PERSONA GRATA
A. B. Kasenova:
Fair trial as a development factor
Interview with Asiya Bakenovna Kasenova, Advisor to the Judge of the Eurasian Economic Union.

EURASIAN INTEGRATION
Teplenina P. S., Ermolina M. A.
Kazakhstan’s water resources: prospects for sustainable management

INTERNATIONAL LAW
Guliev O. E., Mammedli E. M.
Genesis of the legal framework and integration projects in the Caspian region
Zaigraeva O. V., Potapova P. A.
The Russian continental shelf in the Arctic: background of the issue and prospects for expansion (Part 2)
Karev D. A., Aliev N. M.
International legal liability for violation of the obligation to prevent transboundary damage to the natural environment
Kudryashov V. V.
Legal aspects of cooperation with international financial organizations in the context of sanctions: a view from Russia
Talimonchik V. P.
The effectiveness of inter-institutional interaction in international legal regulation of information and communication systems
Jennifer Rubio Ortegon
Legal perspectives on Amazonian challenges
Kulov S. S.
Practice of the UN human rights committee on communications concerning violations of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Melnikov F. A.
Legal features of the formation and development of the common energy market of the EAEU

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
Vakhitova G. V., Gazizova L. M., Ibatullina N. S.
The analysis of the basic principles of international environmental law
Moroz A. O., Papava A. L., Glinshikova T. V.
The concept and place of non-state regulation in the system of sources of international trade law
Lin Peiyuan
The current state of the legislative framework for the unification and transition to digital customs regulation

LAW OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Mirzozoda Sh. B.
Drug addiction as a subject of legal regulation and organizational mechanism for countering drug trafficking in the Republic of Tajikistan
Simonov R. М.
Procurement legislation in Russia and the People’s Republic of China: a comparative legal analysis

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
Alimova A. I.
On the concept of migration policy and its features
Baidarova M. A., Fomin V. V.
Legally significant consequences in the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights: theoretical and practical aspects
Boghatyrev M. R.
Problems of classification of legal regulation: general theoretical approaches
Kiosov A. A., Malysheva N. I.
Changing the form of legislative normative legal acts adopted before the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
Sudakova O. V.
The social function of law
Ulaeva N. L.
The role and importance of tectological and synergetic approaches in the research and formation of legal culture and legal awareness
Furman T. G.
National-patriotic identity and identification
Zrumov M. M., Bifov T. B.
Analysis of the forms of interaction between Sharia and modern Russian law
Karakov M. Ya.
Legislative bases of military duty in post-Soviet Russia
Karashev K. A., Pekov A. Z.
Analysis of the development features of Russian legislation on intellectual rights
Korolev A. A.
Features of the legal regulation of the functioning of the State Automated System of Legal Statistics
Nagimova Z. F.
The state of regulatory regulation of goal-setting in the Russian legal policy in the field of socio-economic development of society: questions of theory
Khakimova A. R.
Legal policy in the field of economics: analysis and prospects
Furman T. G.
Main threats to spiritual security of Russia

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
Voronin S. A.
Analysis of the content of conflict theory by Ralph Gustav Dahrendorff
Rasskazov L. P.
Guarantees of legality in the activities of state bodies in the fight against the fascist-nationalist underground in the western regions of the USSR in 1944-1955
Teryaeva E. V.
State policy on countering official crimes in the late 18th – early 19th CENTURY (based on the materials of the Orel province)
Furman F. P.
Legal marxism: utopia or missed opportunity
Beschetnov S. S.
British legal policy and its legacy in the West Indian Colonies
Furman F. P.
Political and legal views and their changes in G. V. Plekhanov’s activities

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Gadzhiev A. Dh., Gadzhiev T. I.
The role of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Dagestan in the development of civil society: constitutional and legal analysis
Dreval L. N.
The institute of the commissioner for children’s rights in the Russian Federation: the regional aspect
Iljina O. Yu.
Collective social entities as parties to social partnership: constitutional and legal analysis
Nizaeva S. R., Gilyazov R. R.
Constitutional and legal status of the Government of the Russian Federation
Rakhimova L. M.
On the issue of concepts and features of constitutional and legal responsibility
Sarkarova D. S., Shikhtaimova D. A.
Constitutional duties of citizens in the Russian Federation
Volkova S. I.
State and technological sovereignty: conceptual correlation in the context of information and telecommunication network technologies
Zokhidov M. D.
Human dignity: from antiquity to Kant
Rysev G. S.
The problem of interpretation of the concept of “economic security” in the Constitution of the Russian Federation

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Arslanbekova A. Z., Gitinov N. D.
Problems and prospects of improving the civil service in the Russian Federation
Elanskaya D. A.
On the relationship between the concepts of «interethnic peace and accord» and «civil peace and accord»
Lyukina O. A.
Administrative and legal regulation of public procurement in the Russian Federation
Metlin K. N.
Why does a business need a license
Farikova E. A., Opryshko R. A.
Judicial fee: the concept and place in the system of taxes and fees
Yusifov U. M., Tselniker G. F.
Feasibility of administrative liability of legal entities

MUNICIPAL LAW
Abramitov S. A., Dneprovskaya M. A., Markova K. Yu.
Municipal service: to the question of using the concept in legislation
Arkhireeva A. S., Tolstykh E. A.
Legal liability of local government bodies and officials: theoretical and practical aspects

CIVIL LAW
Babikova Yu. L.
The influence of historical and socio-cultural factors on the development of judicial and ADR: experience of German
Bocharov N. S.
Application of the institute of legally significant message in the analogy of law in labor law
Deltsova N. V.
Self-protection of entrepreneurs’ rights in the online environment: selected aspects of legal theory and practice
Dikinov A. Kh., Kochesokov R. Kh.
Features of legislative regulation of innovation activities in the Russian Federation
Zakharova O. N., Ivasikh L. P.
On the issue of the role of subsidiary liability in the structure of «piercing the corporate veil»
Morozova O. A.
On the issue of marriage and family relations in modern Russia
Serkerov S. E., Abdulmutalimova Z. M., Gasanalieva K. M.
Theoretical and historical aspects of the development of civil legislation in the Soviet period
Telibekova I. M.
The law enforcement practice of educational insurance in the Russian Federation
Shigonina L. A., Tokatly E. O.
Problems of determining the essential terms of a work contract: theory and practice
Yastremskiy I. A.
Cases in which it is allowed to provide information constituting a medical secret without the consent of a citizen or his legal representative
Abduzhalilov T. F., Panteleeva A. A., Fogel A. A., Ponomarenko A. V.
The system of legal liability for environmental violations in the sphere of wildlife use and protection
Alexandrov R. D.
Loyalty programs in the system of local regulation of entrepreneurial activity
Vartanov A. S.
Federal Law of 08.08.2024 «On the development of creative industries in the Russian Federation» as a new step in the evolution of copyright
Volkov G. G.
Correlation of synallagma with consideration and will’s autonomy
Deltsova N. V.
The legal category of «public interest» when declaring transactions invalid on the initiative of the prosecutor
Dyuzhenkov N. A.
On the issue of the concepts of the institution of property immunities
Ivanov S. V.
Analysis of offshore indirect transfers for qualification as circumvention of law
Kazankova T. N., Bryachneva O. P., Marakhova D. Yu., Podstreshny P. V.
Cross-disciplinary projects in law
Kulagin I. Yu.
Banking secrecy and privacy in central bank digital currency platforms
Scobileva I. V., Makhonin D. D., Usachev A. S., Korneva K. A.
Compensation as a way to protect intellectual property rights: experience of Russia and foreign countries
Telibekova D. B.
Convertible loan and option: analysis of the legal nature
Chernikov D. P.
Cryptocurrency as a legal means of payment: problems and prospects of regulation
Yastremskiy I. A.
Medical nutrition for patients at the plastic surgery clinic, legal basis

CIVIL PROCESS
Zapisnaya T. V.
Оn the search for the optimal model of the procedural and legal mechanism for restoring the missed procedural period in the civil process
Orlova I. V.
Separate issues of approval of settlement agreements by courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts of settlement agreements
Dich R. A.
The limits of digitalization of enforcement proceedings as a starting element of reforms
Egorov E. V.
Principles of legality, rule of law and legal certainty in the civil process: concept, relation, differentiation
Scobileva I. V., Makhonin D. D., Usachev A. S.
Development of alternative forms of resolving legal disputes and conflicts: world experience
Shananin I. A.
The specifics of recognizing a participant in a special military operation as missing or dead
FAMILY LAW
Magomedov M. R.
The impact of digitalization on the institution of marriage

ARBITRATION PROCESS
Maskin K. A.
Discretionary powers of officials of the arbitration court of first instance to form the composition of the court

FINANCIAL LAW
Borisenko L. V., Afrikian O. A., Khvan E. V., Shvachkin I. E.
Innovative technologies in financial provision of the State Border Protection: legal and economic aspects
Kovalishina K. V., Evsikova E. V.
Financial control in modern conditions: problems of legal understanding and implementation
Makarchuk Z. V., Popudrenko A. N.
Regulation and the prospect of developing a «buy now, pay later» service (BNPL) in Russia
Kovalishina K. V., Evsikova E. V.
Problems of legal regulation of financial control in the current legislation of the Russian Federation

TAX LAW
Arslanbekova A. Z., Aliev A. T.
Cash management services and cash registers as tools for reducing the shadow economy: the need for implementation among individual entrepreneurs of the Republic of Dagestan
Eremyan A. A.
Peculiarities of interaction between law enforcement agencies and tax authorities in the investigation of crimes in the field of taxation
Oleynik A. D.
The voluntary tax compliance of foreign taxpayer organization in Nigeria

LAND LAW
Beloplotov A. O.
Peculiarities of formation of public-legal regime of land use when connecting capital construction objects to engineering networks
Stepanyan G. S.
Current directions for improving municipal land control

ENTREPRENEURIAL LAW
Zubkova M. N., Aseeva A. S.
Features of registration of the issue of securities by registering organizations
Mubinov D. D.
Bankruptcy procedure of a natural person in Russia: analysis of the evolution of legislation
Osipov A. S.
Features of admission creditors` claims in case of bankruptcy of credit organizations
Selyunin P. S.
Income-generating activities of microfinance organizations

CORPORATE LAW
Glinshchikova T. V., Bubnenkov R. R., Rotko M. A.
Legal regulation of corporate agreements in the Russian Federation
Chattaev A. R., Bondarenko O. N., Tumanova A. S., Andreev K. V.
The role of the corporate agreement in the management of limited liability company

INFORMATION LAW
Davudova S. Ya., Ragimhanova K. T.
Legal aspects of regulation of artificial intelligence in education

COMPETITION LAW
Ananjev A. A.
Application of law enforcement mechanisms for violations of antitrust legislation in the electric power industry

CRIMINAL LAW
Gadzhieva A. A., Zalibekov M. P.
The legal nature and place of forced labor in the penal system
Grigorjev O. V.
Theoretical concepts of characteristics of subjects in criminal law: towards the statement of the question
Dolgushina L. V., Kravtsova E. V., Kabakova E. S.
Analysis of judicial practice for violation of fire protection of forests in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Efremova O. S.
Current issues of preventing economic crimes
Ivanovа L. M., Balykina K. V.
The punishment system of the first imperial dynasties of China (221 BC – 420 AD)
Kraskovskiy Ya. E., Fomin V. V.
Characteristics of execution of punishment in the form of forced labor (on the example of Penza region)
Levandovskaya M. G.
Anti-Russian Nazism as a special form of ideological aggression
Pirova R. N.
Problems of combating corruption in law enforcement agencies
Popova A. A., Zaychenko L. N., Nasekina E. S.
Observance of the principles of unity of command and subordination in the internal affairs bodies
Prikhodko V. V.
Formation of responsibility for crimes against sexual integrity in pre-revolutionary Russian legislation
Stupina S. A.
Some questions about the qualification of extortion committed in complicity
Chistyakov A. A.
The influence of the age characteristics of the subjects on the application of norms providing for liability for murder with a mitigating composition
Fastovich G. G.
Events aimed at forming anti-terrorist consciousness in young people: theoretical and legal aspect based on the example of a study of the experience of agrarian universities in Russia
Khorolskiy V. V., Galyautdinov R. F., Makovskaya N. N., Antonov A. Yu.
Features of the appointment of punishments not related to deprivation of liberty in relation to minors
Alimpiev A. A.
Criminal law counteraction to mass riots in Russia: historical and factorial perspective
Al-Musafir Duraid Mohammed Hassan
Comparative analysis of criminal legal systems in Muslim countries: approaches to deprivation of liberty
Aralkina P. V.
Current issues in the investigation of criminal cases involving foreign citizens
Dolеva O. A.
The responsibility of the organizer of the crime in complicity with a person who has not reached the age of criminal responsibility
Sologub V. A.
Consideration of criminal cases concerning the use of compulsory medical measures in Russia and the USA
Stupina S. A., Dolgushina L. V.
Contract for the provision of paid legal services: through the prism of criminal liability for fraud

CRIMINAL PROCESS
Alieva S. Yu., Butaev M. Ya.
Some criminal procedural features of the investigation of crimes under Article 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Belskiy K. E.
Ethical aspects of criminal defense within the adversarial system of criminal justice (USA and the UK – England and Wales)
Vnukova D. R., Shepeleva O. R.
On the issue of judicial protection of human and civil rights and freedoms
Gerasenkov V. M., Maevskiy S. S.
The institute of return of a criminal case by the prosecutor to the investigator: theoretical and law enforcement aspects
Zakirova E. F., Shaykhutdinova Z. Z., Kuranov A. S.
Concept of material costs and their content in the criminal process
Zamurueva E. Yu.
Procedural status of participants in pre-investigation checks
Kochesokov R. Kh., Dikinov A. Kh.
Peculiarities of investigation of economic crimes in the Russian Federation
Lifanova L. G., Gauzheva V. A.
Implementation of criminal procedural sanctions in the law enforcement process
Lozinskiy O. I.
Molecular genetic examination in criminal proceedings: concept; specifics; criminalistic characteristics; range of issues to be resolved and evidentiary possibilities
Maltseva S. N., Suleymanov T. A.
Controversial issues of cancellation of seizure of property during criminal proceedings
Maltseva Ya. V.
Objects of protection when applying other measures of criminal procedure coercion
Mishchenko E. V., Marina E. A.
Circumstances to be proved in cases of unauthorized abandonment of a military unit
Shapovalova T. I.
On the need for bail as a preventive measure in Russian criminal proceedings
Khalilzade F. R.
Evidence in the criminal proceedings of Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan: a comparative analysis
Hussaini Abdul Jamil
Sources of the criminal process in the Islamic Republic of Iran

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
Igoshin V. G.
The introduction of artificial intelligence into the fire safety system in the penal system
Tereshchenko A. I.
Historical aspects and the current state of receiving medical care by convicts in prison institutions

CRIMINALISTICS
Gaynelzyanova V. R., Mirolyubov S. L., Varlamov S. A.
Current state of human odor trace examination in criminal investigations
Gauzhaeva V. A., Zotov A. Yu.
Certain issues of qualification and prosecution in cases of complicity in a crime
Kazankova T. N., Kabatskov R. A., Churakova E. N.
Problems of classification of forensic examinations
Kostyuchenko O. G.
Investigative activity as a type of human activity
Mazunin Ya. M., Mashlyakevich V. A.
Some peculiarities of interrogation of the accused in criminal cases of fraud committed with the use of means of telephone communication
Poziy V. S., Shelyugova A. A.
Typical investigative situations and tactics of conducting individual investigative actions at the initial stage of the investigation of crimes related to fraud in the field of lending
Yaremchuk V. P.
The use of technology in the appointment and organization of the production of forensic ballistics examinations

CRIMINOLOGY
Babanina D. V.
Prevention of criminal violence: an organizational aspect
Vladimirov S. V., Zolotov M. A.
On countering the flow of mobile communications to correctional institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of
Sagaydak A. Yu., Pavlik E. M.
Main directions of prevention of corruption crimes
Khanukaev G. S.
Transformation of anti-corruption policy in the insurance sector: from universal approaches to industry differentiation
Yakhontova O. S., Pasynkov V. V.
On the issue of the determination of modern terrorism

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Amelin S. G., Egoshin D. I., Kubeev A. Zh., Baranovskiy A. V.
The model of basic physical fitness of law enforcement officers of Russia
Korobkova E. A.
Basics of counteraction of internal affairs bodies to crimes in the sphere of information technologies
Podkovka S. V., Lazarev V. Yu., Taranin M. A., Zhabkin A. S.
The components of the professional success of patrol officers
Yakushev A.V., Shipov O.V.
On the training of non-staff sniper groups of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation

OPERATIONAL AND INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
Soboleva M. M., Koloshein D. A.
On the peculiarities of operational-search activities on the sale and identification of the supplier of narcotic drugs and their precursors

SECURITY AND LAW
Balaeva J. R.
The phenomenon of regional security as an integral part of the national security of the Russian Federation

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
Vinogradov A. A.
Educational standards and requirements of the Ministry of Education: legal aspect
Zorina N. S.
Principles of studying the personality of an underage convict
Korenyugin V. V., Nurutdinov I. I., Goncharova Yu. V., Gazizov T. I.
Features of the use of interactive teaching methods in the process of teaching criminal law disciplines
Kornilova N. V., Orlova I. V.
Methods of conducting practical classes in the discipline «Civil Law», contributing to the formation of students’ law enforcement skills
Tereshkin N. D., Budakov A. N., Shkapov P. Yu.
Periodization of sports exercise for cadets of educational institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service and the Organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

STATE AND LAW
Murzagaliev R. T.
Tax offenses and modern aspects of their disclosure
Simonenko A. Yu.
Legal assessment of the activities of unitary enterprises
Skvortsov S. A.
Problems and limitations of existing approaches to digital education in Russia

SOCIETY AND LAW
Bogatyreva O. V., Dzyuban V. V., Zakopyrin V. N.
Current trends in improving administrative and legal policy

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
Amelichkin A. V.
Event tourism is a promising area of tourist activity in the region
Vorobyov G. S.
Analysis of approaches to the concept of «sustainable rural development»
Garitov E. A., Vasiljeva Yu. P.
Correlation between the development of the global economy and oil market indicators
Zhulin K. A., Vasiljeva Yu. P.
Areas of energy cooperation between the BRICS+ countries
Mashkov V. V.
Ensuring competitiveness in transport engineering enterprises
Pavlov N. A.
Problems of legal regulation of the fuel and energy industry
Chernukhina K. Yu., Tuarmenskiy V. V.
Digital ruble: some aspects of the project implementation
Zhou Peng
Competition and antitrust policy in a market economy: a comparative analysis of developed and developing countries

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
Afanasevskiy V. L.
Sociocultural memory as a problem of philosophy of culture
Brovkina A. A., Trifonova T. L.
Deontology as a part of the professional ethics of an employee of the penitentiary system
Vorokhobov A. V., Zimina M. V., Merzlyakova A. V.
Conceptualization of the methodology of studying the history of philosophy
Zueva E. K., Smolnov A. R.
Digital technologies as a tool for the development of modern society (social and philosophical analysis)
Lozinskiy N. N.
Semantic values and social technologies of Eurasian integration.
Malinova A. G.
Robinson Crusoe: how the hero of an adventure novel became a character in numerous works of legal and other scientific literature
Mezhueva E. O.
The idea of patriotism: lessons of Russian philosophy of the first half of the XIXth century
Pokusaeva N. V., Sidorov D. G.
Sports as a path to superhuman: Nietzsche’s philosophy analysis
Tarasov A. N., Golovina D. A., Ocheneva E. S.
Man in the era of technological transformations: a philosophical and anthropological perspective
Shakirova G. F.
Religion as an important principle of solidarity in modern multinational and multi-confessional Russia
Shalashnikov G. V.
The formation of the beginnings of the spiritual ideal of the individual and his attainment in philosophy of Russian populism and positivism
Vorokhobov A. V., Zimina M. V., Pronina N. S.
Problems of developing a methodology for studying philosophy
Shakirova G. F.
Application of the principles of solidarity in resolving interethnic issues in modern Russia
Zubkov S. A., Tyurina A. Yu.
E. Fromm’s modes of being and possession in relation to religion
Abrarova Z. F., Lutfurakhmanova Z. I., Starshinina A. A.
Institute of motherhood in the social space of modern Russia
Smyslov I. A.
The main trends in the transformation of the historical memory of modern Russian society as a resource for the spiritual security of the country

PERSONA GRATA
A. B. Kasenova:
Fair trial as a development factor
Interview with Asiya Bakenovna Kasenova, Advisor to the Judge of the Eurasian Economic Union.

