization of control over the activities of educational organizations under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.”
9. Sukhoterina T. P. Scientific potential of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Altai State Pedagogical Academy” // Grand Altai Research & Education. 2014. No. 1. P. 218-223.
10. Timoshenko A. Yu. Use of innovative technologies in the process of studying mathematical disciplines by students of a pedagogical university. // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2024. No. 82-2. P. 213-216.
11. Timoshenko A. Yu. Use of distance learning technologies in the professional training of students of a pedagogical university // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2024. No. 83-4. P. 203-205.
12. Timoshenko A. Yu. The influence of the modular-rating system of training on the quality of formation of students’ competencies in the study of disciplines of mathematical orientation // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2024. No. 83-2. P. 375-378.
13. Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” dated 29.12.2012 No. 273-FZ.
14. Shakhanova K. E. Possibilities of using graphic editors to form the information culture of schoolchildren // In the collection: Psychology and pedagogy of the 21st century: Current issues, achievements and innovations. Collection of articles of the IV All-Russian student scientific and practical conference with international participation. Orekhovo-Zuyevo, 2023. Pp. 528-531.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
SHAKHOVA Fazilya Abdulakhovna
lecturer of the College of Design, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
TOKBAEVA Albina Aniuarovna
associate professor, Institute of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
PEDAGOGICAL DEONTOLOGY AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article discusses the formation of deontological competence among university teachers and the emergence of legal responsibility in the field of higher education in the Russian Federation. These issues are considered as interconnected components of the modern higher education system. The higher education system is undergoing active modernization, which is leading to transformations in pedagogical, methodological, technological, and legal aspects. Higher education institutions (universities) have higher requirements for their teachers, and it is also necessary to develop new competencies in them, which are also related to the development of pedagogical deontology and the understanding of various types of legal responsibility in the field of higher education, which applies to all participants in the educational process. However, teachers and other university staff members do not have sufficient knowledge about the types and causes of legal liability in the field of higher education. These aspects make the study relevant. The article focuses on the types of liability that arise in higher education institutions in the event of an offense. The current system of legal regulation in the field of education is evolving in response to the changes in higher education, social, and economic sectors.
Keywords: pedagogical deontology, legal responsibility, higher education, teachers, competencies, sanctions, criminal liability, state accreditation, students, reprimand. liability, state accreditation, students, reprimand. The education system of the Russian Federation is in the process of active modernization. One of the most pressing issues is improving the level of professional training of teachers who possess a variety of competencies. Higher education institutions (universities) are the most important centers that perform the functions of training highly qualified specialists [6, p. 201]. The educational and upbringing environment of a university is the sphere in which the formation of future teachers and the development of their professional and personal qualities takes place . It should be noted that the activities of modern universities are aimed at implementing the following types of training in a complex: specialized, scientific, general cultural, social, psychological and pedagogical. This is a kind of integrated system that is aimed not only at the formation of special skills and abilities. Methodological, psychological and pedagogical training is aimed at developing knowledge in the field of pedagogy and psychology, developmental physiology, methods and techniques in future teachers, oriented towards preparing teachers for the implementation of educational and upbringing training in educational institutions of various levels.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020).
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 09.04.2026).
3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ.
4. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on May 25, 2026) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 5, 2026).
5. Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ (as amended on April 25, 2026).
6. Baziyan-Kukhto N.K. Pedagogical deontology – implementation of the process // Bulletin of Hygiene and Epidemiology. – 2022. – Vol. 26. No. 2. – P. 201-202.
7. Teplyakova O. A. Legal liability of students in the sphere of educational relations // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 3 (166). – P. 462-464.
8. Kleandrov M. I. On the need to expand the scope of codification of legislation in the Russian Federation // State and Law. – 2026. – No. 1. – P. 44-84.

HUMAN RIGHTS
BAIDAROVA Marina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice sub-faculty, Penza State University
FOMIN Vladimir Vladimirovich
student of group 25YUOM1, Penza State University
STAGES OF PROCESSING APPEALS AND THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSIONER
Special attention should be paid to the technology of the Human Rights Commissioner’s work with citizens’ appeals (received in written form, in the form of an electronic document, verbally, and at a personal reception), which is currently a key component in the human rights activities of each Commissioner. The proven technology of working with citizens’ appeals plays a crucial role in the activities of human rights commissioners, ensuring the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms and contributing to the development of civil society. In turn, the development of ombudsman technologies today requires a comprehensive approach that includes the improvement of procedural mechanisms, the enhancement of organizational and legal foundations, and the strengthening of human resources management in the office of the official in question.
Keywords: stages (phases), procedural aspects, citizens’ appeals, positive effect, algorithm of actions, efficiency of response, and effectiveness.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Baidarova M. A., Fomin V. V. Legally significant consequences in the activities of the Human Rights Commissioner: theoretical and practical aspects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 69-72.
2. Vikulenko K. V. Authorized to protect: effective human rights practices and technologies in the activities of human rights commissioners in the Russian Federation / Human Rights Commissioner in the Perm Territory. Compiled by K. V. Vikulenko, edited by P. V. Mikov. – Perm, 2020. – 320 p. 3. Demidov M. V. Main areas of interaction of human rights commissioners in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with government bodies and non-governmental structures // Bulletin of the Russian University of Cooperation. – 2020. – No. 2 (40). – P. 132-136.
4. Ishchuk V. G., Oshkin I. V. Forms of ensuring and protecting human rights by the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (91). – P. 12-18.
5. Moskalkova T. N. Institute of Human Rights Commissioners: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2021. – No. 4 (80). – P. 23-44.
6. Moskalkova T. N. Protection of human rights is the main task of the state // Public law today. – 2022. – No. 2 (12). – P. 6-19.
7. Skachkova T. A. Issues of legal regulation of the procedure for filing and considering collective appeals // Law and modern states. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 39-46.
8. Tikhonenko Yu. S. Artificial intelligence technologies as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the institution for considering citizens’ appeals // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2025. – No. 4 (63). – P. 328-333.

STATE AND LAW
BOCHKAREVA Elena Vadimovna
Ph.D. in Law, independent researcher, Moscow
ZAROVSKAYA Mariya Alexandrovna
intern researcher, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
SEMENOVA Darya Sergeevna
intern researcher, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
MENTORING AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EFFICIENCY: A REVIEW
The article provides a review of the institution of mentoring in the public administration system of the Russian Federation. It examines the essential characteristics of mentoring as a purposeful process of transferring professional experience and knowledge, as well as its types and forms in relation to the specifics of the civil service. The article analyzes the management functions of mentoring, including reducing the adaptation period, forming a personnel reserve, transmitting organizational values, and improving the quality of public functions. The article identifies key barriers and suggests ways to overcome them, including training of mentors, and integration into the personnel strategy. The article concludes that a comprehensive approach is needed that combines traditional methods and modern solutions to sustainably improve the efficiency of public administration.
Keywords: mentoring, public civil service, federal executive authorities, personnel policy, professional development, human capital management, and staff adaptation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alieva S. V., Mardakhaev R. A. Mentoring technologies in the civil service: new contours of traditional practice // Bulletin of the expert council. – 2021. – No. 2 (25). – P. 3-8.
2. Belyaev A. M., Charaeva M. V., Stepanov A. A. [et al.]. On the development of mentoring in the field of labor and state civil service // Economic development of Russia. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 121-127.
3. Bochkareva E. V. Institute of mentoring: prospects for revival // Modern Russian law. – 2019. – No. 3 (4). – P. 4-6.
4. Glotova A. V., Zinchenko A. S. Mentoring in the professional training of civil servants in Russia // Lomonosov Readings: Proceedings of the annual scientific conference of Moscow State University (April 12-15, 2023, Sevastopol). – Sevastopol, 2023. – P. 112-118.
5. Zybina P. M. Mentoring as a modern personnel technology in the state civil service: monograph. – Moscow: Rusains, 2024. – 66 p.
6. Ivanova L. L., Kondratenko E. N. Principles of modern mentoring in higher education // State and municipal administration. Scientific notes. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 230-236.
7. Kemenev D. A. Institutionalization of mentoring in the civil service system of the Russian Federation: dissertation of a candidate of sociological sciences: 22.00.04. – Moscow, 2021. – 189 p.
8. Kemenev D. A. Mentoring in the civil service system of the Russian Federation: monograph. – Moscow: MAKS Press, 2023. – 300 p.
9. Skudnova T. D. The Institute of Mentoring as a Social Phenomenon // State and Municipal Administration. Scientific Notes. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 258-263.

STATE AND LAW
LADYGA Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, Head of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Lugansk Branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
KRASILNIKOVA Lyudmila Ivanovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Lugansk Branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
ON THE SPECIFICS OF THE CIS’S CREATION AND THE PROSPECTS FOR ITS CONTINUED EXISTENCE
The article attempts to explore the complex and important socio-economic, political, and legal structure of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It aims to understand its nature, origins, goals, and objectives, as well as the challenges it faces today and its future prospects. The article highlights the subjective and objective factors that contributed to the creation of the CIS. Specific measures have been proposed to deepen the diverse ties between the Commonwealth member states, primarily in the economic, political, legal, and cultural spheres, which will ultimately have a positive impact on the overall stability of the CIS and enhance its authority both domestically and internationally. As an example, the article analyzes the deepening and diverse ties between the Russian Federation and Belarus, including, and this is especially important in the current geopolitical situation, the military sphere. The article also examines the possibilities of cooperation between the CIS and the European Union, as well as the prospects for the latter’s existence and Ukraine’s plans to join it.
Keywords: Commonwealth of Independent States, international law, European Union, new world order.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Einstein collection / comp. W. I. Fronkfurt. – M., 1967. – P. 23.
2. Skakun O. F. Theory of State and Law (encyclopedic course): textbook for universities. – Kharkov: Espada, 2007. – P. 132.
3. Skakun O. F. Theory of State and Law (encyclopedic course): textbook for universities. – Kharkov: Espada, 2007. – P. 721.
