{"id":2882,"date":"2026-04-14T09:33:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-14T06:33:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/?page_id=2882"},"modified":"2026-04-20T09:59:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T06:59:52","slug":"02-213-2026g","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/2026g\/02-213-2026g.html","title":{"rendered":"EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL \u21162(213)2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"sppb-section\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-row-container sppb-section-content-center\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-row sppb-align-center\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-col-md-6\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-column\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-column-addons\">\r\n<div class=\"clearfix\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block 0\">\r\n<h3 class=\"sppb-addon-title\"><strong>CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"sppb-addon-content\">\r\n<p class=\"sppb-title-subheading\">EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL \u21162(213)2026<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"sppb-row\">\r\n<div id=\"column-wrap-id-2022\" class=\"sppb-col-md-6\">\r\n<div id=\"column-id-2022\" class=\"sppb-column\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-column-addons\">\r\n<div id=\"sppb-addon-2022\" class=\"clearfix\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-addon sppb-addon-single-image sppb-text-left\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-addon-content\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-addon-single-image-container\"><img class=\"sppb-img-responsive\" title=\"\" src=\"\/images\/2026\/540_02_213_2026.jpg\" alt=\"2 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"tabs\"><input id=\"tab-btn-1\" checked=\"checked\" name=\"tab-btn\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" \/><label for=\"tab-btn-1\">CONTENT OF NUMBER<\/label><input id=\"tab-btn-2\" name=\"tab-btn\" type=\"radio\" value=\"\" \/><label for=\"tab-btn-2\">SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES<\/label><!-- 1 --><div id=\"content-1\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PERSONA GRATA<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Sledzevskiy I. V.:<\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>The African vector of the New World Order in the context of global technological challenges: a difficult path between tradition and digital<\/strong><br>\r\nInterview with Igor Vasilyevich Sledzevskiy, Ph.D. in historical sciences, Head of the Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies at the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Ermolina M. A., Han Shizhao<\/strong><br>\r\nBusiness communication strategies for the implementation of SDGs within the SCO framework<br>\r\n<strong>Agapov A. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nExperience of a unified export control system functioning within an integration community: the case of the European Union<br>\r\n<strong>Vildanov R. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nModern two-level model of implementation of international legal norms on combating corruption in the CIS<br>\r\n<strong>Isgandarli S. D.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe role of the panel in the dispute settlement mechanism<br>\r\n<strong>Zahra Fallah<\/strong><br>\r\nThe UN Security Council and the legality of unilateral coercive measures under international law<br>\r\n<strong>Kovalev E. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal approaches to regulating the provision of telemedicine services in the BRICS founding countries<br>\r\n<strong>Levin A. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nArbitration disputes in the energy sectors of Russia and China: current challenges and jurisdictional features<br>\r\n<strong>Mazurova N. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of the institutional form of cooperation between states in countering international terrorism<br>\r\n<strong>Saranchina V. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nProtecting collective human rights within the framework of African Union<br>\r\n<strong>Pinchuk I. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCompetition of regulatory models in international maritime transport: from the liner code to GATS in the context of strategic normative pluralism<br>\r\n<strong>Samuel T. J.<\/strong><br>\r\nSdg 3 good health and well being: family planning and accessibility of healthcare system in Nigeria<br>\r\n<strong>Sharov M. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe right to health in the European Union: institutional mechanisms and current challenges<br>\r\n<strong>Umarov Ya. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe concept of &#8216;attack&#8217; in international humanitarian law and operations in the sphere of information and communication technologies: criteria for qualification<br>\r\n<strong>Yakimchuk V. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nAnti-corruption cooperation of the Russian Federation within international organizations<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Glinshikova T. V., <\/strong><strong>Brus D. S., Kurnosova D. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal grounds for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Simonishvili L. R., Kazakova N. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nReception of roman private law in English commercial law: a case study of the development of lex mercatoria as a legal complex<br>\r\n<strong>Chumachenko V. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe legal system of the EAEU as a basis for the systematization of private international law: problems and prospects<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Gushchina T. V., Ibragimova Z. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems of implementation of Federal Law \u2116 168-fz in the context of consumer rights protection and language policy<br>\r\n<strong>Gorokhova K. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nFrom legal technique to legal technology<br>\r\n<strong>Dubrovin M. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nNational interests in the legal police of the Russian Empire during the first contacts with North African states (with a focus on Tunis, Algeria and Morocco): a historical and legal research<br>\r\n<strong>Nikiforova E. N., Fedorova N. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nDigital transformation of lawyers&rsquo; professional practice: prospects, challenges, competencies<br>\r\n<strong>Romanovskaya V. B., Krymov A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nEurasian ideocracy and the national question<br>\r\n<strong>Samoylova Zh. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nParticipation in the management of state affairs as a form of active civic engagement<br>\r\n<strong>Botashev T. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nMoral foundations of law in the context of sociocultural transformation: towards overcoming postmodern relativism<br>\r\n<strong>Lysenko N. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nUnconventional sources of judicial law enforcement: a study from the perspectives of material, ideological, and formal\u2011legal approaches<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Gabdrakhmanov F. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPlanning in the prosecutor&#8217;s offices of the RSFSR in 1926-1930<br>\r\n<strong>Zhambaev B. T., <\/strong><strong>Zhambaeva U. B., <\/strong><br>\r\nOn the question of the formation of the state among the Buryats X century<br>\r\n<strong>Prokhorov V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nOrganizational and legal foundations of the activities of the Crimean police to ensure passport control in the second half of the 1940s<br>\r\n<strong>Romanova N. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe concepts of civil liability de lege lata and de lege ferenda in terms of the development trends of tort law: the European legal tradition<br>\r\n<strong>Furman F. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nVladimir Solovyov&#8217;s teachings on law and state<br>\r\n<strong>Chetvertakova I. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nReflection of the processes of formation of Russian statehood in the 16<sup>th<\/sup> &#8211; 17<sup>th<\/sup> centuries in the materials of foreign travelers<br>\r\n<strong>Khramova I. S., Arsenjeva G. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPublic service in pre-revolutionary Russia: a historical and legal overview<br>\r\n<strong>Valeeva A. F., Vasyutin I. D.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the issue of the legal formation of State anti-Semitism in Fascist Italy in 1938<br>\r\n<strong>I N. Ch.<\/strong><br>\r\nSalic law and the &laquo;Merovingian Hegemony&raquo;: a critical analysis of the provision on the abduction of slaves trans mare<br>\r\n<strong>Mamedov R. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nImam Khomeini as a factor in legal theology<br>\r\n<strong>Popova Yu. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nHuman rights in ordinary legal consciousness (a historical and legal analysis of Russian folk tales)<br>\r\n<strong>Furman F. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegislation of Paul I: structure, specificity, significance<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Bleshchik A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nConstitutional and legal regulation of legal expertise of regulatory acts in Russia: realities and prospects<br>\r\n<strong>Raskazov V. L., Ageenko D. M., Alkhazov N. Ya.<\/strong><br>\r\nImplementation of the constitutional right to use the native language in the Russian Federation: legal mechanisms, application practices and areas of improvement<br>\r\n<strong>Pokatskiy P. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nAn introduction to the theory of &laquo;Benign constitutionalism&raquo; in the People&rsquo;s Republic of China<br>\r\n<strong>Suslikov S. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nEthics of artificial intelligence in the constitutional dimension and the protection of human rights<br>\r\n<strong>Fomicheva O. A., Khusainov Z. F.<\/strong><br>\r\nDemocracy and civil society as a legal technology in the system of protection of citizens&#8217; rights<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Vlasova E. L.<\/strong><br>\r\nImproving the MTPL system: rate adjustments and automation of policy monitoring<br>\r\n<strong>Komarova L. V., Farikova E. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nAdministrative liability for foreign exchange offenses<br>\r\n<strong>Kumakhova A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal assessment and use of expert work results in the antimonopoly sphere<br>\r\n<strong>Magunov D. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the changing approach to determining the guilt of legal entities in administrative law<br>\r\n<strong>Maltyz K. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nAlgorithmic transparency and explainability as public-law principles for Ai-enabled administrative acts<br>\r\n<strong>Novoseltseva E. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nPublic easement in the interests of an unspecified group of persons: legal issues and ways of improvement<br>\r\n<strong>Petrovskaya M. I., Abdulaeva M. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nResponsibility for committing corruption offenses in the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Sazonova O. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nDigitalization of public administration migration processes<br>\r\n<strong>Semenovich N. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal regulation of a multilevel system of official statistics: the Canadian experience<br>\r\n<strong>Furman T. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nA citizen as a participant in public law relations<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Saidumov Dz. Kh., Dzhasheev R. A.<\/strong><br>\r\n10 years of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation: achievements, problems, prospects<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>MUNICIPAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Muravjeva K. A., Usova E. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal regulation of outdoor advertising in a municipal entity<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Baryshev E. O.<\/strong><br>\r\nDevelopment of Russian legislation on finance lease<br>\r\n<strong>Baturina N. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nChanging gender as a basis for deprivation of parental rights<br>\r\n<strong>Belova I. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nArtificial intelligence in the judicial system: theoretical and legal basis for regulating the balance between private autonomy and public efficiency<br>\r\n<strong>Vladimirova O. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems related to the use of information and communication technologies and the legal regulation of electronic document management in courts<br>\r\n<strong>Gasanova A. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe formation of the institution of unworthy heirs in the law and order of post-soviet states<br>\r\n<strong>Zdorovtseva A. A., Dorofeeva S. N., Sinyakova T. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nImplementation of the standard for providing free legal assistance by student law clinics<br>\r\n<strong>Ivanova L. A., Bessonova O. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe imbalance of interests of participants in the bankruptcy process as a necessity for human rights activities in bankruptcy cases of legal entities<br>\r\n<strong>Kartasheva A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nCriterion of human creative contribution in the creation of a work using generative artificial intelligence<br>\r\n<strong>Linnikov A. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nCivil law oversight in a commercial concession agreement<br>\r\n<strong>Litovchenko T. A., Volokhova U. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nConsumer cooperative as a subject of civil law: concept and essential characteristics<br>\r\n<strong>Ovchinnikov A. N., Tkachenko R. V., Basyrova S. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nLimits of administrative liability of officials during probationary period under Article 19.5 of the Russian Code of administrative offences: establishing individual guilt in a specific offence<br>\r\n<strong>Telibekov<\/strong><strong>\u0430<\/strong><strong> I. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nImplementation of the security function of insurance in the educational accumulative insurance contract<br>\r\n<strong>Tatarnikova M. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nExclusion of a half-share in the right to housing for the debtor as the only dwelling<br>\r\n<strong>Fedoseev P. S., Sadkov V. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCivil society institutions in civil procedural branches (on the example of arbitration and mediation)<br>\r\n<strong>Baleev A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of investing by individuals using an investment platform (digital platform)<br>\r\n<strong>Gaynullin T. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the list of subjects of civil law regulation in the field of sports medicine<br>\r\n<strong>Gorchakova A. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nSouth Korean intellectual property legislation: history and features<br>\r\n<strong>Guseinova G. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nAnalogues of the claim for the restoration of corporate control (Paragraph 3 of Article 65.2 of the Russian Civil Code) in German law<br>\r\n<strong>Danilenko I. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nMain problems and trends in legal regulation of digital law inheritance<br>\r\n<strong>Dashevskiy P. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nInstitutional limitations of the development of judicial conciliation in the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Dubinskiy A. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the issue of introducing a special procedure for the consideration of family disputes<br>\r\n<strong>Karev M. K.<\/strong><br>\r\nRecognition of a passenger&rsquo;s refusal of flight as involuntary on an unenumerated ground<br>\r\n<strong>Kim So Hyun <\/strong><br>\r\nThe digital ruble in the system of non-cash funds: structural features of the legal regime<br>\r\n<strong>Rogov A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal nature and grounds of civil liability of a notary: a comparative analysis of Latin and Anglo-American legal systems<br>\r\n<strong>Rozhmanova A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nStatic and dynamic elements of the legal regime for using the results of genetic selection in civil circulation<br>\r\n<strong>Sazonov I. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nIssues of international legal protection of intellectual property in the digital environment and their implementation in Russian legislation<br>\r\n<strong>Sitdykov I. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nApplication of tax preferences by business entities when importing medical device accessories into the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Tokarev A. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal barriers to the inheritance of digital assets: the notary aspect<br>\r\n<strong>Yusupov E. F.<\/strong><br>\r\nProtecting the rights of minority shareholders in disputes over privatization transactions with shares: legal mechanisms and practice<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCESS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Vorontsova I. V., Kolobynina E. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe evolution of digital technologies in the Russian justice system: from automation to artificial intelligence<br>\r\n<strong>Glazov D. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe role of a notary act as evidence in a court proceeding<br>\r\n<strong>Titova E. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nReform of appeal proceedings in civil proceedings: strengthening the guarantees of the procedural form or tightening the filters?<br>\r\n<strong>Budniy A. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe owner of the vehicle as the proper plaintiff and defendant<br>\r\n<strong>Dunin A. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems of presenting electronic evidence in civil proceedings (on the example of disputes over the ownership of digital assets)<br>\r\n<strong>Mamedalieva A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nCompetition of jurisdictions: from procedural choice to institutional conflict<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FAMILY LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Vasilenko N. A., Pronina A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCurrent issues of protecting the rights of minors under guardianship (custody)<br>\r\n<strong>Koshman N. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nConciliation procedures in the system of remedies for the protection of family rights: a theoretical and legal analysis and their place in the legal process<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LABOUR LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Diveeva N. I., Bazhenova E. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nEvaluation categories as a factor in expanding the limits of judicial discretion in resolving disputes regarding the dismissal of employees for gross violations of labor duties<br>\r\n<strong>Malkerov V. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of labor legal relations and their reflection in labor legislation<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Ermolina M. A., Nikiforova V. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal regime of land plots in special economic zones of tourist and recreational type: features and contradictions<br>\r\n<strong>Letyagina E. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nLand legislation of the Russian Federation: regional aspects<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECOLOGICAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Volkova G. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nEnvironmental damage caused by military operations: issues of compensation and international legal responsibility<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FINANCIAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Luo Junyao<\/strong><br>\r\nConflict of income classification in Russian-Chinese investments: assessing the risks of double taxation<br>\r\n<strong>Zhestkov I. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCertain features of taxation of commercial organizations&#8217; activities when carrying out transactions in digital rubles<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ENTREPRENEURIAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Dreval L. N., Polyakova S. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the legal nature of corporate relations<br>\r\n<strong>Burenin S. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe transformation of the requirements for the arbitration manager: from the 90s to the present day<br>\r\n<strong>Dreval L. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the legal regulation of the Russian securities market<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CORPORATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Zemlyankin E. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe problems of the debtor&rsquo;s preferential legal status in citizen bankruptcy proceedings in relation to creditors &mdash; credit institutions<br>\r\n<strong>Komogorov A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nNew realities of derivative claims for the recovery of damages against a non-controlling participant<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Antonov V. F.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the issue of grounds for criminal liability for committing an economic crime<br>\r\n<strong>Dzeitova R. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nEthnic (multiethnic) enclaves as a cause of crime<br>\r\n<strong>Efimov I. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn selected problematic aspects of the criminal liability regulation for animal cruelty<br>\r\n<strong>Efremova O. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nModern vectors and trends in the field of recidivism prevention<br>\r\n<strong>Zakhartsev S. I., Kondrat I. N., Chumaevskaya E. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nQualification of the perpetrator&#8217;s actions based on the characteristics of the victim<br>\r\n<strong>Zykov M. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCorruption-related crime in the system of EMERCOM of Russia: criminological analysis, latency and directions for optimizing countermeasures<br>\r\n<strong>Ivanchenko O. S., Vitomskov V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe concept, features, and signs of extremism and extremist activity<br>\r\n<strong>Nazarkin E. V., Novikova L. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe specifics of the initiation of a criminal case and the circumstances to be established during the investigation of embezzlement and embezzlement committed in the penitentiary institution of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>Radzhabov Sh. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nConfiscation of property as a measure to combat corruption crimes: issues of legal regulation and law enforcement<br>\r\n<strong>Chubukina A. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency<br>\r\n<strong>Al Khazraji Hasanin Fakhri A. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems of implementing property measures of criminal procedural coercion: a comparative analysis of the practice of Iraq and Russia<br>\r\n<strong>Badalov T. Sh.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe problematic issue of qualifying the theft of other vehicles<br>\r\n<strong>Glazyrin M. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCriminal protection of private economic interests: finding a balance<br>\r\n<strong>Guryanov D. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nHistorical analysis of the legal regulation of responsibility for human trafficking in Russian legislation in the pre-Soviet period<br>\r\n<strong>Zamriy V. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe appeal by the defender of the convictions that have entered into force in cases of crimes provided for in Articles 228, 228<sup>1<\/sup> and 234 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Sadat S. J.<\/strong><br>\r\nCriminal law characteristics of murder under the legislation of Afghanistan<br>\r\n<strong>Semyonov I. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nIssues of applying attachment to electronic funds and cryptocurrency<br>\r\n<strong>Smolyar M. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nUse of artificial intelligence technologies (deepfakes) in committing fraud: problems of criminal law qualification in Russia and foreign countries<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCESS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Arzumanyan A. A., Fomenko A. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblematic aspects in organizing and conducting searches and guaranteeing personal rights and freedoms<br>\r\n<strong>Belskiy K. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe partial adoption of the adversarial system by continental criminal procedure model in Italy. Expansion of the powers of the defense counsel<br>\r\n<strong>Kokoreva L. V., Makarova O. A., Penkov E. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nPeculiarities of the legal status of foreign citizens in Russian criminal proceedings<br>\r\n<strong>Kosareva E. A., Dashkov T. K., Khorolsky V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems of legal regulation of the digital transformation of the institution of preventive measures in criminal proceedings in Russia<br>\r\n<strong>Lukoshkina S. V., Korshunova P. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the relevance of separating a criminal case during a deal with the investigation<br>\r\n<strong>Magomedov G. A., Marianov A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nComparative legal analysis of procedural guarantees for minors&#8217; rights at pre-trial stages: the role of investigators, inquirers, and defenders in Russia and the USA<br>\r\n<strong>Nikitina E. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPrivate prosecution cases are the focus of the legislator&#8217;s attention<br>\r\n<strong>Perekrestov V. N., Fantrov P. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nAdmissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings: criteria for the significance of procedural violations and the limits of law enforcement discretion<br>\r\n<strong>Sokolova Yu. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nHistorical and socio-legal prerequisites for the termination of criminal prosecution in connection with military service<br>\r\n<strong>Sosnovskaya L. R., Shaikhutdinova L. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nConscience as a requirement for freedom of evaluation of evidence in criminal procedural law<br>\r\n<strong>Fedotova A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nAbout adversariality and specialized knowledge in criminal procedure: legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Kraeva N. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nOpportunities for improving the legal regulation of the activities of special-purpose departments of the Russian Federation&#8217;s penal system in countering terrorism<br>\r\n<strong>Nekrasov A. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe manifestation of jamaats in the Russian penitentiary system: problems of supervision and control over their activities<br>\r\n<strong>Smirnova T. G., Kraeva E. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nA history of the implementation of innovative technical means for supervision and control in Russian correctional facilities: evolution, challenges, and prospects<br>\r\n<strong>Nekrasov A. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nPenitentiary crimes and penitentiary recidivism as a social phenomenon in society<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Georgievskaya E. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nCriminalistics characteristics of crimes related to suicide of minors<br>\r\n<strong>Gerasimova E. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nAbout the person&#8217;s knowledge of IT Technologies as a subject of computer information crime<br>\r\n<strong>Kitaev N. N., Arkhipova A. N., Turkova V. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn some problems of corpse identification in the process of its identification and forensic medical examination<br>\r\n<strong>Nosov A. V., Egorov G. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of forensic analysis of evidence using artificial intelligence: legal, procedural and ethical aspects<br>\r\n<strong>Poziy V. S., Beldin A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nExperiments of tissues and excrements of human and animal: opportunities, problems and prospects (part 2)<br>\r\n<strong>Sataev R. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe setting of committing crimes against military service (on the example of desertion and unauthorized leaving of a unit or place of service)<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINOLOGY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Sidorova E. Z.<\/strong><br>\r\nPriority areas for the implementation of the criminological security strategy of education<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Vologina E. V., Bondar M. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal interaction with the population for the purpose of solving and investigating crimes, as well as maintaining law and order<br>\r\n<strong>Iljina O. V., Nesterenko E. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nProblems and solutions of magistrates&#8217; justice in modern Russia<br>\r\n<strong>Kogan O. S., Lifanova M. V., Shalagina S. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe importance of network communications in personnel training and law enforcement<br>\r\n<strong>Mandryka Yu. S., Levotskiy A. V., Emelyanov G. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nMethods of training personnel to combat cybercrime<br>\r\n<strong>Mishchenko E. V., Grebennikova A. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn improving the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision to protect the rights of convicts<br>\r\n<strong>Yakushev A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nImproving firework training for cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using shooting simulators<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>SECURITY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Fedosov A. V., Pisanova E. S., Makshantseva E. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nImproving legal mechanisms to counter unauthorized tapping into main oil pipelines: analysis and proposals for the modernization of legislation<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HUMAN RIGHTS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Klyachin V. M.<\/strong><br>\r\nMaduro takeover: new in Pentagon military tactics<br>\r\n<strong>Klimova O. V., Bezpetskaya I. P.<\/strong><br>\r\nSome directions of improving state regulation of migration processes as part of implementing Russia&#8217;s migration policy<br>\r\n<strong>Mukhametshin F. B.<\/strong><br>\r\nImperative dialectics of natural-legal and positivist approaches in the mechanism of protecting human rights and freedoms<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PEDAGOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Alieva A. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nCompulsory education and the child&#8217;s right to alternative forms of education: pedagogical and legal conflict<br>\r\n<strong>Balytska-Kreshchenko T. V., Gorbatiuk L. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nLegal culture and patriotism in the structure of professional competence of future Ministry of Internal Affairs officers<br>\r\n<strong>Mandryka <\/strong><strong>Y<\/strong><strong>u<\/strong><strong>. S., <\/strong><strong>Lapshin I<\/strong><strong>. E., <\/strong><strong>Kudryavtsev R<\/strong><strong>. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nMethods of teaching legal subjects in higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: problems and prospects<br>\r\n<strong>Khamitov A<\/strong><strong>. R., <\/strong><strong>Ivanishcheva K<\/strong><strong>. V., Khorolskiy V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nMethods of teaching cadets and trainees the lawful use of firearms, physical force and special means: pedagogical and legal aspects<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Romanovskaya I. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPsychological features of conducting judicial interrogation<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Vladimirov S. V., Salnikova O. A., Zankin D. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn evaluating the effectiveness of the anti-corruption activities of the prosecutor&#8217;s office<br>\r\n<strong>Davydova M. V., <\/strong><strong>Nikitin A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe right of citizens of the Russian Federation to appeal to state and local government bodies in the system of human and citizen rights and freedoms<br>\r\n<strong>Marchenko D. E., Tarenkova O.A.<\/strong><br>\r\nFeatures of the federation in Russia<br>\r\n<strong>Shindina A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPractice of state spatial development: a comparative legal study<br>\r\n<strong>Furman T. G.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe legal status of the state as a special subject of public law<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>POLICY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Kuzina S. I., Sementsova I. A., Tsykora A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nPolitical and legal issues in the field of counteracting extremism in modern Russia<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Amelichkin A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nMarketing in the field of culture and creative industries<br>\r\n<strong>Vildanov R. R., Mullayanova I. O.<\/strong><br>\r\nAssessment of the effectiveness of the state policy in the field of renewable energy in the Russian Federation and the People&#8217;s Republic of China<br>\r\n<strong>Golubeva T. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nMonitoring system of the external environment and key indicators of a resilient business model of an industrial enterprise<br>\r\n<strong>Kadyrova E. Ya.<\/strong><br>\r\nAssessment of the need of enterprises for state support in the framework of the implementation of industrial policy: methodological approach<br>\r\n<strong>Yakovlev A. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nFormation of a legal basis for evaluation system of governance quality of companies with state participation<br>\r\n<strong>Solovjeva I. A., Avdeeva L. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the issue of improving taxation in the oil and gas industry<br>\r\n<strong>Mashkov V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nArchitecture of structural transformations in the formation of ecosystems of transport engineering<br>\r\n<strong>Nelin A. K.<\/strong><br>\r\nFactors of stability of the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation in new geopolitical conditions<br>\r\n<strong>Orlova Ya. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nInstitutional and regulatory limitations of resource management ensuring a &laquo;green&raquo; transition in the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Shatskiy A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nModels for the implementation of industrial sovereignty as a modern competitive strategy<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Abrarova Z. F., Olkhov N. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nDigital transformation of social life: transforming solidarity mechanisms in a networked reality<br>\r\n<strong>Bayanov K. R.<\/strong><br>\r\nSemantic reconstruction of the ontological foundations of law: methodological issues<br>\r\n<strong>Bikmetov E. Yu., Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nContent-semantic and formal aspects of relationships in social systems management<br>\r\n<strong>Vorokhobov A. V., Boyko M. V., Rozina T. Yu.<\/strong><br>\r\nUnderstanding the phenomenon of creativity in the philosophical legacy of V. S. Solovyov<br>\r\n<strong>Gloman O. S.<\/strong><br>\r\nSocial and political philosophy of systemic dynamics of growth limits in an urbanized civilization<br>\r\n<strong>Grishina E. S., Korotina O. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nOn the relationship between the concepts of &laquo;subculture&raquo; and &laquo;military culture&raquo;<br>\r\n<strong>Zaykov K. S., Shaparov A. E., Sorokin S. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nTheoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the borderland phenomenon: from positivism to poststructuralism<br>\r\n<strong>Kapsargina S. A., Shmeleva Zh. N.<\/strong><br>\r\nPhilosophical and social aspects of the use of neural networks in teaching foreign language at non-linguistic university<br>\r\n<strong>Kareeva I. V., Tuarmenskaya A. V., Chernysheva O. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nFormation of a culture of interethnic relations among students of departmental universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia during extracurricular activities<br>\r\n<strong>Kutaladze D., Tuarmenskaya A. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nAnalysis of the role of psychological factors in the genesis of aggressive behavior among young people: based on a survey of law students<br>\r\n<strong>Levchenkov A. I., Krasilnikova L. I.<\/strong><br>\r\nPolitical violence: theoretical and practical issues<br>\r\n<strong>Parilov O. V., Shcherbakova M. P., Alexandrina N. M. <\/strong><br>\r\nCollectivism, social conciliarity as a basic moral value in law enforcement<br>\r\n<strong>Stankevich D. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nHypothetical model of the migration system in the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>Tarasov A. N., Vostrikova A. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nThe works of Van Gogh as a response to the sociocultural crisis of the late 19th century<br>\r\n<strong>Tuarmenskiy V. V., Pecherskiy D. V., Burukin V. V.<\/strong><br>\r\nDescription of the terminology of the Family Code of the Russian Federation through the prism of interpretative methodology<br>\r\n<strong>Artamonov A. O.<\/strong><br>\r\nStructural and functional features of narrative in video games<br>\r\n<strong>Zaykov K. S., Shaparov A. E., Sorokin S. E.<\/strong><br>\r\nEnvironmental education as an object of scientific knowledge: socio-philosophical analysis of conceptual foundations<br>\r\n<strong>Stepanov V. A.<\/strong><br>\r\nSpiritual security as a subject of social and philosophical research<br><\/div><!--\/ 1 --><!-- 2 --><div id=\"content-2\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PERSONA GRATA<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>Sledzevskiy I. V.:<\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>The African vector of the New World Order in the context of global technological challenges: a difficult path between tradition and digital<\/strong><br>\r\nInterview with Igor Vasilyevich Sledzevskiy, Ph.D. in historical sciences, Head of the Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies at the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University<br>\r\n<strong>HAN Shizhao<\/strong><br>independent researcher, Beijing, People\\&#8217;s Republic of China<br>\r\n<strong>BUSINESS COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SDGs WITHIN THE SCO FRAMEWORK<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article explores the theoretical and international aspects of implementing sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a subject of business communications. It also provides a comparative analysis of corporate social responsibility and non-financial reporting practices, as well as the activities of leading companies from SCO member countries (using Russia, China, India, and Kazakhstan as examples). The Chinese paradigm (SDGs 1, 13) emphasizes the alignment of the concept of building an \\&#8221;ecological civilization\\&#8221; with the poverty eradication program. The Russian paradigm (SDGs 7, 9) focuses on constructing a \\&#8221;sovereign ESG.\\&#8221;The challenges and prospects for cross-border business communications on sustainable development within the SCO are also discussed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> cross-border business communications, partnership, SCO, strategies, green economy, sustainable development<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tUnited Nations General Assembly. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. \u2013 New York: United Nations, 2015. \u2013 44 p.<br>\r\n2. The Paris Agreement under \tthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. New York: United Nations, 2015 .\r\n3. \tCheng Lin. Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality within the Belt and Road Initiative: Interview \/\/ Chinese Financier ( China financier ). \u2013 2023. \u2013 No. 9. \u2013 P. 20-23.<br>\r\n4. \tWu H., et al. Empirical analysis of the relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Central Asian countries \/\/ Bulletin of the Henan Institute of Science and Technology. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; Vol. 38. No. 7. &#8211; P. 77-83.<br>\r\n5. \tGreen Investment Principles for the Belt and Road Initiative ( Green Investment Principles , GIP ). GIP Secretariat , 2018 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https :\/\/ gip 2018. com \/ (date of access: 26.03.2026).<br>\r\n6. \tSavelyeva A. V. Greening of infrastructure projects in the Eurasian space: challenges and prospects of public-private partnership \/\/ Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 45-52.<br>\r\n7. \tWang Q., Li S. Practice of corporate social responsibility of Chinese enterprises in the SCO countries \/\/ International Economics and International Relations. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 112-125.<br>\r\n8. \tSmirnov A. A. Water security of Central Asian states in the context of sustainable development \/\/ Bulletin of international organizations. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 3. &#8211; P. 134-150.<br>\r\n9. \tUN Global Compact ( UN Global Compact ) . Ten principles of the UN Global Compact. \u2013 New York, 2000 [Electronic resource ] . \u2013 Access mode : https:\/\/unglobalcompact.org\/what-is-gc\/mission\/principles ( date of access : 03\/26\/2026 ).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>AGAPOV Artem Yurjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, scientific specialty: 5.1.5. International Law Sciences, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade<br>\r\n<strong>EXPERIENCE OF A UNIFIED EXPORT CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTIONING WITHIN AN INTEGRATION COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article analyzes the export control regulatory system within the European Union, its role in ensuring national security, protecting the interests of the member states, and the experience of operating a unified export control system within an economic and political integration framework. The study is based on an examination of key documents, such as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2021\/821, the Common Military List of the European Union, as well as the licensing criteria established by Council Common Position 2008\/944\/CFSP. The paper highlights the key aspects of the EU export control system, including the legislative framework, lists of controlled goods and technologies, and the procedures for obtaining export licenses and their main types.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> export control, integration community, European Union, European Commission, legal regulation, international export control regimes, arms exports.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKarisov B.K. Export control of dual-use goods and technologies in the European Union \/\/ International Academician. \u2013 2022. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode : https : \/\/ journal &#8211; academic . com \/ our &#8211; authors \/ post \/ control &#8211; of &#8211; dual &#8211; use goods and technologies &#8211; in the European Union . <br>\r\n2. \tSelezenev R.S., Dementyev D.V. EU sanctions against the Russian Federation in the sphere of export control and circulation of dual-use goods (2014-2022) \/\/ SibScript. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3 (91). &#8211; P. 349-358. <br>\r\n3. \tSlepak V. Yu., Romanova M. E. Legal aspects of export control over the movement of arms and military and dual-use products in the European Union: current state and problematic issues \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 7 (128). &#8211; P. 168-178 .\r\n4. \tSlepak V. Yu. Legal basis for the export of dual-use goods from the European Union \/\/ Lex russica . \u2013 2021. \u2013 No. 170 (1). \u2013 pp. 44-56.<br>\r\n5. \tAlavi H., Khamichonak T. The EU export controls regime: Dual-use goods and technologies in the European legal framework \/\/ Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies. \u2013 2016. \u2013 Vol. 57(2). \u2013 P. 239-249.<br>\r\n6. \tDos Reis JCG EU Export Controls on Dual-Use Defense Technologies to Competing Global Powers \/\/ Spectrum of Dual-Use Technologies. \u201310\/24\/2025. \u2013 P. 261-279.<br>\r\n7. \tGrytsyshen D., Abramova I., Vakun O. Transformation of the EU Policy in the Field of Export Control of Military and Dual-Use Goods \/\/ Public Policy and Accounting. \u2013 Vol. 1 (11). \u2013 P. 44-49.<br>\r\n8. \tHrynkiv O. Export Controls and the Green Agenda in the European Union \/\/ International and Comparative Law Quarterly. \u2013 2025. \u2013 No. 74 (1). \u2013 P. 205-224.<br>\r\n9. \tHu J. Comparative Analysis of EU Export Control Regulations of Dual-Use Item \/\/ Science of Law Journal. \u2013 2023. \u2013 Vol. 2. \u2013 P. 13-21.<br>\r\n10. \tThoms A. Export controls in the European Union as a regime at risk of fragmentation. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https :\/\/ globalinvestigationsreview . com \/ guide \/ the &#8211; guide &#8211; sanctions \/ sixth &#8211; edition \/ article \/ export &#8211; controls &#8211; in &#8211; the &#8211; european &#8211; union &#8211; regime &#8211; risk &#8211; of &#8211; fragmentation .<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VILDANOV Rail Ramilevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty Kazan (Volga) Federal University<br>\r\n<strong>MODERN TWO-LEVEL MODEL OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL NORMS ON COMBATING CORRUPTION IN THE CIS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the contemporary model for the implementation of international legal norms on combating corruption within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) based on an analysis of regulatory acts and the practice of cooperation among the CIS member states. The author substantiates the thesis that a two-level model of anti-corruption interaction has been formed within the CIS, combining conceptual and programmatic mechanisms of soft law with treaty-based instruments possessing legally binding force. Particular attention is paid to the CIS Concept for Cooperation in Combating Corruption of 2017 and the CIS Agreement on Cooperation in Combating Corruption of 2022. It is concluded that this model plays a significant role in enhancing the effectiveness of the implementation of international anti-corruption standards at the regional level.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> CIS, combating corruption, international law, implementation of international legal norms, soft law, hard law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tPogodin A. V. Implementation of international law norms in the legal system of the Russian Federation: monograph. &#8211; Kazan: Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2018. &#8211; 184 p .\r\n2. \tKhabrieva T. Ya. Combating corruption in the system of modern state development: monograph. &#8211; M .: Norma, 2020. &#8211; 256 p .\r\n3. Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS of October 11 \t, 2017 \u201cOn the Concept of Cooperation of the CIS Member States in Combating Corruption. \u201d\r\n4. Agreement on cooperation between the CIS member states in combating corruption dated \tOctober 14, 2022 .\r\n5. \tBogush G. I. Corruption and international cooperation in the fight against it: diss. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. \u2013 M., 2004. \u2013 185 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ISGANDARLI Soltan Dilsuz oglu<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of International public law sub-faculty, Baku State University, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan<br>\r\n<strong>THE ROLE OF THE PANEL IN THE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM<\/strong><br>\r\nThe Panel is a body that plays a key role in the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism, examining factual and legal issues and submitting a report of a recommendatory nature to the Dispute Settlement Body. Unlike the informal and diplomatic dispute settlement that existed during the GATT period, this mechanism was formed on a normative and institutionalized basis with the Agreement adopted as a result of the Uruguay Round.\r\nThe Panel is not a judicial body, but an auxiliary mechanism operating within the framework of the claims submitted by the parties to the dispute. Its reports are not considered a source of law and are adopted by the IHO according to the rule of negative consensus. The composition of the Panel usually consists of three experts, and the lack of legal experts among the members has sometimes led to legal errors and overloading the Appellate Body.\r\nThe Panel procedure is based on the principles of confidentiality, flexibility and active participation of the parties, and the mechanism is essentially closer to the negotiation model than to litigation. As a result, the Panel acts as the main institutional tool that maintains the legal and political balance in the resolution of disputes under WTO law.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> WTO dispute settlement mechanism, panel, GATT, Uruguay Round, International court of justice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliography<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bossche P. Van den, The Demise of the WTO Appellate Body: Lessons for Governance of International Adjudication?. 2 (2021). [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/media\/filer_public\/c2\/ef\/c2efc2de-ce85-45c7-9512-9286e 14fca47\/wti_working_paper_02_2 <br>\r\n2. Cottier Th. Litigation Process under GATT Dispute Settlement System Lessons for the WTO \/\/ Journal of the World Trade. March 1996. Vol. 19. No. 3. P. 47-61<br>\r\n3. Cottier Th., Mavroidis PS The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO. University of Michigan Press. 2003. (376 p.). P. 257.<br>\r\n4. Cottier Th. The WTO Permanent Panel Body \u2013 A Bridge Too Far? \/\/ Journal of International Economic Law. 2003. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 187-202; Bourgeois HJ Comment on a WTO Permanent Panel Body \/\/ Journal of International Economic Law. 2003. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 211-214; Shoyer AW Panel Selection in WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures \/\/ Journal of International Economic Law. 2003. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 203-209.<br>\r\n5. Davey WJ WTO Dispute Settlement: Crown Jewel or Costume. Cambridge University Press. 2022. P. 295-296 (P. 294-300).<br>\r\n6. European Communities \u2013 Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). AB.1997-4, WT\/DS26\/AB\/R; WT\/DS48\/13<br>\r\n7. GATT Panel Report, adopted October 31, 1952. 1at Supp. BISD (1953). GATT Disputes: 1948-1995. (Volume 1 and 2) WTO. Dispute Settleman. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org<br>\r\n8. Hecht J. Operation of WTO dispute settlement panels: assessing proposals for reform \/\/ Law and Policy in International Business. No. 31 (3). P. 657-664.<br>\r\n9. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/dispu_e\/disp_settlement_cbt_e\/c6s4p1_e.htm <br>\r\n10. Japan \u2013 Trade in Semiconductors, Supp.35. BISD 116(1989); European Communitias \u2013 Trade Discription of Sardines, WT\/DS231\/AB\/R<br>\r\n11. Jara A. Consultations to enhance efficiency of panels, 2013.<br>\r\n12. Junior A., Oliveira Luciana M., Carniero Cristiane LC The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: A Developing Country Perspective. Springer International Publishing, 2019, (387 p.) P. 71.<br>\r\n13. Narlikar Amrita. HoW not to Negotiate: The Case of Trade Multilateralism, 98 Internal. Affair. 1553, 1555 (2022).<br>\r\n14. Panel Report of WTO Dispute DS156. Guatemala \u2013 Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Gray Portland Cement From Mexico. WT\/DS156\/R. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org <br>\r\n15. Patent protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products AB-1997-5. WT\/DS50\/AB\/R.<br>\r\n16. Prosedur relatina to disputes under the GATT 1947. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/res.e\/booksp-egatt4895.vol.12-part2.epdf <br>\r\n17. Ragosta John A. Unmasking the WTO \u2013 16.Access to the DSB System: Can the WTO Live Up to the Moniker \u201cWorld Trade Court?\u201d 31 Law &amp; Poly International Business. 2000, (p. 739-750) p. 748; Steger D. Establishment of a Dispute Tribunal in the WTO \/\/ Trade and development symposium. Perspectives on the Multilateral Trading System. A Collection of Short Essays. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http:\/\/www.ictsd.org\/downloads\/2012\/02\/debra-stegerestablishment-of-a-dispute-tribunal-in-the-wto.pdf <br>\r\n18. R\u0259himli S. \u0130nsan h\u00fcquqlar\u0131 Komit\u0259si: n\u0259z\u0259ri v\u0259 praktiki probleml\u0259r. Bak\u0131: \u201cBak\u0131 Universiteti n\u0259\u015friyyat\u0131\u201d. 2019, (424 s.), s.35<br>\r\n19. United States \u2013 Continued damping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000. WT\/DS217\/234\/AB\/R <br>\r\n20. United States \u2013 Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. WT\/DS58\/AB\/R<br>\r\n21. WTO Dispute DS18. Australia \u2013 Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org <br>\r\n22.WTO Dispute DS405. European Union \u2013 Anti-Dumpind Measures on Certain Footwear From China. WTO List of Disputes cases. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org<br>\r\n23.WTO Dispute settlement: legal text. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org <br>\r\n24.WTO, Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, sbt [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e\/03-fa.doc, 12\/19\/2023\r\nWTO, Legal Texts: Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, (sbt 12\/19\/2023. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/docs_e\/legal_e\/legal_e.htm)<br>\r\n25. WTO Official Website. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/dispu_e\/dispustats_e.htm<br>\r\n26. WTO Official Website. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/dispu_e\/dispustats_e.htm<br>\r\n27. Yang Guohuna, Bryan Mercurio, Yongjue Li. WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding: A Detailed Interpretation. Kluwer Law International BV, 2005, (592p.) p. 353; Fecney Sean P. Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO Agreement: An Inadequate Mechanism for the Resolution of International Trade Disputes Pepperdine Dispute Resolution law Journal, V. 2. I1, (p. 99-116) P. 100.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZAHRA Fallah<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba People\\&#8217;s Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND THE LEGALITY OF UNILATERAL COERCIVE MEASURES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article argues that unilateral coercive measures (UCMs) adopted outside the framework of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter lack a solid legal basis under contemporary international law. Focusing on the exclusive competence of the United Nations Security Council to authorize non-forcible enforcement measures, the article examines the growing tension between the Council&#8217;s monopoly under Articles 39-41 of the Charter and the expanding practice of States and regional organizations resorting to autonomous unilateral coercive measures without United Nations authorization. Building on a doctrinal analysis of the Nicaragua judgment of the International Court of Justice, Articles 22 and 49\u201354 of the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), and the unsettled debate on third-party countermeasures, the article assesses whether such measures may be characterized as lawful retorsion, permissible countermeasures, or prohibited intervention under customary international law and the principle of non-intervention. Selected practices\u2014including United States unilateral coercive measures against Cuba, autonomous unilateral coercive measures adopted by the European Union against Russia, and secondary (extraterritorial) unilateral coercive measures\u2014are examined against States&#8217; primary obligations under the UN Charter, World Trade Organization law, international human rights treaties, and the Friendly Relations Declaration (General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV)). The analysis reveals persistent legal uncertainty surrounding third-State enforcement of erga omnes obligations and shows how reliance on power-based unilateral coercion progressively weakens the Charter-based system of collective security. It concludes that, absent a Security Council mandate or strict compliance with the legal requirements governing countermeasures, unilateral coercive measures must be regarded as prima facie harmful, thereby undermining the coherence of the international legal order and reinforcing existing Global North\u2013South divides.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Unilateral Coercive Measures (UCMs), Security Council, Chapter VII, non-intervention; countermeasures; collective security.<br>\r\n<strong>References<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKurtul AK (2022). The evolving qualification of unilateral coercive measures: A historical and doctrinal study. *Athena: Critical Inquiries in Law, Philosophy and Globalization, 2*(1), 204-253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6092\/issn.2724-6299\/13760 <br>\r\n2. \tDawidowicz M. (2017). *Third-party countermeasures in international law*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107171220 <br>\r\n3. \tTams CJ (2005). *Enforcing obligations erga omnes in international law*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521852095 <br>\r\n4. \tMilitary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, 1986, paras. 245-248.<br>\r\n5. \tBogdanova I. (2022). *Unilateral sanctions in international law and the enforcement of human rights: The impact of the principle of common concern of humankind*. Brill Nijhoff. ISBN 9789004507883 <br>\r\n6. \tHofer A. (2017). The Developed\/Developing Divide on Unilateral Coercive Measures: Legitimate Enforcement or Illegitimate Intervention? *Chinese Journal of International Law, 16*(2), 175-214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/chinesejil\/jmx018.<br>\r\n7. \tJazairy I. (2019). Unilateral economic sanctions, international law, and human rights. *Ethics &amp; International Affairs, 33*(3), 291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0892679419000305 <br>\r\n8. \tDouhan AF (2021). Unilateral Coercive Measures: Notation and Qualification. *Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations, 2*, 26-48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33581\/2520-6349-2021-2-26-48 <br>\r\n9. \tPalestini S., &amp; Portela C. (2025). The Global South and the Contestation of Unilateral Sanctions against Russia. *Cooperation and Conflict*. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00108367251327683 <br>\r\n10. \tRuys T., &amp; Ryngaert C. (Eds.). (2024). *The Cambridge handbook of secondary sanctions and international law*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009454452 <br>\r\n11. \tBogdanova I. (2021). Targeted economic sanctions and WTO law: Examining the adequacy of the national security exception. *Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 48*(2), 109-193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54648\/leie2021010 <br>\r\n12. \tNephew R. (2019). *The art of sanctions: A view from the field*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231180273 <br>\r\n13. \tSubedi SP (Ed.). (2021). *Unilateral sanctions in international law*. Hart Publishing. ISBN 9781509948383<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOVALEV Evgeny Valerjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, VA Musin Research Center for the Development of Energy Law and Modern Legal Science<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL APPROACHES TO REGULATING THE PROVISION OF TELEMEDICINE SERVICES IN THE BRICS FOUNDING COUNTRIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the evolution of legal regulation of telemedicine in the founding BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). It analyzes the stages of telemedicine\\&#8217;s emergence and development in these countries, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare, and the obstacles they faced during this period. The study concludes with recommendations for improving the regulatory framework for telemedicine. This applies to both international legislation, including those of the BRICS countries and other global organizations, and national regulations, such as the Russian legal framework for remote medical services.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> telemedicine, telemedicine services, healthcare, BRICS, international law, remote medical care, COVID-19, counseling.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Grishin S. M. Legal regulation of the provision of medical services using digital technologies: dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2024. &#8211; P. 204.<br>\r\n2. Applications, benefits, and challenges of telehealth in India during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: a systematic review. [ Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: www . bmchealthservres . biomedcentral . com \/ articles \/10.1186\/ s 12913-022-08970-8. html (accessed: 20.01.2026) .\r\n3. Agarwal N., Jain P., Pathak R., Gupta R. Telemedicine in India: a tool for transforming health care in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. &#8211; J Educ Health Promot. \u2013 2020. \u2013 No. 9. \u2013 R. 190.<br>\r\n4. Das P., Sharma A. Deployment of telemedicine as another mitigation tool during the COVID-19 pandemic in India \/\/ Public Health Pract. \u2013 2021. \u2013 No. 2. \u2013 R. 100167.<br>\r\n5. Chambers&#038;Partners. Digital Healthcare 2022. China . [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: www . practiceguides . chambers . com \/ practice &#8211; guides \/ digital &#8211; healthcare &#8211; 2022 \/ china \/ trends &#8211; and &#8211; developments . html (date of access: 25.01.2026 ) .\r\n6. China Briefing. China&#8217;s Healthcare Industry \u2013 Opportunities in Telemedicine and Digital Healthcare. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: www . china &#8211; briefing . com \/ doing &#8211; business &#8211; guide \/ china \/ sector &#8211; insights \/ china &#8211; s &#8211; healthcare &#8211; industry &#8211; opportunities &#8211; in &#8211; telemedicine &#8211; and &#8211; digital &#8211; healthcare . html (date of access: 25.01.2026 ).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LEVIN Artyom Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>ARBITRATION DISPUTES IN THE ENERGY SECTORS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA: CURRENT CHALLENGES AND JURISDICTIONAL FEATURES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article analyzes arbitration disputes in the energy sectors of Russia and China, focusing on current challenges and jurisdictional considerations. Using typical case categories, it examines disputes over the calculation and cost of energy resources, the quality and volume of supplies, the application of tariff regulation, as well as the performance of contractual terms and the accrual of penalties. Particular attention is given to situations where, despite the presence of an arbitration clause, a dispute may be referred to courts of general jurisdiction: due to claims extending beyond the clause, the involvement of entities with special procedural powers, or the exclusive jurisdiction of state courts. The article compares the risks of cross-jurisdiction, the importance of correctly qualifying claims and preparing evidence, and the cross-border complexities of recognizing and enforcing awards, taking into account international mechanisms. Practical recommendations are formulated for the construction of arbitration clauses, the choice of applicable law, pre-trial procedures, and enforcement strategies for awards in Russia and China.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> arbitration; energy disputes; energy supply agreement; tariff regulation; quality and volume of supply.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Zhelaev M. A. Procedural features of consideration of disputes in the energy sector by arbitration courts: diss. &#8230; Cand. of Law. &#8211; Kazan, 2019 .\r\n2. Korableva E. A. The relationship between the validity of the arbitration agreement and the arbitrability of the subject of the dispute \/\/ Bulletin of International Commercial Arbitration. &#8211; 2011. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 72-84.<br>\r\n3. Uksusova E. E. Appeal to court as a determining procedural act for the administration of justice and the protection of rights in civil cases (beginning) \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 12 (121). &#8211; P. 90-108.<br>\r\n4. Romanova V., Kleandrov M., Nakhova E., Boska S., Gorodov O., Kologermanskaya E. et al.; Zhilkina Yu. Actual tasks of energy law and modern legal science. \u2013 2024 .\r\n5. Anokhin V. S. Energy supply agreement: legal regulation and dispute resolution practice \/\/ Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. &#8211; 2008. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 57-71.<br>\r\n6. Lazareva T. P., Shestakova M. P. Some problems of choosing the applicable law in the practice of resolving foreign economic disputes \/\/ Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 69-83.<br>\r\n7. Gong Y. Consolidation Mechanisms in Institutional Arbitration. \u2013 2024.<br>\r\n8. Tan X. China&#8217;s overseas investment in the energy\/resources sector: Its scale, drivers, challenges and implications \/\/ Energy Economics. \u2013 2013. \u2013 Vol. 36. \u2013 P. 750-758.<br>\r\n9. Zhang M. International civil litigation in China: A practical analysis of the Chinese judicial system \/\/ BC Int&#8217;l Comp. L.Rev. \u2013 2002. \u2013 Vol. 25. \u2013 P. 59.<br>\r\n10. Yin W. Implications and Challenges of a Chinese Model for Belt and Road Dispute Resolution: Analyzing the Role of the China International Commercial Court and One-Stop Mechanism \/\/ Hong Kong LJ. \u2013 2019. \u2013 Vol. 49. \u2013 P. 635.<br>\r\n11. Tao J. Arbitration law and practice in China. \u2013 Kluwer Law International BV, 2012.<br>\r\n12. Wei D. From fragmentation to harmonization of consumer law: The perspective of China \/\/ Journal of Consumer Policy. \u2013 2020. \u2013 Vol. 43. No. 1. \u2013 P. 35-56.<br>\r\n13. Xu C., Wen F., Palu I. Electricity market regulation: Global status, development trend, and prospect in China \/\/ Energy Conversion and Economics. \u2013 2020. \u2013 Vol. 1. No. 3. \u2013 P. 151-170.<br>\r\n14. Liew YK Cross-border trust disputes and choice of law in East Asia \/\/ Wash. Int&#8217;l L.J. \u2013 2021. \u2013 Vol. 31. \u2013 P. 117.<br>\r\n15. Li AX Challenges and Opportunities of Chinese International Arbitral Institutions and Courts in a New Era of Cross-Border Dispute Resolution \/\/ BU Int&#8217;l LJ. \u2013 2020. \u2013 Vol. 38. \u2013 P. 352.<br>\r\n16. Gan Y. Jurisdiction agreements in Chinese conflict of laws: searching for ways to implement the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements in China \/\/ Journal of Private International Law. \u2013 2018. \u2013 Vol. 14. No. 2. \u2013 P. 295-318.<br>\r\n17. Shanshan Y., Tao D. The Jurisdiction of China International Commercial Court: substance, drawbacks, and refinement \/\/ Journal of Private International Law. \u2013 2024. \u2013 Vol. 20. No. 1. \u2013 P. 183-213.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MAZUROVA Natalya Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, AI Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF THE INSTITUTIONAL FORM OF COOPERATION BETWEEN STATES IN COUNTERING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this study, the author identifies the specific features of institutionalized state cooperation in countering international terrorism at the universal, regional, and bilateral levels. The study utilized analytical and synthesis methods, formal logic, and problem-theoretical approaches. The study revealed that a comprehensive security system is being created and a normative framework is being established at the universal level, while regional mechanisms become the tools for its practical implementation. Regional organizations are more effective because participating states are united by a common threat and have similar political interests. Bilateral cooperation ensures a higher level of trust between parties than multilateral cooperation, enabling direct interaction between relevant agencies. Keywords: state cooperation, institutionalized state cooperation, international terrorism, countering international terrorism, countering terrorism mechanisms.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> cooperation of states, institutional form of cooperation of states, international terrorism, counteraction to international terrorism mechanisms, for countering terrorism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGalenskaya L. N. International fight against crime. &#8211; M.: Publishing house &#8220;International relations&#8221;, 1972. &#8211; 176 p .\r\n2. \tGalenskaya L. N. Legal regulation of transnational relations. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2022. &#8211; 316 p .\r\n3. \tGorbunov Yu. S. Terrorism and legal regulation of counteraction to it: monograph. \u2013 M.: Young Guard, &#8211; 2008. \u2013 460 p.<br>\r\n4. \tLyakhov E. G. International terrorism and legal problems of cooperation of states in the fight against it: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 doctor of legal sciences. \u2013 Moscow, 1988. \u2013 168 p.<br>\r\n5. \tLyakhov E. G., Lyakhov D. E., Alimov A. A. Security of the state and the world community: theoretical and legal formula for ensuring in the 21st century: monograph (with elements of a textbook). &#8211; Chelyabinsk: Tsicero, 2015. &#8211; 301 p .\r\n6. \tModzhoryan L. A. Terrorism: truth and fiction. \u2013 M .: International Relations, 1983. \u2013 207 p .\r\n7. \tKhanov T. A., Boretsky A. V. Interaction of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in combating crime related to human trafficking \/\/ Criminological Journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 78.<br>\r\n8. \tChernyadyeva N. A. International terrorism: origin, evolution, current issues of legal counteraction: monograph. &#8211; M .: Prospect, 2022. &#8211; 336 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SARANCHINA Veronika Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 3rd year of study (full-time), scientific specialty \u201c5.1.5. International legal sciences&#8221;, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>PROTECTING COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF AFRICAN UNION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article provides an overview of the system for protecting collective human rights, or peoples\\&#8217; rights, in the context of the African regional human rights system. It analyzes key provisions of African Union legal instruments that enshrine collective rights, primarily the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights. It also analyzes these provisions and identifies a group of rights that are considered collective rights (the right to self-determination, the right to manage natural resources, development, peace and security, and the right to a healthy environment).\r\nThe article examines the practice of existing mechanisms for protecting these rights &#8211; the African Commission on Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights and the African Court on Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights. It cites precedents from their work, including the high-profile case of Endorois People v. Kenya (2009), as well as several cases against Tanzania, which clearly demonstrates the African Court\\&#8217;s approach to protecting violated peoples\\&#8217; rights. In conclusion, the author highlights a number of problems and possible solutions for the further development of the African regional system for the protection of human rights, especially collective rights.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> African Union, African Charter on Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights, collective rights, rights of peoples, right to self-determination, African Commission\r\non Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights, African Court on Human and Peoples\\&#8217; Rights, regional mechanisms for the protection of human rights.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Konovalov A. N. Collective rights in international law: concepts and implementation \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 75-90.<br>\r\n2. Abashidze A. Kh., Solntsev A. M. Anniversary of the African system of human and peoples\u2019 rights \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 2 (45). &#8211; P. 22-25.<br>\r\n3. Keburia K. O. Decision of the African Commission on Human and Peoples&#8217; Rights in the case of Endorois People v. Kenya \/\/ Current issues of international law in Africa: collection of conf. materials. &#8211; M .: Peoples&#8217; Friendship University, 2019. &#8211; Pp. 238-242. &#8211; The Endorois case is analyzed, the reasons for recognizing Kenya&#8217;s violations of the articles of the Charter (the right to development, resources, culture, etc.) and the significance of this precedent for the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https : \/\/ repository . rudn . ru \/ ru \/ records \/ article \/ record \/130589\/ (date of access: 01.02.2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>PINCHUK Ivan Andreevich<\/strong><br>competitor, All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation; postgraduate student, Moscow Financial and Law University<br>\r\n<strong>COMPETITION OF REGULATORY MODELS IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME TRANSPORT: FROM THE LINER CODE TO GATS IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC NORMATIVE PLURALISM<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the competition of regulatory models in international maritime transport against the backdrop of the transformation of the world order and strategic normative pluralism. It shows that the shift from the sectoral redistributive model of the 1974 UN Liner Code (\u201c40 40 20\u201d) to the framework liberal regime of GATS failed to establish stable universal rules for access to maritime services markets. The 1974 Convention lost effectiveness due to technological change and non participation of key maritime powers, while GATS commitments in maritime services remain enclave like and fragmented. In the context of sanctions policies and market regionalization, states and integration associations combine elements of protectionism and liberalization, creating mixed regulatory regimes. Based on comparative legal analysis, two adaptation scenarios are proposed: compensatory harmonization through WTO mechanisms and the development of parallel regional regulatory clusters (EAEU\/BRICS) in related segments of maritime services.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> international maritime transport, liner conferences, GATS, strategic normative pluralism, regulatory competition, regional integration, WTO, BRICS, EAEU.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVylegzhanin A. N. International Law. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. &#8211; 664 p .\r\n2. \tGordeev A. A. Unilateral restrictive measures from the point of view of international law and WTO law \/\/ Issues of Russian and international law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 1A. &#8211; P. 427-437. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: elibrary _82489074_12820413. pdf .<br>\r\n3. \tDukhova D. V. The relationship between WTO law and other sources of public international law on freedom of transit \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 17. No. 4 (137). &#8211; P. 115-124. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: elibrary _65610034_63394601. pdf .<br>\r\n4. \tZakharov A. I. International transport corridor &#8220;North-South&#8221;: challenges and opportunities for the development of transport connectivity between Russia and India \/\/ Bulletin of MGIMO University. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 16. No. 2. &#8211; P. 216-234. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: elibrary _53958842_66021706. pdf .<br>\r\n5. \tKoval V. N. Legal regulation of sea transportation of goods in the context of globalization. &#8211; Moscow: KNORUS, 2022. &#8211; 288 p .\r\n6. \tLabin D.K. International legal regulation of transport services. &#8211; Moscow: Norma, 2020. &#8211; 352 p .\r\n7. \tMochalova A. V. Development of the dry ports network: international standards and financing models \/\/ Collection of materials of the scientific conference, 2025. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: elibrary _88983260_41254403. pdf .<br>\r\n8. \tRusinov I. A., Gavrilova I. A., Nelogov A. G. Activities of liner conferences on the eve of the adoption of the UN Convention on the Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences \/\/ Bulletin of the Admiral S. O. Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 2 (36). &#8211; P. 56\u201366. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: elibrary _25843073_68139321. pdf .<br>\r\n9. \tRusinov I. A., Gavrilova I. A., Nelogov A. G. Freight agreements in liner shipping \/\/ Transport Information Bulletin. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 3-9. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: elibrary _26088983_26755196. pdf .<br>\r\n10. \tShumilov V. M. Global normative system and its components \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 72-78.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SAMUEL Tochukwu Jake<\/strong><br>independent researcher, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>SDG 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL BEING: FAMILY PLANNING AND ACCESSIBILITY OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEM IN NIGERIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe present article examines Nigeria&#8217;s compliance with international legal obligations regarding reproductive rights and access to family planning under Sustainable Development Goal 3.7. The analysis centers on the tripartite framework of state obligations under international human rights law (to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health) as articulated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Despite Nigeria&#8217;s ratification of these treaties and endorsement of the Abuja Declaration&#8217;s commitment to allocate 15% of the national budget to health, persistent underfunding, the constitutional non-justiciability of socio-economic rights, and socio-cultural barriers impede progress toward Target 3.7. The study highlights how third-party interference (of religious doctrines, patriarchal norms, and economic constraints) undermines women&#8217;s access to contraceptives, contributing to a stagnant modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (14.2% in 2025 versus a 27% target). It further analyzes recommendations from the UN Human Rights Council&#8217;s Universal Periodic Review, which call for unhindered access to reproductive healthcare and legislative reform on abortion. The article underscores a critical gap between Nigeria&#8217;s international legal obligations and domestic implementation, illustrating broader challenges in international law: reliance on state consent, limited enforcement mechanisms, and tensions between sovereignty and rights universality. While international cooperation through WHO, UNFPA, etc. offers partial remedies, sustainable progress requires constitutional amendment, increased budgetary allocation, and integration of reproductive education into national curriculum to render the right to health justiciable. The study concludes that achieving SDG 3.7 in Nigeria demands not only political will but also alignment of domestic legal frameworks with binding international obligations.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> international law, human rights, family planning, SDGs, Nigeria, reproductive healthcare.<br>\r\n<strong>References<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAkinyemi AI, Ikuteyijo OO, Mobolaji JW, Erinfolami T., &amp; Adebayo SO Socioeconomic inequalities and family planning utilization among female adolescents in urban slumps in Nigeria \/\/ Frontiers in Global Women&#8217;s Health. \u2013 2022. \u2013 3. \u2013 838977. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2022.838977.<br>\r\n2. \tAnkomah A., J. Anyanti S. Adebayo and A. Giwa. Barriers to Contraceptive Use among Married Young Adults in Nigeria: A Qualitative Study \/\/ International Journal of Tropical Disease &amp; Health. \u2013 2013. \u2013 3 (3). &#8211; Rr. 267\u2013282. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: doi:10.9734\/IJTDH\/2013\/4573. <br>\r\n3. \tAngela Onwuzoo, 23 Years After, Nigeria Yet to Meet 15% Health Budget (17th December 2023). The Punch Newspaper. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/punchng.com\/23-years-after-nigeria-yet-to-meet-15-health-budget\/?utm_source=.<br>\r\n4. \tBradley Sarah EK, Trevor N. Croft, Joy D. Fishel and Charles F. Westoff. \u2013 2012. Revising unmet need for family planning. DHS Analytical Studies No. 25. \u2013 Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/AS25\/AS25%5B12June2012%5D.pdf.<br>\r\n5. \tBrown W., Druce N., Bunting J. et al. Developing the \u201c120 by 20\u201d goal for the Global FP2020 Initiative \/\/ Stud Fam Plann. \u2013 2014. \u2013 45. \u2013 Rr. 73-84.<br>\r\n6. \tCaldwell JC, &amp; Caldwell P. The Cultural Context of High Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa \/\/ Population and Development Review. \u2013 1987. \u2013 13 (3). &#8211; Rr. 409-437.<br>\r\n7. \tCardona C., Rusatira J.C., Salmeron C., Martinez-Baack M., Rimon J.G., Anglewicz P., &amp; Ahmed S. Progress in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in the use of modern contraceptives in 48 focus countries as part of the FP2030 initiative between 1990 and 2020: a population-based analysis \/\/ The Lancet Global Health. \u2013 2025. \u2013 13 (1). \u2013 e38-e49.<br>\r\n8. \tCEDAW General Recommendation No. 24: Article 12 of the Convention\r\n(Women and Health) Adopted at the Twentieth Session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, in 1999 (Contained in Document A\/54\/38\/Rev.1, chap. I). \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: DOI: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/general\/cedaw\/1999\/en\/11953.<br>\r\n9. \tFamily Planning 2020. Nigeria: Commitment Maker 2012 (2021). \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/fp2030.org\/nigeria.<br>\r\n10. \tFederal Republic of Nigeria. (2023). National Budget of the Federation for 2023. Budget Office of the Federation. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/budgetoffice.gov.ng\/<br>\r\n11. \tFederal Republic of Nigeria. (2014). National HIV and AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey 2012. Edited by Department of Reproductive Health. Abuja-Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health. <br>\r\n12. \tGiwa, David Christopher, An Appraisal of the Right to Health in Nigeria (June 18, 2020). \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: SSRN: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4581522.<br>\r\n13. \tInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. \u2013 New York, NY: United Nations; 1966. UN document A\/6316. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cil.nus.edu.sg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/1966-International-Covenant-on-Economic-Social-Cultural-Rights-1.pdf.<br>\r\n14. \tNPC (National Population Commission) [Nigeria] and ICF International. \u2013 2019. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018: Key Indicator Report. Abuja, Nigeria and Rockville, MD: NPC and ICF International. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR359\/FR359.pdf. <br>\r\n15. \tObilor NM, &amp; Osita-Njoku A. Contraceptive Use in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: The Roles of Socio-Economic Inequalities, Cultural and Religious Belief \/\/ GSJ. \u2013 2021. \u2013 9 (10). &#8211; Rr. 1194-209.<br>\r\n16. \tSinai I., Omoluabi E., Jimoh A., &amp; Jurczynska K. Unmet need for family planning and barriers to contraceptive use in Kaduna, Nigeria: culture, myths and perceptions \/\/ Culture, health &amp; sexuality. \u2013 2020. \u2013 22 (11). &#8211; Rr. 1253-1268.<br>\r\n17. \tThe Federal Republic of Nigeria. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999. &#8211; Lagos: Federal Government Press, 1999.<br>\r\n18. \tUN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health. \u2013 Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations: 2000. UN Document E\/C.12\/2000\/4. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.unhchr.ch\/tbs\/doc.nsf\/(symbol)\/EC12.2000.4.En?OpenDocument (access date: 03.15.2025).<br>\r\n19. \tUnited Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Summary of stakeholders&#8217; submissions on Nigeria: Report prepared pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5\/1 and 16\/21 (Universal Periodic Review), A\/HRC\/WG.6\/45\/NGA\/3, 45th Session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, 10 November 2023. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/docs.un.org\/en\/A\/HRC\/WG.6\/45\/NGA\/3.<br>\r\n20. \tUN Doc A\/HRC\/56\/7. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic. \u2013 July 12, 2024. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/docs.un.org\/A\/HRC\/56\/7 (access date: 02\/28\/2026).<br>\r\n21. \tUN Doc A\/HRC\/56\/7\/Add.1. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Addendum. \u2013 July 12, 2024. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/docs.un.org\/A\/HRC\/56\/7\/Add.1 (access date: 02\/28\/2026).<br>\r\n22. \tUN General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. \u2013 1979. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6b3970.html (access date: 02\/28\/2026). <br>\r\n23. \tUN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations \/\/ Treaty Series. \u2013 Vol. 1249. \u2013 P. 13. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6b3970.html (access date: 12\/10\/2020).<br>\r\n24. \tWorld Health Organization 2025 data.who.int, Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) [Indicator]. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/data.who.int\/indicators\/i\/E3CAF2B\/A4C49D3 (access date: 03\/25\/2025).\r\n25. \tWorld Health Organization 2025. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: data.who.int, Nigeria [Country overview] (access date: 02\/17\/2025).<br>\r\n26. \tYamin AE The Right to Health Under International Law and Its Relevance to the United States \/\/ American Journal of Public Health. \u2013 2005. \u2013 95 (7). \u2013 1156. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.055111.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SHAROV Maxim Sergeevich<\/strong><br>Head of the Organizational and Methodological Department of the Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND CURRENT CHALLENGES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article presents a comprehensive analysis of the right to health as a fundamental component of the European Union&#8217;s social policy framework. It examines the legal foundations of this right, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 168 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, as well as the institutional mechanisms that ensure its implementation. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the EU4Health and Horizon Europe programmes, and the development of the European Health Union in the context of pandemic and post-pandemic challenges. The article argues that the EU model is based on a combination of limited supranational competence, judicial interpretation and program-based coordination instruments. The scientific novelty of the study lies in considering the right to health in the EU not only as a social right but also as a cross-sectoral legal regime combining elements of the internal market, digital regulation, sanitary security and patient protection.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> right to health, European Union, social policy, institutional mechanisms, digital health, Court of Justice of the European Union.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of articles<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Kashkin S. Yu \t. , Kalinichenko P. A., Chetverikov A. O. Law of the European Union. &#8211; M.: Yurait, 2018 .\r\n2. \tTyumentsev V. O. Competence of the European Union in the field of healthcare \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 7 (83). &#8211; P. 87-92.<br>\r\n3. \tChetverikov A. O. From the European Health Community to the European Health Union: the project of a supranational medical-sanitary and research organization of European countries and its historical fate \/\/ Lex russica . \u2013 2021. \u2013 T. 74. No. 6. \u2013 P. 138-153.<br>\r\n4. \tTyumentsev V. O. Legal regulation of the activities of the European Union in the field of healthcare: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. \u2013 M., 2024.<br>\r\n5. \tMalichenko V. S. Harmonization of regulation of circulation of healthcare technologies in the activities of regional integration associations \/\/ Remedium. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 75-81.<br>\r\n6. \tAbashidze A. Kh., Malichenko V. S., Belousova A. A., Semenova N. S. International legal foundations of the right to health: textbook. &#8211; M .: Peoples&#8217; Friendship University of Russia, 2016.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>UMAROV Yaroslav Vladislavovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Institute Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\\&#8217; Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>THE CONCEPT OF \\&#8217;ATTACK\\&#8217; IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND OPERATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: CRITERIA FOR QUALIFICATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the applicability of the concept of \\&#8217;attack\\&#8217; within the meaning of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 to operations in the sphere of information and communication technologies (ICT) conducted during armed conflicts. It is established that the existing normative definition of \\&#8217;attack\\&#8217; enshrined in Article 49 of Additional Protocol I was formulated with reference to kinetic means of warfare and does not adequately cover the specifics of ICT operations. The approaches developed in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 and the position papers of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), as well as in the Resolution of the 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent of 2024, are analyzed. On the basis of this analysis, the author proposes a system of criteria for qualifying ICT operations as \\&#8217;attacks\\&#8217; for the purposes of applying IHL norms, comprising the consequences criterion, the functional criterion, the reversibility criterion, and the object-of-effect criterion. The conclusion is drawn that these criteria should be enshrined in a binding international legal instrument.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> international humanitarian law, attack, cyber operations, ICT operations, Tallinn Manual 2.0, Additional Protocol I, qualification criteria, armed conflict.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAdditional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, of 8 June 1977 \/\/ Collection of International Treaties of the USSR. Issue XLVI. Moscow, 1993.\r\n2. \tSchmitt MN (ed.) Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. 598 p.<br>\r\n3. \tICRC. International Humanitarian Law and Cyber Operations in Armed Conflicts. Position Paper. October 2019. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/ru\/document\/mezhdunarodnoe-gumanitarnoe-pravo-i-kibernoperacii-vo-vremja-vooruzhyonnyh-konfliktov (date of access: 20.03.2026).<br>\r\n4. \tResolution of the 34th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent &#8220;Protection of civilians and other protected persons and objects from the potential humanitarian consequences of ICT activities during armed conflict.&#8221; 34IC\/24\/R2. October 2024. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/rcrcconference.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/11\/34IC_R2-ICT-RU.pdf (date accessed: 20.03.2026).<br>\r\n5. \tSchmitt MN Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework \/\/ Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 1999. Vol. 37. P. 885-937.<br>\r\n6. \tHenckaerts J.-M., Doswald-Beck L. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. I: Rules. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press \/ ICRC, 2005. 621 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>YAKIMCHUK Viktoriya Andreevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 3rd course of International law sub-faculty, AI Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>ANTI-CORRUPTION COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITHIN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the legislative and law enforcement aspects of the Russian Federation\\&#8217;s (hereinafter referred to as the RF) anti-corruption cooperation within the framework of international cooperation. This article analyzes the legislative aspects of such cooperation, focusing on interactions with friendly states within organizations of which Russia is a member. The article examines the legal mechanisms of interaction between the Russian Federation and key integration associations, such as the OECD and the SCO, and also identifies systemic shortcomings in the practical implementation of international agreements.<br>\r\nKeywords international cooperation, corruption, international organizations, reciprocity, legal assistance, unification, transnational crime.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAbabkova A. Yu. Termination of the property rights of a person who committed a corruption offense \/\/ Civilist. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4.<br>\r\n2. \tAgamagomedova S. A. World standards in the field of combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism: current issues \/\/ International law and international organizations. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n3. \tIzhbuldin I. E. International organizations in the field of combating corruption \/\/ Bulletin of Science. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4 (85). <br>\r\n4. \tKarpovich V. E. International cooperation in the field of combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism in the Republic of India: legal regulation \/\/ International criminal law and international justice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n5. \tMakarov D. A. International legal foundations of criminal-legal protection of cultural property \/\/ International criminal law and international justice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n6. \tPonomarenko V. E., Minasyan K. Kh. Combating the legalization of corruption proceeds: a comparative legal analysis of the experience of Russia and Armenia \/\/ Russian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2.<br>\r\n7. \tRueva E. O. Problems of formulating legal definitions using the example of anti-corruption legislation \/\/ Russian investigator. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7.<br>\r\n8. \tTatarinov M.K. Establishment of criminal jurisdiction over corruption crimes: the current mechanism and some prospects for its improvement \/\/ International criminal law and international justice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3.<br>\r\n9. \tKharitonov A. N., Karpova O. V. International treaty as a basis for the extradition of a person located on the territory of a foreign state \/\/ Modern law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4.<br>\r\n10. \tSheverdyaev S. N. Actual tasks for constitutional legislation in the UN Convention against Corruption of 2003 \/\/ Constitutional and municipal law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GLINSHIKOVA Tatyana Vadimovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International, private and business law, Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>BRUS Diana Sergeevna<\/strong><br>bachelor of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>KURNOSOVA Darya Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>bachelor of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL GROUNDS FOR THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article is devoted to the study of procedures for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign court decision, the authors emphasize the importance of distinguishing the categories of \\&#8221;recognition\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;enforcement\\&#8221;, which is the key thesis of the work. The study concerns the definition of the scope of a judicial decision of one State on the territory of another, and explains the role of the mechanism for recognizing such an act in ensuring guarantees for the protection of the subjective rights of the person in whose favor the said decision was rendered. The authors draw attention to the importance of recognizing a foreign court decision for procedural economy and minimizing the possibility of a \\&#8221;lame relationship.\\&#8221; The article also examines the controversial nature of the concepts of recognition and enforcement of foreign court decisions and notes that most states strive for a balance in this matter. The former can only be recognized and do not require enforcement, while the latter requires an international agreement with the issuing state.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> recognition and enforcement of foreign court decisions, foreign judicial act, guarantees of protection of subjective rights, immutability and exclusivity of a court decision, international treaty, Hague Conventions, jurisdiction, reciprocity.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Drobiazkina I. V. International civil procedure. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2005. &#8211; P. 184.<br>\r\n2. Galenskaya L. N. The concept of reciprocity \/\/ Journal of International Private Law. &#8211; 2005. &#8211; No. 3 (49). &#8211; P. 7-8.<br>\r\n3. Glinshchikova T. V. International legal regulation of factoring activities \/\/ Essays on the latest cameralistics. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 42-44.<br>\r\n4. Basedov Yu. Law of open societies &#8211; private and public regulation of international relations: general course of international private law \/ translated from English by Yu. M. Yumasheva. &#8211; M., 2016. &#8211; P. 29.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SIMONISHVILI Liya Robertovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Human rights sub-faculty of the Higher School of Jurisprudence, MM Speransky Faculty of Law, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>KAZAKOVA Natalya Yurjevna<\/strong><br>master of laws (LL.M.), Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>RECEPTION OF ROMAN PRIVATE LAW IN ENGLISH COMMERCIAL LAW: A CASE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEX MERCATORIA AS A LEGAL COMPLEX<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article is devoted to the study of the reception of Roman private law into the system of English commercial law through the evolution of the lex mercatoria as an autonomous legal complex. The authors analyze the genesis of international trade law from its ancient origins (the Rhodian Law, ius gentium), through medieval mercantile codifications, to its incorporation into English common law. The mechanisms of transformation of Roman legal principles and institutions into the fabric of English case law are examined, including the principle of good faith (bona fides), the consensual nature of contracts (consensus facit pactum), the institutions of commercial agency (institor, exercitor), and maritime law (lex Rhodia de iactu). Special attention is paid to the judicial practice of specialized courts (Piepowder Courts, Courts of the Staple, the Court of Admiralty), the conflict of jurisdictions, and the reformatory work of Lord Mansfield, who carried out a systematic incorporation of the lex mercatoria into the common law through the mechanism of special juries composed of merchants. The subsequent statutory codification of commercial law in the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 and the Sale of Goods Act 1893 is analyzed. Based on modern historical and legal research, the concept of the lex mercatoria as a universal autonomous legal order is critically re-evaluated.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> lex mercatoria, Roman private law, English common law, ius gentium, reception of law, commercial law, Lord Mansfield, Piepowder Courts, Court of Admiralty, bona fides, consensus facit pactum, general average, judicial practice, codification of commercial law<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bills of Exchange Act 1882: 45 &#038; 46 Vict. &#8211; P. 61: [adopted by the UK Parliament on 18 August 1882]. &#8211; Text: electronic \/\/ legislation.gov.uk: [website]. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/45-46\/61 (accessed: 20.02.2026).<br>\r\n2. Factors Act 1889: 52 &#038; 53 Vict. &#8211; P. 45: [adopted by the UK Parliament on 26 August 1889]. &#8211; Text: electronic \/\/ legislation.gov.uk: [website]. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/52-53\/45\/contents (accessed: 20.02.2026).<br>\r\n3. Goss v. Withers (1758) \/\/ Burrow\\&#8217;s King\\&#8217;s Bench Reports. &#8211; London, 1758. &#8211; Vol. 2. &#8211; P. 683.<br>\r\n4. Lowry S. Todd. \u201cLord Mansfield and the Law Merchant: Law and Economics in the Eighteenth Century\u201d \/\/ Journal of Economic Issues. &#8211; 1973. &#8211; Vol. 7. No. 4. &#8211; R. 605-22. JSTOR. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4224261. Accessed 20 Feb. 2026.<br>\r\n5. Elizarov M. V. Lex mercatoria as a non-governmental regulator of international trade \/\/ Legal state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3 (49). &#8211; P. 167-173.<br>\r\n6. Majorina M. V. Lex mercatoria: medieval myth or globalization phenomenon? \/\/ Scientific and analytical journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; P. 4-19.<br>\r\n7. Mitchell W. An Essay on the Early History of the Law Merchant. &#8211; The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2006.<br>\r\n8. Rich EE The Mayors of the Staples \/\/ Cambridge Historical Journal. &#8211; 1933. &#8211; Vol. 4. No. 2. &#8211; P. 120-142. \u2013 DOI: 10.1017\/S1474691300000470.<br>\r\n9. The Rolls of Oleron (late 12th century) \/\/ Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide: [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.admiraltylawguide.com\/documents\/oleron.html (date of access: 02\/20\/2026).<br>\r\n10. Sale of Goods Act 1893: 56 &#038; 57 Vict. &#8211; P. 71: [adopted by the British Parliament on February 20, 1894]. &#8211; Text: electronic \/\/ legislation.gov.uk. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/56-57\/71\/enacted (accessed: 20.02.2026).<br>\r\n11. Schmitthoff CM General Aspects of International Trade Law \/\/ Clive M. Schmitthoff\\&#8217;s Select Essays on International Trade Law. &#8211; Martinus Nijhoff, 1988. &#8211; 797 p.<br>\r\n12. Swain W. The Unromatic History of Lex Mercatoria in England. \u2013 2020. \u2013 Text: electronic \/\/ SSRN: [site]. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3632494 (date of access: 02\/20\/2026).<br>\r\n13. Twiss Travers, ed. The Laws of Wisbuy \/\/ Monumenta Juridica \u2013 The Black Book of the Admiralty. \u2013 Vol. IV. &#8211; London: Longman &amp; Company, and Trubner &amp; Company, 1876: Cambridge University Press, 2012. <br>\r\n14. Watterson Stephen. Carter v Boehm (1766) \/\/ Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract \/ ed. by C. Mitchell and P. Mitchell. &#8211; Hart Publishing, 2008. &#8211; P.59-118.<br>\r\n15. Wethmar-Lemmer M. The development of the modern lex mercatoria: a historical perspective \/\/ Fundamina. &#8211; 2005. &#8211; Vol. 11. No. 2. &#8211; P. 183-199.<br>\r\n16. Windbichler C. Lex Mercatoria \/\/ International Encyclopedia of the Social &amp; Behavioral Sciences. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; P. 915-919.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>CHUMACHENKO Valeriy Igorevich<\/strong><br>competitor of Business and international private law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE EAEU AS A BASIS FOR THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the legal system of the Eurasian Economic Union as an institutional foundation for the further systematization of private international law (PIL) of the member states. Key characteristics of the Union law are analyzed, such as the hierarchy of its sources, the principles of supremacy and direct effect, as well as the growing role of the EAEU Court in shaping a common legal space.\r\nThe author concludes that despite the existence of a developed supranational legal framework, a significant gap remains in the sphere of private law regulation, especially in the unification of conflict-of-law rules. To bridge this gap and promote the effective functioning of the single market, a number of scientific and practical measures are proposed, including the development and adoption of specialized EAEU regulations on the law applicable to obligations, the creation of a permanent advisory body on PIL, and the unification of the mechanism for the recognition and enforcement of judgments.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Eurasian Economic Union, private international law, EAEU law, systematization of law, unification, harmonization, Court of the EAEU, supremacy of law, direct effect, conflict of laws, recognition of judgments.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGrinberg R.S., Pylin A.G. Eurasian Economic Union: Main Development Trends Against the Background of Global Uncertainty \/\/ Economy of the Region. 2020. Vol. 16. No. 2. P. 340-351.<br>\r\n2. \tGrishina T. M. Evolution of Eurasian integration in the post-Soviet space (1991-2022): diss. &#8230; Cand. of History. Moscow, 2024. 301 p.<br>\r\n3. \tDrobot E. V., Gudovich G. K., Makarov I. N., Bakhmutskaya V. S. Economic security of Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union under sanctions \/\/ Economic relations. 2019. Vol. 9. No. 3. P. 1671-1682.<br>\r\n4. \tZiyadullaev N. S. National priorities and prospects of the Eurasian Economic Union in the context of integration and global instability \/\/ National interests: priorities and security. 2015. No. 15 (300). P. 2-19.\r\n5. \tZiyadullaev N. S. EAEU: between politics and economics \/\/ Problems of management theory and practice. 2014. No. 11. P. 25-37.<br>\r\n6. \tKadysheva O. V. Problems of execution of decisions of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union: experientia docet \/\/ International justice. 2024. Vol. 14. No. 1 (49). P. 56-74. <br>\r\n7. \tKapustin A. Ya. Law of the Eurasian Economic Union: international legal discourse \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2015. No. 11. P. 59-69.<br>\r\n8. \tKnobel A. Yu. Eurasian Economic Union: development prospects and possible obstacles \/\/ Questions of Economics. 2015. No. 3. P. 87-108.<br>\r\n9. \tKolos D. G. The influence of the practice of the Court of the EAEU on lawmaking and law enforcement in member states: results, problems, possible solutions \/\/ The influence of the practice of the Court of the Union on the formation of the legal order of the EAEU: int. conf. (Minsk, November 16-17, 2023): collection of materials \/ Court of the Eurasian Economic Union. Minsk, 2024. Pp. 89-99.\r\n10. \tLepeshkov Yu. A. International justice in the post-Soviet space: results of the 30th anniversary and prospects \/\/ The influence of the practice of the Court of the Union on the formation of the legal order of the EAEU: int. conf. (Minsk, November 16-17, 2023): collection of materials \/ Court of the Eurasian Economic Union. Minsk, 2024. Pp. 163-171.<br>\r\n11. \tMaly A. F., Kondrashova O. Yu. Principles of law of the Eurasian Economic Union as the basis of its legal system \/\/ Science. Society. State. 2019. Vol. 7. No. 2 (26). P. 83-91.<br>\r\n12. \tMikhaleva T. N. Law of the Eurasian Economic Union. Minsk, 2022. 191 p.<br>\r\n13. \tNovikova T. V. Autonomy of will in international private law as a tool for stimulating international economic turnover \/\/ Perm legal almanac. 2020. No. 3. P. 205-220.<br>\r\n14. \tSokolova N. A. Eurasian Economic Union: legal nature and the nature of law \/\/ Lex Russica. 2017. No. 11 (132). P. 47-57.<br>\r\n15. \tShakhnazarov B. A. Evolution of legal regulation of integration processes within the framework of the activities of the Eurasian Economic Union (private law aspect) \/\/ Jurist. 2020. No. 9. P. 20-30.<br>\r\n16. \tEiriyan E. V. Welcoming speeches \/\/ The influence of the practice of the Court of the Union on the formation of the legal order of the EAEU: int. conf. (Minsk, November 16-17, 2023): collection of materials \/ Court of the Eurasian Economic Union. Minsk, 2024. Pp. 7-8.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GUSHCHINA Tatyana Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of Municipal and environmental law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, IS Turgenev Orel State University<br>\r\n<strong>IBRAGIMOVA Zarina Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Municipal and environmental law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, IS Turgenev Orel State University<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL LAW No. 168-FZ IN THE CONTEXT OF CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION AND LANGUAGE POLICY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the problems associated with the entry into force of Federal Law No. 168-FZ, which establishes the priority of the Russian language for business as of March 1, 2026. It examines the conflicts between the philological understanding of language norms and legal mechanisms. Special attention is given to the issue of defining exceptions for trademarks and the ambiguity of the \\&#8221;equivalence\\&#8221; criterion for texts in Russian and foreign languages. The article analyzes the difficulties of translating marketing vocabulary and the risks associated with its implementation, and argues for the need to establish clear criteria for effective implementation of the law.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> language policy, consumer protection, legal linguistics, trademark, implementation, and law enforcement.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tDubichinsky V. V. Lexicography of the Russian language: a tutorial. &#8211; M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2008. &#8211; 432 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GOROKHOVA Kamila Ildusovna<\/strong><br>legal counsel of the Legal Support Department for Investment Activities of the Russian Practice and Project Work Department of the Directorate on Legal Issues of JSC \u201cRUSAL Management\u201d<br>\r\n<strong>FROM LEGAL TECHNIQUE TO LEGAL TECHNOLOGY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the description of the continuous process of evolution of methods of fixation, interpretation and application of legal norms, the transition from the concept of legal technology to the concept of a broader concept of legal technology in domestic legal thought. The origins of the institute of legal technology and the development of industry practices emphasize the connection between legal technology and the modern institute of legal technology. The article analyzes the key stages of the historical development of the fixation of legal norms: from the origin of writing in ancient civilizations (Schumer, Code of Hammurabi) to the ancient foundations of legal technology, medieval canons, domestic legal tradition and European influences, as well as the role of the press, industrialization and computerization in the evolution of regulatory legislation. The article analyzes the transformation of the conceptual apparatus: from legal technology to legal technology, justified borrowings from engineering, mathematics and computer science, expanding the scope of the concept and methodology of studying legal reality. The conclusion emphasizes the need to transform the theoretical framework and methodological tools in the context of digitalization of law and globalization of legal activities.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> legal technologies, legal technique, regulatory act, computerization, automation, blockchain technologies, online services.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tIering R. Legal technology. M., 2008. P. 34.<br>\r\n2. \tChinaryan E. O. Stages of development of domestic legislative technique (From the history of law). &#8211; Text: direct \/\/ Modern law. 2012. No. 5. P. 153-156.<br>\r\n3. \tKozhokar I. P., Frolova E. E. Rulemaking: from legal technique to legal engineering and engineering \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2024. No. 8. P. 5-24.<br>\r\n4. \tFormation and development of legislative technique in pre-revolutionary Russia: (historical and theoretical study): author&#8217;s abstract. dis. for the candidate of legal sciences degree: specialty 12.00.01; [Russian State Social University]. Moscow, 2009. 21 p.\r\n5. \tLegal technique: a course of lectures \/ edited by V. M. Baranov. N. Novgorod, 2015. P. 45.<br>\r\n6. \tSenyakin I.N., Mikheeva I.V. Fundamental research of legal technique issues \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2012. No. 1. P. 121-127.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DUBROVIN Mikhail Andreevich<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, AG and NG Stoletov Vladimir State University<br>\r\n<strong>NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE LEGAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE DURING THE FIRST CONTACTS WITH NORTH AFRICAN STATES (WITH A FOCUS ON TUNIS, ALGERIA AND MOROCCO): A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL RESEARCH<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines doctrinal approaches to understanding the essence of national interests and determining their place and role in shaping the Russian Empire&#8217;s relations with Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. The legal and regulatory acts presented in the study allow for an analysis of the significance of the norms contained therein and reveal the Russian state&#8217;s need for a legitimate presence in the Mediterranean Sea. Collectively, this approach enables an assessment of the nature of Russia&#8217;s legal policy implementation in its efforts to establish equitable and partnership-based relations with the countries of North Africa.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> legal policy, national interests, national security, legal regulation, Russian-North African partnership.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tI. Kant Towards Eternal Peace \/ Preparatory text, [translated with minor abbreviations], introduction [pp. 3-22] and conclusion by A. V. Gulyga. &#8211; M.: Mosk. rabochy, 1989. &#8211; 523 p.<br>\r\n2. \tMorgenthau Hans J. In defense of the national interest. A critical examination of American foreign policy. &#8211; New York: Knopf, 1951. &#8211; XII, 283. &#8211; VII p.<br>\r\n3. \tHobbes T. Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1 \/ Translated from Latin and English; compiled, edited by, author of the introduction and notes V. V. Sokolov. &#8211; M.: Mysl, 1989. &#8211; 622 p.<br>\r\n4. \tChapchikov S. Yu. Conceptual foundations of national security and the mechanism for ensuring it: theoretical and legal research: abstract of dis. &#8230; Doctor of Law: 12.00.01. &#8211; Kursk, 2018. &#8211; 48 p.<br>\r\n5. \tLocke J. Two Treatises of Government: a monograph \/ J. Locke; trans. from English by E. S. Lagutina, Yu. V. Semenova. &#8211; 4th ed. &#8211; M.; Chelyabinsk: Socium, 2020. &#8211; 496 p.<br>\r\n6. \tShalamov G. G. National and state interests of the Russian Federation in the region of Africa south of the Sahara in the context of globalization: abstract of the dissertation&#8230; candidate of political sciences: 23.00.04. &#8211; M., 2019. &#8211; 24 p.<br>\r\n7. \tPutintsev A. V. Legal regime for counteracting factors-threats to Russia&#8217;s national security: abstract of dis. &#8230; Cand. of Law: 12.00.01. &#8211; Kazan, 2021. &#8211; 31 p.<br>\r\n8. \tUvarov S. S. On some general principles that can serve as a guide in managing the Ministry of Public Education \/\/ River of Time. Book 1. &#8211; M.: River of Time &#8211; Ellis Luck, 1995. &#8211; P. 72<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NIKIFOROVA Elena Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>Ph. D. in Law, professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>FEDOROVA Nataliya Yurjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of English philology and translation sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF LAWYERS&#8217; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE: PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES, COMPETENCIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article considers the ongoing changes in the legal practice in the context of the digital technologies and artificial intelligence development and deployment. Along with the obvious advantages, the use of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in the law field poses certain risks that require specialized training to cope with. These risks are related to the ethical aspects of legal practice and information security. Effective application of artificial intelligence in the legal sphere and legal sovereignty are implausible without cultivating expertise, which must be considered by policymakers and educators as a strategic task. The authors conclude that firstly, a new law on AI deployment should be developed, and secondly, the approach to legal education should be interdisciplinary and aiming at critical thinking, information security competence, and professional ethics.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> legal education, digital competencies, artificial intelligence, legal regulation of AI, digitalization of legal practice, lawyers&#8217; professional ethics, lawyers&#8217; professional competences.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAleshkova I. A., Molokaeva O. Kh. Development of local self-government in the context of the new digital reality \/\/ Municipal service: legal issues. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 3-6. <br>\r\n2. \tThe Future of LegalTech: Forecasts and Trends for the Coming Years. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.klerk.ru\/user\/2554567\/641989 (date of access: 12\/13\/2025).<br>\r\n3. \tGracheva E. Yu. On the essence of financial law \/\/ Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 27-32.<br>\r\n4. \tZhiltsova Yu. V., Adalina A. A. Data modeling in management accounting and budgeting systems \/\/ Accounting in budgetary and non-profit organizations. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 13. &#8211; P. 13-22.<br>\r\n5. \tIvanova A. P. Artificial intelligence in the field of law and legal practice: main problems and development prospects \/\/ Social and humanitarian sciences. Domestic and foreign literature. Series 4, State and Law: Abstract journal. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 90-98.\r\n6. \tKazun A. P. Can Artificial Intelligence Predict Court Decisions? A Systematic Review of International Research \/\/ Monitoring Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 100-122.<br>\r\n7. \tLevchaev P. A., Khezazna B. Features of strategic financial planning of enterprises in the digital economy \/\/ Accounting in budgetary and non-profit organizations. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 22. &#8211; P. 32-40.<br>\r\n8. \tMilikova A. V. Current issues of digitalization of the system of criminal procedural acts \/\/ Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 624-632. <br>\r\n9. \tNikiforova E. N., Ermolova M. A. International environmental law in a period of uncertainty. Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1 (176). &#8211; P. 39-40.<br>\r\n10. \tLegal space and man: monograph \/ N. V. Vlasova, S. A. Gracheva, M. A. Meshcheryakova [et al.]; ed. Yu. A. Tikhomirov, E. V. Pulyaeva, N. I. Khlyudeneva. &#8211; M .: Institute of Law and Social Policy under the Government of the Russian Federation; Publishing House &#8220;Jurisprudence&#8221;, 2012. 240 p. Cited from: Khabrieva T. Ya., Chernogor N. N. Law in the context of digital reality \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 89.\r\n11. \tRozhkova M. A., Isaeva O. V., et al. Legaltech, Fintech, Regtech etc.: legal aspects of using digital technologies in commercial activities. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2021. &#8211; 310 p.<br>\r\n12. \tStont A. O. Artificial intelligence and justice: problems and prospects \/\/ Power and society: history, current state and development trends: collection of materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Abakan, April 26, 2024. &#8211; Abakan: Publishing house of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &#8220;Khakass State University named after N. F. Katanov&#8221;, 2024. &#8211; P. 152-154.<br>\r\n13. \tKhabrieva T. Ya. Law in the realities of the technological revolution: monograph. &#8211; M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. &#8211; 168 p. &#8211; DOI 10.12737\/2184987. &#8211; P. 71.<br>\r\n14. \tMorison J., McNerney T. When should a computer decide? Judicial decision-making in the age of automation, algorithms and generative artificial intelligence \/ in S. Turenne, M. Moussa (eds), Research Handbook on Judging and the Judiciary (Elgar-Routledge, Law and Society Series), 2024. \u2013 Pp. 1-34.<br>\r\n15. \tSurden H. Artificial intelligence and law: An overview \/\/ Georgia state university law review. \u2013 Atlanta, 2019. \u2013 Vol. 35. No. 4. \u2013 P. 1335.<br>\r\n16. \tJi W. The Change of Judicial Power in China in the Era of Artificial Intelligence \/\/ Asian Journal of Law and Society. \u2013 2020. \u2013 No. 7 (3). \u2013 \u0420p. 515-530.<br>\r\n17. \tQureshi G. Transforming Legal Practice: The Role of AI in Modern Law \/\/ Journal of Strategic Policy and Global Affairs. \u2013 2023. \u2013 Vol. 4. Issue 1. \u2013 \u0420p. 36-42. <br>\r\n18. \tChetvernina T. Ya., Chetvernina A. V. The legal profession: the main vectors of change in the period of digital transformation \/\/ Social and humanitarian sciences. Domestic and foreign literature: IAZH. Series. 4: State and Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 120-129.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ROMANOVSKAYA Vera Borisovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, NI Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University<br>\r\n<strong>KRYMOV Andrey Vladimirovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, NI Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University<br>\r\n<strong>EURASIAN IDEOCRACY AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the study of the ideological component of the project of the state of the future, as it appeared to young intellectuals who were forced to leave Russia after the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War and created a small group of like-minded people in emigration, which later grew into a notable political association \u2013 Eurasianism. The state system of the future eventually received the name \\&#8221;ideocracy\\&#8221; in Eurasianism, the most important basis of which naturally became the \\&#8221;idea-ruler\\&#8221;. Clarifying the essence of this idea is the most important activity of Eurasianism, as well as the subject of ongoing disputes among modern researchers of this issue.\r\nThe national question is one of the most difficult in the history of Russian statehood. The unity and progressive development of Russia as a multinational state depends on its successful resolution. The leaders of Eurasianism, Prince NS Trubetskoy and PN Savitsky, painstakingly studied the issue of the interaction of ethnic groups in the history of Eurasia, and the results of these studies became the points of the program documents of Eurasianism, revealing the essence of the &#8220;idea-ruler&#8221; in the Eurasian ideocracy. The scientific hypothesis that led to the preparation of this article was the assumption that the mentioned thinkers differed in their understanding of the national factor, its place and significance for the future of post-communist Russia, and this inconsistency, in turn, is assessed as one of the reasons for the failure of classical Eurasianism. In the process of working on the topic, the method of comparative analysis of publications by two main Eurasian authors on the problem of the national factor and its impact on the history of national state building was used.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Eurasianism, ideocracy, state ideal, supreme power, foundations of the state system, forms of state structure, nationalism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBluntschli I.K. General state law. Volume 1 \/ edited by prof. F.M. Dmitriev, translated from the third edition by Nikolai Lyapidevsky, a fourth-year student of the Imperial Moscow University, Faculty of Law. &#8211; Moscow: University Printing House Katkov and Co., 1865. &#8211; 459 p.\r\n2. \tErmishina K. B. One Hundred Years of the Eurasian Idea: A Review of Modern Research Approaches to the Study of Eurasianism \/\/ Yearbook of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 369-385.<br>\r\n3. \tZamaraeva E. I., Shishkova A. V. The doctrine of the state in the philosophy of Eurasianism \/\/ Bulletin of the University. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 257-262.<br>\r\n4. \tMazitov A. I. Life and works of I. K. Bluntschli \/\/ The rule of law: theory and practice. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 3 (53). &#8211; P. 188-192.<br>\r\n5. \tThe Russian Knot of Eurasianism. The East in Russian Thought. A Collection of Works by Eurasians. Moscow: Belovodye, 1997, 525 p.\r\n6. \tSavitsky P. N. Citizenship of an Idea \/\/ Eurasian Timeline. Book III. &#8211; Berlin: Eurasian Publishing House, 1923. &#8211; 176 p.\r\n7. \tSamokhin A. V. Concepts of the political structure of Russia in classical Eurasianism \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow State Humanitarian University named after M. A. Sholokhov. History and political science. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 98-106.<br>\r\n8. \tTikhomirov L. A. Monarchical statehood. \u2013 M., 2010. \u2013 752 p.<br>\r\n9. \tTrubetskoy N. S. Pan-Eurasian nationalism \/\/ History. Culture. Language \/ Comp. and general. editorship by V. M. Zhivov; Introduction by N. I. Tolstoy and L. N. Gumilyov. &#8211; Moscow: Publishing group &#8220;Progress&#8221;, 1995. &#8211; 800 p.<br>\r\n10. \tTrubetskoy N. S. Letters to P. P. Suvchinsky: 1921-1928 \/ Comp., text preparation, introduction, notes by K. B. Ermishina. &#8211; M .: Library-foundation &#8220;Russian Abroad&#8221;; Russian Way, 2008. &#8211; 384 p.\r\n11. \tTsitkilov P. Ya. Classical Eurasians on the civilizational identity of Russia \/\/ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflictology. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 37. Issue. 2. &#8211; P. 256-267. &#8211; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21638\/spbu17.2021.206.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SAMOYLOVA Zhanna Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>PARTICIPATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STATE AFFAIRS AS A FORM OF ACTIVE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the participation of citizens in the management of state affairs as a key form of active citizenship in modern society. It analyzes the legal, socio-political, and institutional foundations of citizen participation, the main forms and mechanisms of civic engagement, and the mechanisms of citizens\\&#8217; adaptation in decision-making processes. The article reveals the essential characteristics of these mechanisms and their significance for the preservation of democratic institutions. It explores the impact of the level of civic engagement on the effectiveness of public authority and emphasizes the need to create conditions that promote increased citizen participation in the management of state affairs.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civic position, civic participation, social activity, democracy, public administration, and civil society.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tRymarev D. S. Implementation of the passive electoral right of citizens of the Russian Federation in the context of digital transformation of the electoral process: main digital services \/\/ Academic Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 26. No. 1. &#8211; P. 44-52.<br>\r\n2. \tSumenkov S. Yu. Legal consciousness of subjects endowed with a special status: features and forms of manifestation \/\/ Academic Law Journal. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 117-124.<br>\r\n3. \tFedorova O. V. Anti-corruption legal awareness as an element of the public-legal mechanism for combating corruption \/\/ Baikal Research Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 1401-1412.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BOTASHEV Taulan Rasulovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Karachay-Cherkess branch, Moscow University of Finance and Industry \u201cSynergy\u201d, Cherkessk<br>\r\n<strong>MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIOCULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: TOWARDS OVERCOMING POSTMODERN RELATIVISM<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the problem of the interaction between law and morality in the context of the challenges of postmodern social reality, characterized by the fragmentation of value systems and the assertion of fundamental ethical relativism. The genesis and essence of the postmodern deconstruction of universal moral and legal foundations are analyzed. The author, polemicizing with a number of common approaches, substantiates the thesis that overcoming the systemic crisis of the justice of law is possible only through a return to its solid moral foundations rooted in tradition. Russian legal and philosophical-legal thought is considered as a methodological key, offering a synthetic model in which positive law gains strength and authority through an organic connection with collective moral consciousness based on the ideals of sobornost, justice, and statehood. It is concluded that Russia, which has unique experience in preserving spiritual guidelines in the context of modernization shifts, can offer the world an alternative path of legal development based not on denial, but on the harmonious transformation of tradition in accordance with the demands of modernity.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> law, morality, ethics, postmodernism, relativism, traditional values, justice, Russian legal tradition, sociocultural transformation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Alekseev N. N. Fundamentals of the Philosophy of Law. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 1999. &#8211; 256 p.<br>\r\n2. Berdyaev N. A. On the purpose of a person. &#8211; Moscow: Republic, 1993. &#8211; 383 p.<br>\r\n3. Ilyin I. A. On the essence of legal consciousness. &#8211; Moscow: Rarog, 1993. &#8211; 235 p.<br>\r\n4. Novgorodtsev P. I. On the social ideal. &#8211; Moscow: Press Publishing House, 1991. &#8211; 640 p.<br>\r\n5. Solovyov V. S. Justification of Good. Moral Philosophy \/\/ Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. &#8211; Moscow: Mysl, 1988. &#8211; 899 p.<br>\r\n6. Trubetskoy E. N. Encyclopedia of Law. &#8211; Kyiv: S. I. Ivanov Publishing House, 1906. &#8211; 224 p.<br>\r\n7. Frank S. L. Spiritual foundations of society. &#8211; Moscow: Republic, 1992. &#8211; 511 p.<br>\r\n8. Chicherin B. N. Philosophy of Law. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1998. &#8211; 656 p.<br>\r\n9. Khomyakov A. S. About the old and the new: Articles and essays. &#8211; Moscow: Sovremennik, 1988. &#8211; 462 p.<br>\r\n10. Strakhov N. N. The World as a Whole: Features from the Science of Nature. &#8211; Moscow: Iris-press, 2007. &#8211; 576 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>THEORY OF STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LYSENKO Nelly Alexeevna<\/strong><br>master in law, senior lecturer of General sciences education sub-faculty, Rostov Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice<br>\r\n<strong>UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF JUDICIAL LAW ENFORCEMENT: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF MATERIAL, IDEOLOGICAL, AND FORMAL LEGAL APPROACHES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the phenomenon of atypical sources of judicial enforcement, which are playing an increasingly significant role in modern legal systems, including the Romano-Germanic legal family. It is noted that the formal legal approach, which limits the understanding of legal sources exclusively to normative legal acts, does not fully reflect the real processes of law implementation. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of atypical sources (legal positions of courts, principles of law, customs, doctrine) through the prism of three methodological approaches: material (socio-economic and political prerequisites), ideological (axiological and doctrinal justification), and formal legal (conditions of legitimation and place in the hierarchy). The author concludes that it is the synthesis of these approaches that makes it possible to reveal the legal nature of atypical sources, which, while not possessing a classical normative form, perform a regulatory function, fill gaps, and ensure the flexibility of judicial practice. Special attention is paid to the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a generator of \\&#8221;meta-sources\\&#8221; that form the system of judicial constitutionalism.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> atypical sources of law, judicial enforcement, judicial precedent, legal position, principles of law, legal custom, judicial constitutionalism, formal legal approach, inspired approach, material approach.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tCivil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on December 15, 2025, as amended on December 22, 2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on January 1, 2026) \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2002. &#8211; No. 46. &#8211; Art. 4532.<br>\r\n2. \tAlekseev S.S. Theory of Law \/ 2nd ed., revised. and additional \u2013 M.: Norma: INFRA M, 1995. \u2013 320 p. \u2013 ISBN 5 86225 108 3.<br>\r\n3. \tArslanov K. M. Legal custom as a source of law: history and modern judicial practice \/\/ Bulletin of civil procedure. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 236-258.<br>\r\n4. \tBondar N. S. Atypical sources of judicial law enforcement: constitutional mechanisms of formation and implementation \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 5-27.<br>\r\n5. \tBondar N. S. The court is a generator of atypical sources of law enforcement (in the context of domestic constitutionalism) \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 3-10.<br>\r\n6. \tBondar N. S., Krakovsky K. P. At the origins of the national model of precedent principles, judicial lawmaking and judicial law (in light of the Great Judicial Reform of 1864) \/\/ Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 93-110.<br>\r\n7. \tGoncharov A. I., Kvitsinia N. V. Quasi-norms of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation as a \u201cpotential\u201d source of civil law \/\/ Civilist. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 62-68.<br>\r\n8. \tCivil procedure: textbook \/ edited by M. K. Treushnikov. &#8211; 7th ed., revised. &#8211; M., 2020. &#8211; Ch. 2: V. V. Molchanov. &#8211; P. 45-50.<br>\r\n9. \tAndreeva T. K., Afanasyev S. F., Blazheev V. V. [et al.]. Civil procedural law: textbook: in 2 volumes \/ edited by P. V. Krasheninnikov. &#8211; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2022. &#8211; V. 1: General part. &#8211; 550 p.\r\n10. \tGracheva S. A. Quality of the law in the discourse on law and law enforcement \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 55-69.<br>\r\n11. \tKudryavtseva E. V. Sources of civil procedural law (in memory of Alexander Timofeevich Bonner) \/\/ Bulletin of civil procedure. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 67-76.<br>\r\n12. \tLebedev M. Yu. Civil procedure: textbook for universities \/ 13th edition, revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: Yurait, 2024. &#8211; 438 p.<br>\r\n13. \tNersesyants V. S. General Theory of Law and State: textbook. \u2013 M.: Norma: INFRA M, 1999. \u2013 552 p. \u2013 ISBN 5 89123 003 5.<br>\r\n14. \tSamsonov N.V. On the issue of expanding the composition of sources of civil procedural law \/\/ Arbitration and civil procedure. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 3-8.<br>\r\n15. \tKhabrieva T. Ya., Kovler A. I., Kurbanov R. A. Doctrinal foundations of the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: monograph \/ ed. T. Ya. Khabrieva. &#8211; M .: NORMA: INFRA M, 2023. &#8211; 384 p.<br>\r\n16. \tShershenevich G. F. General Theory of Law: in 4 issues. \u2013 M.: Publishing House of the Bashmakov Brothers, 1910-1912. \u2013 Issues 1-4.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GABDRAKHMANOV Farit Vadutovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola<br>\r\n<strong>PLANNING IN THE PROSECUTOR\\&#8217;S OFFICES OF THE RSFSR IN 1926-1930<\/strong><br>\r\nIn the article, the issues of planning in the prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices in 1926-1930 are examined. The types of plans, their content, the periods for which they were drawn up, the recipients, and others are determined.\r\nLocally, they are distinguished between work plans of regional, okrug, gubernia, and oblast prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices (hereinafter \u2013 oblast prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices), district or canton prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices, investigators, consolidated plans, long-term plans for the construction of the prosecutor\\&#8217;s office, plans for indigenization, and others.\r\nUntil 1927, in the prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices of the RSFSR, the drawing up of a plan for a quarter was carried out; in 1927-1929 \u2013 for six months; from 1930 \u2013 for a year.\r\nThe plans of the prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices of the RSFSR in 1926-1930 mainly regulated the main directions of activity, highlighting politicization and organizational principles.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Prosecutor\\&#8217;s Office, plan, planning, RSFSR, Mari Autonomous Region, 1926-1930.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVoevodina T. G. On the issue of legal regulation of the prosecutor&#8217;s review of the implementation of laws \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 337-339. &#8211; EDN YKXHUW.<br>\r\n2. \tGabdrakhmanov F. V., Gabdrakhmanova E. F. The Prosecutor&#8217;s Office of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1925-1930: formation and crisis: monograph. &#8211; Yoshkar-Ola: Volga State Technological University, 2025. &#8211; 384 p. <br>\r\n3. \tZyablina M. V., Galaeva O. S., Sokolova A. S. Planning the activities of the University of the Prosecutor&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation (2020-2022): analysis, practice \/\/ Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1 (93). &#8211; P. 94-98. &#8211; EDN XWGTIG.<br>\r\n4. \tLagovier N. Results of the fulfillment of quarterly plans for 1926 \/\/ Weekly of Soviet justice. &#8211; 1927. &#8211; No. 38 (September 30). &#8211; P. 1185-1188. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/elib.uraic.ru\/bitstream\/123456789\/3571\/1\/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1927_38.pdf (date accessed: 07.08.2024).<br>\r\n5. \tMaksimov V. A. On the issue of the organization and methodology of work planning in the city and district prosecutor\u2019s office \/\/ Business in law. &#8211; 2008. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 285-286. &#8211; EDN JWSKWD.<br>\r\n6. \tMirzoev Z. T. Planning and accounting activities and periodic reporting of the prosecutor&#8217;s office of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region in 1925-1926: features and prospects of source analysis \/\/ Electronic journal &#8220;Caucasology&#8221;. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 257-268. &#8211; DOI 10.31143\/2542-212X-2024-2-257-268. &#8211; EDN JXZOOW.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZHAMBAEV Bair Tsyrendorzhievich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Buryat Institute of Information Communications (BIIK)<br>\r\n<strong>ZHAMBAEVA Ulyana Bairovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, GV Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Ulaanbaatar branch<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE QUESTION OF THE FORMATION OF THE STATE AMONG THE 10TH CENTURY BURYATS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe main idea of the article boils down to the fact that the Buryats in ancient times, regardless of whether they possessed or did not possess a single ethnonym, still represented a certain ethnic community focused on a deeply realized goal \u2013 to find their national state. This idea was embodied within the framework of the history of the Khitan states, the Mongol Empire, and the Dzungarian Khanate. Moreover, the history of the Dzungarian Khanate allows the author to assert the idea that the Buryats built a very peculiar bipolar world within the framework of \\&#8221;Inner Asia\\&#8221;: one world is within the ancestral lands (Baikal region), and the other is within, in fact, the Dzungarian Khanate. This is explained by the fact that since the time of Genghis Khan, ethnic Buryatia has been approved as a protected area for energy supply of Buryat-Mongol conquests to \\&#8221;reset\\&#8221; the world order. In this historical context, an opinion in history that the Buryats on the eve of the arrival of the Russians had experienced the decomposition, in fact, of primitive communal relations, does not stand up to criticism.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> national state, community, ancestral lands, living space, energy, statehood.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Basanov A., Basanov A. Essays on the Buryats, Huns, Tatars and Genghis Khan. &#8211; Ulan-Ude, 2020. &#8211; 269 p.<br>\r\n2. Gatapov A. S. Mongolian Historical Encyclopedia. &#8211; Ulan-Ude, 2015. &#8211; P. 216-220.<br>\r\n3. Okladnikov A. P. Essays on the history of the Western Buryat-Mongols. &#8211; Ulan-Ude, 2014. &#8211; P. 47, P. 429.<br>\r\n4. Engels F. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. \u2013 M., 1973. \u2013 P. 102, 103, 100, 104, 105.<br>\r\n5. Derevyanko A. P., Shabelnikova N. A., Usov A. V. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day. &#8211; M., 2018. &#8211; P. 5, 19.<br>\r\n6. Kaku M. Physics of the Impossible. \u2013 M., 2019. \u2013 P. 269, 225<br>\r\n7. Moore A. Hawking&#8217;s Cosmos \/\/ Poisk. &#8211; 2007. &#8211; No. 5. February 2.<br>\r\n8. Tyundeshev G. A. Tengrianism and Christianity: the battle of the titans. &#8211; Minusinsk, 2016. &#8211; P. 15-16.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>PROKHOROV Vladimir Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol<br>\r\n<strong>ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CRIMEAN POLICE TO ENSURE PASSPORT CONTROL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1940S<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the organizational and legal framework for police activities in enforcing passport regulations in Crimea in the second half of the 1940s. It demonstrates that strict and consistent adherence to passport system regulations played a crucial role in maintaining public order, combating crime, and identifying individuals absconding from court and investigation, as well as those evading alimony payments. The author identifies the objectives and key activities of passport offices aimed at registering and monitoring the peninsula\\&#8217;s population. The functions of regional address bureaus in conducting address and reference work are presented.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> passport regime, police station, passport office, Crimean Regional Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, regional address bureaus, passport system, address and reference work, address materials, city and district agency.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Vlasov A. V. Soviet militia: history and modernity (1917-1987) \/ edited by A. V. Vlasov. &#8211; M .: Legal Literature, 1987. &#8211; 336 p.<br>\r\n2. Mulukaev R. S., Malygin A. Ya., Epifanov A. E. History of domestic internal affairs agencies: textbook for universities. &#8211; M .: NOTA BENE Media Trade Company, 2005. &#8211; 336.<br>\r\n3. Zaitsev V. P., Tukov V. V. 85 years guarding law and order. Key milestones and memorable events in the history of the internal affairs agencies of Russia and Kuban (1917-1922): a chronological reference. &#8211; Krasnodar: EDVI Publishing House, 2003. &#8211; 232 p.\r\n4. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Crimea (hereinafter referred to as the Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Crimea). F. 21. Op. 1. D. 172.<br>\r\n5. History of the Crimean police: anthology \/ compiled by Yu. V. Mikityuk and [others]; edited by S. A. Butkevich. \u2013 Krasnodar: Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2018. \u2013 414 p.<br>\r\n6. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. F. 21. Op. 1. D. 170.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ROMANOVA Natalya Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Civil and labor law sub-faculty, Law Faculty of the North-Western Institute, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>THE CONCEPTS OF CIVIL LIABILITY DE LEGE LATA AND DE LEGE FERENDA IN TERMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF TORT LAW: THE EUROPEAN LEGAL TRADITION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe purpose of this article is to analyze the concepts of civil liability de lege lata and de lege ferenda, which pose a challenge in terms of trends in the development of tort law in Europe. This is achieved by mapping and highlighting the main conceptual differences, highlighting the most important legal institutions and the similarities and differences between the theoretical and legal conceptions of the main legal institutions of liability for damages, and testing or refuting the hypothesis that domestic regulation of civil liability de lege lata and de lege ferenda corresponds to modern trends in tort law, enshrined in the concepts of PETL and PEL. The testing or refutation of hypotheses follows from the answers to the research questions: what is the degree of similarity or the main differences that can be found in the regulation of civil liability for damages under the PETL and PEL concepts? To find answers to the aforementioned research questions, a method is used to analyze primary and secondary sources of information, interpret them, and draw appropriate conclusions, using the comparative method.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Roman law, tort, history of state and law, European legal tradition, civil liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBrox H. \u2013 Walker WD Allgemeines Schuldrecht. 32. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. &#8211; Munich: CH Beck, 2007.<br>\r\n2. \tGschnitzer F. &#8211; Barta, H. &#8211; Eccher B. a kol. \u00d6sterreichisches Schuldrecht. 2. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. &#8211; Wien: Springer &#8211; Verlag, 1988.<br>\r\n3. \tKarner E. &#8211; Koziol H. Der Ersatz ideellen Schadens im \u00f6sterreichischen Recht und seine Reform. Band II\/1. &#8211; Wien: Manzsche Verlags &#8211; und Universit\u00e4tsbuchhandlung, 2003.<br>\r\n4. \tKoziol H. &#8211; Bydlinski P. &#8211; Bollenberger R. a kol. Kurzkommentar zum ABGB. &#8211; Wien: Springer &#8211; Verlag, 2005.<br>\r\n5. \tKoziol H. &#8211; Steininger. B.a kol. European Tort Law 2003. &#8211; Wien: Springer &#8211; Verlag, 2004.<br>\r\n6. \tKoziol H. Die \u201ePrinciples of European Tort Law\u201c der \u201eEuropean Group on Tort Law\u201c. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Europ\u00e4isches Privatrecht, 2004. \u2013 P. 2 (s. 234-259).<br>\r\n7. \tKoziol H. Principy Evropsk\u00e9 skupiny deliktn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Tich\u00fd, L. (ed.) V\u00fdvoj pr\u00e1va deliktn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti za \u0161kodu v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, Rakousku a Evrop\u011b. &#8211; Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze-Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e1 fakulta, 2005. &#8211; S. 7-34.<br>\r\n8. \tMagnus U. Ein einheitliches Deliktsrecht f\u00fcr Europa? In Kieninger EM &#8211; Remien O. a kol. Privat &#8211; und Wirtschaftsrecht im Zeichen der Europ\u00e4ischen Integration. \u2013 Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2004. &#8211; S. 141-162.<br>\r\n9. \tMagnus U. Schaden und Ersatz. &#8211; T\u00fcbingen: Mohr, 1987.<br>\r\n10. \tMagnus U. Vergleich der Vorschl\u00e4ge zum Europ\u00e4ischen Deliktsrecht. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Europ\u00e4isches Privatrecht, 2004. \u2013 P. 3 (s. 562-580). <br>\r\n11. \tMeyer J. BB &#8211; Europareport: Auf dem Weg zu einem Europ\u00e4ischen Zivilgesetzbuch. Der Aktionsplan der EG-Kommission f\u00fcr ein koh\u00e4renteres europ\u00e4isches Vertragsrecht. &#8211; Versicherungsrecht, 2004. \u2013 P. 31 (s. 1285-1293).<br>\r\n12. \tPr\u00fctting H. \u2013 Wegem G. &#8211; Weinreich G. BGB Kommentar. &#8211; Neuwied: Luchterhand, 2006.<br>\r\n13. \tSchmidt E. &#8211; Br\u00fcggemeier G. Grundkurs Zivilrecht. 7. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. &#8211; Neuwied: Luchterhand, 2006.<br>\r\n14. \tSchmidt-Kessel M. &#8211; Miller S. Reform des Schadenersatzrecht. Band I: Europ\u00e4ische Vorgaben und Vorbilder. &#8211; Wien: Manzsche Verlags &#8211; und Universit\u00e4tsbuchhandlung, 2006.<br>\r\n15. \tDiederichsen A. Neues Schadenersatzrecht: Fragen der Bemessung des Schmerzgeldes und seiner prozessualen Durchsetzung. &#8211; Versicherungsrecht, 2005. &#8211; P. 433-442.<br>\r\n16. \tBarta H. \u2013 Eccher B. a kol. \u00d6sterreichisches Schuldrecht. &#8211; 2. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed. &#8211; Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1988. &#8211; S. 441-442.<br>\r\n17. \tRou\u010dek F. &#8211; Sedl\u00e1\u010dek J.: Koment\u00e1\u0159 k \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9mu Obecn\u00e9mu z\u00e1kon\u00edku ob\u010dansk\u00e9mu a ob\u010dansk\u00e9 platn\u00e9 na Slovensku av Podkarpatsk\u00e9 Rusi. D\u00edl p\u00e1ty. &#8211; Praha: Pr\u00e1vnick\u00e9 knihkupectv\u00ed a nakladatelstv\u00ed V. Linhart, 1937. &#8211; S. 672.<br>\r\n18. \tRaban P.: Unifikace soukrom\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va v EU au n\u00e1s \/\/ Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed rozhledy. \u2013 2008. &#8211; P. 11 (s. 398-400).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FURMAN Felix Pavlovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV\\&#8217;S TEACHINGS ON LAW AND STATE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the analysis of the philosophical and legal doctrine of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov, one of the greatest Russian thinkers of the 19th century. The main aspects of his concept of law and state are considered, including the understanding of law as a minimum of morality, ideas of the rule of law and the relationship between law and morality. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of Solovyov\\&#8217;s ideas for modern legal theory and practice. The influence of the thinker\\&#8217;s religious and philosophical views on his legal concept is analyzed. Solovyov\\&#8217;s understanding of the state as an institution providing conditions for the moral improvement of the individual is investigated. It is shown that the philosopher\\&#8217;s doctrine of law and state represents an integral system based on the principles of Christian ethics and natural law tradition. The significance of Solovyov\\&#8217;s concept for the development of Russian philosophy of law is emphasized.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Vladimir Solovyov, philosophy of law, rule of law, natural law, morality, law as minimum of morality, Russian philosophy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAleksandrov A. I., et al. Law in the 22nd century &#8211; a grandiose monograph on the future of law \/\/ Theory of state and law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (41). &#8211; P. 281-292.<br>\r\n2. \tGerashchenko I. G., Gerashchenko N. V. V. Solovyov\u2019s views on the state and law in the context of modernity \/\/ Law and education. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 4-11.<br>\r\n3. \tDemidov A. V., Dushkina E. V. The rule of law and the concept of a legal state \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (191). &#8211; P. 67-69.<br>\r\n4. \tZuev A. V., Gubanova O. A. The concept of the idea of a legal state: the evolution of views \/\/ Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: Economics and Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 112-115.<br>\r\n5. \tOsmonova D. A. On the issue of the concept of legal culture \/\/ Bulletin of Toraigyrov University. Legal series. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 87-99.<br>\r\n6. \tSamigullin V.K. The rule of law: negation of negation \/\/ European and Asian Law Review. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 7. No. 3. &#8211; P. 89-93.<br>\r\n7. \tKhokhlov S. V., Gusarova M. N. The main aspects of the philosophical and legal teachings of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov \/\/ Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: Economics and Law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 135-139.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>CHETVERTAKOVA Irina Valentinovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplinary sub-faculty, Kaluga Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>REFLECTION OF THE PROCESSES OF FORMATION OF RUSSIAN STATEHOOD IN THE 16TH &#8211; 17TH CENTURIES IN THE MATERIALS OF FOREIGN TRAVELERS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article explores how the formation of Russian statehood was reflected in the perceptions of foreign travelers to Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries. This, on the one hand, allows for a deeper analysis of these processes, exploring nuances that Russian contemporaries considered mundane and therefore uninteresting to document. On the other hand, it reveals the biased and prejudiced approach of foreign travelers to the structure, traditions, and customs of another state. The subject of this article is the views of foreign travelers and diplomats on the state structure and the main institutions of state power in Russia during the period of the estate-representative monarchy.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> statehood, clergy, bureaucracy, sovereign, administrative apparatus, estate-representative monarchy, Boyar Duma, Zemsky Sobor, orders.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tFletcher J. On the Russian State, or the manner of government of the Russian Tsar (commonly called the Tsar of Moscow): with a description of the manners and customs of the inhabitants of this country \/ trans. from English. 4th ed. &#8211; M .: Lenard, 2014. &#8211; 168 p.<br>\r\n2. \tOlearius A. Description of a journey to Muscovy \/ Russia of the 15th &#8211; 17th centuries through the eyes of foreigners \/ [Preparation of texts, introductory article and commentary by Yu. A. Limonov]. &#8211; L.: Lenizdat, 1986. &#8211; 543 p. <br>\r\n3. \tMargeret Jacques. The State of the Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Muscovy \/ Russia in the 15th-17th centuries through the eyes of foreigners \/ [Preparation of texts, introductory article and commentary by Yu. A. Limonov]. &#8211; L.: Lenizdat, 1986. &#8211; 543 p.<br>\r\n4. \tStaden Heinrich von. Muscovy under Ivan the Terrible. Testimony of a German \u2013 the Tsar\u2019s oprichnik \/ translated from English by G. A. Gonzalez-Menendez. &#8211; M .: Centerpoligraf, 2020. \u2013 191 p. <br>\r\n5. \tHerberstein Sigismund. Muscovy \/ trans. A. I. Malein and A. V. Nazarenko; comment. Z. Nozhnikova. &#8211; M., 2008. &#8211; 703 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KHRAMOVA Irina Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and legal regulation of innovative activities sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University<br>\r\n<strong>ARSENJEVA Galina Vitaljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State and legal disciplines and international law sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University<br>\r\n<strong>PUBLIC SERVICE IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL OVERVIEW<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the evolution of public service in Russia during the pre-revolutionary period. It highlights the inseparable connection between the history of Russian statehood and the history of public service, as the institution of public service has undergone an evolutionary transformation that reflects all the historical milestones of Russian statehood. The article presents the features of the development of public service and the legal regulation of public service during the periods of early feudal monarchy, class-based representative monarchy, and absolute monarchy. The study is based on fundamental legal acts that reflect historical trends in the development of public service, with a focus on the significance of the 1556 Service Statute, the 1722 Table of Ranks, and the 1832 Civil Service Statute for understanding the history of public service.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> statehood, civil service, bureaucracy, civil servants, legislation, pre-revolutionary Russia, early feudal monarchy, class-based representative monarchy, absolute monarchy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tDolgov A. A. Conceptual and organizational-legal foundations of the state (civil) service in the Russian Empire in the last third of the 18th &#8211; first half of the 19th centuries: dissertation &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Krasnodar, 2013. &#8211; 181 p.<br>\r\n2. \tKiselev S. G. Political and legal aspects of the formation and development of civil service in the Russian state of the 17th-18th centuries \/\/ Social and humanitarian knowledge. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 200-210.<br>\r\n3. \tManifesto \u201cOn the Establishment of Ministries\u201d of September 8, 1802 \/\/ [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/minfin.khabkrai.ru\/portal\/Show\/Content\/216 (date accessed: 01\/24\/2026).<br>\r\n4. \tRegulation on the procedure for promotion to ranks in the civil service of June 25, 1834 \/\/ Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Coll. 2. &#8211; Vol. IX. &#8211; Section 1. &#8211; No. 7224. <br>\r\n5. \tTable of Ranks of 1722 \/\/ Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. Vol. 9 \/ Ed. A. G. Mankov. &#8211; M., 1986.<br>\r\n6. \tDecree of August 6, 1809 \u201cOn the rules for promotion to ranks in the civil service and on tests in sciences for promotion to collegiate assessors (VIII rank) and state councilors (V rank).\u201d [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/megalektsii.ru\/s240119t8.html (date accessed: 01\/23\/2026).<br>\r\n7. \tService Regulations of 1556 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/ahd.spbiiran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/1985-17-4.pdf (accessed: 01\/23\/2026).<br>\r\n8. \tCharter on the civil service of 1832 \/\/ Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 3. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 1906. <br>\r\n9. \tThe Charter on Military Service of 1874 \/\/ Collection of government orders on the introduction of general military service. Vol. 1. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 1874.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VALEEVA Albina Fanuzovna<\/strong><br>assistant of Russian history, historiography and historical source sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>VASYUTIN Ivan Denisovich <\/strong><br>assistant of International relations and foreign history sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE ISSUE OF THE LEGAL FORMATION OF STATE ANTI-SEMITISM IN FASCIST ITALY IN 1938<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the development of state-sponsored anti-Semitism in fascist Italy in 1938. It examines domestic and foreign historiography on this issue. The article explores the authenticity of anti-Semitism in fascist ideology and the reasons for its legalization. It highlights the differences between fascist and Nazi anti-Semitism. The article also examines the rise of Italian colonialism and how societal consensus influenced the development of state-sponsored anti-Semitism. The article analyzes how the establishment of the fascist empire in 1936, the fascist regime\\&#8217;s ethnic cleansing in its colonies, the transformation of Italy\\&#8217;s foreign policy, and Mussolini\\&#8217;s personal stance contributed to the adoption of anti-Semitic laws in 1938.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Italian fascism, racism, anti-Semitism, racial laws, German-Italian relations, state anti-Semitism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBelousov L. S. Benito Mussolini. &#8211; M.: AST-Press, 1999. &#8211; 128 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBelousov L. S. Mussolini: dictatorship and demagogy. &#8211; M: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1998. &#8211; 430 p.<br>\r\n3. \tBelousov L. S. Mussolini&#8217;s regime and the masses. &#8211; M: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2000. &#8211; 369 p.<br>\r\n4. \tLopukhov B. R. History of the fascist regime in Italy. &#8211; M.: Nauka, 1977. &#8211; 296 p.<br>\r\n5. \tMann M. The Dark Side of Democracy \/ translated from English. Ed. by A. R. Dyukov. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Piter; Historical Memory Foundation, 2023. &#8211; 896 p.<br>\r\n6. \tMikhailenko V. I. Fascist Italy in the Versailles system (October 1922-August 1939). Mussolini&#8217;s parallel strategy: Foreign policy of fascist Italy (1922-1940): in 3 volumes. &#8211; Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2013. &#8211; 344 p.\r\n7. \tMoiseev D. S. Political philosophy of Italian fascism. Formation and development of the doctrine. &#8211; M., Yekaterinburg: Cabinet scientist, 2021. &#8211; 320 p.<br>\r\n8. \tNeretin A. I. Mussolini and the Jewish Question in the Diaries of Claretta Petacci \/\/ Man and Culture. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 87-94.<br>\r\n9. \tNesterova T. P. Ideological foundations of the racial policy of fascist Italy \/\/ Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 56-62.<br>\r\n10. \tNolte E. Fascism in its era. Action Fran\u00e7aise. Italian fascism. National Socialism. &#8211; Novosibirsk: Siberian Chronograph, 2001. &#8211; 548 p.<br>\r\n11. \tPetacci K. Secret Mussolini. Diaries 1932-1938. &#8211; M .: Ripol classic, 2013. &#8211; 528 p.<br>\r\n12. \tPryadko G. V. Benito Mussolini and the racism of Italian fascism \/ Nazi genocide of Slavs and colonial practices. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Lira, 2025. &#8211; P. 102-120.<br>\r\n13. \tSlobodskoy S. I. Italian fascism and its collapse. &#8211; M.: Gospolitizdat, 1946. &#8211; 207 p.<br>\r\n14. \tTerentyev K. O. The factor of anti-Semitism in the politics and diplomacy of the Mussolini regime: dis. &#8230; Cand. of History. &#8211; M., 2022. &#8211; 171 p. <br>\r\n15. \tFilatov G. S. The collapse of Italian fascism. &#8211; M.: Nauka, 1973. &#8211; 492 p.<br>\r\n16. \tFranklin H. A. Jews first bourgeois, then enemies, then victims: Italian fascism&#8217;s turn to racism in 1938 \/\/ Bereginya-777-Sova. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 4 (23). &#8211; P.150-163.<br>\r\n17. \tThe Holocaust: Encyclopedia \/ W. Laqueur (ed.), Yu. T. Baumel (ed.). &#8211; M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2005. &#8211; 810 p.<br>\r\n18. \tDe Felice R. Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascism. &#8211; Torino: Einaudi, 1961. &#8211; P. 697.<br>\r\n19. \tGoering H. Italia e Germania. &#8211; \u201cGerarchia\u201d, 6 June 1938.<br>\r\n20. \tGregory JA Mussolini\\&#8217;s Intellectuals: Fascist Social And Political Thought. &#8211; New Jersey: Princeton University press, 2005. &#8211; P. 296.<br>\r\n21. \tHess. R. Fascismo e Nazionalsocialismo. &#8211; \u201cGerarchia\u201d, 6 June 1938.<br>\r\n22. \tPayne S. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. &#8211; Routledge, 1996. &#8211; P. 640.<br>\r\n23. \tSarfatti M. 1938 le leggi contro gli ebrei \/\/ La Rassegna mensile di Israel, Gennaio-agosto. &#8211; 1988. &#8211; P. 518.<br>\r\n24. \tStarace A. Le due rivoluzioni. &#8211; \u201cGerarchia\u201d, 6 June 1938.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>I NIKITA CHERNAMOVICH<\/strong><br>\r\npostgraduate student of Public policy and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples&#8217; Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>SALIC LAW AND THE \u201cMEROVINGIAN HEGEMONY\u201d: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISION ON THE ABDUCTION OF SLAVES TRANS MARE<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article offers a critical analysis of the concept of \u201cMerovingian hegemony\u201d formulated by the British historian Ian Wood, which posits the political dependence of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms upon the Franks in the fifth to seventh centuries. Particular attention is devoted to the interpretation of the term trans mare (\u201cacross the sea\u201d) in the Pactus Legis Salicae, which proponents of Wood&#8217;s theory associate with the establishment of Frankish jurisdiction over the territory of Kent. The author compares archaeological evidence for Frankish cultural dominance with written testimonies concerning the functioning of Anglo-Saxon slave trading networks. The study highlights the role of Frisian merchants as key intermediaries in maritime communications and in the slave trade, which constituted the principal export commodity of Britain in this period. On the basis of an analysis of economic flows and the Frisian trading monopoly, the article proposes an alternative interpretation of the term trans mare as referring to Frisia rather than to Kent. The study calls into question the thesis of direct political subordination of southern Britain to the Merovingian dynasty and argues for a more complex model of Frankish-Anglo-Saxon relations, grounded in cultural-symbolic influence and commercial interaction.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Pactus Legis Salicae, Salic Law, Merovingian hegemony, Ian Wood, trans mare, Anglo-Saxon Britain, Kent, Frisians, slave trade, Early Middle Ages.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAnglo-Saxon Chronicle \/ translated from Old English by Z. Yu. Metlitskaya. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2012. &#8211; P. 80. <br>\r\n2. \tThe Venerable Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People \/ translated from Latin, introduction, commentary by V. V. Erlichman. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2003. &#8211; P. 162. (Chapter XXII).<br>\r\n3. \tGildas the Wise. On the Destruction of Britain. Fragments of Epistles. The Life of Gildas \/ trans., introduction and notes by N. Yu. Chekhonadskaya. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2014. &#8211; P. 267-268. (Chapter XXV)<br>\r\n4. \tZemlyakov M. V. Laws of Ethelbert (Ethelberht). Laws of Hlothere (Hlothar) and Edric (Eadric). Laws of Wihtred (Uitred) \/\/ Middle Ages. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; Issue. 75 (1-2). &#8211; P. 297 (title XXVI).<br>\r\n5. \tCampbell J. The First Century of Christianity in England \/\/ Essays in Anglo-Saxon History \/ ed. by J. Campbell. London: Hambledon Continuum, 1986. &#8211; P. 49-67.<br>\r\n6. \tEarenfight T. Queenship in Medieval Europe. &#8211; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. &#8211; P. 61-62.<br>\r\n7. \tEllmers D. Fr\u00fchmittelalterliche Handelsschiffahrt in Mittel &#8211; und Nordeuropa. &#8211; Neum\u00fcnster: Wachholtz, 1972. &#8211; P. 60-61.<br>\r\n8. \tEllmers D. The Frisian monopoly of coastal transport in the 6th-8th centuries AD. \/\/ Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons \/ ed. by S. McGrail. Nottingham: Derry &amp; Sons, 1990. &#8211; P. 91-93.<br>\r\n9. \tEvison IV The Fifth Century Invasion South of the Thames. &#8211; London: University of London, 1965. &#8211; P. 36-37.<br>\r\n10. \tFouracre P., Gerberding R. A. Late Merovingian France, History and Hagiography, 640-720. &#8211; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. &#8211; P. 105-106.<br>\r\n11. \tHawkes-Chadwick S. Eastry in Anglo-Saxon Kent: its importance and a newly found grave \/\/ Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archeology and History I \/ ed. by S. Hawkes-Chadwick, D. Brown, J. Campbell. &#8211; Oxford, 1979. &#8211; P. 85-89.<br>\r\n12. \tHigham JN The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England. &#8211; Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997. &#8211; P. 35.<br>\r\n13. \tHunt W. History of the English Church (597-1066). &#8211; London, 1901. &#8211; P. 19.<br>\r\n14. \tLebecq S. Marchands et navigateurs frisons du haut Moyen Age (Vol. 2). &#8211; Lille: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1983. &#8211; P. 244-245, 422, 443.<br>\r\n15. \tLebecq S. On the use of the word &#8216;Frisian&#8217; in the 6th-10th centuries written sources: some interpretations \/\/ Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons \/ ed. by S. McGrail. &#8211; Nottingham: Derry &amp; Sons, 1990. &#8211; P. 85-90.<br>\r\n16. \tMarkus RA Gregory the Great and his world. &#8211; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.<br>\r\n17. \tMcCormick M. Origins of the European Economy Communications and Commerce AD 300-900. &#8211; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. &#8211; P. 731, 738-740, 760.<br>\r\n18. \tPaolella S. Human Trafficking in Medieval Europe: Slavery, Sexual Exploitation, and Prostitution. &#8211; Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. &#8211; pp. 67-69.