EURASIAN INTEGRATION
TEPLENINA Polina Sergeevna
master student, St. Petersburg State University
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University
KAZAKHSTAN’S WATER RESOURCES: PROSPECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
This article discusses the current state and prospects for sustainable management of water resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study analyzes strategies and measures for sustainable water management, including the creation of a new Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, as well as updating the legal and regulatory framework. The study analyzes strategies and measures for sustainable water management for resent two years, including the creation of a new Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, as well as updating the legal and regulatory framework. Considering their content, as well as the situation with possible conflicts over water shortages, the authors draw conclusions and proposals regarding the need for diplomacy with neighboring countries.
Keywords: water resources, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, sustainable management, water scarcity, transboundary rivers, public awareness.
Article bibliography
1. Sherimova N. Sh. Some issues of the state and legal regulation of water resources in Kazakhstan // Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – 2015. – No. 3 (39). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-voprosy-sostoyaniya-i-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-vodnyh-resursov-v-kazahstane (date of access: 12/10/2024).
2. Kuspayev U. Water diplomacy of Kazakhstan: problems of cooperation and possible solutions to water conflicts // Public administration and civil service. – 2024. – No. 1 (88). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://journal.apa.kz/index.php/path/article/view/1152/897 (date of access: 12/15/2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GULIEV Orhan Elshadovich
Ph.D. in political sciences, lecturer, Volga-Caspian Marine Fishery College, Astrakhan
MAMMEDLI Elnur Mehman oglu
postgraduate student, Faculty of Economics and Law, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
GENESIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INTEGRATION PROJECTS IN THE CASPIAN REGION
The article considers the trends in the formation of legal and political foundations of integration projects in the Caspian region. With the period of independence of the former Soviet republics, the geopolitical realities of the region have changed dramatically. The relations in the Caspian region are shifting from bilateral to pentagonal format. A new factor is the growing influence of extra-regional actors. In general, it is worth noting the significant contribution to the further adoption of the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea by the signing of bilateral and multilateral agreements and the development of co-operation in the Caspian region. However, defining the legal status required the development of a comprehensive legal approach that would meet the interests of all parties. Achieving such a legal document, the «Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea» required a long period of negotiations, more than 20 years.
Keywords: Caspian region, international law, EAEU, Caspian Economic Cooperation Organisations, cooperation.
Article bibliography
1. Belashchenko D. A., Tolkachev V. V., Shmelev A. P., Shodzhonov I. F. GUAM activities in the post-Soviet space: intentions, results, prospects // Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2021. – V. 14, No. 3. – P. 84-105.
2. Golovin V. G., Golovina E. E. Interconnectedness of international entities as a factor in Eurasian development // Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 65-75.
3. Zhiltsov S. S., Zonn I. S., Rozhkov I. S. Mechanisms for resolving the international legal status of the Caspian Sea: history of creation and results // Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 44-49.
4. Makhmutova E. V. Central Asia in search of its own integration model approaches // Bulletin of MGIMO-University. – 2018. – Vol. 4, No. 61. – P. 78-91.
5. Rozhkov I. S. The Caspian dimension of Russia’s foreign policyand at the present stage // Bulletin of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Russia and the World. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 132-147.
6. Filin N. A., Koklikov V. O., Khodunov A. S. The Eurasian Economic Union in the Views of Iranian Expert Communities // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 40-54.
7. Thomas De Waal. The Caucasus // Oxford University press. – 2010. – P. 274.
8. Tüfekçi Ö. Türkiye’nin Rusya ve Kafkasya politikasi 2015 // Türk diş politikasi yilligi 2015. SETA vakfi iktisadi işletmesi. – 2016. – 1 baski. – Istanbul. – R. 317-339.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ZAIGRAEVA Olga Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Russian State University for the Humanities
POTAPOVA Polina Alexandrovna
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Russian State University for the Humanities
THE RUSSIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF IN THE ARCTIC: BACKGROUND OF THE ISSUE AND PROSPECTS FOR EXPANSION (Part 2)
Currently, in the established international practice, there is no certainty in understanding the delimitation of the Arctic space between States in the area of ​​the continental shelf beyond 200 miles. The complex legal nature of the delimitation of the Arctic space and poorly developed provisions of international norms on the delimitation of the outer borders of the Arctic make it necessary to resolve this issue taking into account the special national interests of Russia, which has the largest Arctic territory.
Results: The cartographic analysis carried out by the authors and the calculation of the approximate area of ​​the extended continental shelf based on the data provided on the UN website showed that the sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to the territory northwest of Novaya Zemlya. This, in turn, gives grounds to claim an increase in the Arctic space and the extension of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation to it.
Conclusions: the absence of precisely defined borders of the CAB is beneficial for states that are not bound by the 1982 Convention, and for states that actually use Russia’s self-restraint in order to expand their CAB. The problem of the delimitation of the continental shelf requires a rapid resolution through the adoption of bilateral agreements in accordance with Article 83 of the 1982 Convention, as well as taking into account the actual area of ​​the extended continental shelf based on UN data.
Keywords: continental shelf, Arctic shelf demarcation line, continental shelf beyond 200 miles, sovereignty of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Vylegzhanin A. N., Dudykina I. P. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Legal Regime of the Arctic Shelf // Bulletin of VSU: Law. – 2017. – No. 1 (28). – P. 285-286.
2. Vylegzhanin A. N. 20 years of “temporary application” of the Agreement between the USSR and the USA on the delimitation line of maritime spaces // Bulletin of MGIMO-University. – 2010. – No. 1 (10). – P. 104-113.
3. Vylegzhanin A. N., Ilyina D. I., Dudykina I. P. International legal position of Denmark in relation to the Arctic shelf (based on materials of foreign legal sources) // World Politics. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 14-36.
4. Vylegzhanin A. N., Molodtsova E. S., Dudykina I. P. Foreign studies of the law applicable to the delineation and delimitation of the Arctic shelf // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2015. – No. 3 (99). – P. 11-14.
5. Zhudro I. S. International legal substantiation of the boundaries of the Arctic shelf of the Russian Federation. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2020. – P. 131-133, 145-156.
6. Kapustin A. Ya. The phenomenon of regionalism in the context of modern challenges: monograph / Ed. A. Ya. Kapustin. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – P. 193-195.
7. Kolodkin R. A., Puzhin S. M. Continental shelf beyond 200 miles: definition of external boundaries and delimitation // International justice. – 2015. – No. 3 (15). – P. 66-67.
8. Mordvinova T. B., Skaridov A. S., Skaridova M. A. Polar Law: Monograph / Ed. by Doctor of Law, Candidate of Military Sciences, Professor A. S. Skaridov. – Moscow: Yustitsiya, 2017. – 398 p.
9. Peter J. Cook, Chris M. Carleton. Continental Shelf Limits: The Scientific and Legal Interface / Delimitation Issues // Oxford University Press. – 2000. – P. 312-318.
10. Arctic Legal Encyclopedia / Ed. by A. V. Torkunov, A. N. Vylegzhanin. – Moscow: Aspect Press Publishing House, 2024 – 280 p.
11. Kovalev A. A. International legal regime of the Arctic and interests of Russia / Arctic region: Problems of international cooperation: Reader in 3 volumes / Ros. council on international affairs under the general [ed. I. S. Ivanov]. – Moscow: Aspect Press, 2013. – Vol. 1. – Pp. 38-39.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KAREV Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ALIEV Natig Maarif ogli
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE OBLIGATION TO PREVENT TRANSBOUNDARY DAMAGE TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
In reviewing this study, attention is focused on the international legal regulation of activities that pose a threat to ecosystems beyond state borders. The categories that lead to the possibility of environmental damage are various types of economic activity. Normative acts within the framework of international law are also studied and the practice of decision-making by judicial authorities dealing with the prevention of transboundary environmental damage is considered.
The study of the issue led to the conclusion that international legal norms imply that the duty to prevent environmental damage beyond national borders lies primarily with the States. However, in the case of environmental damage in a transboundary context, responsibility is often placed directly on the legal entity or individual whose activities caused such consequences.
Keywords: transboundary damage, economic activity, prevention, environment, international legal regulation, liability.
Article bibliography
1. International Labour Organization Convention No. 172 concerning Working Conditions in Hotels, Restaurants and Similar Establishments (Geneva, 25 June 1991). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
2. Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (Done at Helsinki, 17 March 1992, as amended on 15 December 2015). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
3. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 17 March 1992). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
4. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
5. Kozhurov Ya. S. Differentiation of international responsibility // Russian Law Journal. – 2013. – No. 3 (May-June). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
6. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, November 16, 1972). [Electronic resource] // Reference legal system “Garant” (date of access: 24.11.2024).
7. Timoshenko A. S. Formation and development of international environmental law. – M .: Science, 1986 .– 191 p.
8. International law / Ed. A. A. Kovaleva, S. V. Chernichenko. – M.: Omega-L, 2006. – 831 p.
9. International Law / Ed. by A. Ya. Kapustin. – M.: Yurait, 2014. – 723 p.
10. Kopylov M. N., Mohammad S. A. Environmental Zoning in International and Domestic Law. – M.: RUDN University, 2003. – 115 p.
11. Kopylov M. N. Introduction to International Environmental Law. – M.: RUDN, 2007. – 267 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KUDRYASHOV Vladislav Vasilevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, State University of Education; Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation, 3rd Class
LEGAL ASPECTS OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS: A VIEW FROM RUSSIA
In connection with the reunification of Crimea with Russia and the conduct of a Special military operation, Western countries imposed numerous unilateral restrictions against Russian individuals and legal entities, which echoed the positions of the Russian State itself in a number of international political and financial organizations: the Council of Europe, OSCE, UN, as well as the IMF, IBRD, IDA, BIS, FATF, IOSKO et al. Contrary to their statutory documents and in the absence of a legitimate procedure, these organizations arbitrarily, for political reasons, froze Russia’s membership. An analysis of the situation shows that these actions cause serious reputational damage to our country, leading to a decrease in its sovereign ratings and, consequently, the trust of potential investors and partners, and complicate trade and financial relations between Russian companies and foreign ones. The powerful anti-Russian idealogical basis, the scale and structure of Western countries’ actions to impose and maintain restrictions do not allow us to assume in the near future a change in the situation with Russia’s membership in international organizations, where the majority of votes belong to these countries and their satellites.
Keywords: international financial organizations, restrictions, interaction, checks, exchange of tax information, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, FATF
Article bibliography
1. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) plunged into a deep crisis after February 24, 2022 and demonstrated its inability to prevent military escalation on the continent // Europe will be reassembled anew // Kommersant newspaper. – 2022, October 6.
2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/03/03/2022/622000689a79473389c64fa1 (date of access: 15.03.2025).
3. The IMF decided to postpone consultations with the Russian Federation. – 18.09.2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://finance.rambler.ru/economics/53437748-mvf-reshil-otlozhit-konsultatsii-s-rf/ (date of access: 18.09.2024).
4. Washington blocked financing of Russia through the IMF and the World Bank. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.mk.ru/politics/2016/10/13/vashington-zablokiroval-finansirovanie-rossii-po-linii-mvf-i-vsemirnogo-banka.html (date of access 22.06.2017).
5. The Minister of Finance of Ukraine headed the Board of Governors of the World Bank. URA.RU. – 15.10.2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.rambler.ru/world/49521301/?utm_content=news_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink (date of access: 15.10.2022).
6. The IMF fears losing its global status if Russia leaves the fund. – May 3, 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://smotrim.ru/article/3933411?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop (date accessed: 03.05.2024).
7. FATF (2016), Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures – Russian Federation, Fourth Round Mutual Evaluation Report, FATF, Paris. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/mutualevaluations/documents/mer-russian-federation-2019.html (date accessed: 28.08.2024).
8. Outcomes FATF Plenary, 22-24 February 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/outcomes-fatf-plenary-february-2023.html (date of access: 11.06.2023).
9. The Bank for International Settlements suspended the Bank of Russia’s participation in its activities. – 10.03.2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/14027223 (date of access: 26.06.2023).
10. IAIS. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iais.org/uploads/2022/04/List-of-IAIS-Members.pdf (date of access: 16.03.2025).
11. G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iia-ru.ru/upload/iblock/0f1/0f174cac13747b3895aa57a53afab352.pdf (date of access: 15.03.2025).
12. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.oecd.org/tax/exchange-of-tax-information/convention-on-mutual-administrative-assistance-in-tax-matters.htm (date of access: 29.08.2024).
13. Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information (CRS MCAA). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/international-framework-for-the-crs/ (Accessed: 02.03.2024).
14. Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement on the Exchange of CbC Reports (CbC MCAA). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://web-archive.oecd.org/2020-05-29/385805-cbc-mcaa.pdf (Accessed: 02.03.2024).
15. Activated exchange relationships for Country-by-Country reporting. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.oecd.org/tax/automatic-exchange/country-by-country-exchange-relationships.htm (date of access: 02.10.2022).
16. Order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 27.05.2022 N ED-7-17/450@ “On approval of the List of states (territories) with which automatic exchange of financial information is carried out” (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 05.07.2022 No. 69146) // SPS ConsultantPlus (date of access: 02.10.2022).
17. Order of the Federal Tax Service dated 30 October 2024 N ED-7-17/915@ “On approval of the list of foreign states (territories) with whose competent authorities automatic exchange of country-by-country reports is carried out” 45 states and 10 territories. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=484878 (date of access: 15.03.2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
TALIMONCHIK Valentina Petrovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of General theoretical legal disciplines sub-faculty,senior researcher, North-West branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTER-INSTITUTIONAL INTERACTION IN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The purpose of the research undertaken in the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the provisions of the Global Digital Compact in part of mechanisms for interinstitutional interaction in the international legal regulation of information and communication systems and to develop proposal for improving interinstitutional interaction. The research used methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-logical and problem-theoretical methods. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the Global Digital Compact did not create a system of interinstitutional interaction to regulate information and communication systems, but only introduced separate provisions on the interaction of the United Nations with its specialized agencies and defined the directions of such interaction. The creation of a coordinating body with competence of all aspects of interinstitutional cooperation by the UN General Assembly, taking into account the broad representation of the States, could contribute to the formation of a system of interinstitutional cooperation within the UN.
Keywords: efficiency, international legal regulation, international institutional system, effectiveness of interinstitutional cooperation, information and communication systems, UN system, UN specialized agencies, Global Digital Treaty.
Article bibliography
1. Abashidze A.Kh., Solntsev A.M., Chernykh I.A. On the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the International Telecommunication Union – a specialized agency of the UN // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 7 (86). – P. 55-61.
2. Biryukov P.N. Law of international organizations. – 3rd edition, revised and supplemented. – M.: Publishing house YURAYT, 2023. – 170 p.
3. Galenskaya L. N. International institutional system // Russian yearbook of international law, 1993. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Social and commercial firm “Russia-Neva”, 2003. – Pp. 263-267.
4. Galenskaya L. N. UNESCO in the modern world: on the 40th anniversary of the institution // Jurisprudence. – 1986. – No. 6. – Pp. 25-33.
5. Dvornikov D. V. International legal aspects of the protection of intellectual property of the WTO and WIPO // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – 2003. – No. 1. – P. 83-87.
6. Kashinsky Yu. I., Satolina M. N., Slavin B. S., Nesterovich V. M. UNESCO and the knowledge society // Problems of legal informatization. – 2005. – No. 2 (10). – P. 58-70.
7. Komendantov S. V. Protection of intellectual property rights: some norms and mechanisms of the WTO, WIPO and the EAEU // Electronic online publication “International Legal Courier”. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 1-5.
8. Krobka N. N. Interaction of WIPO and the WTO as international organizations regulating the protection of intellectual property rights // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. -2019. – T. 5 (71). – No. 4. – P. 440-450.
9. Marochkin S. Yu. Effectiveness of norms of international law: concept, criterion and conditions. Abstract of dis. … Doctor of Law. – Sverdlovsk, 1984. – 18 p.
10. Marochkin S. Yu. Effectiveness of norms of international law and the mechanism of international legal regulation (formulation of the question) // Questions of state, law and social management. Interuniversity collection of scientific papers / Ed. G. V. Ignatenko. – Sverdlovsk: Ural State Law Academy, 1983. – P. 27-32.
11. Melnikova O. A. International Telecommunication Union – a technical regulator or an arena of new confrontation // International Life. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 78-83.
12. Mingazov L. Kh. Effectiveness of the norms of international law (theoretical problems) diss. … Doctor of Law: Kazan, 2000. – 465 p.
13. Minkin V. M. International Telecommunication Union: high-level strategic goals are defined // Telecommunications. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 15-18.
14. Neshataeva T. N. Influence of intergovernmental organizations of the UN system on the development of international law. Dis. … Doctor of Law – M., 1993. – 475 p.
15. Pavlova L. V. UNESCO and human rights. – Mn.: Tesey, 2002. – 232 p.
16. Reznikova N. P., Artemyeva G. S. Features of the current stage of the life cycle of the International Telecommunication Union // Telecommunications. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 32-38.
17. Uranov G. V. UNESCO: on the 40th anniversary of its activities. – M.: International Relations, 1986. – 125 p.
18. Shibaeva E. A. International organizations in the field of transport and communications. – M.: Publishing house of the Institute of International Relations, 1960. – 105 p.
19. Shugurova I. V., Shugurov M. V. The Eurasian Economic Union and WIPO: organizational and legal mechanism of interaction // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 12-2 (94). – P. 246-251.
20. UNESCO and Modernity: on the 20th Anniversary of UNESCO / / Auth. coll.: S. K. Romanovsky, G. V. Shvedov, M. V. Andreevin and others. / Ed. by S. K. Romanovsky. USSR Commission for UNESCO. – Moscow: International Relations, 1966. – 286 p.
21. Artificial Intelligence and International Economic Law: Disruption, Regulation, and Reconfiguration / Ed. by Peng Shin-Yi, Lin Ching-Fu, Streinz Thomas. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. – 320 p.
22. Bambara J., Allen P. Blockchain: A Practical Guide to Developing Business, Law, and Technology Solutions. – McGraw-Hill Education, 2018. – 302 p.
23. Big Data in Context Legal, Social and Technological Insights / Ed. by Thomas Hoeren, Barbara Kolany. – London: Springer, 2018. – 120 p.
24. Burri M. Big Data and Global Trade Law. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. – 376 p.
25. Cappiello B., Carullo G. (eds.). Blockchain, Law and Governance. – London: Springer, 2021. – 303 p.
26. Chesterman S. We, the Robots?: Regulating Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of the Law. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. – 300 p.
27. Compagnucci M. C. Big Data, Databases and “Ownership” Rights in the Cloud. – London: Springer, 2020. – 308 p.
28. Herian R. Regulating Blockchain: Law, Technology and the Ethics of Political Economy. – New York: Routledge, 2018. – 167 p.
29. Kovac M. Judgment-Proof Robots and Artificial Intelligence A Comparative Law and Economics Approach. – London: Springer/Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. – 153 p.
30. Rebe N. Artificial Intelligence: Robot Law, Policy and Ethics. – Leiden: Brill – Nijhoff, 2021. – 252 p.
31. Stabile D., Prior K. Digital Assets and Blockchain Technology: U.S. Law and Regulation. – Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2020. – 368 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
JENNIFER Rubio Ortegon
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL PERSPECTIVES ON AMAZONIAN CHALLENGES
The various problems affecting the Amazon are complex and diverse, requiring a broad perspective that considers the specific circumstances of each Amazonian country while fostering cooperation among them. However, understanding the challenges facing the Amazon should be the starting point for targeted developing solutions. Addressing these issues effectively requires the creation of legal frameworks that not only enable action but also ensure real impact, as many existing regulations aimed at protecting the Amazon have proven ineffective. By analyzing the challenges the Amazon faces, we can propose possible solutions or at least identify which existing legal frameworks and public policies are failing to achieve their intended goals
Keywords: Amazonian problems, Environmental destruction, environmental enforcement, Protected areas, Reserved areas, Indigenous land
References
1. Pereira R., & Garcia, B. The legal protection of the Amazon rainforest. Rev. Eur. Comp. & Int’l Env’t L., 2021. – 30. – R. 157.
2. Ungar M., Ungar M., & Pusca. 21st century fight for the Amazon. – Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
3. Paim M. A. Zero deforestation in the Amazon: The Soy Moratorium and global forest governance. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law. – 2021. – No. 30 (2). – R. 220-232.
4. Martin P., Teles da Silva S., Duarte dos Santos M., & Dutra C. Governance and metagovernance systems for the Amazon. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law. – 2022. – No. 31 (1). – R. 126-139.
5. Solntsev A. M. Climate change: international legal dimension // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2018. – No. 106 (1). – R. 60-78. (In Russ.)
6. USAID. Tecnología satelital para resguardar los bosques amazónicos, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://preveniramazonia.pe/tecnologia-satelital-bosques-amazonicos/.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KULOV Stanislav Sergeevich
postgraduate student, Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia, lawyer
PRACTICE OF THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE ON COMMUNICATIONS CONCERNING VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF THOUGHT, CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the practice of the UN Human Rights Committee regarding individual communications involving violations of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). The evolution of the Committee’s approaches is examined, from its earliest decisions to current trends. Special attention is given to the latest cases of 2023–2025, which demonstrate the development of the Committee’s views on freedom of religion or belief. Problematic aspects of states’ iimplementation of the Committee’s decisions are identified, including lengthy consideration periods and the low rate of compliance with the Committee’s “Views” at the national level. A comparison is made with regional human rights mechanisms – primarily with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights – to highlight commonalities and differences. It is noted that despite the non-binding character of the Committee’s decisions, its findings play a significant role in shaping international standards on freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The conclusion emphasizes the need to strengthen mechanisms for implementing the Committee’s decisions and enhance coordination with regional institutions for effective protection of freedom of belief.
Keywords: UN Human Rights Committee, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, Article18 ICCPR, individual communications, jurisprudence, implementation of decisions, European Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 // UN, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171.
2. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16 December 1966 // UN, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 302.
3. General comment No. 33: Obligations of States parties under the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, CCPR/C/GC/33, 25 June 2009.
4. Kulov S. S. Treaty bodies in the mechanism for protecting freedom of conscience. UN Human Rights Committee // Abstracts of the Conf. of postgraduate students of the State Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – P. 1-3.
5. CCPR General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion), 30 July 1993 // CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4.
6. Human Rights Committee, Views: L.T.K. et al. v. Chile, Comm. No. 489/1991, adopted 25 July 1995.
7. Sitaropoulos N. States are Bound to Consider the UN Human Rights Committee’s Views in Good Faith // OxHRH Blog, 11 March 2015.
8. Human Rights Committee, Views: Yoon and Choi v. Republic of Korea, Comm. No. 1321-1322/2004, adopted 3 November 2006.
9. UN Human Rights Committee. Considerations on the message. No. 2179/2012 (Kim Dong Shin et al. v. Republic of Korea), 1 May 2018.
10. European Court of Human Rights, Bayatyan v. Armenia [GC], no. 23459/03, Judgment of 7 July 2011.
11. Human Rights Committee, Views: Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, Comm. No. 931/2000, adopted 5 November 2004.
12. UN Human Rights Committee. Views on communication No. 1852/2008 (Bikramjit Singh v. France), 1 November 2012.
13. Human Rights Committee, Views: Ranjit Singh v. France, Comm. No. 1876/2009, adopted 27 Dec. 2011.
14. Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Review of the practice of interstate bodies for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms No. 1 (2023) – note 3 (case of Naima Mezoud v. France) // ConsultantPlus, 2023.
15. Human Rights Committee, Views: Malakhovsky and Pikul v. Belarus, Comm. No. 1207/2003, adopted 26 July 2005.
16. Human Rights Committee, Views: Viktor Leven v. Kazakhstan, Comm. No. 2131/2012, adopted 21 Oct. 2014.
17. Human Rights Committee, Views: Adyrkhayev et al. v. Tajikistan, Comm. No. 2483/2014, adopted 7 July 2022.
18. Human Rights Committee, Views: Maksutova et al. v. Uzbekistan, Comm. No. 3157/2018 et al., adopted 29 Oct. 2024.
19. UN Human Rights Committee. Decision on communication No. 4415/2023 (O.K. v. Finland), 7 May 2024.
20. Ullmann A. J. Compliance with UN treaty body decisions: A glass one-third full or two-thirds empty? // OpenGlobalRights, 5 Sept. 2023.
21. United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Belarus: Withdrawal from individual complaints procedure a serious blow to human rights [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ohchr.org/ru/press-releases/2022/11/belarus-withdrawal-individual-complaints-procedure-serious-setback-human (date of access: 10/22/2024).
22. Corte IDH. Caso Pavez Pavez vs. Chile. Sentencia de 4 February 2022 (Fondo, Reparaciones y Costas).
23. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Communication no. 287/2004 – Article 19 v. Eritrea (2007).
24. Bielefeldt H., Ghanea N., Wiener M. Freedom of Religion or Belief: An International Law Commentary. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MELNIKOV Fedor Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON ENERGY MARKET OF THE EAEU
The article examines the legal foundations and key trends in the formation of the common energy market of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It analyzes the main regulatory acts adopted in furtherance of the 2014 EAEU Treaty and presents data on mutual trade in energy resources, volumes of production and consumption, and differences in the tariff policies of the member states. Particular attention is paid to legal challenges, including the lack of alignment between national legislation and the monopolization of energy sectors. The author concludes that there has been significant progress in shaping common markets for electricity, gas, oil, and petroleum products, with these markets expected to begin operating in 2025 and to have a positive impact on the EAEU economies.
Keywords: EAEU, common energy market, oil and gas treaties, integration, legal regulation, monopolization, tariffs, sanctions.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. “Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union” (Signed in Astana on 29.05.2014) (as amended on 25.05.2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 24.06.2024).
2. Supreme Eurasian Economic Council. Decision of 6 December 2018 No. 18 “On the formation of a common gas market of the Eurasian Economic Union” (as amended on 25 May 2023).
3. Supreme Eurasian Economic Council. Decision of 8 May 2015 No. 12 “On the Concept of the formation of a common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union”.
4. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of October 14, 2021 No. 13 “On the transition to the second stage of the formation of common oil and oil products markets of the Eurasian Economic Union”.
5. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of December 26, 2016 No. 20 “On the Program for the formation of a common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union”.
6. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of May 31, 2016 No. 7 “On the Concept for the formation of a common gas market of the Eurasian Economic Union”.
7. Protocol of May 29, 2019 “On Amendments to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014 (in terms of the formation of a common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union)”.
8. Golovin V. G., Golovin V. G., Golovina E. E., Golovina E. E. Interconnectedness of International Entities as a Factor in Eurasian Development // Caspian Region: Politics, Economics, Culture. – 2020. – No. 2 (63). – P. 67-75.
9. The Eurasian Economic Union is Forming Single Markets. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ng.ru/energy/2024-04-08/12_8989_alliance.html (date accessed: 12.03.2025).
10. EEC: a common energy market in the EAEU will increase the level of reliability of electricity supply in the countries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/ts_news/87321/ (date of access: 12.03.2025).
11. Makarova T. I., Makarova T. I., Navasardova E. S. [et al.]. The concept of forming the legal basis of the Eurasian ecologically safe space // Journal of the Belarusian State University. Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 100-111.
12. Konov M. D., Sharybin. E. A. The role of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the export of fossil energy resources and electricity: risks and prospects. International regional studies. – 2024. – No. 1 (6). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://socph.ru/en/2024/04/the-role-of-the-eurasian-economic-union-countries-in-the-export-of-fossil-energy-resources-and-electricity-risks-and-prospects/ (date of access: 13.03.2025).
13. Glazyev S. Yu. On priority measures to mitigate threats to the development of the EAEU // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 9-10.
14. Common market. On the stages of work on the formation of common markets for oil and oil products of the EAEU. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://belchemoil.by/news/analitika/obshhij-rynok (date of access: 13.03.2025).
15. The common gas market of the EAEU will be created by 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mti/press/news/details/578098?lang=ru (date of access: 14.03.2025).
16. Besetskaya N. A., Besetskaya N., Sharikova V. P., Sharikova V. Legal standards for the safe use of nuclear energy within the EAEU // Bulletin of Polotsk State University. Series D. Economic and legal sciences. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 68-73.
17. Russia will reduce the price of gas for Belarus after 2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tochka.by/articles/policy/rossiya_posle_2026_goda_snizit_tsenu_gaza_dlya_belarusi/ (date of access: 14.03.2025).
18. The EAEU countries agreed on the definition of the common gas market. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.lawtek.ru/news/121099/strany_yeaes_soglasovali_opredeleniye_obshchego_rynka_gaza (date of access: 11.03.2025).
19. Energy cooperation in the EAEU: status and prospects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fondres.ru/news/economy/Energeticheskoe-sotrudnichestvo-v-EAES-sostoyanie-i-perspektivy/ (date of access: 14.03.2025).

INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
VAKHITOVA Guzel Valerievna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GAZIZOVA Leysan Makhmutovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty (branch), Dagestan State University, Derbent
IBATULLINA Natalya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
The issue of the pollution of the environment is the most acute nowadays. International environmental legislation aimed at protecting all aspects of the environment in various industries has been adopted in order to combat environmental problems in the world. The principles of prevention, precaution and “polluter pays” are the basic ones. This article describes these principles and their limitations. Despite the fact that these three principles of environmental law have their own functionality and framework regulation mechanisms with their own limitations, their combination can help to minimize the impact on the environment and protect it from further harmful actions.
Keywords: international environmental law, principle of prevention, precautionary principle, «polluter pays» principle.
Article bibliography
1. Mukhemetgareeva N. M., Yusupova Z. A. Modern difficulties in ensuring the mechanism of international legal protection of the ozone layer // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 12 (187). – P. 41-42.
2. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1901208 (date of access: 27.10.2024).
3. The World Charter for Nature. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 37/7 of 28 October 1982. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/charter_for_nature.shtml (date of access: 27.10.2024).
4. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/declarathenv.shtml (date of access: 27.10.2024).
5. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water, 1963. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pdf/nuclear_seabed.pdf (date of access: 27.10.2024).
6. Convention on the Definition of Aggression. London. July 3, 1933. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/136144-konventsiya-ob-opredelenii-agressii-london-3-iyulya-1933-goda (date of access: 27.10.2024).
7. Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development. Adopted by the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/copdecl.shtml (date of access: 27.10.2024).
8. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/ga/unep/index.shtml (date of access: 27.10.2024).
9. 3rd Environmental Action Programme of the European Community (1982-1986). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wecoop.eu/ru/regional-knowledge-centre/eu-policies-regulations/ (date of access: 27.10.2024).
10. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Adopted on 9 May 1992. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/climate_framework_conv.shtml (Accessed: 27.10.2024).
11. Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development. Adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/riodecl.shtml (Accessed: 27.10.2024).
12. Vakhitova G. V., Khayrullin A. Prediction of petroelastic properties of rocks based on machine learning. 2020 Saint Petersburg international conference and exhibition. – Geosciences: Converting Knowledge into Resources. – Saint Petersburg. 2020.
13. Ibatullina N. S. Legal protection of the environment from pollution by solid municipal waste // Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University. – 2022. – No. 4 (16). – P.61-69.
14. Letchumi Mbalasubramaniam. Navigating Global Environmental Challenges: An In-Depth Analysis of Preventative, Precautionary and “Polluter Pays” Principles in International Environmental Law / University of Malaya / UM Malaysian Center of Regulatory Studies. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382660431_Navigating_Global_Environmental_Challenges_An_In-Depth_Analysis_of_Preventative_Precautionary_and_Polluter_Pays_Principles_in_International_Environmental_Law (date of access: 27.10.2024).

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
MOROZ Alexander Olegovich
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
PAPAVA Anatoliy Levanovich
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
GLINSHIKOVA Tatyana Vadimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International, private and business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
THE CONCEPT AND PLACE OF NON-STATE REGULATION IN THE SYSTEM OF SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW
The article is devoted to the study of non-governmental regulation in the system of international trade law. The essence, structure and functions of non-state norms, principles and mechanisms developed by professional associations, trade associations and other non-state actors are considered. The emphasis is placed on the importance of unification of law through the use of standard contracts, sets of principles of contract law and international trade customs. The role of non-governmental regulation in the development of international trade, harmonization of standards, dispute settlement and minimization of legal gaps is shown. It is emphasized that these norms do not require state sanction and operate on the basis of the autonomy of the will of the parties. It is noted that it is necessary to supplement Russian civil legislation with provisions borrowed from the sets of principles of contract law in order to increase the flexibility and universality of legal regulation of international commercial relations.
Keywords: Non-state regulation, international trade law, unification of law, model contracts, international trade customs, Unidroit principles, contract law, autonomy of the will of the parties.
Article bibliography
1. Glinshchikova T.V., Stepkina K.V. Some aspects of the scope of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 124.
2. Kanashevsky V. A. International trade custom and its place in the legal system of the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2003. – No. 8. – P. 78.
3. Vilkova N. G. Trade customs in the practice of the ICAC at the RF CCI // Current issues of international commercial arbitration: collection of articles. – M., 2002. – P. 68.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
Lin Peiyuan
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE UNIFICATION AND TRANSITION TO DIGITAL CUSTOMS REGULATION
The article proposes the need to revise the existing legal regimes of customs legal relations with the subsequent unification of the legal framework and the transition to digital customs regulation.
The research goal presented in this article is the need for scientific systematization of the regulatory framework governing cross-border electronic commerce, due to the transition to digital customs regulation.
The following objectives were solved in the study: analysis of existing legal regimes governing legal relations in the field of cross-border e-commerce, taking into account world practices of digital customs regulation; identification of subject areas that contribute to the formation of a unified mechanism for the functioning of the regulatory legal framework of digital customs regulation.
The research methodology is based on the principle of taking into account national interests, the principles of international law, the principle of analogies, as well as the principle of comparative analysis.
The following conclusions were made: to date, despite the presence of a large array of regulatory legal regulators of cross-border e-commerce at the level of international and national legislation, there is no universal legal mechanism that ensures the consideration of the national interests of states, the protection of information security of international trade transactions, or is in the process of improvement – adaptation to the requirements of digital globalization processes.
Keywords: digital economy, customs regulation, e-commerce, national legislation, globalization.
Article bibliography
1. Gladkov A. R., Ketsba B. I., Tsypranuk S. Yu., Zhereben E. V., Tarasov N. A., Lipatova N. G. (eds.). Customs cooperation of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. – M.: Russia: RIO Russian Customs Academy, 2020. – 122 p.
2. Kozhenkov A. Yu., Babenko K. I., Bobrova O. G. Digital customs – a modern international trend. Essential characteristics and predicted effects. Public administration of the Russian Federation: challenges and prospects // Proceedings: XV International Conference. – M.: Russia: Publishing house “SD”, “Universitetskaya kniga”, 2022. – P. 22-46.
3. Kurilova E. S. History of development and international legal regulation of electronic commerce // A new word in science and practice: hypotheses and testing of research results. – 2022. – No. 19. – P. 163-168.
4. Liu Ya. Report on the innovative development of cross-border e-commerce in China-2019 // Literary publishing house of social sciences. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 67-89.
5. Maslova Zh. N. International standards of electronic commerce and prospects for their implementation in the customs service of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 48-54.
6. Official website of the World Trade Organization. (2022). [Electronic resource]. Retrieved from http://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/frameworks-of-standards/ecommerce.aspx (accessed 02/12/2025).
7. Polanski P. P., Johnston R. B. International custom as a source of law in global electronic commerce // Proceedings from HICSS: The 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii Island, Hawaii: Los Alamitos. – 2002. – P. 237-256.
8. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 Of the European Parliament and Of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). (2022). – URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF /?uri=CELEX:32016R0679 (date of access: 02.12.2025).
9. Fangyan Zheng, Yunlong Zhu. Intellectual Property Risks and Countermeasures in Cross-Border E-Commerce // International Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 66-79.
10. Homonai V. The impact of digitalization on the development of e-commerce and its legal regulation // Herald Series Law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 293-298.
11. Idam I., Patrick, O., Moneme, Ch., Akpa, T. The Impact of Global Logistics Disruptions on Cross-border E-Commerce Performance: Evidence from Nigeria // Journal of Economics and Trade. – 2021. – No. 9 (1). – P. 15-31.
12. Jing Yan. Data privacy regulation and cross-border e-commerce // Empirica. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 913-927.
13. Sirajudeen B. A study on cross-border e-commerce logistics service challenges // Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology Organization and Management Series. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 499-514.

LAW OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MIRZOZODA Sharifjon Bobojunus
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Personnel Training, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
DRUG ADDICTION AS A SUBJECT OF LEGAL REGULATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISM FOR COUNTERING DRUG TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
The article examines the problem of drug addiction in the context of the legal regulation and organizational mechanism of countering drug trafficking in the Republic of Tajikistan. The main legislative initiatives aimed at combating drug addiction, as well as measures for the prevention and rehabilitation of addicts, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the role of law enforcement agencies and international cooperation in solving this problem. The article highlights the need for an integrated approach, including legal, social and educational measures, to effectively counter drug addiction and reduce its negative consequences for society.
Keywords: drug crime, drug trafficking, legal regulation, organizational mechanism, counteraction, security, legislation, international cooperation.
Article bibliography
1. Bunova I. I., Kotyazhkov A. V. On the trends in the detection and investigation of crimes committed by organized groups and criminal communities in the sphere of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Detection, detection and investigation of crimes. – 2019. – No. 4 (52). – P. 76-81.
2. Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistanikistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mfa.tj/ru/view/149/tadzhiksko-afganskaya-gosudarstvennaya-granisa (date accessed: 05.08.2024).
3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). “World Drug Report 2021”.
4. Teplyashin P. V., Fedorova E. A. Transnational drug-related crime: concept, features, determinants and individual areas of counteraction // Criminology: yesterday, today, tomorrow (Criminology of the circulation of intoxicating drugs). – 2017. – No. 3 (46). – P. 68-74.
5. Shirinova A. A., Spasennikov I. G. Drug business: concept, state, problems and methods of counteraction // International scientific journal “Symbol of Science”. – 2023. – No. 10-2. – P. 141-144.
6. Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan of May 21, 1998 (as amended on 02.01.2019) // Akhbori Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan. – 1998. – No. 9.
7. On narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors: Law of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 873 of 10.12.1999 (Akhbori Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan 1999, No. 12, Art. 312; 2002, No. 4, part 1, Art. 266, 2006, No. 4, Art. 192; 2007, No. 7, Art. 661).
8. On the formation of the Coordination Council for the Prevention of Drug Abuse: Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan of 03.04.2004, No. 1310.
9. Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 1409 of 13 February 2013, “National Strategy for Combating Illicit Drug Trafficking in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2013-2020”.
10. On Combating Organized Crime: Law of the Republic of Tajikistan of December 28, 2013 No. 1038 (as amended on March 15, 2016) // Akhbori Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan. – 2013. – No. 12. – Art. 882.
11. National List of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and Their Precursors of the Republic of Tajikistan, approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan dated February 27, 2020 No. 121. Official website of the Drug Control Agency under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://akn.tj/ru/2020/04/09/national-list-of-narcotic-drugs-psychotropic-substances-and-their-precursops/ (access date: 08/05/2024).