4. Kolosov Yu. M., Krivchikova E. S. Current international law. Vol. 1. – M.: MNIMP, 1999. – P. 711.
5. Kolosov Yu. M., Krivchikova E. S. Current international law. T. 1. – M.: MNIMP, 1999. – P. 486-487.
6. Tolstykh V. L. Course of international law: textbook. – 2nd ed. – M .: International Relations, 2022. – P. 499, 501.

STATE AND LAW
LYSENKO Vladlena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of International law and theory of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, TG Shevchenko Pridnestrovian University
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The article examines the theoretical, practical, and legal aspects of the digitalization of public administration, including the conceptual distinctions between digitization, digitalization, digital transformation, e-government, and the digital state. It analyzes international and comparative approaches to the development of digital models of public governance. Particular attention is paid to digital transformation involving artificial intelligence, big data, cloud technologies, and digital platforms. The article identifies institutional constraints, disparities in infrastructure, skills shortages, legal gaps, and risks associated with the use of algorithmic systems.
Keywords: digital transformation; public administration; digitalization; e-government; digital state; artificial intelligence; digital regulation; public governance.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bratkova V., Kochesokova M. Public administration in the era of digital transformation: the experience of electronic and digital government // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2025. – No. 6. – P. 30-38. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vaael.ru/ru/article/view?id=4189 (date accessed: 06/08/2026).
2. Dvoeglazova E. A., Kurakova Ch. M. Digitalization of public administration // Current research. – 2024. – No. 5 (187), part I. – P. 70-74. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://apni.ru/article/8347-tsifrovizatsiya-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya (date of access: 10.06.2026).
3. Eremin S. G. Application of digital technologies in the sphere of public administration at the federal level and directions for their improvement // Economy. Taxes. Law. – 2024. – Vol. 17. No. 1. – P. 98-105. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://etl.fa.ru/jour/article/view/159 (date of access: 06/13/2026).
4. Zotov V. V., Zakharov V. M., Sapryka V. A. Digitalization of Public Administration: Electronic Democracy vs. Electronic Government // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2021. – Vol. 46. No. 3. – P. 250-262. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353833782_Cifrovizacia_publicnogo_upravlenia_elektronnaa_demokratia_vs_elektronnoe_pravitelstvo (date of access: 06/09/2026).
5. Kirillova O. G. Digital technologies in public administration // CyberLeninka. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsifrovye-tehnologii-v-gosudarstvennom-upravlenii-1 (date of access: 06/15/2026).
6. Kovalenko E. I. Legislative consolidation of digitalization in the sphere of public administration: current state and development prospects // Law of modern Belarus. – 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.by/pravovaya-informatsiya/pravo-sovremennoy-belarusi-istoki-uroki-dostizheniya-i-perspektivy/2021/zakonodatelnoe-zakreplenie-tsifrovizatsii-v-sfere-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya-sovremennoe-sostoyani/ (date of access: 17.06.2026).
7. Malginova Yu. N. Digital technologies in public administration: main results and problems // Scientific potential. – 2024. – No. 4 (47). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://s.siteapi.org/d955411c180ee78/docs/p1k6zuh9a0gsws0ogkg4wo0koc0w88 (date of access: 06/20/2026).
8. Mironova A. P. Digital public administration and e-government: semantic boundaries of terminology in the era of challenges of digital ethics // Russian Studies in Law and Politics. – 2026. – Vol. 10. No. 1. – Pp. 134-153. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lpjournal.ru/jour/index.php/rslp/article/view/269/224 (date of access: 06.06.2026).
9. Pavlyutenkova M. Yu. Electronic government vs. digital government in the context of digital transformation // Monitoring public opinion: economic and social changes. – 2019. – No. 5 (153). – P. 120-135. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/elektronnoe-pravitelstvo-vs-tsifrovoe-pravitelstvo-v-kontekste-tsifrovoy-transformatsii (date of access: 06.06.2026).
10. Ryazantseva M. V. Digital transformation of public administration // Economy, entrepreneurship and law. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 11. – Pp. 6951-6962. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://1economic.ru/lib/122116 (date of access: 06/20/2026).
11. Digitalization of public administration: trends and technologies // Diasoft. – 03/17/2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.diasoft.ru/about/publications/22127/ (date of access: 06/04/2026).
12. Cherkasov A. I. Electronic government and digital transformation of municipal government bodies in European countries // Municipal service: legal issues. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 26-29. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lawinfo.ru/articles/10914/elektronnoe-pravitelstvo-i-cifrovaya-transformaciya-organov-municipalnogo-upravleniya-v-evropeiskix-stranax (date of access: 06/09/2026).
13. Chernykh V. V. Interconnectedness of digital technologies in the implementation of public administration tasks // Informatization in the digital economy. – 2023. – Vol. 4. No. 4. – Pp. 339-362. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://1economic.ru/lib/120172 (date of access : 07/09/2026).
14. Shinkaretskaya G. G. Interaction of the legislation of various states in the process of digitalization of public administration // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzaimodeystvie-zakonodatelstva-razlichnyh-gosudarstv-v-protsesse-tsifrovizatsii-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya (date of access: 06/17/2026).

STATE AND LAW
TOCHENY Mikhail Dmitrievich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Humanities and socioeconomic disciplines sub-faculty, Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation
SHERGENG Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Humanities and socioeconomic disciplines sub-faculty, Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF RUSSIAN PARLIAMENTARISM
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of Russian parliamentarism. The paper examines various theoretical and legal approaches to defining parliamentarism, followed by a detailed examination of the specifics of the implementation of the main goals and key functions of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation: legislative, representative, budgetary, and foreign policy. The authors conduct a comparative legal analysis with foreign models, identifying the unique features of the domestic system of checks and balances in the context of strong presidential power. The historical background to the development of parliamentarism in Russia is also explored, emphasizing its imposed nature and fundamental differences from Western European and American traditions of democratic development.
Keywords: parliamentarism, Federal Assembly, State Duma, Federation Council, system of checks and balances, legitimization of power, lawmaking, representative function, history of parliamentarism, mixed republic.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Russian legal encyclopedia. – M.: Publishing House INFRA-M, 1999. – 1110 p.
2. Petrov S. V. On the issue of the concept of “parliamentarism” in modern science // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2024. – No. 2.
3. Kotelnikov D. A. Grounds for constitutional and legal liability of the President of the Russian Federation // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2023. – No. 26.
4. Scientific and practical commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation / Editor-in-chief V. V. Lazarev. – 2nd edition. – M.: Spark, 2001. – 670 p.
5. Mazitov A. I. Legal nihilism and imperative mandate // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2018. – No. 4 (54).
6. Pokrovsky D.S. Foreign policy powers of the upper chambers of parliaments of foreign countries // Power. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 136-139.

POLITICS AND LAW
EVDOKIMOV Nikolay Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor, Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”; associate professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology NOSOREVA-KONDRATENKO Olga Alexandrovna master’s student of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
NEURAL NETWORKS AS A SUBJECT OF POLITICAL AND LEGAL PLANNING
The object of research is neural network technologies as a phenomenon of the digital age, viewed through the prism of their potential impact on the sphere of public administration. The subject of the research is the ability of neural networks to act as a subject of political and legal planning, replacing or complementing human consciousness and personality in strategic decision-making processes. The purpose of the work is to theoretically substantiate the need for the formation of special political and legal measures that prevent the transformation of neural networks from a tool into an autonomous independent planning agent, which is associated with the collective nature of their functioning and the dialectical contradiction between efficiency and depersonalization. It is proven that neural networks cannot be recognized as a full-fledged substitute for human consciousness and personality, however, their objective properties (learning from aggregated data, lack of individual responsibility, algorithmic opacity) create the illusion of subjectivity. The paper suggests outlines of political and legal restrictions, including a ban on delegating goal-setting and political and legal legitimation of decisions to neural networks.
Keywords: neural networks, planning entity, political and legal regulation, artificial.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gaivoronskaya Ya. V. Legal acts and law-making of a constituent entity of the federation: a view from the standpoint of new realities of legal regulation // Legal policy and legal life. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 96-104. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-akty-i-pravotvorchestvo-subekta-federatsii-vzglyad-s-pozitsiy-novyh-realiy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya.
2. Kapitanov K. I. On the issue of the concept and system of principles for planning legislative activity in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Legal policy and legal life. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 304-314. – DOI 10.24412/1608-8794-2024-4-304-314. – EDN RYKOLV.
3. Stepanenko A. S. Neural network and artificial intelligence as a category of dualism in the philosophy of consciousness // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 7 (182). – P. 515-516. – EDN UEPBGF.
4. Chernigovskaya T. V. The human in man: consciousness and neural network // The problem of consciousness in philosophy and science. – 2008. – V. 200. – P. 86.
5. Zheltukhina M. R. Verbal media influence on political consciousness in a crisis situation // Bulletin of the Center for International Education of Moscow State University. Philology. Cultural Studies. Pedagogy. Methodology. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 7-12. – EDN OCOOYV.
6. Sharkov F. I. Political consciousness – political practice – political communication // PolitBook. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 153-165. – EDN TJOHJB.

POLITICS AND LAW
ULANOV Alexey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social and political communications sub-faculty, Institute of Oil and Gas Business, Ufa state petroleum technological University
BONDARENKO Alexander Viktorovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LUKIYANOV Mikhail Yurjevich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Social and political communications sub-faculty, Institute of Petroleum and Gas Business, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
TOPICAL ISSUES OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND LEGAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE
The article discusses topical issues of political, legal and social development of the state. New guidelines and ways to solve the main determinants have been identified. The role of universities, both centers for the study of progress and regression of the political, legal and social spheres of society, and discussion platforms for a mutually beneficial exchange of ideas on modern challenges are outlined. The future prospects for using modern technologies in the fields of public administration, law, and the educational process, including the use of artificial intelligence, were examined. The difficulties and challenges faced by modern society and the state were identified.
Keywords: state, law, actual development problems.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GALIMULLINA Natalya Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor, Institute of History and Public Administration of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
GALIMULLINA Snegana Radikovna
postgraduate student, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ARSLANOV Ilyas Ilhanovich
master\’s student, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
MECHANISM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC ENTITIES IN THE FIELD OF HOUSING AND UTILITIES (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE CITY OF UFA OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN)
The purpose of this article is to determine the mechanism of interaction between municipal authorities and business entities in the housing and communal services sector (resource supply organizations, financial institutions, management companies, etc.). According to the authors, this is a system of obligations and coordinated actions aimed at the functioning of communal infrastructure and the provision of services to the public. Effective cooperation between municipal authorities and housing and communal services management entities makes it possible to resolve issues of cleaning quality, implement energy saving projects, network reconstruction and landscaping, which determines the relevance of the study.