<br>\r\n19. \tPijper F. The Christian Church and Slavery in the Middle Ages \/\/ The American Historical Review. &#8211; 1909. &#8211; Vol. 14. No. 4. &#8211; P. 680.<br>\r\n20. \tRio A. Slavery After Rome, 500-1100. &#8211; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. &#8211; P. 20, 29, 39.<br>\r\n21. \tSims-Williams P. The settlement of England in Bede and the Chronicle \/\/ Anglo-Saxon England. \u2013 1983. \u2013 Vol. 12. &#8211; P. 1-41.<br>\r\n22. \tSoulat J. Between Frankish and Merovingian Influences in Early Anglo-Saxon Sussex (fifth-Seventh centuries) \/\/ Studies in Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology: Papers in Honor of Martin Welch, British Archaeological Report \/ ed. by S. Brookes, S. Harrington, A. Reynolds. &#8211; Oxford, 2011. &#8211; P. 70.<br>\r\n23. \tWood I. Frankish Hegemony in England \/\/ The Age of Sutton Hoo: The Seventh Century in North-western Europe \/ ed. by MOH Carver. &#8211; Cambridge: Boydell Press, 1992. &#8211; P. 235-236.<br>\r\n24. \tWood I. The end of Roman Britain: continental evidence and parallels \/\/ Gildas: new approaches \/ ed. by M. Lapidge, D. N. Dumville. &#8211; Cambridge: Boydell Press, 1984. &#8211; P 23-25.<br>\r\n25. \tWood I. The Merovingian North Sea. &#8211; Alings\u00e5s, 1983. &#8211; P. 12-13.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MAMEDOV Renat Gasanalievich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 2nd course, scientific specialty 5.1.1 \u201cTheoretical and Historical Legal Sciences\u201d of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Technology Management and Economics<br>\r\n<strong>IMAM KHOMEINI AS A FACTOR IN LEGAL THEOLOGY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article explores the core religious and legal concepts of the prominent Persian theologian, Imam Ruhollah Mostafavi Musavi Khomeini. As not only a significant spiritual leader but also a political figure, Imam Khomeini differed fundamentally not only from his own followers but also from representatives of other ideologies that existed in the 20th century. The causes and consequences that led to a favorable opportunity for the implementation of his ideas in a single country, with subsequent influence on the entire Middle East, are outlined.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Imam Khomeini, Iran, Islamic Revolution, theocracy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAyatollah Khomeini &#8220;Islamic Rule&#8221;, 1993.<br>\r\n2. \tBaranov A. V. We may never understand him: the image of Imam Khomeini in modern historiography \/\/ History and historical memory. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 22\/23. &#8211; P. 241-257. &#8211; EDN DQJAKD.<br>\r\n3. \tImakov T. Z., Semedov S. A. Khomeinism &#8211; the ideology of political Islam \/\/ State, religion, church in Russia and abroad. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; Vol. 28. No. 4. &#8211; P. 162-170. &#8211; EDN PFGRKL.<br>\r\n4. \tKamalieva R. F. Comparative characteristics of the stages of development of philosophy in Islam \/\/ Innovations. Science. Education. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 49. &#8211; P. 1524-1528. &#8211; EDN KXXZHO.<br>\r\n5. \tMirzoev I.Kh. The concept of &#8220;velayat-e faqih&#8221; as an ideological basis for the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran \/\/ Achievements of university science: collection of materials from the XXVIII International scientific and practical conference, Novosibirsk, March 2, 2017. &#8211; Novosibirsk: Limited Liability Company &#8220;Center for the Development of Scientific Cooperation&#8221;, 2017. &#8211; P. 69-75. &#8211; EDN ZQPEWH.<br>\r\n6. \tMirsky G. Islamic fundamentalism, Sunnis and Shiites \/ G. Mirsky \/\/ Russia and the Muslim world. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 155-182. &#8211; EDN JVKGPX.<br>\r\n7. \tFilin N. A. Religious status of Ruhollah Khomeini in modern Iran \/\/ East. Afro-Asian societies: history and modernity. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 134-143. &#8211; DOI 10.31857\/S086919080015161-4. &#8211; EDN XBINIA.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>POPOVA Yuliya Evgenjevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Public law sub-faculty, Humanitarian University<br>\r\n<strong>HUMAN RIGHTS IN ORDINARY LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS (A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN FOLK TALES)<\/strong><br>\r\nBased on the analysis of the plots of Russian folk tales, the article proves that property rights were the most developed and universal in the everyday legal consciousness of pre-Petrine Russia, while personal rights were in the process of formation. The study reveals the priority of individual values over collective values, which is evident in the vast majority of fairy tales. The legal status of women in fairy tales is diverse, ranging from equality in animal tales to subordination in everyday situations.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> human rights, ordinary legal consciousness, Russian folk tales, legal cult-ture, legal personality, historical and legal analysis, individualism and collectivism, personal dignity, property rights, justice, gender equality, social status.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAndreev N. P. Index of fairy tale plots according to the Aarne system. &#8211; Leningrad: State Russian Geographical Society, 1929. &#8211; 120 p.<br>\r\n2. \tAfanasyev A. N. Russian folk tales: in 3 volumes &#8211; Moscow: Nauka, 1984. &#8211; T. 1. &#8211; 512 pp.<br>\r\n3. \tAfanasyev A. N. Russian folk tales: in 3 volumes &#8211; Moscow: Nauka, 1985. &#8211; T. 2. &#8211; 464 pp.<br>\r\n4. \tBenoit A. de. Beyond Human Rights. In Defense of Freedoms \/ translated from French by O. V. Miller. \u2013 Moscow: Institute for General Humanitarian Research, 2004. \u2013 144 p.<br>\r\n5. \tDahl V. I. Proverbs of the Russian people: in 2 volumes. \u2013 Moscow: Fiction, 1996. \u2013 V. 1. \u2013 432 p.<br>\r\n6. \tDavid R., Geoffrey-Spinosi K. The Main Legal Systems of Our Time \/ translated from French by V. A. Tumanov. \u2013 Moscow: International Relations, 1996. \u2013 400 p.<br>\r\n7. \tIlyin I. A. On the essence of legal consciousness. &#8211; Moscow: Rarog, 1993. &#8211; 235 p.<br>\r\n8. \tPropp V. Ya. Poetics of folklore. \u2013 Moscow: Labyrinth, 1998. \u2013 352 p.<br>\r\n9. \tSemitko A. P. Development of legal culture as legal progress; Ural State Law Academy, Humanitarian University. &#8211; Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State Law Academy: Publishing House of the Humanitarian University, 1996. &#8211; 120 p.<br>\r\n10. \tStepanov Yu. S. Constants: dictionary of Russian culture. &#8211; Moscow: Academiche-skiy proekt, 2001. &#8211; 990 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FURMAN Felix Pavlovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>LEGISLATION OF PAUL I: STRUCTURE, SPECIFICITY, SIGNIFICANCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article presents a comprehensive analysis of Emperor Paul I\\&#8217;s legislative activity within the context of Russian statehood evolution at the end of the eighteenth century. Structural features of normative acts during Paul\\&#8217;s reign, their substantive specificity, and their place in the general system of Russian law are examined. Particular attention is given to the Act of Succession of 1797, the reformation of provincial administration, and the transformation of estates\\&#8217; legal status. The causes of contradictions in the monarch\\&#8217;s legislative initiatives, stemming from aspirations toward power centralization while simultaneously restricting noble privileges, are being investigated. The influence of Pauline reforms on subsequent codification efforts in the Russian Empire is analyzed. It is concluded that despite the brevity of his reign, Paul I\\&#8217;s legislation laid foundations for legal systematization in the nineteenth century.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Paul I, legislation of the Russian Empire, Act of Succession, absolutism, systematization of law, provincial reform, legal status of estates.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGarashchenko A. Yu. Evolution of the institution of governorship in the Russian Empire: historical and legal analysis \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (200). &#8211; P. 143-145.<br>\r\n2. \tDorskaya A. A. Systematization of legislation in Russia: continuity and innovations of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 29. No. 8. &#8211; P. 5-18.<br>\r\n3. \tZhulanov A. V., Teppeev A. A. Development of the Russian legislative system in the 18th century \/\/ Russian Scientific Bulletin. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 157-164.<br>\r\n4. \tKuryshova I. V. On the issue of the legal status of the head of state of the Russian Empire \/\/ Siberian Legal Bulletin. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (108). &#8211; P. 29-35.<br>\r\n5. \tMetshin I. R. Systematization of legislation as a factor in strengthening the state unity of the Russian Empire \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 29. No. 6. &#8211; P. 26-36.<br>\r\n6. \tPolivoda D. Yu., Ryabchenko A. G. Development of criminal procedure legislation in Russia during the period of absolutism \/\/ Bulletin of Economics and Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 99. &#8211; P. 64-69.<br>\r\n7. \tFedorov A. B., Bredikhin A. L., Viktorov A. V. The form of the Russian state in the 17th century: from class to absolutism \/\/ Bulletin of the Ural Legal Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (47). &#8211; pp. 20-26.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BLESHCHIK Alexander Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg<br>\r\n<strong>CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF LEGAL EXPERTISE OF REGULATORY ACTS IN RUSSIA: REALITIES AND PROSPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines constitutional and legal regulation of the organization and conduct of legal expertise of regulatory legal acts in Russia. In examining the existing legal framework in this area of public relations, the author notes that it is currently lacking structure and consistency. Improvement requires an organizing principle in the form of a core legal act, which could be a federal law on legal acts in the Russian Federation. The article analyzes various draft federal laws with relevant legal regulation, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that the most appropriate approach to meeting the current needs of legal expertise is the introduction of a framework for regulating this activity within a comprehensive federal law. This law would provide the constitutional and legal basis for expert activity, in particular by defining its goals and objectives, establishing a system of principles and terminology for legal expertise, defining the foundations of the legal status of experts, and identifying the main types of legal expertise and their subject areas.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> sources of law, constitutional law regulation, legal examination of regulatory acts, law on legal acts, rule-making, legislative process.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBleshchik A. V. Deliberative practices in municipal rule-making and their application in the legal examination of municipal legal acts \/\/ Municipal service: legal issues. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 6-10.<br>\r\n2. \tBleshchik A. V. Legal examination of legal acts: problems of sectoral affiliation and constitutional-legal dimension \/\/ Constitutional and municipal law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 62-66.<br>\r\n3. \tBoshno S. V. Draft law on normative legal acts: the clash of lawmaking, theory and practice \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 15.<br>\r\n4. \tKokotov A. N. On the subject of constitutional and legal regulation \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 36-43.<br>\r\n5. \tKolotkina O. A., Yagofarova I. D. Expertise of normative legal acts (drafts) as an institution of Russian legislation: theoretical and legal aspect of the study \/\/ Constitutional and municipal law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 35-39.<br>\r\n6. \tLipen S. V. Laws on regulatory legal acts of the CIS countries: possibilities of comparative legal research \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 159-164.<br>\r\n7. \tVlasov I. S., Lafitsky V. I., Makarenko O. A., et al. Comparative law: national legal systems \/ edited by V. I. Lafitsky. &#8211; M.: IZiSP, CONTRACT, 2012. &#8211; T. 1: Legal systems of Eastern Europe. &#8211; 528 p.<br>\r\n8. \tTikhonkova A. A. Regulatory policy of the EAEU and the risks of corruption: problems of coordinating national and supranational requirements \/\/ European and Asian Law Review. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. Vol. 8. &#8211; P. 54-63.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>RASKAZOV Vyacheslav Leonidovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor of State and international law sub-faculty, IT Trublin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>AGEENKO Daniil Mikhailovich<\/strong><br>student, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>ALKHAZOV Nikolay Yakovlevich <\/strong><br>student, IT Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO USE THE NATIVE LANGUAGE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: LEGAL MECHANISMS, APPLICATION PRACTICES AND AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article presents a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of the constitutional right to use the mother tongue in the Russian Federation in the context of current constitutional, educational and linguistic legislation, as well as modern strategic documents of language policy. The relevance of the topic is substantiated through the combination of human rights, ethnopolitical, educational and digital agenda. It is shown that the key problem lies not so much in the lack of normative consolidation of the law, as in the heterogeneity of the mechanisms of its actual implementation by region, institutional fragmentation of management and differences in the resource availability of languages. Based on normative acts, official materials and modern research, practical cases of the implementation of law in the education system, regional monitoring and in the context of supporting the languages of indigenous peoples are considered. Proposals have been formulated to improve the legal and organizational mechanism for the implementation of the constitutional right to use one\\&#8217;s native language.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> constitutional law, mother tongue, language rights, language policy, right to education, languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, indigenous peoples, legal implementation, public administration, digital language infrastructure.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tConstitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 26 \/\/ ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system. <br>\r\n2. \tOrder of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 12, 2024 No. 1481-r \u201cOn approval of the Concept of the state language policy of the Russian Federation\u201d \/\/ ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system. <br>\r\n3. \tDecree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2025 No. 474 \u201cOn approval of the Fundamentals of the State Language Policy of the Russian Federation\u201d \/\/ Official publication of legal acts. <br>\r\n4. \tOn education in the Russian Federation: federal law of 29.12.2012 No. 273-FZ (as amended on 29.12.2025). Art. 14 \u201cLanguage of education\u201d \/\/ ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system. <br>\r\n5. \tIndigenous Languages Decade (2022\u20132032) \/ UNESCO. <br>\r\n6. \tInternational Decade of Indigenous Languages 2022\u20132032 \/ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). <br>\r\n7. \tIn Russia, more than 3 million children study their native languages \/\/ Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation: official website. &#8211; 02\/21\/2025. <br>\r\n8. \tMinistry of Education of Russia: the study of native languages in schools will remain unchanged \/\/ Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation: official website. 04.08.2025. <br>\r\n9. \tZamyatin K. Yu. Formation of the state language policy after the adoption of the 2020 amendments to the Constitution: constitutional foundations and limitations \/\/ North-Eastern Humanitarian Bulletin. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (50). &#8211; P. 187-198. &#8211; DOI: 10.25693\/SVGV.2025.50.1.014. <br>\r\n10. \tOn the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation: Law of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1991 No. 1807-1 (latest revision) \/\/ ConsultantPlus: reference and legal system. <br>\r\n11. \tZakharova A. E. Language as a resource of vitality of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) \/\/ Sociolinguistics. \u2013 2025 (electronic version of the article). <br>\r\n12. \tBondarenko D. V., Nasonkin V. V., Babanova V. M. Comparative legal studies of linguistic relations between indigenous peoples of Russia and aboriginal peoples of Canada: a scientific basis for improving Russian legislation \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 18. No. 7. &#8211; Pp. 131-140. &#8211; DOI: 10.33693\/2072-3164-2025-18-7-131-140. <br>\r\n13. \tState report on the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation in 2024 \/ Federal Agency for Nationalities Affairs. &#8211; 2025.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>POKATSKIY Pavel Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude<br>\r\n<strong>AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF \u201cBENIGN CONSTITUTIONALISM\u201d IN THE PEOPLE&#8217;S REPUBLIC OF CHINA<\/strong><br>\r\nAs is well known, Chinese legal reality and constitutional development possess their own distinctive features and essential characteristics that have no direct analogues either in Russian legal thought or in Western classical theory. One of the earliest independently developed constitutional theories in the People&#8217;s Republic of China was the theory of \u201cbenign\u201d or \u201csoft unconstitutionality\u201d, which reflects, in nearly all respects, the legal attitudes of the legislature, the public, and the academic community toward constitutional development in China. This theory has left an indelible mark on the PRC&#8217;s scholarly community, serving as a catalyst for and the genesis of the diversity of constitutional doctrines in contemporary China.\r\nProfessor Lin Laifan once offered a vivid analogy: \u201cThe theory of benign unconstitutionality stirred the \u201cspring water\u201d of Chinese constitutional law\u201d [1, p. 11]. By referring to the stirring of the \u201cspring water\u201d of Chinese constitutional law, Lin Laifan meant the formative stage of emerging theoretical schools. At the outset, this article identifies the genealogy of this legal theory; subsequently, it defines its unique characteristics within the Chinese context, highlighting the diversity of scholarly reflection on the theory. The methodological framework of the article is based on a comprehensive approach that incorporates both general scientific and specialized legal methods, combining structural-functional, comparative legal, and formal legal analysis. The conclusions drawn may be used in academic research, as well as in educational and expert activities in the field of contemporary public law.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> constitutional doctrine, constitutionalism in the PRC, benign unconstitutionality, Chinese law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Lin Laifan. From Constitutional Norms to Normative Constitutions: Preface to Normative Constitutionalism. Beijing: Laws and Rules Publishing House, 2017. \u2013 458 p.\r\n2. Hao Tiechuan. On soft unconstitutionality \/\/ Legal studies. &#8211; 1996. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 89-115.<br>\r\n3. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels. Collected Works of Marx and Engels. Volume 6. &#8211; Moscow: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1961. &#8211; 318 p.<br>\r\n4. Peng Zhen. On Legislative Work. \u2013 Beijing: People\u2019s Publishing House, 1991. \u2013 504 p.<br>\r\n5. Zhang Qianfan. Constitutional Flexibility and Local Experimentation \/\/ Legal Research. &#8211; 2007. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 63-73.<br>\r\n6. Tong Zhiwei. Benign unconstitutionality should not be confirmed \/\/ Legal studies. &#8211; 1996. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 25-31.<br>\r\n7. Chen Z. Features of China&#8217;s Land Ownership Reform: Models of Shenzhen and Chongqing \/\/ Journal of Economic Regulation. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 91-104. &#8211; DOI: 10.17835\/2078- 5429.2025.16.3.091-104.<br>\r\n8. Chen Duanhong Constitutional Authority and Fundamental Law. &#8211; Beijing: China Law Publishing House, 2010. &#8211; 302 p. <br>\r\n9. Han Dayuan, Lin Laifan and Zheng Xianjun Special Studies on Constitutional Law \/ 2nd edition. &#8211; Beijing: Renmin University Press, 2008. &#8211; 149 p.<br>\r\n10. K. Larenz Methodology of Jurisprudence \/ translated from German by K. V. Nama. \u2013 M.: M-Logos, 2024. \u2013 357 p.<br>\r\n11. Han Dayuan Social Change and Constitutional Adaptability &#8211; A Review of the Controversy Between Hao and Tong on Benign Unconstitutionality \/\/ Jurisprudence. \u2013 1997. \u2013 No. 5. \u2013 R. 32-55.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SUSLIKOV Sergey Anatoljevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor I. E. Farber and professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy<br>\r\n<strong>ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL DIMENSION AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThere is an urgent need for constitutional and legal regulation of the field of artificial intelligence, as the rapid development of these technologies has a significant impact on human rights and freedoms. In the context of the formation of an information society, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure the highest level of guarantees for individual rights and freedoms. However, the main focus is on ethics, transparency, responsibility, and the protection of users\\&#8217; rights. This article explores the ethical challenges and issues related to the implementation of human rights in the context of digital technologies and AI.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Constitution of the Russian Federation, artificial intelligence, human rights, ethics of artificial intelligence.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGlushkova S. I., Letunov E. D. Development of a new generation of human rights in the digital age \/\/ Bulletin of the Humanitarian University. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4 (31). &#8211; P. 16-28<br>\r\n2. \tZametina T.V., Kombarova E.V. Artificial intelligence and constitutional issues of its implementation in modern Russia \/\/ Legal policy and legal life. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 180-189.<br>\r\n3. \tZorkin V. D. Law and the challenges of artificial intelligence \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2024 (June 27).<br>\r\n4. \tZorkin V. D. The task of the state is to recognize and protect the digital rights of citizens \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2018 (May 29).<br>\r\n5. \tZyryanov I. A. Towards a dialogue on the constitutional risks of using artificial intelligence in scientific and technological development \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 114-119.<br>\r\n6. \tNeznamov A. 10 ethical questions about AI that we really ask ourselves \/\/ Nezavisimaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2025 (July 29).<br>\r\n7. \tTalapina E. V. Once again about digital rights \/\/ Constitutional and municipal law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 13-17.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CONSTITUTIONAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FOMICHEVA Olga Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Public law sciences sub-faculty, Orenburg Institute (branch), OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)<br>\r\n<strong>KHUSAINOV Zufar Faatovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga) Federal University<br>\r\n<strong>DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY AS A LEGAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF PROTECTION OF CITIZENS\\&#8217; RIGHTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis paper examines the role of legal technologies in safeguarding citizens&#8217; public rights. It focuses on the ways in which civil society exercises public rights, both through active engagement and in situations where no initiative is taken. Contemporary challenges to civic engagement, digital technologies, and artificial intelligence are transforming the forms of democracy, which requires legislative updates to ensure the constitutional rule of law. The conclusion is drawn that adjusting the implementation of democratic forms will contribute to achieving a balance of interests between society and the state.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> democracy, civil society, guarantees, human rights, public law, citizens of the Russian Federation, legal technologies.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKeskinen A. Future democracy in the information society \/\/ Futures. Quilfield. \u2013 2000. \u2013 Vol. 33. \u2013 No. 3\/4. \u2013 Pr. 338-349. <br>\r\n2. \tAlkeeva K. S. Problems of activity of citizens of the Russian Federation in the electoral process \/\/ Scientific statements. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 14 (82). &#8211; P. 46-50.<br>\r\n3. \tKerimov A. D. State organization of social activities: theoretical issues. &#8211; M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2014. &#8211; 192 p.<br>\r\n4. \tKravtsova E. A. The principle of independence in the organization and functioning of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: a constitutional and legal study. Diss \u2026 Doctor of Law. Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev. &#8211; Yekaterinburg, 2023. &#8211; 491 p.\r\n5. \tSalenko A. V. The Law of Public Assemblies in Russia and Germany: Monograph. \u2013 Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Higher School of Law. \u2013 Kaliningrad: Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Publishing House, 2023. \u2013 219 p. <br>\r\n6. \tSaulen N., Makartsev A. A., Tebaev D. B. Application of artificial intelligence tools in the legislative process and the classical paradigm of lawmaking: integration problems \/\/ Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; V. 80. No. 2. &#8211; P. 235-244.<br>\r\n7. \tTalapina E. V. Evolution of human rights in the digital age \/\/ Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; Vol. 14. No. 3. &#8211; P. 122-146.<br>\r\n8. \tTkhabisimova L. A., Tkhabisimov H. A. On the issue of key problems of youth absenteeism in modern conditions \/\/ Electoral legislation and practice. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 23-25.<br>\r\n9. \tFomicheva O. A. Institutionalization of new forms of citizen participation in the legislative process \/\/ Modern Russian constitutionalism: on the 85th anniversary of the birth of Academician O. E. Kutafin \/ edited by V. V. Komarova, edited by O. S. Rybakov. &#8211; Moscow, Prospect, 2023. &#8211; P. 341-351.<br>\r\n10. \tChernenko A.K. Modern problems of the quality of law and mechanisms for its implementation \/\/ Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. Series: Law. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; Vol. 2. No. 1. &#8211; P. 70-76.<br>\r\n11. \tChernenko A.K., Bobrov V.V. Target component and axiological foundations of legal technology: social and philosophical aspect. &#8211; Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the MOU GCRO, 2003. &#8211; 231 p.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>VLASOVA Elena Lvovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>IMPROVING THE MTPL SYSTEM: RATE ADJUSTMENTS AND AUTOMATION OF POLICY MONITORING<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article analyzes the large-scale changes to the MTPL system, which will take effect in December 2025. Key areas of the reform are discussed: expanding rate corridors (by 15% for cars and 40% for motorcycles), individualizing rates through coefficients (KBM, CT), and a planned experiment with automated policy verification using traffic cameras (launched September 1, 2026). The article describes the benefits of these innovations (pricing flexibility, incentives for accident-free driving) and potential risks (a 5-7% increase in the average bill, increased complexity in calculating policy costs, and decreased insurance availability for accident-free drivers). Measures to improve the transparency of the system are proposed: the introduction of a dynamic CT, cashback for accident-free driving, and the creation of a unified online service for calculating tariffs. A conclusion is reached regarding the need for a balance between the economic interests of insurers and the social protection of car owners.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> MTPL, tariff corridor, KBM (bonus-malus coefficient), CT (territorial coefficient), MTPL reform, NIS (National Insurance Information System), accident-free driving, digitalization of insurance, Central Bank of the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tReview of key performance indicators of insurers: information and analytical material. &#8211; Moscow: Bank of Russia, 2025. &#8211; 18 p.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>KOMAROVA Lyudmila Viktorovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>FARIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative, financial law and economics sub-faculty, North Caucasus Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE OFFENSES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the features of administrative liability for currency offenses from the point of view of its legal nature and intersectoral legal regulation. The features of currency law and currency legal relations are identified, which serve as factors determining the essence of administrative liability for currency offenses. Based on the analysis of current legislation, specific features of administrative liability for currency offenses are determined, which are due to its intersectoral legal nature. Certain problems of implementing administrative liability for currency offenses are analyzed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> financial law, currency law, currency control, currency offenses, administrative liability, administrative tort law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKomarova L. V., Kokourov P. V. Problems of inter-industry relations and inter-industry adaptation of legal means in law \/\/ Generation of the future: the view of young scientists &#8211; 2020: collection of scientific articles of the 9th International Youth Scientific Conference \/ ed. A. A. Gorokhov. &#8211; Kursk, 2020. &#8211; P. 363-366. <br>\r\n2. \tTarenkova O. A. Financial and legal foundations for regulating currency relations in the Russian Federation: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Saratov, 2008. &#8211; 26 p. <br>\r\n3. \tKurmangaliev Zh. U. Legal regulation of the activities of authorized banks in the sphere of currency relations: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Saratov, 2004. &#8211; 26 p. <br>\r\n4. \tAndrievsky K. V. Financial and legal regimes: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; doctor of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2022. &#8211; 48 p. <br>\r\n5. \tZhukova Yu. D., Podmarkova A. S. Self-employed citizens: legal qualification of activities and prospects for the formation of a special regime \/\/ Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 49-79.<br>\r\n6. \tKomarova L. V., Farikova E. A. Legal status of self-employed citizens as subjects of tax legal relations \/\/ Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 32-38. <br>\r\n7. \tOmelchenko A. G. Financial and legal support for the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the sphere of monetary circulation: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2025. &#8211; 29 p.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>KUMAKHOVA Anna Valentinovna<\/strong><br>Head of the Basic Department of competition law and antimonopoly regulation sub-faculty, HM Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Cherkessk<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL ASSESSMENT AND USE OF EXPERT WORK RESULTS IN THE ANTIMONOPOLY SPHERE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the legal and practical aspects of using expert opinions in antimonopoly proceedings. Based on an analysis of legislation, clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and the practice of the FAS Russia, the author identifies key criteria for the admissibility and reliability of such evidence. The problems of the procedural status of the expert, the independence of expertise, and the unification of requirements for the content of opinions are examined. The necessity of improving the regulatory framework to enhance the effectiveness of antimonopoly enforcement and ensure a balance between the interests of the state and business is substantiated.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> antimonopoly legislation, expert opinion, economic expertise, competition analysis, FAS Russia, evidence, departmental appeal, regulatory impact assessment.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKryukov A. S., Moskvitin O. A., Berezgov A. S. Expert (specialist) opinions in the practice of departmental appeal of the FAS Russia and other cases considered by the antimonopoly authority \/\/ Business and Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 45-56.<br>\r\n2. \tShastitko A. E., Dozmarov K. V. Economic expertise in administrative antimonopoly proceedings \/\/ Questions of theoretical economics. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 46-56.<br>\r\n3. \tResolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 04.03.2021 No. 2 &#8220;On certain issues arising in connection with the application of antimonopoly legislation by the courts&#8221; \/\/ Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 10-22.<br>\r\n4. \tAlekseeva A. A., Borzilo E. Yu., Korneev V. A., et al. Scientific and practical commentary on the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 4, 2021 No. 2 \u201cOn certain issues arising in connection with the application of antimonopoly legislation by the courts\u201d. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2021. &#8211; 256 p.<br>\r\n5. \tOrder of the FAS Russia dated April 28, 2010 No. 220 \u201cOn approval of the Procedure for conducting an analysis of the state of competition in the commodity market\u201d \/\/ Bulletin of regulatory acts of federal executive bodies. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 34. &#8211; P. 8-35.<br>\r\n6. \tKnyazeva I. V., Bondarenko I. V., Paderina K. V. Expert procedures and possibilities in the consideration of cases related to the violation of antitrust legislation \/\/ Modern competition. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; Vol. 11. No. 5 (65). &#8211; P. 5-22.<br>\r\n7. \tMoskvitin O. A., Berezgov A. S. Procedural violations of antimonopoly legislation (current positions of the Collegial Bodies of the FAS Russia) \/\/ Russian Competition Law and Economics. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (36). &#8211; P. 20-27.<br>\r\n8. \tEntrepreneurial law of Russia: results, trends and development paths: monograph \/ ed. E. P. Gubin. &#8211; M .: Yustitsinform, 2019. &#8211; 664 p.<br>\r\n9. \tUnion of Forensic Experts &#8220;Expert Council&#8221;. Expert and legal protection in antitrust cases \/\/ Official website of the Union of Forensic Experts &#8220;Expert Council&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/sudexpert.ru\/antimonopoly (date of access: 03\/20\/2026). <br>\r\n10. \tSmola A. A. Explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the proper procedure for considering cases in antimonopoly authorities and their application by the courts \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Procedure. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 200-240.<br>\r\n11. \tMoskvitin O. A., Berezgov A. S. \u201cAmicus curiae\u201d and its role in the practice of departmental appeals of the Federal Antimonopoly Service \/\/ Russian competition law and economics. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (35). &#8211; P. 42-49.<br>\r\n12. \tProcedures in competition law: a textbook \/ ed. S. A. Puzyrevsky. &#8211; M .: Prospect, 2019. &#8211; 296 p.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>MAGUNOV Danila Artemovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Administrative law sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE CHANGING APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE GUILT OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to a reconsideration of the concept of the guilt of legal entities in administrative law. It analyzes the objective and subjective concepts of guilt, their advantages, limitations, and the risks of their convergence with strict liability. The author substantiates a behavioral-psychological approach that takes into account both organizational defects in the activities of a legal entity and the conduct of specific individuals who shape its will. It is concluded that this model more adequately accords with the presumption of innocence, the nature of the collective subject, and the objectives of proof in the context of increasingly complex organizational and technological processes<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> guilt of a legal entity, administrative liability, strict liability, administrative law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tShershenevich G. F. Favorites: in 6 volumes. T. 4, including the General Theory of Law \/ entry. word, comp. P. V. Krasheninnikov. &#8211; M.: Statute, 2016. &#8211; 750 p.<br>\r\n2. \tKozlov K. P. Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation: \u201cstrict\u201d liability of legal entities (comparative legal study) \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 2 \/\/ Access from the SPS \u201cConsultantPlus\u201d.<br>\r\n3. \tBarakhoeva A. R. Current issues of legal regulation of administrative liability of legal entities \/\/ Legal paradigm. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 72-76.<br>\r\n4. \tBruner R. A. Problems of proving the guilt of a legal entity when imposing an administrative penalty \/\/ Modern Law. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 101-105.<br>\r\n5. \tKrutiy E. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO): problems of qualification and choice of applicable law \/\/ Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 191-215.<br>\r\n6. \tAlekhin A.P., Karmolitsky A.A., Kozlov Yu.M. Administrative law of the Russian Federation: textbook. &#8211; M.: IKD &#8220;Zertsalo-M&#8221;, 2003. &#8211; 608 p.<br>\r\n7. \tShokhin D. V. Concepts of guilt of a legal entity in an administrative offense \/\/ Legislation. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 44-50.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>MALTYZ Kirill Igorevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>ALGORITHMIC TRANSPARENCY AND EXPLAINABILITY AS PUBLIC-LAW PRINCIPLES FOR AI-ENABLED ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS<\/strong><br>\r\nWhen automated administrative decision-making systems are used, the requirements of transparency and explainability acquire the status of public-law principles derived from the principle of the rule-of-law state. The article shows that the algorithmic component becomes normatively significant not whenever software is used, but when the system&#8217;s output is incorporated into a legally prescribed procedure for exercising public authority and serves as the basis for a legally significant decision affecting the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and organizations. It is proposed to distinguish between the principles of process transparency and outcome transparency, while explainability is understood as the duty to provide the addressee with a justification of the decision, indicating the circumstances that were decisive for the decision concerning them. The role of independent external review in ensuring the justice of the use of algorithms in public administration is also demonstrated.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> automated decision-making; legal certainty; information security.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bachilo I. L. Functions of governing bodies. &#8211; Moscow: Legal Literature, 1976. &#8211; 198 p.<br>\r\n2. Nazarov N. A. Automated adoption of legally significant decisions in the sphere of public administration: legal aspect: dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Moscow, 2025. &#8211; 250 p.<br>\r\n3. Talapina E. V. Artificial intelligence and legal expertise in public administration \/\/ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 865-881.<br>\r\n4. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Management decision. &#8211; Moscow: Nauka, 1972. &#8211; 288 p.<br>\r\n5. Yuzhakov V. N., Efremov A. A. Legal and organizational barriers to the digitalization of education in the Russian Federation \/\/ Russian law: education, practice, science. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 6 (108). &#8211; P. 18-24.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>NOVOSELTSEVA Elena Igorevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, IS Turgenev Oryol State University<br>\r\n<strong>PUBLIC EASEMENT IN THE INTERESTS OF AN UNSPECIFIED GROUP OF PERSONS: LEGAL ISSUES AND WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe purpose of this article is to study the legal institution of public easement established in the interests of an indefinite circle of persons. The paper examines the grounds and procedure for establishing a public easement, analyzes judicial practice on its application. Particular attention is paid to the problems of legal regulation, including the lack of a clear definition of the holder of an easement, the ambiguity of the concept of \\&#8221;public interest\\&#8221;, and the lack of elaboration of procedures for establishing and protecting the rights of participants in legal relations. The author also draws attention to the lack of a compensation mechanism for owners of encumbered land and suggests ways to improve legislation, including the introduction of public hearings and clarifying criteria for \\&#8221;significant difficulties\\&#8221; in land use. The article highlights the importance of public easement as a tool for balancing private property and public interests in conditions of limited land resources.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> public easement, indefinite circle of persons, public interest, passage and access, free access, publicly accessible facility.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Land Code of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024). <br>\r\n2. Lomaev A. Yu. Public interest as a legal category: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Kazan, 2012. &#8211; P. 10. <br>\r\n3. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Public law. Textbook. &#8211; M.: BEK, 1995. &#8211; 485 p. <br>\r\n4. Mazaev V. D. Concept and constitutional principles of public property: textbook. &#8211; M.: Institute of Law and Public Policy, 2004. &#8211; 95 p. <br>\r\n5. Saurin A. A. Ownership rights in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal limits of implementation and restrictions. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2014. \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date accessed: 11\/22\/2025). <br>\r\n6. Gorshunov D. N. Interest in private law: theoretical issues: monograph. &#8211; Kazan, 2005. \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date accessed: 11\/22\/2025). <br>\r\n7. Mazaev V. D. Public interests in land legal relations \/\/ Administrative law and process. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 108-115.<br>\r\n8. Anisimov A. P. Public easement as an instrument for limiting the right of ownership of land \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 85-92.<br>\r\n9. Kazantseva N. A. Legal nature of public easement in Russian land law \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 45-51.<br>\r\n10. Pokrovskaya E. V. Problems of implementing the institution of public easement at the level of municipalities \/\/ Municipal law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 32-38.<br>\r\n11. Lyushnya A. V. The problem of applicability of a negatory claim for the protection of easements in Russian law \/\/ Legislation. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 56-58.<br>\r\n12. Krasavchikov O. A. Concept and types of easements in Russian civil law \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 11: Law. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 12-21.<br>\r\n13. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 23, 2015 No. 25 &#8220;On the application by courts of certain provisions of Section I of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.&#8221; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;.<br>\r\n14. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated July 4, 2018 No. F09-3404\/18 in case No. A50-7657\/2017 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n15. Appellate ruling of the Administrative Judicial Committee of the Moscow Regional Court dated March 28, 2022 in case No. 33a-9314\/2022 \/\/ SPS ConsultantPlus. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date accessed: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n16. Federal Law of August 3, 2018 No. 341-FZ \u201cOn Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation\u201d \/\/ SPS \u201cConsultantPlus\u201d. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date accessed: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n17. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated July 17, 2008 No. F09-1048\/08-C6 in case No. A60-31268\/2007 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n18. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the North Caucasus District dated September 4, 2025 No. F08-4252\/2025 in case No. A32-3888\/2024 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n19. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 21.10.2008 No. 680-O-O \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: 22.11.2025).<br>\r\n20. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated January 24, 2023 in case No. A60-2471\/2022 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n21. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Volga-Vyatka District dated December 27, 2022 in case No. A29-3513\/2022 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n22. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the West Siberian District dated November 17, 2022 in case A70-20151\/2021 \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: November 22, 2025).<br>\r\n23. Stolbovaya M. O. Institute of public easement in Russia: formation and development paths \/\/ Paradigm. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; Part 3. &#8211; P. 84-89.<br>\r\n24. Mogilevsky A. V. Public easement in land law: goals, legal conditions and current problems \/\/ Science Diary. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/dnevniknauki.ru\/images\/publications\/2025\/2\/law\/MOGILEVSKIY.pdf (date accessed: 06.02.2026).<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>PETROVSKAYA Miroslava Ivanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>ABDULAEVA Malika Akhmedovna<\/strong><br>student of the 3rd course of the full-time department, Faculty of Law, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>RESPONSIBILITY FOR COMMITTING CORRUPTION OFFENSES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines a set of measures of legal responsibility for the commission of corruption offenses in the Russian Federation, as corruption remains one of the most acute problems threatening the national security and economic development of the country. The types of liability will also be analyzed: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.\r\nThe article pays special attention to the need to form a comprehensive multi-level system of responsibility for corruption offenses based on the principles of inevitability and proportionality of punishment. This system should be differentiated depending on the nature and severity of the act, as well as the status of the perpetrator.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> corruption, crime, corruption offense, criminal liability, Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, civil liability, abuse of official position, Russian legislation, international legislation, state bodies, local governments.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAstanin V.V., Kabanov P.A. Combating corruption in Russia: evolution of the political and legal model (2012-2022) \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2023.- No. 5. &#8211; P. 22-34.<br>\r\n2. \tVolkov V. V. Power entrepreneurship and corruption: institutional analysis of informal practices \/\/ The World of Russia. Sociology. Ethnology. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 30. No. 3. &#8211; P. 8-29.<br>\r\n3. \tVorodyukhin S. E., Glushkov E. L. Civil liability for corruption offenses in the Russian Federation \/\/ Problems of law enforcement. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 6-9.<br>\r\n4. \tZudin A. Yu. Clientelism and the modern Russian state: the trajectory of transformation \/\/ Polis. Political studies. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 40-58.<br>\r\n5. \tKabanov P. A. Anti-corruption system in Russia: political and legal analysis. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Aleteya, 2020. &#8211; 318 p.<br>\r\n6. \tKlimenko A. F. Corruption as a socio-cultural phenomenon: informal norms and practices in modern Russia \/\/ Sociological research. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 84-95.<br>\r\n7. \tKurakin A. V. Once again about a corruption disciplinary offense and issues of dismissal due to loss of trust of a civil servant \/\/ Administrative and municipal law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 21.<br>\r\n8. \tNaumkina V. V., Zyryanov V. N. Latency of corruption crimes: problems of detection and criminal-legal counteraction \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 67-72.<br>\r\n9. \tSungurov A. Yu., Stolbov V. P. Institutional traps of anti-corruption policy in Russia: declarations and reality \/\/ Political science. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 70-93.<br>\r\n10. \tYarskikh-Smirnova E. R., Karpova G. A. Anthropology of bureaucracy and corruption: practices of informal exchange in the sphere of public services \/\/ Ethnographic review. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 100-118.<br>\r\n11. \tYashnova S. G., Glukhov G. R. Types of legal liability for corruption offenses. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 16 (463). &#8211; P. 242-246.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>SAZONOVA Oxana Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines law sub-faculty, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Emperor Peter the Great Voronezh State Agrarian University<br>\r\n<strong>DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MIGRATION PROCESSES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the role and importance of digitalization of state management of migration processes in the Russian Federation. It is noted that there is an objective need for digitalization of migration processes, which is impossible without the digital transformation of the entire system of public administration. The author substantiates the idea of the need to actively introduce digital tools in the management of migration processes, the use of digital technologies as one of the effective ways to achieve the goals of state policy in the field of ensuring national security and sustainable development of the country. Conclusions are drawn on the importance of the development of digitalization for the entire sphere of migration management.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digitalization; digitalization of public administration, migration, digitalization in the field of migration, digital technologies.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Golovkin R. B., Amosova O. S. \u201cDigital rights\u201d and \u201cdigital law\u201d in the mechanisms of digitalization of the economy and public administration \/\/ Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. 2019. No. 2 (51). <br>\r\n2. Kress V. V. Digital rights as objects of civil rights: legal regulation and development prospects in the context of digitalization of civil circulation \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2022. Vol. 26. No. 4. <br>\r\n3. Popova N. F. The need for digitalization of public administration in the Russian Federation \/\/ Administrative law and process. 2020. No. 2. <br>\r\n4. Samusenko T. M., Malyavina K. D. The right to privacy and legal regulation in the context of digitalization \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 8 (207). <br>\r\n5. Timchenko A. V., Timoshenko A. V. Digitalization in the understanding of philosophy, law, political science and economics: an interdisciplinary approach \/\/ Russian Journal of Legal Research. 2020. Vol. 7. No. 2. <br>\r\n6. Khabrieva T. Ya. Law facing the challenges of digital reality \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2018. No. 9.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>SEMENOVICH Nazar Alexandrovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\\&#8217; Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL REGULATION OF A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM OF OFFICIAL STATISTICS: THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the legal regulation of the national system of official statistics in federations using Canada as a case study. It considers the compatibility of international principles of official statistics with national regulation, the legal status and functions of Statistics Canada, its regional structure and the powers of the Chief Statistician, the mandate of the Canadian Statistics Advisory Council, as well as differences in the legal position of federal and subnational levels and the specific mechanisms for interaction between independent statistical bodies through intergovernmental agreements. The conclusion highlights that the Canadian system combines centralized methodological coordination and statutory guarantees of independence at the federal level with legal and institutional asymmetry among regional statistical bodies.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> official statistics, national statistical system, federalism and power distribution, administrative and legal status of statistical agencies, independence safeguards, inter-agency agreements, methodological coordination, institutional asymmetry.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tWatts R.L. Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations \/\/ Annual Review of Political Science. \u2013 1998. \u2013 T. 1. No. 1. \u2013 P. 117-137. \u2013 DOI: 10.1146\/annurev.polisci.1.1.117.<br>\r\n<br><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ADMINISTRATIVE LAW<\/span><\/strong><br>\r\n<strong>FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>A CITIZEN AS A PARTICIPANT IN PUBLIC LAW RELATIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe presented article comprehensively examines the legal status of a citizen as a full-fledged subject of public law relations. First of all, the specific features of individuals\\&#8217; involvement in interaction with state institutions are comprehensively analyzed in detail, within the framework of which the totality of their legally established rights and obligations is considered. At the same time, considerable attention is paid to the study of applied mechanisms for the implementation and protection of these rights, as well as to the identification of current trends in the transformation of public law in the context of the challenges of modern society. In addition, the article places special emphasis on studying the dynamics of citizen interaction with public authorities and local governments, which allows for a deeper understanding of the content of the administrative and legal relationship between the individual and the state. Thus, the study is focused on identifying constitutional guarantees that ensure the stability of the legal status of the subject in the public sphere.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> citizen, public law, legal status, state, rights and obligations, administrative relations, constitutional guarantees.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tArkatov D. A. Problems of electronic civic participation in public policy of the city: the case of St. Petersburg \/\/ Political Science. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 296-317.<br>\r\n2. \tGromov A. A. Scope of a public contract \/\/ Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 16. No. 4. &#8211; P. 103 &#8211; 125.<br>\r\n3. \tLomachenko E. V. Problems of implementing a public-legal mechanism for ensuring the security of a \u201cdigital identity\u201d \/\/ Bulletin of Science and Creativity. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 45-49.<br>\r\n4. \tMayorov V. I. \u201cForesight \u2013 an innovative technology for improving road safety based on interaction between the state and society\u201d \/\/ Administrative process (public legal (state legal ) sciences). \u2013 2022. \u2013 P. 41-51. <br>\r\n5. \tOspishchev R. I. Legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation \/\/ Public legal (state legal ) sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 47-56.<br>\r\n6. \tPetrochenkov I. A. The influence of \u201cbig data\u201d on the constitutional rights of citizens \/\/ Law and state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 473-476.<br>\r\n7. \tPozharsky D. V., Radko T. N. Functions of the state: the limits of digital technologies \/\/ Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 17-24.<br>\r\n8. \tProkofieva A. I. Constitutional principles of legal support for human rights and freedoms in a state governed by the rule of law \/\/ Law and State. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 1. &#8211; P. 12-22.<br>\r\n9. \tSungurov A. Yu., Dmitrieva A. E. Public participation in government activities: public and participatory budgeting and participatory design at the level of municipalities of St. Petersburg \/\/ Issues of public and municipal administration. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 103-12 5.<br>\r\n10. \tKhadykina E. V. Conceptual foundations of the legal capacity of executive authorities \/\/ Law and state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 6 (234). &#8211; P. 152-154.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SAIDUMOV Dzhambulat Khamidovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, leading researcher, Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences; professor of History sub-faculty, Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny<br>\r\n<strong>DZHASHEEV Ruslan Akhmatovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Moscow University of Finance and Industry \u201cSynergy\u201d; lawyer of the Karachay-Cherkess Bar Association<br>\r\n<strong>10 YEARS OF THE CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation. The authors trace the genesis of legal proceedings in cases arising from public legal relations from the Soviet period to their emergence as an independent procedural branch. Particular attention is given to the key feature of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, which is the court\\&#8217;s active role in protecting the rights of individuals and organizations. The paper analyzes the achievements of codification, as well as current challenges (heavy judicial workload, compressed procedural deadlines, etc.), including in the context of the digital transformation of justice. The need to improve the professionalism of legal process participants is substantiated. The study\\&#8217;s findings provide conclusions on the key trends and prospects for the development of administrative justice in modern Russia.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> administrative proceedings, digitalization, protection of the rights of citizens and organizations, state and public powers.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBurashnikova N.A. Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation: protection of individual rights in public legal relations \/\/ Judge. 2025. No. 1, January. P. 33-58.<br>\r\n2. \tVerbitskaya M. A., Tkachenko N. N. A competent translator as one of the guarantees of ensuring the right of participants in proceedings on administrative offenses to use their native language \/\/ Jurist-Pravoved. 2022. No. 4 (103), October-December. P. 131-135.<br>\r\n3. \tLebedev V. M. Formation and development of administrative proceedings in the Russian Federation \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. 2019. No. 6, June. P. 5-13.<br>\r\n4. \tLuparev E. B. Foreign translators in administrative proceedings \/\/ Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. 2019. No. 2. P. 151-158.<br>\r\n5. \tResolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2011 No. 14-P \u201cOn the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of paragraph 10 of part 1 of article 17 of the Federal Law \u201cOn the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation\u201d and article 20.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation \u201cOn the Police\u201d in connection with the complaints of citizens L. N. Kondratyeva and A. N. Mumolin.\u201d<br>\r\n6. \tTsvetkova E.K. The procedure for challenging regulatory legal acts in the legislation of the Russian Federation: from the Civil Procedure Code to the Code of Administrative Procedure \/\/ Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2016. No. 2, April-June. P. 87-99.<br>\r\n7. \tFederal Law of November 28, 2018 No. 451-FZ \u201cOn Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.\u201d<br>\r\n8. \tTonkonogov A. V. Cybernetic consciousness as a social phenomenon of the 21st century \/\/ Education. Science. Scientific personnel. 2019. No. 1. P. 226-228.<br>\r\n9. \tShuvalova M. Lawyers are categorically against the inclusion in the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation, the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation of the rule on the non-drafting of reasoned decisions in most cases. Information and legal portal GARANT.RU (www.garant.ru), April 20, 2018.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>MUNICIPAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MURAVJEVA Karine Artemovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical science, associate professor of Foreign language and regional studies sub-faculty, Sakhalin State University, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk<br>\r\n<strong>USOVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political science, associate professor, associate professor of Public law and international law sub-faculty, VN Tatishchev Astrakhan State University<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL REGULATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN A MUNICIPAL ENTITY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses the problem of legal regulation of outdoor advertising placement carried out by local self-government bodies. It is noted that the legal regulation of outdoor advertising placement in the current conditions of preserving the historical appearance of the city fits into the national concept of preserving historical memory and regional identity. The article provides an analysis of the regulations of the municipal entities of the city of Astrakhan and the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk aimed at regulating outdoor advertising placement. Each municipality sets its own rules for the placement of outdoor advertising, as well as restrictions and prohibitions on its placement in clearly defined areas. The authors concluded that the right granted to municipalities to regulate the placement of advertising gives them certain freedoms and leads to conflicting approaches.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> advertising, outdoor advertising, local self-government, municipal acts, urban space, advertising structures, cultural heritage, and protected areas.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tIonova T. A. Some aspects of regulation of outdoor advertising placement \/\/ Eurasian Union of Scientists. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 8-10. &#8211; P.23-24.<br>\r\n2. \tPallotta V. I., Sichkar T. V. Outdoor advertising as an element of the socio-cultural space of a modern city \/\/ World of Science. Sociology, Philology, Cultural Studies. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 1. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/sfk-mn.ru\/PDF\/05KLSK120.pdf.<br>\r\n3. \tRyabinina-Zadernovskaya V. E. Formation of urban identity by means of graphic design (on the example of St. Petersburg) \/\/ Technologies and quality. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (61). &#8211; P. 57-63.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BARYSHEV Evgeny Olegovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; associate at law firm LGS Legal Services<br>\r\n<strong>DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION ON FINANCE LEASE<\/strong><br>\r\nThis paper presents an analysis of the evolution of the legal framework governing finance lease in Russia. It traces the consecutive phases in building the national regulatory basis: from the earliest subordinate acts through to the codification of relevant provisions within the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the enactment of a special federal statute. Particular emphasis is placed on the transformation of the legal terminology and the resolution of doctrinal conflicts between the general provisions of the Civil Code and the original version of the specialized law. The study offers a comparative examination of Russian legislative approaches against the key provisions of the UNIDROIT Convention on International Financial Leasing.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> finance lease, Ottawa Convention, lease buyout, operating lease, investment activity.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBaryshev E. O. The concept of financial lease (leasing) in the acts of UNIDROIT and the UNCITRAL Guide on secured transactions \/\/ Law and Right. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 151-157.<br>\r\n2. \tBraginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual Law. Book Two: Agreements on the Transfer of Property. 2nd ed., reprinted. \u2013 M.: Statut, 2011. \u2013 780 p.<br>\r\n3. \tIvanov A. A. Financial lease (leasing) agreement. Study guide. \u2013 M.: \u201cProspect\u201d, 2001. \u2013 64 p.<br>\r\n4. \tIshchenko E. Civil-law institute of leasing \/\/ \u201cLegality\u201d. \u2013 1997. \u2013 No. 5 \/\/ Reference legal system \u201cConsultantPlus\u201d.<br>\r\n5. \tCommentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) (edited by O. M. Kozyr, A. L. Makovsky, S. A. Khokhlova). &#8211; MCFER, 1996 \/\/ Reference legal system &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;.<br>\r\n6. \tKucher A. N. The Law on Leasing \u2013 a Step Forward or Two Steps Back? \/\/ Legislation and Economics. \u2013 1999. \u2013 No. 6. <br>\r\n7. \tPavlodskiy E. A. Civil Code on financial lease \/\/ \u201cLaw and Economics\u201d. &#8211; 1998 &#8211; No. 1. \/\/ Reference legal system \u201cConsultantPlus\u201d.<br>\r\n8. \tSukhanov E. A. Property law: a scientific and educational essay. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2024 \/\/ Reference legal system &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;.<br>\r\n9. \tErdelevsky A. M. New in the legislation on leasing \/\/ Prepared for the ConsultantPlus system, 2002 \/\/ Reference legal system &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BATURINA Nataliya Igorevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>CHANGING GENDER AS A BASIS FOR DEPRIVATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the trend towards expanding the list of grounds for the deprivation of parental rights, as defined in Article 69 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The author proposes and justifies the need to establish a legislative basis for the deprivation of parental rights in cases where a parent changes their gender in the absence of medical indications, as defined by the Federal Law \\&#8221;On the Fundamentals of Health Care for Citizens in the Russian Federation.\\&#8221; This measure aims to prevent individuals who raise children from engaging in actions that are not traditional for Russian society, or to protect those who are raised by a parent who has changed their gender. The author\\&#8217;s approach to the stated topic is explained by the fact that family upbringing, as the priority among other types of upbringing of children in the Russian Federation, is initially entrusted to parents. Consequently, it is their personal characteristics and views on life that determine the formation of a child\\&#8217;s personality and their subsequent position in society.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> children, parents, upbringing, gender reassignment, parental rights, and family values.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tSavelyeva D.K. Gender reassignment by one of the parents: some legal issues \/\/ Bulletin of young scientists and specialists of Samara University. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 2 (17). &#8211; P. 221-228.<br>\r\n2. \tYakovlev D. G., Firsakov S. A., Kungurtseva I. V. Parental rights and participation in the placement of children left without parental care, transgender people and persons who have changed gender \/\/ Law and Right. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 94-99.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BELOVA Irina Evgenjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Russian University of Cooperation<br>\r\n<strong>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL BASIS FOR REGULATING THE BALANCE BETWEEN PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND PUBLIC EFFICIENCY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article presents a theoretical and legal analysis of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the judicial system as a phenomenon requiring interdisciplinary analysis at the intersection of procedural law, evidence theory, and the constitutional foundations of justice. Based on a synthesis of the author\\&#8217;s own research and official statements by the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, IV Krasnov, regarding the active implementation of AI-based analytical software systems [1], the thesis of the emergence of \\&#8221;digital justice\\&#8221; as a qualitatively new stage in the development of the judicial system is substantiated. Developing theses on the synergy of virtual reality and AI in judicial proceedings [2], the problems of digital evidence in arbitration proceedings [3], the risks of using AI in legal practice [4], the need to balance public and private interests in legal regulation [5], and the legal status of participants in civil proceedings [6], the paper proposes a conceptual model for regulating AI based on three theoretical postulates: the impossibility of algorithmizing subjective assessment, the priority of the cognitive autonomy of participants in the process, and the indivisibility of the personal responsibility of judges. It is demonstrated that effective regulation of AI requires differentiation of its application areas, taking into account the balance of public interests, such as access to justice, the elimination of regional differences in practice, and private interests, such as the protection of privacy and the autonomy of expression.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> artificial intelligence, judicial system, digital justice, virtual reality, digital evidence, balance of public and private interests.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKulikov V. Digital truth: Igor Krasnov announced plans to introduce AI into the work of the judicial system. How it will be \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 10.22.2025. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/rg.ru\/2025\/10\/22\/cifrovaia-pravda.html (date of access: 02.12.2026).<br>\r\n2. \tBelova I. E. Mezirov G. R. Application of virtual reality technologies and artificial intelligence in modern legal proceedings \/\/ Legal and information-analytical technologies in professional activities: collection of materials of the 1st All-Russian scientific and practical conference. &#8211; Cheboksary, 2023. &#8211; P. 26-29.<br>\r\n3. \tBelova I. E. Problems of digital evidence in arbitration proceedings \/\/ Legal epistemology. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 30-35.<br>\r\n4. \tBelova I. E. AI in the work of a lawyer: a threat or a tool for development? \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 8 (207). &#8211; P. 195-197.<br>\r\n5. \tBelova I. E. Saakyan E. N. Maintaining a balance between public and private interests by introducing a single tax payment \/\/ Issues of Russian and International Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 13. No. 1-2-1. &#8211; P. 107-112.<br>\r\n6. \tMazurova A. P. Belova I. E. Legal status of persons participating in civil proceedings \/\/ Bulletin of the Law Institute of MIIT. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2 (42). &#8211; P. 105-108.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VLADIMIROVA Oksana Alexeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT IN COURTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article explores the current issues of the introduction of information and communication technologies and the legal regulation of electronic document management in the activities of courts. The author analyzes the dual nature of ICT as a technological and communication tool that transforms traditional judicial procedures. As a result of the study, four key groups of problems have been identified and described in detail: digital inequality, threats to information security and data protection, fragmented legal regulation, as well as the lack of digital literacy among participants in the process and the conservatism of the judicial community. The conclusion is substantiated that overcoming these barriers requires not just technical re-equipment, but the implementation of a comprehensive state policy that includes improving legislation and developing human capital<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> e-justice, information technologies, electronic document management, digital inequality, information security, personal data protection, legal regulation, digital literacy, judicial system, GAS \u201cPravosudie\u201d.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tPetryakova A. V. Organization of judicial review activities in courts of general jurisdiction using digital technologies \/\/ Court Administrator. &#8211; 2023. No. 3. &#8211; P. 2-5.<br>\r\n2. \tPtakhin D. I. Modern trends in Russian legal proceedings in resolving civil cases \/ D. I. Ptakhin \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 29-33.<br>\r\n3. \tUshakova E. N. The Impact of Electronic Justice Systems on the Efficiency of Legal Proceedings in the Digital Era \/\/ Russian Judge. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 58-61.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GASANOVA Asiyat Magomedovna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala<br>\r\n<strong>THE FORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF UNWORTHY HEIRS IN THE LAW AND ORDER OF POST-SOVIET STATES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the formation of the institution of unworthy heirs in the former republics of the Soviet Union. An analysis of the civil legislation of individual Commonwealth countries shows that the criteria for dividing unworthy heirs are the grounds for acquiring the appropriate status and the procedure for removal from inheritance. It is revealed that the division of unworthy heirs depending on the basis of acquiring the appropriate status and the procedure for removal from inheritance is not universal for the legislation of the post-Soviet countries. The article provides a classification depending, among other things, on the basis of which they lose the right of inheritance \u2013 by law and (or) by will. This division is fixed in the CIS Model Code and is typical for all CIS countries. The legislation of all post-Soviet states establishes the possibility of forgiving certain categories of unworthy heirs by making a will in their favor after the occurrence of circumstances that are the basis for their removal from inheritance.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> unworthy heirs, removal from inheritance, \u201cforgiveness of unworthy heirs\u201d, model civil code of the CIS.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAliyev K. S. oglu. Subjects of inheritance legal relations in Azerbaijani and Russian civil law \/\/ Inheritance law. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 42-45.<br>\r\n2. \tBarkov R. A. Unworthy heirs in the legislation of the Russian Federation and the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (in the aspect of preserving passive testamentary legal personality) \/\/ Bulletin of notarial practice. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 2-7.<br>\r\n3. \tBarkov R. A., Blinkov O. E. Evolution of the main provisions on wills: general trends and prospects for their unification in the post-Soviet space \/\/ Inheritance law. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 41-47.<br>\r\n4. \tBlinkov O. E. Essays on post-Soviet inheritance law. &#8211; M .: Pero, 2025. &#8211; 144 p. <br>\r\n5. \tVoytovich E. P., Eremenko D. E. On some problems of applying the rules on unworthy heirs \/\/ Notary. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 20-24.<br>\r\n6. \tZhilsky N. N., Golovanov N. M., Novitskaya O. N. Comparative analysis of legal regulation of inheritance relations in the states formed in the post-Soviet space \/\/ Journal of Legal and Economic Studies. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 70-76.<br>\r\n7. \tMigacheva A. Yu. On some problems of the institution of unworthy heirs in light of the reform of civil legislation \/\/ Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 27-29. <br>\r\n8. \tOgnev V. N. Institute of unworthy heirs in civil law (historical and comparative legal aspects): author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Volgograd, 2007. &#8211; 23 p. <br>\r\n9. \tPopovkin N. A. Removal from inheritance of unworthy heirs \/\/ Notary. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 32-39.<br>\r\n10. \tPrigoda N. P. Inheritance by law in the Kyrgyz Republic: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Bishkek, 2006. &#8211; 25 p. <br>\r\n11. \tMaksatov NR, Tokarchuk LM Recognition as an unworthy heir in court: a comparative analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ukraine \/\/ Bulletin of Karagady University. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1. V. 113. &#8211; P. 129-134.<br>\r\n12. \tNukusheva A. A. Elimination of inheritance of unfortable heirs in the Republic of Kazakhstan \/\/ Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Law Series. \u2013 2018. \u2013 No. 4 (92). \u2013 pp. 42-49.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZDOROVTSEVA Anna Arkadjevna<\/strong><br>associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>DOROFEEVA Svetlana Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>SINYAKOVA Tatyana Vyacheslavovna<\/strong><br>associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Institute (Branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STANDARD FOR PROVIDING FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE BY STUDENT LAW CLINICS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article presents the results of an analytical study on the specifics of providing free legal assistance by student law clinics. In order to achieve these goals, standards for providing free legal assistance have been developed. The current standard applies to participants in the state system of free legal assistance and to student law clinics that are not part of this system. Based on a review of the practice of providing free legal assistance by student law clinics, the article analyzes the activities of student law clinics in terms of their compliance with the current requirements set out in the standards for providing legal assistance and formulates suggestions for improving the process of providing free legal assistance. The authors note that student law clinics operate within the framework of the educational process. In addition, they emphasize the limits of the legal clinic.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> student law clinic, free legal assistance, legal counseling, standardization of legal assistance, legal education, justice authorities.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKulesh E. A. The right to free legal aid and the right to qualified legal aid: the relationship and practical implementation \/\/ Agrarian and land law. 2023. No. 6 (222). P. 192-194.<br>\r\n2. \tTishkovich S. T. Standards of free legal aid: ways to improve legal regulation \/\/ Law and Right. 2025. No. 5. P. 172-177.<br>\r\n3. \tFeklistova E. D. Agreement on free legal aid: legal nature and main features \/\/ The role of a legal clinic in the system of providing free legal aid: Collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, St. Petersburg, November 22, 2024. St. Petersburg: Center for Scientific and Information Technologies &#8220;Asterion&#8221;, 2025. Pp. 17-23.<br>\r\n4. \tLisitsyn V.V., Erimikhina E.V., Kharchenko A.V. Russia has finally acquired a law on free legal aid! \/\/ Legal World. 2012. No. 1. P. 29-31.<br>\r\n5. \tKirillov A. A. Participants in the free legal aid system: legal aspects of organizing activities \/\/ Law and Economics. 2012. No. 7. P. 10-18.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>IVANOVA Lyudmila Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal science sub-faculty, Institute of Economics and Law, Astrakhan State Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>BESSONOVA Oksana Andreevna<\/strong><br>independent researcher, Astrakhan<br>\r\n<strong>THE IMBALANCE OF INTERESTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY PROCESS AS A NECESSITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES IN BANKRUPTCY CASES OF LEGAL ENTITIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article focuses on the specifics of implementing the legal entity bankruptcy mechanism in terms of the imbalance of interests between participants in the process. The authenticity of the research is reflected in the organization of the study, which focuses on the bankruptcy procedure itself as a human rights mechanism. Therefore, the article illustrates situations of imbalanced interests between parties, the forms in which they manifest, and methods for overcoming them. The researcher\\&#8217;s task was to determine the range of potential interests of the parties and identify legal loopholes that contribute to the imbalance. The work on the stated problem was organized to develop a potential model for overcoming the difficulties that arose and to identify regulatory and legal solutions optimal for achieving the goals of human rights protection within legal entity bankruptcy proceedings.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> bankruptcy, legal entity, human rights protection, interests of bankruptcy participants, legal regulation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Grigoriev K. V. Controversial issues of distribution of proceeds from the sale of collateral in bankruptcy proceedings of legal entities \/\/ Materials of the Afanasyev Readings. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2 (49). &#8211; P. 68-72. <br>\r\n2. Bobyleva A. Z., Gorev D. E., Zaitseva Yu. A., Karelina S. A., Frolov I. V. [et al.]. Bankruptcy mechanisms and their role in ensuring human well-being: monograph. &#8211; M .: Yustitsinform. 2022. <br>\r\n3. Mokoseeva M.A. Galyamova D.A. Constitutional and legal aspects of the relationship between private and public interests in bankruptcy legislation \/\/ North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 74-82. <br>\r\n4. Nesterova O. S. The problem of maintaining a balance of interests of creditors and a citizen-debtor within the framework of a bankruptcy judicial procedure \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 58-61.<br>\r\n5. Osmanova D. O. Violation of the balance of interests of participants as an objective necessity of the competitive process \/\/ Legal Concept = Legal paradigm. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 23. No. 1. &#8211; P. 105-111<br>\r\n6. Rodina N.V. The mechanism of subordination of creditors&#8217; claims in the process of insolvency (bankruptcy) of legal entities: problems of legal regulation. Diss. &#8230; Cand. of Law. &#8211; M., 2022.\r\n7. Rubtsova N.V. Ensuring a balance of private and public law interests in the insolvency (bankruptcy) process \/\/ Business and Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 75-83.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KARTASHEVA Anna Viktorovna <\/strong><br>secretary of the court session of the Arbitration Court of the Saratov region, Saratov<br>\r\n<strong>CRITERION OF HUMAN CREATIVE CONTRIBUTION IN THE CREATION OF A WORK USING GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the proposed criterion of a \u201csubstantial creative contribution\u201d of a human in the draft Federal Law \u201cOn the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Systems in the Russian Federation\u201d in relation to works created using generative artificial intelligence. The study analyzes its compatibility with Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. It is debated that the current model of copyright is anthropocentric and does not allow for grading creative activity according to its \u201csubstantiality.