{"id":2770,"date":"2025-10-18T22:34:24","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T19:34:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/?p=2770"},"modified":"2025-10-18T22:34:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T19:34:24","slug":"problems-of-interpretation-of-legal-norms-a-rosss-approach-to-legal-conflicts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/problems-of-interpretation-of-legal-norms-a-rosss-approach-to-legal-conflicts.html","title":{"rendered":"PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"doi-text\">\r\n<p><strong>\u2116 8 (207) 2025<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>DOI 10.46320\/2073-4506-2025-8-207-80-83<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Pages 80-83<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>TONKOV Dmitriy Evgenjevich<\/strong><br\/>Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and comparative legal studies sub-faculty, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MIA of Russia; visiting researcher, Samara State University of Economics<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>Based on the work of Alf Ross \u00abOn Law and Justice\u00bb (1959 edition) the article examines the judicial method and three types of problems identified by the Danish scholar in the interpretation of legal norms: syntactic, semantic and logical. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the opinion of a representative of Scandinavian legal realism in the middle of the 20th century about the absence of a fixed solution to logical problems of interpretation in the form of inconsistency, redundancy and presuppositions, including the impracticability of the mechanical action of the conventional principles \u00ablex specialis\u00bb, \u00ablex posterior\u00bb and \u00ablex superior\u00bb in resolving legal conflicts. The arguments about the relative importance of this triad of principles are provided, along with the factors influencing, according to the Scandinavian realist movement, the interpretation of legal norms, such as the law enforcement officer\u2019s assessment of the conformity of norms with common sense, popular legal consciousness and presumed social objectives. In conclusion it is noted that A. Ross\u2019s approach is useful for Russian jurisprudence, despite the susceptibility of its certain provisions to criticism, in particular, when justifying the mixing of subjective and objective styles of interpretation.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> interpretation of law, legal conflict, lex specialis, lex posterior, lex superior, legal norm, judicial method, A. Ross, Scandinavian legal realism.<\/p>\r\n<hr>\r\n<p><strong>\u2116 8 (207) 2025<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b 80-83<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u0422\u041e\u041d\u041a\u041e\u0412 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447<\/strong><br\/>\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442) \u041c\u0418\u0414 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0415\u041c\u042b \u0422\u041e\u041b\u041a\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u042f \u041d\u041e\u0420\u041c \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u0410: \u041f\u041e\u0414\u0425\u041e\u0414 \u0410. \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0421\u0410 \u041a \u042e\u0420\u0418\u0414\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u041c \u041a\u041e\u041b\u041b\u0418\u0417\u0418\u042f\u041c<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0444\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u041e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb (\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 1959 \u0433.) \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430: \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0425\u0425 \u0432. \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u00ablex specialis\u00bb, \u00ablex posterior\u00bb \u0438 \u00ablex superior\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443, \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0410. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430:<\/strong> \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, lex specialis, lex posterior, lex superior, \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434, \u0410. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"2770\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> &nbsp;543&nbsp;\u0412\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e, &nbsp;6&nbsp;\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e\u0414\u041d\u042f<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS \u2116 8 (207) 2025 DOI 10.46320\/2073-4506-2025-8-207-80-83 Pages 80-83 TONKOV Dmitriy EvgenjevichPh.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and comparative legal studies sub-faculty, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MIA of Russia; visiting researcher, Samara State University of Economics &#8230; <a title=\"PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/problems-of-interpretation-of-legal-norms-a-rosss-approach-to-legal-conflicts.html\" aria-label=\"More on PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS\u2019S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS\">Read more<\/a><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p class=\"pvc_stats all \" data-element-id=\"2770\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon large\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> &nbsp;543&nbsp;\u0412\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e, &nbsp;6&nbsp;\u0421\u0415\u0413\u041e\u0414\u041d\u042f<\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1,14],"tags":[],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"2.8.11","language":"en","enabled_languages":["ru","en"],"languages":{"ru":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"en":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2770"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2770"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2770\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2770"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2770"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurasialaw-journal.ru\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2770"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}