Keywords: interaction mechanism, city administration, housing and communal services sector, interaction scheme between housing and communal services entities, forms of interaction.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Galimullina N. A., Yuldasheva O. N., Rameev R. A. Analysis of the use of information systems and automation in the housing and communal services sector at the municipal level // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 6 (121). – P. 456-458.
2. Koroleva O. N., Koroleva E. N. An effective management system for the improvement complex of a large Siberian city // In the collection: Resource-saving technologies in control, quality management and safety. Collection of scientific papers of the X International Conference of schoolchildren, students, graduate students, young scientists. – Tomsk, 2022. – P. 121-125.
3. Surov M.Yu. Regional models of digital paternalism: a comparative analysis of the practices of Moscow and the Republic of Tatarstan in the post-pandemic period (2021-2023) // Bulletin of Legal Research. – 2026. – Vol. 5. No. 2. – P. 32-39.
4. Tereshchenko T. A., Balashova I. V. Public-private partnership in Russia: regional aspects of implementation // Public administration and law. – 2026. – No. 1 (9). – P. 195-206.
5. Chekalin V. S. Sustainable development of housing and communal services in the context of interaction between authorities, residents and business // Construction. Economics and Management. – 2026. – No. 2 (62). – P. 7-15.
6. Official website of the Municipal Institution of Housing and Communal Services of Ufa. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ugh.ufanet.ru/index.php/upravlyayushchie-kompanii.html (date of access: 04.06.2026).
7. Federal State Statistics Service. Key indicators of housing construction by urban districts and municipal areas: statistical bulletin for 2023-2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/07_vvod_jilya_2025_06.pdf (date accessed: 06/09/2026).
8. On the execution of the budget of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2025: a report presented at the public hearings on June 3, 2026 / Financial Department of the Administration of the Urban District of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gorodufa.ru (official website of the Administration) (date of access: June 9, 2026).
9. Budget for citizens: information collection to the decision of the Council of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan “On the budget of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2025 and for the planning period of 2026 and 2027” / Financial Department of the Administration of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan. – Ufa, 2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gorsovet-ufa.ru/samoupravlenie/01.php?ID=3469 (date of access: 06/09/2026).
9. About the Administration of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan: structure of the Administration / Official website of the Administration of the urban district of the city of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gorodufa.ru/about/struktura-administratsii/?SECTION_ID=4322 (date of access: 06/09/2026).
10. On approval of the Regulation on the Department of Public Utilities and Improvement of the Administration of the urban district of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan: decision of the Council of the urban district of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated November 21, 2012 No. 11/20 (as amended on June 26, 2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/438916235 (date of access: June 9, 2026).
11. Charter of the urban district of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan (approved by the decision of the Council of the urban district of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan dated 23.11.2005 No. 12/7) (as amended on 18.12.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/438916235 (date accessed: 06.06.2026).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ZHAROV Evgeniy Viktorovich
Ph.D. in economicsciences, doctoral candidate, competitor, Institute of Regional Economic Research (IRES); Managing Partner of the Moscow City Law Bureau “Zharov Group”
DEFECTS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY IN RUSSIA
The author examines the legal framework for extended producer responsibility (EPR) in Russian waste legislation. The study identified design flaws in EPR and proposed improvements. It is substantiated that the Russian EPR model does not include ecodesign requirements or differentiate environmental fee rates based on recyclability. The introduction of recyclability classes, eco-modulation coefficients, and mandatory packaging labeling is proposed. The paper also argues that in the absence of these elements, the EPR mechanism loses its incentive function and becomes merely a fiscal instrument rather than a tool for transitioning to a circular economy. The findings of the study are aimed at improving the current regulatory framework with minimal changes to the existing legal architecture.
Keywords: extended producer responsibility, legal structure, environmental fee, eco-design, waste recycling, circular economy, certainty of legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseev S. S. The most sacred thing that God has on earth. Immanuel Kant and the problems of law in the modern era: monograph / 2nd ed., suppl. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2022. – 448 p. 2. Kashanina T. V. Legal technique: textbook / 2nd edition, revision. – M .: Yur.Norma: NITs INFRA-M, 2015. – 496 p.
3. Khlyudeneva N. I. Defects in legal regulation of environmental protection: monograph. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2023. – 172 p.
4. Circular economy: ensuring sustainable development and competitiveness of the region: monograph / edited by Doctor of Economics I. I. Antonova. – M .: INFRA-M, 2022. – P. 6-10.
5. Chervonyuk V. I. Legal constructions in the structure of law // Legal technique. – 2013. – No. 7 (part 2). – P. 818 – 831.
6. Shchekin D. M. Legal presumptions in tax law / edited by S. G. Pepeliaev. – M.: Statut, 2002. – 252 p.
7. Lindhqvist T. Extended Producer Responsibility in Cleaner Production: Policy Principle to Promote Environmental Improvements of Product Systems / T. Lindhqvist. – Lund: IIIEE, Lund University, 2000. – 120 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iiiee.lu.se/thomas-lindhqvist/publication/e43c538b-edb3-4912-9f7a-0b241e84262f (date of access: 15.03.2026).
8. Caballero BV Análisis de la Responsabilidad Ampliada del Productor en la Ley 22/2011, de residuos y suelos contaminados. – Madrid: Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2021. – 52 p.
9. OECD Extended Producer Responsibility: Basic facts and key principles / OECD. – Paris: OECD Publishing, 2024. – 18 p.
10. Sachdeva A., Araujo A., Hirschnitz-Garbers M. Extended Producer Responsibility and Ecomodulation of Fees. Opportunity: Ecomodulation of Fees as a Way Forward for Waste Prevention. – Berlin: Ecologic Institute, 2021. – P. 4-11.
11. Svatikova K. Economic instruments for a resource-efficient circular economy // K. Svatikova, A. Brown, P. Börkey // OECD Environment Working Papers. – 2025. – No. 257. – P. 17-18.
12. Su D., Casamayor JL, Xu X. An Integrated Approach for Eco-Design and Its Application in LED Lighting Product Development // Sustainability. – 2021. – No. 13. – P. 488 -495.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
YONG Chen
associate professor, direction: contemporary business decision making, Institute of Technology, Shenyang Institute of Technology, China
NA Yuan
associate professor, direction: systems engineering, Institute of Technology, Shenyang Institute of Technology, China
CONSTRUCTION OF SME PROFILES AND CREDIT EVALUATION MECHANISM BASED ON MULTI-SOURCE DATA INTEGRATION
Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy a central position in economic development, but their access to credit is often limited by incomplete, fragmented and weakly standardized information. The article develops a theoretical approach to the construction of SME profiles and the organization of credit evaluation on the basis of multi-source data integration. The study is conceptual in nature and does not include empirical calculations, statistical testing or automatic scoring procedures. Its purpose is to clarify how different categories of information can be combined into a coherent borrower profile and how such a profile can support responsible credit decisions. The article examines the theoretical foundations of SME credit evaluation, including information asymmetry, relationship lending, hard and soft information, credit rationing and institutional trust. It then proposes the logic of an integrated SME profile that includes legal identity, financial condition, transaction behavior, tax and compliance discipline, market context and business reputation. Special attention is paid to the principles of legality, transparency, proportionality, interpretability and human responsibility in the use of multi-source information. The theoretical significance of the article lies in interpreting the SME profile as an intermediary construct between fragmented business records and credit judgment. Its practical significance lies in providing banks, guarantee institutions and public agencies with a structured way to organize borrower information without replacing professional judgment by purely technical procedures.
Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, SME profile, credit evaluation, multi-source data integration, information asymmetry, relationship lending, credit governance.
References
1. Beck T., Demirguc-Kunt A. Small and medium-size enterprises: Access to finance as a growth constraint // Journal of Banking & Finance. – 2006. – Vol. 30.No. 11. – P. 2931-2943.
2. Berger AN, Udell GF A more complete conceptual framework for SME finance // Journal of Banking & Finance. – 2006. – Vol. 30.No. 11. – P. 2945-2966.
3. Berger AN, Frame WS, Miller NH Credit scoring and the availability, price, and risk of small business credit // Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. – 2005. – Vol. 37.No. 2. – P. 191-222.
4. DeYoung R., Glennon D., Nigro P. Borrower-lender distance, credit scoring, and loan performance: Evidence from informational-opaque small business borrowers // Journal of Financial Intermediation. – 2008. – Vol. 17.No. 1. – P. 113-143.
5. Frame WS, Srinivasan A., Woosley L. The effect of credit scoring on small-business lending // Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. – 2001. – Vol. 33.No. 3. – P. 813-825.
6. Jappelli T., Pagano M. Information sharing, lending and defaults: Cross-country evidence // Journal of Banking & Finance. – 2002. – Vol. 26.No. 10. – P. 2017-2045.
7. Mester LJ What\’s the point of credit scoring? // Business Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. – 1997. – September/October. – P. 3-16.
8. Petersen MA Information: Hard and soft // Working Paper. Northwestern University. 2004.
9. Petersen MA, Rajan RG The benefits of lending relationships: Evidence from small business data // The Journal of Finance. – 1994. – Vol. 49.No. 1. – P. 3-37.
10. Stein JC Information production and capital allocation: Decentralized versus hierarchical firms // The Journal of Finance. – 2002. – Vol. 57.No. 5. – P. 1891-1921.
11. Stiglitz JE, Weiss A. Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information // The American Economic Review. – 1981. – Vol. 71.No. 3. – P. 393-410.
12. European Commission. Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises // Official Journal of the European Union. – 2003. – L 124. – P. 36-41.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
LAVROV Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal substantive and penal law studies sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
DVORYANOV Ilya Borisovich
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of International police cooperation and countering crime via the channels of Interpol sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE RELATED TO ARMED CONFLICTS OR POST-CRISIS SETTING, WITHIN THE TERRAIN OF DOMESTIC CRIMINAL LEGISLATION AND PECULIAR INTERNATIONAL LAW DOMAINS (PEACEKEEPER’S BRIEF ON GENDER-RESPONSIVE APPROACH IN THE INTERNATIONAL MISSION ADVISORY AND EXECUTIVE POLICING ACTIVITIES
In the present article the authors examine a number of issues relating to agendas of gender mainstreaming which both peace officers and civilian experts may come across with while serving with the international missions. In particular, the authors touch upon matters pertaining to legal evaluation of conflict-related sexual violence and other crimes against humanity based on gender-related traits of the victims, determine the specifics of their victimization. In the same vein they analyze the impact of gender roles in police peacekeeping.