LAW OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
SIMONOV Roman Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
PROCUREMENT LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA AND THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS.
The article provides a comparative analysis of the procurement systems of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the PRC). The relevance of the work lies in comparing the procurement systems of two friendly states that are members of BRICS. The purpose of the analysis is to compare the legal regulation of procurement activities in the PRC and Russia to understand and improve the model of their interaction. The article applies the methods of formal and dialectical logic, comparative legal, structural and logical, synergetic method. As a result, a conclusion is made about the similarity of procurement models, which, in turn, can serve as a basis for the development of economic relations between the countries through this industry.
Keywords: public procurement, anti-corruption policy, bidding, tender, procurement in China.
Article bibliography
1. Borisova V.V., Jia Xuedong State procurement in China and the unity of logistics flows // Bulletin of the Rostov State University of Economics (RINH). – 2020. – No. 1 (69). – P. 24-30.
2. Matveeva N. S., Popov V. V., Rybalchenko I. V. State and municipal electronic procurement: textbook / Under the general editorship of N. S. Matveeva. – Moscow: KnoRus, 2022. – 265 p.
3. Umnova M. G., Liu Yaxin Public procurement in China: the role of digital tools and platforms in supporting small and medium businesses // Issues of innovative economics. – 2022. – Vol. 12, No. 4. – P. 2087-2102.
4. Yakovlev A. A., Balaeva O. N., Rodionova Yu. D., Tkachenko A. V. Problems and efficiency of public procurement through the eyes of their participants // ECO. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 83-103.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ALIMOVA Alina Ildusovna
lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ON THE CONCEPT OF MIGRATION POLICY AND ITS FEATURES
Population migration is currently a hot topic for most parts of the world. In this article, an analysis was carried out to understand “population migration” and “migration policy”, the types of migration were traced, the trends of migration policy, the main signs and legal regulation were reviewed.
Keywords: migration, population migration, migration policy, international migration, migration flows, types of migration, features of migration.
Article bibliography
1. Nigmatullin R. V., Bisyarina A. N. Migration security in the context of combating trafficking in minors in the Russian Federation // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 2 (64). – P. 205-216.
2. Troyanskaya M. A. Population migration: concept, types and significance for territories // Azimuth of scientific research: economics and management. – 2021. – Vol. 10, No. 2 (35). – P. 356-360.
3. Vorobyova O. D., Rybakovsky L. L., Rybakovsky O. L. Migration policy of Russia: history and modernity. – M.: Ekon-Inform Publishing House, 2016. – 192 p.
4. Nigmatullin R. V. Migration as a factor in the development of the modern state and society // Indigenous peoples of modern Russia: ethnolinguistic, legal, socio-cultural and spiritual problems: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the International Year of Indigenous Languages ​​declared by the UN in 2019, April 26, 2019. – Ufa: Bashkir State University, 2019. – P. 214-217.
5. Nigmatullin R. V., Suleimanova R. R. Coordination of efforts of states in the fight against modern challenges and threats // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 11 (150). – P. 428-431.
6. Nigmatullin R. V. Illegal migration as a threat to the interests of the peoples of Russia // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2019. – No. 2 (56). – P. 171-176.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BAIDAROVA Marina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice sub-faculty, Penza State University
FOMIN Vladimir Vladimirovich
student of the group 21uu1, Penza State University
LEGALLY SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms by the State, including in the event of their violation by State bodies, local self-government bodies, and officials. The significant contribution of the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights to the human rights vector of work, the development of current legislation is reflected in the emerging positive practice of this official. Whereas the modern complex of legal technologies (a system of means, methods and methods) of the Commissioner for Human Rights makes it possible to quickly achieve socially useful goals through the occurrence of certain effects (legally significant consequences), as well as expected results that are favorable for subjects of legal relations (realization of legal opportunities, restoration of violated rights). The ongoing research made it possible to identify and reveal the component composition of legally significant consequences in the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights (namely: significance, positivity, differentiation, stable connection with the norms of law), to highlight its special role in the mechanism of state protection of human rights and freedoms.
Keywords: legally significant consequences, Commissioner for Human Rights, uniqueness of activities, positive effects, differentiation, human rights activities, improvement of legislation, legal implementation activities, restoration of violated rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kuzmina O. V., Lukyanov V. Yu. The Use of a “Double Standard” – the Most Important Problem of Modern International Relations // Terra Linguistica. – 2014. – No. 3 (203). – P. 59-69.
2. Kulishenko E. A. Legislative Function of the Human Rights Commissioner in Russia // Social and Political Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 11, No. 3. – P. 13-18.
3. Malko A. V. Political and Legal Life of Russia. – Moscow: Jurist, 2000. – 255 p.
4. Mironov A. N. Legal Technology // Legal Technique. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 63-66.
5. Moskalkova T. N. Expert activity of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation in the field of improving the legislation on human and civil rights // Legal technique. – 2022. – No. 16. – P. 16-19.
6. Mukhametgaliev F. Kh. Rights and legitimate interests of rural residents of the Mari El Republic: topical issues and protection mechanisms // Bulletin of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 16. – P. 42-47.
7. Positive practice of considering citizens’ appeals by the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation in 2023. Protection of the rights of participants in a special military operation and their family members. – M.: Prospect, 2024. – 176 p.
8. Puginsky B. I. Civil-law means in business relations. – M.: Legal lit., 1984. – 224 p.
9. Recommendations of the All-Russian Coordinating Counciland the Human Rights Commissioner on the topic “Rights of Residents of Hard-to-reach, Remote and Rural Areas” (Makhachkala, May 20-22, 2024) // Bulletin of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 16. – 217 p.
10. Sapun V. A., Shundikov K. V. Instrumental Theory of Law and Human Activity // Jurisprudence. – 2013. – No. 1 (306). – P. 14-32.
11. Skorobogatov A. V., Krasnov A. V. Law enforcement as a component of legal reality: philosophical and legal research // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – 2022. – Vol. 26, No. 3. – P. 541-563.
12. Theory of State and Law: Lecture Course / Ed. by V. V. Grib, V. Yu. Panchenko. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – 656 p.
13. Fomin V. V. Protection of the Rights of Residents of Rural Areas is a Priority in the Activities of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Penza Region // Bulletin of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 16. – P. 60-64.
14. Shulbaev A. O. The Right of a Child of a Deceased Serviceman to a Pension Has Been Restored // Bulletin of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 16. – P. 135.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BOGHATYREV Magomed Rezvanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Information law and jurisprudence sub-faculty, Institute of Digital Economy and Technological Entrepreneurship, M. D. Millionshchikov Grozny State Oil Technical University
PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL REGULATION: GENERAL THEORETICAL APPROACHES
The article examines contemporary approaches to the classification of legal regulation as one of the key concepts in the general theory of law. The author draws attention to the fragmentation of existing theoretical frameworks and proposes a systematization of the types of legal regulation based on various criteria: the nature of legal influence, the degree of autonomy of subjects, the content of legal prescriptions, the level and scope of application, the stages of legal implementation, and the conditions of functioning. Special emphasis is placed on the comparative analysis of normative, individual, and precedent-based regulation, as well as on new forms such as correctional and extraordinary legal regulation. The article underlines the necessity of a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to the study of legal regulation to develop a coherent theoretical and legal model.
Keywords: legal regulation, types, normative regulation, individual regulation, procedural regulation, extraordinary regulation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bakulina L. T. Approaches to the study of legal regulation // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2016. – No. 8 (117). – P. 9-20.
2. Berezina E. A. Types of legal regulation // Personality, law, state. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 4-14.
3. Ivanov R. L. Types of legal regulation // Omsk scientific readings – 2018: materials of the Second All-Russian scientific conference, Omsk, December 10-15, 2018 / Editor-in-chief T. F. Yashchuk. – Omsk: Omsk State University named after F. M. Dostoevsky, 2018. – P. 1089-1091.
4. Kozhokar I. P. Legal regulation: concept and forms // State and law. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 112-127.
5. Osipov M. Yu. Types and main stages of lawmaking and legal regulation // Modern law. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 10-14.
6. Shevyrin E. K. Type of legal regulation: Theoretical and practical problems: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Samara, 2008.
7. Minnikes I. A. Individual legal regulation: Theoretical and legal analysis: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2009.
8. Grigoriev A. S. Mechanism of individual legal regulation of social relations: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Tyumen, 2011.
9. Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 258-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) “On Experimental Legal Regimes in the Sphere of Digital Innovations in the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on January 5, 2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 31 (Part I). – Art. 5017.
10. Federal Law of July 27, 2004 No. 79-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) “On the Federal Civil Service of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2004. – No. 31. – Art. 3215.
11. Belyaeva G. S. Public law regime: essence, content, normative-legal consolidation // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2015. – Vol. 104, No. 7. – Pp. 21-28.
12. Belyaev V. P., Nintsieva T. M., Belyaeva G. S. General theory of procedural-legal regulation. Monograph. – M .: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2024. – 296 p.
13. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 10.10.2019 No. 490 (as amended on 15.02.2024) “On the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation” (together with the “National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in theperiod up to 2030”) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 14.10.2019. – No. 41. – Art. 5700.
14. Zyryanov S. M. Extraordinary (special) administrative-legal regimes: concept and rationale for the need for introduction // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 4 (232). – P. 72-81.
15. Khazanov S. D., Lifanov D. M. Legislation on extraordinary (special) legal regimes of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States: comparative legal analysis (part 1) // Business, management and law. – 2023. – No. 3 (59). – P. 15-19.
16. Shmidt T. N. Emergency legal regulation: general theoretical study: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Barnaul, 2014.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KIOSOV Andrey Andreevich
student, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University
MALYSHEVA Nataliya Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University
CHANGING THE FORM OF LEGISLATIVE NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS ADOPTED BEFORE THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes the changes (transformations) of the forms of legislative normative legal acts adopted before the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. It is concluded that the form of a legislative normative legal act for the laws of the Russian Federation and the laws of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is determined based on the procedure for adopting a legal act, and not from the legal terminology used to determine the form of such an act.
Keywords: change in the form of a normative legal act, the form of a normative act, legislative normative legal act, the law of the Russian Federation, the law of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SUDAKOVA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Economics and management sub-faculty, Volga State University of Railway Transport, Samara
THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF LAW
The article examines law as a regulator of public relations and emphasizes the value of law in its social functionality. The social function of the law ensures desired behavior, as well as prevents undesirable behavior. Special attention is paid to law as part of the process by which it is interconnected, interacts, cooperates and connects its network with society. Law, being a product of society itself, mutually influences society, thus manifesting the social function of law (law). The author analyzes the components of this function: assistance and management, dispute resolution, social change, social security, social control, solidarity, social order, social engineering. Their essence is described, and the connection of these institutions with the law is shown.
Keywords: social function of law, assistance and management, dispute resolution, social change, social security, social control, solidarity, social order, social engineering.
Article bibliography
1. Matuzov N. I., Malko A. V. Theory of the state and law: textbook. – Moscow: Jurist, 2004. – 245 p.
2. Tanskaya V. V., Savvateeva V. V. Ideological function of law in the theory of state and law // Bulletin of science and practice. – 2020. – V. 6, No. 2. – P. 253-257. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/51/28.
3. American sociological thought: texts / Under V. I. Dobrenkov. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1994. – 496 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ULAEVA Natalya Lvovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TECTOLOGICAL AND SYNERGETIC APPROACHES IN THE RESEARCH AND FORMATION OF LEGAL CULTURE AND LEGAL AWARENESS
The article reveals the general theoretical issues of the modern interpretation of legal culture, legal consciousness and legal education, their role for modern society and the construction of the rule of law. Special attention is paid to tectological and synergetic approaches and their inherent methods. At the same time, it is emphasized that their use will allow for a more complete and comprehensive approach to understanding, studying and substantiating many legal processes and phenomena, allowing us to take a fresh look at the patterns of development of both the state and law, and to improve the process of forming the necessary and appropriate modern level of legal culture and, above all, its basic structural element is legal awareness at the present stage. Attention is focused on the main advantages of using tectological and synergetic approaches.
Keywords: legal culture, legal consciousness, legal education, legal norms, law-making, synergetics, tectology, legal synergetics, general theory of law, theory of organized systems, synergetic approach, tectological approach, tectological method, synergetic method, synergetic system, legal system, legal regulation, theory of self-organization, legal synergy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bogdanov A. A. Tectology (General Organizational Science). – Berlin, Pg. – M., 1922.
2. Knyazeva E. N., Kurdyumov S. P. Foundations of synergetics. Regimes with aggravation, self-organization, tempoworlds. – SPb.: Aleteya, 2002. – P. 25.
3. Malinovsky A. A. Red Hamlet // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 1994. – Vol. 64. – No. 8.
4. Moiseev N. N. Bogdanov’s Tectology – Modern Prospects // Questions of Philosophy. – 1995. – No. 8. – P. 9.
5. Moiseev N. N. Modern rationalism. – M .: MGVP “KOKS”, 1995. – P. 275;
6. Vershkov A. A. Tectology: Modern Reading // Economy and Management. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 40.
7. Ulayeva N. L. Synergetic approach and synergetic methodology as a basis for understanding law and studying legal reality // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 6 (193). – P. 97.
8. Khropanyuk V. N. Theory of state and law: textbook for higher educational institutions / Ed. by prof. Strekozova V.G. – M.: “Dabakhov, Tkachev, Dimov”, 1995.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
NATIONAL-PATRIOTIC IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION
This article presents a comprehensive study of the phenomenon of national-patriotic identity and identification mechanisms in modern conditions. On the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical research the key components of the formation of national-patriotic identity are revealed, the main factors of influence on the processes of identification are determined. The analysis of the dynamics of changes in the national identification for the period 2020-2024 allowed to reveal significant transformations in the structure of identity of modern society; the results of the sociological study demonstrating the correlation between different identity factors and their influence on the formation of national-patriotic self-consciousness are presented.
Keywords: national-patriotic identity, identification, socio-cultural factors, national self-consciousness, patriotic education, civic position, social integration.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2012. – No. 303.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 27.
3. Abramov A. V. Patriotism and National Identity in Modern Russia: Sociocultural Analysis // Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 12-23.
4. Gorshkov M. K. Russian Identity in the Context of Western Civilization // Sociological Research. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 34-45.
5. Tishkov V. A. Russian People: History and Meaning of National Identity. – M.: Nauka, 2023. – 649 p.
6. Center for Civil Society and Non-Profit Sector Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics. National and Civil Identity of Russians: Analytical Report. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://grans.hse.ru/identity2024 (date of access: 06.03.2025).
7. Russian Institute for Strategic Studies. Formation of National and State Identity in Modern Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://riss.ru/identity/report2024 (date accessed: 06.03.2025).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ZRUMOV Mukhamed Musarbievich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University
BIFOV Talustan Beslanovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University
ANALYSIS OF THE FORMS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SHARIA AND MODERN RUSSIAN LAW
The article provides an analysis of the forms of interaction of Sharia with the current Russian legislation, assesses the compatibility of Sharia norms with the norms of Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to an overview of the reasons for the growing interest in the role of Sharia in the development of the legal system of the Russian Federation (RF). One of the reasons for the increased interest in the issue of interaction of Sharia with modern Russian law is the process of the revival of Islam, Muslim communities are active in the socio-political life of the state. These trends are characteristic not only of the subjects of the Russian Federation, where the population that professes Islam predominantly lives. One of the problems is the continued threat of Islamic extremism. The role of Sharia in the legal and political development of the Muslim world is increasing, and in Western countries, conflicts with Muslim minorities arise. Several options for comparing modern Russian legislation with Sharia norms have been formed. There is no justification for the implementation of Sharia prescriptions, which would be distinguished by unity. Several options for possible interaction of Russian legislation and Sharia are defined, some of which have practical application in the past. One of the forms involves the direct inclusion of Sharia norms in the Russian legislative system. Another form is to include in legislation references to historical or local traditions, which makes it possible to apply individual norms of Sharia.
Keywords: Russian legislation, Sharia, Muslims, conflicts, legal system, traditions, federal legislation, society, regions.
Article bibliography
1. Antonov B. A. The legal system of Islam: a conflicting “union” of interpretations of the concept of “Sharia” // Theory of State and Law. – 2022. – No. 4 (29). – P. 73-86.
2. Babich I. L. Sharia in the societies of the North-West Caucasus in the past and present // The Caucasus and Central Asia: analytical materials, current events. – 2008. – No. 6. – P. 3-18.
3. Dzutsev H. V., Dibirova A. P. Sharia in the structure of values ​​​​of the population of the republics of the North Caucasian Federal District // Sociology. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 117-128.
4. Kirillov F. P. Islamic law (Sharia) and international law: aspects of compatibility and conflicts // In the collection: International legal system and science in search of answers to global challenges. Collection of scientific articles by young researchers. St. Petersburg. – 2024. – P. 75-80.
5. Mantorov A. A. Islamic law and Sharia: superiority and problems // Theology: theory and practice. – 2022. – Vol. 1, No. 3. – P. 70-83.
6. Mutsalov Sh. Sh., Aruynis E. L. Muslim law: the relationship between the concepts of Sharia and fiqh, aspects of legal understanding // Law and Right. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 27-33.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KARAKOV Maxim Yakovlevich
postgraduate student of the 3rd course, Pyatigorsk State University
LEGISLATIVE BASES OF MILITARY DUTY IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA
This article analyzes the evolution of the institution of military duty in the Russian Federation, starting from the Constitution of 1993, which introduced the concept of “duty” and “obligation” of citizens to protect the Fatherland, abandoning the previous interpretation as “the work of the people”. Special attention is paid to the constitutional enshrinement of the right to alternative civilian service, which reflects the balance between state interests and individual rights.
The article emphasizes the dynamics of legal regulation, combining traditions with modern challenges, and focuses on the balance between the defense of the country and the protection of citizens’ rights.
Keywords: military duty, alternative civilian service, conscription system, contractual service, mobilization, citizens’ rights, military reform, digitalization of conscription.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Official Internet portal of legal information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 01.02.2025).
2. On military duty and military service: Federal Law of 28.03.1998 No. 53-FZ (as amended on 30.12.2023) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1998. – No. 13. – Art. 1475. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_18260 (date accessed: 01.02.2025).
3. On mobilization preparation and mobilization in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 26.02.1997 No. 31-FZ (as amended on 04.08.2023) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1997. – No. 9. – Art. 1014. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_14069 (date of access: 01.02.2025).
4. On alternative civilian service: Federal Law of 25.07.2002 No. 113-FZ (as amended on 14.07.2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 30. – Art. 3030. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_37811 (date of access: 01.02.2025).
5. On the status of military personnel: Federal Law of 27.05.1998 No. 76-FZ (as amended on 19.12.2023) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1998. – No. 22. – Art. 2331. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_18868 (date accessed: 01.02.2025).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KARASHEV Kantemir Anzorovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
PEKOV Anzor Zamirovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT FEATURES OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION ON INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS
The development of legislation in the field of intellectual property regulation is one of the priority areas of state policy in the field of law. Intellectual property is a significant object, and its protection determines the level of scientific, technological and innovative development of the state. The article provides an overview of the main stages of the development of Russian legislation on intellectual rights since the inception of the legislative system for the protection of intellectual rights. Features of the development of Russian legislation on intellectual rights are determined by the influence of state and political transformations, which generally determined the nature of the legislative base in the field of intellectual rights protection. The system of legislation on intellectual rights formed at the present stage is not perfect and is generally in the development stage. The reform has not eliminated all the problems in the field of intellectual property protection and, accordingly, it is necessary to carry out measures aimed at modernizing the legislation on intellectual rights. Some experts note the insufficiency of intellectual rights regulation within the framework of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF) and note the need to adopt a specialized code for the protection of intellectual property, which in their opinion is more appropriate and effective.
Keywords: intellectual rights, intellectual property, license, copyright, works, patent, author, civil rights, protection.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020).
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF). – 30.11.1994. – No. 51-FZ.
3. Manifesto of June 17, 1812 “On Privileges for Various Inventions and Discoveries in Arts and Crafts” // Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. First Collection. – T. XXXII (1812-1815). – 1830. – P. 355-356.
4. Collection of decrees and orders on censorship from 1720 to 1862: printed by order of the Ministry of Public Education. [Electronic resource] // NEB Portal.
5. Clause XII of the Law of March 20, 1911 “On Copyright” // Collection of laws and orders of the Government. – 1911. – No. 61.
6. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 29.12.1917 “On State Publishing”.
7. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR of 26.11. 1918 “On Recognition of Scientific, Literary, Musical and Artistic Works as State Property”.
8. Law of the RSFSR of 24.12.1990 No. 443-1 (as amended on 24.06.1992, as amended on 01.07.1994) “On Property in the RSFSR”.
9. Kudinov M.A. History of the Development of Domestic Legislation on Intellectual Rights // New Legal Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 2 (35). – P. 1-4.
10. Ruzakova O. A. On certain problems of development of Russian legislation on intellectual rights // In the collection: personnel and their influence on development of intellectual property in Russia. Collection of scientific articles for the 70th anniversary of Professor I. A. Bliznets. – Moscow. – 2024. – P. 358-367.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KOROLEV Alexey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Volga State University of Water Transport; Deputy prosecutor of Diveyevsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE STATE AUTOMATED SYSTEM OF LEGAL STATISTICS
The article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of the introduction
of the State Outomated System of Legal Statistics into the activities of the Prosecutor’s Office and law enforcement agencies. The analysis of the use of the digital accounting module for the work of the supervisory authority and the preliminary investigation bodies has been carried out. Proposals have been made to improve the legal regulation of the digitalization of the activities of the prosecutor’s office.
Keywords: digital transformation, prosecutor’s office, prosecutor’s supervision, State Automated System of Legal Statistics.
Article bibliography
1. Korshunova O. N., Golovko I. I., Islamova E. R., Koryachentsova S. I., Kustov M. N., Omelyanovich V. V., Plugar D. M., Timoshchuk K. I. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of laws and the legality of legal acts: a tutorial / Ed. E. R. Islamova. – 2nd ed., revised. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2023. – 287 p.
2. Kirillova N. P. Prosecutor’s supervision: textbook and practical training for universities / 4th ed., revised. and add. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 349 p.
3. Chernyakov S. A., Gorbatenko S. L. Possibilities of using the services of the unified system of information and analytical support for the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the operational-search activities of internal affairs bodies // PPD. – 2023. – No. 4 (54).
4. Migunova T. L., Korolev A. A. Legal problems of digitalization of prosecutorial supervision over observance of human and civil rights and freedoms // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2022. – V. 15, No. 6. – P. 200-205. – EDN ZCEBRQ.
5. Korolev A. A. Features of legal regulation of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of budget legislation in the digital sphere // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 143-150.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
NAGIMOVA Zarina Favarisovna
postgraduate student of the 3rd year full-time of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology; Head of the Legal Department of the Limited Liability Company International Franchising Educational Management Company Airplane Plus
THE STATE OF REGULATORY REGULATION OF GOAL-SETTING IN THE RUSSIAN LEGAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY: QUESTIONS OF THEORY
The article is devoted to the analysis of the regulatory regulation of goal-setting in the Russian legal policy in the field of socio-economic development of society. Based on the analysis of constitutional provisions, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the author studies the mechanisms for the formation of public policy goals, including the provision of social guarantees, stimulating economic growth, the balance of public and private interests, as well as the harmonization of intersectoral regulation. Particular attention is paid to the role of strategic planning and national projects as key tools for the implementation of socio-economic goals. The article emphasizes the relevance of synchronizing legal and economic mechanisms to overcome regional inequality, the fight against corruption and the demographic crisis. The author notes progress in the development of the regulatory framework, but highlights continuing challenges, such as the low human development index in a number of regions and the need to introduce proactive forecasting methods. In conclusion, the importance of the transition from reactive to preventive legal policies focused on sustainable development and adaptation to global economic transformations is justified.
Keywords: Russian legal policy, socio-economic development, goal setting, strategic planning, regulatory regulation, social state, regional inequality, national projects, constitutional foundations, forecasting economic changes.
Article bibliography
1. Sadykov I. A. Goals and objectives of the legal and economic policy of the social state: general theoretical aspects // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 2 (40). – P. 77.
2. Rybakov O. Yu. Personality and legal policy in the Russian state. – Saratov: SGAP Publishing House, 2003. – P. 24.
3. Chekavinsky A. N., Lukin E. V., Gulin K. A., et al. National security of Russia: problems of ensuring economic growth: monograph / Ed. V. A. Ilyin. – Vologda: ISEDT RAS, 2016. – P. 51.
4. Yangirova E. I., Iskakov M. R. Assessment of human development in the Russian Federation // Standard of living of the population of the regions of Russia. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 101.
5. Malko A. V. Legal policy: current research issues // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 72.