\u201d The author concludes that the assessment of human involvement should be based on the existence of free intellectual choice rather than on a quantitative evaluation of effort. A binary model is proposed: if a work results from human creative activity, it is protected by copyright; if it is generated autonomously without human intellectual participation, it should not be recognized as a copyrightable work.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> copyright, artificial intelligence, generative AI, creative contribution, authorship, free intellectual choice, technological neutrality, Civil Code of the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tDraft federal law \u201cOn the regulation of artificial intelligence systems in the Russian Federation\u201d (prepared by the working group of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation).<br>\r\n2. \tDecree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 10, 2019 No. 490 \u201cOn the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation\u201d (as amended on February 15, 2024 No. 124) \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 231. &#8211; October 14, 2019.<br>\r\n3. \tSalnikova A. V., Kurenkova E. I. Prospects for recognizing artificial intelligence as a subject of copyright \/\/ IP. Copyright and related rights. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 45.<br>\r\n4. \tCivil Code of the Russian Federation (part four): federal law of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 No. 230-FZ \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 289. &#8211; December 22, 2006.<br>\r\n5. \tOn the application of Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of April 23, 2019, No. 10 \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 96. &#8211; 05\/06\/2019.<br>\r\n6. \tSperanskaya L. V. Copyright for works created by artificial intelligence \/\/ SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. &#8211; 2026 (date of access: 02\/11\/2026).<br>\r\n7. \tResolution of the Thirteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated February 6, 2024, in case No. A42-3966\/2023 \/\/ Arbitration Case File. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/kad.arbitr.ru (date accessed: February 1, 2026).<br>\r\n8. \tMorhat P. M. Artificial intelligence: a legal view. &#8211; M.: Institute of state-confessional relations and law, 2017. &#8211; P. 257.<br>\r\n9. \tOrlova T. E. Copyright on the results of artificial intelligence activities \/\/ Issues of Russian Justice. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 21. &#8211; P. 55.<br>\r\n10. \tSergo A. G. Artificial Intelligence: Right or Wrong? \/\/ IS. Copyright and Related Rights. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 87.<br>\r\n11. \tRaisch S., Krakowski S. Artificial Intelligence and Management: The Automation-Augmentation Paradox \/\/ Academy of Management Review. \u2013 2021. \u2013 Vol. 46. No. 1. \u2013 P. 192-210.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LINNIKOV Alexander Sergeevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, Lawyer of the Linnikov and Partners Bar Association of the Moscow Region; Chairman of the Board of the Association of Payment Services Market Participants, Non-Profit Partnership National Payment Council; Rector, the State University for Land Management<br>\r\n<strong>CIVIL LAW OVERSIGHT IN A COMMERCIAL CONCESSION AGREEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the specifics of civil law oversight exercised by the parties to a commercial concession agreement. The regulatory framework for the legal regulation of the oversight functions of the parties to a commercial concession agreement is defined. It is established that public law oversight, unlike civil law oversight, is coercive, based on a regulatory legal act, and aimed at protecting public order. The author\\&#8217;s conclusions are based on an analysis of current legislation, judicial practice, and existing doctrinal approaches to the issue under consideration.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civil law oversight, commercial concession agreement, supervision and supervision activities, management.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAfanasyeva E. G., Dolgikh M. G., Afanasyeva E. A. Means of individualization in entrepreneurial activity: legal issues: study guide \/ ed. E. V. Alferova. &#8211; M .: RAS INION. Center for Social Scientific and Information Research. Department of Jurisprudence, 2016. &#8211; 152 p.\r\n2. \tBolokhov D. V. Commercial concession agreement as a legal method of investment when using other people\u2019s exclusive rights \/\/ Issues of modern jurisprudence. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 31. &#8211; P. 43-47.<br>\r\n3. \tBraginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contractual law. Book three: Contracts for the performance of work and the provision of services. &#8211; M., 2011. &#8211; P. 1035.<br>\r\n4. \tCivil law: textbook \/ edited by A. G. Kalpin, A. I. Maslyaev. &#8211; M.: Jurist, 2001. &#8211; P. 73.<br>\r\n5. \tGromova E. A. Problems of Ensuring a Balance of Private and Public Interests of the Parties to Agreements on the Implementation of Entrepreneurial Activities \/\/ Actual Problems of Russian Law. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 45-51.<br>\r\n6. \tEremin A. A. History of the formation and development of legal regulation of the commercial concession agreement in Russia \/\/ History of the state and law. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 13-17.<br>\r\n7. \tIstomin V. G. The problem of ensuring a balance between private and public interests at the current stage of development of competition protection legislation \/\/ Journal of Entrepreneurial and Corporate Law. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 20-25.<br>\r\n8. \tKatz R. B. Franchising: building an enterprise, accounting, legal aspects. &#8211; M.: GrossMedia, ROSBUKH, 2011. &#8211; 134 p.<br>\r\n9. \tKuleeva I. Yu. Problems and contradictions of legislative regulation of the commercial concession agreement in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries \/\/ Modern law. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 74-79.<br>\r\n10. \tManokhova S. V. Commercial concession agreement: legal issues \/\/ Trade: accounting and taxation. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 2.<br>\r\n11. \tMzhavanadze V. E. Modernization of provisions on the commercial concession agreement in the framework of the digital economy \/\/ Civilist. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 26-30.<br>\r\n12. \tNudnenko L. A. Justice as a criterion for balancing public and private interests \/\/ Constitutional and municipal law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 46-50.<br>\r\n13. \tFranchising: commercial concession \/ S. A. Sosna [et al.]. &#8211; M.: Akademkniga, 2005.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LITOVCHENKO Tatyana Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Far Eastern Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>VOLOKHOVA Ulyiana Alexeevna<\/strong><br>student, Far Eastern Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>CONSUMER COOPERATIVE AS A SUBJECT OF CIVIL LAW: CONCEPT AND ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing role of cooperative forms in the economy. The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the legal status of a consumer cooperative, identification of its essential features. The authors examine in detail the dual legal nature of a cooperative, which combines the features of a business entity and a public organization. Based on the analysis of Article 123.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and special laws, the following key features are identified: a non-profit purpose, membership, the formation of property through share contributions, and social equality. The article concludes that this organizational and legal form is unique and in demand.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> consumer cooperative, non-profit corporation, subject of civil legal relations.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBraginsky M. I., Vitryansky, V. V. Contractual law. General provisions. &#8211; M .: Statut Publishing House, 2020. &#8211; 847 p.<br>\r\n2. \tKalinina L. A., Fedotova N. P. Economic nature of consumer cooperation \/\/ Social and humanitarian sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2 (105). &#8211; P. 31-35.<br>\r\n3. \tLitvinov M. E. On the place of consumer cooperatives in the system of non-profit organizations \/\/ Scientific aspect. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 21. No. 4. &#8211; P. 2655-2660. &#8211; EDN EETNMO.<br>\r\n4. \tMerdyaev B. L., Umarov A. S., Kuturova A. N. [et al.]. Consumer cooperative as a non-profit corporate organization \/\/ Agrarian and land law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 1 (181). &#8211; P. 111-113. &#8211; EDN HVOSXK.<br>\r\n5. \tRussian civil law. In 2 volumes. Volume I. General part. Property law. Inheritance law. Intellectual rights. Personal non-property rights: textbook \/ ed. E. A. Sukhanov; Moscow State University. &#8211; 4th ed., reprinted &#8211; Moscow: Statut, 2015. &#8211; 961 p.\r\n6. \tSokolov M. V. Consumer cooperative in the system of non-profit legal entities: features, problems, development prospects \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 16 (515). &#8211; P. 269-272.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>OVCHINNIKOV Alexey Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in economical sciences, Tolyatti Higher Military Command and Engineering Construction School, Honored Builder of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>TKACHENKO Roman Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University<br>\r\n<strong>BASYROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>legal consultant of the 1st category of Ulyanovskenergo JSC; AS Griboyedov Institute of International Law and Economics<br>\r\n<strong>LIMITS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY OF OFFICIALS DURING PROBATIONARY PERIOD UNDER ARTICLE 19.5 OF THE RUSSIAN CODE OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENCES: ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL GUILT IN A SPECIFIC OFFENCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the issue of imposing administrative liability on officials appointed to managerial positions shortly before the expiration of the deadline for compliance with an order (instruction) issued by a state financial control authority, including during a probationary period. Drawing on a specific case \u2013 the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 234-O of January 28, 2025 \u2013 the study analyzes the limits of administrative liability under Part 20 of Article 19.5 of the Code of Administrative Offences (CAO RF) in light of the principle of culpability enshrined in Article 1.5 of the CAO RF and Article 49 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author argues that the existing legal framework fails to adequately protect the rights of newly appointed managers who are, in effect, held liable for the inaction of their predecessors. The article demonstrates that courts routinely apply strict (objective) liability by relying solely on the formal criterion of holding a position at the time the compliance deadline expires, without examining whether the official had actual knowledge of the outstanding order or a realistic opportunity to fulfill it. A comparative legal analysis, including references to European administrative law and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, confirms the necessity of accounting for the duration of tenure and the actual capacity to comply when assessing an official\\&#8217;s guilt. The study proposes specific amendments to the CAO RF aimed at including the length of time in office, the completion of a formal handover of duties, and the official\\&#8217;s real ability to meet the requirements of the supervisory authority into the assessment of liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> administrative liability, official, probationary period, Article 19.5 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, Federal Treasury order, principle of culpability, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, budgetary legislation, limits of liability, objective imputation, legislative proposals.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBakhrakh D. N. Administrative law of Russia: textbook. 6th ed. &#8211; M .: Eksmo, 2011. &#8211; P. 390-395.<br>\r\n2. \tGusov K. N., Tolkunova V. N. Labor law of Russia: textbook. \u2013 M.: Prospekt, 2020. \u2013 P. 210-218.<br>\r\n3. \tPanov A. B. Administrative liability of legal entities. &#8211; M.: Norma, 2013. &#8211; P. 45-48.<br>\r\n4. \tRossinsky B.V., Starilov Yu.N. Administrative law: textbook. 6th ed. &#8211; M .: Norma, 2019 .&#8211; P. 524-530.<br>\r\n5. \tSchwarze J. European Administrative Law. 2nd ed. \u2013 London: Sweet &amp; Maxwell, 2006. \u2013 P. 1280-1295.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TELIBEKOVA Irina Mendiger\u0435evna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Baishev University, Aktobe, Republic of Kazakhstan: doctoral student, Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property<br>\r\n<strong>IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SECURITY FUNCTION OF INSURANCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL ACCUMULATIVE INSURANCE CONTRACT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the specifics of the implementation of insurance functions in the educational cumulative insurance contract as a tool combining elements of personal and cumulative insurance. The article presents the views of scientists on the security function of insurance and its relationship to the nature of the consequences of the occurrence of an insured event. The author emphasizes that educational cumulative insurance provides \\&#8221;comprehensive\\&#8221; insurance in the form of insurance protection of the insured\\&#8217;s property interests in case of events with negative consequences, and insurance coverage of his property interests in case of an insured event with positive consequences. The \\&#8221;scenarios\\&#8221; of the implementation of insurance functions under the educational accumulative insurance contract are considered and the conclusion is formulated that this contract implements not only the protective, but also the security function of insurance.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> educational accumulative insurance contract, security function of insurance, protective function of insurance, insurer, policyholder.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tArkhipova A. G. Is insurance a way to secure obligations \/\/ Bulletin of Economic Justice. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 65-87.<br>\r\n2. \tBelykh V. S., Krivosheev I. V. Insurance law. &#8211; M.: NORMA Publishing House, 2001. &#8211; 224 p.<br>\r\n3. \tBormotov A. V. Security function of the insurance contract in Russian civil law: abstract of dis. &#8230; Cand. of Law: 12.00.03; [Place of protection: Tom. state University]. &#8211; Perm, 2011. &#8211; 23 p.<br>\r\n4. \tVyacheslavov A. V., Konstantinidi A. V. Insurance issues (for entrepreneurs): Textbook. Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (Technical University). &#8211; M.: 2002. &#8211; P. 14-15, 16-17.<br>\r\n5. \tGoykhbarg A. G. A unified concept of an insurance contract: (introductory lecture to the course on insurance law, delivered at the Institute of Higher Commercial Knowledge). &#8211; St. Petersburg: printing house of the Public Benefit company, 1914. &#8211; P. 31-32.<br>\r\n6. \tGoncharova V. A. Unnamed methods of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations in the civil law of Russia: monograph. &#8211; M .: Yustitsnform, 2022. &#8211; P. 108-126.<br>\r\n7. \tKulagin M. I. Entrepreneurship and Law: The Western Experience. \u2013 M.: Delo, 1992. \u2013 P. 97.<br>\r\n8. \tLee O. V. Insurance contract: dis. &#8230; for the candidate of scientific degree of candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2001. &#8211; P. 54.<br>\r\n9. \tSamokhvalov A. S. Professional liability insurance. Legal aspects \/\/ Insurance law. &#8211; M.: Ankil, 2002. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 3-8.<br>\r\n10. \tSerbinovsky B. Yu., Garkusha V. N. Insurance: A Textbook for Universities. Series \u201cTextbooks, Textbooks\u201d. \u2013 Rostov n \/ D: \u201cPhoenix\u201d, 2000. \u2013 P. 13.<br>\r\n11. \tTelibekova I. M. Educational insurance: fear or confidence in the future? \/\/ \u201cInnovative development of modern science: new approaches and current research\u201d (July 3, 2025, Moscow). Collection of materials of the XVI International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; M .: Publishing house of ANO DPO \u201cITBO University\u201d, 2025. &#8211; P. 71-74.\r\n12. \tTurbina K. E. Modern understanding of property interests as an object of insurance \/\/ Insurance law. &#8211; 2000. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 3-9.<br>\r\n13. \tFarmer M. Etymological online dictionary of the Russian language. Volume III. (Muza-Syat). &#8211; M .: Progress, 1987. &#8211; P. 772.<br>\r\n14. \tFogelson Yu. B. Insurance law: theoretical foundations and practical application: monograph. &#8211; M.: Norma: INFRA M., 2012. &#8211; P. 20.<br>\r\n15. \tKhudyakov I. A., Demidova G. S., Khudyakov A. A. Fundamentals of insurance law: Textbook. &#8211; Chelyabinsk: SUSU, 2004. &#8211; P. 10.<br>\r\n16. \tShevandin M. A., Konova L. N. Safety insurance: A textbook for students majoring in Life Safety. &#8211; M.: MIIT, 1999. &#8211; P. 49-50.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TATARNIKOVA Marina Romanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer of Legal and general educational disciplines sub-faculty, Gzhel State University<br>\r\n<strong>EXCLUSION OF A HALF-SHARE IN THE RIGHT TO HOUSING FOR THE DEBTOR AS THE ONLY DWELLING<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines judicial practice regarding the exclusion of the sole residence of bankrupt debtors. While the sole residence of a debtor is protected by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this does not automatically guarantee that the court will a priori exclude the desired property. Consequently, numerous court cases arise, with varying opinions on the issue of excluding the sole residence of bankrupt debtors. The issue of excluding a share in a property as the sole residence of bankrupt debtors is raised. This exclusion, while contrary to bankruptcy law and subject to objections from bankruptcy creditors, is not prohibited by law. The article concludes that excluding a share in a property is possible, given the court\\&#8217;s consideration of the circumstances of the case, the debtor\\&#8217;s opinion, and their actual interests. When deciding on a petition to exclude a debtor\\&#8217;s sole residence, the debtor must also take an active position in the court proceedings, which will be taken into account by the court when determining the real estate as the sole residence.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> exclusion of sole residence, personal bankruptcy, share in real estate rights.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tReview of judicial practice in cases of bankruptcy of individuals, approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 18, 2025 \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru\/document\/cons_doc_LAW_507941\/ (date of access: January 16, 2026).<br>\r\n2. \tDefinition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 305-ES23-19331 of February 19, 2024 in case No. A40-134229\/2022. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.garant.ru\/products\/ipo\/prime\/doc\/408503955\/ (date of access: January 16, 2026).<br>\r\n3. \tResolution of the Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated June 7, 2020 in case No. A53-42967\/2018. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru\/cons\/cgi\/online.cgi?req=doc&amp;base=RAPS015&amp;n=190563#NzSBY8Ve0blAkluC1. (date of access: January 16, 2026).<br>\r\n4. \tResolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated October 20, 2025 in case No. A40-252058\/23. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/kad.arbitr.ru\/. (date of access: January 16, 2026).<br>\r\n5. \tBy the Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the North Caucasus District dated August 12, 2020 in case No. A53-42967\/2018. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/kad.arbitr.ru\/. (date of access: January 16, 2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FEDOSEEV Petr Sergeevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University<br>\r\n<strong>SADKOV Vitaliy Andreevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>CIVIL SOCIETY INSTITUTIONS IN CIVIL PROCEDURAL BRANCHES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION)<\/strong><br>\r\nLegislation regulating the functioning of judicial bodies, while declaring freedom of private initiative to participants in justice, nevertheless retains legal mechanisms that limit the autonomous functioning of civil society institutions that allow them to resolve private law disputes independently, without recourse to the state. The authors formulated the definition of the institution of civil society, established the advantage in human rights powers of state judicial authorities in resolving private law disputes, and made proposals to overcome it. In order to implement the civil consent declared by the Constitution, which implies the involvement of civil society institutions in resolving private law disputes, in the context of current legislation and the position of the supreme judicial authorities, it is proposed to amend the norms of federal laws governing arbitration and enforcement proceedings.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civil society, mediation, arbitration.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGrudtsyna L. Yu. Institutions of civil society in the system of private and public law relations \/\/ Education and Law. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 3-4. &#8211; P. 88 <br>\r\n2. \tGrudtsyna L. Yu. Content and classification of civil society institutions in Russia \/\/ Education and Law. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 1-2. &#8211; P. 89-105.<br>\r\n3. \tOriu M. Fundamentals of Public Law \/ Translation from French. Edited by E. Pashukanis, N. Chelyapov \/ Preface to the Russian edition by E. Pashukanis. &#8211; Moscow: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, 1929. &#8211; 760 p.<br>\r\n4. \tRubinina E. R. Participation of civil society institutions in the administration of justice \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 5 (106). &#8211; P. 111-117.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BALEEV Artem Andreevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 3rd course of Business and energy law sub-faculty, Kazan (Volga) Federal University<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF INVESTING BY INDIVIDUALS USING AN INVESTMENT PLATFORM (DIGITAL PLATFORM)<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article presents an analysis of the specifics of investing by individuals using an investment platform (digital platform), with particular attention paid to obtaining investor status, including that of a qualified investor. Furthermore, the limitations of investing by individuals within such platforms are considered.\r\nThe purpose of this research article is to develop areas for improving investing by individuals using an investment platform.\r\nThe research methodology utilizes dialectical, formal-legal, generalization, induction and deduction, and analysis and synthesis methods.\r\nConclusions. Based on the analysis of legal regulation of this issue, the author identified problems associated with insufficient regulation of investing by individuals using an investment platform. For example, the lack of clearer criteria for recognizing an individual as a qualified investor is highlighted, including the legislatively ignored question of the form in which representations from an individual should be presented. The author identifies the problem of inadequate regulation of the protection of individuals who act as investors in the context of investing using digital platforms. Consequently, the author focuses on current areas for improving the legal regulation of investment platforms.\r\nThe scientific and practical significance of the findings and proposals can be used to further doctrinal research on individual investment using investment platforms, and are also valuable for law enforcement and legislative activities.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> investment platform, online platforms, investing, individual, digital rights.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tIn 2020\u20132024, the turnover of the crowdfunding market in Russia increased eightfold: from 7 to 53 billion rubles. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/marketing.rbc.ru\/articles\/15655\/ (date accessed: 11.04.2025).<br>\r\n2. \tCivil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 1994. &#8211; No. 32. &#8211; Art. 3301.<br>\r\n3. \tLebedev K.K. Investment contract: concept and place in the system of contractual law \/\/ Competition law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 31-36.<br>\r\n4. \tPerepelkina Ya. A. On the issue of the legal nature of an investment agreement using an investment platform \/\/ Legal Bulletin. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 7. No. 4. &#8211; P. 109-124. <br>\r\n5. \tFederal Law of 02.08.2019 No. 259-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) \u201cOn attracting investments using investment platforms and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation\u201d \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 31. &#8211; Art. 4418.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GAYNULLIN Timur Rustemovich <\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil and business law sub-faculty, VG Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEUP)<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE LIST OF SUBJECTS OF CIVIL LAW REGULATION IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS MEDICINE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides a comprehensive analysis of the subject composition of legal relations in the field of sports medicine, taking into account their mixed legal nature. The article substantiates the need to distinguish between public and private legal elements in the structure of these relations. It proposes a systematization of subjects based on their functional role in civil circulation: public subjects, sports organizations, medical organizations, athletes, and sports medicine specialists. The article reveals the specific features of their legal status and the scope of their powers. The article concludes that sports medicine is a complex area of legal regulation, and that a differentiated approach is necessary to determine the status of its participants.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> sports medicine, civil law regulation, subjects of civil law, legal status, and organization.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tChernyshov D. G. Zasypkin M. Yu. Chebykin A. V. Conceptual issues of organizing sports medicine at the regional level \/\/ Bulletin of the Medical Institute &#8220;Reaviz&#8221;: rehabilitation, doctor and health. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 47-51.<br>\r\n2. \tSamsonenko T. A. Baghdasaryan S. D. Petrova S. V. Sidorova A. V. Legal regulation of the fight against doping at the international and national levels \/\/ Physical education, sport &#8211; science and practice. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 133-138.<br>\r\n3. \tPopova Yu. P. Sports medicine specialist and other specialist in the field of physical education and sports as subjects of anti-doping rule violations \/\/ Kriminalist. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (44). &#8211; P. 52-57.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GORCHAKOVA Anastasiya Pavlovna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\\&#8217; Friendship University of Russia, assistant of Customs and commodity expertise sub-faculty, Institute of Industrial Safety and Management, Russian Biotechnological University (ROSBIOTECH)<br>\r\n<strong>SOUTH KOREAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LEGISLATION: HISTORY AND FEATURES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article covers the uniqueness of the development of intellectual property legislation in the Republic of Korea, which has gone from a legal vacuum to a modern system in a short historical period. The methodological basis consists of comparative legal, historical and legal, formal legal and systematic methods. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of South Korean IP legislation in an international context, with an emphasis on its historical, philosophical and institutional features that have determined its uniqueness and effectiveness. The results confirm that South Korea has created an effective IP system, harmonized with international standards, whose experience of rapid adaptation and modernization is of considerable practical interest to states, including the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> intellectual property, copyright, international standards, historical development, law enforcement.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tYoum KH Copyright Law in the Republic of Korea \/\/ UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal. &#8211; 1999. &#8211; No. 17 (2-3). &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5070\/P8172-3022124. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8b9199zm. <br>\r\n2. \tSun-Young Moon &amp; Daeup Kim. The \u201cThree Strikes\u201d Policy in Korean Copyright Act. 2009: Safe or Out? \/\/ Wayback Machine, Washington Journal of Law, Technology &amp; Arts. \u2013 2011. \u2013 Volume 6. Issue 3. \u2013 P. 172-182.<br>\r\n3. \tChong Sang-jo. Reflections on Copyright Decisions of 1994 \/\/ SEOUL TAEHAKYO POPHAK [SEOUL LAW JOURNAL]. \u2013 1994. \u2013 No. 35. \u2013 P. 238.<br>\r\n4. \tYoum KH Copyright Law in the Republic of Korea \/\/ UCLA PAC. \u2013 1990. \u2013 No. 17. \u2013 P. 207.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GUSEINOVA Gyulshan Eldanizovna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University<br>\r\n<strong>ANALOGUES OF THE CLAIM FOR THE RESTORATION OF CORPORATE CONTROL (PARAGRAPH 3 OF ARTICLE 65.2 OF THE RUSSIAN CIVIL CODE) IN GERMAN LAW<\/strong><br>\r\nSince 2014, Russian legislation has provided for the possibility of restoring a shareholder&#8217;s share in a commercial corporation that was lost against them will as a result of harmful actions by other persons (paragraph 3 of Article 65.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) &#8211; the so-called claim for the restoration of corporate control. Considering the significant influence of German law on the Russian legal system, the author analyzes similar mechanisms provided for under German legislation: challenging resolutions of general meetings, removing entries from the Commercial Register, filing objections, contesting transactions on general civil law grounds, actions for declaration, and restitution claims. The author concludes that, despite the importance of taking foreign legal into account, its use should not lead to the mechanical borrowing of foreign legal constructs without proper adaptation to Russian legal realities. In this regard, the emergence in Russian law of the comprehensive mechanism established by paragraph 3 of Article 65.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for the protection of corporate rights demonstrates the significant potential for the development of Russian law along its own path.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> restoration of corporate control, methods of protection of corporate rights, comparative law, German law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAlekseev S. S. Collected Works. In 10 volumes. Volume 5: The Line of Law. Certain Problems of the Concept. Moscow: Statut, 2010.\r\n2. \tAntropov R. V. The influence of German law of the liberal era on the development of Russian legislation \/\/ Bulletin of TSU. 2006. No. 4.<br>\r\n3. \tArslanov K. M. Convergence of Russian and German experience in civil law regulation: history, modernity and prospects: author&#8217;s abstract&#8230; Doctor of Law. Kazan, 2020.<br>\r\n4. \tBelov V. A. On the issue of the so-called vindication of uncertificated securities \/\/ Law. 2006. No. 7.<br>\r\n5. \tGabov A. V. Problems of vindication of securities \/\/ Bulletin of civil law. 2011. No. 1.<br>\r\n6. \tMakovskaya A. A. Legal consequences of the vindication of shares (commentary on the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of September 5, 2006 No. 4375\/06) \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Law. 2007. No. 1.<br>\r\n7. \tMurzin D. V. Vindication model for the restoration of corporate rights \/\/ Ex jure. 2021. No. 4.<br>\r\n8. \tNersesov N. O. On bearer securities from the point of view of civil law. Moscow: University Press, 1889.\r\n9. \tPokrovsky I. A. Basic problems of civil law. Petrograd: Publ. legal books. warehouse &#8220;Law&#8221;, 1917.\r\n10. \tSarbash S. V. Restoration of corporate control \/\/ Bulletin of civil law. 2008. No. 4.<br>\r\n11. \tSukhanov E. A. On the advantages and disadvantages of the new version of Chapter 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation \/\/ Business and Law. 2014. No. 9 (452).<br>\r\n12. \tSukhanov E. A. Problems of codification of corporate and property law: Selected works 2013-2017. Moscow: Statut, 2018.<br>\r\n13. \tSukhanov E. A. Comparative corporate law. Moscow: Statut, 2014. <br>\r\n14. \tB\u00e4rtschi H. Die gerichtliche Durchsetzung von Minderheitenrechten im Gesellschaftsrecht. Kunz P.V., J\u00f6rg F.S., Arter O. (Hrsg.). Entwicklungen im Gesellschaftsrecht XI. Bern: St\u00e4mpfli Verlag, 2016.<br>\r\n15. \tDoetsch D. Genehmigtes Kapital im GmbH- und Aktienrecht in der notariellen Praxis \/\/ Rheinische Notar-Zeitschrift. 2021.<br>\r\n16. \tGehrlein M., Witt C., Volmer M. GmbH-Recht in der Praxis. 4. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft, 2019.<br>\r\n17. \tLi Y. Die Ver\u00e4u\u00dferung von GmbH-Gesch\u00e4ftsanteilen an Dritte: eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zwischen dem deutschen und dem chinesischen Recht. M\u00fcnster: LIT Verlag, 2020.<br>\r\n18. \tLuther T. Beschlussm\u00e4ngelrecht der GmbH und die Frage der analogen Anwendung. Berlin: BWV, 2015.<br>\r\n19. \tLutter M., Bayer W., Schmidt J. Europ\u00e4isches Unternehmens- und Kapitalmarktrecht: Grundlagen, Stand und Entwicklung nebst Texten und Materialien. 5. Auflage. De Gruyter, 2011.<br>\r\n20. \tM\u00fcnchener Kommentar zum B\u00fcrgerlichen Gesetzbuch: BGB, Band 8: Sachenrecht \u00a7\u00a7 854-1296, WEG, ErbbauRG. 9. Auflage. 2023. M\u00fcnchen: Verlag CH Beck, 2023. <br>\r\n21. \tM\u00fcther P. Das Zwangs- und Ordnungsgeldverfahren sowie die Verfahren auf Eintragungen von Amts wegen. Arens W., Tepper F. (Hrsg.). Praxisformularbuch Gesellschaftsrecht: Schrifts\u00e4tze \u2013 Vertr\u00e4ge \u2013 Erl\u00e4uterungen. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013. <br>\r\n22. \tR\u00f6ber H. Gutgl\u00e4ubiger Erwerb von GmbH-Anteilen. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.<br>\r\n23. \tSchmitt F. Beschlussm\u00e4ngelklagen in AG und GmbH \/\/ JURA &#8211; Juristische Ausbildung. 2019. Vol. 41. No. 12.<br>\r\n24. \tSchmidt H. Gesellschafterliste im Sinne von \u00a7 40 GmbHG \u2013 Problemdarstellungen in der aktuellen Rechtsprechung und im Schrifttum \/\/ Neue Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Gesellschaftsrecht. 2021.<br>\r\n25. \tTerbrack C. Schlafender Riese oder Papiertiger? Eine Bestandsaufnahme zum genehmigten Kapital bei der GmbH im Lichte der aktuellen Rechtsprechung \/\/ Deutsche Notar-Zeitschrift. 2012.<br>\r\n26. \tWagner J. Der gutgl\u00e4ubige Erwerb von Gesch\u00e4ftsanteilen im Recht der GmbH: ein teilweise verfassungswidriges Rechtsinstitut? Peter Lang, 2010.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DANILENKO Ilya Mikhailovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Sevastopol State University<br>\r\n<strong>MAIN PROBLEMS AND TRENDS IN LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITAL LAW INHERITANCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the key problems that arise in the process of digital rights inheritance, and discusses the main directions for possible legal resolution of these issues. The author highlights the specific features of digital rights and assets as objects of inheritance relations, taking into account their intrinsic nature, dependence on digital platforms, and cross-border nature. The article also emphasizes the lack of uniform approaches to defining the composition of inherited digital rights and the mechanisms for transferring them to heirs. The article concludes that there is a need for further development of legal regulation of digital rights and assets inheritance, taking into account the development of the digital society and the expansion of the use of public digital platforms.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digital rights, inheritance, digital assets, legal regulation, digital platforms, inheritance law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bumagina A. O. Inheritance of digital rights \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2 (397). &#8211; P. 273-275 <br>\r\n2. Vlasova E. L. Digital rights: theoretical and practical issues \/\/ Human Progress. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3. <br>\r\n3. Golovkin R. B., Amosova O. S. \u201cDigital Rights\u201d and \u201cDigital Law\u201d in the Mechanisms of Digitalization of the Economy and Public Administration \/\/ Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 2 (51). &#8211; P. 163-166.<br>\r\n4. Lachina E. A. On the issue of improving the legal regulation of the inheritance of digital rights \/\/ Agrarian and land law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 11 (239). <br>\r\n5. Gadzhiev M. E. Digital rights as an element of property relations using digital technologies \/\/ Law and Right. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. <br>\r\n6. Rozhkova M. A. Digital rights: public law concept and concept in Russian civil law \/\/ Business and Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 3-12.<br>\r\n7. Starodubova L. V., Sokolova A. A., Linchenko P. V. Inheritance of digital assets in the Russian Federation \/\/ Law and State: Theory and Practice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DASHEVSKIY Pavel Alexeevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Academy of Labor and Social Relations<br>\r\n<strong>INSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUDICIAL CONCILIATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes institutional limitations that hinder the full development of judicial conciliation in the Russian Federation. The author identifies four key factors constraining the effective functioning of this alternative dispute resolution mechanism: a shortage of judicial conciliators, regional heterogeneity in the application of judicial conciliation procedures, the uncertain legal status of judicial conciliators, and the insufficient development of infrastructure for conciliation procedures. Based on the analysis of current legislation and law enforcement practice, proposals are formulated for improving normative regulation and organizational support of judicial conciliation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> judicial conciliation, judicial conciliator, alternative dispute resolution, personnel deficit, mediation, conciliation procedures, procedural legislation, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, list of judicial conciliators, conciliation infrastructure.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tArbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2002 No. 95-FZ (as amended on December 15, 2025) \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2002. &#8211; No. 30. &#8211; Art. 3012.<br>\r\n2. \tFederal Law of July 27, 2010 No. 193-FZ \u201cOn an Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedure with the Participation of a Mediator (Mediation Procedure)\u201d \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 31. &#8211; Art. 4162.<br>\r\n3. \tResolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2019 No. 41 \u201cOn approval of the Regulations for conducting judicial reconciliation\u201d \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 254.<br>\r\n4. \tLukina I. M. Mediation as an alternative method of resolving out-of-court disputes: Russian and foreign experience \/\/ Science Time. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 10 (141). &#8211; P. 52-57. &#8211; EDN YOJWUB.<br>\r\n5. \tMomotov V. V. Conciliation procedures in the civil process: legislative innovations and prospects for further development \/\/ Lex Russica (Russian Law). &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 77. No. 5 (210). &#8211; P. 9-21. &#8211; DOI 10.17803\/1729-5920.2024.210.5.009-021. <br>\r\n6. \tOvcharov A. O., Ivanova L. N., Mazin N. S. Modern legal mechanisms for resolving international economic disputes \/\/ Lex Russica (Russian Law). &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 3 (136). &#8211; P. 143-152. &#8211; DOI 10.17803\/1729-5920.2018.136.3.143-152. <br>\r\n7. \tReshetnikova I. V. Stages of judicial reform in Russia \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 10 (47). &#8211; P. 2182-2186. <br>\r\n8. \tRyabus O. A., Staritsyn A. V. Features of alternative methods of dispute resolution \/\/ Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; T. 8 (74). No. 2. &#8211; P. 218-223. <br>\r\n9. \tSakhnova T. V. On the concept of conciliation procedures and their value guidelines \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Procedure. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 11. No. 3. &#8211; Pp. 12-28. &#8211; DOI 10.24031\/2226-0781-2021-11-3-12-28. &#8211; EDN UXRKME.<br>\r\n10. \tJudicial statistics of the Russian Federation. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.cdep.ru (date of access: 01\/15\/2026).<br>\r\n11. \tKhegai V. A. Mediation and judicial reconciliation: a comparative analysis of conciliation procedures \/\/ International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 10-4 (49). &#8211; P. 126-128. &#8211; DOI 10.24411\/2500-1000-2020-11221. <br>\r\n12. \tShemeneva O. N. Judicial reconciliation: a new institution of procedural legislation. &#8211; M .: Infotropic Media, 2013. &#8211; 184 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DUBINSKIY Arseniy Mikhailovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of MS Shakaryan Civil and administrative process sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE ISSUE OF INTRODUCING A SPECIAL PROCEDURE FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF FAMILY DISPUTES<\/strong><br>\r\nIn the article, the author, continuing the idea of the need to create specialized family courts in the Russian Federation, analyzes the possibility of introducing a special procedural procedure for family disputes. Using the example of foreign legislation, the most significant features are identified that contribute to the most effective protection of the rights of minors.\r\nThe paper examines the legislative acts of Great Britain, Germany, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn about the general features and differences in the procedural procedure for the consideration and resolution of family cases. Based on the results of the research, the author makes some proposals to supplement the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civil procedure, specialized courts, family courts, family law disputes, family justice, procedural form, interests of minors, protection of family rights, foreign legislation, comparative law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAblaeva E. B. Specialized family courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan \/\/ Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (75). &#8211; P. 89-101.<br>\r\n2. \tAtasyan A. A. Prospects for the creation of specialized courts for land disputes \/\/ Legal fact. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 169. &#8211; P. 23-28.<br>\r\n3. \tBezina A.K., Vayman A.B. On the issue of specialized courts for labor disputes in the court system of Switzerland and Germany \/\/ Scientific notes of the Kazan branch of the \\&#8221;Russian State University of Justice\\&#8221;. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; V. 16. &#8211; P. 195-199.<br>\r\n4. \tBorovikovsky A.L. Judge\u2019s report. Volume two. \u2013 St. Petersburg: Printing house of A. S. Suvorov, 1892. \u2013 345 p.<br>\r\n5. \tDubinsky A. M. Procedural mechanisms for ensuring the interests of children in family law disputes using the example of UK legislation \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2 (177). &#8211; P. 191-194.<br>\r\n6. \tErmolaev K. A. Prospects for the development of specialized judicial bodies in the Russian Federation \/\/ News of universities. Volga region. Social sciences. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 4 (48). &#8211; P 48-58.<br>\r\n7. \tKnyazev D. V. Family courts in Canada \/\/ Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. Socio-economic and legal research. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; V. 1. No. 2. &#8211; P. 118-123.<br>\r\n8. \tKulakova V. Yu. Family justice in England \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 114-123.<br>\r\n9. \tOvechkin M. A. Specialized courts in the system of courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal research: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; for the candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02; Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education &#8220;Volga Region Academy of Public Administration named after P. A. Stolypin&#8221; &#8211; Saratov, 2006. &#8211; 26 p. <br>\r\n10. \tSadykova K. K. Family courts in the Republic of Kazakhstan \/\/ Current issues of our time. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4 (30). &#8211; P. 30-36.<br>\r\n11. \tSanin V. E., Sashkova E. I. Specialized court for minors: prospects for the Russian judicial system \/\/ Public service and personnel. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 131-135.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KAREV Maksimilian Konstantinovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics<br>\r\n<strong>RECOGNITION OF A PASSENGER&#8217;S REFUSAL OF FLIGHT AS INVOLUNTARY ON AN UNENUMERATED GROUND<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the possibility of recognizing a passenger&#8217;s refusal of flight as involuntary in cases not specified under federal law and a subordinate legal act. It analyzes the regulatory framework and judicial acts in cases involving a passenger&#8217;s refusal of flight due to non-routine circumstances. It establishes that there is legal uncertainty in the regulation and that it is advisable to stipulate a procedure for recognizing a passenger&#8217;s refusal of flight as involuntary on an unenumerated ground in the Air Code of the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> contract for air carriage of passenger; passenger&#8217;s involuntary refusal of flight; refund of carriage charge; unenumerated ground; legal uncertainty.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bazhina M. A. Forced refusal of a passenger from an air carriage agreement \/\/ Legal World. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 26-30.<br>\r\n2. Wolfson V. L. The passenger&#8217;s right to refuse transportation as a model of compliance with the principle of contractual equilibrium in obligations to provide services \/\/ Leningrad Law Journal. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3 (65). &#8211; P. 50-67.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KIM So Hyun<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Commercial law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University<br>\r\n<strong>THE DIGITAL RUBLE IN THE SYSTEM OF NON-CASH FUNDS: STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGIME<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the legal regime of the digital ruble within the system of non-cash funds. It is submitted that the digital ruble constitutes a right of claim against the Bank of Russia. A number of structural differences between the digital ruble and traditional non-cash funds are identified, arising from the substitution of a credit institution by the Bank of Russia as the obligor, and each is shown to be already reflected in the current legislation. Taken together, these differences point to the formation of two distinct legal regimes within the formally unified category of non-cash funds: a general regime and a special regime. A legal comparative analysis indicates that this model is consistent with the emerging trend in CBDC regulation across leading jurisdictions.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digital ruble, non-cash funds, Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, legal regime, objects of civil rights, CBDC.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVasilevskaya L. Yu. Digital ruble: a civilian\u2019s view of the problem \/\/ Lex russica. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 76. No. 1. &#8211; P. 9-19.<br>\r\n2. \tEfimova L. G. On the legal nature of non-cash money, digital currency and the digital ruble \/\/ Civilist. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 6-15.<br>\r\n3. \tLunts L. A. Money and monetary obligations in civil law. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2004. &#8211; P. 102.<br>\r\n4. \tNovoselova L. A. Cash settlements in business activities. &#8211; M.: YurInfoR, 1996. &#8211; P. 38.<br>\r\n5. \tPepelyaeva L. V. Digital ruble and other digital currencies of central banks. &#8211; M.: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 2024. &#8211; P. 23-29.<br>\r\n6. \tSklovsky K. I. Property in civil law: a textbook for universities. &#8211; M.: Yurait, 2026. &#8211; P. 249.<br>\r\n7. \tSukhanov E. A. On the civil-legal nature of \u201cdigital property\u201d \/\/ Bulletin of civil law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 21. No. 6. &#8211; P. 24-25.<br>\r\n8. \tSukhanov E. A. Property law: a scientific and educational essay. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2024.<br>\r\n9. \tTrofimov K. T. Money as an object of civil rights and the subject of banking transactions \/\/ Jurisprudence. &#8211; 2004. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 42.<br>\r\n10. \tTurbanov A. V. Digital ruble as a new form of money \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 17. No. 5. &#8211; P. 82-85.<br>\r\n11. \tTurbanov A.V. Digital ruble as an object of legal relations \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 18. No. 9. &#8211; P. 79-90.<br>\r\n12.BIS \t. Central bank digital currencies: fundamental principles and core features. Report No. 1. October 2020. &#8211; P. 3.<br>\r\n13. \tWorking Group on E-CNY Research and Development of the People\\&#8217;s Bank of China. Progress of Research &amp; Development of E-CNY in China. July 2021. &#8211; P. 3-7.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ROGOV Artur Alexandrovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 3rd course, Moscow Financial and Industrial University \u201cSynergy\u201d<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL NATURE AND GROUNDS OF CIVIL LIABILITY OF A NOTARY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LATIN AND ANGLO-AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEMS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides a comparative legal analysis of the institution of civil liability of notaries in the states of the Latin notary system and the countries of the Anglo-American legal family. The influence of the public legal status of a notary on the model of his private law liability is examined. The correlation of contractual and tort elements in compensating for harm caused by notarial acts is revealed. The author substantiates the conclusion that the dichotomy of contractual and tort liability in modern conditions is overcome by the concept of \u201cprofessional liability\u201d (sui generis), while in Anglo-American law the emphasis shifts to the violation of the standard of professional care, and in Latin law \u2013 to the objective illegality of the act.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> notary, civil liability, compensation for damages, Latin notary, professional negligence, tort liability, comparative law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tMokhov A. A., Rabochiy P. V. On the issue of a notary\u2019s liability for damage caused to the property or person of a client \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. &#8211; 2008. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 334-335.<br>\r\n2. \tGuryeva E. V. Notaries of Russia: a textbook. &#8211; Saratov: IPR Media, 2010. &#8211; 142 p.<br>\r\n3. \tKonovalov A. I., Kubar I. I., Nikitin M. I. [et al.]. Notaries: a textbook for university students \/ edited by G. B. Mirzoev, N. D. Eriashvili. &#8211; 6th ed. &#8211; Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2017. &#8211; 295 p.<br>\r\n4. \tLexakova E. O., Soloviev F. G. Features of notarial activity in the USA as an important factor in assessing the validity of a document notarized abroad under Russian jurisdiction \/\/ Notarial Bulletin. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 38-47. <br>\r\n5. \tRumyantsev M. B. Strict liability for harm caused by highly hazardous activities in the doctrine and law enforcement practice of the USA \/\/ Bulletin of the Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 191-203.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ROZHMANOVA Anastasiya Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University<br>\r\n<strong>STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELEMENTS OF THE LEGAL REGIME FOR USING THE RESULTS OF GENETIC SELECTION IN CIVIL CIRCULATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the legal regime for the use of the results of genetic selection (GMOs) in Russia\\&#8217;s civil circulation through the lens of its stable (statistical) and variable (dynamic) elements. It examines the procedures for state registration, expertise, labeling, and monitoring of GMOs. Special attention is given to the issues of administrative liability, conflicts in the legislation on the cultivation of GMOs, and the prospects for harmonizing Russian regulations with international standards, particularly the Cartagena Protocol, in order to develop an effective mechanism for civil liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> GMOs, legal regime, civil circulation, state registration, responsibility, Cartagena Protocol, and biosafety.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAnisimov A. P., Popova O. V. Legal regulation of the use of GMOs in agriculture: controversial issues \/\/ Bulletin of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 25-26.<br>\r\n2. \tOn bringing to administrative responsibility the supplier of a genetically modified line of papaya \/\/ Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for the city of Moscow. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/77.rospotrebnadzor.ru\/index.php\/napravlenie\/zpp\/7634-o-privlechenii-k-administrativnoj-otvetstven-nosti-postavshchika-geneticheski-modifitsirovannoj-linii-papaji-28-10-2019 (date of access: 02\/23\/2026).<br>\r\n3. \tMedvedkina D. A. [et al.]. Contradictions in the formation of the legal policy of the Russian Federation in the field of genetic engineering \/\/ Ecological Genetics. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 34-48. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/protivorechiya-formirovaniya-pravovoy-politiki-rossiyskoy-federatsii-v-oblasti-gennoy-inzhenerii (date of access: 02\/23\/2026).<br>\r\n4. \tDupuy PM International liability for transfrontier pollution [Electronic resource] \/\/ Trends in Environmental Policy and Law. &#8211; IUNC Environmental Policy and Law Paper, 1980. &#8211; No. 15. &#8211; 404 s. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/portals.iucn.org\/library\/efiles\/documents\/EPLP-015.pdf. S. 364.<br>\r\n5. \tShiabata A. International Liability Regime for Biodiversity Damage. The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol. &#8211; London&amp;New York: Routledge, 2014. &#8211; 282 s., p. 21.<br>\r\n6. \tThe Compact, a Contractual Mechanism for Response in the Event of Damage to Biological Diversity Caused by the Release of LMO. &#8211; 2-ed amended. &#8211; Text from 09.18.2012. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.biodiversitycompact.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Compact-Second-Amended-Text-with-translation-reference-January-2014-2.pdf \u2013 Title from the screen.<br>\r\n7. \tThe Norwegian Gene Technology Act. Act No. 38 from 04\/02\/1993. &#8211; The Norwegian Ministry of Environment. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dokumenter\/gene-technology-act\/id173031\/. &#8211; Title from the screen.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SAZONOV Ivan Ivanovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Academy of Labor and Social Relations<br>\r\n<strong>ISSUES OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe cross-border nature of digital transactions has intensified the situation in which a single online act affects the interests of right holders in several states. Against this backdrop, the tension between the global character of the Internet environment and the territorial nature of exclusive rights becomes more acute. The article examines the international legal protection of intellectual property in the digital environment, analyzes the applicable conflict-of-laws connecting factors, jurisdictional approaches, and the role of international treaties in Russian law, including mechanisms for stopping infringements and recognizing foreign rights. It also separately considers platform-based measures, notice procedures, content removal, and cooperation. Particular attention is paid to evidentiary challenges in proving online infringement and to determining the applicable law where digital content is hosted in a distributed manner.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> international legal protection of intellectual property, the electronic environment, the Internet.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Tsitovich L. M. Civil law methods of protecting copyright and related rights \/\/ Intellectual property. Copyright and related rights. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 13.<br>\r\n2. Ryzhov I. V., Chepik O. V., Dorofeev M. V. Promising directions for improving the management of the results of intellectual activity on the Internet \/\/ Economy and entrepreneurship. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 11.<br>\r\n3. Novokshonova N. A. Civil protection of copyright. &#8211; M., 2021. &#8211; P. 105.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SITDYKOV Iskander Ismagilovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Entrepreneurial and corporate law sub-faculty, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); Partner at Lexora Legal LLC<br>\r\n<strong>APPLICATION OF TAX PREFERENCES BY BUSINESS ENTITIES WHEN IMPORTING MEDICAL DEVICE ACCESSORIES INTO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the challenges faced by business entities importing medical devices and their accessories into the Russian Federation. The Government has been taking measures to reduce the tax burden on imports of this category of goods in the frame of the Russian national development goals \u2013 security of people and improving public health. Given the complex geopolitical situation and shortage of medical devices, the implementation of these measures has become even more urgent. However, in practice, entrepreneurs are often arbitrarily denied tax incentives, especially when importing accessories separately from the main medical device. The author examines these concepts using the private law categories of \\&#8221;Principal Thing\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;Accessory Thing\\&#8221; as an example, justifying the need to apply tax incentives even for the separate import of medical device accessories.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> entrepreneurs, medical devices, Principal Thing and Accessory Thing, res principalis, res accessoria, res accessoriae, registration certificate, VAT, tax preferences, medical device accessory, shortage, essential and vital medical devices.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAleksandrov G. A. Registration certificates for the procurement of medical devices \/\/ Progoszakaz.rf. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 39-54.<br>\r\n2. \tAndreev V.K. On the right of private property in Russia (critical essay). &#8211; M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2007. &#8211; 176 p. <br>\r\n3. \tAverchenko N. N., Belov V. A., Blinkovsky K. A., Evseev E. F., et al. Property rights: statement of the problem and its solution: Collection of articles \/ edited by M. A. Rozhkova. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2011. &#8211; 399 p.<br>\r\n4. \tBagrova N. V., Barishpolskaya T. Yu., Bevzenko R. S., et al. Civil law. Special part: textbook \/ edited by E. S. Boltanova. &#8211; M .: INFRA-M, 2023. &#8211; 583 p.\r\n5. \tCivil Code \/ edited by I. M. Tyutryumov. &#8211; M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2007. &#8211; Book 1. General provisions: project of the Supremely instituted Editorial Commission for the drafting of the Civil Code. &#8211; 266 p. <br>\r\n6. \tMalichenko V. S. Legal regulation of the circulation of healthcare technologies as an element of ensuring the security of man and the state \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 54-63.<br>\r\n7. \tMattei U., Sukhanov E. A. Basic provisions of property rights. &#8211; M.: Jurist, 1999. &#8211; 383 p. <br>\r\n8. \tMurzin D. V., Petrov E. Yu. Problems of property rights in judicial and arbitration practice (based on the materials of the meeting of the Scientific Advisory Council at the Federal Arbitration Court of the Ural District) \/\/ Bulletin of the FAS Ural District. &#8211; 2007. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 37-90.<br>\r\n9. \tParashchuk S. A. Concept and main types of property in entrepreneurial activity (edited by Doctor of Law S. D. Mogilevsky and Doctor of Law M. A. Egorova) \/\/ Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Faculty of Law named after M. M. Speransky of the Institute of Law and National Security. &#8211; Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2017. &#8211; P. 130-140.<br>\r\n10. \tProperty Law: Current Issues \/ ed. by V. N. Litovkin, E. A. Sukhanov, V. V. Chubarov; Institute of Legislative and Comparative Law. \u2013 Moscow: Statut, 2008. \u2013 732 p.<br>\r\n11. \tLegal policy of the state in the field of public health: scientific and practical manual \/ ed. N.V. Putilo. &#8211; M .: Prospect, 2022. &#8211; 223 p. <br>\r\n12. \tAfanasyeva E. G., Belitskaya A. V., Vaypan V. A., et al. Entrepreneurial Law of the Russian Federation: Textbook \/ eds. E. P. Gubin, P. G. Lakhno. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: NORMA, INFRA-M, 2017. &#8211; 992 p.\r\n13. \tEm V. S., Zenin I. A., Kozlova N. V., et al. Russian civil law: textbook: in 2 volumes \/ ed. E. A. Sukhanov. 2nd ed., stereotype. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2011 .&#8211; T. 1. &#8211; General part. Property law. Inheritance law. Intellectual rights. Personal non-property rights. &#8211; 958 p.<br>\r\n14. \tCode of Laws of the Russian Empire \/ edited and with notes by I. D. Mordukhai-Bolotovsky. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Deyatel, 1912. &#8211; Book 3. T. X. &#8211; 1030 p.<br>\r\n15. \tSoviet civil law: Textbook \/ edited by D. M. Genkin. &#8211; M .: Gosyurizdat, 1950. Vol. 1. &#8211; 495 p. <br>\r\n16. \tSoviet civil law: Textbook \/ ed. V. A. Ryasentsev. &#8211; M.: Publishing house of VYuZI, 1960. &#8211; Part 1. &#8211; 220 p. <br>\r\n17. \tSukhanov E. A. Property law: a scientific and educational essay. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2024. &#8211; 561 p.<br>\r\n18. \tTsomartova F. V. Anti-sanction features of legal regulation of public health protection \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 44-53.<br>\r\n19. \tTsomartova F. V., Putilo N. V. Public health: from the principle of health care management to constitutional and legal value \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 93-109.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TOKAREV Alexander Maximovich<\/strong><br>independent researcher, Vladivostok<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL BARRIERS TO THE INHERITANCE OF DIGITAL ASSETS: THE NOTARY ASPECT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article explores the legal inheritance of digital assets, particularly gaming accounts and in-game property, through the lens of notary practice. The author analyzes the legal nature of digital assets, the terms of user agreements (conventions), and identifies the procedural impossibility of performing notary actions in relation to \\&#8221;invisible\\&#8221; property. Special attention is given to the conflict between the privacy protection regime and the principle of universal succession. The article substantiates the need for a comprehensive reform, from the Federal Notary Chamber\\&#8217;s methodological recommendations to changes in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The goal is to establish legal mechanisms that ensure the inheritance of digital assets.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> inheritance, notary, gaming accounts, virtual property, EULA, legal conflict, \\&#8221;other property\\&#8221;, procedural impossibility, personal data protection, legislative reform.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tLoseva O. V. Digital assets: economic, legal and technological contexts \/\/ Property relations in the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 11 (242). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/tsifrovye-aktivy-ekonomicheskiy-yuridicheskiy-i-tehnologicheskiy-konteksty (date of access: 12\/18\/2025).<br>\r\n2. \tRabets A. P., Tokarev A. M. New objects of intellectual property in the digital age: legal challenges and regulatory prospects \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7 (206). &#8211; P. 242-244. &#8211; DOI: 10.46320\/2073-4506-2025-7-206-242-244 (date of access: 20.12.2025).<br>\r\n3. \tIlidzhev V. D. Digital assets in the Russian Federation \/\/ Economic research. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/tsifrovye-aktivy-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 12\/23\/2025).<br>\r\n4. \tPoduzova E. B. User Agreement, Confidentiality Agreement: Content Features in the Context of Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies \/\/ Actual Problems of Russian Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2 (147). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/polzovatelskoe-soglashenie-soglashenie-o-konfidentsialnosti-osobennosti-soderzhaniya-v-kontekste-ispolzovaniya-tehnologiy (accessed: 12\/23\/2025).<br>\r\n5. \tStarodubova L. V., Sokolova A. A., Linchenko P. V. Inheritance of digital assets in the Russian Federation \/\/ Law and state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/nasledovanie-tsifrovyh-aktivov-v-rf (date accessed: 12\/27\/2025).<br>\r\n6. \tMironova A. A. Social network account as an object of inheritance legal relations \/\/ Bulletin of notarial practice. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. (date of access: 02\/13\/2025).<br>\r\n7. \tMikhailova I. A. Problems of inheritance of digital assets and possible directions for their solution \/\/ Inheritance law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 21. (date of access: 02\/15\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>YUSUPOV Emil Fliurovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University<br>\r\n<strong>PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN DISPUTES OVER PRIVATIZATION TRANSACTIONS WITH SHARES: LEGAL MECHANISMS AND PRACTICE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article focuses on protecting the rights of minority shareholders in disputes over privatization transactions involving shares and subsequent de-privatization conflicts. The study is based on the simultaneous application of the public legal regime of privatization under Federal Law No. 178-FZ of December 21, 2001, \\&#8221;On Privatization of State and Municipal Property\\&#8221;, and the private legal regime of corporate and property protection under the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as Federal Law No. 208-FZ of December 26, 1995, \\&#8221;On Joint Stock Companies\\&#8221;, and Federal Law No. 39-FZ of April 22, 1996, \\&#8221;On the Securities Market\\&#8221;. It is substantiated that a minority shareholder, as a late acquirer of shares, faces title risk caused by defects in the initial privatization and procedural asymmetry compared to a public plaintiff. Based on the judicial practice on the return of shares to the state, it is shown that the priority of restoring public control can limit the classical private law guarantees of the stability of the turnover, and the protection of exchange purchasers is often shifted to the compensatory plane. As a solution, it is proposed to fix the regulatory compensation model for bona fide minority shareholders in the context of deprivatization, relying on the presumption of bona fides for purchases at organized auctions and ensuring recourse to individuals who benefited from the illegal privatization.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> minority shareholders, privatization, deprivatization, shares, bona fide purchaser, vindication, non-documentary securities, organized auctions, compensation, restoration of corporate control, limitation period.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBoyko T. S. Protection of the rights and interests of minority participants in a non-public company in the law of Russia, the USA and Great Britain. Monograph. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2019. &#8211; 258 p. <br>\r\n2. \tBiryukov D. O. C minor: requiem for minorists in a major key. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2020. &#8211; 300 p.<br>\r\n3. \tGabov A. V., Zabitov K. S. The role of the Constitutional Court in protecting the rights of minority shareholders article \/\/ Law. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 108-122.<br>\r\n4. \tZabitov K. S. Civil-legal regulation of the compulsory redemption of securities of minority shareholders at the request of the controlling shareholder: diss. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2012. &#8211; 179 p.<br>\r\n5. \tFaleev V. V. Minority shareholders: status, rights and their implementation: diss. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2009. &#8211; 229 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VORONTSOVA Irina Viktorovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil and arbitration proceedings sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol<br>\r\n<strong>KOLOBYNINA Ekaterina Alexeevna<\/strong><br>student, Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice<br>\r\n<strong>THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE RUSSIAN JUSTICE SYSTEM: FROM AUTOMATION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of digital transformation of civil proceedings, which is considered not only as a technical re-equipment of courts, but also as an in-depth process affecting the doctrinal foundations of procedural law. The paper examines the essence of the ongoing changes and evaluates the current state of digitalization of the judicial system. The authors go beyond a simple enumeration of technological innovations, focusing on their impact on the accessibility of justice, the speed of consideration of cases and the quality of judicial protection. The central issue in the study is the problem of maintaining a balance between technological efficiency (speed, convenience, saving resources) and the inviolability of the procedural guarantees of the persons involved in the case.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digitalization, digital technologies, civil procedure, artificial intelligence, GAS \u201cPravosudie\u201d.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGusev A. V. There is not a single court of general jurisdiction left in the country that does not have means of automating legal proceedings. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.cnews.ru\/reviews\/free\/gov2007\/int\/cdep\/ (date accessed: 04.01.2026).<br>\r\n2. \tKartkhiya A. A. Digitalization in legal proceedings: modern assessments \/\/ Monitoring of law enforcement. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4 (57).<br>\r\n3. \tKononov D. A. Electronic justice in civil and arbitration proceedings in the context of digitalization \/\/ International academic journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n4. \tReshetnyak V. I., Smagina E. S. Information technologies in civil proceedings (Russian and foreign experience): a tutorial. &#8211; M .: Publishing house &#8220;Gorodets&#8221;, 2017.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GLAZOV Dmitry Vladimirovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of the OE Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); Lawyer, Managing Partner of the Glazov and Partners Law Office of the Moscow Bar Association<br>\r\n<strong>THE ROLE OF A NOTARY ACT AS EVIDENCE IN A COURT PROCEEDING<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the evidentiary role of notarial acts in contemporary Russian civil and commercial litigation. It argues that modern regulation is based on a rebuttable presumption of reliability, not on absolute evidentiary superiority. Using the latest statutory versions, Supreme Court guidance and recent scholarship, the paper analyzes procedural limits of this presumption, mechanisms for challenging notarial evidence, and practical use of notarial fixation in digital disputes.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> notarial act, evidence, burden of proof, presumption of reliability, civil procedure, commercial procedure, preservation of evidence, electronic evidence, online evidence.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGavrilova O. Yu. Securing evidence by a notary \/\/ Stolypin Bulletin. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 5. No. 4. &#8211; EDN NSMETB.<br>\r\n2. \tZateeva D. A. Electronic evidence in civil proceedings in the era of digitalization of justice: theoretical and practical aspects \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (153). &#8211; P. 219-225. &#8211; DOI: 10.24412\/2227-7315-2023-4-219-225. &#8211; EDN WDRNNS&amp;.<br>\r\n3. \tKallaev R. S. Evidentiary force of notarial acts in civil and arbitration proceedings \/\/ Law and Right. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 122-125. &#8211; DOI 10.24412\/2073-3313-2023-12-122-125. &#8211; EDN RAGJIP.<br>\r\n4. \tMartynenko B. D. Securing evidence by a notary in the context of the development of digital technologies \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 22 (521). &#8211; 385-386 p. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/moluch.ru\/archive\/521\/115171.<br>\r\n5. \tNotaries: a textbook and practical training for universities \/ edited by A. O. Inshakova, A. Ya. Ryzhenkov. &#8211; 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2026. &#8211; 467 p. &#8211; (Higher education). &#8211; ISBN 978-5-534-18026-8.<br>\r\n6. \tPogosyan E. V. The essence and features of proof in notarial activity \/\/ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 13. No. 1. &#8211; 125-141. &#8211; DOI 10.21638\/spbu14.2022.107. &#8211; EDN BLNMSX.<br>\r\n7. \tReshetnikova I. V. Proof in civil proceedings: a teaching aid for universities \/ 8th ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. &#8211; 416 p. &#8211; (Higher education). &#8211; ISBN 978-5-534-16594-4.<br>\r\n8. \tFrick O. V. Creation of indisputable evidence as one of the main functions of the notary \/\/ Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 18. No. 2. &#8211; Pp. 55-63. &#8211; DOI 10.24147\/1990-5173.2021.18(2).55-63. &#8211; EDN HILVFI.<br>\r\n9. \tShitova S. V. The role of notaries in the era of digitalization: experience and modern opportunities \/\/ Bulletin of youth science. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 1. No. 4. &#8211; DOI: 10.54458\/25418254_2024_1_4_396. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/journals.rcsi.science\/2541-8254\/article\/view\/266665 (date of access: 02\/28\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TITOVA Elizaveta Sergeevna<\/strong><br>chief consultant of the Department of territorial defense, regional supervision and control over the implementation of delegated powers of the Ministry of regional security of the Lipetsk region<br>\r\n<strong>REFORM OF APPEAL PROCEEDINGS IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS: STRENGTHENING THE GUARANTEES OF THE PROCEDURAL FORM OR TIGHTENING THE FILTERS?<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes conceptual changes in appeal proceedings in civil proceedings, caused by the entry into force of the Federal Law of April 1, 2025 No. 49 \u201cOn amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.\u201d The author sees this reform as an important stage in the evolution of the procedural form, aimed at eliminating conflicts of interest, implementing the principle of procedural economy and harmonizing approaches with the system of arbitral tribunals. Particular attention is devoted to finding a balance between expediting procedures and preserving fundamental guarantees of justice. The conclusion is that there is a need for further unification of procedural legislation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> procedural form, guarantees, appellate procedure, reform, procedural economic form, guarantees, appellate procedure, reform, procedural economy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAvgustina I. D. Some problems of appellate proceedings in civil cases \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 9-13.<br>\r\n2. \tZhukova Yu. A. Simplified proceedings in civil and arbitration proceedings. &#8211; M .: Zertsalo-M, 2022. &#8211; 164 p.<br>\r\n3. \tSamsonova M. V. Unification of civil procedural legislation: analysis, assessments, prospects. &#8211; M: Norma: INFRA-M, 2021. &#8211; 328 p. <br>\r\n4. \tSkuratovsky M. L. Possible forms of de-ritualization of court hearings in arbitration proceedings \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Procedure. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 73-89.<br>\r\n5. \tShakiryanov R. V. Theoretical and practical problems of appellate proceedings in civil proceedings. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2024. &#8211; 466 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BUDNIY Andrey Glebovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil Process sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy<br>\r\n<strong>THE OWNER OF THE VEHICLE AS THE PROPER PLAINTIFF AND DEFENDANT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe study\\&#8217;s relevance lies in the complexity of determining vehicle owner as proper plaintiff or defendant in litigation. The aim is to analyze criteria for establishing legal owner of a source of heightened danger. The article examines distinguishing owner, lessee, and finance lessee, OSAGO policy\\&#8217;s significance, and liability for hidden defects. The methodology is judicial practice analysis. Conclusion: courts consider not only title but also property interest when identifying proper parties.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civil procedure, civil law, vehicle owner, source of heightened danger, right to claim, proper defendant, compensation for harm, road traffic accident (RTA), judicial practice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Anisimov I. A. Grounds for exemption from liability of the owner of a source of increased danger \/\/ Scientific almanac. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 9-2 (131). &#8211; P. 10-15. &#8211; EDN ITEFOF.<br>\r\n2. Antimonov B. S. Civil liability for damage caused by a source of increased danger. &#8211; M.: Gosyurizdat, 1952. &#8211; 295 p.<br>\r\n3. Boldinov V. M. Liability for causing harm by a source of increased danger. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2002. &#8211; 372 p.<br>\r\n4. Varlygin L. D. Subjects of the obligation to compensate for damage caused during the interaction of vehicles \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 77-80. &#8211; EDN UHMXEX.<br>\r\n5. Vlasova V. D. Civil-law regulation of obligations resulting from property damage to the life or health of a citizen by a source of increased danger: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Krasnodar, 2004. &#8211; 22 p.<br>\r\n6. Krasavchikov O. A. Compensation for damage caused by a source of increased danger. &#8211; M.: Legal Literature, 1966. &#8211; 199 p.<br>\r\n7. Sagrunyan V. M. Problems of compensation for harm caused to life and health by a vehicle as a source of increased danger: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. \u2013 M., 2006. \u2013 22 p.<br>\r\n8. Surzhikov V. E. Grounds for exempting the owner of a source of increased danger from civil liability \/\/ Bulletin of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 2 (32). &#8211; P. 118-123. &#8211; EDN LPAWIX.<br>\r\n9. Tebryaev A. A. Non-contractual (tort) liability and protective measures for harm caused by sources of increased danger: diss. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2002. &#8211; 162 p.<br>\r\n10. Yaroshenko K. B. Protection of citizens injured in road accidents (the state of legislation and prospects for its improvement) \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 12 (228). &#8211; P. 39-48. &#8211; DOI 10.12737\/16628. &#8211; EDN VHEOJJ.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DUNIN Artyom Yurjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Moscow Financial and Industrial University \u201cSynergy\u201d<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS OF PRESENTING ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DISPUTES OVER THE OWNERSHIP OF DIGITAL ASSETS)<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article analyzes theoretical and practical problems associated with the presentation of electronic evidence in civil proceedings, using disputes over the ownership of digital assets as an example. It examines issues arising from the absence of a legal definition of electronic evidence, the impossibility of submitting their original form to the court, the dynamic nature of digital assets and, as a consequence, the difficulties in securing them, as well as the lack of interaction between courts and information system operators. The conclusion formulates findings on the general state of the theory of electronic evidence in Russian civil procedure and proposes directions for improving current legislation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> electronic evidence, presentation of evidence, evidence of ownership of digital assets.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tArkhipova Yu. V. Disclosure of evidence in arbitration proceedings (claim proceedings): diss. \u2026 Cand. of Law. \u2013 M., 2011. \u2013 203 p.<br>\r\n2. \tPolitsan D. A. Digital and electronic evidence \u2013 pro et contra: problems of terminology \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 38-44.<br>\r\n3. \tSmagina E. S. Participation of the state in the modern civil process M.: Statut, 2021. &#8211; 268 p.<br>\r\n4. \tYaroshenko T. V. Legal nature of electronic evidence in civil proceedings: some problematic issues \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 9-13.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CIVIL PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MAMEDALIEVA Albina Vugarovna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty, Law Faculty, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; associate at International Arbitration and Cross-Border Disputes Practice at ALUMNI Partners Law Firm<br>\r\n<strong>COMPETITION OF JURISDICTIONS: FROM PROCEDURAL CHOICE TO INSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the evolution of the concepts of \u201cjurisdiction\u201d and \u201ccompetition of jurisdictions\u201d in the context of the transformation of the international legal order caused by the large-scale application of unilateral restrictive measures. The author refers to the origins of the term \u201cjurisdiction\\&#8221;, analyzes its doctrinal interpretation in public international law, private international law and procedural law, and also distinguishes it from related legal categories. Special attention is paid to substantiating the jurisdictional nature of international arbitration through the prism of the legal characteristics of the arbitral awards. The article proposes the author&#8217;s classification of authoritative law enforcement activities and a dualistic model of procedural jurisdiction. The proposed model reveals the transformation of competition between jurisdictions: from classic parallel proceedings to the formation of secondary (derivative) competition, which represents an institutional conflict between jurisdictional bodies over the limits of their own authority.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> jurisdiction, competition of jurisdictions, international jurisdiction, arbitration, res judicata, restrictive measures, parallel proceedings, sovereignty, arbitrability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tIvanov N. P. Grounds for international jurisdiction \/\/ Golden fund of Russian science of international law: anthology: In 3 volumes \/ co-chairs of the editorial board A. L. Kolodkin, V. V. Ershov. Vol. 2. Grounds for private international jurisdiction. Moscow, 2009.