Keywords: sexual and gender-based violence, conflict-related sexual violence, sex felonies, international missions, peace officers, gender mainstreaming.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bastick M., Grimm K., Kunz R. Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector. – Geneva: Geneva Center for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2007. – 217 rubles
2. Brownmiller S. Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. – New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975 – 472 p.
3. Carpenter C. Recognizing Gender-Based Violence Against Civilian Men and Boys in Armed Conflict Situations // Security Dialogue. – 2006. – Vol. 37. – P. 83-103.
4. Ghoborah H., Huth P., Russett B. Civil Wars Kill and Maim People – Long after the Shooting Stops // American Political Science Review. – 2003. –Vol. 97. No. 2. – P. 189-202. 5. May L. Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 310 p.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SVATKOVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of Economic security, finance and accounting sub-faculty, Kurgan State University
ORLOV Sergey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, Head of Economic security, finance and accounting sub-faculty, Kurgan State University; Director, Kurgan Branch, Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
BIG LANGUAGE PATTERNS IN PERSONALIZED BANKING
This article presents the results of a study exploring the possibility of personalizing banking services using large language models (LLM) and AI agents. The article examines the theoretical foundations of LLM models, their key characteristics, and the specifics of their use in the financial sector. The article explores the nature of AI agents, their operating principles, and their advantages over traditional AI systems. It also analyzes the main areas of application of LLM and AI agents in banking, including customer support, financial behavior analysis, the generation of personalized recommendations, and the automation of decision-making processes. Particular attention is paid to the Russian experience of implementing AI technologies in the banking sector, using the example of major financial institutions. A concept for an AI agent for making client financial decisions is proposed, based on the use of a language model and a mechanism for selecting the optimal strategy based on the user’s individual parameters. The advantages and risks of using LLM and AI agents are identified, and the prospects for the development of intelligent banking in the context of digital transformation are determined.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, large language models, LLM, intelligent agents, personalization, banking services, digital banking, financial technologies.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Degtyareva N. Banks and artificial intelligence: risks, codes and survival strategy // International Affairs. 2025. July 28. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/52399 (date accessed: 03/17/2026).
2. Issopov E. Whoever copes first will win everything: banks on the race for personalization // BFM.ru. 2025. December 26. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.bfm.ru/news/593606 (date of access: 03/15/2026).
3. AFT tested the use of Russian LLMs for developing AI agents for financial organizations // Computerra. 2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.computerra.ru/334850/aft-protestirovala-primenenie-rossijskih-llm-dlya-razrabotki-ii-agentov-dlya-finansovyh-organizatsij/ (date of access: 12.06.2026).
4. Bryanski G., Fabrichnaya E. Russia’s Sberbank Plans to Unveil LLM with Reasoning Capacity // Reuters. 2025. June 18. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/russias-sberbank-plans-unveil-llm-with-reasoning-capacity-2025-06-18/ (accessed: 13.06.2026).
5. Sber presented a new generation of GigaChat // Hi-Tech Mail. 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://hi-tech.mail.ru/news/144737-sber-predstavil-novoe-pokolenie-gigachata/ (date of access: 06/13/2026).
6. Sberbank is testing a beta version of the new GigaChat with the Reasoning-LLM function // RBC. 2025. June 18. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/68cab0999a79472b700c5171 (date of access: 13.06.2026).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ILYIN Petr Andreevich
competitor of Economic security and risk management sub-faculty, Faculty of Economics and Business, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
METHODS, MECHANISMS AND TOOLS FOR ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN THE PROCUREMENT OF MEDICINES
The article discusses methods, mechanisms and tools for ensuring the economic security of public health institutions in the procurement of medicines. The gaps in the legislation of the Russian Federation leading to risks and threats to economic security are described. Practice-oriented mechanisms are proposed to minimize their impact, including the formation of a risk and threat map and checklists. It describes methods and tools for ensuring economic security at the stages of planning and implementing procurement of medicines, including identifying needs, as well as measures to assess the possibility of fulfilling obligations.
Keywords: risks and threats, ensuring economic security, procurement of medicines.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Belozertsev R. V., Belozertsev O. V. Organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring the economic security of an enterprise // Economic Bulletin of the Donbass State Technical University. – 2020. – No. 6.
2. Volodin V. M., Rozhkova L. V. Mechanisms for ensuring economic security // Models, systems, networks in economics, technology, nature and society. – 2016. – No. 1 (17).
3. Ivanov N. O. Key features of measures to verify business partners // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2022. – No. 5.
4. Kashirskaya L. V., Zurnadzhyants Yu. A., Kutsaya S. S. Development of a methodology for checking counterparties to implement the principle of due diligence // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2023. – No. 5.
5. Kashtanova O. A., Umerova A. R., Safiullin R. S., Khusainova G. I., Gribova Ya. V. Development of a checklist with an integral-point assessment for the audit of the organization of storage of medicines and medical devices // Astrakhan medical journal . – 2011. – No. 3.
6. Makareiko N. V. Mechanism of legal support of economic security // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2008. – No. 1 (8).
7. Mamykin I. P. Methods of cognition and methods of activity // Bulletin of the Belarusian State Economic University. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 95-99.
8. Murnikov I. V., Solovjuk D. V., Kuzmina O. V., Fedorenko I. V. Problems in conducting a check of a potential counterparty // Actual problems of aviation and cosmonautics. – 2019.
9. Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language [Text] / edited by N. Yu. Shvedov. [14th ed., reprinted]. – M.: Russian language, 1982. – 816 p.
10. Optner S. L. Systems analysis for solving business and industrial problems [Text]. – M.: Soviet Radio, 1969. – 216 p.
11. Petrova S. I. On the meaning and significance of the category “need” // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2017. – No. 6 (19).
12. Tarasova E. A., Mitroshkina T. A., Dmitriev A. Ya. Checklists and qualimetric assessment in the examination of projects to improve quality and productivity // Bulletin of Tula State University. Technical sciences. – 2023. – No. 7.
13. Telnova E. A. Qualitative determination of need as the main condition for the availability of medicines // Healthcare Manager. – 2007. – No. 10.
14. Trifonov Yu. V., Fomina E. A. Development of tools for assessing enterprise risks // Problems of risk analysis. – 2021. – Vol. 18. No. 5. – P. 38-47.
15. Trifonov Yu. V., Fomina E. A. Principles of assessing the risks of enterprise counterparties // Problems of risk analysis. – 2022. – Vol. 19. No. 1. – P. 42-52.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
NIZAMOV Sadik Sabirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COUNTRY’S FOOD SECURITY
The article analyzes the impact of digitalization on food security in the context of global volatility. The possibilities of increasing the physical and economic availability of food through precision farming and artificial intelligence technologies, as well as the risks associated with the oligopolous market structure and import dependence of software are considered. Special attention is paid to institutional barriers, differentiation of digitalization levels between large and small farms, and staff shortages. The necessity of a systematic approach and transition to technological sovereignty for the sustainable development of the Russian agro-industrial complex is substantiated.
Keywords: economy, digital transformation, food security.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Gusmanov R. U. Problems of implementing digital solutions at regional enterprises and ways to solve them // Actual problems and trends in the development of modern economics and informatics: materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Birsk, November 21, 2025. – Birsk: Ufa University of Science and Technology, 2025. – P. 95-99. – EDN NROSIB.
2. Gusmanov R. U., Stovba E. V. Formation and development of the export food potential of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the context of import substitution // Nikonovskie readings. – 2017. – No. 22. – P. 210-213. – EDN ZWHKOV.
3. Gusmanov U. G., Gusmanov R. U., Stovba E. V. Ensuring food security of the region in the context of import substitution (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan) // Far Eastern Agrarian Bulletin. – 2016. – No. 3 (39). – P. 100-108.
4. Gusmanov U. G., Gusmanov R. U., Stovba E. V. Forecasting the development of the agro-food sector of rural areas based on the cluster approach // Economics of Agriculture of Russia. – 2013. – No. 10. – P. 65-72. – EDN RRWMZB.
5. Gusmanov U. G., Gusmanov R. U., Stovba E. V. Development of an import substitution strategy in the agro-food sector as a current area of scientific research // Nikonovskie readings. – 2016. – No. 21. – P. 66-69.
6. Nizamov S. S. Concept and essence of economic security of an economic entity // Eurasian space: economy, law, society. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 28-30. – EDN VRZGON.
7. Nizamov S. S. Economic security of an economic entity: concept and essence // Young Russia: collection of materials from the XVI All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists with international participation, Kemerovo, April 16-19, 2024. – Kemerovo : Kuzbass State Technical University named after T. F. Gorbachev, 2024. – P. 84407.1-84407.6. – EDN SFGXLD.
8. Stovba E. V. Problems of ensuring food security of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the context of implementing the import substitution policy // Organizational and economic problems of regional development in modern conditions: materials of the scientific and practical conference , Simferopol, April 13, 2017. – Simferopol: Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky, 2017. – P. 302-305. – EDN YUEGSL.
9. Stovba E. V. Food security as a factor in sustainable development of rural areas // Food supply of Siberia in the context of globalization of the world economy: materials of the International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the Siberian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Novosibirsk, June 3-4, 2015. – Novosibirsk: Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Siberian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics” of the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, 2015. – P. 215-219. – EDN FYFIAT.
10. Stovba E. V. Import substitution strategy in the regional agro-food complex (based on materials from the Republic of Bashkortostan). – Moscow: Publishing and trading corporation “Dashkov i K”, 2016. – 157 p.
11. Stovba E. V. Digital technologies as an innovative driver of sustainable development of rural areas // AIC: economics, management. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 69-78. – DOI 10.33305/207-69. – EDN ZBXWXC.
12. Stovba E. V., Stovba A. V. Import substitution and its role in ensuring food security of the Republic of Bashkortostan // Potential for development of the agro-food complex: social capital, innovation, production, international integration: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. Dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the honored worker of higher education of the Russian Federation, doctor of economic sciences, professor Viktor Fedorovich Stukach, Omsk, June 29-30, 2017. – Omsk: LITERA, 2017. – Pp. 58-61. – EDN ZHCWDP.