THEORYSTATES AND RIGHTS
KHAKIMOVA Alina Rafaelevna
postgraduate student, University of Management “TISBI”, Kazan
LEGAL POLICY IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS: ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS
The article considers legal policy as the most important tool for determining economic development in the context of modern global and regional challenges. Based on an analysis of current legislation and law enforcement practices in various countries, key aspects of legal regulation are highlighted, including the protection of property rights, the creation of favorable business conditions, and ensuring fair competition. Particular attention is paid to the imperfection of the legal system, corruption and legal uncertainty, which weaken investment attractiveness and slow down economic growth. The article also examines prospects and trends in legal policy, including digitalization, sustainable development, and integration processes within the framework of international law. The conclusion includes recommendations for improving legal policy in order to achieve sustainable economic growth and increase competitiveness in the global arena.
Keywords: Legal policy, economic regulation, property rights, business environment, corruption, digitalization, sustainable development, international law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press.
2. Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Business.
3. Stiglitz, J. E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. W.W. Norton & Company.
4. Rodrik, D. (2007). One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth. Princeton University Press.
5. World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains. World Bank Publications.
6. Transparency International. (2021). Corruption Perceptions Index 2020. Transparency International.
7. European Commission. (2021). A European Strategy for Data. [online] Available at: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ec.europa.eu/
8. Porter M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Free Press.
9. Kotlyar V. Legal policy in the field of economy: problems and prospects // Economic review. 2022. No. 67 (3). P. 56-68.
10. Hayek F. A. The Road to Serfdom. Moscow: OOO Izdatelstvo AST, 2025.
11. Gadzhiev V. G., Burenin S. A. Fundamentals of Legal Policy: From Theory to Practice. Moscow: Yurait, 2021.
12. Kuznetsov A. V. (2022). Corruption and its Impact on Legal Awareness: Social and Legal Aspect // Law and Life. 2022. No. 4 (1). P. 12-19.
13. Zorina E. N. Human Rights in the Legal System of Russia // Journal of Russian Law. 2020. No. 6 (2). P. 45-56.
14. Rogov A. B. Legal Culture and Society // Russian Justice. 2023. No. 9 (3). P. 73-82.
15. Kuznetsov A. V. (2022). Corruption and its impact on legal consciousness: social and legal aspect // Law and Life. 2022. No. 4 (1). P. 12-19.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
MAIN THREATS TO SPIRITUAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA
This article attempts a comprehensive analysis of the key threats destabilizing the spiritual security of the Russian Federation, with a focus on their etiology and potential destructive consequences. The subject of the analysis is modern socio-cultural trends that have a direct impact on the state of the spiritual sphere of Russian society. The study critically analyzes the factors contributing to the erosion of traditional values, erosion of national identity and deformation of the system of spiritual and moral guidelines. Special attention is paid to the study of the phenomenon of information and psychological warfare aimed at manipulating public consciousness and destructuring socio-cultural unity. In the context of threat analysis, the risks associated with the spread of destructive ideologies, extremism and religious radicalism are also considered. Based on the identified threats and their causes, a set of measures aimed at strengthening the spiritual security of the country is proposed.
Keywords: spiritual security, cultural threats, information impact, national identity, globalization, traditional values.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Dyachenko A. N., Sinyutin A. A.Patriotism as a spiritual and moral phenomenon in the modern socio-cultural space // Humanitarian of the South of Russia. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 4. – Pp. 121-133.
2. Enikeeva I. I. Conceptualization of media competence as a condition for ensuring spiritual security of the personality of a future teacher // Pedagogical journal of Bashkortostan. – 2023. – No. 2. – Pp. 78-91.
3. Koren I. V. Religious factor: essence and modern specificity // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2021. – No. 3. – Pp. 238-248.
4. Krotov E. V. Features of pedagogical interaction in introducing students to the culture of spiritual security // Problems of modern pedagogical education. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 176-181.
5. Oboturova N. S. The problem of spiritual security of modern society // All-Russian scientific and practical journal of social and humanitarian research. – 2023. – Vol. 1, No. 8. – P. 80-86.
6. Suleimanova R. R. Globalization and spiritual security of the individual: problems and solutions // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 181-185.
7. Shchukina E. L. Possibilities of spreading extremist attitudes through youth subcultural associations // Review. NTsPTI. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 54-59.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
VORONIN Sergey Alexandrovich
lecturer, A. S. Griboyedov Moscow University
ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT OF CONFLICT THEORY BY RALPH GUSTAV DAHRENDORFF
The scientific article presents the key provisions of the theory of conflict by Ralph Gustav Dahrendorff, an outstanding scientist, Anglo-German philosopher, sociologist, political scientist and public figure. Based on the conducted study, the author of the scientific article presents the system-forming elements of R. Dahrendorff’s theory of social conflict, the stages of this conflict, as well as methods of conflict resolution and the procedure for their regulation.
Keywords: conflict, conflictology, legal conflictology, conflict theory, Ralph Gustav Dahrendorff.
Article bibliography
1. Actual problems of legal conflictology: review of the All-Russian scientific and practical round table “Legal conflictology: problems and prospects” (All-Russian State University of Justice, 18.01.2024) // Legal Culture. – 2024. – No. 4 (59). – P. 114-127.
2. Balabanova K. A. Sociology of conflict by Ralf Dahrendorf // Humanities in a modern university: yesterday, today, tomorrow: on the 280th anniversary of the birth of the Russian educator Princess E. R. Dashkova: materials of the VI international scientific conference: in 3 volumes, St. Petersburg, December 15, 2023. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, 2023. – P. 125-128.
3. Dahrendorf R. Modern social conflict // Foreign literature. – 1993. – No. 4. – P. 237-247.
4. Popov A. I. Methodology of using special knowledge in a conflict investigative situation: specialty 12.00.12 “Forensic Science; forensic activity; operational-search activity”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2017. – 22 p.
5. Stavskiy V. N. Life chances and modern social conflict in the concept of Ralf Dahrendorf // Bulletin of the Moscow State University named after A. A. Kulyashov. Gray D. Economics, sociology, law. – 2015. – No. 2 (46). – P. 55-61.
6. Dahrendorf R. Social Class and Class Conflict in Dese Industrial Society. – Stutt, 1957.
7. Dahrendorf R. Zu einer theorie sozialen Konflikts // Zapf W. Theorien sozialen Wandels. – Kőln-Berlin, 1969.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
RASSKAZOV Leonid Pavlovich
Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation, Honored Scientist of Kuban
GUARANTEES OF LEGALITY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF STATE BODIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE FASCIST-NATIONALIST UNDERGROUND IN THE WESTERN REGIONS OF THE USSR IN 1944-1955
The article examines the issues of compliance with the rule of law in the activities of state bodies, including in the fight against the fascist-nationalist underground in Ukraine, the Baltic States and Belarus. It is shown that the control over the activities of Soviet, party, and departmental bodies was of great importance and extended to all spheres of the life of the state. The author also notes that the observance of legality, state discipline, and party control were of great importance for improving the effectiveness of activities to combat the underground and its support base. Legality has been and remains the most important principle contributing to the successful development of statehood, strengthening public and state discipline, civil discipline, and the organization of the work of the state apparatus.
Keywords: state bodies, commissions, legislation, legality, control, state discipline, fascist-nationalist underground, aiding base
Article bibliography
1. Afanasyev K.K. Guarantees of legality as an element of the legal system // Problems of law: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 61. – P. 29-42.
2. Bastrykin A. I., Egorshin V. M., Zakhartsev S. I., Salnikov V. P. Legality is the main thing in using the results of operational search activities in criminal proceedings // Procedural and legal features of the interaction of investigative bodies with bodies carrying out operational search activities: a collection of materials from the International scientific and practical round table (St. Petersburg, October 22, 2021) / Under the general editorship, Doctor of Law, prof. I. A. Antonova, M. R. Glushkov. – SPb .: St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 2022. – P. 7-45.
3. Vinogradova E. V., Zakhartsev S. I., Salnikov V. P. Crime Prevention: From Concept to Construct // Legal Science: History and Modernity. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 111-119.
4. Golovinov V. A. Concept and Features of State Coercion // The World of Politics and Sociology. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 33-35.
5. Korovko Yu. A. On the Essence of State Coercion in the Mechanism of Legal Regulation // Bulletin of the Admiral F. F. Ushakov State Maritime University. – 2023. – No. 1 (42). – P. 115-116.
6. Lipinsky D. A., Musatkina A. A. Legality and Law and Order // Theory of State and Law: Textbook. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – P. 284-296.
7. Lunev A. E. Soviet State Apparatus. – M.: Knowledge, 1972. – 48 p.
8. Melnikova O. V. On the Essence of State and Legal Coercion // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2022. – No. 5 (148). – P. 75-81.
9. Mutigullin A. V. “Political Banditry” and the Fight Against It in Western Ukraine, Western Belarus and the Baltics in 1944-1955. (historical and legal aspect) // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (106). – P. 10-17.
10. Mutigullin AV Legal regulation of the fight against the fascist-nationalist underground in the territories of Western Ukraine, the Baltics, and Belarus liberated from occupation (1944-1955) // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (109). – P. 23-32.
11. Petrovsky AV Institutional and regulatory system for preventing criminal behavior: theoretical and applied research: Dis. … Doctor of Law. 5.1.4. – Krasnodar: Kuban State University, 2024. – 597 p.
12. Political and legal governance and threats to state sovereignty: monograph / Ed. by V. P. Salnikov. – 2nd ed., corrected. and add. – M .: INFRA-M, 2024. – 423 p.
13. Rebane I. Works on jurisprudence: Persuasion and coercion in the fight against encroachments on the Soviet legal order. Issue 5. – Tartu: Tartu. University, 1966. – 316 p.
14. Salnikov V., Zakhartsev S. Crimes that might not have happened // Protection and Security. – 2020. – No. 4 (95). – P. 30-31.
15. Salnikov V. P., Fedorov V. P. Persuasion and coercion in the activities of internal affairs bodies. – L.: VPU MVD USSR, 1989. – 91 p.
16. Tarasova A. G. The concept of legality: historical analysis and modernity // Actual issues of jurisprudence: collection of articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference, Penza, December 20, 2020. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G.Yu.), 2020. – P. 20-24.
17. Yakovleva M. A. Internal affairs bodies as one of the subjects in the crime prevention system: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. 12.00.08 – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2019. – 23 p.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
TERYAEVA Evgeniya Vyacheslavovna
candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of History, political science and public policy, Central Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Oryol
STATE POLICY ON COUNTERING OFFICIAL CRIMES IN THE LATE 18TH – EARLY 19TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE OREL PROVINCE)
The article is devoted to the policy of the Russian state on countering official crimes at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th century. The paper examines the main types of crimes that occurred in public service. The mechanisms of the Government’s fight against such official crimes and offenses are being studied. The materials of the senatorial audits are analyzed, as well as regulatory legal acts aimed at combating slowness and red tape. The role of senatorial audits in countering official crimes is determined.
Keywords: provincial officialdom, official offenses, senatorial audits, types of punishments, slowness and red tape, bribery.
Article bibliographic list
1. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 4. Op. 1. D. 5477.
2. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 4. Op. 1. D. 5489.
3. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 3.
4. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 4.
5. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 385.
6. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 647.
7. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 649.
8. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 976.
9. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 1059.
10. State Archives of the Oryol Region.[Electronic resource]: F. 5. Op. 1. D. 1073.
11. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 31. Op. 1. D. 505 a.
12. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 31. Op. 1. D. 506.
13. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 593. Op. 1. D. 155.
14. State Archives of the Oryol Region. [Electronic resource]: F. 593. Op. 1. D. 175.
15. Puparev A. G. Two senatorial revisions of the Oryol province under Governor Yakovlev // Works of the Oryol scientific archival commission. – 1894. – Issue. 4. – Eagle: Printing house of S. A. Zaitseva, 1895. – 77 p.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Felix Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
LEGAL MARXISM: UTOPIA OR MISSED OPPORTUNITY
This article examines the phenomenon of legal Marxism as an intellectual and political current of the late XIX – early XX century in Russia; analyzes its genesis, key ideas and role in the public debate of the time. Special attention is paid to the evaluation of legal Marxism as a possible way of evolution of Marxist theory in the conditions of Russian reality. The study compares the utopian elements of the concept with its practical potential, and examines the reasons for its historical defeat; it concludes that legal Marxism represented not only an alternative compromise form of socialist thought, but also a potential path of modernization that remained unclaimed in the context of revolutionary processes.
Keywords: legal marxism, narodnichestvo, Russian marxism, Russian philosophy, socialism, utopia, political thought, idealism, ideology.
Article bibliography
1. Brigos Kh. P., Yurkovsky A. V., Kuzmin I. A. Marxist (revolutionary) doctrinal concepts of the mechanism of state power // Academic law journal. – 2021. – Vol. 22, No. 1. – P. 14-25.
2. Evloeva F. R. The emergence and formation of the philosophy of modernism // Mission of confessions. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 77. – P. 118-126.
3. Zubkevich L. A., Pakhomov E. A. Towards a new worldview. Unorthodox Marxism // Bulletin of IvSU. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 109-117.
4. Komarov V. D. On the basic law of Marxism-Leninism as a synergetic science. Section II. Scientific synthesis of the materialistic understanding of history in dialectical materialism (social materialism) // Society. Environment. Development (Terra Humana). – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 129-140.
5. Martynova O. A. Critique of Idealism and Legal Marxism in the Works of V. I. Zasulich // Science. Society. State. – 2022. – Vol. 10, No. 1. – P. 96-106.
6. Mogilevsky N. A. “Not a Like-Minded Person, but an Ideological Ally”? N. G. Garin-Mikhailovsky and Marxism // Bulletin of the Moscow City Pedagogical University. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 19-36.
7. Mogilevsky N. A. G. N. Garin-Mikhailovsky: Fate and Texts // People and Texts. Historical Almanac. – 2020. – No. 13. – P. 157-184.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
BESCHETNOV Sergey Sergeevich
General Counsel of the Legal Service of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation; postgraduate student of Public policy and history of state and law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
BRITISH LEGAL POLICY AND ITS LEGACY IN THE WEST INDIAN COLONIES
This paper analyzes the main aspects of the colonial system of the former colonies of the Caribbean Island states of the Atlantic Ocean, which during the XVI–XX centuries experienced the legal expansion of the British Empire to an overwhelming extent. In the context of the expansive policy of the West Indian region, which took place during the colonial period, the peculiarities of the process of assimilation of trade customs, in particular, the slave trade in the region, were revealed. The most striking traditions of the British Empire and other global colonialists, implementing the principles of colonial expansionism, were studied.
Keywords: West Indies, British Empire, Habeas corpus, Westminster model, common law, colonial jurisdictions, trade customs, slave trade.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Anthony K. D. Approaches to the Common Law Trust in Codified Mixed Jurisdictions. – Birmingham: Holdsworth Club, 1991.
2. Anaya J. M. Aboriginal Land and Resource Rights and the Conflict Over Logging in Southern Belize // Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal, 1998. – No. 17. – P. 22-23.
3.Cross J.E. Caribbean Law: Traditions from Colonial History. – Oxford university press, 2009. – No. 1. – P. 369-370.
4. Antoine R.-M. B. Commonwealth Caribbean law and legal system. – N.Y.: Routledge-Cavendish Publishing Ltd., 2008.
5. Kodilinye G. Commonwealth Caribbean Legal Studies. – London: Butterworths, 1992.
6. Gragg L. D. Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. – No. 1. – P. 1627
7. Galbraith J. K. A Short History of Financial Euphoria. – N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1994. – P. 128-129.
8. Draper M. Timbering and Turtling: The Maritime Hinterlands of Early Modern British Caribbean Cities // Early American Studies. – 2017. – No. 15. – R. 769-800.
9. British Involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade // The Abolition Project. East of England Broadband Network, MLA East of England, 2009.
10. Bridenbaugh K., Bridenbaugh R. No Peace Beyond the Line: The English in the Caribbean, 1624-1690. – New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. – P. 78-79.
11. Hunt N. Contraband, free ports, and British merchants in the Caribbean world, 1739–1772, 2013. – №13. – P. 47-48.
12. Barros J. Caribbean rum: a social and economic history. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2005. – P. 48-55.
13. Yashina M. V. Colonial expansion of France in the Caribbean (XVII-XVIII centuries) // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – 2001. – No. 1. – P. 92-102.
14. Zay E. Histoire monétaire des colonies Française d’aprés les documents officiels. – Paris: Monitories, 1892. – P. 43-44.
15. Slaves of the Community: Gradual Emancipation in Practice // Disowning Slavery. Cornell University Press. – 2018. – R. 84-118.
16. Paley R., Malcolmson C., Hunter M. Parliament and Slavery, 1660 – c. 1710 // Slavery & Abolition. – 2010. – No. 31 (2). – R. 257-280.
17. Brewer H. Creating a Common Law of Slavery for England and its New World Empire // Law and History Review. – 2021. – Vol. 39. – R. 766-833.
18. Trikoz E. N., Shvets A. A. Historical and cultural features of the legal space of Canada // Society and Law. – 2024. – No. 4 (90). – P. 123-129.
19. Denisenko V. V., Trikoz E. N. Eclectic law of the countries of Oceania: a combination of the principle of the rule of law and traditions // Civil Society in Russia and Abroad. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 22-25.
20. Trikoz E. N., Gulyaeva E. E. The Communicative Function of Legal Transplants in Mixed Legal Systems // Kutafin Law Review. – 2023. – Vol. 10 (3). – P. 515-543.
21. Glenn J. M. Mixed Jurisdictions in the Commonwealth Caribbean: Mixing, Unmixing, Remixing // Electronic Journal of Comparative Law. – 2008. – No. 12 (1). – P. 56-71.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Felix Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
POLITICAL AND LEGAL VIEWS AND THEIR CHANGES IN G. V. PLEKHANOV’S ACTIVITIES
This article studies the evolution of political views of G.V. Plekhanov, the first Russian Marxist, an outstanding publicist, one of the founders of the RSDLP and a prominent figure of Russian and international social democracy. The paper analyzes the key stages of formation and transformation of Plekhanov’s political views, starting from his early Narodnik beliefs and subsequent transition to Marxism. The paper analyzes the influence of the ideas of Russian revolutionary nationalists on the formation of Plekhanov’s political beliefs in the early period of his activity. The article analyzes the influence of ideas of Russian revolutionaries-nationalists on the formation of G.V. Plekhanov’s political beliefs in the early period of his activity. The reasons and prerequisites of Plekhanov’s transition to the Marxist ideology, his role in the spread of Marxist ideas in Russia are comprehensively explored. The formation of Plekhanov’s position in relation to the revolutionary events in Russia, his assessment of the prospects and possible political and legal consequences of the revolution, Plekhanov’s ideas about the future political order of Russia, and his forecasts of the country’s development are examined. The study concludes with conclusions about the significance of Plekhanov’s political views for the development of Russian social thought, for the formation and activities of Russian social democracy, and for understanding the history of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Keywords: Plekhanov, political and legal views, Narodnichestvo, Marxism, Social Democracy, revolution, Menshevism, World War I.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Brigos H. P., Yurkovsky G., KUzmin A. V. Marxist (revolutionary) doctrinal concepts of the mechanism of state power // Academic Law Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 22, No. 1. – P. 14-25.
2. Lazarev V. V. Existential-legal principle in the formation of the personality of man and citizen // Russian Journal of Economics and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 17, No. 1. – P. 110-119.
3. Morozova A. Yu. Philosophical controversy between V. I. Lenin and A. A. Bogdanov in the context of the intra-party struggle in the RSDLP // Russian history. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 56-64.
4. Plekhanov G. V. Belinsky and rational reality [1897]. Selected philosophical works: in 5 volumes. – M.: Publishing house of social-economic literature, 1958. – Vol. IV. – 700 p.
5. Romanova A. D. Evolution of views of G. V. Plekhanov: from populism to Marxism // Student science and the XXI century. – 2020. – Vol. 17, No. 2. – P. 89-91.
6. Savinchenko T. I. G. V. Plekhanov Evolution of political views // Humanitarian education in an economic university: materials of the V International scientific and practical correspondence Internet conference. In 2 volumes, November 20-30, 2016. – T. 1. – M.: Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 2017. – P. 55-60.
7. Talerov P. I., Marxist G. V. Plekhanov against anarchism // Populists in the history of Russia: interuniversity collection of scientific papers. – T. 3. – Voronezh: Istoki, 2019. – P. 239-250.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GADZHIEV Alisultan Shamsulaevich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GADZHIEV Timur Ilmiaminovich
magister student of the 2nd year of study of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Independent Islamic researcher
THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC CHAMBER OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the development of civil society in the Republic of Dagestan and the role of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Dagestan in this process. The authors analyzed various areas of activity of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Moldova and concluded that this institute provides assistance to the development of civil society institutions and NGOs in the implementation of socially oriented activities, prepares proposals to create favorable conditions for the development of civil society institutions and expand citizen participation in the development of such institutions; participates in the development of voluntary (volunteer) activities in the republic; interacts with public councils under executive authorities, non-profit organizations, public associations, other structures of civil society, etc.
Keywords: civil society, the rule of law, civil society institutions, the public chamber.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Smorgunova V. Yu. Civil society and the formation of civil virtues: theoretical and legal problems. – St. Petersburg, 2004. – 394 p.
2. Magomedova R. M. The role of the Public Chamber in the formation of civil society in Russia (analysis of problems) // Legal fact. – 2021. – No. 144. – P. 25-27.
3. Fastovich G. G., Litvinova V. S. The role of the institution of the public chamber in the formation of civil society in modern Russia // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (220). – P. 86-89.
4. Evstifeev R. V. Public chambers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the regional governance system: the main problems of functioning and assessment of work efficiency // Scientific result. Sociology and management. – 2018. – Vol. 4, No. 4. – P. 87-100.
5. Rasheva N. Yu. Public chambers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the system of bodies exercising public control: problems and ways to solve them // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2021. – Vol. 11, No. 12A. – P. 7-17.
6. Dobromyslov E. N. Regional Public Chamber: improving activities // Alley of Science. – 2021. – Vol. 1, No. 3 (54). – P. 158-164.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk
THE INSTITUTE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE REGIONAL ASPECT
The article is devoted to such a constitutional institution as the Commissioner for Children’s Rights under the President of the Russian Federation.
The author draws attention to current issues that are being addressed by the office of the Ombudsman in the constituent subject of the Russian Federation. The main issues are those related to the implementation of the rights of minor parents in relation to their children; physical and mental violence in the family; medical care for minors; and the enforcement of decisions on alimony obligations for children left without parental care and in educational institutions.
The work also identifies some problems related to the activities of the Office of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the regions. Ways to solve them are proposed.
Keywords: the Commissioner for Children’s Rights, children, the subject of the Russian Federation, the office of the Ombudsman, rights, legitimate interests, state protection, problems of the institution of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights, law enforcement activities, trends development, improvement of legislation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. On guardianship and trusteeship: Federal Law of April 24, 2008 No. 48-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2008. – No. 17. – Art. 1755.
2. Family Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 29, 1995 No. 223-FZ (as amended on November 23, 2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 1. – Art. 16.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ILJINA Olga Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Faculty of Law, M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ENTITIES AS PARTIES TO SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The article analyzes the constitutional and legal nature of collective social entities (teams, social unions, communities), the partnership between which serves to implement the principle of social solidarity, which is an important element of the constitutional identity of modern Russian society and the state. The author substantiates the high constitutional and legal significance of intersectoral partnership interaction of public authorities with collective social entities (teams) from the commercial and non-profit sectors as parties to social partnership. The study revealed that the category of social partnership has significant potential for constitutional law as a mechanism for implementing the principle of social solidarity and as a basis for social integration, harmonization of individual and collective principles in the constitutional identity of Russia.
Keywords: social subject (collective), social partnership, constitutional law, partnership interaction.
Article bibliography
1. Alebastrova I. A. Constitutionalism as a legal basis for social solidarity. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – 614 p.
2. Ebzeev B. S. Social solidarity as a positive basis for statehood and law in Russia (towards research methodology) // Constitution, personality and court in modern Russia: materials of the scientific conference in memory of Professor N. V. Vitruk / Ed. I. A. Umnova, V. E. Safonov, I. A. Aleshkova. – M., 2013.
3. Ivanov S. A. Social partnership as a phenomenon of civilization // Journal of sociology and social anthropology. – 2005. – Vol. 8, No. 3. – Pp.79-99.
4. Kiselev I. Ya. Comparative labor law. – M., 2005. – Pp. 251.
5. Labor law of Russia / Ed. S. P. Mavrin and E. B. Khokhlov. – M., 2012. – P. 156.
6. Lushnikova M. V., Lushnikov A. M. Social partnership in the sphere of labor: a tutorial. – Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl state. university named after P. G. Demidov. – 2008. – 426 p.
7. Chirkin V. E. Constitutional Terminology. – M., 2013. – 272 p.
8. Khabrieva T. Ya., Chirkin V. E. Theory of the Modern Constitution. – M.: Norma. – pp. 175-176.
9. Shchetinin B. V. Problems of the Theory of Soviet State Law. – M., 1974.
10. Boytsov V. Ya. The System of Subjects of Soviet State Law. – Ufa: Bashkir Book Publishing House, 1972. – 159 p.
11. Venediktov A. V. State Socialist Property. – M.: L., 1948.
12. Bratus S. N. Subjects of Civil Law. – M., 1950.
13. Ioffe O. S. Soviet civil law. – M., 1967.
14. Asknaziy S. I. Basic issues of the theory of socialist civil law. – M.: Statut, 2008. – 859 p.
15. Genkin D. M. Legal entity in Soviet civil law // Problems of socialist law. – 1939. – No. 1. – P. 91-107.
16. Krasavchikov O. A. The essence of a legal entity // Soviet state and law. – 1976. – No. 1. – P. 47-55
17. Bazhenova O. I. Legal entity in constitutional law: problems of theory. – M., 2022. – 264 p.
18. Belkin A. A. Social reproduction and state law. – L., 1991. – P. 63.
19. Avakyan S. A. Sociality as a public and constitutional-legal category // Moscow Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 3.
20. Parsons T. The concept of society: components and their relationships // American sociological thought. – M., 1996. – P. 494-526.
21. Giddings F. Sociology as a science of manSheep society and human behavior // Reader on general sociology; compiled by V. P. Kultygin, A. G. Kuznetsov. – M., 2004. – Pp.30-35.
22. Kudrinskaya L. A. Societal three-sector model of society // Omsk scientific bulletin. – 2015. – No. 1 (135). – Pp.204-207.
23. Avtonomov A. S., Vinogradova T. I., Zamyatina M. F., Khananashvili N. L. Social technologies of intersectoral interaction in modern Russia: textbook / Under the general editorship of A. S. Avtonomov. – M., 2003.
24. Yakimets V. N. Intersectoral social partnership: basics, theory, principles, mechanisms. – M., 2004.
25. Constitutional Law. General Part / Ed. by N. A. Bogdanova, A. A. Troitskaya: in two books. – M., 2022. – P. 293 (book one).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
NIZAEVA Svetlana Ramilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Bashkir Academy of State Service and Management under the Head of the Republic Bashkortostan
GILYAZOV Ruslan Relifovich
senior lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The scientific analysis of the problems of the constitutional foundations of the organization and regulation of the federal executive power in Russia at the present stage of its political and legal reform is the most important task of legal scholars. This is also due to the fact that in the general system of state power of the Russian Federation, the executive branch plays a high role in the life of society. Despite the great role played by the executive branch and its position in the state and society, both theoretical and methodological issues of the organization and functioning of the federal executive branch, improving the mechanism of its implementation, as well as the problems of its responsibility are insufficiently thoroughly and fully disclosed in the Russian science of constitutional law.
Keywords: constitutional and legal status, the Government of the Russian Federation, the federal executive authority, state power, the management system, the vital activity of the state.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Baglay M.V. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation: textbook. – M.: AST, 2017. – 660 pp.
2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary. In 4 volumes. – M., 2000. – Vol. 3. – P. 377, 379.
3. Dzidzoev R. Zh. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation: new aspects of relations // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 43-54.
4. Zanko T. A. Constitutional amendments of 2020: impact on the federal executive branch // Issues of public and municipal administration. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 7-19.
5. Kirey A. S. Changes in the constitutional and legal status of the Government of the Russian Federation in connection with amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Implementation of the theory of constitutionalism in the law enforcement practice of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – P. 137-141.
6. Kobzar-Frolova M. K. The role and functional purpose of the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive bodies of the Russian Federation (legislative innovations) // Public power in modern Russia: problems and prospects: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Saratov: SGLA, 2020. – P. 40-46.
7. Kozlova E. I., Kutafin O. E. Constitutional law of Russia. – M., 2000. – P. 432.
8. Constitutional law. Encyclopedic dictionary. Responsible editor and head of the authors’ collective – Doctor of Law, Professor S. A. Avakyan. – M.: NORMA Publishing House, 2001. – P. 43.
9. Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. by N. Yu. Shvedova. – M., 1989. – P. 467.
10. Rogozhina E. L. On some aspects of the constitutional and legal status of the Government of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. – 2008. – No. 3. – P. 282-285.
11. Smorchkova L. N. Government of the Russian Federation: transformation of legal status // Law and Practice. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 73. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravitelstvo-rossiyskoy-federatsii-transformatsiya-pravovogo-statusa (date of access: 28.02.2025).
12. Tikhomirova L. V., Tikhomirov M. Yu. Legal Encyclopedia. – 5th edition, supplemented and revised / Ed. M. Yu. Tikhomirov. – M., 2006. – 668 p.
13. Khamaneva N. Yu. Executive power in Russia. History and modernity, problems and prospects of development. On the 80th anniversary of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Avtonomov A. S., Bachilo I. L., Bondarenko A. A., Grishkovets A. A., et al. Responsible. editor N. Yu. Khamaneva. – M.: New Legal Culture, 2004. – P. 182.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
RAKHIMOVA Liana Munirovna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Bashkir Academy of Public Service and Administration under the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa
ON THE ISSUE OF CONCEPTS AND FEATURES OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
This article considers the concept and features of constitutional and legal responsibility. The ratio of such types of liability as constitutional and legal, legal, political and moral is determined. The paper also explores the classification of constitutional and legal responsibility, which is the allocation of negative (retrospective) and positive aspects. Different points of view are common in science: some scientists believe that constitutional and legal responsibility can be considered only in a negative aspect. In addition, there is an opposite opinion, whose supporters also highlight the positive aspect. The paper examines this discussion and determines the most rational view on this issue in the author’s opinion.
Keywords: constitutional and legal responsibility, legal responsibility, moral responsibility, political responsibility, negative (retrospective) aspect of constitutional and legal responsibility, positive aspect of constitutional and legal responsibility.
Article bibliographic list
1. Avakyan S. A. State and legal responsibility // Soviet state and law. – 1975. – No. 10. – P. 17-18.
2. Avakyan S. A. Actual problems of constitutional and legal responsibility // Constitutional and legal responsibility: problems of Russia, experience of foreign countries / Ed. S. A. Avakyan. – M., 2001. P. 10.
3. Bezuglov A. A., Soldatov S. A. Legal liability and legality. Essays on theory. – M., 1976.
4. Bobrova N. A., Zrazhevskaya T. D. Liability in the system of guarantees of constitutional norms. State and legal aspects. – Voronezh, 1985. – P. 69-70.
5. Bratus S. N. Legal liability and legality (essay on theory). – M., 1976. – P. 85-91.
6. Kondrashev A. A. Theory of constitutional and legal liability in the Russian Federation. – M., 2011. – P. 12.
7. Leonova T. Yu. Constitutional and legal liability of the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (head of the highest executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) // Vestn. Tomsk. state University. 2008. No. 315. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konstitutsionno-pravovaya-otvetstvennost-vysshego-dolzhnostnogo-litsa-subekta-rf-rukovoditelya-vysshego-ispolnitelnogo-organa (date of access: 22.03.2024).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SARKAROVA Dzhamilya Salikhovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
SHIKHTAIMOVA Dinara Arslanbekovna
magister student Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONSTITUTIONAL DUTIES OF CITIZENS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The legal reality of the Russian Federation shows the successful fixation of the main duties of citizens in the Constitution. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the universal duties of a person and a citizen. Amendments to the Constitution adopted in 2020 introduced changes not only to the public administration system, but also to the legal status of citizens, including their duties to the state and society. Also, the article provides a brief comparative analysis of tax obligations in the Russian Federation and China. The article examines the main constitutional duties of a person and a citizen in the Russian Federation, reveals their place in the formation of the concept of the legal status of an individual. As a result of the study, attention is paid to decoding and detailing each of them, their role in the functioning of the state and society is determined, attention is paid to the boundaries of interference of the legislator in the sphere of individual autonomy. It should be noted that our Fatherland, traditionally, has a range of tasks that differ from the states of Western Europe.
Keywords: constitutional duties, constitutional rights and freedoms, legal status of the individual.
Article bibliography
1. Melshina A. A. Constitutional duties of citizens of Russia and China in the tax sphere: comparative legal analysis // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2023. – No. 94-4. – P. 122-127.
2. Protsenko E. D., Bogdanova O. I., Chernogortseva Ya. E. Constitutional duty to preserve nature and the environment: legal consciousness andimplementation mechanism // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (220). – P. 157-160.
3. Ebzeev B. S. Personality and state in Russia: mutual responsibility and constitutional duties: monograph. – M.: Norma, 2008. – 384 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
VOLKOVA Svetlana Iljinichna
postgraduate student of State and administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
STATE AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY: CONCEPTUAL CORRELATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
The aim of the article is to develop approaches for analyzing the relationship between the concepts of state and technological sovereignty in the contemporary context. The subject of the work is the social relations arising from the interaction between the state and technologies, as well as issues of sovereignty maintenance in the context of globalization and technological changes. The research is based on the use of a combination of philosophical, general scientific, and specialized methods, including specific historical analysis, formal-legal (dogmatic) method, and comparative legal methodology. Particular attention is given to public law issues related to the management of technological resources and their impact on national security, economy, and social institutions. The author examines the conceptual differences between state sovereignty, traditionally associated with political and economic independence, and technological sovereignty, related to the development and control of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence and information systems. The article also explores possible ways to balance these two forms of sovereignty in order to ensure sustainable development and protection of national interests in the context of digital transformation.
Keywords: state sovereignty, technological sovereignty, digital technologies, information technologies, public law, constitutional values, human rights, personal data, discrimination, technical regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Kamalova G. G. National technological sovereignty in the field of digital technologies: issues of legal support // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 52-60.
2. Bredikhin A. L. Sovereignty as a political and legal phenomenon. – M.: INFRA-M, 2020. – 128 p.
3. Catanzariti M. Disconnecting Sovereignty How Data Fragmentation Reshapes the Law. – Springer Jam, 2024. – 166 p.
4. Varlen M. V. Information, Technological, Economic and Financial Sovereignty as the Newest Types of Autonomy // Bulletin of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 214-222.
5. Fratini S., Hine E., Novelli C., Roberts H., Floridi L. Digital Sovereignty: A Descriptive Analysis and a Critical Evaluation of Existing Models // Digital Society. – 2024. – No. 3 (59). – P. 1-27.
6. Globalization. Society. Personality / Under the general ed. I. V. Ershova. – Arkhangelsk: ID NArFU, 2014. – 193 p.
7. Inozemtsev V. L. Modern globalization and its perception in the world // The century of globalization. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 31-44.
8. Duben A. K. Technological sovereignty as the basis of national security of the Russian Federation // Security issues. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 166-172.
9. Polyakova T. A., Troyan N. A., Petrovskaya O. V. Legal support for strengthening the technological sovereignty of the Russian Federation based on the implementation of the import substitution model // Legal policy and legal life. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 281-293.
10. Zharova A. K. Ensuring the information sovereignty of the Russian Federation // Jurist. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 28-33.
11. Tikhomirov Yu. A., Kichigin N. V., Tsomartova F. V., Balkhaeva S. B. Law and digital information // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 4-23.
12. Platonova S. I. Big data and social control in everyday life // Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy. – 2022. – Vol. 32, No. 3. – P. 228-234.
13. Gu H. Data, Big Tech, and the New Concept of Sovereignty // Journal of Chinese Political Science. – 2024. – No. 29. – P. 591-612.
14. Khabrieva T. Ya., Chernogor N. N. Law in the Context of Digital Reality // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 85-102.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZOKHIDOV Manuchehr Davrondzhonovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional law and constitutional proceedings sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
HUMAN DIGNITY: FROM ANTIQUITY TO KANT
The concept of personal dignity occupies a central place in Western political and legal thought, being one of the key values ​​underlying modern ideas about human rights, justice and morality.
The purpose of this article is to study the evolution of the idea of ​​dignity, starting from its origins in ancient philosophy, through its theological reinterpretation in the Christian tradition, to its secularization and further development in modern legal and philosophical thought.
The analysis of the historical transformation of this concept will allow not only to trace its influence on the formation of key ethical and legal principles, but also to understand its role in the context of modern challenges related to technological progress, globalization and cultural pluralism.
Keywords: human dignity, human rights, history of the concept of human dignity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by W.D. Ross. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
2. Cicero. De Officiis. Translated by Walter Miller. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.
3. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha: New Revised Standard Version. Edited by Michael D. Coogan. 5th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
4. Augustine St. The City of God against the Pagans. Translated by R.W. Dyson. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
5. Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Complete English Edition in 5 Volumes. Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Christian Classics, 1981.
6. Mirandola Pico della, Giovanni. Oration on the Dignity of Man. Translated by Charles Glenn Wallis. Edited by Paul J. W. Miller and Douglas P. Lackey. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1998.
7. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by M. Gregor. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
RYSEV Genrikh Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Professor I. E. Farber and professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF “ECONOMIC SECURITY” IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article discusses the main approaches to understanding the interpretation of the concept of “economic security” in the sectoral legislation and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes various interpretations of this definition by Russian and foreign scientists. The main focus of the scientific research is on the need to consolidate the concept of «economic security» in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the role of this legal category in the constitutional model of the economic system of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: economic security, digital economy, constitutional model of the economic system, the essence of economic security, national economy, development, sustainability.
Article bibliography
1. Abalkin L. I. Economic security of Russia: threats and their reflection // Voprosy ekonomiki. – 1994. – No. 12. – P. 4-16.
2. Oleynikov E. A. Fundamentals of economic security (State, region, enterprise, individual). Study guide of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy. – Moscow: Intel-Sintez Moscow, 1997. – 278 p.
3. Senchagov V. On the essence and foundations of the strategy of economic security of Russia // Questions of Economics. – 1995. – № 1. – P. 97-106.
4. Kupreshchenko N. P. Economic security. Study guide. – M.: Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2005. – 226 p.
5. Gadzhieva L. E. Taxation as a special systemic instrument of state regulation of economic security of Russia. diss. … candidate of legal sciences: Moscow, 2003. – P. 14.
6. Pankov V. Economic security: essence and manifestations // International life. – 2010. – № 12. – P. 107-119.
7. Blokhin S. V. Directions for strengthening the economic security of Russia in modern conditions. diss. cand. econ. sciences: Moscow, 2006. – 180 p.
8. Antonov AV The essence of economic security as an economic category // Bulletin of the Chuvash University. – 2006. – No. 7. – P. 501-507.
9. Butorin VK, Tkachenko AN, Shipilov SA Fundamentals of economic security. In 3 volumes: T. 1. Systemic concepts of economic security. – Kemerovo: M., 2007. – 391 p.
10. Mayorova EN On the criteria for ensuring economic security in Russia // Bulletin of the Ural University of Economics, Management and Law. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 26-30.
11. Tsukanov VK Economic security: essence, factors of influence and methods of ensuring. Monograph. – Chelyabinsk. – 443 p.
12. Arkhipov A., Gorodetsky A., Mikhailov B. Economic security: assessments, problems, methods of provision // Questions of Economics. – 1994. – No. 12. – P. 36-44.
13. Kolotilin AV Kushchak AI Ensuring law and order and legality as a key factor in the economic security of the Russian Federation // Scientific journal of NRU ITMO. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 27-31.
14. Napalkova IG Economic security: institutional and legal analysis. Monograph. – Rostov-on-Don, 2006. – 146 p.
15. Romashchenko TD Economic security of the national economy: theory, methodology, reproduction. diss… doc. economics: Voronezh, 2003. – 327 p.
16. Beregovaya OA Education as a factor in national security // Development of territories. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 76-79.
17. Prudius E. V. On the concept and system of economic security // Business in law. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 66-70.
18. Malyshenko K. A., Pivkina A. V. Fakes and their impact on financial markets // MediaVector. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 89-93.
19. Maull H. Raw materials, energy and Western Security. – L., 1984. – 413 p.
20. Murdoch C. Economics issues & national security. – Lawrence, 1977. – 425 p.
21. Machovski H. East-West Handel: Entwicklung, Aussichten // Aus Politik w.Zeitgeschichte. – B., 1985. – № 5. – R. 3-62.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ARSLANBEKOVA Aminat Zaidulaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GITINOV Nabi Dzhambulatovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF IMPROVING THE CIVIL SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines problematic issues of development and reform of the public service system in the Russian Federation, aimed at qualitative transformation of the public service system.
The article was written using the following research methods: comparative legal, logical, systematic analysis, etc.
In conclusion, the authors conclude that an integrated approach to solving the problems of public service in Russia will make it more effective and transparent.
Keywords: civil service, civil servant, civil service, certification, anti-corruption education, personnel reserve.
Article bibliography
1. Arslanbekova A. Z., Gadzimagomedov M. M. Problems of preventing corruption in the civil service in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of DSU. – Social Sciences. – 2024. – Issue 3.
2. Dusheiko A. A. Prospects for improving the regulatory system of state and municipal service in the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 20 (362). – P. 333-335.
3. Grishkovets A. A. On the issue of civil service reform: organizational and legal aspects // State and Law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 23-26.
4. Zenkov M. Yu. State and municipal service. – Novosibirsk: SibAGS Publishing House, 2015. – 352 p.
5. Keramova S. N., Mukailov H. R. Reforming and developing the civil service system of the Russian Federation // Law and Right. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 85-86.
6. Kovtkov D. I., Kuznetsov V. I. Legal problems of forming a personnel reserve in the state civil service // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 121-130.
7. Matveeva O. N. Anti-corruption in the civil service in Russia and legal collisions of anti-corruption measures // Scientific research: fundamental and applied aspects. Coll. art. Int. scientific-practical. conf. – Penza, 2023. – P. 247-250.
8. Perzhinskaya K. D. On the concept of corruption in the civil service // Scientific almanac. – 2023. – No. 4-3 (102). – P. 30-32.
9. Tsirin A. M., Sevalnev V. V. Institutional mechanisms for combating corruption in the civil service // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 133-142.
10. Channov S. E. State law enforcement service: to be or not to be? // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 64-71.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ELANSKAYA Darya Alexandrovna
postgraduate student of State and administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF “INTERETHNIC PEACE AND ACCORD” AND “CIVIL PEACE AND ACCORD”
Since its inclusion in the preamble to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, the term “civil peace and accord” has been actively used in legal, political, and academic discourse. However, it has not yet received a clear normative definition. This existing ambiguity necessitates an examination of the President’s constitutional function in relation to the category of “interethnic peace and accord”, which is also frequently used in the legal domain. The article analysiszes various approaches to the concept of nationhood and considers the associated risks of conflict in the context of a multinational state. As a result of the study, the author concludes that «civil peace and accord» cannot be achieved without maintaining a balance between the formation of a unified civic identity and the preservation of ethnocultural diversity.
Keywords: civil peace and accord, Russian nation, interethnic relations, all-Russian civic identity, constitutional functions of the President of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Alfimtsev V. N. On the essence and problems of monitoring interethnic peace in Russia // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 42-49.
2. Andrichenko L. V. Modern problems of implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation: legal aspect // Journal of Russian law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 5-15.
3. Ershova Yu.N. Constitutional foundations for regulating the right to peace // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 64-69.
4. Zorin V. Yu., Abramov A.V. State national policy, consolidation of society and political science in modern Russia // Russian social and humanitarian journal. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 1-21.
5. Medushevsky N.A. At the intersection of primordialism and constructivism: understanding the concept of “ethnos” // Power. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 228-234.
6. Retinsky S. G. Teachings on nations in modern Western and domestic philosophy: main approaches and solutions // Culture and civilization (Donetsk). – 2023. – No. 2 (18). – P. 51-57.
7. Umnova I. A. Law of the world: Lecture course. – M.: Eksmo, 2010. – 448 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LYUKINA Olesiya Andreevna
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of the mechanism of public procurement, the identification of gaps and contradictions in this area, as well as the modernization of the legal model for the implementation of government contracts. An analysis of the regulations governing the field of public procurement has been carried out, as well as the role of government agencies in this process. The problems of bureaucratization and reduction of the effectiveness of public procurement procedures in the Russian Federation are discussed. The article analyzes how complex and overloaded regulatory requirements hinder the functioning of the contract system. An overview of recent reforms aimed at optimizing this area has also been conducted, with an assessment of their effectiveness and impact on the overall situation in the field of contract regulation.
Keywords: government procurement, administrative and legal regulation, contract system, regulatory regulation, problems, state control.
Article bibliography
1. Akulich E. I. Actual problems of improving the regulatory framework for regulating public procurement // Russian entrepreneurship. – 2020. – No. 4 (274). – P. 623-634.
2. Gasanalieva A. Sh. Problems of the contract system in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 671-673.
3. Shuvalov S. S. Trends in reforming the contract procurement system in the Russian economy: legal aspects and empirical data // ETAP. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 132-155.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
METLIN Konstantin Nikolaevich
postgraduate student, Moscow Innovation University Russian Federation
WHY DOES A BUSINESS NEED A LICENSE
The article is devoted to the analysis of licensing activities in Russia and foreign countries. The purpose of the study is to study the legal aspects of licensing in the Russian Federation, identify problems and propose solutions. The relevance of this study is confirmed by the demand for areas of activity for which entrepreneurs need to obtain a special permit.
To achieve this goal, the author consistently reveals the history of the development of licensing activities, examines the features of licensing in foreign countries, and identifies current problems in the field of licensing in the Russian Federation.
The article formulates the author’s conclusion about the need to simplify the licensing procedure, minimize the requirements for obtaining licenses, ensure its transparency, transparency, and a possible complete transition to digital registration of licenses.
Keywords: licensese, responsibility, business, crime, economics.
Article bibliography
1. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. In 9 volumes / Under the general editorship of O. I. Chistyakov. Moscow, 1984. – Vol. 2.
2. Taranovsky F. V. History of Russian law / Under the editorship and with a foreword by V. A. Tomsinov. – Moscow, 2004. – Pp. 49-50.
3. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. In 9 volumes / Under the general editorship of O. I. Chistyakov. – Moscow, 1984. – Vol. 1.
4. Ryndzyunsky P. G. Establishment of capitalism in Russia in the 1850-1880s. On the development of distilling production and its state regulation during the period of reforms. – M., 1978. – Pp. 186-190.
5. Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Book 5. Vol. 15 / Ed. by I. D. Mordukhai-Boltovsky. – St. Petersburg, 1885. – Pp. 86-125.
6. Mountainous situation of the USSR, approved. by the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR dated 09.11.1927 // Collection of Laws of the USSR. – 1927. – No. 68. – Art. 688. (no longer in force).
7. Instructions on the procedure for importing films from abroad and exporting them outside the RSFSR, approved. By the Resolution of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the RSFSR, the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR of 05.05.1923 // Collection of Laws of the RSFSR. – 1923. – No. 40. – Art. 434.
8. Resolution of the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR of 12.10.1923 “On the Procedure for the Acquisition of Passenger Cars and Motorcycles Abroad” // Systematic Collection of Current Laws of the USSR. Book Two. – Moscow, 1926 (no longer in effect).
9. Knutov A. V., Chaplinsky A. V. Licensing of Certain Types of Economic Activity: History of Development and Current State // Issues of Public and Municipal Administration. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 73.
10. Bolotin V. S., Savilov M. G. Institute of licensing as an object of legal regulation by norms of civil and administrative legislation // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 131.
11. Agapov A. B. Administrative law: textbook for bachelors. – 9th ed. revised and enlarged. – M .: Publishing house Yurait, 2014. – 475 p.
12. Kalinina A. S. Objects of licensing // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2008. – No. 3. – P. 83.
13. Sobol O. S. Licensing of entrepreneurial activity: legal aspect: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2004.
14. Trofimova E. V. Legitimization of business entities: concept and legal mechanisms // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 54.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
FARIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, North Caucasus branch, Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar
OPRYSHKO Rodion Andreevich
student, North Caucasus branch, Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar
JUDICIAL FEE: THE CONCEPT AND PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF TAXES AND FEES
The article examines the judicial duty, its concept and place in the system of taxes and fees. The scientific approaches to the concept of judicial duty and its place in the system of taxes and fees are analyzed. The article examines the history of the development and formation of judicial fees, as one of the oldest legal institutions that accompanied all stages of the evolution of financial and procedural legislation. Judicial fees are considered as an object of legal regulation, the concept and types of judicial fees in modern legislation on taxes and fees are defined. The analysis carried out from the origins to the present allows us to determine that court fees combine the features of the subject of financial, legal and procedural legal regulation, which exist simultaneously and should be considered only in an inseparable unity.
Keywords: current trends, court fees, civil proceedings, arbitration proceedings, reform of legislation on taxes and fees.
Article bibliography
1. Korolev D. A. Legal regulation of relations on the collection of state fees in the implementation of notarial activities: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2011.
2. Tikhomirov M. N., Epifanov P. P. Cathedral Code of 1649. – M., 1961.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
YUSIFOV Umid Mushfigovich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
TSELNIKER Grigoriy Felixovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
FEASIBILITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES
The article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of administrative liability of legal entities within the current legal framework of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the conceptt, principles, and specific features of administrative liability for organizations, substantiates the necessity for its existence, and delineates its essential differences from individual liability. Special attention is devoted to challenges arising in the process of holding legal entities administratively liable, particularly in issues of proving culpability, qualifying administrative offenses, and distinguishing between administrative and criminal liability of organizations. The article highlights the difficulties in establishing the guilt of legal entities, as well as the violation of the principle of presumption of innocence. In the article, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to maintain a balance between private and public interest in sentencing. It is concluded that it is necessary to reform the institution of administrative responsibility of legal entities.
Keywords: administrative liability, legal entities, liability of organizations, administrative offense, legislation, sanctions, law enforcement practice, Russian Federation, administrative law, issues of proof.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Anikeenko A. B. Administrative liability of legal entities (substantive and legal research): abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2005. – 26 p.
2. Anikeenko Yu. B. The concept of guilt of legal entities in the draft Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and judicial practice // Administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 54-57.
3. Ashtoyan A. R. Administrative liability of legal entities: grounds and sanctions // Law and management. – XXI century. – 2013. – No. 1 (26). – P. 111-116.
4. Golovko L. V. The ratio of criminal offenses and administrative offenses in the context of the concept of criminal matter (criminal sphere) // International justice. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 42-52.
5. Ermolaeva E. V. Presumption of guilt of a legal entity in committing an administrative offense // Administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 20-23.
6. Karapetyan A. G., Kosarev A. S. Standards of proof: analytical and empirical study // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation). – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 3-96.
7. Kisin V. R. Features of administrative liability of legal entities: substantive and procedural aspects // Administrative law and process. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 45-49.
8. Kisin V. R. Subject of an administrative offense and subject of administrative liability: similarities and differences // Administrative law and process. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 13-18.
9. Konev S. I. Administrative liability of legal entities in the context of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2020. – No. 9 (189). – P. 266-268.
10. Concept of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses dated 04.04.2019. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://static.government.ru/media/files/KVhRVrFpSydJQShBIwlAY7khO7NAt9EL.pdf (date accessed: 08.05.2025).
11. Kurakin A. V. Guilt of a legal entity in violations in the financial sphere: formal-legal and law enforcement aspects of the problem // Administrative and municipal law. – 2017. – No. 10. – P. 49-65.
12. Lagvilava T. V. The relationship between the concepts of “confiscation” and “seizure” within the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses // Justice. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 7-11.
13. Trofimova I. A. Some problems of administrative liability of legal entities // Economy, sociology and law. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 50-54.