<br>\r\n2. \tArbitration process: Textbook \/ ed. V. V. Yarkov. 4th edition, revised and enlarged. \u2013 Moscow, 2010.<br>\r\n3. \tAngrisano W. H., Argunov A. V., Argunov V. V. et al. Voluntary (indisputable) jurisdiction in Russia and abroad (Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, China) \/ edited by V. V. Argunov. &#8211; M .: Statut, 2014. <br>\r\n4. \tKonova F. R. The influence of the doctrine on the transformation of the concept of \u201ccompetence of the court\u201d in the context of reforming civil procedural legislation \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Procedure. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 127-157.<br>\r\n5. \tLukashuk I. I. Law of international responsibility \/\/ International public and private law. &#8211; 2002. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 30-43.<br>\r\n6. \tLunts L. A. International civil procedure. &#8211; M.: Legal literature, 1966. <br>\r\n7. \tOsipov Yu. K. Jurisdiction of legal cases: Abstract of Doctor of Law Dissertation. \u2013 Sverdlovsk, 1974.<br>\r\n8. \tSkvortsov O. Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law \u201cOn Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation\u201d. \u2013 M., 2003.<br>\r\n9. \tSurmeev K. E. Cross-border commercial disputes: the problem of parallel proceedings. Diss. &#8230; Cand. of Law. &#8211; M., 2019. <br>\r\n10. \tSherstyuk V. M. Theoretical problems of the development of civil procedural, arbitration procedural law and enforcement proceedings in the Russian Federation. &#8211; M .: Publishing House &#8220;Gorodets&#8221;, 2021. <br>\r\n11. \tSultanov A. R. An absolute disgrace, or is a complete copying of the text of objections admissible as a court decision? \/\/ Bulletin of Civil Procedure. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 264-282. <br>\r\n12. \tYablochkov T. M. Course of international civil procedural law. &#8211; Yaroslavl, 1909. <br>\r\n13. \tYarkov V. V. Competition of legal systems: myth or reality? \/\/ Bulletin of civil procedure. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 13-29.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FAMILY LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VASILENKO Natalya Abramovna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); lawyer of ROKA \u201cBusiness and Law\u201d Branch 5<br>\r\n<strong>PRONINA Anna Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Teacher of the 1st qualification category, College, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>CURRENT ISSUES OF PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF MINORS UNDER GUARDIANSHIP (CUSTODY)<\/strong><br>\r\nThe protection of the rights of minors under guardianship (custody) includes the establishment of certain restrictions. According to the authors of the article, the payer of alimony should be given the right to send alimony payments not to a bank account, but to a deposit in the name of the minor. According to current legislation, minors who have reached the age of 14 have the right to open bank accounts in their own names.\r\nSince the topic of protecting the rights of minors under guardianship (patronage) is multifaceted and guardians (patrons) are important subjects of protection, their right to free legal assistance should be enshrined.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> family law, guardianship, custody, minors, property rights, non-property rights, protection, family.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Rassolova A. Yu. Civil and family rights of the child as an object of protection \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 21 (520). &#8211; P. 571-574.<br>\r\n2. Evsyutina K. A. Guardianship and trusteeship &#8211; a tool for protecting the rights of minors \/\/ Economy and Society. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 3 (70). &#8211; P. 604-610.<br>\r\n3. Egorova Yu. V. Guardianship and trusteeship over minor children: current issues of legal regulation \/\/ Stolypin Bulletin. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 1-17.<br>\r\n4. Ignatyeva S. V. On the issue of protecting the property rights of minors \/\/ Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 1 (85). &#8211; P. 76-80. &#8211; DOI: 10.35750\/2071-8284-2020-1-76-80.<br>\r\n5. Brunner V. A. Protection of the rights of minors under guardianship and trusteeship when making property transactions \/\/ Bulletin of the Magistracy. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 9-1 (120). &#8211; P.40-42.<br>\r\n6. Neverov A. Ya., Shaburova K. O. Protection of the rights of minors by guardianship and trusteeship authorities \/\/ AVBSP. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 53-67.<br>\r\n7. Koshkin D. V. Imperfection of legal regulation of the establishment of guardianship and trusteeship in relation to minors: legal and law enforcement aspects \/\/ Agrarian and land law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12 (228). &#8211; P. 177-181. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.47643\/1815-1329_2023_12_177.<br>\r\n8. Letova N. V. Features of the protection of rights in the sphere of family relations: state and prospects \/\/ Social and political sciences. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 14. No. 3. &#8211; P. 76-82. &#8211; DOI: 10.33693\/2223-0092-2024-14-3-76-82.<br>\r\n9. Kiseleva K. A., Amochkina E. P. Features of regulation of housing legal relations with the participation of minors under guardianship (trusteeship) \/\/ Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 74-78.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FAMILY LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOSHMAN Nikolay Alnatoljevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, National Research South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk; lawyer of the Moscow Region Bar Association.<br>\r\n<strong>CONCILIATION PROCEDURES IN THE SYSTEM OF REMEDIES FOR THE PROTECTION OF FAMILY RIGHTS: A THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE LEGAL PROCESS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines conciliation procedures as a legally significant element within the system of remedies for the protection of family rights, situated at the intersection of substantive family-law safeguards and procedural forms of dispute resolution. It is agreed that conciliation in family cases should not be reduced to an \u201calternative to court\u201d: under contemporary conditions it functions as an independent procedural remedy, because it enables the restoration of infringed or contested rights through a legally formalized compromise, reduces conflict intensity, and mitigates the risk of secondary harm to participants in family relationships. The paper analyzes the normative foundations and legal nature of conciliation procedures, their limits of applicability in family disputes, and their procedural positioning (prior to court proceedings, during adjudication, and at the enforcement stage). The author proposes a doctrinal qualification of conciliation procedures within the system of family-rights protection and outlines directions for refining procedural guarantees of voluntariness, informed consent, and a fair balance of interests.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> family rights, protection of family rights, conciliation procedures, mediation, judicial conciliation, settlement agreement, family dispute, civil procedure, access to justice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Dolova M. O., Bagryanskaya P. D. Judicial reconciliation in civil cases \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 104-119. &#8211; DOI: 10.12737\/jrl.2020.059.<br>\r\n2. Bryukhina E. E., Chertkova Yu. D. Mediation as an alternative method of resolving family disputes in the Russian Federation \/\/ Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 40. &#8211; P. 133-147. &#8211; DOI: 10.17223\/22253513\/40\/10.<br>\r\n3. Duraev T. A. Legal nature of judicial reconciliation \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 23. Issue 1. &#8211; P. 85-95.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LABOR LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DIVEEVA Nelly Ivanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Labor and social law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University<br>\r\n<strong>BAZHENOVA Ekaterina Georgievna<\/strong><br>master\\&#8217;s student in the Program \u201cLegal Support of Business\u201d, St. Petersburg State University; independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>EVALUATION CATEGORIES AS A FACTOR IN EXPANDING THE LIMITS OF JUDICIAL DISCRETION IN RESOLVING DISPUTES REGARDING THE DISMISSAL OF EMPLOYEES FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF LABOR DUTIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the issue of judicial discretion in the application of evaluative concepts and formally defined disciplinary offenses in labor law. It analyzes the legal nature of evaluative categories as a legislative technique that ensures the flexibility of legal regulation. Based on an analysis of doctrinal sources and the judicial practice of courts of general jurisdiction, the article examines the specifics of the implementation of disciplinary liability under paragraphs 6 and 10, part 1, article 81 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. It identifies the transformation of legislative models under the influence of judicial discretion, introducing additional criteria of proportionality and assessment of the employee\\&#8217;s personality. It substantiates the conclusion about the existing gap between substantive norms that take into account the threat of harm and their implementation in law enforcement practice, which is primarily focused on the compensatory function. Areas for improving law enforcement practice in order to harmonize the interests of parties to labor relations are identified.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> evaluative concepts, judicial discretion, employer\\&#8217;s discretion, gross violation of labor duties, disciplinary liability, dismissal at the initiative of the employer, judicial practice, labor law, proportionality of punishment, preventive function.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBarak A. Judicial discretion. Translation from English. \u2013 M.: NORMA Publishing House, 1999. \u2013 376 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBaru M. I. Evaluation concepts in labor legislation \/\/ Soviet state and law. &#8211; 1970. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 104-108.<br>\r\n3. \tZazhitsky V. I. Evaluative concepts in criminal procedure law: language and style \/\/ Soviet justice. &#8211; 1993. &#8211; No. 13. &#8211; P. 25-26.<br>\r\n4. \tKashanina T. V. Evaluation concepts in Soviet law \/\/ Jurisprudence. &#8211; 1976. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 25-31.<br>\r\n5. \tLupinskaya P. A. Decisions in criminal proceedings: their types, content and forms. &#8211; M.: Legal Literature, 1976. &#8211; 173 p. &#8211; P. 129-136.<br>\r\n6. \tPokrovsky I. A. Basic problems of civil law. &#8211; M.: Statut, 1998. &#8211; 353 p. &#8211; (Classics of Russian civil law).<br>\r\n7. \tResolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 17, 2004 No. 2 \u201cOn the application of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation by the courts of the Russian Federation.\u201d <br>\r\n8. \tLabor Code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LABOR LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MALKEROV Viktor Borisovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate Professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Ural State University of Economics, Yekaterinburg<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF LABOR LEGAL RELATIONS AND THEIR REFLECTION IN LABOR LEGISLATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe paper notes that labor legislation regulates relations that are characterized by a high level of conflict, which is due to the class nature of labor relations. In connection with this circumstance, lawmaking in this area is complicated. When adopting a particular rule, the interests of either entrepreneurs or trade unions are affected. The author gives examples of delays in the adoption of rules regulating relations in the field of labor. In addition, there are a significant number of gaps and ambiguously interpreted terms in labor law. The author provides examples of such norms and examples from judicial practice. The author formulates proposals for changing certain norms and strengthening the role of judicial precedent in resolving labor disputes.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> labor relations, lawmaking, labor disputes, interpretation of legal norms.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Malkerov V. B. Problems of regulating labor relations during the transition to a new type of economy: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Cand. &#8230; Law. Sciences. &#8211; Ekaterinburg 1998. &#8211; P. 9.<br>\r\n2. ILO statistics on occupational safety and health \/\/ Official website of the ILO. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/topics\/safety-and-health-at-work\/# (date of access: 29.12.2024).<br>\r\n3. Sokolova T. V. Features of legal regulation of the work of scientific workers of scientific organizations, heads of scientific organizations and their deputies: dissertation for the scientific degree of candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2025. &#8211; P. 150-151.<br>\r\n4. Mironov V. I. Legal opinion on documents on the dismissal of an employee due to staff reductions \/\/ Labor law. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 12. <br>\r\n5. Karapetyan A. G., Tai Yu. V. Instead of unanimity of judges, we need uniformity of practice \/\/ Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 9-21.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ERMOLINA Marina Anatolyevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University; associate professor of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Science, Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University<br>\r\n<strong>NIKIFOROVA Varvara Evgenjevna<\/strong><br>independent researcher, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL REGIME OF LAND PLOTS IN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OF TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL TYPE: FEATURES AND CONTRADICTIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the legal basis for the regulation of land relations in special economic zones of tourist and recreational type (hereinafter &#8211; SEZ TRT). The author analyzes the specifics of the legal regime of land plots located within the boundaries of these zones, identifies systemic contradictions between land, urban planning and investment legislation, as well as gaps between the declared goals of legal regulation and law enforcement practice. Special attention is paid to the problems of combining public and private law land use regimes, restrictions on the turnover of land plots, and the ratio of land categories to the functional zoning of SEZ territories. Ways to improve the current legislation are proposed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> special economic zone, tourist and recreational zone, legal regime of land, land use, land legislation, turnover, land categories, investment law, public law regulation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAlekseev S. S. General Theory of Law: textbook. &#8211; M.: Prospect, 2011. &#8211; P. 258.<br>\r\n2. \tAnisimov A. P. A modern view of the problems and prospects of land use within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas \/\/ Jurist. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 15. &#8211; P. 27.<br>\r\n3. \tBogolyubov S. A. Land law: textbook for universities. &#8211; M: Yurait, 2025. &#8211; P. 144.<br>\r\n4. \tBormatov V. Yu. Special economic zones and their impact on land relations in the context of economic security \/\/ Scientific notes of the International Banking Institute. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (45). &#8211; P. 12.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University<br>\r\n<strong>LAND LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: REGIONAL ASPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis work examines the current issues of regional land legislation in the Russian Federation\r\nIt is noted that the specifics of land legislation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are primarily determined by the unique natural and climatic conditions that exist in each specific territory. In addition, the regions have sufficient freedom in their powers and the ability to legislate on certain land issues, which allows them to determine the direction of development of land relations in the region as a whole through the adoption of system-forming legal documents.\r\nIn addition, regional land legislation is used to manage the structural territorial units that are part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including by changing their borders.\r\nregional rule-making on land issues allows for prompt response to the situation on land in the region, which means that it is thus possible to optimize management activities in relation to land resources, and, consequently, to increase the efficiency of land and property relations in a particular territory. However, at the current moment, unfortunately, there is not enough analysis of the land legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to form it more uniformly, to extract the positive aspects of specific regions, which could be taken into account and implemented in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. As a result, we can observe a significant difference in the development of land relations in different territories of our country.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> land, land plots, land legislation, regional land legislation, land protection and use, and state land policy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tPetrushkin V. A. Actual problems of development of land legislation and practice of its application \/\/ Power of Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4 (52). &#8211; P. 46-59.<br>\r\n2. \tLazareva O. S., Lazarev O. E. Regional land policy &#8211; the basis for the socio-economic development of the region \/\/ Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Geography and Geoecology. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4 (36). &#8211; P. 74-83.<br>\r\n3. \tKovalchuk N. I. Problems of formation of the concept of land legislation \/\/ Law enforcement in public and private law: Proceedings of the international scientific conference, Omsk, March 29, 2024. &#8211; Omsk: Omsk State University named after F. M. Dostoevsky, 2024. &#8211; P. 90-94.<br>\r\n4. \tKlyukanova L. G. Current trends in the development of modern land legislation of the Russian Federation \/\/ Land of Russia &#8211; 2024: collection of materials of the First National Forum (for the 245th anniversary of the oldest agricultural university in the country &#8211; the State University of Land Management). In 2 volumes, Moscow, May 29-31, 2024. &#8211; Moscow: State University of Land Management, 2024. &#8211; P. 147-154.\r\n5. \tKolieva A. E. Problems of codification of land legislation \/\/ Jurisprudence: theory and practice. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 29-36.<br>\r\n6. \tPetropavlovskaya Yu. S. The influence of judicial practice on the development of land legislation \/\/ The role of the court in regulating economic activity: a collection of articles, Moscow, November 17, 2023. &#8211; Moscow: Limited Liability Company &#8220;Rusains&#8221;, 2024. &#8211; P. 175-180.<br>\r\n7. \tKalinichenko V. T., Ilyina N. M. Problems of integrating land legislation of new subjects of the Russian Federation into the legal system of the state \/\/ Notarial Bulletin. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 5-14.<br>\r\n8. \tDumitrashko E. I. Legal relevance of the provisions of regulatory legal acts of the state executive body governing lease relations in the field of land legislation, in the event of loss of legal force by federal legislative norms \/\/ Law and state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (220). &#8211; P. 185-186.<br>\r\n9. \tNizhnik L. S. Features of legal regulation of land relations in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic \/\/ Scientific, technical and socio-economic potential for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference named after the Honored Scientist of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Honored Agronomist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor M. Kh. Khaniev, Nalchik, December 8, 2022. Volume Part I. &#8211; Nalchik: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &#8220;Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V. M. Kokov&#8221;, 2022. &#8211; P. 195-198.\r\n10. \tTorgovchenkov V. I. Problems of regulation of land relations in border territories \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 8 (1066). &#8211; P. 14-15.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ENVIRONMENTAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VOLKOVA Galina Ivanovna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY MILITARY OPERATIONS: ISSUES OF COMPENSATION AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the causes and environmental consequences of armed conflicts in Donbas. As an example, it explores the environmental consequences of two critical ecosystem components \u2013 forests and water resources, whose degradation is exacerbated in conflict situations.\r\nThe article analyzes the principles and norms of international law governing the protection of the environment during armed conflicts, highlighting the underdeveloped and politicized mechanisms for holding states accountable and compensating for the environmental damage caused to ecosystems and public health as a result of military operations.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Donbass, armed conflict, environmental damage, international law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tDrozd G. Ya., Khvortova M. Yu. Current changes in the state of the natural-urbanized environment of the Luhansk region \/\/ News of the Automobile and Road Institute. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 4 (27). &#8211; P. 68-81.<br>\r\n2. \tKomarov A. V., Kasharny V. V. Problems of water use and emergency situations of natural and man-made nature \/\/ Scientific and educational problems of civil defense. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 31-40.<br>\r\n3. \tDrozd G. Ya., Khvortova M. Yu. Ecocide and its consequences in Donbass \/\/ Agricultural engineering and energy supply. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 4 (4). &#8211; P. 74-91.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FINANCIAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LUO Junyao<\/strong><br>master\\&#8217;s degree, postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University<br>\r\n<strong>CONFLICT OF INCOME CLASSIFICATION IN RUSSIAN-CHINESE INVESTMENTS: ASSESSING THE RISKS OF DOUBLE TAXATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the assessment of double taxation risks for transnational investors arising from discrepancies in the tax qualification of income within the framework of Russian-Chinese investment cooperation. Based on a comparative analysis of approaches to defining types of income and interpreting the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation, significant conflicts between the conceptual systems of the two countries are revealed. These conflicts create persistent risks of double taxation and require in-depth discussion within the framework of bilateral tax cooperation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> conflict of qualification, requalification, international tax agreements, China.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Gidirim V. A. Fundamentals of International Corporate Taxation [Text]: textbook. &#8211; M .: INFRA-M, 2016. &#8211; 1690 p.<br>\r\n2. Goncharenko I. A., Mikhalenko E. I. Problems of legal regulation of taxation of income from hybrid financial instruments \/\/ Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 95-101.<br>\r\n3. Kilinkarova E. V. On the development of Russian judicial practice in applying agreements to avoid double taxation \/\/ Law enforcement. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 8. No. 2. &#8211; P. 120-129.<br>\r\n4. Kulba G. Yu. Concept and features of taxation of dividends in Russian tax law: diss. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences, 2010. &#8211; 268 p.<br>\r\n5. Mashkov L. I. Issues of applying tax agreements to transfer pricing adjustment amounts equivalent to dividends \/\/ Tax expert. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (253). &#8211; P. 58-67.<br>\r\n6. Khavanova I. A. On the effectiveness of changing (terminating) tax agreements with Cyprus, Malta and Luxembourg (using the example of the KSA Deutag Drilling case) \/\/ Financial Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 41-46.<br>\r\n7. Werner H. Article 10. Dividends \/\/ K.Vogel [et al.]. Double Taxation Conventions. 5th ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. \u2013 2022. \u2013 P. 970.<br>\r\n8. Klaus Vogel. Double Tax Treaties and Their Interpretation. Berkley Journal of International Law. \u2013 1986. \u2013 Vol. 4. Issue 1. \u2013 P. 60.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>FINANCIAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZHESTKOV Igor Alexandrovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor NI Khimicheva Financial, banking, and customs law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy<br>\r\n<strong>CERTAIN FEATURES OF TAXATION OF COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS\\&#8217; ACTIVITIES WHEN CARRYING OUT TRANSACTIONS IN DIGITAL RUBLES<\/strong><br>\r\nOver the past decade, there have been significant changes in the financial relations of commercial organizations around the world and in the Russian Federation. There has been a growing demand for increased speed, convenience, and security in payments and transfers, as well as for reduced costs associated with these transactions. In response to these demands, the Bank of Russia has been consistently implementing the digital ruble in the financial relations of commercial organizations.\r\nThis article explores the legal aspects of using the digital ruble in the financial activities of commercial organizations, including the possibility of paying taxes and other mandatory payments in digital rubles, as well as the enforcement of these payments from the digital accounts of commercial organizations on the digital ruble platform.\r\nThe importance and significance of further development of these relations for ensuring the financial security of the state and commercial organizations are substantiated.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digital ruble, commercial organizations, payments and transfers, taxation, and tax control.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Digital ruble: concept of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. \/\/ Bank of Russia. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: www.cbr.ru\/analytics\/d_ok\/dig_ruble\/ (date of access: 03\/27\/2026).<br>\r\n2. Sinelnikova-Muryleva E. V. Digital ruble: risks and benefits \/\/ Economic development of Russia. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 36-39.<br>\r\n3. Digital ruble: current status of the project \/\/ Bank of Russia. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cbr.ru\/Content\/Document\/File\/177415\/digital_ruble_30062025.pdf (date of access: 03\/27\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil, business and transport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>POLYAKOVA Svatlana Andreevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE LEGAL NATURE OF CORPORATE RELATIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines aspects of corporate relations as a subject of civil law. Based on an analysis of current legislation and doctrinal sources, the authors express their own perspective on their legal nature. They propose considering the set of legal norms governing corporate relations as a sub-branch of civil law, consisting of distinct legal institutions. They also note that their dispositive influence on the behavior of participants in the social relations under study supports their inclusion in civil law.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> national civil legislation, legal regulation, corporation, corporate legal entity, commercial organization, non-profit organization, legal nature, management, participants, intra-company relations, local documents, corporate agreement, rights, obligations, custom, legal understanding, law enforcement.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Modern corporate law: current issues of theory and practice: monograph [Text] \/ Ed. O. V. Gutnikov, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2021. &#8211; 528 p. <br>\r\n2. Corporate Law: Textbook [Text] \/ Edited by E. G. Shablova; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ural Federal University. \u2013 Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural University, 2019. \u2013 183 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BURENIN Sergey Alexandrovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ARBITRATION MANAGER: FROM THE 90S TO THE PRESENT DAY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the evolution of the requirements for arbitration managers in Russia from the liberal model of the 1990s to the modern system of self-regulation. The systematic shortcomings of each stage were revealed, which led to the repeated discrediting of the institute. The formalism of modern admission procedures and the internal conflict of interests in a self-regulating organization are criticized. It is concluded that there is a need to move from heaping up bureaucratic barriers to meaningful reforms aimed at practical training, transparency and independent control.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> arbitration administrator, bankruptcy, self-regulating organizations, qualification exam, professional standards of a self-regulating organization.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGolovanov N. M. Economic reforms of the 1990s and the formation of market legislation. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2008. &#8211; 367 p.<br>\r\n2. \tKirillov M. V. Abuses in bankruptcy procedures at an early stage \/\/ Bulletin of arbitration practice. &#8211; 2005. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 45-50.<br>\r\n3. \tRozhkova M. A., Skvortsov O. Yu. Current issues of professional training of arbitration managers \/\/ Arbitration disputes. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 115-128.<br>\r\n4. \tFedorova L. P. Licensing of arbitration managers: experience and lessons \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2004. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 101-110.<br>\r\n5. \tYakovlev V. F. Bankruptcy as a tool of corporate takeover (raiding) \/\/ EJ-Lawyer. &#8211; 2003. &#8211; No. 15. &#8211; P. 8-9.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil, business and transport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE RUSSIAN SECURITIES MARKET<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines several aspects of legal regulation of the securities market. Based on an analysis of current legislation, the author attempts to formulate a definition of the securities market, its distinctive features, and examines the securities market as a legal institution. It emphasizes that digitalization is an inevitable feature of the modern securities market, serving as a powerful incentive for investors, including their participation in the international arena.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> securities market, legal regulation, definition, characteristics, security, commodity, legal institution, issuers, state, interest, private entities, digitalization, stock exchange, classification, functions, international arena.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Moscow Exchange data. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.moex.com\/ (accessed on June 19, 2025). <br>\r\n2. Reporting and statistics of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. See: [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.cbr.ru\/statistics\/ (date of access 04\/30\/2025). <br>\r\n3. Reporting and statistics [US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)]. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/ (date of access: 04\/30\/2025).<br>\r\n4. The securities market: legal regulation [Text] \/ edited by V. F. Yakovlev. Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, 2002. 447 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CORPORATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZEMLYANKIN Egor Valerjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba People&#8217;s Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>THE PROBLEMS OF THE DEBTOR&#8217;S PREFERENTIAL LEGAL STATUS IN CITIZEN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS IN RELATION TO CREDITORS &#8211; CREDIT INSTITUTIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe relevance of this study is justified by the growing prevalence of the institution of citizen bankruptcy. When debtors enjoy significant legal advantages, this combination leads to substantial losses for creditors.\r\nThe aim of the work is to examine the legislation on citizen bankruptcy and analyze law enforcement practices in order to identify opportunities for preventing creditors&#8217; losses.\r\nThe research methodology is based on the universal dialectical method, as well as general scientific and specific scientific methods, including the method of legal modeling.\r\nThe study concludes that current legislation pays insufficient attention to protecting creditors&#8217; rights and fails to address the issue of the \u201cmass\u201d nature of bankruptcies. As a result, creditors have low levels of protection in citizen bankruptcy cases, which is further exacerbated by socially oriented law enforcement practices.\r\nThe findings and conclusions of this research can be used in the future to improve the current legislation in the field of bankruptcy.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> bankruptcy, creditor, debtor, insolvency, legal advantages.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tUnified Federal Register of Bankruptcy Information (UFRBI). [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/bankrot.fedresurs.ru\/?utm_referrer=https:%2F%2Fyandex.ru%2F (date of access: 21.02.2026).<br>\r\n2. \tCivil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of 01\/26\/1996 No. 14-FZ \/\/ SPS Consultant Plus (date of access: 02\/21\/2026).<br>\r\n3. \tMironov A. N., Mironova Yu. P. Uncollectible debt of a bankrupt citizen: shortcomings of legal regulation and practice of implementing the law \/\/ Arbitration and civil procedure. 2022. No. 1.<br>\r\n4. \tFederal Law of 26.10.2002 No. 127-FZ \u201cOn Insolvency (Bankruptcy)\u201d \/\/ SPS Consultant Plus (date of access: 21.02.2026).<br>\r\n5. \tCivil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ \/\/ SPS Consultant Plus (date of access: 21.02.2026).<br>\r\n6. \tReview of judicial practice in cases of bankruptcy of individuals (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 18, 2025) \/\/ SPS Consultant Plus (date of access: February 22, 2026).<br>\r\n7. \tDetermination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated August 23, 2024 No. 305-ES24-1191 in case No. A41-28747\/2017 \/\/ SPS Consultant Plus (date of access: February 22, 2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CORPORATE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOMOGOROV Anton Andreevich<\/strong><br>advocate, senior associate at the Advocates Bureau of the city of Moscow \u201cDyakin, Gortsunyan and Partners\u201d, LLM MIDS (Master in International Dispute Settlement), Geneva, Switzerland<br>\r\n<strong>NEW REALITIES OF DERIVATIVE CLAIMS FOR THE RECOVERY OF DAMAGES AGAINST A NON-CONTROLLING PARTICIPANT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines new approaches to the possibility of bringing a derivative claim for the recovery of damages against a non-controlling participant of a company in light of the Review of judicial practice concerning the application of Article 53.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on July 30, 2025). The author analyzes the role of minority participants in corporate relations, including their ability to exercise negative control and abuse of corporate rights, and also considers the issue of whether such participants bear fiduciary duties to the company. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of paragraph 3 of Article 53.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and to the criteria of having a factual ability to determine the actions of a legal entity in a particular situation. Based on doctrinal considerations and the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the author concludes that it may be possible to bring a derivative claim for the recovery of damages against a non-controlling participant who has situational influence over the company&#8217;s activities, which may indicate a shift from the previously established approach.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> derivative claim, minority shareholder, fiduciary duties<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tRinge WG Shareholder Activism: A Renaissance \/\/ The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Law and Governance \/ ed. by J. N. Gordon, W. G. Ringe. &#8211; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.<br>\r\n2. \tMacIntosh JG Minority Shareholder Rights in Canada and England: 1860 &#8211; 1987 \/\/ Osgoode Hall Law Journal. &#8211; 1989. &#8211; Vol. 27. No. 3.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ANTONOV Vladislav Fedorovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State, criminal and legal disciplines sub-faculty, GV Plekhanov Russian University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE ISSUE OF GROUNDS FOR CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR COMMITTING AN ECONOMIC CRIME<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article focuses on the problematic issues of establishing criminal liability for economic crimes. It emphasizes that the basis for liability for economic crimes is the proven violation of legal requirements imposed on government officials, managers of commercial organizations, entrepreneurs, and other participants in economic relations. The article analyzes the problematic issues of proving the material damage caused by economic crimes. It is pointed out that the objective side of most economic crimes manifests itself in various machinations, tricks, and other unscrupulous actions aimed at generating additional profits by causing property damage to other business participants.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> state, economic crimes, legislation, criminal liability, law and order, commercial organizations, legal norms, entrepreneurial activity.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVolzhenkin B.V. Economic crimes. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 1999. <br>\r\n2. \tKlepitsky I. A. The system of economic crimes. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2005. <br>\r\n3. \tStevensson Boo Economic crime. &#8211; M., 1987. <br>\r\n4. \tCourse of Russian criminal law. Special part \/ edited by V. N. Kudryavtsev, A. V. Naumov. &#8211; M.: Spark, 2002.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DZEITOVA Raziya Bashirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, assistant of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Law Faculty, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University<br>\r\n<strong>ETHNIC (MULTIETHNIC) ENCLAVES AS A CAUSE OF CRIME<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article explores the concept of ethnic and multiethnic enclaves and their impact on the arrival of society&#8217;s security. The consequences of their formation for migrants and for the host society are analyzed, the concept and causes of migration and ethnic organized crime are studied. The author concludes that the very fact of the enclaves&#8217; operation doesn&#8217;t unambiguously lead to an increase in crime in the state.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> ethnic (multiethnic) enclaves, State migration policy concept, migration crime, ethnic organized crime, causes of crime.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAblazhey N. N. The image of a labor migrant in the press and the mass consciousness of Russians \/\/ Bulletin of NSU. 2012. Vol. 11.\r\n2. \tAkifyeva R. N. Children and migrant parents in St. Petersburg: inconsistent lines of behavior \/\/ Ethnographic Review. 2015. No. 5. <br>\r\n3. \tAndreeva A. S., Ivanova N. S., Varshaver E. A. Are Kotelniki an ethno-migration enclave? Case studies of a satellite town of Moscow on the ethno-migration characteristics of its residents \/\/ Urban research and practices. 2020. Vol. 5. No. 4. <br>\r\n4. \tAntonov-Romanovsky G. V., Koimshidi G. F., Litvinov A. A., Chirkov D. K. Crime of foreign migrants and its prevention. M., 2013. <br>\r\n5. \tAkhmedov M.N. Reasons and conditions contributing to the commission of crimes in the sphere of illegal migration \/\/ Modern law. 2021. No. 3. <br>\r\n6. \tBabaev M. M., Koroleva M. V. Crime of visitors to the capital city. M., 1990. <br>\r\n7. \tBazhan T. A. Ethnic enclave as a socio-economic phenomenon of modern Russia \/\/ Vestnik REU im. G. V. Plekhanov. 2025. T. 22. No. 2 (140). <br>\r\n8. \tBedrina E. B. Ethnic enclaves of migrants in the urban space of Russian regions \/\/ Development of regions of the world in the context of intensified migration processes: collection of papers of the XII International Conference \u201cRussian Regions in the Focus of Change\u201d. Ekaterinburg, 2018. <br>\r\n9. \tBukalerova L. A., Kashapov R. M. Ethnic enclaves as a source of migration crime: a comparative analysis of counteraction methods in Russia and Denmark \/\/ Issues of Russian and International Law. 2023. Vol. 13. No. 10A. <br>\r\n10. \tBytko S. Yu., Pugachev Yu. E. Concept of migration policy 2026-2030: Characteristics and comparative analysis with the concept 2019-2025 \/\/ Scientific journal. 2025. No. 4 (75). <br>\r\n11. \tVinogradova E. V., Kobzar-Frolova M. N., Smorchkova L. N. On the issue of legal regulation of public relations in the sphere of counteracting the formation of ethnic enclaves \/\/ Legal policy and legal life. 2024. Vol. 1. <br>\r\n12. \tIgnatov A. N. Organized ethnic crime: concept and mechanisms of formation \/\/ Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2025. No. 2 (106). <br>\r\n13. \tKameneva A. N., Abazekhova Z. I., Stupin D. D. Main determinants of migration crime \/\/ SPS ConsultantPlus. <br>\r\n14. \tKoziychuk P.N., Kuznetsov E.V. Ethnic crime: concept, characteristics, conditions of formation, dynamics and structure \/\/ Siberian Legal Bulletin. 2025. No. 3 (110). <br>\r\n15. \tCriminology. Textbook for universities \/ edited by A. I. Dolgova. Moscow, 2000. <br>\r\n16. \tCriminology: textbook \/ ed. I. M. Matskevich. Moscow, 2025. <br>\r\n17. \tKurmanaliev N. Zh. Analysis of the formation of closed ethnic and religious enclaves that create the preconditions for committing extremist crimes \/\/ Academic Thought. 2022. No. 4 (21). <br>\r\n18. \tLarionova L. I. On the issue of the main determinants of migration crime in Moscow \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 4.<br>\r\n19. \tNikitenko I. V. Migration crime in the Asian part of Russia. M., 2014. <br>\r\n20. \tSobolnikov V. V. Migration crime: criminological analysis and prevention. Novosibirsk, 2004. <br>\r\n21. \tReport on the conference \u201cOrganized crime, terrorism and ethnic problems\u201d, Moscow (13.11.2003), cited from: Pisarenko A.P. The phenomenon of \u201cethnic crime\u201d and its criminological and sociological characteristics \/\/ Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics. 2016. No. 2 (24). <br>\r\n22. \tPetrov A. A. Conceptual approaches to the study of the phenomenon of ethnic crime \/\/ Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 2 (39). <br>\r\n23. \tPeter Stalker. International Migration. Moscow, 2015. <br>\r\n24. \tUlyanov M. V. On the essence of the concept of \u201cethnic enclave\u201d \/\/ Security Issues. 2023. No. 4. <br>\r\n25. \tYudina T. N., Bormotova T. M. Migration crime in a modern metropolis: risk management \/\/ Management. 2019. No. 4. <br>\r\n26. \tMart\u00e9n L., Hainmueller J., Hangartner D. Ethnic networks can foster the economic integration of refugees \/\/ Proceedings and National Academy of Science. 2019. Vol. 116. No. 33.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>EFIMOV Ivan Alexandrovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Supervisory activities and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Yekaterinburg<br>\r\n<strong>ON SELECTED PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY REGULATION FOR ANIMAL CRUELTY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines certain difficulties arising in the application of the norm providing for criminal liability for cruelty to animals (Article 245 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Certain provisions of Federal Law No. 498-FZ of December 27, 2018 \\&#8217;On Responsible Treatment of Animals and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation\\&#8217; and their correlation with the criminal law norm are analyzed. Attention is focused on the legal and technical shortcomings made by the legislator in constructing the legal prohibition. The necessity is indicated for clarifications from the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which would serve as a basis for streamlining law enforcement practice<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> cruelty, animals, crime, criminal liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBaltanova G. Zh., Krivosheeva A. S. Attitudes of young people towards cruelty to animals \/\/ Electronic scientific and methodological journal of Omsk State Agrarian University. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 3.<br>\r\n2. \tBazarov P. R. Criminal liability for cruelty to animals (Article 245 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) \/\/ Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 80-85.<br>\r\n3. \tTemirgazina K. R., Gilmutdinova. K. R. Problems of bringing to justice for crimes in the sphere of cruel treatment \/\/ Russian and foreign legislation: current state and development prospects: collection of materials from the VI International student scientific conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the North-West Institute (branch) of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL) (Moscow, April 25, 2018). &#8211; Moscow: O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL), 2018. &#8211; P. 182-185.<br>\r\n4. \tOsokin R. B. Problems of criminal-legal counteraction to cruel treatment of animals \/\/ Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2011. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 44-46. <br>\r\n5. \tJudicial statistics data for 2022, 2023, 2024, 6 months of 2025 of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation \/\/ Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cdep.ru\/?id=79 (date accessed: 02.02.2026).<br>\r\n6. \tChuchaev A. I. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (article by article). &#8211; Moscow: &#8220;CONTRACT&#8221;, 2013. &#8211; 483 p.<br>\r\n7. \tResolution of the Presidium of the Sakhalin Regional Court of September 9, 2011 in case No. 44u-93\/117 \/\/ Reference and legal system &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: 02.02.2026).<br>\r\n8. \tDetermination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 20, 2007 in case No. 4-007-137 \/\/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.vsrf.ru (date of access: 02.02.2026).<br>\r\n9. \tResolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated May 21, 2014 No. 44u-243\/147 \/\/ Reference and legal system &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru (date of access: 02.02.2026).<br>\r\n10. \tAyupova G. Sh. On the issue of interpretation of individual objective signs of cruelty to animals \/\/ Police and investigative activities. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 39-52. <br>\r\n11. \tBocharov E. V. Criminological characteristics of cruelty to animals \/\/ Jurist. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 1-7.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>EFREMOVA Olga Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>MODERN VECTORS AND TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF RECIDIVISM PREVENTION<\/strong><br>\r\nRecidivism today rightfully occupies a special place in the general structure of crime. This is due to a number of factors: the increased public danger of recidivism; the specific sphere of criminal manifestations; the influence on criminal groups and society; the high level of recidivist crimes and the insufficient effectiveness of measures to prevent them. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of current vectors and trends in the field of preventing recidivism. Official statistics on recidivism are analyzed. The positions of scientists on the issues of prevention and control of this type of crime are considered. The article concludes that probation has significant potential for preventing recidivism. Special attention is given to the international legal regulation of reducing recidivism.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> crime, recidivism, crime prevention, recidivism, regional programs, probation, recidivist\\&#8217;s identity, recidivism, international regulation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tLebeshev I. S. Personality of a repeat offender serving a sentence in places of deprivation of liberty: abstract of the dissertation&#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Moscow, 2025. &#8211; 31 p.<br>\r\n2. \tMaslov V. A. Combating recidivism in Russia: problems and prospects \/\/ Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Issue 1 (63). &#8211; P. 134-154. &#8211; DOI: 10.17072\/1995-4190-2024-63-134-154.<br>\r\n3. \tPetrov P. P. Recidivism: Theory and Practice \/\/ Young Scientist. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 13 (460). &#8211; P. 269-272. <br>\r\n4. \tSkirda M. V. On the issue of implementing the United Nations model strategies for reducing recidivism in national legislation (using the Russian Federation as an example) \/\/ The rule of law: theory and practice. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2 (76). &#8211; P. 192-202.<br>\r\n5. \tSuslov Yu. E., Fedorov A. F., Bespalova A. V. Modern problems of repeat offenses. Social and psychological aspect \/\/ Psychology and Law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 14 (4). &#8211; P. 68-84. <br>\r\n6. \tTeplyashin P. V. Ensuring the security of institutions and bodies of the penal system in the context of the Kyoto model strategies \/\/ Professional legal education and science. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (19). &#8211; P. 12-14.<br>\r\n7. \tFilippova O. V. Recidivism in Russia: trends and patterns \/\/ All-Russian Criminological Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 19. No. 2. &#8211; P. 137-147.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZAKHARTSEV Sergey Ivanovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Order of Zhukov Military Academy of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences<br>\r\n<strong>KONDRAT Ivan Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law, criminal process, and forensic science sub-faculty, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Honored Worker of the Prosecutor\\&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation, State Counselor of Justice, 1st Class<br>\r\n<strong>CHUMAEVSKAYA Elizaveta Borisovna<\/strong><br>St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>QUALIFICATION OF THE PERPETRATOR\\&#8217;S ACTIONS BASED ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VICTIM<\/strong><br>\r\nThe problem of qualifying crimes in cases of factual error regarding the victim\\&#8217;s identity remains one of the most debatable issues in contemporary criminal law science and judicial practice. Particularly complex is the differentiation between under crimes Articles 105 and 317 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in situations where the perpetrator intended to cause the death of a law enforcement officer but actually caused the death of another person. The absence of clear regulation of qualification rules for such acts leads to contradictory court decisions and violations of the principle of uniformity in law enforcement practice.\r\nPurpose of the study is to develop a scientifically grounded model for qualifying the perpetrator\\&#8217;s actions in cases of factual error regarding the victim\\&#8217;s identity in the context of attacks on the lives of law enforcement officers, taking into account the intent\\&#8217;s direction and the actual socially dangerous consequences.\r\nResearch methodology. The study employs general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specialized legal methods (formal-legal, comparative-legal, systemic-structural analysis), as well as judicial practice analysis. The theoretical foundation includes works by leading criminologists (NF Kuznetsova, AI Rarog, BV Volzhenkin, AV Naumov, AN Popov, IM Tyazhkova), explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and materials from federal and regional court practice.\r\nResearch results. A systematic analysis of the object-subject structure of crimes under Articles 105 and 317 of the Criminal Code has been conducted, revealing a hierarchical inversion of protected interests: while Article 105 prioritizes human life, Article 317 recognizes the managerial activities of law enforcement agencies in maintaining public order and security as the primary object. Two alternative qualification approaches have been identified: formal-dogmatic (qualification exclusively under Article 317 based on the truncated composition) and the aggregate crimes concept (qualification under Part 3 Article 30, Article 317, and Part 1 Article 105). The priority of the second approach is substantiated, ensuring comprehensive criminal-legal assessment of all actual socially dangerous consequences while maintaining consideration of the perpetrator\\&#8217;s intent.\r\nScientific novelty consists in developing a comprehensive model for qualifying the perpetrator\\&#8217;s actions based on real aggregate crimes, subjective integrating (intent direction, motive, purpose) and objective (act, consequences, causal relationship) elements of the crime composition. For the first time, the necessity of differentiating stages of criminal activity in qualification is substantiated: preparatory actions for attacking a law enforcement officer\\&#8217;s life are qualified considering intent direction under Article 317, while actual causing of death to another person requires independent assessment under Part 1 Article 105.\r\nPractical significance. Based on the research, specific proposals for improving judicial practice have been developed: a new wording of paragraph 5 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court Resolution No. 14 dated June 1, 2023, establishing the rule of qualification as aggregate crimes (Part 3 Article 30, Article 317, and Part 1 Article 105) when death of a law enforcement officer does not occur while simultaneously causing death to another person; a proposed amendment to paragraph 6 of the Plenum Resolution No. 1 dated January 27, 1999 \\&#8221;On judicial practice in murder cases (Article 105 of the Criminal Code)\\&#8221; regulating qualification in cases of factual error regarding victim identity. Implementation of the proposed provisions will ensure unification of law enforcement practice and elimination of existing contradictions in crime qualification when subjective intent direction and objectively occurring consequences do not coincide.\r\nConclusions. Qualification of the perpetrator\\&#8217;s actions in cases of factual error regarding victim identity should be based on comprehensive analysis of the crime\\&#8217;s subjective side (intent direction toward attacking a law enforcement officer\\&#8217;s life) and objectively occurring consequences (death of another person). The proposed model of qualification as aggregate crimes corresponds to the principles of guilt, justice, and completeness of criminal-legal assessment, excludes objective imputation, and ensures adequate differentiation of criminal liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> factual error, classification of crimes, victim, intent, object of the crime, attack on the life of a law enforcement officer, judicial practice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVinogradova E. V., Zakhartsev S. I., Salnikov V. P. Fair Justice M. I. Cleandrov. Justice and Equity. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 194-199.<br>\r\n2. \tVinogradova E. V., Salnikov V. P., Zakhartsev S. I. Justice for fairness M. I. Cleandrov. Justice and fairness \/\/ State and law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 190-194.<br>\r\n3. \tVolzhenkin B.V. Recommendations for studying the topic: \u201cFactual error and its impact on criminal liability and the classification of crimes.\u201d &#8211; L.: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1978. &#8211; 24 p.<br>\r\n4. \tIvanov N. G. Criminal Law of Russia. General and Special Parts: textbook for universities. &#8211; M.: Exam, 2006. &#8211; 738 p.\r\n5. \tKleandrov M. I. Justice and fairness. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. &#8211; M .: NORMA, 2023. &#8211; 424 p.<br>\r\n6. \tKuznetsova N. F. Problems of qualification of crimes: lectures on the special course &#8220;Fundamentals of qualification of crimes&#8221; \/ scientific ed. V. N. Kudryavtsev. &#8211; M .: Gorodets, 2007. &#8211; 336 p.<br>\r\n7. \tCourse of criminal law. General part. Vol. 1: The doctrine of crime \/ edited by N. F. Kuznetsova, I. M. Tyazhkova. &#8211; M .: Zertsalo, 2002. &#8211; 624 p.<br>\r\n8. \tNaumov A. V. Russian criminal law: a course of lectures. In 3 volumes. Volume 1. General part. 5th ed., revised and enlarged. \u2013 Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2011. \u2013 736 p.<br>\r\n9. \tPopov A. N. The influence of some factual errors on the qualification of crimes against life \/\/ Works of the St. Petersburg Law Institute of the Prosecutor General&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2001. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 94-98.<br>\r\n10. \tRarog A. I. Qualification of crimes based on subjective characteristics. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2003. &#8211; 304 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZYKOV Maxim Alexandrovich<\/strong><br>lecturer, Lieutenant General DI Mikhaylik Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Khimki<br>\r\n<strong>CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIME IN THE SYSTEM OF EMERCOM OF RUSSIA: CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, LATENCY AND DIRECTIONS FOR OPTIMIZING COUNTERMEASURES<\/strong><br>\r\nBased on the analysis of judicial practice and statistical data, the article examines the state, structure and trends of corruption-related crime in the system of EMERCOM of Russia. The most criminogenic areas of the Ministry\\&#8217;s activity are identified (public procurement, control and supervisory activities, management of budgetary funds, personnel decisions), and a criminological profile of the corrupt official is constructed. The high latency of corruption offenses is substantiated, attributable to offenders\\&#8217; specialized knowledge, use of intermediary and digital schemes, and limited departmental oversight. Victimological aspects are examined, including the reasons for citizens\\&#8217; low activity in reporting corruption. Legal and organizational deficiencies in the application of disciplinary liability are identified. Measures to optimize anti-corruption activities are proposed: improving regulatory frameworks, implementing digital control tools, enhancing disciplinary procedures, and fostering an anti-corruption culture.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> corruption-related crime, EMERCOM of Russia, latency, malfeasance, bribe, loss of confidence, disciplinary responsibility, criminological profile, anti-corruption, judicial practice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKokurin A. V., Petrov V. E. Psychological and criminological characteristics of the personality of employees of internal affairs bodies convicted of committing corruption-related crimes \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 7 (35). &#8211; P. 111-123.<br>\r\n2. \tAglyamova G. M. Criminological characteristics of corruption crime in the sphere of local government and its prevention: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. &#8211; Kazan, 2016.<br>\r\n3. \tPudakov E. R. Some aspects of the latency of corruption crimes \/\/ Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 1 (42). &#8211; P. 132.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>IVANCHENKO Olga Stepanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Central Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Voronezh<br>\r\n<strong>VITOMSKOV Vladimir Vadimovich<\/strong><br>magister student, Law Faculty, Central Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Voronezh<br>\r\n<strong>THE CONCEPT, FEATURES, AND SIGNS OF EXTREMISM AND EXTREMIST ACTIVITY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal study of the definitions, characteristic features, and key attributes of extremism and extremist activity within the context of modern legal reality. The significance of this research stems from the ongoing risks associated with extremist ideology&#8217;s corrosive impact on basic human rights, public welfare, and the fundamental pillars of the Russian Federation\\&#8217;s constitutional framework. Furthermore, the lack of a unified terminological apparatus in the legal field leads to difficulties in classifying crimes and a confusion between the concepts of \\&#8221;extremism\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;terrorism.\\&#8221;\r\nParticular attention is given to analyzing the fundamental discourses of the Russian President, along with the legal perspectives of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts and international acts such as the Shanghai Convention. The study identifies a methodological problem concerning the factual equating of the concepts of \\&#8221;extremism\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;extremist activity\\&#8221; in current legislation. The author argues for the necessity of differentiating these categories, where extremism is viewed as an intellectual platform and extremist activity as a form of its practical implementation. The conducted analysis allows for the systematization of extremist crimes based on the nature of the protected social relations.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> extremism, extremist activity, extremist crimes, extremist ideology, social relations, criminal liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAlekhine E. V. Types and classification of extremist crimes \/\/ Police activity. &#8211; M .: Limited Liability Company &#8220;NB-Media&#8221;. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 57.<br>\r\n2. \tZhukova O. S., Ivanchenko R. B., Skryl S. V. Legal measures to counter information extremism: monograph. &#8211; Voronezh: Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008. &#8211; P. 17. <br>\r\n3. \tMakarov N. E. Political extremism as a radical model of the political process and the organization of state counteraction to extremism: diss. &#8230; candidate of political sciences. &#8211; Chita, 2006.<br>\r\n4. \tOzhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. &#8211; M., 1993. &#8211; P. 942.<br>\r\n5. \tPechatnova Yu. V., Starodubtseva M. A., Pinchuk A. P. On the issue of the concept of extremism \/\/ Jurislinguistics. \u2013 2023. \u2013 No. 28 (39). \u2013 pp. 68-72.<br>\r\n6. \tFridinsky S. N. The fight against extremism (criminal-legal and criminological aspects) \/ Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) dissertation. &#8211; Rostov-on-Don, 2003. &#8211; P. 15.<br>\r\n7. \tKhorovinnikov A. A. Extremism as a social phenomenon: philosophical analysis: diss. &#8230; Cand. Philosophical Sciences. &#8211; Saratov, 2007. &#8211; 201 p.<br>\r\n8. \tErgeshov A.K. On the concept of extremism \/\/ International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2-3 (89). &#8211; P. 173-177.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NAZARKIN Evgeny Valerjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>NOVIKOVA Lyudmila Vladislavovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>THE SPECIFICS OF THE INITIATION OF A CRIMINAL CASE AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE ESTABLISHED DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF EMBEZZLEMENT AND EMBEZZLEMENT COMMITTED IN THE PENITENTIARY INSTITUTION OF RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the specifics of the initiation of a criminal case and the circumstances to be established during the investigation of embezzlement and embezzlement committed in a penitentiary institution of the Russian penal system. The reasons for initiating a criminal case and the circumstances to be established during the investigation of the crime are proposed, taking into account the specifics of the penitentiary regime institution in Russia.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> embezzlement and embezzlement, penitentiary institution, theft of property, initiation of criminal proceedings, circumstances, investigation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tForensic Science. Methods of Investigating Crimes in Penal Institutions: A Textbook for Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/ edited by V. V. Kulkov. \u2013 Ryazan: RIPE MVD of Russia, 1996. \u2013 Vol. 2. \u2013 Part 2. \u2013 100 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>RADZHABOV Shamil Radzhabovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Acting Head of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala<br>\r\n<strong>CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY AS A MEASURE TO COMBAT CORRUPTION CRIMES: ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines current issues in the application of the institution of confiscation of property in the system of measures to combat corruption. It analyzes the evolution of the legislative regulation of confiscation in Russian criminal law and identifies the shortcomings of the current version of Chapter 15.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the legal nature of confiscation, its place in the system of criminal law measures, and the effectiveness of this institution against individuals who have committed corruption crimes. Based on an analysis of judicial statistics and law enforcement practice, proposals are formulated to improve criminal legislation by expanding the grounds for asset confiscation, clarifying the list of assets subject to confiscation, and procedural mechanisms for enforcing confiscation sentences. The author substantiates the conclusion regarding the need to reinstate asset confiscation in the criminal penalties system and expand the grounds for its application in corruption cases.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> asset confiscation, corruption offenses, anti-corruption measures, criminal law measures, bribery, property sanctions, special confiscation, corruption prevention.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tCriminal Code of the Russian Federation: dated 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ: as amended on 29.05.2024 \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 1996. &#8211; No. 25. &#8211; Art. 2954.<br>\r\n2. \tKomarov A. A. Responsibility of corrupt officials and prevention of criminal law \/\/ Police activity. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 90-104. &#8211; DOI: 10.7256\/2454-0692.2025.2.70893.<br>\r\n3. \tDamm I. A. Anti-corruption criminological security as a new direction of scientific research \/\/ All-Russian Criminological Journal. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 6. &#8211; P. 734-743.<br>\r\n4. \tStebeneva E. V. Mechanism for combating corruption (structural model and its elements) \/\/ Law enforcement agencies in the system of combating corruption crime: materials of the Interdepartmental scientific and practical conference. &#8211; St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2024. &#8211; P. 389-394.<br>\r\n5. \tShishkarev S. N. Conceptual and legal foundations of Russian anti-corruption policy: monograph. &#8211; Moscow: University book, 2010. &#8211; 245 p.<br>\r\n6. \tStebeneva E. V. Types of corruption: modern criminological transformations \/\/ RIOR Publishing Center. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; P. 209-226.<br>\r\n7. \tCriminal Law of the Russian Federation. General Part: Textbook \/ edited by V. S. Komissarov. \u2013 Moscow: Statut, 2021. \u2013 672 p.<br>\r\n8. \tSidorenko E. L. The state and dynamics of everyday corruption in the Russian Federation \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 6 (246). &#8211; P. 154-167.<br>\r\n9. \tNaumov A. V. Russian criminal law. General part: lecture course. &#8211; Moscow: Prospect, 2022. &#8211; 560 p.<br>\r\n10. \tOkutina N. N. Prevention of corruption crime: textbook for universities. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait, 2025. &#8211; 296 p.<br>\r\n11. \tNikolaeva Yu. V. Corruption-generating factors in the legislation on liability for financial and economic offenses: a textbook. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait, 2024. &#8211; 243 p.<br>\r\n12. \tReport of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the number of people convicted of all types of crimes under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for 2023. \u2013 Moscow, 2024. \u2013 198 p.<br>\r\n13. \tZamaraev V. I., Nikitashina N. A. Issues of determining the subject of corruption crimes in modern Russian reality \/\/ All-Russian Criminological Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 19. No. 5. &#8211; P. 504-515.<br>\r\n14. \tAsatryan H. A., Khristyuk A. A. Problems of defining the subject of bribery and the features of its detection in modern realities \/\/ All-Russian Criminological Journal. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 16. No. 3. &#8211; P. 374-383.<br>\r\n15. \tChuchaev A. I. Confiscation of property as another measure of a criminal-legal nature \/\/ Criminal law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 85-92.<br>\r\n16. \tYani P. S. Bribery: concept and object \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 67-78.<br>\r\n17. \tGoldberg F. Corruption and Lobbying: Conceptual Differentiation and Gray Areas \/\/ Crime Law Soc Change. \u2013 2018. \u2013 Vol. 70. \u2013 P. 197-215.<br>\r\n18. \tStessens G. The International Fight against Corruption: General Report \/\/ Revue internationale de droit penal. \u2013 2001. \u2013 Vol. 72. \u2013 P. 891-937.<br>\r\n19. \tMendelsohn MF Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Review. \u2013 London: Law Business Research Ltd, 2019. \u2013 356 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>CHUBUKINA Anastasiya Evgenjevna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe problem of juvenile delinquency is of serious concern in modern society. The article is devoted to the study of criminological features of juvenile delinquency. Based on the analysis of criminological aspects characterizing juvenile delinquency, as well as in accordance with certain regulatory provisions of Russian legislation and statistical data, the structural elements of juvenile delinquency, as well as the fundamental personality traits of juvenile offenders, have been studied. The work reveals the underlying factors contributing to the commission of illegal acts by persons under the age of eighteen. Understanding these reasons will make it possible to develop effective counteraction measures and significantly reduce the level of juvenile delinquency.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> minors, crime, crime, determinants, preventive effects, age, legal regulation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBelozerova A. A. The main causes of juvenile delinquency: from social stratification to the decline of morality \/\/ Bulletin of Science. &#8211; 2026. &#8211; No. 2 (95). <br>\r\n2. \tVorobyov V. Yu. Causes of juvenile delinquency \/\/ Scientific works of the Moscow Humanitarian University. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 5.<br>\r\n3. \tDemidova-Petrova E. V. Juvenile delinquency: features and causal complex \/\/ Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; V. 14. No. 1 (51). <br>\r\n4. \tKemarskaya A. A. Criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency \/\/ Science Bulletin. &#8211; 2026. &#8211; No. 1 (94). <br>\r\n5. \tKolesnikov R. V. The current state of juvenile delinquency \/ R. V. Kolesnikov \/\/ Penitentiary Science. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1 (57). <br>\r\n6. \tMakarova D. A. Criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency \/\/ E-Scio. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 11 (74). <br>\r\n7. \tKharina K. I. Juvenile delinquency: Criminological characteristics, solutions \/\/ Science Bulletin. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 7 (88).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>AL KHAZRAJI Hasanin Fakhri AB<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\\&#8217; Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING PROPERTY MEASURES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL COERCION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICE OF IRAQ AND RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides a comparative analysis of the legal regulation and practice of applying property measures of criminal procedural coercion in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Iraq. The author examines the key institutions \u2013 the seizure of property and collateral \u2013 identifying systemic problems of their implementation in both legal systems. The study concludes that there are significant gaps in legal regulation and difficulties in law enforcement in both countries, but of a different nature: in Russia they are mainly related to the broad interpretation of the law and the formalization of judicial control, in Iraq \u2013 to the archaic nature of legislation, weak institutions, corruption and instability.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> property measures of procedural coercion, seizure of property, pledge, comparative jurisprudence, criminal procedure in Russia, criminal procedure in Iraq, judicial control, the principle of proportionality, kafala.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tSmirnov A. V. Criminal procedure: textbook. &#8211; M .: Prospect, 2020. &#8211; 512 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBykov V. M. Procedural guarantees of individual rights in criminal proceedings. &#8211; M.: Yurlitinform, 2019. &#8211; 224 p.<br>\r\n3. \tSheifer S. A. Judicial review at the stage of preliminary investigation: problems and solutions \/\/ Russian investigator. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 12-18.<br>\r\n4. \tMizulina E. B. Criminal procedure: the concept of self-restraint of the state. &#8211; M.: Jurist, 2020. &#8211; 208 p.<br>\r\n5. \tViolations during the seizure of property of a suspect (accused) and legal entities responsible for his actions \/\/ Advocate newspaper. Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.advgazeta.ru\/mneniya\/narusheniya-pri-areste-imushchestva-podozrevaemogo-obvinyaemogo-i-yurlits-otvechayushchikh-za-ego-deystviya\/ (date of access: 10\/17\/2025).<br>\r\n6. \tCriminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Iraq No. 23 of 1971 (as amended and supplemented).<br>\r\n7. \tAl-Jaf, A. The Contemporary Iraqi System of Procedural Coercive Measures: Between Modern Law and Islamic Fiqh \/\/ Journal of Legal Sciences, University of Baghdad. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 41. &#8211; P. 33-59.<br>\r\n8. \tAl-Ubaidi A. Comparative Analysis of the Power to Seize Property in Iraqi and Russian Criminal Procedure \/\/ Diyala Journal of Legal and Political Sciences. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; Vol. 12. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 45-67.<br>\r\n9. \tAl-Hadhrami N. The Institution of Kafalah in the Iraqi Criminal Justice System: Continuity and Change \/\/ Iraqi Journal for Legal Studies. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 15. &#8211; P. 112-130.<br>\r\n10. \tMinistry of Justice of the Republic of Iraq. Law No. 13 of 2005 on Combating Terrorism. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/moj.gov.iq\/view.8973\/ (date of access: 10\/17\/2025).<br>\r\n11. \tAl-Sudjaidi A. Commentary on the Iraqi Criminal Procedure Code. Vol. 1. &#8211; An-Najaf: Al-Adib Publishing House, 2021. &#8211; 480 p. (in Arabic).<br>\r\n12. \tAl-Hashimi M. Judicial Control and the Protection of Property Rights in Iraq: Challenges of the Transitional Period. &#8211; Baghdad: Al-Hikma Press, 2023. &#8211; 195 p. (in Arabic).<br>\r\n13. \tUnited Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI). Annual Results Report 2024. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/iraq.un.org\/en\/299758-united-nations-iraq-annual-results-report-2024 (accessed: 17.10.2025).<br>\r\n14. \tAl-Saadi M. Pluralism of Legal Sources and Its Impact on the Enforcement of Procedural Coercive Measures in Iraq \/\/ Kufa Studies Center Journal. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 52. &#8211; P. 89-111.<br>\r\n15. \tResolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of July 14, 2015 No. 21-P \u201cOn the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 115 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation&#8230;\u201d \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 29 (Part II). &#8211; Art. 4567.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BADALOV Tapdiq Shakamovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Criminal law sciences sub-faculty, Astrakhan State University<br>\r\n<strong>THE PROBLEMATIC ISSUE OF QUALIFYING THE THEFT OF OTHER VEHICLES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is dedicated to a comprehensive study of theft of other vehicles. Taking into account the analysis of the criminalistic doctrine, statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts of various levels, methods are proposed to resolve controversial issues regarding the qualification of hijacking small watercraft and non-mechanical vehicles. The grounds are outlined that exclude the possibility of qualifying illegal seizure of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles and rowboats in accordance with art. 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to bicycles equipped with engines. In fact, they fall under the concept of \\&#8221;vehicle\\&#8221;, but there are questions about the expediency of their qualification under art. 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Ways of solving problematic issues are proposed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> other vehicles, theft, bicycle, small water vessel, horse-drawn vehicle, rowing boat.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Arustamyan R. V. The subject of the crime provided for in Article 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: problems of qualification \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 122-123.<br>\r\n2. Bezverkhov A. G. On some issues of qualification of illegal seizure of a car or other vehicle without the purpose of theft \/\/ Criminal law. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 20-30.<br>\r\n3. Gladilin V. V. Temporary borrowing in criminal law: issues of liability. &#8211; M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. &#8211; P. 144.<br>\r\n4. Gorbatova M. A. Other vehicle as an object of theft \/\/ Problems of law. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 5 (53). &#8211; P. 109-115.<br>\r\n5. Knyazeva E. A. Problems of determining the object and subject of the hijacking (capture) of an aircraft or watercraft under Article 211 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation \/\/ Academic Law Journal. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 48-54.<br>\r\n6. Korobeev A. I. Transport crimes and transport crime: monograph. &#8211; M .: Yurlitinform, 2015. &#8211; P. 486.<br>\r\n7. Novikov V. A., Shiyan V. I. Hijacking an aircraft or watercraft or a railway rolling stock as a threat to transport security \/\/ Transport law and security. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2 (42). &#8211; P. 116-124.<br>\r\n8. Shevyrtalov E. P. Tactical operation to establish the location and detain a stolen or hijacked vehicle using modern information technologies \/\/ Siberian Legal Review. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 22. No. 3. &#8211; P. 481-502.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GLAZYRIN Maxim Alexeevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, lecturer of MI Kovalev Criminal law sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg<br>\r\n<strong>CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF PRIVATE ECONOMIC INTERESTS: FINDING A BALANCE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article explores the problem of determining the limits of criminal law influence on the sphere of private economic relations in the context of modern Russian legal policy. The author analyzes doctrinal approaches to the delineation of crimes and civil law torts, substantiating the thesis that criminal law in the private economic sphere should serve as a subsidiary tool that is applied only when other branches of law are ineffective. The article identifies a tendency towards situational and excessive specialization of certain economic crimes. Based on statistics and judicial practice, the article examines the problem of using criminal prosecution to resolve corporate conflicts. The paper substantiates the conclusion about the low law enforcement efficiency of special corporate structures (Articles 185.1\u2013185.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The paper also examines the issue of insufficient criminal law protection of consumer rights as the \u201cweak\u201d side of economic relations. The author concludes that it is necessary to decriminalize a number of \u201cdead\u201d norms regulating internal corporate procedures, and suggests returning to the general composition of \u201cConsumer Deception\u201d to protect private interests in the consumer market.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> criminal law protection, economic crimes, private interests, corporate conflicts, decriminalization, specialization of criminal law, consumer rights, limits of criminal law influence.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAleksandrova V. V. Crimes in the economic sphere: problems of correlation and distinction with civil offenses: diss. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2018. &#8211; 259 p.<br>\r\n2. \tDomnikova V. V. Distinction between crimes and torts in the field of corporate relations \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 120-131. <br>\r\n3. \tZhilkin M. G. Differentiation of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity: problems of theory and practice: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; doctor of law. &#8211; M., 2019. &#8211; 67 p.<br>\r\n4. \tKarapetyan A. G. Economic analysis of law. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2016. &#8211; 528 p. <br>\r\n5. \tThe concept of modernization of criminal legislation in the economic sphere. &#8211; M.: Liberal Mission Foundation, 2010. &#8211; 196 p.<br>\r\n6. \tLenin V. I. On the tasks of the People&#8217;s Commissariat of Justice in the context of the New Economic Policy. Letter to D. I. Kursky \/\/ Complete Works. &#8211; 5th ed. &#8211; Vol. 44. &#8211; Moscow: Politizdat, 1970. &#8211; 754 p.<br>\r\n7. \tLozinsky I. V. On the issue of further development of criminal legislation protecting public relations in the sphere of economic activity \/\/ Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 3 (5). &#8211; P. 58-64.<br>\r\n8. \tPan Dongmei Corporate Crime in Chinese Criminal Law \/\/ Lex Russica (Russian Law). &#8211; 2015. &#8211; Vol. 104. No. 7. &#8211; P. 64-70.<br>\r\n9. \tRusanov G. A. Limits of the criminal-legal influence of the state on the economy: concept and content: monograph. &#8211; M .: Yurlitinform, 2019. &#8211; 144 p.<br>\r\n10. \tSemenov T. V. Criminal-legal prohibitions in the sphere of corporate relations: social conditioning and legislative construction: dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2016. &#8211; 221 p.<br>\r\n11. \tShitkina I. S. Resolution of corporate disputes in criminal cases \/\/ Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 45-62.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GURYANOV Dmitry Igorevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student A. Ya. Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation; Deputy Head of the Investigative department for the Zheleznodorozhny district of Penza of the Investigative Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Penza Region, captain of justice<br>\r\n<strong>HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION IN THE PRE-SOVIET PERIOD<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the study of the formation of Russian legislation regulating criminal liability for human trafficking. The author analyzes the transformation of the relevant legislation as well as the concept of the category \u201chuman trafficking\u201d from the point of view of criminal liability in different periods of the development of the Russian state. In addition, the issue of types of punishments that were provided for human trafficking in different historical periods is considered separately. Historical analysis of the development of relevant criminal law norms will help the reader better understand the regulation of liability for human trafficking, as well as the transformation of this term over time.