13. Stovba E. V., Stovba A. V. Forecasting the standard of living of the rural population of the region in the context of the formation of a digital economy // Innovative activities of science and education in agro-industrial production: materials of the International scientific and practical conference , Kursk, February 27-28, 2019 / Responsible for the release I. Ya. Pigorev. Volume 4. – Kursk: Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 2019. – Pp. 302-307. – EDN AISUXZ.
14. Stovba E. V., Stovba A. V. Development of rural areas in the context of the formation of a digital economy // Bulletin of the Academy of Management and Production. – 2021. – No. 2-3. – P. 90-96. – EDN UNSOJT.
15. Stovba E. V., Stovba A. V. The role of personal subsidiary farms of the population in ensuring food security of the region // Prospects for sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference, Omsk, June 6, 2017. – Omsk: Omsk State Agrarian University named after P. A. Stolypin, 2017. – P. 787-791. – EDN ZGEGWB.
16. Stovba E. V., Stovba A. V. Sustainable development of rural areas in the context of food security of the Republic of Bashkortostan // Current state, traditions and innovative technologies in the development of the agro-industrial complex: Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference within the framework of the XXVIII International specialized exhibition “Agrocomplex-2018”, Ufa, March 14-16, 2018 / Bashkir State Agrarian University. Volume Part 1. – Ufa: Bashkir State Agrarian University, 2018. – Pp. 308-314. – EDN XPRWIX.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAKIEVA Gulnara Viljevna
lecturer-methodologist of the Department of professional training of the educational department, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
DETERMINANTS OF IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT: A SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DECONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS
This article presents the author’s philosophical understanding of the process of identity construction in adolescence and young adulthood amidst the transformation of socialization institutions. Drawing on classical theories (E. Erikson, G. Tajfel, S. Moscovici) and contemporary research, the author proposes viewing identity not as a static outcome, but as a dynamic, continuously constructed phenomenon in which the educational institution can play an active, guiding role. Key social determinants are identified – family, school, reference groups, and the digital environment – emphasizing their mutual influence and the need for pedagogical integration. Particular attention is given to the phenomenon of digital identity, which the author interprets as a resource for personal development, provided targeted reflective support is provided. The conclusion offers suggestions for creating pedagogical conditions that facilitate the development of a stable, integrated, and socially responsible identity in modern schoolchildren.
Keywords: identity, identity construction, minors, social determinants, pedagogical support, socialization, educational environment, digital identity, reflective practices.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Ganieva Yu. I. Formation of social roles of a teenager in the context of family and school interaction // Current research. – 2025. – No. 17 (252). Part II. – P. 68-70.
2. Zhilina A. A., Selivanova O. A. Social identity of adolescents in the context of online socialization: experience of a diagnostic study // Humanities. – 2023. – No. 4 (64). – P. 20-27.
3. Kochetova Yu. A., Klimakova M. V. A teenager in a digital environment: identity and self-image // Social sciences and childhood. – 2025. – Vol. 6. No. 3. – P. 85-98. – DOI: 10.17759/ssc.2025060306.
4. Krapukhin G. A., Rezanova A. I. Internet communities as a space for constructing adolescent identity // Young scientist. – 2026. – No. 17 (620). – P. 324-326.
5. Kulakova A. B. Family determinants of identity formation in modern adolescents // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Education. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 41-48.
6. Mikhailova T. N., Kuznetsova E. V. Pedagogical support for the formation of a positive identity of schoolchildren in a digital educational environment // Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I. Ya. Yakovlev. – 2024. – No. 2 (119). – P. 53-61.
7. Nikolaeva E. A. Formation of civic identity of adolescents in classroom and extracurricular activities // Domestic and foreign pedagogy. – 2025. – V. 1. No. 3 (85). – P. 78-88.
8. Savina E. S., Volkova I. G. Digital identity: how the Internet shapes our self-perception // Psychological and pedagogical research – to the Tula region: materials of the IV Regional scientific and practical conference of young scientists (Tula, May 16, 2024). – Cheboksary ID “Sreda”, 2024. – P. 80-82.
9. Spirina V. I., Belous Yu. A., Spirina M. L., Belous O. V. Assessment of social and personal manifestations of adolescents interested in youth subculture // Science for Education Today. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 4. – P. 171-189. – DOI: 10.15293/2658-6762.2404.08.
10. Tarkhanova I. Yu. On the issue of factors of socialization of adolescents in the conditions of a network society // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics. – 2023. – V. 29. No. 3. – P. 45-52.
11. Fedorova O. V. Methodological approaches to the study of cybersocialization and network identity of young people // Professional education in the modern world. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – P. 62-70.
12. Shakurova M. V. Formation of identity of a modern child in the context of the socio-cultural situation of his development // Bulletin of PSTGU. Series IV: Pedagogy. Psychology. – 2016. – Issue 2 (41). – P. 15-26.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAYANOV Kvinray Raevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social Sciences, and Humanities, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGINS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY AND STATEHOOD
The article is devoted to the study of the semantic foundations of the origins of Russian history and statehood. The existing concepts of the origins of Russian history and statehood are identified and presented: Norman (Scandinavian), Slavic (southern Baltic coast), Khazar (North Caucasian), Arkaim (South Ural) and Phoenician (Mediterranean). The Phoenician (Mediterranean) concept put forward by Vasily Tatishchev is chosen as the starting point. In this regard, special attention is paid to the study of toponyms and naming of craft inventory of the Mediterranean, where Ancient Phenicia was located, in order to search for Russian “linguistic traces”. To verify the stated concept, the work examines and presents the toponyms: Palestine, Israel, Judea, Greater Syria, Phenicia; Canaan, Atlantis, Tire, Sidon, Byblos, Arvad, Ugarit, Carthage, Aleppo, Balbec, Palmyra, Petra, Nabatea, Melqart, Melqart (Hercules) pillars, as well as the names of craft tools: rosin, hemp, saw, bronze, copper, tar distillation, distillation, ship, compass, map, alphabets (Phoenician, Ugaritic and Sumerian), etc. In understanding the toponyms and naming of craft tools, Phoenician, Sumerian, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, Russian and Arabic languages were selected in their comparative comparison, with the purpose of identifying the affiliation of words to one or another language, following the simple rule – to attribute words to the language in which they receive a motivated explanation. Semantic studies of Phoenician toponyms and craft toolkit terms confirm that the Phoenician language is a blend of Russian-Arabic morphemes, indicating the millennia-long coexistence of Russians and Arabs in the coastal lands of the Mediterranean. This leads us to the logical conclusion that the origins of Russian history and statehood trace back to Ancient Phenicia (Canaan, Atlantis). Furthermore, linguistic “excavations” have revealed the lost Atlantis, described by ancient sages such as Plato, Proclus, and others. It has been determined that Atlantis is another name for Phenicia. It has been established that the Russian exodus from the Mediterranean ecumene occurred in the late 7th and early 8th centuries due to social and legal reforms, civil wars, and climate change. The conclusion describes the routes of the Russian exodus to all four cardinal points. Considering the predominantly northern direction of the Russian exodus from Phenicia (Moravian, Black Sea, Caspian, and Aral), explanations are provided regarding the origins of the Norman (Scandinavian), Slavic (Baltic), Khazar (North Caucasian), and Arkaim (South Ural) concepts.
Keywords: Russian Exodus, Phoenician concept, Norman (Scandinavian) concept, Slavic (Baltic) concept, Khazar (North Caucasian) concept, Arkaim (South Ural) concept, Phenicia (Canaan; Atlantis), Great Syria and Palestine.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Miller G. F. Works on the history of Russia: selected. – M.: Nauka, 1996. – 447 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01001741662.
2. Lomonosov M. V. Ancient Russian history from the origins of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the First or to 1054, composed by Mikhail Lomonosov, state councilor, professor of chemistry and member of the St. Petersburg Imperial and Royal Swedish Academies of Sciences: [parts 1-2]. – St. Petersburg: At the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1766. – 140 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01002721118.
3. Gustav von Evers (Evers Johann Philipp Gustav). Preliminary critical research of Gustav Evers for Russian history / Translation from German. Published by the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian History and Antiquities. – Moscow: In the University typography , 1825-1826. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01007841398.
4. Zdanovich G. B. Arkaim – “Country of Cities”: space and images (Arkaim: research horizons) / G. B. Zdanovich, I. M. Batanina; Administration of the Chelyabinsk Region, Specialized Natural-Landscape and Historical-Archaeological Center “Arkaim”, Chelyabinsk State University. – Chelyabinsk: Crocus: South Ural Book Publishing House, 2007. – 256 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01003421756.
5. Pyzhikov A. V. Slavic fault. Ukrainian-Polish yoke in Russia. – M .: Conceptual, 2018 .– 266 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01009654819.
6. Tatishchev V. N. Russian History: In 7 volumes. – M.; L.: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1962-1968. – 7 volumes. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01005596941.
7. Nestor. The Tale of Bygone Years: [Fragments]; Lives / St. Nestor the Chronicler. – M .: Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate: Center “Blago”, [1997?]. – 255 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01001787712.
8. Kizevetter A. A. Russian history / Encyclopedic dictionary: In 86 volumes / Published by F. A. Brockhaus, I. A. Efron. – Rep. ed. – St. Petersburg: POLRADIS, 1993.
9. Vashkevich N. N. Behind the Seven Seals. Secrets of the Origin of Language. Biblical Symbols. Russian Phraseology. – M .: Publishing House “White Elves”, 2004 .– 180 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.koob.ru/vashkevich/za_semyu_pechatyami?ysclid=m6ns1a0hqi788559329.
10. Vashkevich N. N., Vashkevich N. N. RA Codes. From 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.nnvashkevich.narod.ru/KOD-PA.htm.
11. Vashkevich N. N. The World Periodic Law. Introduction to Semantic Logic. – M.: Publisher S. Landyshev, 2010. – 704 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.koob.ru/vashkevich/world_periodic_law.
12. Vashkevich N. N. Dictionary of RA. Introduction. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nnvashkevich.narod.ru/SLV/slvPA/vvdn.htm or – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.nnvashkevich.narod.ru/KOD-PA.htm.