MUNICIPAL LAW
ABRAMITOV Sergey Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Theory of law, constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
DNEPROVSKAYA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
MARKOVA Kseniya Yurjevna
student of the 5th course of the specialty of Theory of law, constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk
MUNICIPAL SERVICE: TO THE QUESTION OF USING THE CONCEPT IN LEGISLATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of the category “municipal service” in legislative acts at the federal legislative level. Attention is paid to the consideration of the controversial issue of understanding the concept of “municipal services”. The provisions of current legislative acts that contain definitions of this concept are analyzed, namely the Federal Law “On the Organization of the Provision of State and Municipalityal Services» and the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. The authors attempted to identify problems in the use of the concept of «municipal service» in legislative acts. The presence of inconsistent legislative definitions of the concept of “municipal service” is noted, which creates a certain threat of the occurrence of law enforcement errors.
Keywords: municipal services, legislative acts, municipal functions, local government.
Article bibliography
1. Davydova I. P. State (municipal) services and functions: the essence of legal categories // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2013. – No. 9. – P. 25-27.
2. Mateikovich M. S., Vergun A. M. State, municipal services and functions of public authorities: the relationship of concepts // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 25-29.
3. Tereshchenko L. K. State and municipal services: problems of law enforcement // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 10 (262). – P. 101-110.
4. Filimonova E. A. Municipal services in the system of public services: essence, features // State power and local self-government. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 46-51.