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> human trafficking, slave labor, sexual exploitation, counteracting human trafficking, human transactions, servitude.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBelyaeva L. I., Kulakova N. G. Trafficking in minors and measures to combat it. Moscow, 2002. P. 34-35<br>\r\n2. \tTarabrin A. G. Child dealers. M., 1999.<br>\r\n3. \tYushkov S. V. History of the state and law of Russia (IX-XIX centuries): textbook \/ Yushkov S. V. Rostov-on-Don: &#8220;Phoenix&#8221;, 2003. P. 46.<br>\r\n4. \tVanyusheva Ya. V. Evolution of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of combating human trafficking. \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. Legal journal. 2015. No. 1. P. 93-95<br>\r\n5. \tGordey M. V. Development of the norms of Russian criminal legislation on liability for the use of slave labor: a retrospective analysis \/\/ Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2011. No. 1.<br>\r\n6. \tDegtyareva A. A. History of the development of domestic legislation in the field of liability for human trafficking \/ Text: direct \/\/ Young scientist. 2023. No. 17 (464). P. 351-354.<br>\r\n7. \tIvashkin D.V. Object of human trafficking \/\/ Legal world. M., 2008. No. 9. P. 15.<br>\r\n8. \tKaryazov N. V. Historical prerequisites for the emergence of norms in criminal legislation providing for liability for human trafficking \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. Legal journal. 2015.<br>\r\n9. \tKubov R.Kh. Human trafficking as a type of transnational crime \/\/ Russian investigator. M., 2018. No. 1. P. 35-38.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZAMRIY Vadim Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of MM Speransky Interdisciplinary programs and research in jurisprudence sub-faculty of the Graduate School of Law, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>THE APPEAL BY THE DEFENDER OF THE CONVICTIONS THAT HAVE ENTERED INTO FORCE IN CASES OF CRIMES PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLES 228, 2281 AND 234 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the problems of exercising the right to appeal against convictions that have entered into force in cases of crimes provided for in Articles 228, 2281 and 234 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to identify the systemic limitations that make effective protection difficult and suggest ways to overcome them. As a result of the research, the key problems are highlighted: institutional duality; doctrinal uncertainty of the criterion of \\&#8221;significant violation of the law\\&#8221;; formalism in the consideration of complaints and the poor quality of their preparation by the defense. The author suggests specific measures to improve legislation and formulates practical recommendations for lawyers aimed at improving the effectiveness of defense in the court of cassation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> defender, illegal trafficking, narcotic drugs, psychotropic or potent substances, cassation appeal, significant violation of the law, judicial protection.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGolovko L. V. The Institute of Continuous Cassation in Criminal Procedure: A Positive Innovation or Another Deformation? \/\/ Law. &#8211; 2021 &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 32-43.<br>\r\n2. \tNepomnyashchikh L. A. The period of cassation appeal as a factor in the effectiveness of legal protection \/\/ Siberian criminal procedural and forensic readings. 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 61-66.<br>\r\n3. \tSysoev A. V., Sysoeva T. V., Matsak L. V. Current issues of appealing judicial acts in criminal cases in the cassation instance \/\/ Agrarian and land law. 2023. &#8211; No. 1 (217). &#8211; P. 146-149.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SADAT Sayed Jamal<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\\&#8217; Friendship University of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>CRIMINAL LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF MURDER UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF AFGHANISTAN<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article offers a detailed study of murder laws in Afghanistan. The country\\&#8217;s legal system uniquely blends Islamic law (from the Hanafi tradition) with modern secular rules, all formalized in the 2017 Penal Code. It carefully breaks down the physical and mental aspects of intentional killing, its different categories, and the resulting punishments. Particular attention is paid to the influence of Islamic legal concepts (\\&#8221;Diyat\\&#8221;, \\&#8221;hudud\\&#8221;, \\&#8221;qisas\\&#8221;, \\&#8221;tazir\\&#8221;) on modern legislation. The study uses comparative and text-based legal analysis. Its main innovation is organizing the complex web of homicide laws within Afghanistan\\&#8217;s dual legal system. The results show that Afghan law successfully merges traditional Islamic practices with a modern criminal code, creating a unified, if detailed, framework for prosecuting life-threatening crimes.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Sharia laws, Criminal Code of Afghanistan, murder, Hanafi School, qisas, Diyat, intent, elements of a crime.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tConstitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, adopted on January 26, 2004. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/ru\/legislation\/details\/10739.<br>\r\n2. \tThe Criminal Code of Afghanistan, adopted on March 7, 2017 \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/laws.moj.gov.af.<br>\r\n3. \tCriminal Law of Afghanistan\/\/ Afghanistan Legal Education Project (ALEP) 2008-2009 Student Members. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/iuristebi.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/07\/criminal-law-of-afghanistan.pdf.<br>\r\n4. \tDeath Penalty at the Crossroads\/\/ Art Cody and Dominique Day, 2015. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/lawexplores.com\/afghanistan-death-penalty-at-the-crossroads\/<br>\r\n5. \tPeculiarities of Afghanistan&#8217;s criminal law\/\/ Seraj Qutbul Arefin, 2015. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/pecularities-of-afghanistan-s-criminal-law\/viewer.<br>\r\n6. \tCriminal Procedure in Afghanistan, Ghazi Hashimi, 2013. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/kabuly.blogspot.com\/2014\/03\/criminal-procedure-in-afghanistan.html.<br>\r\n7. \tPunishment in the Islamic law\/\/ Turgumbaev Varlen Yerlanovich, 2014. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/punishment-in-the-islamic-law.<br>\r\n8. \tThe Causes of Penalty Aggravation in the Penal Code of Afghanistan, and the Islamic Penal Law of Iran: A Comparative Study \/\/ Mahfuzullah Arify and Noorullah Noori Mojaddadi, 2023. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Noorullah-Noori-Mojaddadi\/publication\/372948891_The_Causes_of_Penalty_Aggravation_in_the_Penal_Code_of_Afghanistan_and_the_Islamic_Penal_Law_of_Iran_A_Comparative_Study\/links\/64f9bea38ea93c20d22437c5\/The-Causes-of-Penalty-Aggravation-in-the-Penal-Code-of-Afghanistan-and-the-Islamic-Penal-Law-of-Iran-A-Comparative-Study.pdf.<br>\r\n9. \tPeculiarities of Afghanistan&#8217;s criminal law\/\/ Omirzhanov Yesbol and Seraj Qutbul Arefin, 2015. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/pecularities-of-afghanistan-s-criminal-law.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SEMYONOV Ilya Alexandrovich <\/strong><br>adjunct of the adjunct school, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>ISSUES OF APPLYING ATTACHMENT TO ELECTRONIC FUNDS AND CRYPTOCURRENCY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines theoretical and practical problems of applying the seizure of property in relation to electronic funds and cryptocurrency. The relevance of the topic is driven by the digitalization of the domestic economy, the emergence of new objects of civil rights, and the need to adapt criminal procedure legislation to the realities of modern society. Based on an analysis of sources, provisions of current legislation, including the novelties of Federal Law No. 38-FZ of February 20, 2026, and the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the legal nature of the objects under study and the specifics of the mechanisms imposed on them to restrict the right of private property are revealed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> seizure of property, criminal procedure, electronic money, cryptocurrency, digital currency, right of private property, restriction of rights.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Dolgieva M. M. Cryptocurrency in criminal proceedings \/\/ Access SPS &#8220;ConsultantPlus&#8221;.<br>\r\n2. Krasilnikov A. V. Seizure of property: some aspects of the development of theory, improvement of legislative regulation and practical application \/ Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice \/\/ Access SPS &#8220;Consultant Plus&#8221;.<br>\r\n3. Tisen O. N. Arrest, seizure and confiscation of cryptocurrency: new norms of the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure and recommendations for practitioners \/\/ Criminal Procedure. &#8211; 2026. &#8211; No. 1. <br>\r\n4. Tutynin I. B. On the issue of the emergence of criminal procedural coercion of an information-digital nature \/\/ Access SPS &#8220;Consultant Plus&#8221;.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SMOLYAR Maxim Borisovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Criminal law and law enforcement sub-faculty, Moscow University of Finance and Industry \u201cSynergy\u201d<br>\r\n<strong>USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES (DEEPFAKES) IN COMMITTING FRAUD: PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LAW QUALIFICATION IN RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes criminal law issues arising from the qualification of fraud committed through artificial intelligence technologies, particularly deepfakes. The relevance of the topic is substantiated in the context of the rapid increase in attacks involving synthetic media. The technological nature of deepfakes, the typology of criminal misuse, and the conflicts in qualification under Articles 159 and 159.6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are examined. A comparative analysis of deepfake fraud regulation in the United States, the European Union, China, South Korea, and the United Kingdom is conducted. The author formulates proposals for improving Russian criminal legislation, including the introduction of a qualifying element, a legal definition of deepfakes, and expanded legal protection of the human voice.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> deepfake, fraud, artificial intelligence, criminal law qualification, computer information, biometric data, comparative law.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBegishev I. R., Khisamova Z. I. Artificial intelligence and criminal law: monograph. \u2013 M.: Prospekt, 2021. \u2013 192 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBodrov N. F., Lebedeva A. K. The concept of deepfake in Russian law, its classification and problems of legal regulation \/\/ Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 42-55.<br>\r\n3. \tBurganova L. R. Fraud using information and telecommunication technologies: criminal-legal and criminological aspects. &#8211; Kazan, 2025.<br>\r\n4. \tVinogradov V. A., Kuznetsova D. V. Foreign experience of legal regulation of deepfake technology \/\/ Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 17. No. 2. &#8211; P. 215-240.<br>\r\n5. \tDolgieva M. M. Qualification of deepfake fraud and cyber kidnapping \/\/ Current issues of Russian law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 19. No. 11. &#8211; P. 106-113.<br>\r\n6. \tEfremova M. A., Ruskevich E. A. Deepfake and criminal law \/\/ Bulletin of the Kazan Legal Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. \u2013 2024. \u2013 T. 15. No. 2. \u2013 P. 97-105.<br>\r\n7. \tLopashenko N. A. Computer fraud \u2013 a new word in understanding theft or a mistake of the legislator? \/\/ Perm legal almanac. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 598-609.<br>\r\n8. \tMosechkin I. N. Deepfake technologies and biometric data: directions of criminal-legal regulation \/\/ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 95-110.<br>\r\n9. \tRusskevich E. A. Criminal law and \u201cdigital crime\u201d: problems and solutions: monograph. &#8211; 2nd ed. &#8211; M .: INFRA-M, 2023. &#8211; 351 p.<br>\r\n10. \tYao Li. The Use of Deepfake Technology in China: Problems of Legal Regulation and Solutions \/\/ Lex Russica. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 77. No. 11. &#8211; P. 21-31.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ARZUMANYAN Andrey Arsentjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Southern Federal University; Southern University (Institute of Management, Business and Law), Rostov-on-Don; lawyer<br>\r\n<strong>FOMENKO Andrey Ivanovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Southern University (Institute of Management, Business and Law), Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS IN ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING SEARCHES AND GUARANTEEING PERSONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses the main difficulties that arise during the search of a dwelling in practice. The author identifies the following difficulties: ensuring the protection of constitutional rights, the vague wording of \\&#8221;cases that cannot be delayed,\\&#8221; the involvement of a lawyer, poor preparation for the search, the level of qualification of law enforcement officers, etc. For each of these difficulties, the author provides specific suggestions for their resolution.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> search, dwelling, human rights, judicial control, investigative actions, right to defense, witnesses.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tVologina E. V. Procedural guarantees during investigative actions in a home \/\/ Forum. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 2 (22). &#8211; P. 137-141.<br>\r\n2. \tGrigorieva V. R. Guarantees of individual rights in Russian criminal proceedings: mechanisms for ensuring enforcement \/\/ We bequeath to future generations: to do good in defense of rights: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. &#8211; Orenburg, 2021. &#8211; P. 224-226.<br>\r\n3. \tAdamovich V. V. Issues of realization of the right to inviolability of home during investigative actions \/\/ Criminal proceedings in Russia and foreign countries: problems and development prospects: materials of the international scientific and practical conference. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2022. &#8211; P. 452-457.<br>\r\n4. \tFomichev S. M. Search and seizure as investigative actions \/\/ Trends in the development of science and education. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 82-4. &#8211; P. 120-123.<br>\r\n5. \tChervonyak M. A. Some problems of search tactics \/\/ Modern jurisprudence: current issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles from the XXVII International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; Penza, 2020. &#8211; P. 195-197.<br>\r\n6. \tNovikova E. M., Sharunova M. A. Current issues of search production \/\/ Academic journalism. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 5-1. &#8211; P. 312-315.<br>\r\n7. \tBykova A. S. Problems and their solutions during a search \/\/ Intellectual capital of the 21st century: collection of articles from the IV International research competition. &#8211; Penza, 2021. &#8211; P. 67-69.<br>\r\n8. \tTyurina A. V. Actual problems of participation of witnesses during searches \/\/ Alley of Science. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 1. No. 4 (55). &#8211; P. 424-428.<br>\r\n9. \tPilipenko I. D. Current issues of search tactics \/\/ Innovative research: experience, problems of implementing results and solutions: collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; Ufa, 2023. &#8211; P. 115-119.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BELSKIY Kirill Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>managing partner of BELSKY &amp; PARTNERS<br>\r\n<strong>THE PARTIAL ADOPTION OF THE ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM BY CONTINENTAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE MODEL IN ITALY. EXPANSION OF THE POWERS OF THE DEFENSE COUNSEL<\/strong><br>\r\nCurrently, in civil law countries there is a tendency of convergence with the common law system and the adoption of some institutions of the adversarial model of criminal justice, in particular, the expansion of the rights of defense counsel in criminal proceedings. Using the example of Italy, where in 1988 there was a radical reform of criminal procedural legislation in favor of the adversarial model, the author examines the grounds and consequences of the reforms, the reasons for the partial setback in the early 1990s and the return to the adversarial model in 1999. Parallels are drawn with the reform of Russian criminal procedural legislation, and the new powers of the lawyer granted as a result of the reforms are analyzed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> adversarial model of legal proceedings, inquisitorial model of legal proceedings, investigative judge, lawyer, \u201cdouble dossier\u201d, lawyer\\&#8217;s investigation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tLanger, Maximo, From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations: The Globalization of Plea Bargaining and the Americanization Thesis in Criminal Procedure, 45 Harv. Int&#8217;l LJ 1, 7-26 (2004).<br>\r\n2. \tAsimow, Michael, Popular Culture And The Adversarial System, UCLA School of Law, Public Law &amp; Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Research Paper. No. 06-45<br>\r\n3. \tBaissus, Jean-Marc, Common v Continental: A Reaction to Mr Evan Whitton\\&#8217;s 1998 Murdoch Law School Address, 5 Murdoch UEJL (1998).<br>\r\n4. \tVincent, The Hon. Justice, Human Rights and the Criminal Law \u2013 Presented as the 14th Sir Leo Cussen Memorial Lecture, 16 October 2003.<br>\r\n5. \tZweigert, K. 1998. An Introduction to Comparative Law. Clarendon Press, 3rd edition.<br>\r\n6. \tIlluminati, Giulio. (2005). The Frustrated Turn to Adversarial Procedure in Italy (Italian Criminal Procedure Code of 1988). Washington University Global Studies Law Review. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=827964 (accessed: 20.07.2024).<br>\r\n7. \tFabri, Marco. (1994). Theory Versus Practice of Italian Criminal Justice Reform. Judicature 77.<br>\r\n8. \tDi Federico. (1989). The Crisis of the Justice System and the Referendum on the Judiciary, in Leonardi and Corbetta(eds.), Italian Politics: A Review, II Mulino.<br>\r\n9. \tAmodio, Ennio &amp; Eugenio Selvaggi. (1989). An Accusatorial System in a Civil Law Country: The 1988 Italian Code of Criminal Procedure. Temp. L.Rev. 62, 1211.<br>\r\n10. \tGrande, Elisabetta. (2000). Italian Criminal Justice: Borrowing and Resistance. Am. J. Comp. L. 48, 227<br>\r\n11. \tPanzavolta, Michele. (2005). Reforms and Counter-Reforms in the Italian Struggle for an Accusatorial Criminal Law System. NCJ Int\\&#8217;l L. &amp; Com. Reg. 30, 577.<br>\r\n12. \tDelmas-Marty, Mireille &amp; JR Spencer. (2002). European Criminal Procedure. London: Cambridge University Press, (Chapter 6).<br>\r\n13. \tLipset, Seymour Martin. (1996), American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword, New York: W. W. Norton.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOKOREVA Lyubov Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Moscow Regional Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>MAKAROVA Olesya Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Law, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad<br>\r\n<strong>PENKOV Evgeny Igorevich<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Criminal process law and criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PECULIARITIES OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF FOREIGN CITIZENS IN RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the study of the legal aspects of the status of foreign citizens in the Russian criminal process. The article examines both the theoretical foundations and the practical application of the norms of legislation that ensure the rights and freedoms of foreigners involved in criminal cases. The main attention is paid to the issues of compliance with constitutional guarantees for the protection of the rights of a foreign citizen, ensuring high-quality legal assistance, the participation of a professional translator, and the obligation to notify the relevant consular institutions. The most acute problems existing in the current legislation and law enforcement practice concerning the regulation of the legal status of foreign citizens are highlighted. Possible solutions to the identified problems are proposed, aimed at eliminating existing shortcomings and increasing the level of legal protection of foreign citizens involved in criminal proceedings.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> criminal proceedings, foreign citizens, translator, legal status of a foreigner.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKokorev R. A. Migration processes and crime among migrants in the Russian Federation \/\/ Scientific and technical support for legal proceedings. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 47-53.<br>\r\n2. \tKokorev R. A., Kustov A. M. Participation of a specialist in the consideration of a report of a crime \/\/ Advances in Chemistry and Chemical Technology. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; V. 28. No. 7 (156). &#8211; P. 122-123.<br>\r\n3. \tKokorev R. A., Kokoreva L. V. On the issue of methods of identifying the personality of a criminal: current trends and development prospects \/\/ Forensic science: science, practice, experience: All-Russian scientific and practical conference &#8220;Forensic science: science, practice, experience (in memory of Professor A. G. Filippov)&#8221; (on the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Moscow Higher School of Medicine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR), May 28, 2025: collection of scientific papers \/ [compiled by I. V. Tishutin]. &#8211; M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2025. &#8211; P. 166-171.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOSAREVA Elena Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>DASHKOV Timur Kamilevich<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>KHOROLSKY Vladimir Vitaljevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF PRE-VENTIVE MEASURES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to topical issues of legal regulation and practical implementation of preventive measures not related to isolation from society in the context of the digital transformation of criminal justice in Russia. The relevance of the study is determined by two key factors. Firstly, there is a steady trend towards the humanization of criminal policy, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the number of prisoners in custody. Secondly, the rapid introduction of digital technologies, which open up new opportunities for monitoring the behavior of suspects (accused), but at the same time pose questions to the law enforcement officer that the legislator has not yet answered.\r\nThe authors focus on the legal and applied aspects of the prohibition of certain actions (Article 105.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation) and house arrest (Article 107 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation). &#8211; preventive measures, the effectiveness of which directly depends on the quality of control over compliance with established restrictions.\r\nParticular attention is paid to the problem of monitoring compliance with the ban on the use of communications and the Internet. The article critically analyzes the current law enforcement practice, which boils down to sending requests to telecom operators, and substantiates its insufficiency in modern conditions. The authors emphasize the need for clear legislative regulation of permissible technical controls and procedures for their application.\r\nThe paper substantiates the need for systemic changes. The authors have formulated the key principles of using digital technologies in the execution of preventive measures, as well as proposed specific amendments to Article 105.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, obliging the court to specify their content, permissible exceptions, duration, technical means and control procedure when establishing prohibitions.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> preventive measures, prohibition of certain actions, house arrest, electronic monitoring, communication control, Internet, individualization of prohibitions.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bufetova M. Sh., Lukoshkina S. V. Problems and further prospects for applying a preventive measure in the form of a ban on certain actions \/\/ Baikal Research Journal. 2024. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/problemy-i-dalneyshie-perspektivy-primeneniya-mery-presecheniya-v-vide-zapreta-opredelennyh-deystviy (date of access: 03\/19\/2026).<br>\r\n2. Kachalova O. V. Features of conducting a court hearing when resolving issues of detention as a preventive measure \/\/ Russian Justice. 2020. No. 3. Pp. 73-78. &#8211; DOI 10.37399\/issn2072-909X.2020.3.73-78. &#8211; EDN AFZWIR<br>\r\n3. Mikhailina Yu. V. On some problems of the execution of a preventive measure in the form of a ban on certain actions \/\/ Civil Service and Personnel. 2020. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/o-nekotoryh-problemah-ispolneniya-mery-presecheniya-v-vide-zapreta-opredelennyh-deystviy (date of access: 03\/19\/2026).<br>\r\n4. Sidorov Ya. Yu. The relationship between preventive measures in the form of detention, house arrest and prohibition of certain actions \/\/ Legislation and Practice. 2024. No. 1 (52). P. 33-40. &#8211; EDN ARVYVH.<br>\r\n5. Yakovleva S. A., Kutyanina A. S. Problems of the relationship between the prohibition of certain actions and other measures of criminal procedural restraint \/\/ Bulletin of the Mari State University. Series &#8220;Historical Sciences. Legal Sciences&#8221;. 2019. No. 1 (17). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/problemy-sootnosheniya-zapreta-opredelennyh-dei-stvii-s-drugimi-merami-ugolovno-protsessualnogo-presecheniya (date of access: 03\/19\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LUKOSHKINA Svetlana Valerievna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and prosecutorial supervision sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>KORSHUNOVA Polina Andreevna<\/strong><br>magister student of Criminal process and prosecutorial supervision sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE RELEVANCE OF SEPARATING A CRIMINAL CASE DURING A DEAL WITH THE INVESTIGATION<\/strong><br>\r\nFederal Law No. 141-FZ of June 29, 2009, \\&#8221;On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation\\&#8221;, introduced the institution of pre-trial cooperation agreements into the Russian criminal process in order to effectively combat organized crime and banditry, solve high-profile crimes, and combat corruption. A person being prosecuted may declare their decision to enter into a pre-trial cooperation agreement at any stage of the criminal investigation, up to the moment when the investigator announces the end of the preliminary investigation. The conclusion of a pre-trial cooperation agreement grants the investigator the right to separate the criminal case into a separate proceeding against the person who entered into the agreement (Part 1, Article 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation). However, the Prosecutor General\\&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation, in its Order No. 107 dated March 15, 2010, \\&#8221;On the Organization of Work on the Implementation of the Prosecutor\\&#8217;s Powers in Concluding Pre-Trial Cooperation Agreements with Suspects (Defendants) in Criminal Cases\\&#8221;, and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, in its Resolution No. 16 dated June 28, 2012, \\&#8221;On the Practice of Applying the Special Procedure for Trial of Criminal Cases in Concluding Pre-Trial Cooperation Agreements\\&#8221;, have emphasized the mandatory nature of this rule. This approach has been the subject of discussions among practitioners for the past fifteen years, with regard to the ambiguous interpretation of the provisions of Articles 317.4 and 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and the absence of a mandatory requirement to separate such a case and consider it under a special procedure of legal proceedings. This article aims to analyze the challenges faced by the defense team in separating a criminal case involving a person who has entered into a deal with the investigation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> \u0441riminal proceedings, separation of a criminal case, pre-trial cooperation agreement, deal with the investigation, special procedure for legal proceedings, general procedure for legal proceedings.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKaretnikov A. S. Is a special procedure for judicial consideration of criminal cases in relation to persons who have entered into a pre-trial cooperation agreement necessary? \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 31-37.<br>\r\n2. \tKarlov A. L. Objective conditions in the text of a pre-trial cooperation agreement as a risk factor on the part of the defense \/\/ Criminal proceedings in Russia and foreign countries: problems and development prospects: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2023. &#8211; P.90-94.<br>\r\n3. \tPloshkina Ya. M. On the need for the institution of pre-trial cooperation agreement in Russian criminal proceedings \/\/ Lex russica (Russian law). &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 7 (212). &#8211; P. 49-57.<br>\r\n4. \tSirotenko A. S., Oblakov A. A. Actual problems of concluding a pre-trial cooperation agreement, both at the stage of preliminary investigation and during trial \/\/ Postulate. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 11 (25). &#8211; P. 39-50.<br>\r\n5. \tStatsyuk D. N. Pre-trial cooperation agreement: risks of self-incrimination and legal guarantees \/\/ XIII Baltic Legal Forum &#8220;Law and Order in the Third Millennium&#8221;: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; Kaliningrad, 2025. &#8211; P. 102-104.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MAGOMEDOV Gaziyav Asbegovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala<br>\r\n<strong>MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulayevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash; Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala<br>\r\n<strong>COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES FOR MINORS\\&#8217; RIGHTS AT PRE-TRIAL STAGES: THE ROLE OF INVESTIGATORS, INQUIRERS, AND DEFENDERS IN RUSSIA AND THE USA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides a comparative legal analysis of procedural guarantees for minors\\&#8217; rights at pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings in Russia and the USA, on focusing the roles of investigators, inquirers, and defenders. In Russia, \\&#8221;double\\&#8221; or \\&#8221;triple representation\\&#8221; is required, involving a defender, legal representative, and pedagogue\/psychologist for minors under 16 (Arts. 425, 426 CCP RF). In the USA, juvenile courts and the attorney general decide on transferring cases to specialized instances, emphasizing rehabilitation and alternative procedures. Differences are identified: Russia combines punishment and education, while the USA prioritizes individualization and assistance.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> procedural guarantees, minors, pre-trial stage, juvenile justice, defender.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tMakaritskaya A. A. Tactics of interrogating a minor suspect: a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign legislation \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 25 (367). &#8211; P. 315-316.<br>\r\n2. \tNagornaya I. I. Criminal liability for crimes against children in the USA \/\/ Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: Legal Sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 1007-1027.<br>\r\n3. \tShataylyuk E. E. Silence of the accused in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation and foreign jurisdictions \/\/ Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (61). &#8211; P. 521-539.<br>\r\n4. \tFilyashin A.S. The Anglo-American model of criminal investigation: formation and current state: dissertation &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; M., 2024.<br>\r\n5. \tYanin M. G. Legal status of a teacher, psychologist and legal representative in Russian criminal proceedings \/\/ Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 39-45.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NIKITINA Elena Viktorovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of PM Davydov Judicial activity and Criminal procedure sub-faculty, VF Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg<br>\r\n<strong>PRIVATE PROSECUTION CASES ARE THE FOCUS OF THE LEGISLATOR\\&#8217;S ATTENTION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe author draws attention to the fact that until recently, the situation with the consideration of criminal cases of private prosecution in court raised a number of questions. This was due to the fact that in 2018, the legislator transferred criminal cases of crimes under Part 1 of Article 116.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to the jurisdiction of the district court, without regulating the procedure for considering private prosecution cases by this court. The issue was discussed in academic circles, but it remained unresolved for a long time. The article reflects the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which served as the starting point for legislative reforms. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considered that the procedure for considering private prosecution cases by a court should be unified. The article examines the legislative changes that were adopted in development of this legal position. It identifies separate clusters of reforms based on their procedural purpose. The article concludes on the essential significance of the legislative novelties. It is proposed to coordinate the provisions of certain acts of interpretation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> private prosecution cases, trial court, special procedure for consideration, institution of private criminal prosecution, legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, new approach of the legislator.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBlaginina Yu. N. Some problems of legislative regulation of criminal proceedings in private prosecution cases \/\/ Issues of Russian Justice. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 8. <br>\r\n2. \tKalinovsky K. B. District court &#8211; to consider private prosecution cases by analogy \/\/ Criminal procedure. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. <br>\r\n3. \tKorolev V. A. Problems of consideration of criminal cases of private prosecution as a result of change of jurisdiction \/\/ Legality and law and order. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 2. <br>\r\n4. \tKsendzov Yu. Yu. In search of an optimal procedure for resolving private prosecution criminal cases \/\/ Legal research. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 7. <br>\r\n5. \tMikheev D.S. On some problems of consideration of criminal cases of private prosecution \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 10. <br>\r\n6. \tRyabinina T.K. Difficulties in criminal proceedings on assault (Article 116.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) \/\/ Justice of the Peace. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 10. <br>\r\n7. \tSmirnova I. G., Shadrin M. Yu. Reforming or abolishing private prosecution: posing the problem \/\/ Justice of the Peace. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 4. <br>\r\n8. \tStelmakh V. Yu. Crimes with administrative prejudice should not be classified as private prosecution cases \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 5. <br>\r\n9. \tTetyuev S. V. On non-systemic changes to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (using private prosecution cases as an example) \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. <br>\r\n10. \tTitov P. M. Problems of determining the jurisdiction of criminal cases of private prosecution \/\/ Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. <br>\r\n11. \tTorgovchenkov V. I. Changing the jurisdiction of some criminal cases requires changing the procedure for their initiation and consideration \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 6. <br>\r\n12. \tFilancova O. A. Problematic aspects of proceedings before a justice of the peace in criminal cases \/\/ Universum: economics and jurisprudence. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; 3 (125).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>PEREKRESTOV Vadim Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University<br>\r\n<strong>FANTROV Pavel Petrovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University<br>\r\n<strong>ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: CRITERIA FOR THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PROCEDURAL VIOLATIONS AND THE LIMITS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT DISCRETION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article analyzes current law enforcement issues related to the admissibility of evidence in modern criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation, drawing on the provisions of Articles 75, 88, and 89 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in conjunction with the provisions of Chapter 10 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. It is shown that the regulatory ambiguity of the criteria for the \u201cmateriality\u201d of procedural violations gives rise to competition between formal-literal and evaluative-differentiated approaches to resolving the issue of evidence inadmissibility. It is substantiated that law enforcement practice actually uses criteria focused on the verifiability of the origin of information, compliance with jurisdiction and procedural guarantees, as well as the preservation of tangible objects and digital data; however, these criteria do not have the status of a uniform normative standard. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen pre-trial filtration of inadmissible evidence and develop unified guidelines for assessing procedural violations, especially when using the results of operational investigative activities.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> admissibility of evidence, inadmissibility of evidence, significant violations, criminal procedural form, judicial discretion, results of operational search activities, pre-trial control.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Balakshin V. S. Obtaining, collecting, and forming evidence: problems of interpretation and application in assessing the admissibility of evidence \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3 (1049).<br>\r\n2. Vlasov Yu. Ya. Admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings: concept and evaluation criteria \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (1061).<br>\r\n3. Gadadov I. S. Actual problems of determining the criteria for the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 7 (194).<br>\r\n4. Gadadov I. S. Problems of admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 12 (163).<br>\r\n5. Kalinichenko A. I., Chikovani M. A. Criteria for the admissibility of evidence. A practitioner&#8217;s view \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SOKOLOVA Yuliana Evgenjevna<\/strong><br>competitor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Irkutsk Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)<br>\r\n<strong>HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-LEGAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE TERMINATION OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN CONNECTION WITH MILITARY SERVICE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the historical and socio-legal prerequisites for introducing the termination of criminal prosecution in connection with military service. The author traces the evolution of Russian legislation from the 18th century contraction system, the practice of early release of prisoners during World War I and the Great Patriotic War, to modern legislative innovations of 2023\u20132024. Special attention is paid to analyzing the procedural mechanism for terminating criminal prosecution, the conditions for applying this norm, and its compromise legal nature.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> criminal proceedings, termination of criminal prosecution, military service.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKodan S. V. Conscription as a type of criminal punishment in Russia in the 18th \u2013 first half of the 19th century \/\/ Academic Law Journal. \u2013 2010. \u2013 No. 2 (40). \u2013 P. 4-11.<br>\r\n2. \tShestopalov A. P., Fumm A. M. Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 in the System of Sources of Criminal Law of the Russian Empire \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow Humanitarian and Economic Institute. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 69-73.<br>\r\n3. \tTot Yu. V. The reform of military service in 1874 and its implementation in post-reform Russia \/\/ Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Series 2: History. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 5-16.<br>\r\n4. \tShumilova E. E. State policy on the mobilization of convicts during the First and Second World Wars: a historical and legal analysis \/\/ Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 2. &#8211; P. 74-92.<br>\r\n5. \tKudryavtsev V. N. Political justice in the USSR. &#8211; M.: Nauka, 2000. &#8211; 368 p.<br>\r\n6. \tZemskov V. N. Prisoners, special settlers, exiled settlers, exiles and deportees (Statistical and geographical aspect) \/\/ History of the USSR. &#8211; 1991. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 151-165.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SOSNOVSKAYA Leysan Ravilevna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer in Criminal law sub-faculty, Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice<br>\r\n<strong>SHAIKHUTDINOVA Laysan Ayratovna<\/strong><br>student, Kazan Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>CONSCIENCE AS A REQUIREMENT FOR FREEDOM OF EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this article, the author analyzes doctrinal approaches to the term \\&#8221;conscience\\&#8221; within Russian criminal procedure law. The primary objective is to establish the conceptual and categorical meaning of conscience as a legal requirement for the evaluation of evidence. The author compares criminal procedure concepts and interpretations of this concept and identifies its integrative meaning. The primary focus is on the lack of interpretation of conscience in judicial practice and the consequences of identifying a violation of it. The author relied on general scientific methods (comparative, systemic and structural-functional), as well as on textual analysis of the norms of criminal procedural legislation, on the method of legal hermeneutics and on individual methodological achievements of legal instrumentalism. As a result, the category of \\&#8221;conscience\\&#8221; is revealed as an internal moral compass for certain individuals, used to shape their inner convictions. Conscience serves as an element of professional ethics, but is not accompanied by procedural oversight mechanisms. The author concluded that guidance by conscience bears the hallmarks of a criminal procedural fiction, as it is enshrined in legal norms but does not require legal review.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> evidence, proof in a criminal case, principles of criminal procedure, criminal procedural principle, law of evidence, assessment of evidence, criminal proceedings, the process of proof.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAzarova E. S. The influence of the court&#8217;s internal conviction on the evaluation of evidence: a civilizational approach \/\/ Legal paradigm. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 22. No. 1. &#8211; P. 47-55.<br>\r\n2. \tDikarev I. The Importance of Conscience in the Evaluation of Evidence by Jurors \/\/ Legality. &#8211; 2007. &#8211; No. 11 (877). &#8211; P. 20-22.<br>\r\n3. \tKobzarev F. M., Yudina E. I. On a differentiated approach to the assessment of evidence and its sufficiency in criminal proceedings \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1 (39). &#8211; P. 92-98.<br>\r\n4. \tKoni A. F. Moral principles in criminal proceedings: introductory lecture to the readings on criminal proceedings at the Imperial Alexander Lyceum. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Senate printing house, 1902. &#8211; 46 p.<br>\r\n5. \tKornakova S. V. On the discussion of the category of conscience as a criterion for assessing evidence \/\/ Russian judge. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 38-43.<br>\r\n6. \tMichurina O. V. Guided by law and conscience: the agony of choosing a law enforcement officer \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 100-104.<br>\r\n7. \tRossinsky S. B. The essence of the study of evidence in criminal proceedings \/\/ Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; V. 20. No. 2. &#8211; P. 291-311.<br>\r\n8. \tSamarkin N. A. The judge&#8217;s inner conviction and the evaluation of evidence. Analysis of methods and criteria used by judges to evaluate evidence in criminal cases \/\/ Agrarian and land law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 8 (236). &#8211; P. 254-255.<br>\r\n9. \tSamulin D. V. Freedom to evaluate evidence \/\/ Law and Society. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1 (35). &#8211; P. 25-28.<br>\r\n10. \tSokolova T. S., Fairushina R. D. Guarantees for the practical implementation of the principle of free evaluation of evidence at the stage of preliminary investigation \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3 (190). &#8211; P. 366-367.<br>\r\n11. \tTailova A. G., Alieva R. G. The role of a judge\u2019s inner conviction in criminal proceedings \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 9 (196). &#8211; P. 417-420.<br>\r\n12. \tYakusheva T. V., Anisimova I. A., Purici A. V. Conscience of a judge and judicial discretion in the context of digitalization of criminal proceedings \/\/ Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 4-2. &#8211; P. 150-156.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FEDOTOVA Anastasiya Alexeevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Criminal process, justice and prosecutor&#8217;s supervision sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University<br>\r\n<strong>ABOUT ADVERSARIALITY AND SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: LEGAL POSITIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the approach of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to the definition of the principle of adversarial proceedings and equality of arms established in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in relation to criminal proceedings. Four aspects of this principle are highlighted, which, in the opinion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, should be taken into account when using specialized knowledge in evidence: 1) providing the parties with equal procedural opportunities to verify and evaluate the expert\\&#8217;s opinion during the trial, 2) the court has the authority to appoint a expert examination, 3) providing participants in the criminal process with a set of rights when appointing and conducting a expert examination, 4) determining the legal status of experts and specialists. Some legal positions are evaluated.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> adversariality, specialized knowledge, expert examination, criminal procedure, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, constitutionalization of criminal proceedings.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBozhev V. P. \u201cThe Quiet Revolution\u201d of the Constitutional Court in the Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2000. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 9-11. <br>\r\n2. \tVetrova G. N. The content of the principle of adversarial proceedings in the context of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 52-62. <br>\r\n3. \tGeistlinger M., Ilyutchenko N. V. The Importance of Legal Positions of the Constitutional Courts of Russia and Austria for Criminal Procedure \/\/ Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 19. No. 3. &#8211; P. 55-64.<br>\r\n4. \tGolovko L.V. The State and its Criminal Proceedings: Monograph. &#8211; M.: Publishing House &#8220;Gorodets&#8221;, 2022. <br>\r\n5. \tCourse of criminal procedure \/ edited by L. V. Golovko. &#8211; M.: Statut, 2025. <br>\r\n6. \tChekulaev D. P. Criminal Procedure Law as amended by the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation \/\/ Russian Judge. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 40-43.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KRAEVA Natalya Viktorovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, senior researcher of the Department of Management and Reformation of the Penitentiary System of the Center for the Study of Management and Organization of Punishment Execution in the Penitentiary System of the Research Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF SPECIAL-PURPOSE DEPARTMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION\\&#8217;S PENAL SYSTEM IN COUNTERING TERRORISM<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this article, the author draws attention to the legal for the use of special means, firearms, and physical force by the Special Purpose Units (SPU) of the territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation (FPS). The theoretical research was based on the provisions of the current federal legislation governing the procedures and tactics of the use of forces and means by the SPU of the FPS, as well as the regulations of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation, which establish the procedures and tactics of the use of forces and means by the SPU of the FPS in critical situations involving terrorist threats and hostage situations within the institutions. It is proposed to legally further consolidate the integration of the penal system\\&#8217;s special forces into the state system of countering terrorism and expand the regulatory basis for the legal regime of the penal system\\&#8217;s special forces by providing provisions in the Law of the Russian Federation on Penitentiary Institutions and Bodies that allow participation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> penal system, legal regulation, places of deprivation of liberty, special department, convicts, accused, defendants, physical force, special means, firearms, countering terrorist attacks, extremism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tRumyantsev N. V. Counteraction of extremist and terrorist threats by law enforcement agencies as a factor in ensuring state security: organizational and legal aspect \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 185-189.<br>\r\n2. \tKaluzhina M. A. Organization of operational-search counteraction to extremism in foreign penitentiary practice \/\/ Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2 (58). &#8211; P. 112-119.<br>\r\n3. \tShikov A. A., Ovchinnikov O. M. Formation of scientific foundations for training personnel for operational units of the penal system of the Russian Federation in the field of countering terrorism \/\/ Bulletin of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2 (35). &#8211; P. 75-81.<br>\r\n4. \tKaluzhina M. A. Actual problems of the application of operational-search methods to identify convicts prone to committing crimes of an extremist nature \/\/ Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3 (37). &#8211; P. 89-94.<br>\r\n5. \tShenshin V. M. The procedure for introducing and terminating the counter-terrorism operation regime \/\/ Administrative law and process. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 59-62.<br>\r\n6. \tShalygin V. V. Organization and functioning of special forces units \/\/ Issues of management organization. &#8211; Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2011. &#8211; P. 28.<br>\r\n7. \tKhisamutdinov I. F. Analysis of the concept of a counter-terrorist operation regime \/\/ Criminological journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 41. &#8211; P. 168-170. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24412\/2687-0185-2025-1-168-170. &#8211; EDN: IQBITA.<br>\r\n8. \tPonikarov S. V., Ponikarov V. A. Administrative and service activities of special purpose units of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (organizational and managerial aspect in the field of combating offenses) \/\/ Administrative law and process. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 57-60.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NEKRASOV Alexander Petrovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>THE MANIFESTATION OF JAMAATS IN THE RUSSIAN PENITENTIARY SYSTEM: PROBLEMS OF SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OVER THEIR ACTIVITIES<\/strong><br>\r\nIn the presented research material, the authors draw readers\\&#8217; attention to the appearance of so-called religious-tinged jamaats in Russian correctional institutions, where Muslim brothers recruit representatives of other religious denominations into their ranks while serving their sentences so that their accomplices would later commit terrorist and extremist crimes. The authors note that mostly such serious crimes are committed by foreign citizens from among the people of Central Asia motivated by greed and revenge. The article provides examples of suicide bombers recruited in places of detention. The authors, in order to eliminate something like this, propose a number of effective measures aimed at stopping such criminal acts.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> jamaats, foreign citizens, terrorists, extremists, recruitment, places of imprisonment, corruption, prison staff, Director of the Federal Penitentiary Service, proposals, or something similar, Islam, religion, examples, penitentiary system.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tCriminal Code of the Russian Federation Art. 205.1, Art. 205.6, Art. 282 with amendments and additions (as of October 5, 2025). &#8211; M.: &#8220;Spark&#8221;, 2025.<br>\r\n2. \tElectronic resource: RT TV channel, August 17, 2017.<br>\r\n3. \tElectronic resource: RIA Novosti: \u201cAre Islamists seizing prison zones in the Russian Federation? What to do with the prison jamaat,\u201d 2024 (June 24).\r\n4. \tElectronic resource: speech at the board meeting of the Director of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. RIA Novosti, 2024 (March 22).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SMIRNOVA Tatyana Georgievna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, senior researcher of the Department for the Study of Domestic and Foreign Experience, History of the Penal System, and Comparative Analysis of Penitentiary Legislation, Federal Governmental Institution \u201cResearch Institute of the FPS of Russia\u201d<br>\r\n<strong>KRAEVA Evdokiya Valerjevna<\/strong><br>chairperson of the Student Scientific Society, Institute of International Law and Justice, Moscow State Linguistic University<br>\r\n<strong>A HISTORY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNICAL MEANS FOR SUPERVISION AND CONTROL IN RUSSIAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES: EVOLUTION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article is devoted to a historical analysis of the process of implementing technical means of supervision and control within the penal system of the Russian Federation. The paper examines the principal stages in the evolution of engineering and technical means of protection and supervision\u2014from the first alarm systems of the Soviet period to modern digital platforms incorporating elements of artificial intelligence. Special attention is paid to the most recent period in penal practice, during which the technical re-equipment of correctional institutions has reached a qualitatively new level. The study identifies persistent patterns, problems, and \u201cbottlenecks\u201d that have endured for decades, and formulates potential directions for the further development of the technical policy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> correctional institutions, penal system, technical means of supervision, digitalization, innovations, security systems.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAzarov V. G., Chuprina M. V. Capabilities of biometric video analytics and rules for its application \/\/ Economics. Informatics. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 49 (1). &#8211; P. 169-177. &#8211; DOI 10.52575\/2687-0932-2022-49-1-169-177. <br>\r\n2. \tGromov V. V. Digitalization of the penal system: current state and prospects \/\/ Penal system: law, economics, management. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 22-28.<br>\r\n3. \tGryazeva N. V., Kubanov V. V. Experience of penal institutions in preventing escapes \/\/ Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 2 (43). &#8211; P. 27-32. &#8211; DOI 10.37523\/SUI.2021.43.79.004.<br>\r\n4. \tDetkov M. G. History of the penal system of Russia (IX-XX centuries): a textbook. &#8211; M.: Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2005. &#8211; 324 p.<br>\r\n5. \tEpifanov S. S. Technical means in combating penitentiary crime: requirements for the system \/\/ Legal science and law enforcement practice. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 3 (29). &#8211; P. 58-65.<br>\r\n6. \tZubarev S. M. Criminal-executive law: history and modernity. &#8211; M.: Yurait, 2018. &#8211; 412 p.<br>\r\n7. \tIvanov P. V. Current state and prospects for the development of engineering and technical security equipment in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia \/\/ Bulletin of the Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (47). &#8211; P. 110-118.<br>\r\n8. \tOleynik A. N. Prison subculture in Russia: from everyday life to state power. &#8211; M.: INFRA-M, 2001. &#8211; P. 112.<br>\r\n9. \tProblems of using digital technologies in evidence in criminal cases concerning crimes committed in penal institutions \/\/ Criminal-executive law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 19. No. 1. &#8211; P. 42-50.<br>\r\n10. \tSeliverstov V. I. Selected works: in 5 volumes. Volume 3: Legal status of persons serving a sentence. &#8211; M .: Yurlitinform, 2020. &#8211; 368 p.<br>\r\n11. \tFilipyev R. A., Rakhmankin E. A. The role of engineering and technical means of security and supervision in preventing and suppressing the escape of convicts from places of imprisonment \/\/ Criminal Justice. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 22. &#8211; P. 85-90. &#8211; DOI: 10.17223\/23088451\/22\/15.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NEKRASOV Alexander Petrovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PENITENTIARY CRIMES AND PENITENTIARY RECIDIVISM AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON IN SOCIETY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article presents the material based on the ongoing research on penitentiary recidivism and penitentiary crimes. Article 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the types of recidivism and the procedure for its determination by the courts is described. The author showed the most frequent types of crimes committed in places of deprivation of liberty, identified the motivation that motivates them to commit criminal acts, and identified the age cohort recognized as repeat offenders. The article contains a definition of penitentiary recidivism, formulated by the author of this work, and shows an instructive investigative example taken from his personal life during his professional career, which showed the danger that recidivists pose to law enforcement officers. They also propose to use the formulated definition of penitentiary recidivism as a basis.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> penitentiary institutions, penitentiary recidivism, crime in places of deprivation of liberty, definition and types of recidivism based on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, correctional institutions, law enforcement officers, definition, grave and especially grave crimes.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 15.10.2025 No. 162-FZ, Art. 18. &#8211; M.: SPARK.<br>\r\n2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 15.10.2025 No. 162-FZ, Articles 321, 313, 53.1. &#8211; M.: SPARK.<br>\r\n3. Grishko A. Ya. Penitentiary recidivism in the structure of penitentiary crime \/\/ Bulletin of the Vladimir State University named after A. G. and N. G. Stoletov. Series &#8220;Legal Sciences&#8221;. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (37). &#8211; P. 14-17.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GEORGIEVSKAYA Elena Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Moscow University of Finance and Law (MFUA); postgraduate student of the 3rd year of study of the Center for Criminal and Criminal Procedure Legislation, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>CRIMINALISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES RELATED TO SUICIDE OF MINORS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the theoretical and applied aspects of forensic characterization of crimes involving incitement to suicide of minors. The elements of forensic characterization, their content, and interrelations are analyzed. The need to identify the information-psychological subsystem within the forensic characterization structure is substantiated as a system-forming element integrating methods of covert psychological abuse, the perceptions of minor victims, and digital traces of interaction is substantiated. It is concluded that the classical forensic characterization of crimes in this category should be supplemented by elements of victimology, adolescent psychology, and digital forensics.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> forensic characterization, incitement to suicide, minors, information-psychological subsystem, digital traces, psychological abuse.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBelkin R. S. Course of forensic science: in 3 volumes. Volume 3: Forensic tools, techniques and recommendations. Moscow: Jurist, 1997. 480 p.\r\n2. \tVekhov V. B. Forensic science on computer information and means of its processing: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; doctor of legal sciences. Volgograd, 2008. 45 p.<br>\r\n3. \tZaitsev O. A., Karlov V. Ya. Forensic Science. Lecture Course. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2021. 320 p.\r\n4. \tIlyashenko A. N. Criminal behavior of minor females and its prevention: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. &#8230; candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 1999. 25 p.<br>\r\n5. \tKolesnichenko A. N. General provisions of the methodology for investigating certain types of crimes. Moscow, 1984. 104 p.<br>\r\n6. \tKochenov M. M. Forensic psychological examination: theory and practice. Moscow: Genesis, 2010. 336 p.<br>\r\n7. \tMeshcheryakov V. A. Fundamentals of the methodology of investigating crimes in the field of computer information: diss. &#8230; Doctor of Law. Voronezh, 2001. 387 p.<br>\r\n8. \tObraztsov V. A. Forensic characteristics of crimes: controversial issues and ways to solve them \/\/ Forensic characteristics of crimes: collection of scientific papers. Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of the Public Prosecutor&#8217;s Office, 1984. Pp. 7-15.<br>\r\n9. \tYablokov N. P. Forensic characteristics of crimes as an integral part of the general forensic theory \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11, Law. 2000. No. 2. P. 3-13.<br>\r\n10. \tSafonova T. Ya., Tsymbal E. I. Child abuse: essence, causes, social and legal protection \/ Research Institute of Childhood of the Russian Children&#8217;s Fund. Moscow: Dom, 1993.<br>\r\n11. \tKornoukhov V. E. Course in forensic science. General part \/ ed. V. E. Kornoukhov. Moscow: Jurist, 2000. 784 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GERASIMOVA Elena Yurjevna<\/strong><br>Deputy Head of the Course, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>ABOUT THE PERSON\\&#8217;S KNOWLEDGE OF IT TECHNOLOGIES AS A SUBJECT OF COMPUTER INFORMATION CRIME<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of the subject of crime having deep knowledge and skills in the field of IT-technologies, on crimes initiated and investigated on the basis of the use, creation or distribution of malicious computer programs (Article 273 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Features of knowledge and their level are considered on the examples of crimes from criminal practice, which allows to give a characteristic of the personality about his special skills in the field of computer information. The specified assessment of knowledge is an important element in the formation of the forensic characteristics of the personality of the subject of crime, which provides law enforcement agencies with effective promotion of versions about the person who committed the crime.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> knowledge, IT technologies, crime, subject of crime, computer information, and computer equipment.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Zhizhina M. V. Zavyalova D. V. The personality of the subject of crimes in the field of computer information as a system-forming element of forensic characteristics (based on materials from Russian and foreign sources \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 5 (138). &#8211; P. 154.<br>\r\n2. Appeal ruling No. 22-999\/2019 of July 17, 2019 in case No. 22-999\/2019 \/\/ Archive of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tyva (Tuva Republic), 2019.<br>\r\n3. Criminal case No. 2-139\/2020 \/\/ Archive of the Soviet District Court. &#8211; Volgograd, 2020.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KITAEV Nikolay Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>ARKHIPOVA Anastasiya Nikolaevna <\/strong><br>Deputy Director for Academic Affairs, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Irkutsk National Research Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>TURKOVA Valentina Nikolaevna <\/strong><br>Deputy Director for Educational Work, Institute of Economics, Management and Law of Irkutsk National Research Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>ON SOME PROBLEMS OF CORPSE IDENTIFICATION IN THE PROCESS OF ITS IDENTIFICATION AND FORENSIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses certain problems of corpse identification during its identification and forensic medical examination. Using examples from specific criminal cases, it shows the judicial and expert errors made during such identification. The article defines the concept of \\&#8221;expert error\\&#8221; and provides reasons for such errors. It also highlights the lack of state standards for expert methods, which can lead to objective errors made by even the most qualified experts. It is stated that in high-profile criminal cases, subjective factors can influence a forensic expert, causing them to unconsciously exaggerate the significance of matching identification or diagnostic features and ignore existing differences. The need for investigators and judges to critically evaluate the conclusions of forensic experts is emphasized.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> corpse identification, forensic examination, corpse identification, judicial and expert errors.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Voropaev G. S. Problems of identification of unidentified corpses in forensic science: author&#8217;s abstract. dis. \u2026 candidate of legal sciences. \u2013 Vladivostok, 2001. \u2013 P. 22.<br>\r\n2. Protopopov A. L., Arkhipova A. N. Establishing the identity of the victim in murder cases. &#8211; Irkutsk, 2018. &#8211; P. 15.<br>\r\n3. Protopopov A. L. Investigator and operational-search activities \/\/ Operative (Detective). &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 46-50.<br>\r\n4. Archive of the Volgograd Regional Court, 1997.<br>\r\n5. The example is taken from the publication: Kitaeva I. N. Problems of assessing the conclusion of a forensic medical examination as evidence in criminal proceedings \/\/ Investigator. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 61-62.<br>\r\n6. Protopopov V. L., Turkova V. N. Investigative versions of murder cases. &#8211; Irkutsk, 2019. &#8211; P. 95.<br>\r\n7. Klevno V. A. Concept and classification of expert errors \/\/ Forensic medical examination. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 37.<br>\r\n8. Protopopov A. L., Arkhipova A. N., Kitaev N. N. Investigation of murders in situations of concealment of a corpse. \u2013 Irkutsk, 2016. \u2013 P. 45-47.<br>\r\n9. Asnis A. Ya. On the role of subjective factors in forensic examination \/\/ Forensic medical examination. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 54-55.<br>\r\n10. Kitaeva V. N., Kitaev N. N., Ardashev R. G. On the danger of pseudoscience penetration into forensic science and operational-search activities \/\/ Law and Right. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 168-171.<br>\r\n11. Zakharova V. O. On some mistakes of investigators during the identification of a corpse \/\/ Gaps in Russian legislation. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 219-221. <br>\r\n12. Shigeev S. V., Velenko P. S., Ametrin M. D. Forensic characteristics of unidentified corpses according to the data of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Moscow Department of Health \/\/ Forensic Medical Examination. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 35-36.<br>\r\n13. Ermakova Yu. A former pilot wanted to earn 16 million rubles at his own funeral \/\/ Komsomolskaya Pravda. &#8211; 2014 (November 19). <br>\r\n14. Melikhova E. Kicked the bucket \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2013 (August 2).<br>\r\n15. Ardashev R. G., Kitaev N. N., Kitaeva V. N. The need to check the situation of post-criminal suicide when solving serial and mass murders \/\/ Law and Order. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 125-127.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NOSOV Alexander Vladimirovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Private and public law sub-faculty, Volgograd Institute of Business<br>\r\n<strong>EGOROV Gennady Gennadjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, researcher, Volzhsky Branch, Volgograd State University, Volzhsky<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: LEGAL, PROCEDURAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe relevance of the study is related to the digital transformation of the criminal process and the introduction of AI in forensic analysis, especially in the context of the growth of Big Data. Automated data processing systems based on machine and deep learning pose serious challenges to the legal system of the Russian Federation: their \u201copaque\u201d logic (the \u201cblack box\u201d phenomenon) contradicts the requirements of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation for the scientific validity of evidence (Article 204), undermines the principles of adversarial behavior and violates the constitutional rights to a fair trial and equality before the law. Additional risks include algorithmic bias, lack of accountability mechanisms for AI errors, and threats to the right to privacy. The work uses doctrinal, comparative legal and formal legal methods; The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, international standards (including the EU AI Act) and scientific sources are analyzed. The goal is to develop an approach to integrating AI into forensic science while maintaining procedural and constitutional protections. Key takeaways: AI results can only be accepted through transparency (XAI) and training data disclosure; the conclusions of opaque AI systems are procedurally unacceptable; mandatory certification of high-risk AI is required, a clear distribution of responsibilities between the developer, operator and expert, as well as modernization of expert training to include competencies in the field of legal informatics and meta-expertise.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> artificial intelligence; forensic analysis; admissibility of evidence; \\&#8221;black box\\&#8221;; algorithmic bias; Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation; forensic examination; Explainable AI; Big Data; legal personality.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) \/\/ Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. &#8211; 06.10.2022. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/pravo.gov.ru.<br>\r\n2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 15.10.2025) \/\/ Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 1996. &#8211; No. 25. &#8211; Art. 2954.<br>\r\n3. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 27.10.2025) \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. &#8211; 2001. &#8211; No. 249.<br>\r\n4. Dorotenko D. AI Act: an overview of the EU law on artificial intelligence [Electronic resource] \/\/ Dorotenko.pro. \u2013 2024. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/dorotenko.pro\/ru\/ai-act-eu-summary\/ (date of access: 08.11.2025).<br>\r\n5. Ashchuk D. D., Sosnin A. S. Application of artificial intelligence in forensics \/\/ Bulletin of science. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 2. No. 12 (81). &#8211; P. 446-449. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/primenenie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-kriminalistike (date of access: 08.11.2025).<br>\r\n6. Denisov Yu. D., Kokin A. V. Artificial intelligence in forensic science and forensic examination: issues of legal personality and algorithmic bias \/\/ Theory and practice of forensic examination. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; V. 18. No. 2. &#8211; P. 30-37.<br>\r\n7. Egorov G. G., Sevostyanov M. V., Shubenkova K. V. Normative and legal interpretation of systems based on \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d and neural networks (international aspects) \/\/ Legal paradigm. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 24. No. 1. &#8211; P. 61-71.<br>\r\n8. Zuikov S. A. Prospects for the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Judicial System \/\/ Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 45-52. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/ipcmagazine.ru\/articles\/1850422\/ (date accessed: 08.11.2025).<br>\r\n9. Kravtsova E. S. Prospects for the application of artificial intelligence in forensic technology, tactics and methods of crime investigation: theoretical and practical aspects \/\/ Proceedings of the scientific conference of SibLU. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/conf.siblu.ru\/perspektivy-primeneniya-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-kriminalisticheskoy-tehnike-taktike-i-metodike (date of access: 08.11.2025).<br>\r\n10. Nosov A. V., Egorov G. G. Features of forensic analysis of data located in a cluster of darknet nodes and networks \/\/ Actual socio-economic problems of society development in Russia and abroad: collection of materials from the V All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Volgograd, November 30, 2023 \/ Volgograd Institute of Business. &#8211; Volgograd; Saratov: Amirit, 2023. &#8211; P. 101-108.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>POZIY Viktoriya Stanislavovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>BELDIN Alexander Andreevich<\/strong><br>student, Crimean Branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>EXPERIMENTS OF TISSUES AND EXCREMENTS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL: OPPORTUNITIES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS (PART 2)<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article discusses some problematic issues related to the examination of human and animal tissue and secretions. For example, when ordering a second DNA examination, investigators may encounter different names for the examination in different expert institutions across the Russian Federation. The article proposes the creation of a unified registry or list of types of forensic examinations for all expert institutions in Russia. It also provides an example of the Republic of Crimea\\&#8217;s practice of conducting comprehensive examinations of objects containing biological traces. The article emphasizes the importance of effective collaboration between investigators and experts to ensure the quality of the results.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> fingerprint examination, DNA testing, facial reconstruction, human identification, altered hands, interaction, repeated examination, and comprehensive examination.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tIssues of organizing the production of forensic examinations in the forensic departments of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation (together with the \u201cInstructions for organizing the production of forensic examinations in the forensic departments of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation\u201d: order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 29, 2005 No. 511 (as amended).<br>\r\n2. \tOn approval of the List of types (kinds) of forensic examinations performed in federal budget forensic institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Russia, and the List of expert specialties for which the right to independently conduct forensic examinations in federal budget forensic institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Russia is granted: order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated 20.04.2023 No. 72 (as amended).<br>\r\n3. \tFederal State Budgetary Institution Forensic Center of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/sec.sledcom.ru\/center.html (date accessed: 03\/10\/2026).<br>\r\n4. \tOn approval of the procedure for conducting a forensic medical examination: order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated September 25, 2023 No. 491n (as amended). <br>\r\n5. \tPoziy V. S. Why is a new law \u201cOn forensic activity\u201d necessary? (Part 2) \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal, 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (191). &#8211; P. 435-437.<br>\r\n6. \tAntipov V. A., Tolstikov A. V., Belyaeva E. V., et al. Methodological recommendations for the production of forensic biological examinations in the department of disaster medicine and forensic examination of material evidence \/\/ Forensic examination of material evidence: Collection of methodological recommendations. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2018. &#8211; P. 5.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINALISTICS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SATAEV Ruslan Rashidovich<\/strong><br>lawyer of the Bar of the Republic of Bashkortostan<br>\r\n<strong>THE SETTING OF COMMITTING CRIMES AGAINST MILITARY SERVICE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DESERTION AND UNAUTHORIZED LEAVING OF A UNIT OR PLACE OF SERVICE)<\/strong><br>\r\nThis publication examines the forensic features of the setting of committing crimes against military service on the example of unauthorized leaving of a military unit or committing desertion. Various approaches to the classification of this element of the forensic characteristics of a crime are considered, examples from judicial practice are given, and the author\\&#8217;s approach to the systematization of the studied forensic category is formed. The author proposes to classify the circumstances in which these crimes are committed according to two criteria: depending on the material (capital structures of military units) or formal (psychological) component.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> military service, crime, deserter, unauthorized leave, conscript, military service, contract service, criminal situation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBagratyan A. L. Features of the investigation of unauthorized abandonment of a military unit or place of service under the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia: a comparative legal study: dissertation &#8230; candidate of legal sciences: [Place of protection: Moscow Academy of Economics and Law]. &#8211; Moscow, 2009. &#8211; 179 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBashkatov I. V. Terrorist acts &#8211; a threat to the international community (forensic characteristics of crimes as a typical information model) \/\/ International criminal law and international justice. &#8211; 2011. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 15-19.<br>\r\n3. \tBelkin R. S. Course in forensic science: In 3 volumes. \u2013 M., 1997. Vol. 3. \u2013 544 p.<br>\r\n4. \tGerasimov I. F. General provisions of the methodology of investigating crimes: forensic science \/ edited by I. F. Gerasimov, L. Ya. Drapkin. &#8211; M., 1994. &#8211; 437 p.<br>\r\n5. \tKamnev R. G. The circumstances of the crime and its influence on the decision on issues of criminal liability and sentencing \/\/ Russian Justice. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 43-48.<br>\r\n6. \tVolohova O. V., Egorov N. N., Zhizhina M. V., et al. Forensic Science: textbook \/ edited by E. P. Ishchenko. Moscow: Prospect, 2011. \u2013 322 p.<br>\r\n7. \tSyundyukov F., Vasiliadi A. Taking into account the circumstances of the crime \/\/ Soviet Justice. &#8211; 1988. &#8211; No. 22. &#8211; P. 26-31.<br>\r\n8. \tTrofimov E. N. On the relationship between the concepts of \u201cplace of military service\u201d and \u201cplace of residence\u201d of military personnel and their significance in assessing the right of military personnel and their family members to receive monetary compensation for the rental (sublease) of residential premises \/\/ Law in the Armed Forces. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; October. &#8211; P. 35-38.<br>\r\n9. \tShaidaev M. Sh. The situation of committing a crime in an armed conflict zone and its criminal-legal significance: Diss. &#8230; Cand. of Law. &#8211; M., 2006. &#8211; 193 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>CRIMINOLOGY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SIDOROVA Ekaterina Zakarievna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>PRIORITY AREAS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CRIMINOLOGICAL SECURITY STRATEGY OF EDUCATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses the specifics of the implementation of the strategy of criminological security of education in the context of digitalization of public relations. The purpose of the research is to scientifically substantiate the set of priority areas of the strategy. The author identifies five organizational interrelated areas: regulatory, and managerial, technological, educational and preventive, and personnel and preparatory. Special attention is paid to a program-oriented approach to the implementation of this strategy, involving the development of roadmaps and monitoring of performance indicators. It is concluded that only the systematic implementation of all directions can ensure the protection of individuals, society and the state from criminal threats in the educational environment.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> criminological security, educational security strategy, digital educational environment, safety data sheet, national security, legal education of students.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBegishev I. R., Zharova A. K., Zaloilo M. V., Filipova I. A., Shutova A. A. Technological transformations: growing opportunities and legal response to emerging risks \/\/ Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 2. No. 4. &#8211; P. 735-740. <br>\r\n2. \tVolchegorskaya E. Yu., Zhukova M. V., Shishkina K. I., Frolova E. V. The work of a teacher on the prevention of cyberbullying in elementary school \/\/ Bulletin of Minin University. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 11. No. 3 (44). &#8211; P. 1-22.<br>\r\n3. \tRyzhova N. I., Gromova O. N. Cyber threats to digital society and their prevention within the framework of victimological activities \/\/ Bulletin of the Russian Peoples&#8217; Friendship University. Series: Informatization of education. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; T. 17. No. 3. &#8211; P. 254-268.<br>\r\n4. \tSidorova E. Z. Digital, anti-extremist and other types of criminological security of the educational environment \/\/ Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4 (115). &#8211; P. 181-189.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VOLOGINA Elena Vilgelmovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Private and public law sub-faculty, Volgograd Institute of Business<br>\r\n<strong>BONDAR Mariya Mikhailovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL INTERACTION WITH THE POPULATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF SOLVING AND INVESTIGATING CRIMES, AS WELL AS MAINTAINING LAW AND ORDER<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this article, the author analyzes the role of public organizations and social movements, as well as the public, in ensuring security and law and order. The article highlights the indispensable role of the public and the general public in assisting law enforcement agencies in combating corruption, extremism, and terrorism. Juvenile delinquency prevention is effective when implemented with the help of the public. Involving students and youth organizations in these processes not only strengthens public oversight but also fosters a sense of responsibility among the younger generation for violating legal norms.