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14. Bayanov K. R. Semantic interpretation of the origins of Russian history and Russian statehood // Actual problems of the history of Russian statehood. In the collection: Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference. – 2024. – P. 10-19.
15. Bayanov K. R. History and philosophy of technology (study guide). – Glazov: OOO Print Torg, 2018. – 120 p.
16. Herodotus. History in Nine Books. Book One. Clio. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/t.htm?a=1269001000.
17. Vashkevich N. N. Phenicia Russian exodus. – M.: “White Alvas”, 2018. – 368 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VILDANOV Khanif Salimovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, senior researcher, RG Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
BIKIMBETOV Ruslan Giniyatovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Physical culture sub-faculty, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa
SOCIAL WELL-BEING IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY: THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MATERIAL AND THE SPIRITUAL
This article examines the social well-being of Russian society. It argues that the pursuit of material well-being in modern Russian society is the defining factor in the population’s social well-being and is a social attitude determined by public consciousness. This goal-oriented approach leads to the prevalence of consumerism in the structure of social well-being, which not only creates contradictions in social development, generates social heterogeneity, and fragments society, but also destroys human spirituality. Social well-being, as a form of social consciousness determined by material consumption, is imbued with hedonistic value-based meanings, relegating the spiritual determinants of social well-being to the background. At the present stage, not hedonistic consumerism, with its philosophy of progressive consumption, but only the priority of the spiritual in the value system of Russian society can become a unifying force capable of overcoming global existential crises.
Keywords: social well-being, spirituality, morality and ethics, Russian society, values, consumerism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Zdravomyslov A. G., Yadov V. A., Rozhin V. P. Man and his work (sociological research) / Edited by A. G. Zdravomyslov, V. P. Rozhin, V. A. Yadov. – M., “Mysl”, 1967. – 392 p. 2. Toshchenko Zh. T., Kharchenko S. B. Social mood. – M., 1996. – 241 p.
3. Volkov Yu. G., Gurba V. N., Guskov I. A. Specifics of social inequalities in Russian society: theoretical-conceptual and social-diagnostic dimension // Humanitarian of the South of Russia. – 2020. – Vol. 9. No. 6. – P. 30-47.
4. Soloviev V. S. Justification of Good. Moral Philosophy. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 468 p.
5. Vasilyeva O. V. Measuring the quality of life of the population: subjective and objective approaches // Vectors of well-being: economy and society. – 2021. – No. 4 (43). – P. 65-80.
6. Tatarkiewicz V. O. On the happiness and perfection of man. – M.: Progress, 1981. – 368 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
DERKACHEV Vyacheslav Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Helicopter design and operation sub-faculty, (Branch), Military Training Scientific Center of the Russian Air Force, Professor NE Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin Air Force Academy
THE PROBLEM OF PATRIOTISM IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
The subject of this article is the problem of patriotism in Russian society in modern realities. The sources of the emerging problems of patriotism in Russian society, manifested in various aspects, are identified. It is noted that Russia, which has a century-old history of a multinational state, is making sufficient efforts against the background of globalization to preserve the sovereignty of the country and national identity, despite the anti-Russian social and political propaganda conducted by Western public figures who rely on the division of our country.
Keywords: Russia, patriotism, Russian society, globalism, propaganda, the younger generation, spirituality, national identity.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2023, No. 229. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/49090/page/1 (date of access: December 20, 2025).
2. Types of regions and selection criteria. Macroregions of the world. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://studfile.net/preview/8532418/page:11/ (date of access: 12/28/2025).
3. News: Russia is a great power. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/rossija-velikaja-derzhava VTsIOM (date of access: 12/27/2025).
4. Antonova A. D., Safronova E. S., Luchnikova M. D. Patriotism in modern Russia: issues and problems // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 48 (182). – P. 296-299.
5. Chaadaev P. Ya. Philosophical letters. – M .: Nobel Press, 2021. – 100 p.
6. Khromova M. N. Ideas of patriotism in the works of Russian philosophers and teachers // Fundamental research. – 2014. – No. 5-2. – P. 379-382.
7. Lapina I. Yu., Kargapol’tsev S. Yu. Patriotism and national consciousness in modern Russia (problems and prospects) // Patriotism – a phenomenon of Russian history: materials of the International scientific and practical conference / edited by I. Yu. Lapina, S. Yu. Kargapol’tsev . – St. Petersburg: SPbGASU, 2013. – P. 84-116.
8. Frolov V. A. Problems of patriotic education of youth // Spiritual and moral problems of the information society. – Samara: Samara State University of Economics, 2012. – P. 299-314.
9. Sychev Yu. V. Microenvironment and personality: philosophical and sociological aspects. – M.: Mysl, 1974. – 190 p.
10. Petrova S. I. Social environment: problems of interpretation // Bulletin of science and practice. – 2016. – No. 4 (5). – P. 247-251.
11. Shumilina Yu. V., Mezentseva E. A. Patriotic education as a necessary condition for spiritual and moral education // The system of values of modern society. – 2016. – No. 49. – P. 154-158.
12. Shulzhenko M. E. Patriotic education of modern youth // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 47 (181). – P. 240-243.
13. Kara-Murza S. G. Manipulation of consciousness. – M.: Eksmo, 2003. – 641 p.
14. Flier A. Ya. Culture as the meaning of history // Social sciences and modernity. – 1999. – No. 6. – P. 150-159.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZOLOTUKHIN Alexander Andreevich
lecturer of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
DUROVA Elina Evgenjevna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
THE LEGITIMACY CRISIS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE AGE OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY
This article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of the crisis of rule of law enforcement institutions amid the emergence of a network society and the digital transformation of social communications. The paper demonstrates that the traditional Weberian model of authority, based on the state’s monopoly on violence and rational-legal authority, is losing its effectiveness in a network society where power is decentralized and horizontal communication is displacing vertical hierarchies. An analysis of three aspects of the crisis (cognitive, normative, and communicative) reveals the mechanisms underlying the transformation of public trust in the police. Particular attention is paid to the contradiction between traditional departmental regulations and new public expectations, as well as the lack of effective dialogue mechanisms in the digital environment. It concludes that a transition from a monological model of power to dialogic practices of networked governance is necessary.
Keywords: crisis of legitimacy, law enforcement institutions, network society, digital transformation, police, social contract, dialogue, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
NAZAROVA Marina Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socioeconomic disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
TIMOSHCHUK Elena Andreevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Social sciences and humanities sub-faculty, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; associate professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Vladimir Branch, Volga Region Research Medical University
AXIOLOGY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN DIALOGUE WITH EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
Comparative analysis of axiology (the philosophy of value) and phenomenology (the philosophy of mindfulness) is of great importance for the contemporary technocratic worldview. It directly examines how people generate meaning in dynamically evolving, fragmented worlds. Why is such comparative research crucial for contemporary thinking? First, it connects subjective experience and objective values. Second, it helps us navigate the digital age. Third, it contributes to overcoming the plural crisis in postmodernism. By thematizing axiological and phenomenological problems, theories are connected with the everyday lifeworld (Lebenswelt).
Keywords: Husserl, Scheler, Schutz, Molchanov, meaning, value, anti-reductionism, intentionality, overcoming nihilism, intercultural dialogue.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Nazarova M. G., Timoshchuk E. A. Realistic phenomenology of Ingarden // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 9 (208). – P. 583-584.
2. Nazarova M. G., Timoshchuk A. S., Timoshchuk E. A. Vladimir phenomenological school of R. A. Kurenkova // III Russian Aesthetic Congress: aesthetics in times of global change. – Vladimir, 2023. – P. 47-48.
3. Nazarova M. G., Timoshchuk E. A. Phenomenological and aesthetic description of the life-world // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2023. – V. 12. No. 2-1. – P. 252-260.
4. Timoshchuk A. S., Timoshchuk E. A. Philosophical communication between Eastern and Western Europe at the beginning of the 20th century (using phenomenology as an example) // Days of Slavic writing and culture. – Vladimir: VlSU, 2008. – P. 211-216.
5. Timoshchuk E. A. Discourse theory and intercultural communication // International scientific and practical journal Inter-Cultur@l-Net. – 2010. – No. 9. – P. 32-36.
6. Timoshchuk E. A. Phenomenology of values // Humanitarian knowledge and spiritual security. – Makhachkala: ChSPU, ALEF, 2019. – P. 432-439.
7. Timoshchuk E. A. Constitutivity as a value-semantic choice // Personality Values. – Kostanay: KInEU, 2014. – P. 278-283.
8. Lau K. Phenomenology and intercultural understanding // Contributions to phenomenology. – 2016. – Vol. 87. – P. 1-34.
9. Lusthaus D. Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch’eng Wei-shih Lun. – London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. – 611 p.
10. Kachru S. Human Being, Bodily Being: Phenomenology from Classical India by Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad (review) // Philosophy East and West. – 2021. – Vol. 71. No. 3. – P. 1-7.
11. Liu G., Zhang C., Guan Z. Identity and Alterity: Phenomenology and Cultural Traditions. – Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2010. – 379 p.
12. Velázquez J. Feeling in Values: Axiological and Emotional Intentionality as Living Structure of Ethical Life, Regarding Max Scheler’s Phenomenology // Human Studies. – 2023. – Vol. 46. No. 1. – P. 43-57.
13. Zhang W. Formalism and Heteronomy qua Logonomy – On Max Scheler’s Critique and Development of Kant’s Ethics // Frontiers of Philosophy in China. – 2020. – Vol. 15. No. 3. – P. 380-394.
14. Dai C. Ethics: Formal or Material? On Max Scheler’s Criticism of Kant’s Moral Philosophy // Shijie zhexue (World Philosophy). – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 118-127.
15. Lu I. The Phenomenology of Sympathy and Love: An Investigation through Max Scheler and Confucian Philosophy // Ethical Perspectives. – 2019. – Vol. 26. No. 4. – P. 507-525.
16. Lu I. Confucianism and Phenomenology: An Exploration of Feeling, Value and Virtue. – Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2022. – 251 p.
17. Zhang W. Material apriority and the formation of personality: reconstruction of the material ethics of values in Scheler’s phenomenology. – Beijing: Shanwu-yinshuguan, 2014. – 581 p.