MUNICIPAL LAW
ARKHIREEVA Anastasiya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
TOLSTYKH Ekaterina Alexandrovna
student of the 2nd course, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
LEGAL LIABILITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES AND OFFICIALS: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
This study reveals the multifaceted nature of the institution of legal liability in the local government system through the theoretical prism and legal analysis and law enforcement practice. The work covers in detail the key aspects of various forms of responsibility of municipal authorities and their officials, including constitutional and legal, administrative, disciplinary, material and criminal law components. The analysis allows us to identify the specifics of legal regulation and mechanisms for implementing responsibility in the municipal sphere, with significant attention paid to the triune system of accountability – to the local population, government agencies and private law entities. The study of the fundamental grounds for the onset of responsibility and the features of its practical implementation made it possible to formulate conceptual proposals for the modernization of the current legislation in the field of municipal and legal responsibility. An integrated approach to the study of this legal institution makes it possible to identify existing problems and determine promising areas for improving the mechanisms for bringing local government bodies and officials to account.
Keywords: Local self-government, legal responsibility, local government bodies, officials, municipal law, constitutional responsibility, administrative responsibility, disciplinary responsibility, offense, sanctions, legal regulation, mechanism for implementing responsibility, municipalities, legislation, law enforcement practice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993).
2. Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ “On General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”.
3. Federal Law of 02.03.2007 No. 25-FZ “On Municipal Service in the Russian Federation”.
4. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ.
5. Van Dijk T. A. Language, Cognition, Communication. – B.: BGK im. I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, 2020. – 308 p.
6. Gerasimova N. R., Kurmaeva T. I. Legal liability and local self-government in the Russian Federation: theoretical aspects // Modern problems of science and education. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 68-72.
7. Kirillovykh A. A. Municipal legal liability in the system of legal liability // Municipal service: legal issues. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 11-14.
8. Ovchinnikov I. I., Pisarev A. N. Municipal law: textbook and workshop for the academic bachelor’s degree. – M.: Yurait, 2017. – 312 p.
9. Prokusheva D. A. Legal liability of local government bodies and officials // Vector of Science TSU. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 117-120.
10. Radchenko A. I. Fundamentals of public and municipal administration: a systems approach. – Rostov n / D: MarT, 2021. – 720 p.
11. Tabolin V. V., Kornev A. V. Municipal city law. Legal and organizational foundations of the activities of local government bodies. – M.: Formula of Law, 2020. – 304 p.
12. Shumyankova N. V. Municipal administration. – M.: Exam, 2022. – 327 p.

CIVIL LAW
BABIKOVA Yuliana Lvovna
master of law, postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University, practicing lawyer
THE INFLUENCE OF HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUDICIAL AND ADR: EXPERIENCE OF GERMAN
This article examines the influence of historical and socio-cultural factors on the development of judicial and alternative methods of conflict resolution. The interconnection of branches of social sciences is a certain axiom, but interdisciplinary research still allows us to identify new patterns.
Within the framework of this study, the author asks what socio-cultural factors influenced the formation of dispute resolution mechanisms in the legal order of Germany and how, taking into account these factors, the mechanisms borrowed from other legal systems are adapted. The methodology of the research is represented by the methods of cognition and research, which are almost universal: first of all, the dialectical method, as well as the system approach that develops it on specific material. Particular methods were also used: sociological, anthropological, systemic, socio-cultural, formal-logical methods. Such an approach, in particular, is a prerequisite for a multifaceted understanding of the procedural model.
As a result of the research, it was also possible to conclude what are the main trends that form the modern image of conflict resolution procedures in the legal order under study and how the classical doctrine responded to the “challenges” associated with the adaptation of external legal procedures.
Keywords: Romano-Germanic legal family, judicial procedures, German legal system, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), administrative justice, mediation
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Fu Y., Rhee C. H. van. Civil litigation in China and Europe: essays on the role of the judge and the parties. – Springer, 2014. – R. 132.
2. Chase O. Legal process and national culture // Cardozo J. Int’l & Comp. L. – 1997. – No. 5 (1). – R. 6.
3. Chase O. Civil litigation in comparative context. – West Academic Publishing, 2007. – R. 23.
4. Rhee C. H. van. European traditions in civil procedure.
5. Pünder H. Debates in German public law / Hermann Pünder. – Oxford: Hart, 2013. – P. 32, 65.
6. Fuller L. The Anatomy of Law / L. Fuller. -Greenwood Press Inc, 1976. – P. 28.
7. BVerfG: urteil vom 15.01.1958 – 7, 198 Lüth. // «Deutschsprachiges Fallrecht». [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/dfr/bv007198.html#208 (date of access: 07.06.2024).

CIVIL LAW
BOCHAROV Nikolay Sergeevich
assistant of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University
APPLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF LEGALLY SIGNIFICANT MESSAGE IN THE ANALOGY OF LAW IN LABOR LAW
The issue of applying the norm of Article 165.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by way of analogy to labor relations is learned in this article. Author describes significant differences in the regulation areas of law as well as the great risks for the employer which significantly interfere with the application of the specified norm by analogy. In the author’s opinion there is a real necessity of including special norms about information exchange between employees and employers in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Such norms must be based on the achievements of courts practice as well as specifics of labor relations and principles of labor law. The research is based on methods of modeling and analysis of legislative norms. The problem of the admissibility of inter-industry analogy of law is learned from the perspective of law area principles and methods of regulating areas civil and labor law, taking into account the general trend towards the informatization of society and individual social relations.
Keywords: legally significant message, analogy of law, employer liability.
Article bibliography
1. Kolobova S. V. Legally significant messages in labor relations: legislation and judicial practice // Office work. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 93-100.
2. Zubova A. O., Klevina M. V. Legally significant messages – a new type of communication between employer and employee // Report. Interdisciplinary forum with international participation “Man. Sign. Technology”. – Samara, 2020. – P. 331-339.
3. Bogdan V. V., Korotkikh O. A. Legally significant messages in the intersectoral analogy of the law // Advances in law studies. – 2019. – V. 7, No. 3. – P. 21-25.
4. Kaimakova E. V., Korotkikh O. A., Surkov A. N. Legally significant messagesin family legal relations: on the issue of inter-sectoral interaction. // Kursk. Bulletin of the South-West State University. – 2022. – Vol. 12, No. 5. – Pp. 39-48.
5. Kuranov V. G. Legally significant messages in Russian civil law. Diss… Cand. of Law. – Perm State National Research University, 2020. – 203 p.
6. Tal L. S. Essays on industrial labor law. – Moscow: Type. G. Lissner and D. Sobko, 1916. – 127 p.
7. Tsesarsky F. A. The doctrine of L. S. Tal on the employment contract as the basis for the development of modern theories of labor law // Problems of legality. – 2011. – No. 115. – P. 66-74.
8. Minkina N. I. Labor legislation of Russia: trends, problems and development prospects in the digital age // Digital technologies in the system of labor and related legal relations. Digital technologies and law. – Kazan: Publishing house “Poznanie”. – 2023. – P. 307-312.
9. Solomin S. K., Solomina N. G. Legal facts and other life circumstances: a civilistic essay. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 168 p.
10. Chashkova S. Yu. Legally significant messages and notarial activity // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 41-46. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
11. Rodionova O. M. On the issue of the civil-law nature of legally significant messages // Jurist. – 2015. – No. 14. – P. 4-8. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
SELF-PROTECTION OF ENTREPRENEURS’ RIGHTS IN THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT: SELECTED ASPECTS OF LEGAL THEORY AND PRACTICE
The article examines the issues of protecting the civil rights of entrepreneurs when carrying out their entrepreneurial activities in the online environment using self-defense tools. It considers problematic theoretical and practical issues related to self-defense of rights. The aspect of the relationship between the legal categories “form of protection” and “method of protection” is touched upon, in connection with which an opinion is expressed on the need to amend the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation in terms of securing the status of self-defense as a form of protection of civil rights. The article touches upon the issues of applying self-defense measures for the rights of entrepreneurs when carrying out business processes in the online environment. When protecting the rights of entrepreneurs in the online environment, the following should be considered self-defense tools: blocking user access to an online resource; prohibiting certain actions on an online resource; removing content that violates the rights of an entrepreneur, filing a claim. The application of these measures is permissible both in the case of their regulation at the level of an agreement (established rules) and without it by virtue of the norms of Art. 14 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: protection of civil rights, self-defense, entrepreneur’s rights, online environment, form of protection, method of protection, jurisdiction
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abova T. E. Protection of economic rights of enterprises. – M.: “Legal. literature “, 1975. – 216 p.
2. Aksyuk I. V. Self-defense of civil rights // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of SFedU. – 2020. – Vol. 7, No. 4. – Pp. 41-43.
3. Point system of violations Ozon. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://seller-edu.ozon.ru/policies/rules/violations?roistat_visit=3990204 (date of access: 02/10/2025).
4. Goncharov E. I. Issues of implementation of self-defense of human and citizen rights and freedoms in the civil legislation of the Russian Federation // Civil law. – 2006. – No. 3. – P. 14-17.
5. Grishaev S. P., Bogacheva T. V., Svit Yu. P. Article-by-article commentary to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part one // Reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sps-consultant.ru/ (date of access: 10.02.2025).
6. Karkhalev D. N. Restoration of violated civil rights out of court // Russian law: state, prospects, comments. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 90-111.
7. Klyuchevskaya N. Trade on marketplaces: modern trends in judicial practice in disputes between an entrepreneur and an online platform // Information and legal portal “Garant.ru”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/article/1620205/ (date of access: 11.02.2025).
8. Mikhailova T. N. Forms of civil-legal protection of the right of ownership of real estate // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formy-grazhdansko-pravovoy-zaschity-prava-sobstvennosti-na-nedvizhimost/viewer (date of access: 12.02.2025).
9. Mudritsky S. V. Concept, essence, types and forms of protection of entrepreneurship // Innovative aspects of the development of science and technology. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 245-250.
10. Definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 04/16/2021 No. 310-ES21-5398 in case No. A08-10957/2019 // Reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.consultant.ru/riv/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&cacheid=DEDFB91EE07E23310DC8866ABD827B5F&mode=backrefs&SORTTYPE=0&BASENODE=g3&ts=28785165341369413130&base=ARB&n=663248&rnd=xjC6eg#y3R7m6TkQ2d71cVD1 (date of access: 10.02.2025).
11. Definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 06.29.2020 No. 116-PEC20 in case No. A41-19914/2018 // Reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.consultant.ru/riv/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&cacheid=DEDFB91EE07E23310DC8866ABD827B5F&mode=backrefs&SORTTYPE=0&BASENODE=g3&ts=28785165341369413130&base=ARB&n=615732&rnd=xjC6eg#pzF7m6TFaXbn6Q1U (date of access: 10.02.2025).
12. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Central District dated 30.06.2015 No. F10-1836/2015 in case No. A62-6896/2014 // Reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sps-consultant.ru/ (date of access: 10.02.2025).
13. Resolution of the Eleventh Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 12.03.2021 No. 11AP-1349/2021 in case No. A55-5684/2020 // Reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.consultant.ru/riv/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&ts=pHLpp6TOqD8Cfixs1&cacheid=E74B48B761AC4C5B08C57FDF3D93D1C5&mode=splus&rnd=phlCWQ&base=RAPS011&n=182599#cocpp6TiA3GjS6ke1 (date of access: 10.02.2025).
14. Sverdlyk G., Strauning E. Methods of protecting civil rights and their classification // State and Law. – 1999. – No. 1. – P. 45-52.
15. Sergeev A. P. Protection of civil rights / Civil law Vol. 1 / Ed. by A. P. Sergeev, Yu. K. Tolstoy. – M.: Prospect, 2004. – 773 p.
16. Usanova V. A. Constitutional human right to self-defense in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Volgograd, 2003. – 230 p.
17. Yuzhanin V. N. Proportionality of self-defense in civil law // Man: crime and punishment. – 2015. – No. 2. – P.36-40.

CIVIL LAW
DIKINOV Andzor Khasanbievich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, leading researcher of the Department of Scientific Research and Innovation, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkaria State University
KOCHESOKOV Rustam Khazhmudarovich
lecturer of Firearms training sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
FEATURES OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF INNOVATION ACTIVITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The attractiveness and competitiveness of the economy of a modern state depends on many factors, one of the most important factors is the level of development of innovations and innovative activities. In turn, the development of innovative activities depends on the legal conditions that are formed in the state. The level of development of the legislative framework for innovative activities determines the effectiveness and efficiency of innovative activities, the pace of implementation of innovations in the economy. In the Russian Federation (RF), the development of innovative activities is an urgent task, since in the current conditions and the choice of import substitution policy, it is necessary to introduce new mechanisms for developing the economy and increasing its competitiveness. The basis for the effective development of innovative activities is the creation of an appropriate system of legislative regulation. To carry out scientific and innovative activities, it is necessary to create the most comfortable legal conditions, and this is the main goal of the regulatory framework. Legislative regulation of innovative activities is also aimed at ensuring that innovative activities comply with the tasks facing the state. A systematic approach should be used to develop a regulatory framework for innovative activities, the essence of which is to implement a single concept at all levels of legislation: federal, regional and local. Russian legislation in the field of innovations and innovative activities is insufficiently developed and does not meet the requirements of systemicity. These circumstances determine the relevance of the study of the features of legislative regulation of innovative activities in Russia.
Keywords: innovation, innovative activity, intelligent technologies, legislative regulation, contract, experimental design work, projects, commercialization, science, government regulation.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020).
2. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF) of 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Federal Law “On the State Corporation for Assistance to the Development, Production and Export of High-Tech Industrial Products “Rostec” of November 23, 2007 No. 270-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Federal Law “On Innovative Scientific and Technological Centers and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” dated July 29, 2017 No. 216-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Federal Law dated July 21, 2011 No. 254-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Federal Law “On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation” dated December 31, 2014 No. 488-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
8. Radzhabov B. F. State regulation of innovation activities in Russia // In the collection: integration and improvement of the digital environment of the socio-economic space in a multipolar world. – Moscow, 2024. – Pp. 190-193.
9. Kharchenko K. V. State regulation of innovation activities at the regional level: areas for improvement // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2024. – No. 3 (52). – Pp. 38-47.
10. Khasyanov R. R. Legal regulation of innovation activities: corporate and legal aspects // In the collection: transformation of Russian science in the era of the information society. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the XI International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Moscow, 2024. – P. 97-10.

CIVIL LAW
ZAKHAROVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
IVASIKH Lev Pavlovich
lawyer of the Association “Law Office Vladimir Ryabenko and Partners”
ON THE ISSUE OF THE ROLE OF SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF “PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL”
This work mediates the study of both general and specific issues of corporate law: on one hand, the essential characteristics of a legal entity as a subject of civil legal relations and the principles characteristic of corporate law in general, and on the other hand, the issues of liability for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations by a legal entity and the questions of its imposition on a particular person in practice. At the same time, the study of the specified issues is conducted through the prism of the theoretical construct of ‘lifting the corporate veil,’ which makes it possible to establish not only an explicit relationship as means and ends of the institution of subsidiary liability of controlling persons and the ‘lifting of the corporate veil’ itself, respectively, but also to conclude that the institution of subsidiary liability is, in essence, currently the only effective mechanism for such ‘lifting’; at the same time, it is concluded that defining the considered categories as merely analogous to each other does not fully correspond to their essence.
Keywords: legal entity, lifting the corporate veil, property liability, controlling persons, beneficiary, subsidiary (vicarious) liability.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aslanyan N.P. “The theory of single legal responsibility” as a pseudo-scientific theoretical construction // Academic legal journal. 2021. Vol. 22, No. 3. Pp. 175-184.
2. Makhnev A. V., Mosechkin I. N. On the legal nature of the doctrine of “lifting the corporate veil” and the possibility of its application in Russia // Alley of Science. 2018. Vol. 4, No. 5 (21). Pp. 647-656.
3. Minnikes I. V. Types of legal liability in Russian law of the 16th-18th centuries // Academic Law Journal. 2021. Vol. 22, No. 1. Pp. 5-13.
4. Penkin R. A., Kholodnenko Yu. V. Subsidiary liability of the head for bringing the organization to bankruptcy as an analogue of the doctrine of “lifting the corporate veil” // Works of young scientists of the Altai State University. 2016. No. 13. P. 324-327.
5. Pleskova O. Yu. Evolution of scientific ideas about the category of a legal entity // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2009. No. 2 (11). P. 160-166.
6. Spirina T. A. “Lifting the corporate veil” through the mechanism of bringing to subsidiary liability in the framework of a bankruptcy case // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. 2014. No. 1 (23). P. 211-218.
7. Tyukavkin-Plotnikov A. A. The problem of modern understanding of a legal entity // Baikal Research Journal. 2011. Vol. 1, No. 3. pp. 14-14.

CIVIL LAW
MOROZOVA Oksana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Service and Entrepreneurship (branch), Don State Technical University in Shakhty
ON THE ISSUE OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY RELATIONS IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article considers the modern characteristics of the Russian family, conditioned not only by economics, but also by political and demographic processes in the life of society. Marriage and family relations are regulated by legal acts, among which are the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Family Code of the Russian Federation, where the key institution is the legal concept of marriage. The author analyzes actual marriage relations and marriage-family relations registered in the civil registry offices. The content of the article also includes modern aspects of the peculiarities of marriage-family relations possible without state registration of marriage and aimed at protecting the interests of de facto spouses. Transformation of social values ​​and individualization lead to rethinking of traditional family models. The author emphasizes the need for legislative regulation of the legal status of de facto marriages, as the lack of clear regulation creates uncertainty and may lead to violation of the rights of de facto spouses.
Keywords: marital and family relations, de facto marital relations, unregistered marriage, normative regulation of marital relations
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Afasizhev T. I., Khrupin S. I. Family and marriage relations in the modern sociocultural space of Russia: regional aspect// Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Series 1: Regional Studies: Philosophy, History, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Political Science, Cultural Studies. – 2009. – No. 2.
2. Krasheninnikov P. V., Demkina A. V. Prospects for Legal Regulation of Unregistered Marriage Relations in the Legislation of the Russian Federation // Family and Housing Law. – 2024. – No. 6.
3. Levushkin A. N. Ensuring the Balance of Private Law Regulation of Public Relations in the Paradigm of Convergence of Legal Norms: Scientific Views of Doctor of Law, Professor A. N. Levushkin: Monograph (in two volumes, Volume 1). – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2023.
4. Letova N. V. Family Values ​​as the Basis for Preserving the State. – Moscow: Statut, 2024.
5. Maksurov A. A. On the modern understanding of the legal essence of marriage // Citizen and Law. – 2023. – No. 3.
6. Morozova O. A. Sociocultural regulation of marriage: history and modernity: Abstract of Cand. Philosoph. Sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2012.
7. Pokrovsky I. A. History of Roman law. – Moscow: Statut, 2004.

CIVIL LAW
SERKEROV Samur Elmirovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
ABDULMUTALIMOVA Zamira Magomedovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Faculty of Management and Law, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
GASANALIEVA Kahravani Magomedramazanovna
competitor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL LEGISLATION IN THE SOVIET PERIOD
This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and historical aspects of the development of civil legislation in the Soviet Union. Special attention is paid to the main stages of legislative reform, its fundamental principles and correlation with the mental and legal attitudes of the era. This article examines the theoretical and historical aspects of the development of civil legislation during this period, identifies patterns and features of this process.
Keywords: civil legislation, civil law, civil law institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Civil Code of the RSFSR (1964) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Subbotin V. A. Theory of Civil Law. – M.: Yurist, 2007.
3. Sergeeva N. G. History of Civil Law in Russia. – M.: Statut, 2015.
4. Lotyshev A. G., Titov, S. I. Socialist Law: Textbook. – M.: Legal Literature, 1989.
5. Kuznetsov N. E. Civil Law in the Soviet Union. – M.: Science, 1980.

CIVIL LAW
TELIBEKOVА Irina Mendigerеevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of the Higher School of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Baishev University, Aktobe, Republic of Kazakhstan: doctoral student, Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE OF EDUCATIONAL INSURANCE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the practice of educational insurance in the Russian Federation that took place in the 1990s. The author studies the experience of implementing the «Educational Insurance» Program developed by the insurance company «Zhiva». The article presents an overview of the works of scholars, both economists and lawyers, who propose utilizing insurance opportunities for the payment of educational services.
Keywords: educational insurance, insurance contract, insured event, insurer, policyholder, insured person, educational insurance practice, higher education institution.
Article bibliography
1. Balashov A. V. Justification of ways and mechanisms for improving the economic activity of the university: dissertation … candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – Izhevsk, 1998. – 476 p., P. 155-156.
2. Balashov AV Attracting funds to pay for educational services through the insurance market // University management: practice and analysis. – 1998. – No. 1 (4). – P. 20-23.
3. Balashov AV, Badash Kh. Z. Implementation of payment for educational services in universities using securities // University management: practice and analysis. – 1998. – No. 1 (4). – P. 3-7.
4. Vishnyakova TV The role of the insurance fund in the development of the educational lending system // Young scientist. – 2009. – No. 4 (4). – P. 63-67.
5. Zhuravlev V. A. Investments and new financial projects in education // University Managementapplication: practice and analysis. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 53.
6. Zatepyakin O. A. The role and place of educational insurance in the formation of the labor force // Baikal Research Journal. – 2011. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-i-mesto-obrazovatelnogo-strahovaniya-v-formirovanii-rabochey-sily (date of access: 03/29/2024).
7. Zatepyakin O. A. Sustainable formation of the labor force based on state insurance in the sphere of education: monograph / Sib. state industrial University. – Novokuznetsk: Publ. center SibGIU, 2018. – 310 p.
8. Zatepyakin O. A. Sustainable formation of the labor force based on state insurance in the education sector: diss … doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.05; [Place of protection: Nat. research. Tomsk state university]. – Tomsk, 2013. – 367 p., Pp. 8, 17, 120-121.
9. Makhdieva Yu. M. The role of educational insurance in the formation and development of human capital // Economy and management: problems, solutions. – 2017. – No. 9, Vol. 6. – Pp. 109-112, 111.
10. Telibekova I. M. Legal basis for the implementation of the subjective civil right to higher education through an insurance contract // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 3 (207). – P. 102-105.
11. Tyapkina I. V. Legal mechanism for implementing the constitutional right to education in secondary and higher vocational educational institutions in Russia: dissertation of a candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02; [Place of protection: Russian Academy of Justice]. – Moscow, 2009. – 239 p., P. 8, 13, 190-197.
12. Tyapkina I. V. Legal mechanism for implementing the constitutional right to education in secondary and higher vocational educational institutions in Russia: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02; [Place of protection: Russian Academy of Justice]. – Moscow, 2009. – 22 p., P. 7-9, 13.
13. Shirokova N. Educational insurance: pros and cons // School management. – 16-31.01.1999. – No. 04 (100). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://upr.1sept.ru/article.php?ID=199900401 (date of access: 03/30/2025).