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> civil society, law enforcement, crime, offenses, parental patrol, social campaigns, public safety.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKisly O. A. Some legal aspects of the interaction of operational and investigative units of the internal affairs bodies \/\/ Education. Science. Scientific personnel. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 51-53.<br>\r\n2. \tGavrilov A. M. Involving the population in the fight against crime. &#8211; Saratov, 2024.<br>\r\n3. \tIsaeva N. P. Problems of legal regulation of public participation in ensuring law and order \/\/ Problems of strengthening law and order in modern conditions: Materials of the International Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conference, June 1-2, 2006. Part IV. &#8211; Ufa: RIO BashSU, 2006.<br>\r\n4. \tStatistical data on interactions between law enforcement agencies and civil society institutions. Official website of legal statistics. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http\/\/www\/mvd.ru\/xn--b1aew.xn-p1ai (date of access: 01.12.2025)<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ILJINA Olga Vasiljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law enforcement sub-faculty, Penza State University<br>\r\n<strong>NESTERENKO Evgeny Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Penza branch, KG Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management (PKU)<br>\r\n<strong>PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF MAGISTRATES\\&#8217; JUSTICE IN MODERN RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe institution of magistrates is a vital element of the Russian Federation\\&#8217;s judicial system. Magistrates, within the framework of general jurisdiction, hear civil, administrative, and criminal cases involving millions of Russian citizens annually. However, in their work, magistrates face a number of organizational, procedural, and other challenges, overcoming which is essential for improving the effectiveness of justice at the level of magistrates\\&#8217; justice. It is important to systematize existing experience in organizing the work of magistrates\\&#8217; courts and develop new perspectives and proposals in this area.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> magistrates\\&#8217; court, magistrates\\&#8217; justice, magistrates\\&#8217; proceedings, organizational challenges.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBogdanova Yu. A. Historical foundations of the formation and development of the institution of justices of the peace in Russia \/\/ Education and Law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 325-331.<br>\r\n2. \tVlasenko I. G. On the history of the emergence of the institution of justices of the peace in Russia \/\/ Leningrad Law Journal. &#8211; 2007. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 235-243.<br>\r\n3. \tGrebennikov V.V., Sangadzhiev, B.V. Reforming the judicial system in the Russian Federation: trends and prospects \/\/ New Law Journal. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 121-125.<br>\r\n4. \tGostev A. N. Institute of Justices of the Peace: Problems of Public Control \/\/ ISOM. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 4-1. &#8211; P. 99-103.<br>\r\n5. \tDudikov R. R. On the Institute of Justices of the Peace in Russia \/\/ New Legal Bulletin. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 112. &#8211; P. 19-23.<br>\r\n6. \tIsakov A. R. Formation of global justice in foreign countries: the experience of Great Britain and France \/\/ Bulletin of PAGS. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 26-32.<br>\r\n7. \tFaroi T. V. Institute of Justices of the Peace in the Russian Federation: Problems and Contradictions \/\/ Law and Practice. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 164-170.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KOGAN Olga Stanislavovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in medical sciences, professor of International relations, history and oriental studies sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>LIFANOVA Marina Vladislavovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International relations, history and oriental studies sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>SHALAGINA Svetlana Vitaljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of International relations, history and oriental studies sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>THE IMPORTANCE OF NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS IN PERSONNEL TRAINING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe current realities of law enforcement require the use of the latest network and digital technologies to increase the effectiveness of combating criminal threats, which in turn sets new requirements for the personal and professional qualities of employees. The increasing volume and quality of information required for the detection, investigation, and resolution of crimes necessitates a higher level of knowledge, skills, and expertise among those involved in this field.\r\nTimely response to signals crimes of committed, especially in the field of computer information and in the economic sphere, requires law enforcement officers to have the skills to interact through computer networks and Internet technologies, and to obtain the necessary information from a vast digital array, including websites and information databases.\r\nThe use of the latest information technologies for the effective professional activities of law enforcement agencies necessitates the improvement of employees\\&#8217; knowledge, skills, and abilities in the digital sphere, which can be achieved through advanced training or retraining courses.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> law enforcement activities, law enforcement personnel, network communications, and information technology.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGaraeva I. A., Kobzova M. E. Problems of using information technologies in arbitration proceedings \/\/ Problems and prospects for the implementation of interdisciplinary research: a collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference (December 10, 2023, Ufa). In 2 parts. Part 2. &#8211; Ufa: Aeterna, 2023. &#8211; 212 p.\r\n2. \tKanunnikova E. A., Loshkarev A. V. Digitalization of the legal profession: threats and opportunities \/\/ International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 10-3. &#8211; P. 103-105. <br>\r\n3. \tNesterov A. V. Digital transformation of legal activity and legislation \/\/ The rule of law: theory and practice. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4-1 (62). &#8211; P. 43-53.<br>\r\n4. \tGazaliev R. M. The legal profession in the context of the development of information technology and digitalization \/\/ Scientific review: current issues of theory and practice. Collection of articles from the III International scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts. Part 2. &#8211; Penza: MCNS &#8220;Science and Education&#8221;. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; 268 p.\r\n5. \tShaikova E. S. Digitalization of jurisprudence \/\/ E-Scio. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 11. &#8211; P. 742-748.<br>\r\n6. \tYagofarova I. D. Digital technologies in law-making: theoretical and legal aspect \/\/ Prologue: journal on law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 2 (30). &#8211; P. 4-13.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MANDRYKA Yuliya Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor of Criminal Process sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>LEVOTSKIY Alexander Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>lecturer of Information support for internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg, major of police<br>\r\n<strong>EMELYANOV Georgiy Ivanovich<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Theoretical foundations of physical education sub-faculty, Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>METHODS OF TRAINING PERSONNEL TO COMBAT CYBERCRIME<\/strong><br>\r\nThe rapid digitalization of public relations and the widespread introduction of information and communication technologies in all spheres of human activity have led to a qualitative transformation of the structure of modern crime. Cybercrimes, including unauthorized access to computer information, creation and distribution of malware, remote theft of funds, crimes using cryptocurrencies, payment systems and anonymous networks (Darknet), have become a daily challenge for the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation. In these conditions, the training of highly qualified personnel capable of effectively countering cyber threats takes on the character of a strategic state task, on the solution of which depends not only the success of combating certain types of crimes, but also ensuring the information security of the country as a whole.\r\nThe authors analyze the current state of departmental education and identify an objective contradiction between the needs of practice and the existing system of professional training. Traditional legal education, focused mainly on the study of criminal law norms, and technical training in the field of information technology are implemented, as a rule, in parallel, without forming the necessary synthesis of knowledge and skills.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> cybercrime, criminal law, digital forensics, teaching methods, interdisciplinary approach, personnel training, information security.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Kalinichenko I. A. On priority areas of training personnel for the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the context of informatization of society \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/o-prioritetnyh-napravleniyah-podgotovki-kadrov-dlya-organov-vnutrennih-del-rossiyskoy-federatsii-v-usloviyah-informatizatsii (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n2. Komlev Yu. Yu. From the digitalization of society and cybercrime to the training of cyberpolice officers \/\/ VEPS. 2025. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/ot-tsifrovizatsii-sotsiuma-i-kiberprestupnosti-k-podgotovke-kiberpolitseyskih (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n3. Kopylov V. V., Anisimova T. V., Prokofiev O. M. Innovations in professional training of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation \/\/ Bulletin of Economic Security. 2021. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/innovatsii-v-professionalnom-obuchenii-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n4. Lukinsky I. S., Lukinskaya M. I. Innovative approaches to enhancing the cognitive activity of students \/\/ Professional education of employees of internal affairs bodies. Pedagogy and psychology of service activities: state and prospects: Collection of scientific papers of the IX International Conference (in memory of the first head of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Vladimir Yakovlevich Kikot), Moscow, June 26-27, 2025. Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2025. P. 361-363. &#8211; EDN STQCDQ.<br>\r\n5. Simonenko A. V. Current issues of training personnel to combat cybercrime \/\/ Bulletin of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 4 (54). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/aktualnye-voprosy-podgotovki-kadrov-dlya-protivodeystviya-kiberprestupnosti (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MISHCHENKO Elena Valerjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Chief Researcher at the Department of Advanced Training of the Military Research Center of the Military Order of Zhukov Academy of the National Guard of the Russian Federation<br>\r\n<strong>GREBENNIKOVA Anastasiya Pavlovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Organization of judicial and prosecutorial investigative activities sub-faculty, Orenburg State University<br>\r\n<strong>ON IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF CONVICTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses some topical issues of protecting the legitimate interests and rights of convicts. The difficulties of its implementation at the present stage are noted, which, in particular, include difficulties in the implementation of labor rights, the right to education, health protection, the right to appeal to state bodies, etc. The essential role of prosecutorial supervision in ensuring the legitimate rights of senior persons is noted. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of prosecutorial supervision of the activities of bodies and institutions that carry out criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> the rights of convicts, prosecutorial supervision, protection of legitimate rights and interests, the right to work, the right to education, the right to health protection.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tNikulicheva I. V., Kardanov R. R. Rights and freedoms of persons sentenced to imprisonment: problems of implementation and protection \/\/ Law and Management. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 263-266.<br>\r\n2. \tSmirnova I., Kornakova S. Criminal Procedure Mechanisms of Social Well-Being Maintaining in Modern Society: Civil Preferences \/\/ The European proceedings of social &amp; behavioral sciences: International Conference, Tomsk, November 07-10, 2016 \/ National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University. \u2013 Tomsk: Future Academy, 2017. \u2013 Vol. 26. \u2013 P. 464-472. <br>\r\n3. \tPolozyuk V. L. It is necessary to study \/\/ Crime and Punishment. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 3.<br>\r\n4. \tBelosludtsev V. I. Legal regulation of the execution of criminal penalties and ensuring the civil rights of those sentenced to long terms of imprisonment: lecture. &#8211; Kaliningrad, 1997. &#8211; P. 18-19.<br>\r\n5. \tKornakova S. V. Supervision of compliance with the law is the main function of the prosecutor in Russian criminal proceedings \/\/ Siberian criminal procedural and forensic readings. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 4 (12). &#8211; P. 16-23.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>YAKUSHEV Alexey Vadimovich<\/strong><br>lecturer of Fire training department sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>IMPROVING FIREWORK TRAINING FOR CADETS AND STUDENTS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA USING SHOOTING SIMULATORS<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article, dedicated to the procedure for improving firearms training for cadets and students of educational institutions of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, reflects the importance of using shooting simulators in mastering the firearms training course. The relevance of this study stems from the fact that law enforcement officers often encounter situations in which they need to use firearms quickly and professionally, and the use of shooting simulators during the firearms training course will help achieve the most effective and positive results.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> firearms training, professional training, cadets and students of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, police activities, shooting simulators, firearms.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAdaev A. I. Assessment and forecast of psychological readiness of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to work in extreme situations: Abstract of dis. &#8230; candidate of psychological sciences. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2004. &#8211; 21 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBaklashov V. A. Evaluation and formation of professional motivation for learning among cadets of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, future operational workers: Abstract of dis. &#8230; Cand. Ped. Sciences. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2004. &#8211; 20 p.<br>\r\n3. \tGogunov E. N., Martyanov B. I. Psychology of physical education and sports: Textbook. Manual for students of Higher Pedagogical Educational Institutions, 2010. \u2013 314 p.<br>\r\n4. \tDobryak S. Yu. Dynamics of psychological adaptation of cadets in the first and second years of study at a military university: Abstract of dis. &#8230; candidate of psychological sciences. &#8211; St. Petersburg, 2004. &#8211; 21 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>SAFETY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FEDOSOV Artem Vasiljevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of industrial safety and labor protection sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>PISANOVA Ekaterina Sergeevna<\/strong><br>intern researcher, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>MAKSHANTSEVA Elizaveta Sergeevna<\/strong><br>intern researcher, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>IMPROVING LEGAL MECHANISMS TO COUNTER UNAUTHORIZED TAPPING INTO MAIN OIL PIPELINES: ANALYSIS AND PROPOSALS FOR THE MODERNIZATION OF LEGISLATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current system of legal liability for unauthorized break-ins into main oil pipelines in the Russian Federation. The author examines the shortcomings of the existing norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (art. 215.3) and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (art. 7.19), consisting in their predominantly declarative nature. The author proves the need to move to a proactive legal model aimed at crime prevention. A set of legislative initiatives is proposed, including the criminalization of preparatory actions, the introduction of mandatory regulatory standards for the technical protection of pipelines, as well as the creation of economic incentives for operating organizations. The developed proposals are aimed at forming a holistic legal framework for effectively countering theft of hydrocarbons and protecting critical infrastructure.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> industrial safety, main oil pipelines, unauthorized tie-ins, criminal liability, administrative liability, legal regulation, critical infrastructure, proactive control.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGubaydullina A. R., Fedosov A. V., Abdrakhmanova E. N., Shaibakov R. A. Analysis of the main factors of the efficiency of the integrated industrial safety and labor protection management system in the oil and gas industry \/\/ Electronic scientific journal Oil and Gas Business. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 71-92. &#8211; DOI: 10.17122\/ogbus-2019-4-71-92.<br>\r\n2. \tRD 153-39.4-056-00 \u201cRules for the technical operation of main oil pipelines\u201d. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/meganorm.ru\/Data1\/9\/9895\/index.htm (date of access: 11\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n3. \tKorchagin R. L. Types of defects in main oil pipelines \/\/ Science through the prism of time. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1 (58). &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/www.naupri.ru\/journal\/3127 (date accessed: 11\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n4. \tDamage to oil pipelines and protection against them \/\/ Encyclopedia of technologies. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/discoverrussia.interfax.ru\/wiki\/35\/ (date of access: 11\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n5. \tTypes of pipeline defects, damage classification, detection methods. \u2013 2022. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/mtools.ru\/stati\/vidy-defektov-truboprovodov-klassifikacija-povrezhdenij-metody-obnaruzhenija\/ (date of access: 11\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n6. \tFedosov A. V., Gafarova K. A., Makshantseva E. S. [et al.]. Personnel protection from industrial thermal radiation \/\/ Collection of materials of the XVII International scientific and practical conference of young scientists and specialists &#8220;Actual problems of science and technology-2024&#8221;. &#8211; Ufa: Publishing house of Ufa State Petroleum Technical University 2024. &#8211; Pp. 278-279.<br>\r\n7. \tCriminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025). Article 215.3. Unauthorized connection to oil pipelines, oil product pipelines and gas pipelines or rendering them unusable. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/base.garant.ru\/10108000\/ba2b71e7ed36e15a7bfa48c1122d1a6f\/ (date of access: 26.11.2025).<br>\r\n8. \tCode of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of 30.12.2001 N 195-FZ (as amended on 24.02.2021). Article 7.19. Unauthorized connection and use of electric, thermal energy, oil or gas \/\/ ConsultantPlus. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.consultant.ru\/law\/podborki\/koap_rf_statya_7.19._samovolnoe_podklyuchenie_i_ispolzovanie_jelektricheskoj%2C_teplovoj_jenergii%2C_nefti_ili_gaza\/ (date of access: 26.11.2025).<br>\r\n9. \tCommentary on Article 215.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation \/\/ Stykovka.ru. \u2013 2019. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/stykrf.ru\/215-3 (date of access: 11\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n10. \tFedosov A. V., Valitova K. A., Valeev R. I., Nazimetdinov A. A. Analysis of problems in the work of an occupational safety specialist \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 5 (192). &#8211; P. 479-480.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HUMAN RIGHTS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KLYACHIN Vyacheslav Matveevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>MADURO TAKEOVER: NEW IN PENTAGON MILITARY TACTICS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article, using the example of the seizure by the US armed forces of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, together with his wife, reveals a new tactical technique for Americans to minimize efforts to achieve international military and political tasks by creating a catastrophe effect, the essence of which is to simulate a catastrophic scenario at the beginning of a special operation in order to completely psychologically suppress the resisting side.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> the effect of the catastrophe, the complete uncertainty of the catastrophe, the psychological impact, the doctrine of \\&#8221;mosaic war\\&#8221;.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Klyachin V. M. Uncertainty of a catastrophe: problems of scientific analysis \/\/ Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2025. No. 2. P. 14-21.<br>\r\n2. Tsyganok A. D. And they were preparing to fight on foreign territory \/\/ Independent Military Review. 06\/17\/2005.<br>\r\n3. Shcherbakova O. I. Management decisions: Textbook. Moscow: IIT, 2009. 184 p.<br>\r\n4. Zhukov GK Memories and Reflections. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. M.: OLMA Media Group, 2015. P. 267.<br>\r\n5. World Wars of the Twentieth Century: in 4 books \/ Institute of General History, Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: Nauka, 2005. Book 3: The Second World War: a historical essay. \u2013 2nd ed. \/ ed. Kulkov, 2005. &#8211; Order No. 0250 of July 28, 1941. Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Fund 4, op. 11, d. 65, p. 192-193. and others.<br>\r\n6. See, note: Kidnapping or performance: Air defense was silent, the army was inactive. What&#8217;s wrong with the capture of Maduro? \/\/ Runews24\/ru, January 6, 2026; US operation in Venezuela. Why they succeeded. BBC Russian Service. 2026-01-04. (date accessed: 04.01.2026).<br>\r\n7. Arnold V. I. Theory of Catastrophes. Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2009. 136 p.; Plotinsky Yu. M. Models of Social Processes. Moscow: Logos, 2001. P. 207; Rylov M. I., Tikhonov M. N. After Chernobyl and Fukushima-1: Identification and Assessment of Uncertainties and Risks \/\/ Environmental Expertise. 2014. No. 3. P. 24; Klyachin V. M. Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Innocent Harm in International Law under Conditions of Uncertainty. Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2024. Vol. 20. No. 2. P. 164-169, etc.\r\n8. Klyachin V. M. Radiation disasters \u2013 a threat to national security \/\/ Observer. Moscow: RAU-University, 2013. No. 12 (287). P. 8.<br>\r\n9. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/ntv.ru\u203anovosti\/2959714\/Gazeta.ru. 08.01.2026.<br>\r\n10. Reuters: The White House ordered the US military to maintain a blockade of Venezuelan oil \/\/ Kommersant. 12\/25\/2025. <br>\r\n11. Cancryn A. Trump says strikes on targets inside Venezuela to start &#8220;soon&#8221; \/\/ CNN (January 2, 2026). (Accessed: January 2, 2026).\r\n12. Attack on Venezuela: authorities accused the United States of military aggression against the country \/\/ Kommersant. 01\/03\/2026.<br>\r\n13. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: vk.com\u203awall-216701330_4675 (updated: 02\/24\/2026).<br>\r\n14. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/aif.ru\u203apolitics\/knutov-oruzhie-trampa (updated: 02\/03\/2026). <br>\r\n15. Trump officials told investigators that Maduro and his wife hit their heads as they attempted to flee US forces. CNN. 2026-01-06. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cnn.com\u203a2026\/01\/06\/politics\/maduro-wife-hit-heads\u2026<br>\r\n16. Ivanova O. American senator reported how long the special operation in Venezuela lasted \/\/ Vzglyad. 01\/28\/2026.<br>\r\n17. \u201cIn 47 seconds, the US was able to clear everything out\u201d: Trump spoke about the operation to capture Maduro \/\/ Kommersant, 3. 01.2026.<br>\r\n18. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/tass.ru\u203amezhdunarodnaya-panorama\/26653809 (updated: 03.03.2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HUMAN RIGHTS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KLIMOVA Olesya Valerjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Far Eastern Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>BEZPETSKAYA Irina Petrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Customs law and official activities sub-faculty, Far Eastern State University of Railway Transport, Khabarovsk<br>\r\n<strong>SOME DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING STATE REGULATION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES AS PART OF IMPLEMENTING RUSSIA\\&#8217;S MIGRATION POLICY<\/strong><br>\r\nToday, population migration remains one of the priority areas of the Russian Federation\\&#8217;s political strategy. The problems of legal regulation of migration processes are closely related to ensuring legal entry and stay in the Russian Federation. In this article, the author examines the specific features of the Russian Federation\\&#8217;s migration policy. The article explores the specifics of administrative and legal regulation in the field of migration. It has been established that migration policy is an integral system of political, legal, social, economic, and intellectual measures for regulating migration processes, which are regulated by federal legislation. The article concludes that it is necessary to improve migration policy, which is being transformed under the influence of diverse and unpredictable circumstances.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> migration, migration policy, administrative and legal regulation of migration policy, refugee, internally displaced person, foreign citizen, regulation of migration processes.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tOn migration registration of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 18.07.2006 No. 109-FZ (as amended) \/\/ Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2006. &#8211; No. 30. &#8211; Art. 3285.<br>\r\n2. \tOn the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 15.08.1996 No. 114-FZ (as amended) \/\/ Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 1996. &#8211; No. 34. &#8211; Art. 4029.<br>\r\n3. \tOn the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2018 No. 622 (as amended) \/\/ Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 45. &#8211; Art. 6917. <br>\r\n4. \tAndrichenko L. V. Problems of systematization of migration legislation [Text] \/\/ Journal of Russian Law. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 12 (216). &#8211; P. 7-8.<br>\r\n5. \tThe State Duma proposed banning labor migrants from moving to the Russian Federation with their families \/\/ gazeta.ru. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/politics\/news\/2024\/08\/20\/23727523.shtml?updated (date accessed: 06\/19\/2025).<br>\r\n6. \tIn Moscow, a court liquidated an organization of the Uzbek diaspora \/\/ Business Newspaper \u201cVzglyad\u201d. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/vz.ru\/news\/2025\/5\/7\/1330955.html (date accessed: 05\/26\/2025).<br>\r\n7. \tThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied holding negotiations on the visa regime with the CIS countries \/\/ RIA NOVOSTI. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/ria.ru\/20240820\/vizy-1967218313.html (date accessed: 10.05.2025).<br>\r\n8. \tLopukha A. D., Lopukha T. L., Markovchin S. G. Threats and challenges of the modern world, and modern policy of Russia \/\/ Social and humanitarian knowledge. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 408.<br>\r\n9. \tMoroccans staged riots in France after losing in the semi-finals. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.sport-express.ru\/football\/world\/2022\/reviews\/chm-2022-besporyadki-vo-francii- posle-polufinala-franciya-marokko-pogib-14-letniy-podrostok-2012271\/ (date accessed: 10.07.2025).<br>\r\n10. \tRegister of employers with identified cases of illegal employment \/\/ Rostrud. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/rostrud.gov.ru\/rostrud\/deyatelnost\/?CAT_ID=20446 (date of access: 20.07.2025).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>HUMAN RIGHTS<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MUKHAMETSHIN Fa\u00edm Bayazitovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Bashkortostan, major general of police<br>\r\n<strong>IMPERATIVE DIALECTICS OF NATURAL-LEGAL AND POSITIVIST APPROACHES IN THE MECHANISM OF PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe presented article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the current state of the institution of protecting the rights and freedoms of human and citizen in the Russian Federation. The author identifies systemic problems caused by the gap between constitutional declarations and legal reality. The study focuses on the dialectical understanding of the natural law and positivist concepts of human rights, and the need for an integrative approach to overcome their methodological limitations. The author meticulously analyzes the terminological dichotomy between \u201cprotection\u201d and \u201csafeguarding\u201d rights, as well as the challenge of determining the appropriate limits for restricting rights in accordance with constitutional principles. By employing a wide range of general and specific scientific methods, the author develops a system of interconnected measures to enhance the mechanism for guaranteeing rights and freedoms. The key areas of focus include the adoption of a basic federal law, the optimization of judicial and extrajudicial protection procedures, the activation of civil society, and the purposeful development of a high level of legal culture. It is concluded that only a comprehensive approach can ensure the implementation of the constitutional principle that declares the human being, his rights and freedoms, to be the highest value.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> human rights, protection of rights, protection of rights, restriction of rights and freedoms, legal status of an individual, civil society, rule of law, guarantees of rights, judicial protection.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Andreev A. P. Concept, goals and principles of limiting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen: theoretical and legal research \/\/ Law and state: theory and practice. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 11 (239). &#8211; P. 164-167.<br>\r\n2. Anufriev E. A. Social status and activity of the individual. Personality as an object and subject of social relations. &#8211; M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1984. &#8211; 287 p.\r\n3. Baglai M. V. Constitution of the Russian Federation: historical and legal commentary. &#8211; 3rd ed., revised. &#8211; M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2010. &#8211; 256 p.<br>\r\n4. Vitruk N. V. General theory of the legal status of an individual \/ Russian Academy of Justice. &#8211; M .: Norma, 2008. &#8211; 447 p.<br>\r\n5. Constitutional law: a textbook for law schools and faculties \/ ed. A. E. Kozlov. &#8211; M.: BEK, 1996. &#8211; 464 p.<br>\r\n6. Maltsev G. V. Socialist law and personal freedom. &#8211; M.: Legal Literature, 1968. &#8211; 143 p.<br>\r\n7. Moyn S. Humanity before the emergence of human rights \/\/ Emergency reserve. Debates on politics and culture. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (149). &#8211; P. 3-38.<br>\r\n8. Starin B. S., Lomakina I. B. On state rights and freedoms of man and citizen \/\/ Law. Right. State. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1 (41). &#8211; P. 14-16.<br>\r\n9. Shelengovsky P. G. Institute of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in the History of the State and Civil Society \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 222-226.<br>\r\n10. Ebzeev B. S. Man, people, state in the constitutional system of the Russian Federation: textbook. manual. &#8211; 2nd ed. &#8211; M .: Prospect, 2020. &#8211; 656 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PEDAGOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ALIEVA Asiyat Islamutdinovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala<br>\r\n<strong>COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND THE CHILD\\&#8217;S RIGHT TO ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF EDUCATION: PEDAGOGICAL AND LEGAL CONFLICT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes modern Russian society, where the educational system is undergoing transformation, and the traditional school model is increasingly being criticized by both the parent community and pedagogical researchers. At the same time, there is an expansion of alternative forms of education, such as home schooling, distance learning programs, online schools, and blended learning models, which are becoming more common rather than exceptional. Russian legislation simultaneously establishes both the obligation to receive general education and the freedom to choose its forms, which creates tension between the interests of the state, the family, and the child himself. At the center of this conflict is the question of the permissible boundaries of pedagogical experiment and parental autonomy, with the unconditional priority of the rights and legitimate interests of the minor.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> compulsory education, child\\&#8217;s right to education, alternative forms of schooling, homeschooling, distance learning, educational law, pedagogical and legal conflict.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tPetryaeva E. Yu. Alternative school education: approaches to defining the concept \/\/ Society: sociology, psychology, pedagogy. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12 (116). &#8211; P. 131-138. <br>\r\n2. \tPetryaeva E. Yu., Domracheva S. N. Alternative education in Russian megacities \/\/ Prospects of science and education. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (70). &#8211; P. 758-773.<br>\r\n3. \tKurnakova A. D. Alternative education: the problems of a new phenomenon in the approach to learning \/\/ Telescope. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 121-126.<br>\r\n4. \tKornetov G. B. Alternative schools and alternative education in the domestic pedagogical tradition: the beginning of the 21st century \/\/ Innovative projects and programs in education. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 2 (62). &#8211; P. 31-40.<br>\r\n5. \tKoshchienko I. V., Pokrovskaya L. I. Family education as a variable form of education \/\/ Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 187-193.<br>\r\n6. \tFederal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ \\&#8221;On Education in the Russian Federation\\&#8221; \/\/ Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2012. &#8211; No. 53. &#8211; Art. 7598.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PEDAGOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BALYTSKA-KRESHCHENKO Tatyana Vasiljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Psychology sub-faculty, Lugansk State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>GORBATIUK Lyudmila Nikolaevna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>LEGAL CULTURE AND PATRIOTISM IN THE STRUCTURE OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OFFICERS<\/strong><br>\r\nPatriotic education in the universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation is a multi-level system that forms not only professional skills in cadets, but also civic and patriotic values, based on the synthesis of traditional and modern pedagogical methods, including historical and patriotic, legal, practice-oriented classes, extracurricular activities and digital technologies. The theoretical basis of the system is the integration of systemic, activity-based and axiological approaches, transforming patriotism from an abstract idea into specific professional actions. Special attention in this process is paid to countering information threats and mastering modern media literacy. The introduction of interactive formats allows for effective work with the younger generation. To assess the effectiveness of education, a set of criteria is used to monitor both the level of knowledge and real changes in the minds and behavior of future officers. Despite significant challenges, progress is being made.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> patriotic education, legal education, departmental universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, professional training, digital technologies, mentoring, skills, and law enforcement agencies.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tSpeech by Russian Foreign Minister S.V. Lavrov at the plenary session of the XXII Assembly of the Council on Foreign and Defense Policy, Moscow, November 16, 2023 \/\/ Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/mid.ru\/ru\/foreign_policy\/news\/1915593\/ (date accessed: 11\/20\/2023). <br>\r\n2. \tGorbachev V. V., Vasiliev V. V. Patriotic education of students of general education organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ Nizhny Novgorod education. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 87-92.<br>\r\n3. \tGubanov A. V. Patriotism as the basis of national security. &#8211; M.: Prospect, 2011. &#8211; 248 p.<br>\r\n4. \tIvanov K. L. Education of cadets of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the era of hybrid wars. &#8211; M .: Yurait, 2023. &#8211; 415 p.<br>\r\n5. \tLapin S. A. Formation of patriotism among cadets of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the process of professional training: dis. &#8230; Cand. Ped. Sciences. &#8211; M .: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2018. &#8211; 224 p.<br>\r\n6. \tLutovinov V. I. Modern Russian patriotism: essence, features, main directions \/\/ Studia Humanitatis. &#8211; (International electronic scientific journal). &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 2. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/st-hum.ru\/content\/lutovinov-vi-sovremennyy-rossiyskiy-patriotizm-sushchnost-osobennosti-osnovnye-napravleniya (date of access: 09\/02\/2025).<br>\r\n7. \tManoylo A. V. Information wars and state security. &#8211; M .: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2023. &#8211; 415 p.<br>\r\n8. \tMironov S.P. Theory and methods of patriotic education in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. &#8211; Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2021. &#8211; 224 p.<br>\r\n9. \tMorozov D. V. Patriotic education in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: modern technologies and effective practices. &#8211; St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2020. &#8211; 168 p.<br>\r\n10. \tNagoeva M. A. The system of organizing patriotic education of employees, cadets and students in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ Law and Management. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 335-339.<br>\r\n11. \tPetrov A. N. Legal basis for patriotic education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs employees \/\/ Law and Security. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4 (77). &#8211; 71 p.<br>\r\n12. \tSemenova O. A. Methodology of patriotic education in departmental universities. &#8211; M .: UNITY-DANA, 2023. &#8211; 187 p.<br>\r\n13. \tSokolov D. M. Departmental education in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: traditions and innovations. &#8211; M .: Justice, 2023. &#8211; 298 p.<br>\r\n14. \tSommer D.S. What is the value of a person? &#8211; M., 2014. &#8211; 192 p.<br>\r\n15. \tTimashenkova V. P. Patriotic education of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: retrospective analysis and development prospects \/\/ Psychology and pedagogy of service activities. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 152-154.<br>\r\n16. \tShinkevich V. E., Maslodudova N. V., Sherstyanykh A. S. Expression of the phenomenon of patriotism in the cadet environment of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 3 (28). &#8211; P. 86-96. <br>\r\n17. \tShcheglov A. V. Educating Russian Patriots \/\/ For the Sake of Life on Earth: Scientific, Publicistic, and Practical Publication. \u2013 Ryazan: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2015. \u2013 P. 171-179.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PEDAGOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MANDRYKA Yuliya Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>LAPSHIN Igor Efimovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Theoretical foundations of physical education sub-faculty, Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>KUDRYAVTSEV Roman Anatoljevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Physical training sub-faculty, Ryazan Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>METHODS OF TEACHING LEGAL SUBJECTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nAbstract: The article examines the current state of the methodology of teaching legal disciplines in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The key issues are analyzed, including the continuing gap between theoretical training and the practical needs of law enforcement, the need to transform the role of a teacher, as well as the challenges of digitalization of the educational process. Special attention is paid to promising areas of development: the introduction of active and interactive teaching methods, the implementation of an interdisciplinary approach, the development of cadets\\&#8217; self-development competence and the use of modern digital technologies. The authors substantiate the need for systemic changes in teaching methods aimed at the formation of not only professional knowledge and skills, but also a holistic legal culture of the future employee of the internal affairs bodies. The authors conclude that promising areas for the development of teaching methods are: active use of active and interactive teaching methods (problem-based learning, business games, case study); introduction of modern educational technologies (polygonal system, digital resources); deepening interaction with practical bodies; purposeful de-velopment of self-development competence among cadets.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> methods of teaching law, legal education, universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, law enforcement, professional legal awareness, pedagogical assistance.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Alimpiev A. A. On the issue of improving the teaching of criminal law disciplines in departmental educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan \/\/ World of Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/mir-zakona.kz\/o-nekotoryh-voprosah-sovershenstvovaniya-prepodavaniya-discziplin-ugolovnoe-pravo-i-kriminologiya-v-vedomstvennyh-uchebnyh-zavedeniyah-mvd-rk\/<br>\r\n2. Bereza V. M. Pedagogical assistance in mastering the competence of self-development by cadets \/\/ The World of Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/mir-zakona.kz\/pedagogicheskoe-sodejstvie-v-osvoenii-kompetenczii-samorazvitiya-kursantami\/<br>\r\n3. Vikhlyaev A. A., Kharlamova D. A. On the issue of improving the methodology of teaching special jurisdictional disciplines to cadets of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ Horizons of Education: Proceedings of the I International Scientific and Practical Conference, Omsk, October 29-30, 2020. &#8211; Omsk: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education &#8220;Omsk State Pedagogical University&#8221;, 2020. &#8211; P. 199-202. &#8211; EDN TIHHYV.<br>\r\n4. Ganchenko I. O., Grivennaya E. N. Promising Directions for Improving the Quality of Training Specialists in Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ News of Universities. North Caucasus Region. Series: Social Sciences. &#8211; 2011. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/perspektivnye-napravleniya-povysheniya-kachestva-podgotovki-spetsialistov-v-obrazovatelnyh-uchrezhdeniyah-mvd-rossii.<br>\r\n5. German E. S. Methods of Teaching Legal Disciplines at the University: Problems and Prospects \/\/ Personality, Family and Society: Issues of Pedagogy and Psychology. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 47. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/metodika-prepodavaniya-yuridicheskih-distsiplin-v-vuze-problemy-i-perspektivy.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PEDAGOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KHAMITOV Ainur Rasimovich <\/strong><br>senior lecturer of Special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police<br>\r\n<strong>IVANISHCHEVA Kristina Vladislavovna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Fire training and activities of internal affairs bodies in special conditions sub-faculty, VV Lukyanov Oryol Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police<br>\r\n<strong>KHOROLSKY Vladimir Vitaljevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>METHODS OF TEACHING CADETS AND TRAINES THE LAWFUL USE OF FIREARMS, PHYSICAL FORCE AND SPECIAL MEANS: PEDAGOGICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses current issues of professional training of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the lawful and effective use of firearms, physical force and special means. The article analyzes the contradiction between the requirements of the Federal Law \\&#8221;On Police\\&#8221;, departmental regulatory legal acts and the actual level of formation of integrative skills among graduates necessary in extreme situations of official activity. The article reveals the methodology for the formation of stable legal knowledge (grounds, conditions and limits of the use of force) in combination with tactical and technical actions. Special attention is paid to the pedagogical conditions for the implementation of the competence approach, including the modeling of professional situations, psychological preparation for extreme situations and criteria for assessing the readiness of cadets for the lawful suppression of offenses. The necessity of interdisciplinary integration in the learning process is substantiated, as well as the individualization of the approach to cadets with different levels of physical fitness.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> physical force, special means, legality, teaching methods, professional training, legality of the use of firearms.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Akhmatgatin A. A. Fundamentals of training police officers for action in extreme situations \/\/ Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 3 (66). &#8211; P. 3-8. &#8211; EDN SIQRWD.<br>\r\n2. Batkhaev V. V., Kushnarenko I. A. Interdisciplinary nature of tactical and special training of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia \/\/ Bulletin of the Maikop State Technological University. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 1. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/mezhdistsiplinarnyy-harakter-taktiko-spetsialnoy-podgotovki-kursantov-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 06.03.2026). <br>\r\n3. Eskov A. V., Mityukov E. A., Sturki A. K., Sinyazhnikov D. A. Professional service training of students within the framework of the implementation of the discipline &#8220;tactical and special training&#8221; \/\/ Human Progress. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/professionalnaya-sluzhebnaya-podgotovka-obuchayuschihsya-v-ramkah-realizatsii-distsipliny-taktiko-spetsialnaya-podgotovka (date of access: 06.03.2026). <br>\r\n4. Zakharov A. A., Semenov S. A. Organization of the training process for cadets with a lack of strength \/\/ Scientific notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (19). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/organizatsiya-trenirovochnogo-protsessa-dlya-kursantov-s-nedostatkom-sily (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n5. Kovalev S. M., Bordachev A. Yu. Tactical and special training of police officers \/\/ Law and power. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 5. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/taktiko-spetsialnaya-podgotovka-sotrudnikov-politsii (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n6. Shevchenko T. A., Maksimov M. I. Methods of training patrol police officers to act in extreme situations \/\/ Yu. P. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (111). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/metody-obucheniya-sotrudnikov-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-politsii-deystviyam-v-ekstremalnyh-situatsiyah (date of access: 06.03.2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ROMANOVSKAYA Irina Viktorovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Crimean Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol<br>\r\n<strong>PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CONDUCTING JUDICIAL INTERROGATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses the psychological aspects of conducting court interrogations, taking into account the individual characteristics of the participants and their chosen behavior patterns. Court interrogation is one of the most complex procedural actions. The author focuses not only on the psychology of the defendant\\&#8217;s personality and their courtroom behavior, but also on the tactical aspects of interrogating victims and witnesses. The article pays special attention to the interrogation of minors and young participants in court proceedings, regardless of their procedural status.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> trial, judicial interrogation, tactics, defendant, victim, witness, psychological characteristics.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKoni A. F. Moral principles in criminal proceedings (General features of judicial ethics). Reproduced from the publication \/ A. F. Koni. Selected works. &#8211; M .: Gosyurizdat, 1956.<br>\r\n2. \tYenikeev M. I. Legal Psychology. With the basics of general and social psychology: a textbook for universities. &#8211; M.: Norma, 2005. &#8211; 640 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VLADIMIROV Sergey Vladislavovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Economic crime prevention, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>SALNIKOVA Oksana Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, major of internal service<br>\r\n<strong>ZANKIN Dmitry Andreevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of the 3rd course, specializing in 5.1.2. Public Law (State Law) Sciences, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics<br>\r\n<strong>ON EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR\\&#8217;S OFFICE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe study of the effectiveness and efficiency of the prosecutor\\&#8217;s office in the fight against corruption consists primarily in properly performing a huge number of tasks that the prosecutor\\&#8217;s office staff face, which must be solved in a timely and correct manner to properly combat corruption. Since the 1990s, corruption has remained one of the main problems facing the Russian state. A thorough study of the effectiveness of the prosecutor\\&#8217;s office in the field of combating corruption leads to the conclusion that the efforts of the prosecutor\\&#8217;s office achieve tremendous results, despite all the negative phenomena. The article provides an assessment of the effectiveness of activities to combat corruption by authorized entities. The authors have analyzed the anti-corruption activities of the Prosecutor\\&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation, and proposed ways to improve this work.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> anti-corruption activities, prosecutor\\&#8217;s offices, public associations, organizational structure, law enforcement, anti-corruption.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKochoi S. M. Criminal-legal counteraction to corruption: gaps in legislation \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 88-94.<br>\r\n2. \tKovtun A. V. Problems of combating corruption in the Russian Federation \/\/ Internauka: electronic scientific journal. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 29 (252) (date accessed: 01\/30\/2026).<br>\r\n3. \tVestov F. A. Interaction of the rule of law, civil society and the individual in achieving a fair system in Russia \/\/ Fundamentals of Economics, Management and Law. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 3 (28). &#8211; P. 23-26.<br>\r\n4. \tNaruto S. V. On the interaction of the prosecutor&#8217;s office with the representative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities \/\/ Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General&#8217;s Office of the Russian Federation. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 6 (62). &#8211; P. 18-23.<br>\r\n5. \tOn combating corruption: Federal Law of 25.12.2008 No. 273-FZ (as amended) \/\/ Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 30.01.2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>DAVYDOVA Marina Vitaljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of General theoretical and state-legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Branch, VM Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>NIKITIN Alexander Viktorovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk<br>\r\n<strong>THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO APPEAL TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES IN THE SYSTEM OF HUMAN AND CITIZEN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe right of citizens of the Russian Federation to appeal to state and local government bodies is an inalienable human and civil right in the Russian Federation. This right is enshrined in Article 33 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Citizens\\&#8217; right to appeal should be considered inseparably linked with the right to freedom of opinion and speech, as well as the right to participate in the governance of state affairs. Citizens appeal as a means of protecting their rights and interests, and state and local government bodies offer a form of public feedback. The right to appeal democratizes society; by studying citizens\\&#8217; appeals and carefully considering the issues raised, the authorities respond more quickly to changes in society. Furthermore, exercising the right to participate in government helps ensure the authority of power, as public support underlies the state\\&#8217;s authority. The author of this article examines the advantages and disadvantages of the latest amendments to Federal Law No. 59-FZ, introduced by Federal Law No. 547-FZ of December 28, 2024, which entered into force on March 30, 2025. The author concludes that citizens\\&#8217; right to petition is an important aspect of direct democracy and facilitates the implementation of the key principle of government in Russia, as defined in Article 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Constitution of the Russian Federation, petitions, proposals, applications, complaints, Constitutional Court, security guarantees, user support sector, workload monitoring, digital transformation, judicial practice.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tEremenko E. E. General issues of the implementation of the right of citizens to appeal to state bodies and local governments \/\/ Young scientist. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 28 (475). &#8211; P. 81-83. <br>\r\n2. \tKiryanova O. V. Implementation by citizens of the right to appeal to state bodies and local governments \/\/ Agrarian and land law. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 6 (186). &#8211; P. 160-161.<br>\r\n3. \tThe flow of appeals to Putin&#8217;s reception office has decreased after the ban on anonymous complaints. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/tass.ru\/obschestvo\/25139313 (date of access: 03\/16\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MARCHENKO Dmitry Eduardovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public and private law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>TARENKOVA Olga Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Public and private law sub-faculty, Samara Branch, Moscow City Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>FEATURES OF THE FEDERATION IN RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the features of the Russian Federation, which are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 12, 1993. The paper analyzes the historical reasons for the establishment of certain features of the Federation and highlights the innovations in the legal status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are characteristic of the current legal system. The author examines the process of formation of the modern Russian state from the perspective of the evolution of federal relations in Russia. The article reveals the principles of the supremacy of the Constitution, state (territorial) integrity, the delineation of powers between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, the equality of the constituent entities in their relations with the federal authorities, and the equality and self-determination of nations and ethnic groups.\r\nThe author concludes that the current features of the Russian Federation have been shaped by the historical processes that took place in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the post-Soviet era. Centralization of power and multi-ethnicity has always been characteristic of the Russian state, and the acquisition of independent status by the constituent entities of the Federation was the result of a long struggle for autonomy by the regions and peoples of the country.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Federation, federalism, constitution, union treaty, independence of the constituent entities of the federation, subjects of jurisdiction, territorial integrity, legal status of the region and territory, features of the legal status of the republic, equality of nations and ethnic groups, national-territorial federation, national autonomy, and state sovereignty.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBredikhin A. L. Fundamentals of Russian federalism: a textbook for universities. &#8211; M .: Publishing house &#8220;Urait&#8221;, 2025. &#8211; P. 125.<br>\r\n2. \tFedorets M. N. Modern state-territorial structure of the Russian Federation: legal problems of domestic federalism \/\/ Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. Socio-economic and legal research. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 8. No. 4 (32). &#8211; P. 97. <br>\r\n3. \tMinzhurenko A. Federal Treaty of 1992. Lecture course on the history of the state and law of Russia \/\/ RAPSI Publications. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; December 02.<br>\r\n4. \tZametina T. V. Federalism in the system of constitutional order of Russia: monograph \/ edited by V. T. Kabyshev. &#8211; M .: Publishing house DMK Press, 2010. &#8211; P. 65.<br>\r\n5. \tDobrynin N. M. Russian Federalism: formation, current state and prospects: monograph. &#8211; Novosibirsk: Publishing house of Tyumen State University, 2023. &#8211; P. 34.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SHINDINA Anna Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor IE Farber and Professor VT Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy<br>\r\n<strong>PRACTICE OF STATE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY<\/strong><br>\r\nContemporary regulation of the spatial development of the Russian state necessitates research into the category of \\&#8221;spatial development\\&#8221;, a new concept for Russian legal scholarship. One of the primary areas for developing a doctrinal understanding of spatial development is comparative legal research involving states such as India and the People\\&#8217;s Republic of China, which are similar in size and are key founding members of the BRICS interstate association and share common geopolitical challenges with the Russian Federation. The author identifies positive practices that can be integrated into the development of Russian spatial development.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> spatial development, state spatial policy, legal regulation, strategy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBorokh O. N. Priorities of China&#8217;s Economic Development in the Modern Official Ideology \/\/ AlterEconomics. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; 20 (1). &#8211; P. 189-215. &#8211; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31063\/AlterEconomics\/2023.20-1.10.<br>\r\n2. \tBulatova Z. A. The category of \u201cspatial development\u201d in Russian law \/\/ Education and Law. &#8211; 2-21. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 32-36.<br>\r\n3. \tBulatova Z. A. Constitutional and legal foundations of the spatial development of the Volga macroregions: abstract of the dissertation&#8230; candidate of legal sciences. &#8211; Kazan, 2023. &#8211; 30 p.<br>\r\n4. \tWang Linyu. Systemic changes in territorial-spatial planning of the PRC in the 21st century \/\/ Architecture and Modern Information Technologies. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1 (62). &#8211; P. 297-312. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/marhi.ru\/AMIT\/2023\/1kvart23\/PDF\/19_linyu.pdf. &#8211; DOI: 10.24412\/1998-4839-2023-1-297- 312.<br>\r\n5. \tGavrilova N. V. Participatory planning and budgeting at the local level in the Indian state of Kerala \/\/ Regional Economics and Management: electronic scientific journal. &#8211; No. 1 (49). &#8211; Article number: 4916. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/eee-region.ru\/article\/4916\/ (date of access: 02\/17\/2026).<br>\r\n6. \tGavrilyuk M. N. Legal problems of spatial development of the territory of the Russian Federation \/\/ Land law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 6 (273). &#8211; P. 61-72.<br>\r\n7. \tZhogoleva A. V., Shatrova A. N. The system of service centers for the urban population of a large city in the theory of Walter Christaller \/\/ Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Architecture and urban planning: collection of articles from the 79th All-Russian scientific and technical conference, Samara, April 18-22, 2022. &#8211; Samara: Samara State Technical University, 2022. &#8211; P. 208-219.<br>\r\n8. \tZametina T. V. Improving the territorial organization of the Russian Federation: problems and prospects \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 6 (143). &#8211; P. 64-70.<br>\r\n9. \tKabyshev S. V. On the main tasks of modern Russian jurisprudence \/\/ Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 27-33. &#8211; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17803\/2311-5998.2025.133.9.027-033.<br>\r\n10. \tKapkanshchikov S. From the \u201cWashington consensus\u201d to the \u201cBeijing\u201d one \u2013 Russia\u2019s path \/\/ Society and Economy. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; Pp. 5-23. &#8211; DOI 10.31857\/S020736760016131-3. &#8211; EDN DHRRXD.<br>\r\n11. \tSurender K. \u201cDevelopment Strategy for Future India and the Self-Sufficient Bharat Program\u201d \/\/ Modern World Economy. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1 (4). &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17323\/2949-5776-2023-1-4-72-90 (accessed: 17.02.2026).<br>\r\n12. \tLipchanskaya M. A., Shindina A. V. Legal regulation of digital transformation of local government in the Russian Federation and Asian countries: comparative \/\/ News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (67). &#8211; P. 174-189. &#8211; DOI 10.21685\/2072-3016-2023-3-13. &#8211; EDN AMKXQT.<br>\r\n13. \tMakeeva S. B. State policy of the PRC on urban development (1949-2020): historical, regional and socio-demographic features \/\/ DEMIS. Demographic studies. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 1. No. 3. &#8211; Pp. 67-77. &#8211; DOI: 10.19181\/demis.2021.1.3.6.<br>\r\n14. \tMilko M. M. Urban clusters of the PRC on the example of the urban agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta region \/\/ Law, economics and management: from theory to practice: Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Cheboksary, January 29, 2021. &#8211; Cheboksary: Limited Liability Company &#8220;Publishing House&#8221; Sreda &#8220;, 2021. &#8211; Pp. 80-86. &#8211; DOI 10.31483 \/ r-97696. &#8211; EDN KWBZAC.<br>\r\n15. \tTsvetkova N. A., Tukkel I. L. Models of innovation diffusion: from description to management of innovation processes \/\/ Innovations. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 11 (229). &#8211; P. 106-111.<br>\r\n16. \tNapolskikh D. L., Furin A. G. Systematization of promising models of spatial development of the Russian Federation \/\/ Theory and practice of social development. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 58-63. &#8211; DOI: 10.24158\/tipor.2021.12.8.<br>\r\n17. \tNaumov I. V., Nikulina N. L. Scenario modeling and forecasting of spatial heterogeneity of innovative development of Russia \/\/ Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 71-87. &#8211; Doi: 10.15838\/esc.2023.4.88.4.<br>\r\n18. \tNaumov I. V., Sedelnikov V. M., Averina L. M. Evolution of theories of spatial development: fundamental features and modern research tasks \/\/ Journal of Economic Theory. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; Vol. 17. No. 2. &#8211; P. 383-398.<br>\r\n19. \tNeganova V. P., Naumov I. V., Sedelnikov V. M. Research and modeling of the consumer market of a metropolis \/\/ Practical Marketing. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 3-15 @@ Naumov I. V., Nikulina N. L. Scenario modeling and forecasting of spatial heterogeneity of innovative development of Russia \/\/ Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 71-87. &#8211; DOI: 10.15838\/esc.2023.4.88.4.<br>\r\n20. \tPerminov V. A. Development of smart cities in India \/\/ Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 120-125. &#8211; DOI: 10.24412\/2072-8042-2020-00086.<br>\r\n21. \tRodionov A. N., Sharipov F. F., Dyakonova M. A. Development of China\u2019s innovative infrastructure using the public-private partnership mechanism \/\/ Bulletin of the University. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 33-39.<br>\r\n22. \tSkvortsov D. I. Analysis of the regulatory framework for spatial development in Russia \/\/ Bulletin of Eurasian Science. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; Vol. 16. No. s2. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/esj.today\/PDF\/68FAVN224.pdf. (date accessed: 02\/17\/2026).<br>\r\n23. \tSmyslova O. Yu., Nazarenko V. S., Pertsev N. R. Approaches to the development of strategies for spatial development of Russia: modern tools for analysis and modeling \/\/ Economics, entrepreneurship and law. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 4619-4632.<br>\r\n24. \tStoletov O. V. Geoeconomic strategy of India in the context of the formation of a new world order \/\/ Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3 (80). &#8211; P. 114-128. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54398\/1818-510X.2024.80.3.012.<br>\r\n25. \tTheory of State and Law: textbook \/ edited by prof. S. S. Alekseev. \u2013 3rd ed. \u2013 M.: Norma, 2005. \u2013 P. 117.<br>\r\n26. \tUrunov A. A., Avezova M. M., Nasimova M. A. Methodological and practical aspects of identifying development poles and growth points in the regional economy \/\/ Bulletin of the University. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 161-168.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>STATE AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management (branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, St. Petersburg<br>\r\n<strong>THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE STATE AS A SPECIAL SUBJECT OF PUBLIC LAW<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides a comprehensive and consistent study of the legal status of the state, considered as a specific and multifaceted subject of public law. First and foremost, the authors conduct a detailed analysis of its essential features and unique characteristics of legal personality, allowing for a more precise determination of the state\\&#8217;s position within the hierarchy of legal relations. Along with this, the paper examines the systemic relationship between the state and other participants in public-law interaction, while providing a complex overview of its functional purpose and the limits of its competence within the framework of the modern legal system. Furthermore, particular emphasis is placed on the fundamental aspects of state sovereignty, the nature of public power, and the mechanisms for implementing the legal liability of the state, which collectively contributes to an in-depth understanding of its role as the central link in legal reality.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> state, public law, legal personality, sovereignty, public power, legal liability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBerdnikova E. V., Kulikova S. A. Political and legal mechanisms for the formation of Russian constitutional identity in the context of the information society \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 23. No. 4. &#8211; P. 460-470.<br>\r\n2. \tBuchenkov D. E. State organization: a subjective social \u201cconstruct\u201d or a real social object? \/\/ Theory and practice of social development. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 137-141.<br>\r\n3. \tGribunov O. P., Stepanova E. E. The concept and essence of state sovereignty in its historical genesis \/\/ Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 45-52.<br>\r\n4. \tDondokova B. B. The state as a subject of punitive law: analysis of theoretical concepts \/\/ Bulletin of the East Siberian State University of Technology and Management. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 45-53.<br>\r\n5. \tKononov V. S. Legal means of ensuring public interests in property relations \/\/ Education and Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 70-82.<br>\r\n6. \tMarkunin R. S. The procedure for implementing measures of legal responsibility of public authorities as an element of a unified system of responsibility of government entities \/\/ Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 48-54.<br>\r\n7. \tPechegin D. A. Legal mechanisms for protecting the digital sovereignty of the state: comparative legal aspect \/\/ Russian Journal of Legal Research. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; Vol. 9. No. 2. &#8211; P. 9-20.<br>\r\n8. \tSazonnikova E. V. On the way to a moral state (state and morality: points of contact) \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 149-155.<br>\r\n9. \tFilin A. Yu. The problem of state sovereignty in the context of world-system analysis \/\/ Actual problems of Russian law. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; Vol. 18. No. 12. &#8211; P. 41-51.<br>\r\n10. \tShmatova E. S. The state as a subject of public law: theoretical and legal aspect \/\/ Jurist. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 2-7.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>POLITICS AND LAW<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KUZINA Svetlana Ivanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, professor, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don; S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (Branch), Rostov-on-Don; South Russian Institute of Management (Branch), Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>SEMENTSOVA Irina Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University (branch), Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>TSYKORA Anna Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Economic security, accounting and law sub-faculty, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don<br>\r\n<strong>POLITICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF COUNTERACTING EXTREMISM IN MODERN RUSSIA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe object of the study is public relations in the field of implementation of the Russian state policy of countering extremism. The purpose of the article is to research and analyze the definitions of extremism, radicalism, and extremist ideology, to differentiate between radicalism and extremism, and to identify possible risks of law enforcement due to insufficiently accurate formulations of legal norms. In practical terms, the article explores the issue of lawmaking and concludes that it is necessary to distinguish between the new administrative norm (13.53 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) as a prohibition on searching for extremist materials for criminal purposes and searching for them for scientific purposes in order to form a negative attitude towards the ideology of extremism.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> extremism, extremist activity, extremist materials, extremist ideology, radicalism, countering extremism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKuzina S. I., Sagiryan I. G., Krasnova E. A. On the issue of political and legal characteristics of extremism and radicalism \/\/ Counteracting the ideology of extremist and terrorist activities among young people. Collection of scientific articles. &#8211; Rostov-on-Don, 2022. &#8211; P. 33-37.<br>\r\n2. \tArchakov M.K., Ermakov Yu.A. Political extremism: essence, manifestations, countermeasures: Monograph. &#8211; 1st ed. &#8211; Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. &#8211; 295 p.<br>\r\n3. \tBotticher A. Towards Academic Consensus Definitions of Radicalism and Extremism \/\/ Perspectives on Terrorism. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 11 (4). &#8211; R. 73-77.<br>\r\n4. \tKaratueva E. N. Differentiation of the categories \u201cradicalism\u201d, \u201cextremism\u201d, \u201cterrorism\u201d in political discourse \/\/ Social and humanitarian knowledge. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 104-108.<br>\r\n5. \tNaidenko V. N. Types of extremism and their influence on the socio-political life of Russia \/\/ Russia reforming. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 18. &#8211; P. 225-244.<br>\r\n6. \tNikitin A. G. Types and classifications of extremist behavior: general theoretical and legal problems \/\/ Actual problems of economics and law. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; No. 1 (29). &#8211; P. 186-194.<br>\r\n7. \tSkrebets E. S. Some features of the classification of extremism at the current stage of development of society \/\/ Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; V. 1 (67). No. 4. &#8211; P. 116-121.<br>\r\n8. \tPetryanin A. V. Conceptual foundations of counteracting crimes of an extremist nature: theoretical and applied research: dis. &#8230; Doctor of Law: 12.00.08. &#8211; Nizhny Novgorod, 2015. &#8211; 490 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Socio-cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture<br>\r\n<strong>MARKETING IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES<\/strong><br>\r\nIn modern socio-economic conditions, marketing has become an integral part of any successful commercial activity, and the sphere of culture and creative industries is no exception here. In conditions of fierce competition and constantly changing consumer preferences, traditional approaches to service promotion are not effective enough. Therefore, innovative marketing tools allow you to promote ideas, brands, cultural projects and events, making them accessible and attractive to a wide audience. In the course of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that marketing in the field of culture and creative industries is a unique area where creativity, art management and business intersect. Competent marketing management in the field of creative industries opens up wide opportunities for organizations, as it allows them to generate unique ideas for projects in demand by the market, attract investments and ensure sustainable profit growth.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> marketing, culture, creative industries, art management.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2021 No. 2613 r &#8220;On approval of the Concept for the development of creative industries and mechanisms for implementing their state support in large and largest urban agglomerations until 2030.&#8221; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/static.government.ru\/media\/files\/HEXNAom6EJunVIxBCjIAtAya8FAVDUfP.pdf (date accessed: 02\/13\/2026).<br>\r\n2. Akulich M. V. Internet Marketing: a textbook for bachelors. &#8211; M .: Publishing and trading corporation &#8220;Dashkov i K&#8221;, 2020. &#8211; 352 p.<br>\r\n3. Ilyukhina N. A. Avtomonova A. M. Neural network technologies in managing the system of training specialists in the socio-cultural sphere \/\/ Management in modern society: technologies of the future and mentoring: materials of the XXII International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; Orel: OSU named after I. S. Turgenev, 2024. &#8211; P. 185-192.<br>\r\n4. Soboleva Yu. P. Features of promoting creative industries services based on digital marketing technologies \/\/ Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 6 (488). &#8211; P. 106-116.<br>\r\n5. Solovieva I. A. Creative industries as a factor in the development of the country&#8217;s economy \/\/ Modern design technologies: theory and practice of implementation: materials of the II Interregional scientific and practical conference, Orel, May 26, 2022. &#8211; Orel: Oryol State Institute of Culture, 2022. &#8211; P. 163-165.<br>\r\n6. Solovieva I. A. Culture in the context of the concept of sustainable development \/\/ Education and cultural space. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 144-153.<br>\r\n7. Suminova T. N. Art management as a project practice in the field of creative industries \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4 (114). &#8211; P. 141-148.<br>\r\n8. Tulchinsky G. L. Interactive branding of a \u201csmart\u201d city (Syktyvkar project) \/\/ Information society: education, science, culture and technologies of the future. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 61-75.<br>\r\n9. Khlyshcheva E. V. Creative class as a new modern elite: on the issue of concepts \/\/ Questions of elitology. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 39-50.<br>\r\n10. Shekova E. L. Features of modern projects in the field of culture \/\/ Management in Russia and abroad. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 16-21.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VILDANOV Ruslan Raisovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of International relations, history, and oriental studies sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University<br>\r\n<strong>MULLAYANOVA Ilona Olegovna<\/strong><br>magister student of International relations, history, and oriental studies sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University; lead specialist in restructuring of PJSC UralSib Bank<br>\r\n<strong>ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE PEOPLE\\&#8217;S REPUBLIC OF CHINA<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the policy of Russia and China in the field of renewable energy, which is of a strategic nature and is related to the tasks of structural transformation of the economy, support for national equipment manufacturers, stimulation of investment, and protection of foreign trade positions. The problem of the study lies in the lack of knowledge of renewable energy as a monetary and power mechanism, and not as an exclusively technological industry. The scientific literature is dominated by engineering and environmental approaches, while the issues of profit generation, subsidy allocation, impact on foreign trade and investment flows remain fragmented.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Renewable energy, state energy policy, economic regulatory mechanisms, Russia, China.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Lopatnikov D. L. China on the way to a \u201cgreen civilization\u201d: first results \/\/ Problems of regional ecology. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 85-94.<br>\r\n2. Kamennov P. B., Aleksandrova A. D. New horizons of the PRC economy in the 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) \/ Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of China and Modern Asia. &#8211; 2022.\r\n3. Klavdienko V. P. Renewable energy in China: trends, innovations, prospects \/\/ Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; 134-156.<br>\r\n4. Kolesov I. A. Prospects for the development of a green economy in Russia \/\/ Economy and business: theory and practice. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 11-2 (117). &#8211; P. 91-95<br>\r\n5. Romanov R. V. Renewable energy sources in Russia: development and prospects \/\/ Scientific notes of young researchers. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3. <br>\r\n6. Sheryazov S. K., Ptashkina-Girina O. S., Nizamutdinova N. S. Economic indicators of renewable energy \/\/ Bulletin of NGIEI. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 2 (93).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GOLUBEVA Tatyana Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>senior lecturer, Smolensk branch, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration<br>\r\n<strong>MONITORING SYSTEM OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND KEY INDICATORS OF A RESILIENT BUSINESS MODEL OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article substantiates the need to create a system for monitoring the external environment and key indicators as an element of implementing a strategy for the formation of a resilient business model of an industrial enterprise. The principles of organizing such monitoring (focus on essential, early detection, diversification of sources, systematicity, interpretation, adaptability) and the postulates of selecting key indicators (compliance with goals, measurability, timeliness, consistency) are formulated. Modern information tools and technologies that ensure the integration of monitoring into the business processes of the enterprise are considered. An approach to the structural formation of a monitoring system based on a matrix analysis of the interrelationships of indicators for taking into account the resistant approach in key elements of the business model is proposed. Four vectors of development of industrial enterprises implementing a monitoring system have been identified, which makes it possible to identify threats in a timely manner, make informed management decisions and ensure sustainable operation in the long term.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> resilience, resilient business model, industrial enterprise, external environment, monitoring system, adaptability.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tSmorodinskaya N.V., Malygin V.E. Resilience as a strategic imperative in an era of uncertainty \/\/ Economic strategies. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 58-62.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KADYROVA Elmira Yarulovna<\/strong><br>competitor, State University of Management, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>ASSESSMENT OF THE NEED OF ENTERPRISES FOR STATE SUPPORT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLICY: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article proposes a methodology for selecting industrial enterprises for government support in the context of the formation of new types of competition. This methodology is based on the principles of adaptability, innovation, collaboration, digital maturity, and supply sustainability. The following areas of assessment of industrial enterprises for government support are proposed: digital transformation strategy, innovation activity, digital vision, supply chain sustainability, willingness to cooperate, adaptability and flexibility; These directions are specified in the evaluation criteria and the possible values of the options that these criteria accept. The proposed method of selecting enterprises is designed to increase the effectiveness of government support in the context of the formation of new types of competition.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> industrial policy, government support, new types of competition.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tLitvinova O. V. Development of state industrial policy based on a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of its implementation: diss. &#8230; Cand. Sciences: 08.00.05. &#8211; Kursk: South-West State University, 2014. &#8211; 207 p.<br>\r\n2. \tBashkirtsev A. S. On the issue of substantiating development priorities in the formation of regional industrial policy \/\/ Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Economics. &#8211; 2013. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 159-172.