18. Zhong H. Phenomenological justification of ethics: a study of Scheler’s ethics based on material apriorism. – Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2013. – 207 p.
19. Radhakrishnan S. Eastern Religions and Western Thought. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940. – 396 p.
20. Panikkar R. What is Comparative Philosophy Comparing? // Interpreting Across Boundaries: New Essays in Comparative Philosophy. – Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. – P. 116-136.
21. Mehta JJL Mehta on Heidegger, Hermeneutics, and Indian Tradition. – Leiden; New York: EJ Brill, 1992. – 309 p.
22. Skorokhodova T. G. The Image of India in the Social Thought of the Bengal Renaissance // Questions of Philosophy. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 157-167.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
THE ROLE OF CHANCE IN THE CHOICE OF TRAJECTORIES OF SOCIOCULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: A CULTURAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
This article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of the role of random factors in determining the direction of the sociocultural dynamics of Euro-Atlantic civilization. Based on a generalization of three historical transitions (late Hellenism, the Renaissance and Reformation, and the avant-garde-postmodernism), it is argued that the determinism of cultural change operates only at the level of the formation of a space of possibilities, whereas the specific trajectory of exiting a systemic crisis is determined by the configuration of external and internal factors, including a significant randomness component. A synergetic perspective (the concepts of bifurcation and attractor) allows us to conceptualize randomness as a mechanism for selection among a multitude of alternative development paths, without negating the general pattern of alternating cultural systems and sociocultural transformations.
Keywords: chance, determinism, sociocultural transformation, cultural system, bifurcation, attractor, synergetics, philosophy of culture, dynamics of culture, Euro-Atlantic civilization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TITOVA Rida Damirovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Deputy Director for Educational and Upbringing Work at MBOU “Secondary School No. 13″ of the urban district, Oktyabrsky City, Republic of Bashkortostan
LUKYANOVA Rushaniya Abdurakhmanovna
associate professor of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines sub-faculty, Bashkir Institute of Physical Culture (Branch), Ural State University of Physical Culture, Ufa
THE IDEAL OF VICTORY IN THE VIEWS OF RUSSIAN AND WESTERN THINKERS
The article offers a view of Victory not as a single event, but as the foundation of the social ideal, which today largely determines the movement of Russian society. The authors turn to the religious and eschatological origins of this ideal and trace its transformation up to the present. The focus is on the philosophical constructions of N. Fedorov, N. Berdyaev, I. Ilyin, as well as their followers. The key opposition running through the entire article is the ratio of defeating oneself and defeating external chaos. In addition, the authors compare the Western interpretation of success and the Russian perception of victory, followed by existential meanings of dedication and conciliar unity.
Keywords: social ideal, simulacra, existentialism, conciliarity, passionarity, ideal of Victory, Russian society, historiosophy, sacredness.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Berdyaev N. A. The Origins and Meaning of Russian Communism. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 178 p.
2. Berdyaev N. A. Russian idea. – M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2024. – 384 p.
3. Viktorovich V. A. “The Effect” of Pushkin’s Speech in Russian Journalism // Unknown Dostoevsky. – 2021. – T. 8. – P. 122-156.
4. Gumilev L. N. Ethnogenesis and the Earth’s biosphere. – St. Petersburg: Crystal Publishing House, 2001. – 638 p.
5. Ilyin I. A. The Religious Meaning of Philosophy: Three Speeches, 1914-1923. Ilyin I. A. Collected Works. In 10 volumes. – M.: Rarog Publishing House, 1994. – Vol. 3. – 116 p.
6. Kortunov S. V. K66 National Identity: Understanding the Meaning. – M.: Aspect Press Publishing House, 2009. – 589 p.
7. Lukyanova R. A. Moral foundations in the history of the Great Victory: philosophical analysis // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – Ufa, 216. – No. 10. – P. 19-26.
8. Pilipenko E. A. The concept of mythological time // Bulletin of the Volga Region Institute of Management. – 2015. – No. 6 (51). – P. 162-168.
9. Titova R. D. Integration of values and ideals in modern Russia // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art criticism. Theoretical and practical issues: in 2 parts. Part I. – Tambov: Gramota Publishing House, 2014. – No. 3 (41). – P. 163-165.
10. Titova R. D. Social ideal in modern Russia: philosophical analysis: dis. candidate of philosophical sciences. – Ufa, 2015. – 161 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FROLOVA Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
THE PHENOMENON OF TOLERANCE TO OTHER CULTURES IN RUSSIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY
This article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of tolerance towards other cultures as a stable characteristic of Russian national consciousness. Based on a generalization of historical transitions (adoption of Christianity, imperial integration of peoples, Soviet internationalism, post-Soviet transformation), it is argued that tolerance is not an unchanging essence but rather the result of a complex interaction of deterministic and random factors. Using the conceptual framework of synergetics (bifurcation, attractor), it is shown that the Russian cultural system at bifurcation points repeatedly chose a model of coexistence with other cultures, and that this choice was not unambiguously predetermined. Tolerance is interpreted as a cultural attractor that structures the space of interethnic and interreligious interactions.
Keywords: tolerance, Russian national consciousness, other cultures, bifurcation, attractor, synergetics, cultural system, intercultural dialogue, chance, determinism.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Alekseeva T. A., Mineev A. P. On the holistic approach in the theory of international relations // Oikumena. Regional studies. – 2025. – Vol. 19. No. 2. – P. 73-84.
2. Martynova M. Yu. Social orientations of school education in the context of cultural diversity of society as a factor of well-being // Bulletin of Anthropology. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 23-43.
3. Petrova N. E., Samoilova G. S. Historical and linguistic component in the Russian language course as a means of dialogue of cultures (based on Afanasy Nikitin’s “Voyage Beyond Three Seas”) // Russian language at school. – 2025. – Vol. 86. No. 6. – P. 60-73.
4. Xu H., Ran T. Taoist philosophy and its modern value // Questions of Philosophy. – 2026. – No. 5. – P. 190-199.
5. Khrapunov N. I. Illustrations for a travelogue: the history of Crimea in the notes of the French of the first quarter of the 19th century // Electronic scientific and educational journal “History”. – 2025. – V. 16. No. 4 (150).
6. Chirkov N. V. Catechism “Tianzhu Shiyi” by Matteo Ricci as a strategy for the inculturation of Christianity and intercultural dialogue in China // Religious Studies. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 47-61.
7. Sheveleva D. A. Development of cultural sciences in modern society: methodology and conceptual framework // Man. – 2025. – Vol. 36. No. 6. – P. 149-160.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KHAIRULLIN Askar Gafiatullovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Social sciences and humanities sub-faculty, Naberezhnye Chelny Institute (Branch), Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
DIGITALIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE BASED ON APPLIED APPROACHES TO DGBL
The article analyzes the processes of digitalization of the modern educational space through the prism of applied approaches to Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL). The key statistical indicators of the digital transformation of the Russian education system for 2023-2025 are examined, along with the dynamics of the introduction of digital educational platforms and global trends in the development of the gamification and game-based learning market. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign sources for 2021-2026, applied models of integrating DGBL tools into the educational process are systematized, the main drivers and barriers of digitalization are identified, and a structural scheme for applying DGBL in the digital educational environment is proposed.
Keywords: digitalization of education, DGBL, digital game-based learning, gamification, digital educational environment, EdTech, digital transformation, educational platforms.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Baltezarević R., Baltezarević I. Digital Game-Based Learning’s (DGBL) Effect on Students’ Academic Performance // International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE). 2025. Vol. 13. No. 1. P. 127-140.
2. Skvortsova E. E. Interpretation of indicators of digitalization of the Russian general education system // Population. 2023. Vol. 26. No. 2. P. 102-113.
3. Digital Game-Based Learning in Education: Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends, Game Types, and Thematic Focus on Student Engagement // Journal Of Education And Teaching Learning (JETL). 2025. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 174-189.
4. Bibliometric analysis of digital game-based learning research // Multidisciplinary Reviews. 2025.P. 145-166.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
DOVZHENKO Arina Valerievna
COMPETITOR FOR THE ACADEMIC DEGREE OF PH.D. OF RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE SUB-FACULTY, INSTITUTE OF PHILOSOPHY, ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY
The idea of the liberal-conservative synthesis in the social-political philosophy of Yu. N. Solonin The article reconstructs the idea of the liberal-conservative synthesis in the social-political philosophy of the Russian thinker and Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg State University (1989-2010), Yu. N. Solonin, and determines its place within the philosopher’s legacy, whose key task was the development and theoretical substantiation of the qualitative project. Solonin’s qualitative project entails a consistent rehabilitation of the categories of quality and wholeness against the quantitative-systemic orientation dominant in science. The article shows that Solonin’s philosophy of conservatism does not constitute a separate political-ideological subject but is an application of the ontology of wholeness and the qualitative approach to the social sphere. The social-political polemic into which the St. Petersburg thinker inscribes conservatism is explained through three conceptual oppositions: “rationalism – antirationalism” (the epistemological foundation), “holism – atomism” (the social-ontological foundation), and “tradition – utopia” (the historical-temporal foundation). It is demonstrated that conservative “antirationalism” is not a rejection of reason but a corrective limitation of its claims; that atomism as a social ontology is the reverse side of quantitativism; and that the critique of utopianism is not equivalent to a condemnation of conservatism and rests on a strict distinction between conservatism and traditionalism. The three axes converge in the idea of the liberal-conservative synthesis, in which conservatism is understood by Yu. N. Solonin not as an autonomous ideology opposed to liberalism, but as a discourse within liberalism, called upon to correct and restrain the excesses of liberal development. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of civil society as the privileged object of the synthesis, to the discovery of liberal features within Russian conservatism itself, and to the resonance of Solonin’s conception with the contemporary Russian value agenda.
Keywords: qualitative approach, quantitativism, ontology of wholeness, reontologization, Leningrad school of philosophy of science, liberal-conservative synthesis, conservatism, holism, atomism, tradition, utopia, civil society, Yu. N. Solonin.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Solonin Yu. N. Science as a subject of philosophical analysis. L.: Publishing house of Leningrad University, 1989. 176 p. 2. Solonin Yu. N. The crisis of culture and the life prospects of a person in the 20th century // Humanities: from the experience of theoretical interpretation: collection of scientific papers. St. Petersburg: Phantoms, 1993. Pp. 105-112.
3. Dudnik S. I., Markov B. V. Philosophy, science and politics in the works of Yu. N. Solonin // Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society. 2014. No. 4. P. 182-189.
4. Vyazovik T. P., Solonin Yu. N. Problems of liberal-conservative synthesis (political and philosophical aspect) // Philosophy and socio-political values of conservatism in the public consciousness of Russia (from the origins to the present). St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University , 2009. Pp. 64-107. 5. Rormozer G., Frenkin A.A. New conservatism: a challenge for Russia. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996. 237 p. 6. Zenkovsky V. V. History of Russian philosophy. Moscow: Academic project, Raritet, 2001. 880 p.
7. Mannheim K. Conservative thought // Mannheim K. Diagnosis of our time. Moscow: Jurist, 1994. Pp. 572-668.
8. Oakeshott M. Rationalism in Politics // Oakeshott M. Rationalism in Politics and Other Articles. Moscow: Idea-Press, 2002. Pp. 7-32.
9. Hayek F. A. Why am I not a conservative? / trans. B. Pinsker // Friedrich Naumann Foundation: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.freiheit.org/ru/russia-and-central-asia/konstituciya-svobody (date of access: 05/30/2026).
10. Solonin Yu. N. Preface // Introduction to the Problems of Russian Conservatism: textbook / edited by Yu. N. Solonin, A. I. Brodsky. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2009. Pp. 6-7.
11. Solonin Yu. N. Our national question: the future of Russia // The future of Russia: strategies of philosophical understanding: collection of articles / ed. team: Yu. N. Solonin (president) [and others]. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2011. Pp. 3-7.
12. Osipov I.D. Yu. N. Solonin on the socio-political philosophy of conservatism // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflictology. 2022. Vol. 38, issue 4. P. 525-533.
13. Nisbet RA The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1953. 303 p.
14. Taylor, C. The Malaise of Modernity. Lecture III: Atomism / trans. A. Semanov // Tradition.ru: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://predanie.ru/book/221311-nedug-sovremennosti/ (date accessed: 05/30/2026).
15. Solonin Yu. N. The revival of Russian culture: aspects of the obvious and probable // The revival of Russian culture: origins and modernity. Issue 1. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 1993. Pp. 24-28. 16. Solonin Yu. N. Philosophy of Culture: Methodological Assessment of the Crisis of Cultures // Humanitarian Knowledge: Essence and Functions: Interuniversity Collection. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 1991. Pp. 128-136.
17. Solonin Yu. N. Russia: Towards the Diagnosis of the Socio-Political Shift // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 6. 1994. Issue 1 (No. 6). P. 16-19. 18. Vyazovik T. P., Solonin Yu. N. Conservative discourse and socioeconomic practices of conservatives (late 18th – early 20th centuries) // Conservatism: socio-economic teachings: collection of articles / edited by A. N. Babadzhanyan. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2009. Pp. 9-41. 19. Solonin Yu. N., Dudnik S. I. Society in Search of Stability: From Social Homogeneity to the “Middle Class” // The Middle Class in Russia: Past, Present, Future: Proc. of the Scientific and Practical Conf. December 9-10, 1999 (Series “Symposium”; issue 2). St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the St. Petersburg Philosophical Society, 2000. Pp. 13-21. 20. Solonin Yu. N. Practical philosophy as a prerequisite for civil society // Integrity of humanitarian knowledge. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2015. Pp. 105–118.
21. Meyer FS In Defense of Freedom and Related Essays / foreword by WC Dennis. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1996. 261 p.
22. On approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.11.2022 No. 809 (as amended on 04.03.2026) // ConsultantPlus: [website]. [Electronic resource ] . – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_430906/ (date of access: 18.05.2026).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZOLOTUKHIN Alexander Andreevich
lecturer of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
USHAKOVA Irina Alexeevna
student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher
THE SYMBOLIC CAPITAL OF POLICE UNIFORMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY
This article explores the cultural and philosophical transformation of police uniforms’ symbolic capital in the context of the digitalization of modern society. It demonstrates that uniforms, as a key visual marker of a police officer’s professional identity, are undergoing fundamental changes under the influence of mediatization, digital communications, and shifting societal expectations. An analysis of the semiotic significance of uniforms, including their traditional and innovative elements, reveals the conflict between archaic (emphasizing the vertical power structure) and modern (emphasizing functionality and service) components of the uniform. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of uniform perception in the digital environment, where the physical symbol of power loses some of its impact, giving way to virtual representations and media images. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need for semiotic adaptation of police uniforms to the demands of the digital age.
Keywords: symbolic capital, police uniform, digital transformation, professional identity, semiotics, mediatization, power, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
PLURALIZATION OF MEANINGS AS A MECHANISM FOR OVERCOMING THE CULTURAL CRISIS
The article provides a cultural and philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of pluralization of meanings as an invariant mechanism providing a way out of the systemic crisis of culture in transitional epochs. Based on the material of three socio-cultural transformations (late Hellenism, Renaissance and Reformation, avant-garde and postmodern), the author substantiates the position that an increase in the number of competing semantic and value systems is not the cause of the degradation of the cultural field, but a necessary condition for its subsequent restructuring. It is shown that pluralization, activated during the crisis phase of the fall of the previous cultural system, creates a space of semantic uncertainty in which new cultural attractors are formed that can legitimize a different anthropological and value configuration. It is concluded that pluralization is a natural stage in the dynamics of European culture, without which the transition from one cultural system to the next would be impossible.
Keywords: pluralization, meanings, cultural crisis, socio-cultural transformation, cultural system, uncertainty, attractor, philosophy of culture, cultural dynamics, Euro-Atlantic civilization.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Bessmertnova A. A., Trofimov D. V. Volunteering in the cultural sphere as a resource for the socio-cultural socialization of youth (using the Volgograd region as an example) // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 95-101.
2. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 35-42.
3. Kobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of “storytelling” as a possible educational tool in Russia and China // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 57-62.
4. Kulashkina A. N., Egorova G. I. Readiness of future teachers to form Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 84-94.
5. Lukyanchikov V. I. Painting as an academic discipline in the system of professional training of ceramic artists // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 56-67.
6. Manger T. E., Kireeva D. V. Pedagogical conditions for the elimination of destructive patterns of interpersonal communication of adolescents in the digital educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 4 (37). – P. 77-87.
7. Paramonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 63-68.
8. Prikhodchenko E. I., Markova E. A. Model of the management system for the development of human resources in higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2026. – No. 1 (38). – P. 77-83.
9. Ryabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 3 (36). – P. 52-56.
10. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. -2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FROLOVA Nataliya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy, political science, and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
THE SPECIFICITY OF THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF REALITY IN RUSSIAN CULTURE
This article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of the specificity of theoretical understanding of reality that has developed in Russian culture. Based on a generalization of key intellectual traditions (Old Russian literacy, Slavophilism, religious philosophy, literature-centrism, Soviet and post-Soviet periods), it is argued that the Russian model of theorizing differs from the Western European classical paradigm in several parameters: holism instead of analytism, the primacy of “life-knowledge” over abstract theory, apophatic orientation, eschatological orientation, and distrust of abstract rationalism. Using the conceptual framework of synergetics (bifurcation, attractor), it is shown that these features are not a random set of “backwardness” but represent a stable cultural attractor formed as a result of passing through a number of historical bifurcation points.
Keywords: theoretical understanding, Russian culture, holism, life-knowledge, apophatics, eschatologism, attractor, bifurcation, literature-centrism, religious philosophy.
Bibliographic list of references:
1. Glebov O., Demenchuk P. The element of madness and decadence in Russian culture // Logos. – 2025. – V. 35. No. 2 (165). – P. 257-274.
2. Koroleva V.V., Pritomskaya A.R. Mythologem “Japan – Russia – West” in Kafka Asagiri’s ranobe “Prose of Stray Dogs” // Asia and Africa today. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 69-76.
3. Lepilkina O. I., Ganzhara O. A., Bredikhin S. N. Autostereotype about Russia in the media for a foreign audience (based on the telegram channel “Window to Russia”) // Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies. – 2026. – Vol. 8. No. 2. – P. 71-89.
4. Furazheva N. S. Attitude towards the French language among the Russian nobility in the 18th – first half of the 19th century. Gallomania and Gallophobia // Bulletin of Slavic Cultures. – 2025. – V. 78. – P. 22-36.
5. Chernaya L. A. When and how the “new era” began in Russia // Dialogue with Time. – 2025. – No. 91. – P. 186-192.
6. Chumakova T. V., Ukhatyuk Yu. I. The Vatican and the Russian Empire at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Case of the Greek Catholics // Philosophical Letters. Russian-European Dialogue. – 2026. – Vol. 9. No. 1. – P. 42-68.
7. Shchedrina T. G., Pruzhinin B. I. Philosophical evidence of the Great Victory // Questions of Philosophy. – 2025. – No. 5. – P. 5-9.

BOOK REVIEW
KITAEV Nikolay Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, and an Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
ARDASHEV Roman Georgievich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Ph.D. of Law, Head of Philosophy and social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk; professor of State and municipal administration sub-faculty, Institute of Social Sciences, Irkutsk State University
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY AN IVANOV AND DS KHIZHNYAK “HISTORY OF THE SARATOV SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINALISTICS”
This monograph is the second part of a three-volume work dedicated to the history of the Saratov School of Scientific Criminalistics. The book covers the period from July 1973 to July 1997 and draws on a wide range of archival sources, personal recollections, and biographical materials. It not only presents the activities of the Department of Criminalistics, but also highlights the contributions of renowned Russian scholars who played a significant role in establishing a high-quality school of criminalistics at the Saratov Law Institute (SGAP). Particular attention is given to the personal contribution of individual scholars who headed research areas, as well as to aspects of the department\’s development during the period under review. The publication is of significant value as a historical-biographical resource for further research into the history of Russian criminalistics.
Keywords: Saratov Scientific School of Criminalistics, historical stages of teaching criminalistics, academic staff, history of legal education, biographies of Russian criminalists.
Bibliographic list of references
1. Ivanov A. N., Khizhnyak D. S. History of the Saratov scientific school of forensic science: monograph: in 3 parts. – Saratov: Publishing house of the Saratov State Law Academy, 2025. Part 2. – 248 p.

INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL

International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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