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>YAKOVLEV Alexander Yurjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, leading researcher of Center for public administration research, Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences<br>\r\n<strong>FORMATION OF A LEGAL BASIS FOR EVALUATION SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE QUALITY OF COMPANIES WITH STATE PARTICIPATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses issues of formation of a legal basis for the system of governance quality evaluation of joint-stock companies and limited liability companies with participation of the Russian Federation and Russian regions. A description of the system is given, its legal support is justified and the positive effect of its introduction is disclosed. The legal basis consists of new norms introduced in: federal legislation, federal by-laws, regional regulatory legal acts, as well as internal documents of organizations.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> legal support, legal basis, governance quality evaluation, company with state participation, company with participation of state.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBarkov A. V., Petrash I. P. Self-regulation of activities as an integral context for the existence of a corporate legal structure \/\/ Legal World. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 18-21. <br>\r\n2. \tBorisova O. V., Ivanova N. A. Combating corruption in public administration: normative legal acts of anti-corruption legislation and high-profile crimes in the Moscow region \/\/ Bulletin of GSU. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 328-333.<br>\r\n3. \tKiselev S. G. On the issue of the relationship between law and order in the state \/\/ Municipal Academy. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 41-45.<br>\r\n4. \tKudryavtsev S.A. Economic planning and democracy \/\/ Observer. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 85-95.<br>\r\n5. \tMatveeva N. S., Psareva N. Yu. State and municipal procurement \/\/ Municipal Academy. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 105-111.<br>\r\n6. \tNikitin A. S., Shatilov A. B., Mulyar S. N., Vechernin D. S. GR for small and medium businesses. Version 2.0. &#8211; M.: Prospect, 2017. &#8211; 144 p.<br>\r\n7. \tRogulenko T. M., Matveeva N. S., Abramov R. A. The role of the state in the development of entrepreneurship: management models and support mechanisms \/\/ Russian Journal of Management. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 161-174.<br>\r\n8. \tSeregin A. V., Khmelchenko E. G., Cherkasova M. A. The role of the intellectual elite of humanity in the genesis of the state and law \/\/ Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 90-93.<br>\r\n9. \tSmotritskaya I. I. Modern trends in the development of the concept of public administration \/\/ Society and Economy. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 10. &#8211; P. 5-16 <br>\r\n10. \tSmotritskaya I. I., Frolova N. D. Methodological approaches to measuring and assessing the quality of management in Russian public companies \/\/ STAGE: economic theory, analysis, practice. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 60-81.<br>\r\n11. \tModern institutions of public administration: challenges, adaptation, development: Monograph. &#8211; M.: IE RAS, 2024. &#8211; 373 p.<br>\r\n12. \tTitov S. Yu., Borisova O. V. Features of municipal property management and its impact on the development of a municipality \/\/ Bulletin of GSU. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 111-122.<br>\r\n13. \tUsachev D. O., Kuzmenkova V. D. Contents of the mechanism of sustainable development of an industrial enterprise \/\/ Bulletin of GSU. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 362-372.<br>\r\n14. \tFrolova N. D. Management of companies with state participation (foreign practice): Scientific report. &#8211; M.: IE RAS, 2024. &#8211; 52 p.<br>\r\n15. \tChebotnikov I. V., Yakovlev A. Yu., Glazunova I. V. Organizational and legal aspects of management and financial control over the activities of state budgetary institutions of the city of Moscow: Monograph. &#8211; M .: MosGU Publishing House, 2019. &#8211; 168 p.<br>\r\n16. \tChernykh S. I. Methods of \u201csoft power\u201d in politics and economics \/\/ Society and Economics. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 27-36.<br>\r\n17. \tYakovlev A. Yu. Universal system of multi-criteria assessment of the quality of management of joint-stock companies with state participation \/\/ Fundamental and Applied Mathematics. &#8211; 2026. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 24-28.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SOLOVJOVA Irina Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Ufa Higher School of Economics and Management, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>AVDEEVA Larisa Alexeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Ufa Higher School of Economics and Management, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING TAXATION IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the rationale for a more effective mechanism for taxing oil production in Russia. The authors show that the Mineral Extraction Tax (MET) does not stimulate the development of new and complex fields, and the fixed 50% tax rate for the Additional Income Tax (AIT) on hydrocarbon production is unprofitable for all hard-to-recover reserves. The authors propose differentiating the AIT rate based on the R-factor (the ratio of revenues to costs) and considering a smooth (continuous) scale of rates instead of a fixed 50%. A comparative analysis of project efficiency under various taxation schemes was conducted for three macroeconomic scenarios (with different oil prices and dollar exchange rates). The results show that the scheme considering the R-factor and a smooth scale ensures efficiency in cases where the current AIT scheme makes the project unprofitable.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Oil production taxation, Mineral Extraction Tax (MET), Additional Income Tax on hydrocarbon Production (AIT), hard-to-recover reserves, R-factor, rate differentiation.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Bogatkina Yu. G., Lyndin V. N., Sardanashvili O. N. Taxation of oil production in Russia \/\/ Business magazine neftegaz.ru. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 9 (141). &#8211; P. 94-99.<br>\r\n2. Solovieva I. A., Avdeeva L. A. On the issue of tax incentives for the activities of independent oil companies \/\/ Economics and Management: scientific and practical journal. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3 (171). &#8211; P. 16-23.<br>\r\n3. Dyachkov G. S. Tax regulation of the development of hard-to-recover oil reserves: a rent approach \/\/ Mineral resources of Russia. Economics and management. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 5-6 (179). &#8211; P. 56-62.<br>\r\n4. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part two, chapter 25.4.<br>\r\n5. Tikhonov S. TRIZ and taxes: incentives and barriers to the development of hard-to-recover reserves \/\/ Oil and Gas Vertical. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 10-17.<br>\r\n6. Savenkova D. Tax breaks for hard-to-recover oil and gas have been postponed until 2027. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.vedomosti.ru\/business\/articles\/2023\/06\/29\/982762-nalogovie-lgoti-dlya-trudnoizvlekaemih-nefti?from=copy_text (date accessed: 04\/07\/2026). <br>\r\n7. Katysheva E. G. Prospects for the implementation of a taxation system based on financial results in the oil producing industry of Russia \/\/ Economics and Management: Analysis of Trends and Development Prospects. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; No. 25. &#8211; P. 94-101.<br>\r\n8. Taxes in oil production: reform 2020 \/ D. Kozlova, S. Ezhov, M. Mosoyan [et al.]. &#8211; Moscow: VYGON Consulting, November 2020. &#8211; 40 p. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/vygon-consulting.ru\/upload\/iblock\/0b6\/vygon_consulting_tax_reform_2020.pdf.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>MASHKOV Valery Viktorovich<\/strong><br>competitor, State University of Management, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>ARCHITECTURE OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF ECOSYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT ENGINEERING<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article substantiates the application of an ecosystem approach to transport engineering as a set of economic entities providing the creation of means of moving objects in space. The unifying characteristics of heterogeneous vehicles are highlighted, allowing them to be considered within a single ecosystem. The methods of defining the boundaries of business ecosystems in relation to transport engineering are analyzed: from a geographical approach to the analysis of value chains and stakeholder maps. The concept of an ecosystem project is introduced as a dynamic taxon that ensures the implementation of management impacts and state industrial policy in this area.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> ecosystem of transport engineering, ecosystem boundaries, industrial policy, technological integration, ecosystem project.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tKleiner G. B. Industrial ecosystems: a look into the future \/\/ EVR. &#8211; 2018. &#8211; No. 2 (56). &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/promyshlennye-ekosistemy-vzglyad-v-buduschee. <br>\r\n2. \tTebekin, A. V. Generalized model of a business ecosystem as a management object \/\/ Journal of Management Research. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 7. No. 5. &#8211; P. 28-41.<br>\r\n3. \tGaysina D. V. Transformation of modern business models towards ecosystems \/\/ Sixth conference &#8220;Designing business architectures 2017&#8221;. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.businessstudio.ru\/upload\/iblock\/7e6\/\u0413\u0430\u0439\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430.pdf.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>NELIN Anton Konstantinovich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, Kuban State Technological University, Krasnodar<br>\r\n<strong>FACTORS OF STABILITY OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN NEW GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the sustainability of the Russian oil and gas industry in the context of a radical transformation of the global energy architecture and increased sanctions pressure on the country after 2022. The financial and economic, production and technological, personnel, and geopolitical aspects of the industry\\&#8217;s development are studied, as well as the dynamics of its profitability, investment activity, and export structure are assessed. Special attention is paid to the reorientation of export flows to Asia, the effectiveness of the mechanism of currency damping and the problems of import substitution in the development of hard-to-recover reserves.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> oil and gas industry, sustainability, sanctions, hard-to-recover reserves, import substitution.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAitzhanova G. O., Patlasov O. Yu. Formation of the value chain of oil and gas products \/\/ Science of Man: Humanitarian Research. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 169-177.<br>\r\n2. \tSobolev R.K. Economic assessment of the formation of a mechanism for energy security and economic sustainability of the fuel and energy complex \/\/ Innovative economics and industrial policy of the region (Ecoprom-2015). &#8211; St. Petersburg: Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 2015. &#8211; P. 216-221. <br>\r\n3. \tKhomenko Ya. V., Efimenko A. V. Sustainability of oil and gas companies: interpretation and assessment from the standpoint of systemic economic theory \/\/ Economic science of modern Russia. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 3. &#8211; P. 108-128.<br>\r\n4. \tThe price of Brent WTI Urals crude oil per barrel by year. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/infotables.ru\/statistika\/95-tseny-tarify\/1325-tsena-na-neft-tablitsa#Brent.<br>\r\n5. \tChanges in the Capital Expenditures, Capex, indicator of Russian companies over 10 years. \u2013 [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/smart-lab.ru\/q\/shares_fundamental4\/?sector_id %5B %5D=1&amp;field=capex&amp;change=on.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ORLOVA Yana Andreevna<\/strong><br>postgraduate student, State University of Management, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENSURING A \u201cGREEN\u201d TRANSITION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article provides an analysis of the institutional and regulatory barriers constraining the resource provision of the \\&#8221;green\\&#8221; transition in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the gap between the declared goals of low-carbon development and the real possibilities of achieving them in the current economic and managerial conditions. Based on the analysis of the availability of data for climate monitoring, critical gaps in statistics, standardization and verification of reporting have been identified. Legislative mechanisms in the fields of renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management and emissions regulation are considered. The author proves that the existing regulatory framework is contradictory and is not supported by adequate financial incentives, infrastructure solutions and human resources.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> \\&#8221;green\\&#8221; transition, renewable energy sources (RES), institutional constraints, resource provision, climate reporting, energy efficiency, decarbonization, government regulation, circular economy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBuletova N. E., Yabbarova R. I. Evaluation of the effectiveness of introducing a closed-loop economy model into regional solid municipal waste management systems in Russia \/\/ Economy, Entrepreneurship and Law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 7. &#8211; P. 4487-4504.<br>\r\n2. \tGolub I. A., Nikolaychuk D. G. Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into traditional power supply systems \/\/ Bulletin of Amur State University. Series: Natural and Economic Sciences. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 107. &#8211; P. 49-52.<br>\r\n3. \tKodaneva S. I. From the \u201cbrown economy\u201d to the \u201cgreen\u201d one. Russian and foreign experience \/\/ Russia and the modern world. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 46-66. <br>\r\n4. \tIsachenko T. M., Ilyagueva B. Z. Experience in applying \u201cgreen\u201d industrial policy instruments \/\/ Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 34-48. <br>\r\n5. \tDrobot E. V., Gavrilina D. Yu. Green economy: structural model of regulation, processes and principles \/\/ Economy, entrepreneurship and law. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 6. &#8211; P. 3805-3826.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>SHATSKIY Alexander Alexandrovich<\/strong><br>competitor, State University of Management, Moscow<br>\r\n<strong>MODELS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY AS A MODERN COMPETITIVE STRATEGY<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this article, the models are analyzed as typical, historically and institutionally determined configurations of mechanisms that develop in different countries and industries. It is revealed that each model has its own area of effectiveness and its own limitations. The author\\&#8217;s typology of models for the realization of industrial sovereignty is presented; a five-dimensional system of criteria (degree of government intervention, configuration of value chains, technological strategy, type of competitive advantage, coordination mechanism) is proposed, which allows differentiating models. It has been established that an effective sovereignty strategy requires a differentiated selection of empirical models for specific industries and technologies, which makes it necessary to conduct an easily based analysis of the current state of competitiveness of Russian industrial manufacturers in order to identify which models dominate Russian practice, what problems and imbalances this entails, and where the \\&#8221;growth points\\&#8221; are.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> industrial sovereignty, industrial development, industrial policy, competition, competitive strategy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tRodrik D. The paradox of globalization: democracy and the future of the world economy \/\/ Economic sociology. &#8211; 2014. &#8211; Vol. 15. No. 2. &#8211; P. 65-75.<br>\r\n2. \tMatsukato M. The Entrepreneurial State: Dispelling Myths about the State and the Private Sector \/\/ Economic Sociology. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 22. No. 2. &#8211; P. 26-41.<br>\r\n3. \tReinert E. S. Spontaneous Chaos. Economy in the Age of Recession. \u2013 M.: ROSSPEN, 2017. \u2013 190 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ABRAROVA Zinira Foatovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>OLKHOV Nikita Sergeevich<\/strong><br>magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL LIFE: TRANSFORMING SOLIDARITY MECHANISMS IN A NETWORKED REALITY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the impact of digital transformation on social life and solidarity mechanisms in a networked reality. It explores how modern technologies such as social networks, collaboration platforms, and digital communities are changing the ways people interact and shaping new forms of social solidarity. The positive and negative aspects of these changes are analyzed, including the opportunities for creating online communities and the risks of social isolation caused by the virtualization of interactions. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of digital technologies in maintaining social cohesion and mutual assistance is emphasized. Examples of successful initiatives based on digital platforms aimed at solving social problems are provided. The author concludes that traditional approaches to social solidarity need to be rethought and offers recommendations for the effective use of digital tools in social practices.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> digital environment, social being, digitalization, online platforms, solidarity, network reality.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBoykov V. A., Baranovskaya S. V., Deev I. A., Taranukha E. V., Shibalkov I. P., Babeshina M. A. Medical center for remote monitoring of patients with COVID-19: experience of organization and evaluation of effectiveness \/\/ Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 20 (2). &#8211; P. 12-22.\r\n2. \tFirsov M. V., Vdovina M. V., Savinov L. I. Digitalization of Russian social work: modern practice and development paths \/\/ Theory and practice of social development. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 9 (151). &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/tsifrovizatsiya-rossiyskoy-sotsialnoy-raboty-sovremennaya-praktika-i-puti-razvitiya (date of access 02\/25\/2026).<br>\r\n3. \tKomarov V. V. Modern trends in the digital socialization of youth: challenges, risks and prospects. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberpsy.ru\/articles\/tendencii-cifrovoj-socializacii-molodyozhi\/ (date of access 02\/25\/2026).<br>\r\n4. \tBuldyaeva K. A. Trends in the digitalization of social security in the Russian Federation. &#8211; [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/moluch.ru\/archive\/552\/121300 (date of access 02\/25\/2026).<br>\r\n5. \tBarlybaev Kh. A. Solidarology. Philosophy of solidarity. \u2013 Ufa: Kitap, 2016. \u2013 360 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BAYANOV Kvinray Raevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social Sciences, and Humanities, National Research University &#8220;Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology&#8221;<br>\r\n<strong>SEMANTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LAW: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is devoted to the semantic (linguistic) reconstruction of the ontological foundations of law based on the intellectual potential of nonlinear dynamics (synergetics) and nonlinear linguistics (semantic logic). The ontological nature of law in its conceptual (natural, positive and libertarian) and conceptual manifestations is under investigation. The fundamental purpose of law has been revealed, which should consist in the development of such life rules of the community that would allow a person to fulfill his destiny. In this connection, the semantics of the phenomenon of law itself are revealed, on the one hand, and on the other, the semantic connection of the phenomenon of law with other phenomena such as justice, justice, conscience, freedom, equality, law, the state, etc. The threefold conceptual nature of law is clarified and defined: natural law, as a phenomenon that exists by nature, a priori; positive law is a law as a formalized right that appears as indistinctly calculated from the originally existing natural law in a specific historical time, and rewarding law as a reward proportional to the results of a creative approach to work. In conclusion, it is recommended, in order to make the state, the political and legal system more stable, that the adopted rules of the dormitory at the state level should be correlated and coordinated with the objectives of social and humanitarian development, which are the essence of a person\\&#8217;s fulfillment of his destiny.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> law, ontological foundations of law, synergetics, semantic logic, natural law, positive law, retributive law, justice; conscience; law and democracy.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBayanov K. R. Conceptual foundations of law and the law in the context of human destiny (philosophical analysis) \/\/ High-tech law: bifurcation point. In the collection: materials of the V International scientific and practical conference. Part 3. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; P. 158-163.<br>\r\n2. \tBayanov K. R. Philosophical and methodological foundations for forecasting socio-natural dynamics: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. &#8211; M., 2011.<br>\r\n3. \tBayanov K. R. Target bases for forecasting socio-cultural constellations \/\/ Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 39-42. <br>\r\n4. \tVashkevich N. N. Universal Periodic Law. Introduction to Semantic Logic. &#8211; M.: Publisher S. Landyshev, 2010 (7518). &#8211; 703 p. <br>\r\n5. \tHegel G. Philosophy of Law. &#8211; M.: Azbuka, 2023. &#8211; P. 413.<br>\r\n6. \tDostoevsky F. M. A Writer\u2019s Diary. &#8211; Kaliningrad: Yantar, 2005. &#8211; 141 pp<br>\r\n7. \tCamus A. The Rebel. &#8211; M., 1990. &#8211; P. 345.<br>\r\n8. \tKant I. Works in 6 volumes. Volume 4. Part 2. &#8211; M., 1966. &#8211; P. 351. <br>\r\n9. \tPlato. The State. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2005. &#8211; 570 p. <br>\r\n10. \tRachkov P. A. Truth-justice \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 7: Philosophy. &#8211; M.: Publ.: Moscow State University, 2006. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 83-107.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>BIKMETOV Evgeniy Yurjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in sociological sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>LUKYANOV Arkadiy Viktorovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>PUSHKAREVA Marina Alexeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology<br>\r\n<strong>CONTENT-SEMANTIC AND FORMAL ASPECTS OF RELATIONSHIPS IN SOCIAL SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article analyzes the substantive-semantic and formal aspects of relations in the management and self-management of social and cultural systems. If I. Kant separates form and content, Hegel views them as shining through each other. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the substantive-semantic aspect in the management of social systems is linked to the analysis of a creative personality, which, in terms of content, is more than a subject. The transcendental principle of interpersonalism, which allows treating a person as an end, is connected with purposeful activity. This activity has content, is known in advance, and possesses a rational character. The interaction of form and content is an expression of the richness of thought. And yet, the more substantive an object is, the more it distances itself from form. Overall, the substantive-semantic and formal aspects of relations act as regulators in the management of social systems.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> substantive-semantic and formal aspects of relationships, social system, regulators in social system management, content and form, transcendental principle of interpersonalism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Hegel G. V. F. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. Vol. 1: Science of Logic \/ ed. E. P. Sitkovsky; editorial board: B. M. Kedrov et al. \u2013 Moscow: Mysl, 1974. \u2013 451 p.<br>\r\n2. Bikmetov E. Yu., Pushkareva M. A. The spiritual nature of personal self-government \/\/ Kant. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2 (55). &#8211; P. 189-192.<br>\r\n3. Bikmetov E. Yu., Lukyanov A. V. Construction and self-constitution of reality as methodological principles of social management \/\/ Social and humanitarian knowledge. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 111-113.<br>\r\n4. Schelling F. V. J. The System of World Epochs: Munich Lectures of 1827-1828 as recorded by Ernst Laso. \u2013 Tomsk: Vodolay, 1999. \u2013 320 p.<br>\r\n5. Hegel G. V. F. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. Vol. 3: Philosophy of Spirit \/ ed. E. P. Sitkovsky; editorial board: B. M. Kedrov et al. \u2013 Moscow: Mysl, 1977. \u2013 470 p.\r\n6. Heisenberg W. Physics and Philosophy. Part and Whole. \u2013 Moscow: Nauka, 1990. \u2013 399 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>VOROKHOBOV Alexander Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Volga branch, MV Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod<br>\r\n<strong>BOYKO Mariya Valerjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Theory and practice of foreign languages and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>ROZINA Tatyana Yurjevna<\/strong><br>lecturer of Theory and practice of foreign languages and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>UNDERSTANDING THE PHENOMENON OF CREATIVITY IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL LEGACY OF VS SOLOVYOV<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article systematically reconstructs VS Solovyov\\&#8217;s philosophy of creativity, as expressed in his late aesthetic works and articles on poetry. Based on an analysis of these texts, three interconnected levels of understanding the creative act are identified: metaphysical-anthropological (creativity as an essential property of divine-human nature), epistemological-psychological (the mechanisms of creativity as a synthesis of feeling, imagination, and inspiration), and eschatological-theurgic (creativity as a tool for transforming the world and achieving unity). It is demonstrated that VS Solovyov transcends the Romantic and Kantian paradigms by formulating a religious-ontological concept, where the artist, like a prophet, acts as a free and obedient conduit for the highest ideal, and love is the energetic and semantic prototype of the creative act.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> VS Solovyov, creativity, theurgy, all-unity, love, inspiration, Sophia.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Vorokhobov A. V. Genesis and evolution of the anti-metaphysical trend in the philosophy of modern times \/\/ Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Philosophy. Sociology. Political Science. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 63. &#8211; P. 64-74.<br>\r\n2. Vorokhobov A. V., Plaksin V. A., Laryushkin S. A., Urakov S. A. Western foundations of the philosophy of V. S. Solovyov: on the problem of the filiation of ideas \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; No. 9 (160). &#8211; P. 535-537.<br>\r\n3. Vorokhobov A. V. The main social functions of art \/\/ Interdisciplinary research in the humanities: Collection of materials of the International scientific conference, Moscow, April 14, 2023. &#8211; Moscow, 2023. &#8211; P. 180-182.<br>\r\n4. Solovyov V. S. Collected Works of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov. 1886-1894. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Prosveshchenie, 1911-1914. &#8211; T. VI. &#8211; 486 p.<br>\r\n5. Solovyov V. S. Collected Works of Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov. 1886-1894. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Prosveshchenie, 1911-1914. &#8211; T. VII. &#8211; 389 p.<br>\r\n6. Soloviev V. S. The General Meaning of Art. The Enemy from the East. The First Step Towards Positive Aesthetics. The Mystery of Progress. The Idea of Humanity in Augustus Comte. \u2013 Moscow: Direct-Media, 2008. \u2013 130 p.<br>\r\n7. Solovyov V. S. Philosophical principles of integral knowledge \/ [preface by A. F. Losev]. &#8211; Moscow: Academichesky proekt, 2011. &#8211; 382 p.<br>\r\n8. Soloviev V. S. Readings on God-Manhood. Articles. Poems and a Long Story. From \u201cThree Conversations\u201d: a short story about the Antichrist \/ [Introductory article, pp. 5-30, compiled and annotated by A. B. Muratov]. \u2013 St. Petersburg: Fiction: St. Petersburg Branch, 1994. \u2013 526 p.\r\n9. Gryaznova E. V., Zhuravleva K. E. Orthodox theology and its role in the study of the mechanisms of preserving the institution of the family in the context of modern culture \/\/ Bulletin of Minin University. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 13. No. 4 (53). &#8211; DOI 10.26795\/2307-1281-2025-13-4-14.<br>\r\n10. Parilov O. V. Genesis of Christian and Stoic Doctrines as a Result of Mutual Influence \/\/ Bulletin of Minin University. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 13. No. 4 (53). &#8211; DOI 10.26795\/2307-1281-2025-13-4-13.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GLOMAN Olga Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of the Higher Engineering School, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)<br>\r\n<strong>SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF SYSTEMIC DYNAMICS OF GROWTH LIMITS IN AN URBANIZED CIVILIZATION<\/strong><br>\r\nTo save the Earth from planetary collapse, it is necessary to introduce a dictatorship, lower the standard of living and, with it, consumption, or reduce the population &#8211; this is how the report of a group of scientists to the Club of Rome was straightforwardly interpreted in 1972. It is now becoming evident that those countries which call themselves \u201cdeveloped\u201d took this as an instruction. However, such conclusions constitute a crime against humanity. The present study attempts a deeper analysis of the results of the original research and its subsequent reinterpretations.\r\nA detailed analysis of scientific works on the limits to growth has revealed the obvious: one must begin by limiting oneself and one&#8217;s own consumption, rather than targeting countries with lower GDP. As an independent line of inquiry, the application of system dynamics methodology to urbanized systems is proposed.\r\nThe research is supplemented by the application of forecasting methods proposed by Dennis Meadows, taking into account the urbanization and globalization of the contemporary world. The original World3 model is considered not only as a tool for global modeling but also as a philosophical program that calls into question the fundamental foundations of contemporary political temporality, institutional inertia, and the anthropocentric attitude towards nature.\r\nBased on the verification of World3 projections, data on planetary boundaries, and multilevel modeling of urban scenarios, the conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to transition from a philosophy of local sustainability to a philosophy of solidarity-based responsibility, which implies the coordination of global, national, and municipal policies under conditions of the exhaustion of autonomy of local systems. Through their consumption, each person either drives the planet toward crisis or lays the groundwork for development a thousand years ahead.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> socio-political philosophy, limits to growth, system dynamics, Dennis Meadows, World3, political temporality, planetary boundaries, Golden Billion, donut economics, urbanization, inequality, institutional reform, solidarity responsibility.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Coppack P. Thomas Malthus and the Limits To Growth Model: A Review of Previous Testing and a Statistical Significance Analysis of the Model: Are We Unavoidably Committed to the Malthusian Trap? Toronto Metropolitan University, 2025. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/rshare.library.torontomu.ca\/articles\/report\/Thomas_Malthus_and_the_Limits_To_Growth_Model_A_Review_of_Previous_Testing_and_a_Statistical_Significance_Analysis_of_the_Model_i_i_i_Are_we_unavoidably_committed_to_the_Malthusian_Trap_i_\/29562251 (accessed: 03.02.2026).\r\n2. Becker M. \\&#8217;Limits to Growth\\&#8217; Author Dennis Meadows: \\&#8217;Humanity Is Still on the Way to Destroying Itself\\&#8217; \/\/ Der Spiegel. &#8211; 2012 (December 6). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/international\/world\/limits-to-growth-author-dennis-meadows-says-that-crisis-is-approaching-a-871570.html (date accessed: 06.02.2026).<br>\r\n3. Earth Commission. Planetary Health Check 2025: 7 of 9 Boundaries Breached. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2025. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/earthcommission.org\/planetary-health-check-7-of-9-boundaries-breached\/ (accessed: 24.02.2026).<br>\r\n4. Herrington G. From ever-more to better: Economic systems change for thriving beyond growth \/\/ Schneider Electric Insights. &#8211; 2025 (July 23). [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/www.se.com\/ww\/en\/insights\/sustainability\/climate-and-planet\/from-ever-more-to-better-economic-systems-change-for-thriving-beyond-growth\/ (date accessed: 02\/26\/2026).\r\n5. Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J., Behrens WW The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome&#8217;s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. &#8211; New York: Universe Books, 1972. &#8211; 205 p.<br>\r\n6. Meadows DL, Behrens WW, Meadows DH, Naill RF, Randers J., Zahn EKO Dynamics of Growth in a Finite World. &#8211; Cambridge, MA: Wright-Allen Press, 1974. &#8211; 637 p.<br>\r\n7. Meadows DL \u300e\u6210\u9577\u306e\u6975\u9650\u300f\u8457\u8005Dr. Meadows\u65bc\u65e5\u672c\u7b2c25\u5c46\u570b\u969b\u734e\u7372\u734e\u4e4b\u8a2a\u8ac7\u6458\u8981\/\/ Japan Science News. \u2013 2009 (22 May). Quote from: Yushan Forum. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/yushanforum.org\/forum\/read.php?157,1208 (date of access: 02.26.2026).<br>\r\n8. Nebel A., et al. Recalibration of limits to growth: An update of the World3 model \/\/ Journal of Industrial Ecology. \u2013 2023 (November 13). &#8211; DOI: 10.1111\/jiec.13442.<br>\r\n9. Raworth K., et al. Doughnut Economics: A 21st-Century Compass for Planetary Health and Human Well-being \/\/ Nature. &#8211; 2025 (forthcoming). Data summarized in Johnson JA Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. &#8211; University of Minnesota, 2025.<br>\r\n10. Sachs JD, Lafortune G., Fuller G., Iablonovski G. Financing Sustainable Development to 2030 and Mid-Century \/\/ Sustainable Development Report 2025. &#8211; Paris: SDSN; Dublin: Dublin University Press, 2025. &#8211; DOI: 10.25546\/111909.<br>\r\n11. Meadows D. H., Randers J., Meadows D. L. The Limits to Growth: 30 Years Later \/ translated from English. &#8211; Moscow: Akademkniga, 2013. &#8211; 360 p.<br>\r\n12. Putin V.V. Speech at the plenary session of the Eastern Economic Forum: September 7, 2022 \/\/ Official website of the President of Russia. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/www.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/transcripts\/69290 (date accessed: 02\/14\/2026).<br>\r\n13. Putin V.V. Address to the Federal Assembly: February 21, 2023 \/\/ Official website of the President of Russia. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/www.kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/transcripts\/messages\/70565 (date accessed: 03\/18\/2026).<br>\r\n14. Tsikunov A. Russia and the market in light of Soviet and international law \/\/ International Life. &#8211; 1990. &#8211; No. 8. &#8211; P. 42-53.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>GRISHINA Elena Sergeevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical science, associate professor, associate professor of the Department of Philosophy and religious studies, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok<br>\r\n<strong>KOROTINA Olga Alexandrovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical science, associate professor, Director of the Department of Philosophy and religious studies, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok<br>\r\n<strong>ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF \u201cSUBCULTURE\u201d AND \u201cMILITARY CULTURE\u201d<\/strong><br>\r\nIn modern textbooks on cultural studies, dissertation research, and monographs, certain types of culture are often referred to as subcultures without a thorough examination of the origins and essence of this social phenomenon. The authors of this article, seeing the reasons for using this pseudoscientific method in the desire to decorate and update the theoretical language through the use of not very clear words, set a goal to correct this mistake by analyzing the fundamental differences between the two concepts of \\&#8221;military culture\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;subculture\\&#8221; in a detailed analysis of the latter as a relatively new concept in the field of humanities.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> military culture, subculture, value, army, society.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Belyaeva K. A. Youth subcultures: a socio-philosophical phenomenon \/\/ Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute named after A. P. Chekhov. &#8211; Taganrog: TGPI: Humanities, 2010. &#8211; P. 12-17. <br>\r\n2. Brake M. &#8220;Comparative Youth Culture&#8221;. &#8211; London: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1985. Translation from English. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: http:\/\/region. 3ebra.com\/resources\/books\/subcult\/subcult14\/text4\/ (date of access: 01\/16\/2026). <br>\r\n3. Volkov Yu. G., Dobrenkov V. I., Kadariya F. D., Savchenko I. P. Sociology of youth: a textbook \/ edited by prof. Yu. G. Volkov. &#8211; Rostov n \/ D .: Phoenix, 2001. &#8211; 576 p. <br>\r\n4. Gerasimova T. N., Nikolaev N. A. Military culture and subculture \u2013 constituent elements of the military-pedagogical process of a military unit \/\/ The world of education \u2013 education in the world. \u2013 2012. \u2013 No. 1. \u2013 P. 99-104. <br>\r\n5. Gromov A. V., Kuzin O. S. Informals: who is who? &#8211; M.: Mysl, 1990. &#8211; 269 p. <br>\r\n6. Cultural studies: a textbook for military universities \/ edited by O. Yu. Efremov. &#8211; St. Petersburg: Piter, 2017. &#8211; 448 p. <br>\r\n7. Lopukha A. D. Education in modern Russia: state and problems \/\/ Bulletin of economic integration. Scientific and practical journal. &#8211; M .: Integration Publishing House, 2010. <br>\r\n8. Levikova S. I. Informal youth subculture. &#8211; M.: Vuzovskaya kniga, 2010. &#8211; 616 p. <br>\r\n9. Manheim K. Diagnosis of our time. Selected. &#8211; M.: Center for Humanitarian Initiatives, 2010. &#8211; 774 p. <br>\r\n10. The Newest Philosophical Dictionary \/\/ Dictionaries and Encyclopedias on Academician [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/dic.academic.ru\/dic.nsf\/dic_new_philosophy 1180 (date accessed: 09\/05\/2017). <br>\r\n11. Romanova E. N. Military culture and its main characteristics \/\/ Bulletin of Samara State University. &#8211; 2008. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 213-218. <br>\r\n12. Sheremetyeva M. A. Transformation of children&#8217;s play in the context of the formation of Russian socio-cultural identity: diss. &#8230; candidate of cultural studies. &#8211; Khabarovsk, 2020. &#8211; 189 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZAYKOV Konstantin Sergeevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, Head of Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>SHAPAROV Alexander Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, professor Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>SOROKIN Sergey Eduardovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY OF THE BORDERLAND PHENOMENON: FROM POSITIVISM TO POSTSTRUCTURALISM<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article presents the results of an analytical study of theoretical and methodological approaches to the phenomenon of border and borderland. A critical analysis of the evolution of border studies from classical positivism to poststructuralist and world-systems interpretations is carried out. The author\\&#8217;s model of reconstruction of spatial dimensions of the borderland is substantiated, integrating the concepts of \\&#8221;spatial socialization\\&#8221; by A. Paasi and \\&#8221;territoriality\\&#8221; by J. H\u00e4kli, taking into account the role of local and regional actors in the construction of \\&#8221;soft\\&#8221; and \\&#8221;hard\\&#8221; borders. Special attention is paid to the socio-philosophical dimension of the borderland as a space of meaning generation and identification, as well as to the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the discipline and the typology of objectification processes of spatial images.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> border, borderland, frontier, spatial socialization, territoriality, poststructuralism, world-systems analysis, social identity, ideational resource.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBaud, M. and Van Schendel W. Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands \/\/ Journal of World History. 1997. Vol. 8 (No. 2). pp. 211-242.<br>\r\n2. \tPrescott JRV The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries. London, 1965.<br>\r\n3. \tTaylor PJ Political Geography. London, 1993.<br>\r\n4. \tThompson JB Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication. Stanford, 1991.<br>\r\n5. \tCurzon of Keddleston Lord. Frontiers. London, 1907.<br>\r\n6. \tBaburin S. N. The World of Empires: State Territory and World Order. Moscow, 2010.\r\n7. \tVardomsky L. B., Golunov S. V. Transparent Borders: Security and Cooperation in the Belt of Russia\u2019s New Borders. Moscow, 2002.<br>\r\n8. \tBoggs SW and Bowman I. International Boundaries. A Study of Boundary Functions and Problems. New York, 1940.<br>\r\n9. \tNiemi. E. Ryssland, Finland och Sverige som hotbilder i Norge, Fredens konsekvenser. Samh\u00e4llsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i norr efter 1809, Red. L. Elenius and P. Lantto and M. Enbuske. Lule\u00e5, 2009. Pp. 51-67.<br>\r\n10. \tDmitrieva S. I. Limology. Voronezh, 2008.<br>\r\n11. \tPaasi A. Boundaries as Social Practice and Discourse. The Finnish-Russian Border, Borders and border politics in a globalizing world \/ Ed. by P. Ganster, DE Lorey. Lanham, 2005. pp. 117-136.<br>\r\n12. \tPaasi A. Boundaries as Social Processes: Territoriality in the World of Flows, Boundaries, territory and postmodernity \/ Ed. by D. Newman. London, 1999. Pp. 177-195.<br>\r\n13. \tPaasi A. Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness. The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. Chichester, 1996.<br>\r\n14. \tPaasi A. The Changing Discourse on Political Boundaries. Mapping the Backgrounds, Contexts and Contens, Bordering Space, Ed. by H. van Houtum, O. Kramsch, W. Zierhofer. Alderhot 2005. pp. 17-31.<br>\r\n15. \tMinghi J. Boundary Studies in Political Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers. No. 53. 1963. Pp. 407-428.<br>\r\n16. \tMinghi J. and Rumley, D. The Geography of Border Landscapes. London, 1991.<br>\r\n17. \tLunden T. On the Boundary. About humans at the end of territory. S\u00f6dert\u00f6rnsh\u00f6gskola, 2004.<br>\r\n18. \tLefebvre H. The production of space. Oxford, 1991.<br>\r\n19. \tKolossov V. Border Studies: Changing Perspectives and Theoretical Approaches \/\/ Geopolitics. 2005. No. 10. Pp. 606-632.<br>\r\n20. \tJones SB Boundary-making a handbook for statesmen. Washington, 1945.<br>\r\n21. \tKellner D. Media Culture. London, 1995.<br>\r\n22. \tHouse J. Frontier on the Rio Grande: A political geography of development and social deprivation. Oxford, 1982.<br>\r\n23. \tHoldich TH: Political frontiers and boundary making. London, 1916.<br>\r\n24. \tH\u00e4kli J. Borders in the political geography of knowledge, The Dividing line: borders and national peripheries, eds. Lars-FolkeLandgren, MaunuH\u00e4yrynen. Helsinki, 1997. pp. 9-15.<br>\r\n25. \tFoucault M. Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978. Basingstoke, 2007.<br>\r\n26. \tEder K. Europe&#8217;s Borders. The Narrative Construction of the Boundaries of Europe \/\/ European Journal of Social Theory. 2006. No. 9\/2. pp. 255-271.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KAPSARGINA Svetlana Anatoljevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Foreign languages and professional communications sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University<br>\r\n<strong>SHMELEVA Zhanna Nickolaevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Foreign languages and professional communications sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University<br>\r\n<strong>PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF NEURAL NETWORKS IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT NON-LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article is dedicated to the possibilities of using neural networks in teaching a foreign language to students of non-linguistic university. The didactic functions of artificial intelligence in the generation of educational content, the development of professionally oriented vocabulary, the individualization of tasks and the modeling of communicative situations are considered. It is emphasized that neural network services increase the variability and interactivity of learning, but do not replace the teacher. Special attention is paid to the philosophical and social aspects of the digitalization of education, the transformation of the role of the teacher and the need to preserve the humanitarian foundations of higher education in modern conditions.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> artificial intelligence, neural networks, digital didactics, non-linguistic university, agrarian university, professionally oriented vocabulary, individualization of learning, interactive tasks, communicative situations.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Sysoev P. V., Artificial Intelligence in Education: Awareness, Readiness, and Practice of Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Professional Activities by Higher Education Teachers \/\/ Higher Education in Russia. 2023. No. 10. [Electronic resource ]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-v-obrazovanii-osvedomlyonnost-gotovnost-i-praktika-primeneniya-prepodavatelyami-vysshey-shkoly-tehnologiy (date of access: 03\/20\/2026).<br>\r\n2. Konstantinova L. V., Vorozhikhin V. V., Petrov A. M., Titova E. S., Shtykhno D. A. Generative artificial intelligence in education: discussions and forecasts \/\/ Open education. 2023. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/generativnyy-iskusstvennyy-intellekt-v-obrazovanii-diskussii-i-prognozy (date of access: 03\/19\/2026).<br>\r\n3. Vikhman V. V., Mindigulova A. A., Romm M. V. Artificial Intelligence in Education: An Overview of Possibilities and Limitations \/\/ Ideas and Ideals. 2024. No. 4-1. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-v-obrazovanii-obzor-vozmozhnostey-i-ogranicheniy (date accessed: 03\/24\/2026).<br>\r\n4. Pisar N. V. Potential for using neural networks as an innovative tool for creating educational content and a means of organizing an interactive educational environment in Russian as a foreign language classes \/\/ Philological sciences. Theoretical and practical issues. 2024. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. &#8211; Access mode: https:\/\/cyberleninka.ru\/article\/n\/potentsial-ispolzovaniya-neyrosetey-kak-innovatsionnogo-instrumenta-sozdaniya-uchebnogo-kontenta-i-sredstva-organizatsii (accessed: 03\/24\/2026).<br>\r\n5. Baidikova T. V., Solomatina A. G. Teaching students of an agricultural university a professional foreign language using technological solutions based on artificial intelligence \/\/ Bulletin of Tambov University. Series: Humanities. 2025. No. 30 (3). P. 648-659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20310\/1810-0201-2025-30-3-648-659<br>\r\n6. Kapsargina SA, Shmeleva Zh. N. Digitalization and internationalization of learning process as an important aspect of training future agricultural specialists \/\/ Azimuth of Scientific Research: Pedagogy and Psychology. 2021. Vol. 10. No. 2 (35). P. 331-334. \u2013 DOI 10.26140\/anip-2021-1002-0084. \u2013 EDN LBEOYV.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KAREEVA Irina Vladimirovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>TUARMENSKAYA Angela Valerjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, SA Yesenin Ryazan State University<br>\r\n<strong>CHERNYSHEVA Olga Valerjevna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>FORMATION OF A CULTURE OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS AMONG STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENTAL UNIVERSITIES OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA DURING EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the development of a culture of interethnic relations among students of departmental universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The authors believe the solution to this problem lies in the introduction of additional activities into the educational work of the university. In this article, the authors describe an experiment in integrating the teaching aid \\&#8221;Developing a Culture of Interethnic Communication among Cadets of Educational Institutions of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia\\&#8221; into the educational work of a cadet group supervisor at the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia and interpret the results of the study.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> interethnic relations, culture of interethnic relations, departmental universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, educational work, curator, cadets, teaching aid, experiment.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Abdulatipov R. G. Fundamentals of national and federal relations. &#8211; M.: RAGS, 2001. &#8211; 352 p. <br>\r\n2. Bromley Yu. V. Essays on the Theory of Ethnos. &#8211; M., 1983. &#8211; 412 p.<br>\r\n3. Drobizheva L. M. Sociology of interethnic tolerance. &#8211; M., 2019. &#8211; 222 p. <br>\r\n4. Kareeva I. V., Tuarmensky V. V. Formation of a culture of interethnic communication among cadets of educational organizations of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia: a teaching aid. &#8211; Kursk: Publishing house of ZAO &#8220;University Book&#8221;, 2024. &#8211; 88 p. <br>\r\n5. Krys&#8217;ko V. G. Ethnopsychology and interethnic relations. &#8211; M.: Exam, 2002. &#8211; 448 p.<br>\r\n6. Soldatova G. U., Shaigerova L. A. Psychodiagnostics of personality tolerance. &#8211; M.: Smysl, 2008. &#8211; 172 p. <br>\r\n7. Fetiskin N. P., Kozlov V. V., Manuilov G. M. Social and psychological diagnostics of personality development and small groups. &#8211; M.: Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy, 2005. &#8211; 490 p.<br>\r\n8. Glock S. Does ethnicity matter? The impact of stereotypical expectations on inservice teachers&#8217; judgments of students \/\/ Social Psychology of Education. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; Vol. 19. &#8211; P. 493 509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-016-9349-7 (access date: 02\/01\/2026). <br>\r\n9. Tobisch A., Dressel M. Negatively or positively biased? Dependencies of teachers&#8217; judgments and expectations based on students&#8217; ethnic and social backgrounds \/\/ Social Psychology of Education. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; Vol. 20. &#8211; P. 731-752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-017-9392-z (date of access: 02\/07\/2026).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>KUTALADZE Dmitry <\/strong><br>lecturer of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>TUARMENSKAYA Angela Valerjevna<\/strong><br>associate professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, Ryazan State University<br>\r\n<strong>ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE GENESIS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE: BASED ON A SURVEY OF LAW STUDENTS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article examines the results of a study of the influence of psychological factors on aggressive behavior of young people from the point of view of law students. The respondents under study put psychological factors influencing the destructive behavior of young people in the first place among the considered causes of aggression. Among the leading factors were \\&#8221;mental disorders,\\&#8221; \\&#8221;impulsivity\\&#8221;, \\&#8221;depression\\&#8221;, and \\&#8221;anxiety\\&#8221;. As a result of the study, gender characteristics were identified in the responses of the trainees. A comparative analysis of the responses of law students and future psychologists revealed a clearly expressed professional coloring of the respondents\\&#8217; responses.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> sociological research, youth, aggressive behavior, psychological factors.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tArtyushina A. A., Tuarmensky V. V. Youth extremism as an acute problem of modern society \/\/ Science of the young &#8211; the future of Russia: collection of scientific articles of the 7th International Scientific Conference of Promising Developments of Young Scientists, Kursk, December 12-13, 2022. Vol. 3. &#8211; Kursk: South-West State University, 2022. &#8211; P. 16-19. &#8211; EDN OYRGJX.<br>\r\n2. \tKostrova Yu. B., Tuarmensky V. V., Shibarshina O. Yu. Social and professional adaptation of adolescents and young people \/\/ Register of new scientific directions. Volume I. &#8211; M .: ID &#8220;Academy of Natural Sciences&#8221;, 2018. &#8211; P. 189-190. &#8211; EDN VTXHUY.<br>\r\n3. \tTuarmensky V. V., Salnikova I. V., Zarichny F. F., Kosheleva L. N. Conflictology: a textbook \/ edited by V. V. Tuarmensky. &#8211; Ryazan: MPSI, 2010. &#8211; 106 p. &#8211; EDN NDBUIC.<br>\r\n4. \tTuarmensky V. V., Labuzova K. N., Maslova A. V., Samoshina A. A. Russia and the world in students\u2019 opinions \/\/ Student scientific search &#8211; science and education of the 21st century: materials of the VIII International student scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, April 22 , 2016. &#8211; Ryazan: Autonomous non-profit organization of higher education \\&#8221;Modern Technical University\\&#8221;, 2016. &#8211; P. 243-247. &#8211; EDN FKHDOQ.<br>\r\n5. \tTuarmensky V. V., Gornov V. A. Pedagogical sociology: course of lectures. &#8211; Ryazan: Ryazan State Pedagogical University named after S. A. Yesenin, 2004. &#8211; 123 p. &#8211; EDN ETEFBW.<br>\r\n6. \tTuarmensky V. V., Kondrashova N. P. The problem of violence in the media \/\/ Digitalization of the economy and society: problems, prospects, security: materials of the international scientific and practical conference. In 2 volumes, Donetsk, March 29, 2019. Volume 2. &#8211; Donetsk: Digital printing house, 2019. &#8211; P. 214-220. &#8211; EDN PEYBMJ.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>LEVCHENKOV Alexander Ivanovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>KRASILNIKOVA Lyudmila Ivanovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>POLITICAL VIOLENCE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES<\/strong><br>\r\nIn this article, the authors attempt to analyze the state of modern Ukrainian society in order to determine whether there are any opposition forces in the country that are capable of launching a radical protest movement aimed at overthrowing Zelensky\\&#8217;s political regime and reshaping the country\\&#8217;s domestic and foreign policies. To achieve this goal, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of both the Ukrainian people as a whole and their individual groups, drawing on insights from various humanities disciplines such as sociology, political science, law, and more. Special attention is paid to the ideologization of all aspects of Ukrainian society, the nationalization of all social relations, and the reasons for these destructive phenomena. A well-founded assumption is made about the possible ways to change Zelensky\\&#8217;s dictatorial and anti-people political regime and the future of Ukraine.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> ideology, society, state, people, nation, power, law, political regime.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Tsaregorodtsev S. The mechanism of social governance: (how to overcome the dogmatism of modern philosophy). &#8211; Moscow: Print Ap, 2014. &#8211; P. 15.<br>\r\n2. Levchenkov A. I., Gruzdev V. V., Glazkov V. A. Post-Soviet law and state. &#8211; Kostroma &#8211; Lugansk, 2022. &#8211; P. 263.<br>\r\n3. Nietzsche F. On the Benefits and Harms of History for Life. Twilight of Idols. Morning Dawn: Collection. \u2013 Minsk: Popuri, 1996. \u2013 P. 216.<br>\r\n4. Levchenkov A. I., Glazkov V. A. Moral state: reality and prospects \/\/ State and Law. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 17.<br>\r\n5. Giddens E. The structure of society: an essay on the theory of structurization. \u2013 Moscow: Acad. project, 2003. \u2013 P. 57. <br>\r\n6. Levchenkov A. I., Krasilnikova L. I. War as an existential conflict between the West and Russia \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 11 (210). &#8211; P. 556-558.<br>\r\n7. Levchenkov A. I., Krasilnikova L. I. Political violence: problems of theory and practice \/\/ Eurasian Law Journal. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 12 (211). &#8211; P. 72-75.<br>\r\n8. Levchenkov A. I., Ladyga A. I., Krasilnikova L. I. Evolution of approaches to understanding Ukrainian nationalism: from the ideas of S. Yu. Bendasyuk to the present day \/\/ Journal of Historical Research. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 10. No. 2. &#8211; P. 20-26.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>PARILOV Oleg Viktorovich <\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical science, professor, professor of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>SHCHERBAKOVA Mariya Pavlovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in sociological sciences, Deputy Head of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>ALEXANDRINA Natalya Mikhailovna<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>COLLECTIVISM, SOCIAL CONCILIARITY AS A BASIC MORAL VALUE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the role of collectivism in the professional activities of Russian internal affairs agencies. According to the Federal Law \\&#8221;On Police\\&#8221;, the primary goal of law enforcement is the protection of human life, health, honor, and dignity. This goal should also be the primary spiritual motivation for service. However, this motivation can only be realized within a collectivist framework. The pre-revolutionary Russian police provide a vivid example of the vibrant solidarity between law enforcement and citizens, as police officers were an integral part of the local community. Therefore, their humanistic service was concrete and targeted. Unfortunately, in the 20th and 21st centuries, Russian collectivism has been undermined. In today\\&#8217;s increasingly atomized environment, where there is no living connection between law enforcement and citizens, humanistic service will inevitably take the form of a meaningless abstraction, incapable of motivating officers. It is essential that the state address the issue of reviving the former collectivism, which has been declared a traditional value to be protected.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Collectivism, social conciliarity, law enforcement, humanism.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tZubova D. D., Serostanov N. N. Academic mobility within the framework of the Bologna process. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/scienceforum.ru\/2015\/article\/2015012130 (date of access: 03\/26\/2026).<br>\r\n2. \tKazachenko S. A. The legacy of the police service of the Russian Empire: experience and lessons \/\/ Bulletin of Economic Security. 2016. No. 3. P. 251-253.<br>\r\n3. \tThe concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/search.rsl.ru\/ru\/record\/01000973848 (date of access: 03\/26\/2026).<br>\r\n4. \tParilov O.V. Formation of the Russian theocratic ideal in the 16th century \/\/ Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Law Academy. 2015. No. 6 (6). P. 41-44.<br>\r\n5. \tRussian Education \u2013 2020: A Model for an Innovative Economy A. Volkov, Ya. Kuzminov, I. Remorenko, B. Rudnik, I. Frumin, L. Jacobson. [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: http:\/\/www.myshared.ru\/slide\/247300\/ (date of access: 03\/26\/2026).<br>\r\n6. \tDecree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 \u201cOn Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values.\u201d [Electronic resource]. \u2013 Access mode: https:\/\/www.garant.ru\/products\/ipo\/prime\/doc\/405579061\/ (date accessed: 03\/26\/2026).<br>\r\n7. \tFederal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ \u201cOn the Police\u201d (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on 28.01.2011) \/\/ Rossiyskaya Gazeta. No. 25. 08.02.2011.<br>\r\n8. \tKhoryakov V.V. Some aspects of the formation and development of the internal affairs bodies of Russia in the 18th \u2013 early 20th centuries: Textbook. Izhevsk: Izhevsk branch of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education \u201cAcademy of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation\u201d, 2011. 225 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>STANKEVICH Dmitry Vladimirovich<\/strong><br>assistant of the Higher School of Engineering, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)<br>\r\n<strong>HYPOTHETICAL MODEL OF THE MIGRATION SYSTEM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article discusses a hypothetical model of the migration system of the Russian Federation, which is based on the demarcation of migration flows into three categories. A fundamentally new approach to the return of representatives of the country\\&#8217;s ethnic groups to the Russian Federation is proposed, based on foreign experience. Special attention is given to the program for the resettlement of compatriots, which requires fundamental clarifications of certain formulations that affect the repatriation process. The article analyzes the quality of migration flows and their contribution to the socio-economic development of host countries. Security issues related to the formation of ethnic enclaves within the host country\\&#8217;s territory have been addressed.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> migrant, labor migration, migration policy, repatriation, economic process, visa regime, diaspora.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tManukyan A. R., Gutieva I. G. Features of managing migration processes in Europe \/\/ Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. &#8211; 2021. &#8211; Vol. 17. No. 5. &#8211; P. 207-210. &#8211; EDN NUNJSQ.<br>\r\n2. \tTanatova D.K., Besfamilny D.A. Migrants from Central Asia: Problems and Trends \/\/ Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (NPI). Series: Social and Economic Sciences. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; Vol. 18. No. 2. &#8211; P. 77-86. &#8211; DOI 10.17213\/2075-2067-2025-2-77-86. &#8211; EDN AMQWOI.<br>\r\n3. Kolosnitsyna M. G., Suvorova I. K. International labor migration: theoretical foundations and regulatory policy \/\/ Economic Journal of the Higher School of Economics. &#8211; 2005. &#8211; Vol. 9. No. 4. &#8211; P. 543-565. &#8211; EDN VTMDDQ.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>VOSTRIKOVA Alexandra Alexeevna<\/strong><br>student, PP Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>THE WORKS OF VAN GOGH AS A RESPONSE TO THE SOCIOCULTURAL CRISIS OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article provides a cultural-philosophical analysis of Vincent van Gogh\\&#8217;s work within the context of the sociocultural crisis of the late 19th century. It examines a watershed era characterized by the collapse of traditional values, the triumph of positivism, and the loss of a sense of rootedness. The author traces the evolution of art from Impressionism, with its emphasis on external impressions, to post-Impressionism, which restored lost existential content to painting. The work identifies key aspects of Van Gogh\\&#8217;s response to the spiritual vacuum of the era: escapism as an artistic strategy and critique of the bourgeois world; social issues and the image of the \\&#8221;little man\\&#8221; in his early work; and subjective expression as a response to soulless objectivism. Particular attention is paid to how color and brushstroke texture become bearers of metaphysical meaning, and the artist\\&#8217;s personal tragedy serves as a means of acquiring a new holistic vision.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Vincent van Gogh, philosophy of culture, sociocultural crisis, post-impressionism, escapism, subjectivity, color symbolism, artistic expression.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBoguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu. Dynamics of substantiation of the methodology for forming interdisciplinary connections in the lesson in domestic pedagogy of the second half of the twentieth century \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (36). &#8211; P. 35-42.<br>\r\n2. \tGirenok F. I. On the nature of artistic reality \/\/ Bulletin of Tomsk State University. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 508. &#8211; P. 108-113.<br>\r\n3. \tKobzev M. S., Smolova M. A. On the differentiation of the concept of \u201cstorytelling\u201d as a possible educational tool in Russia and China \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (36). &#8211; P. 57-62.<br>\r\n4. \tParamonov A. G. Theoretical and methodological aspects of professional training of future artist-teachers \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (36). &#8211; P. 63-68.<br>\r\n5. \tRyabukhina E. A., Firsova S. A., Safonov V. I., Butkina A. A. Teaching university students to model trends in demographic processes based on real statistical data \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 3 (36). &#8211; P. 52-56.<br>\r\n6. \tTorkunov A. V. Digital transformation and artificial intelligence in the transformation of the political world \/\/ Polis. Political studies. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 5. &#8211; P. 24-35.<br>\r\n7. \tPanfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 1 (34). &#8211; P. 54-58.<br>\r\n8. \tPrutskov A. V. Teaching Java programming at a university: pedagogical aspects \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (33). &#8211; P. 62-68.<br>\r\n9. \tPushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: \u201cdigital literacy\u201d and \u201ccomputer literacy\u201d as system-forming components of the subject \u201cComputer Science\u201d \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2025. &#8211; No. 2 (35). &#8211; P. 49-57.<br>\r\n10. \tRyabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining the options for choosing future professional training for university applicants by means of organizing online testing \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 3 (32). &#8211; P. 48-57.<br>\r\n11. \tStoyanov A. S. Abolition of gender differentiation in technology lessons: students\u2019 expectations \/\/ Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. &#8211; 2024. &#8211; No. 4 (33). &#8211; P. 86-100.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>TUARMENSKIY Vladimir Viktorovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia<br>\r\n<strong>PECHERSKY Daniil Vadimovich <\/strong><br>magister student, Institute of Justice, International Innovation University, Sochi, Ryazan, independent researcher<br>\r\n<strong>BURUKIN Vadim Valerjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Academician IP Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University<br>\r\n<strong>DESCRIPTION OF THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE FAMILY CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTERPRETATIVE METHODOLOGY<\/strong><br>\r\nThe article notes that in the general picture of humanitarian knowledge, the relationship between culture and the legal field is an updated material for detailed study. In the framework of the work under study, the Family Code of the Russian Federation is such an integrative phenomenon combining legal and cultural trends. The authors note that initially family relationships were built through a system of dogmatic foundations of the religious worldview, after the process of reforming public relations, there is a transition to the positions of legislative regulations. The study showed that some part of the conceptual apparatus of the Family Code of the Russian Federation is conditioned by abstract perception on the part of scientists and law enforcement officers. In this regard, the authors proved the expediency of creating a separate norm explaining the basic terms of the Family Code.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> law, family legislation, Family Code of the Russian Federation, culture, methodology, interpretation, terminology.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tBalditsyna E. I. On the issue of defining the concept of \u201cmarriage\u201d in the system of family law \/\/ Current issues of modern science. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 5-1. &#8211; P. 237-243.<br>\r\n2. \tBorisov A. B. Large Law Dictionary. \u2013 M.: Book World, 2010. \u2013 848 p.<br>\r\n3. \tIlyina O. Yu. Evaluation categories in the Family Code of the Russian Federation \/\/ Social and legal notebook. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 54-61.<br>\r\n4. \tRyzhenkova E. A. \u201cFamily Code\u201d as a linguistic and socio-cultural phenomenon \/\/ Postgraduate student. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4 (72). &#8211; P. 46-50.<br>\r\n5. \tSchleiermacher F. Hermeneutics \/ translated from German by A. L. Volsky. Scientific editor N. O. Guchinskaya. &#8211; St. Petersburg: &#8220;European House&#8221;. 2004. &#8211; 242 p.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ARTAMONOV Alexander Olegovich<\/strong><br>competitor of sciences degree seeking applicant, KD Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University<br>\r\n<strong>STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF NARRATIVE IN VIDEO GAMES<\/strong><br>\r\nThis article examines the impact of video games on human identity. To this end, the author draws on Pierre Ricoeur\\&#8217;s concept of narrative identity. Ricoeur explores the ability of a work\\&#8217;s narrative to generate surplus meaning, which is the product of the interaction between culture as a special symbolic system and the individual, who deciphers signs based on their character, life experience, and the substantial foundations of existence. The influence of video games on human identity is based on similar principles, as they possess the characteristics of narrative. Narrative unfolds in virtual space, which is reflected in the player\\&#8217;s depth of immersion and their ability to perceive the sociocultural situations presented to them by the game\\&#8217;s creators. Both embedded and emergent narratives are present here. The former refers to the plot of a video game, the external expression of which is a script manuscript that defines the beginning, middle, and end of the story. This is what the authors want to tell, constructing the necessary sequence. In turn, emergent history is the story the player creates through their actions. This is determined by the interactivity of video games, as freedom of action and choice facilitates the formation of a multitude of different combinations of events, forming a unique sequence. Identity, in turn, is also expressed through narrative. In the act of interpreting one\\&#8217;s life, a person reflects specific events, states, and judgments, united in a story. Possessing the hallmarks of narrative, video games are a source of meaning and, thanks to their essential characteristics, such as interactivity, become a new and unique means of self-interpretation.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> video games, video game research, identity, narrative identity, narrative, ludonarrative, embedded narrative, emergent narrative.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. Anikina A. B. The concept of narrative identity in the philosophy of P. Ricoeur \/\/ Respublica Literaria. 2023. No. 1. P. 5-14. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47850\/rl.2023.4.1.5-14<br>\r\n2. Barthes R. Introduction to the structural analysis of narrative texts \/\/ French semiotics: From structuralism to poststructuralism \/ Translated from French, compiled, introduction by G. K. Kosikova. Moscow: IG Progress, 2000. Pp. 196-238.<br>\r\n3. Bugaeva L. D. On film narrative \/\/ International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2012. No. 2. P. 6-10.<br>\r\n4. Kosenchuk L. F. Personal identity in the context of network culture: philosophical and anthropological analysis: abstract of dis. &#8230; candidate of philosophical sciences. Rostov-on-Don, 2014. 28 p.<br>\r\n5. Kutkovaya K. S. Narrative in the study of identity \/\/ National Psychological Journal. 2014. No. 4 (16). P. 23-33. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11621\/npj.2014.0403<br>\r\n6. Lenkevich A. S. Towards media aesthesis: production of presence in computer games \/\/ International Journal of Cultural Studies. 2019. No. 1 (34). P. 20-33. DOI: 10.24411\/2079-1100-2019-00002<br>\r\n7. Maslov E. S. What is narrative? Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 2020. 116 p.\r\n8. Ricoeur P. Hermeneutics. Ethics. Politics. Moscow lectures and interviews. Moscow: EKSMO, 1995. 190 p.\r\n9. Teta J.-M., Mayatsky M. Narrative identity as a theory of practical subjectivity. Towards a reconstruction of Paul Ricoeur\u2019s concept \/\/ Sociological Review. 2012. No. 2. P. 100-121. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/etr.0894.0463<br>\r\n10. Jingyang Ai, Cross B. and Bignel C. (2023). The Construction of Gamer Identity in Narratives about Video Game Playing and Formal Education Learning Experiences. Available at: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/375477925_The_construction_of_gamer_identity_in_narratives_about_video_game_playing_and_formal_education_learning_experiences (Accessed May 25, 2025).<br>\r\n11. Mikul\u00e1s M. (2015). Video Games as Narrative Genre. Available at: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/24477474\/Video_games_as_narrative_genre (Accessed April 15, 2025).<br>\r\n12. Muriel D. and Crawford, G. (2018). Video Games as Culture. Considering the Role and Importance of Video Games in Contemporary Society. Routledge, 208 p. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315622743<br>\r\n13. Salen K. and Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play Games design fundamentals. Cambridge (Mass.): The MIT press, XV. 672 p.<br>\r\n14. Seraphine F. (2016). Ludonarrative Dissonance: Is Storytelling About Reaching Harmony? Available at: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/307569310_Ludonarrative_Dissonance_Is_Storytelling_About_Reaching_Harmony (Accessed April 14, 2025).<br>\r\n15. Terzioglu Y. (2017). Immersion and identity in video games. Available at: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/open_access_theses\/620 (Accessed April 5, 2025).<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>ZAYKOV Konstantin Sergeevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in historical sciences, Head of Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>SHAPAROV Alexander Evgenjevich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in political sciences, professor Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>SOROKIN Sergey Eduardovich<\/strong><br>Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor Regional studies, international relations and political sciences sub-faculty, MV Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk<br>\r\n<strong>ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS<\/strong><br>\r\nThe paper examines the conceptual foundations of environmental education in the context of contemporary socio-philosophical discourse. A theoretical reconstruction and differentiation of the key concepts of the subject area \u2013 \u201cecological consciousness\u201d, \u201cenvironmental education\u201d, \u201cenvironmental upbringing\u201d and \u201cenvironmental enlightenment\u201d \u2013 is carried out. The essential characteristics and semantic boundaries of these categories, determining their role in the formation of ecological culture, are revealed. The thesis is substantiated that environmental enlightenment represents an ideational resource that accumulates value-semantic, cognitive and practical aspects of human interaction with the natural world.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> environmental education, ecological consciousness, ecological culture, sustainable development, social philosophy, ideational resource, society \u2013 nature.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tAndreev M. D. Environmental education and enlightenment as an emotional-value attitude towards nature \/\/ Fundamental research: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2009. &#8211; No. 7. &#8211; P. 76-78. <br>\r\n2. \tAtaev Z. V., Gadzhibekov M. I., Razakhanova V. P., Magomedova M. A. The concept and essence of environmental education in the context of the global transformation of Russian education \/\/ Science and education in the context of global transformation: Collection of articles from the XII International scientific and practical conference. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; P. 10. <br>\r\n3. \tAfanasyeva S. V. Formation and development of environmental education and enlightenment \/\/ Bulletin of PSU named after Sholem Aleichem: scientific. electronic. journal. &#8211; 2010. &#8211; No. 2. &#8211; P. 14-25. <br>\r\n4. \tGromov E. V. Environmental education as a factor in the formation of environmental culture \/\/ NovaUm.Ru: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2017. &#8211; No. 9. &#8211; P. 65-67. <br>\r\n5. \tKaverin A. V., Reymero N. F. Hopes for conceptual ecology. Ecology, 1992. \u2013 367 p. \/\/ Engineering technologies and systems: scientific. electronic journal. \u2013 1994. \u2013 P. 65-67. <br>\r\n6. \tKaverin A. V. Reimero N. F. Hopes for the survival of mankind: conceptual ecology. Ecology, 1992. &#8211; 367 p. \/\/ Bulletin of Moscow State University. &#8211; 1994. &#8211; No. 1.<br>\r\n7. \tManchenko E. V., Tsyplukhina Yu. V. Formation of environmental culture through environmental education \/\/ Quality and life: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2019. &#8211; No. 1. &#8211; P. 84-86. <br>\r\n8. \tPolyakova A. L. Environmental education and awareness as a tool for improving the environmental situation in the Moscow region \/\/ Innovative projects and programs in education: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2020. &#8211; No. 6. &#8211; P. 37-40. <br>\r\n9. \tStepanovskikh A. S. Ecology: a textbook for universities. &#8211; M .: UNITY-DANA, 2001. &#8211; 703 p. <br>\r\n10. \tTanyrberdieva N., Tanyrberdieva E. Modern environmental education \/\/ Bulletin of Science: scientific. electron. magazine \u2013 2023. \u2013 No. 4. \u2013 P. 305. <br>\r\n11. \tShkalikova U. O. Environmental education: formation, essence and principles \/\/ Amur scientific bulletin: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2015. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 141-150. <br>\r\n12. \tTrinadtsatko O. A. Environmental consciousness as an element of social and environmental management \/\/ Social and humanitarian knowledge: scientific. electronic journal. &#8211; 2022. &#8211; No. 4. &#8211; P. 136. <br>\r\n13. \tShcheredina A. A. Environmental education: aspects of environmental law education \/\/ Safety of the urban environment: materials of the interregional (with international participation) scientific and practical conference. &#8211; 2016. &#8211; P. 217.<br>\r\n<br><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY<\/strong><\/span><br>\r\n<strong>STEPANOV Vladimir Andreevich<\/strong><br>postgraduate student of Philosophy, history and social engineering sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University<br>\r\n<strong>SPIRITUAL SECURITY AS A SUBJECT OF SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCH<\/strong><br>\r\nThe systemic crisis of the modern world is accompanied by a disbelief in political and moral ideals. Security as a social phenomenon is linked to the process of destroying people\\&#8217;s desire to defend themselves and avoid what seems harmful. Spiritual security today is associated with the loss of sociocultural impulses and the destruction of the traditional culture of an ethnic group. Impulses rooted in human existence are the primary life force of security, which, together with the spiritual and mental being of an ethnic group, serves as a prerequisite for the reproduction of sociocultural and political life. However, these impulses are constantly correlated with the human perception of space and time. Mechanical time becomes abstract and subject to ossification. Spiritual security ceases to be elastic. A dynamic time is needed, rather than a simple change in the pace of time. The author substantiates the thesis that the elastic time structure of spiritual security exists not in a unilinear time, but in a chronologically differentiated time. Time should not be the pure anxiety of movement toward a goal, but elastic, defined as the time of culture.<br>\r\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> elastic structure of time, spiritual security, political and moral ideals, security as a social and spiritual phenomenon, sociocultural impulse, mental and spiritual existence of an ethnic group, mechanical time and dynamic time, cultural time.<br>\r\n<strong>Bibliographic list of references<\/strong><br>\r\n1. \tGelvetsky K. A. Works. Vol. 1. &#8211; M., 1973. &#8211; P. 203.<br>\r\n2. \tMarx K., Enegels F. Soch. 2nd ed. T. 2. &#8211; P. 538.<br>\r\n3. \tHegel G. Political works. &#8211; M., 1978. &#8211; P. 139.<br>\r\n4. \tItkulova L. A., Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A. Cultural impulses in the context of ethnocultural archetypes in the worldview of the people \/\/ Society: philosophy, history, culture. &#8211; 2023. &#8211; No. 12. &#8211; P. 48-55.<br>\r\n5. \tBloch E. T\u00fcbingen Introduction to Philosophy \/ translated from German by T. Yu. Bystrova, S. E. Vershinina, D. I. Kriushova. &#8211; Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural University, 1997. &#8211; 400 p.<br>\r\n6. \tFinogentov V. N. \u201c\u2026And the thinking reed murmurs.\u201d &#8211; Ufa: Ufa Technological Institute of Service, 2000. &#8211; P. 68.<br>\r\n7. \tLukyanov A. V. The idea of metacriticism of \u201cpure\u201d love (Philosophical introduction to the problem of the relationship between dialectics and metaphysics). &#8211; Ufa: Bashkir University Press, 2001. &#8211; P. 33.<br>\r\n8. \tCulture and philosophy in the spiritual life of society: monograph. &#8211; Ufa: Ufa University, 2025. &#8211; 156 p .\r\n\r\n<\/div><!--\/ 2 --><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ind-jour\">\r\n<div class=\"ind-jour-heading\">INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL<\/div>\r\n<p>International scientific and practical law journal\r\nIncluded in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"ind-jour\">\r\n<div class=\"sppb-text-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/elibrary.ru\/title_profile.asp?id=28195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEE MORE<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"2882\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> &nbsp;9,900&nbsp;\u0412\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e, &nbsp;78&nbsp;\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e\u0414\u041d\u042f<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL \u21162(213)2026 CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLESPERSONA GRATA Sledzevskiy I. V.: The African vector of the New World Order in the context of global technological challenges: a difficult path between tradition and digital Interview with Igor Vasilyevich Sledzevskiy, Ph.D. in historical sciences, Head of the Center &#8230; <a title=\"EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL \u21162(213)2026\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/2026g\/02-213-2026g.html\" aria-label=\"More on EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL \u21162(213)2026\">Read more<\/a><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"2882\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> &nbsp;9,900&nbsp;\u0412\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e, &nbsp;78&nbsp;\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e\u0414\u041d\u042f<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2809,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.8.11","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ru","en"],"languages":{"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2882"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2882"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2882\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}