CIVIL LAW
SHIGONINA Lyudmila Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
TOKATLY Ekaterina Olegovna
student, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE ESSENTIAL TERMS OF A WORK CONTRACT: THEORY AND PRACTICE
The article analyzes the essential terms of the contract, describes the specifics of legislative regulation, compares the opinions of scientists, provides the current positions of the courts regarding the materiality of individual elements of the contract, and focuses on the subject. It is concluded that some courts identify the concept of the result of the work performed and its volume, others separate the volume of work from its result and, in the absence of provisions in the contract specifying the result of the work to which the contract work should lead, recognize the subject as indefinite, the contract is not concluded. The agreement will be considered concluded if the essential terms are reflected in the annexes to the agreement. The essential terms of the contract are: the subject, which is understood to be the work together with the materialized result of its execution and the deadlines. Other conditions are also essential for certain types of contract.
Keywords: contract, contract, essential conditions, subject of the contract, scope, content, terms, price, appendices, non-conclusion of the contract, materialized result.
Article bibliography
1. Sukhanov E. A. Russian civil law: In 2 volumes. Law of obligations: Textbook. – Moscow: Statut, 2011. – Volume 2, 2nd edition, stereotypical. – 1208 p.
2. Selyutina O. G. Actual problems of regulating relations under a contract // Integration of science in the context of globalization and digitalization: materials of the XIII International scientific and practical conference: in 2 parts. Volume Part 1. – Rostov-on-Don, 2021. – P. 533-535.
3. Kazachenok O. P. The relationship between a contract for work and a contract for the provision of services for a fee // Science and Modernity. – 2014. – No. 29. – P. 292-297.
4. Shamshatdinov M. R., Zakrzhevskaya I. V. Essential terms of a contract for work // Bulletin of Science and Education. – 2017. – No. 6 (30). – P. 75-78.
5. Grebenyukov V. A. Material (embodied) result as a qualifying feature of a contract for work // Bulletin of Science. – 2024. – No. 9 (78). – P. 129-133.
6. Razumovskaya E. V. Contract law. Special part: textbook for universities. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 456 p.
7. Serkova Yu. A. Classification of contract terms in relation to the essential terms of a construction contract // Scientific recordsski of Kazan State University. – 2008. – No. 5. – P. 144-152.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
CASES IN WHICH IT IS ALLOWED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION CONSTITUTING A MEDICAL SECRET WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF A CITIZEN OR HIS LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE
The concept of medical secrecy is revealed. Attention is drawn to the inadmissibility, as a general rule, of disclosing the patient’s medical secrets. The grounds for disclosing it without the consent of the person are being considered. The right to preserve health information is not absolute, and some exceptions to confidentiality rules are in the best interests of the patient or the public interest. There are circumstances, including a statutory obligation to share certain information, for example, to report diseases to be notified when a medical clinic will have to disclose or allow access to information contained in a patient’s medical record. For example, disclosure of information may be justified in the interests of protecting society and its members from the risks of spreading dangerous infectious diseases or committing criminal acts. The benefits of such disclosure should outweigh the risk that patients may not seek medical help or may change the personal information they disclose to their doctor due to concerns that their privacy will be violated. At the same time, the clinic should not disclose more information than is required. It is noted that the law does not clearly regulate the right of a doctor to disclose medical secrets in order to protect the safety of a patient or other persons, which is a gap. A proposal has been made to add this basis to the law.
Keywords: medical secrecy, information, consent, patient, confidentiality.
Article bibliography
1. Divaeva I. R., Ermoolenko T. V. Responsibility of medical workers for disclosure of medical secrets // Journal “Law: Retrospective and Prospective”. – No. 1 (5), January-March. – 2021.
2. Pashchenko P. S. Legal problems of medical secrets // E-Scio. – 2020.
3. Pushkareva A. N. Legal nature of protection of medical (or medical) secrets under the legislation of the Russian Federation // Power of Law. – 2016. – No. 1 (25). – P. 196-203.
4. Radov V. V., Zhurilov N. V. Problems of law in regulating medical confidentiality // Medical law: theory and practice. – 2020. – Vol. 6, No. 2 (12). – P. 142-149.
5. Ryzhova O. A., Pamenkova I. A. Responsibility for disclosure of medical confidentiality // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. – 2017. – Vol. 5, No. 3 (19).
6. Serebryakov A. A. Admissibility of providing information constituting a medical secret in the public interest // Russian-Asian Legal Journal. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 28-32.
7. Feoktistov D. E. Theoretical issues of the legal regime of information constituting and not constituting a medical secret // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. – 2021. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – P. 99-109.
8. Rubanova M. E., Portenko N. N., Maslyakov V. V. Legal aspects of medical secret. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-aspekty-vrachebnoy-tayny?ysclid=lvrqpp8ya5455673999.

CIVIL LAW
ABDUZHALILOV Timur Farhodovich
magister of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering Expertise, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PANTELEEVA Anastasiya Alexandrovna
magister of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering Expertise, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
FOGEL Alena Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PONOMARENKO Anatoliy Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Engineering, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF WILDLIFE USE AND PROTECTION
The article describes the features of legal liability for natural resource violations in the sphere of use and protection of wildlife objects. With the help of the formal legal method and the application of legal interpretation, a comprehensive study of the system of legal liability in the natural resource sphere is carried out in the key of literacy of its normative and theoretical construction and technical and applied feasibility. The advantages of the existing regulatory frameworks are determined and the ways to level the identified problems of legal regulation are provided. The authors focus the research vector on the issues of legal protection and use of wildlife objects, highlighting the features of their legal regime and the specifics of legal liability in this area. Based on the results of the study, proposals are being formed to improve the regulatory legal regulation by specifying the provisions on legal liability for natural resource violations. The results of the study are integrative in nature and potentially applicable to increase the efficiency of the protection and use of wildlife objects.
Keywords: damage assessment, environmental objects, legal framework, environmental expertise, sustainable development, interdisciplinary research, natural resource law, integrated approach, legal liability, minimization of offenses, legal assessment, wildlife, objects of law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Silyakova E. D. Features of civil liability for violation of environmental legislation // Science and education: history and modernity: electronic collection of materials of 74-75 intra-university scientific and practical conferences, April 19-20, 2022 / Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, branch of the South Ural State University (NRU) in Nizhnevartovsk. – Nizhnevartovsk: Publishing center of SUSU, 2022. – P. 87-89.
2. Obukhova T. L. Compensation for damage caused by violation of environmental legislation in the form of environmental liability // Russian state and society in new historical conditions. The main results of scientific work at the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management in 2022: collection of scientific articles of the scientific and practical conference, February 08, 2023. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management – branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration”, 2023. – P. 148-150.
3. Kaimova A. B., Turdaliev A. U. Features of legal liability for violation of environmental and nature protection legislation // Priority areas of science development in the modern world: collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference, November 15, 2022. – Ufa: Limited Liability Company “Scientific Publishing Center “Vestnik Nauki””, 2022. – P. 230-237.
4. Sokolnikova E. A. Features of legal protection of wildlife during subsoil use on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17, No. 1. – P. 184-189.
5. Sartania N. G., Sorokoletova M. A. Animal world as an object of legal protection // Ural Scientific Bulletin. – 2022. – Vol. 1, No. 12. – P. 12-16.
6. Ivanova S. V., Yastrebov O. A. Legal support of public administration in the field of protection and use of wildlife. – Moscow: Infra-M, 2023. – 180 p.
7. Demina E. P. Powers of prosecutors aimed at identifying violations of environmental and ecological legislation // Agrarian and land law. – 2024. – No. 4 (232). – pp. 155-158.

CIVIL LAW
ALEXANDROV Roman Dmitrievich
postgraduate student, Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property of the Russian Federation, Senior Specialist of the Special Systems Department of JSC “CENKI”
LOYALTY PROGRAMS IN THE SYSTEM OF LOCAL REGULATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The article studies the essential characteristics of loyalty programs. Until recently, loyalty programs were the object of study by representatives of economic science. Due to the huge spread of loyalty programs by economic entities in civil turnover, there is an interest in their study by representatives of legal science, in connection with which “loyalty programs” have acquired the status of an interdisciplinary object of study. The definition of loyalty programs is presented, as well as a brief characteristic of their groups, types and kinds. Approaches to the consideration of the problems of legal regulation of loyalty programs in the works of domestic jurists are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of determining the legal nature of loyalty programs, in particular, their dual nature: on the one hand, they represent civil law agreements between the participants (business entity and client (consumer)), on the other hand, they can be considered as local acts that establish the rules of interaction within the business entity, creating rights and obligations for structural units and/or individual employees. In this regard, “loyalty programs” are presented as a complex legal institution combining elements of ccivil law transactions and local regulation. On the basis of the analysis, the directions of improvement of legal regulation in this area are proposed. As a result, loyalty programs emerge as a complex legal institution that combines elements of civil law transactions and internal corporate regulation.
Keywords: loyalty programs, local normative acts, business entity, management bodies of the legal entity, agreement.
Article bibliography
1. Bel’dina O. G., Burlaka S. N. Legal regulation of loyalty programs // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. 2022. No. 11-2.
2. Vasin Yu. V., Lavrentiev L. G., Samsonov A. V. Effective loyalty programs. How to attract and retain customers. Moscow: Alpina Publisher, 2007. 152 p.
3. Kerimov D. A. Selected Works: in 3 volumes. Vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House “Academy”, 2007. Page 376.
4. Laptev V. A. Sources of Entrepreneurial Law in the Russian Federation: dis. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.03. Moscow, 2018. 381 pages.
5. Marketing: A Comprehensive Explanatory Dictionary / [A. P. Pankrukhin et al.]; edited by I. S. Berezina, S. V. Karpova, N. R. Koro, S. V. Pavlov, I. I. Skorobogatykh; NP “Guild of Marketers”. 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Dashkov i K°, 2022. 520, [4] pages.
6. Pyankova A. F. Protection of consumer rights when using loyalty programs // Perm legal almanac. 2021. No. 4.

CIVIL LAW
VARTANOV Artem Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
FEDERAL LAW OF 08.08.2024 “ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION” AS A NEW STEP IN THE EVOLUTION OF COPYRIGHT
The article examines the impact of digitalization on intellectual property legislation in Russia with an emphasis on the new No. 330-FZ dated 08.08.2024 “On the development of creative (creative) industries in the Russian Federation”. A detailed analysis of the provisions of the new law is given, including the scope of its regulation, goals and mechanisms for supporting creative industries. Particular attention is paid to how the law addresses existing gaps in copyright protection in the digital space and establishes a framework for government support for creative industries. The study concludes that this legislative change marks an important shift in the strategy of the Russian Federation to protect intellectual property rights and support the creative economy in the digital age.
Keywords: copyright, intellectual property, creative industries, digitalization, creativity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gryaznov S. A. Creativity as a driver of economic development // Economics and business: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 8 (114). – P. 68-70.
2. Pashchenko I. Yu. Counter-sanction information and restriction of dissemination of information in the context of sanctions pressure on the Russian Federation // NB: Administrative law and practice of administration. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 45-54.
3. Pronin A. A. Legal regulation of creative industries in the Russian Federation // In the book: Economy and law in new realities: challenges of our time. Akhmetov M. G., Tsiku S. Yu., Syvorotkina I. Yu., Valkiria N. I., Dudchenko O. S., Frolova T. Yu., Konovalenko O. L., Gumenyuk E. V., Pronin A. A. – Rostov-on-Don, 2024. – P. 83-112.

CIVIL LAW
VOLKOV Grigoriy Gennadievich
postgraduate student, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CORRELATION OF SYNALLAGMA WITH CONSIDERATION AND WILL’S AUTONOMY
The paper analyzes correlation between synallagma with consideration and autonomy of will. The study focuses on the question of what exchange should be considered sufficient to conclude that synallagma is present: factual or ideal. The influence of the distribution of the risk of accidental death by the parties to the contract on the conclusion about the presence of synallagma is analyzed, and the problem of flickering causa is considered. Special attention is paid to the analysis of insurance and subscription contracts for the presence of synallagma.
Keywords: synallagma, obligations mutual, real contracts, compensation, autonomy of will, risk of accidental territory, flickering of causa, emptio spei.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Benöhr H.P. Das sogenannte Synallagma in den Konsensualkontrakten des klassischen römischen Rechts. Hamburg, Cram: de Gruyter, 1965, p. 8. 38.
2. Fikentscher W., Heinemann A. Schuldrecht. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2006. 38 p.
3. Grünhut C.S. Journal of the Private and Social Law of the United States. Vienna: Universität Vienna. Vol. 12. 1884. 358, 370 p.
4. Van den Daele W. Probleme des gegenseitigen verstrages: Untersuchungen zur akvivalisz gegenseitiger leistungsplichten. Hamburg: Cram. de Gruyter & Co. 1968. 26 p.
5. Belov V. A. Civil law. T. II. General part. Persons, goods, facts: Textbook for bachelors. Moscow, 2012. P. 223.
6. Golewinski V. On the origin and division of obligations. Warsaw: Type. Osip Berger, 1872.
7. Dozhdev D. V. Roman private law: textbook / Under the general editorship of Nersesyants V. S. Roman private law 3rd ed., corr. and add. Textbook. Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2014. Pp. 551, 552.
8. Batishchev A. O., Gromov A. A., Karapetyan A. G. [et al.]. Performance and termination of an obligation: commentary on Articles 307-328 and 407-419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Responsible. editor A. G. Karapetyan. Moscow: Statut. 2022. 966 p.
9. Karapetyan A. G. Conditional rights and obligations: an overview of problematic issues of the application of Art. 157 and 327 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 6. Pp. 97-99.
10. Dozhdev D. V. Roman Private Law: textbook. Moscow, 2014. Pp. 583.
11. Khaskelberg B. L., Rovny V. V. Consensual and real contracts in civil law / Civil Law: Selected works. Tomsk: OJSC “Izdatelstvo” Krasnoe Znamya “, 2008. Pp. 158,159.
12. Shcherbakov N. B. Emptio rei speratae and Emptio spei: in search of the concept of an aleatory transaction // Civil Law: modern problems of science, legislation, practice: collection of articles for the anniversary of Dr. of Law, Prof. E. A. Sukhanova. M., 2018. S. 612-613.
13. Efimov V. V. Dogma of Roman Law. St. Petersburg, 1901. S. 429.
14. Godeme E. General Theory of Obligations. M., 1948. S. 32.

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
THE LEGAL CATEGORY OF “PUBLIC INTEREST” WHEN DECLARING TRANSACTIONS INVALID ON THE INITIATIVE OF THE PROSECUTOR
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal category of “public interest” when applied in the mechanism of recognizing a transaction as invalid at the initiative of the prosecutor. The current procedural legislation significantly expands the competence of the prosecutor’s office in recognizing transactions as invalid. However, legal issues of an interdisciplinary nature related to the qualification of the public interest, which is used in various regulatory acts in the field of public and private law, remain unresolved. An analysis of the acts of interpretation at the level of the judicial highest bodies allows the author to conclude that the statutory prohibition should be considered as one of the signs of the composition for recognizing a transaction as invalid under paragraph 2 of Article 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the law enforcement practice of recognizing a transaction as invalid at the request of the prosecutor showed that it is still in the formation stage. At the present stage, judicial practice is formed regarding voidable transactions, where violation of legislative norms in encroachment on the public interest leads to the satisfaction of the prosecutor’s demands.
Keywords: prosecutor’s office, public interest, transaction, invalidation of a transaction, voidable transaction, voidable transaction, powers of the prosecutor.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bakaeva O. Yu., Pogodina N. A. On the relationship between private and public interests // Journal of Russian Law. 2011, no. 4, pp. 36-47.
2. Galeeva G.E., Zulfalieva V.G., Khasanova A.R. On the issue of public interest in the participation of the prosecutor in arbitration proceedings // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. 2020. no. 12-3 (51). pp. 76-80.
3. Gorshunov D.N. Private law norms and their implementation: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Kazan, 2003. 23 p.
4. Deryugina T.V., Kvitsinia E.V. Application of the category “public interest” in regulating private law relations // Legal Concept Legal paradigm. 2023. Vol. 22, No. 3. Pp. 79-87.
5. Kryazhkov A. V. Public interest: concept, types and protection // State and Law. 1999. No. 10. Pp. 91-99.
6. Kuzbagarov E. A., Maksimov V. A. Genesis and practice of applying the consequences of invalidity of transactions made for the purpose contrary to the foundations of legal order // Criminalist. 2024. No. 3 (48). P. 137-145.
7. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated 08.06.2004 N 226-O “On the refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of the open joint-stock company “Ufa Oil Refinery” on the violation of constitutional rights and freedoms by Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the third paragraph of clause 11 of Article 7 of the Law of the Russian FFederation “On the Tax Authorities of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=49667&dst=100011&field=134&rnd=7GsPzQ#8jg7kgUWWwJq3AQw (date of access: 03.03.2025).
8. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 23.06.2015 No. 25 “On the application by the courts of certain provisions of Section I of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. 2015. No. 8.
9. Decision of the Arbitration Court of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region in case No. A56-13844/2023 dated May 17, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/arbitral/doc/DL3wrx1wvJHV/ (date of access: 03/05/2025).
10. Rodionova O. M. Public and private interests in the changing civil law of Russia: unity in diversity // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Tutafin. 2023. No. 5. P. 101-110.
11. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Public law: textbook. M.: BEK, 1995. 496 pp.

CIVIL LAW
DYUZHENKOV Nikolay Andreevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPTS OF THE INSTITUTION OF PROPERTY IMMUNITIES
In connection with the development of legal relations in the field of legal immunities, the question of their legal nature, the history of their origin and development is of key importance. The legal doctrine identifies several concepts for the development of immunities, but their detailed analysis demonstrates that these concepts explain the origin of international and public law immunities, but do not provide a sufficient understanding of the genesis of property immunities common in insolvency (bankruptcy) and enforcement proceedings. The study of the key sources of law regulating property immunities in different periods of legislative development allows us to conclude that property immunities have an absolutely independent history of formation and development, have a specific purpose and range of subjects to which the immunities apply.
Keywords: bankruptcy, insolvency, enforcement proceedings, immunity, property immunity, bankruptcy estate.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Anufrieva L.P. International private law: in 3 volumes – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M., 2002. – V. 2. – P. 84-90.
2. Barikhin A. B. Large legal encyclopedic dictionary. – M., 2000. – P. 204.
3. Golmsten A. Kh. Historical essay on the Russian bankruptcy process / Ed. A. G. Smirnykh. – 2nd ed. – M.: Izd. knigi.com, 2019. – P. 26.
4. Ermakova E. P. Some problems of the development of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in comparison with similar regulations of the USA and the PRC. Russian proceduralists on law, law and judicial practice: on the 20th anniversary of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: monograph / D. B. Abushenko, M. A. Aliyeskerov, T. K. Andreeva et al.; ed. V. Molchanov. – M.: Statut, 2023. – P. 228.
5. Isaev M. A. Explanatory Dictionary of Old Russian Legal Terms. From Treaties with Byzantium to the Charters of the Moscow State. – M., 2001. – P. 83.
6. Isaenkov A. A. Immunities in the Civil Procedural Law of Russia: Dissertation of a Candidate of Legal Sciences. – Saratov, 2016. – P. 120.
7. Malyushin K. A. Principles of Civil Executive Law: Problems of Concept and System / Scientific ed. V. Yarkov. – M.: Infotropic Media, 2011. – P. 4.
8. Mikhailov M. History of the Formation and Development of Russian Civil Procedure before the Code of 1649. – St. Petersburg, 1848. – P. 121.
9. Monuments of Russian law / Edited by S. V. Yushkov. Issue 2. Monuments of the law of feudal-fragmented Rus’ of the 12th – 15th centuries / Compiled by A. A. Zimin. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1953. – P. 131.
10. Potemkin V. P. History of diplomacy. Volume 1: from ancient times to modern times. – M.: 1941-1945. – P. 75.
11. Repyev A. G. Immunity as a category of Russian law: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Saratov, 2011. – P. 18.
12. Russian legislation of the 10th – 20th centuries: In 9 volumes: Volume 2. Legislation of the period of formation and strengthening of the Russian centralized state / Ed. A. D. Gorsky. – P. 104.
13. Sergeev F. P. Formation of the Russian diplomatic language (11th – 17th centuries). – Lvov: Vishcha shkola, 1978. – P. 179.
14. Sumenkov S. Yu. Legal immunity as an exception to the rule: historical and legal aspect // History of the state and law. – 2010. – No. 12. – P. 41-43.
15. Yuzefovich L. A. “How it is done in ambassadorial customs …”: [Russian ambassadorial custom of the late 15th – early 17th centuries]. – M.: International Relations, 1988. – P. 41.
16. Yushkova Yu. A. Immunity as a legal category: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2008. – P. 22.

CIVIL LAW
IVANOV Sergey Vadimovich
postgraduate student, Moscow University “Synergy”
ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE INDIRECT TRANSFERS FOR QUALIFICATION AS CIRCUMVENTION OF LAW
The article examines offshore indirect transfers of assets through the sale of shares of foreign companies from the perspective of civil law, particularly on qualifying such transactions as circumvention of the law. The author analyzes the legal nature of these transactions, highlighting their key civil law characteristics. Special attention is paid to the civil law consequences of recognizing such schemes as circumvention of the law. The paper substantiates the need to develop clear civil law criteria to distinguish between legitimate optimization and abuse of rights in cross-border corporate transactions.
Keywords: circumvention of law, civil law, offshore schemes, indirect asset transfers, invalidity of transactions, abuse of rights, corporate rights, cross-border transactions, sham transactions, simulated transactions.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Podshivalov T. P. Circumvention of the law in international private law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 8. – P. 145-153.
2. Sadikov O. Abuse of rights in the Civil Code of Russia // Business and Law. – 2002. – No. 2. – P. 42.
3. Sadikov, O. N. Mandatory norms in international private law // Moscow Journal of International Private Law. – 1992. – No. 2. – P. 79.
4. Podshivalov T. P. Conflict aspect of application of the doctrine of “lifting the corporate veil” // International public and private law. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 23.

CIVIL LAW
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
BRYACHNEVA Olesya Pavlovna
student, Samara State University of Economics
MARAKHOVA Darya Yurjevna
student, Samara State University of Economics
PODSTRESHNY Pavel Vladimirovich
student, Samara State University of Economics
CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PROJECTS IN LAW
This article is devoted to the consideration of the concept of cross-design in jurisprudence as an interdisciplinary approach aimed at solving various problems in the field of law. In the course of the research, the authors consider the concept of this legal institution, provide examples of successful cross-disciplinary projects of lawyers, analyze the advantages and challenges of this area in law at the present stage, as well as problems that may stand in the way of integrating disciplines with each other.
Keywords: law, design, interdisciplinarity, cross-projects, legal integration.
Article bibliographic list
1. Kantorovich E. H. Two bodies of the king. A study in medieval political theology. – Second ed., revised / Translated from English by M. A. Boytsov and A. Yu. Seregina. – M., 2015. – 752 p.
2. Melikovsky A. A. Interdisciplinary approach in the theory of law // Development of law in the context of interdisciplinary interaction: collective monograph. – St. Petersburg, 2023. – P. 329-343.
3. Melikovsky A. A. Jurisprudence and the problem of interdisciplinarity // Education and law. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 224-229.
4. Nersesyan V. S. Modern law: theory and methodology: monograph / Ed. V. V. Lapaeva. – M., 2019. – P. 304.
5. Chechulin K. V. “Cross-cultural studies in the field of corruption prevention: comparison of approaches of different countries” // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 51 (550). – P. 651-653.

CIVIL LAW
KULAGIN Igor Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
BANKING SECRECY AND PRIVACY IN CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY PLATFORMS
A large number of discussions and open questions about the introduction of digital currencies require attention from legal science. The current situation in the field of legislation in this area determines the relevance of various studies in the field of law regulating new forms of financial relations using digital currencies of central banks. In the Russian Federation, this area seems to be a higher priority, compared to similar ones in Western countries. Using the example of a number of bills and adopted regulations, the authors consider some problematic issues and conflicts that require careful consideration and comparison with the current situation in the banking industry. It isproposed to consolidate in legislation the requirements for ensuring the confidentiality and protection of information about customer accounts in the Digital Ruble platform for the Bank of Russia.
Keywords: banking secrecy, digital ruble, digital ruble platform, Bank of Russia, confidentiality, banking law.
Article bibliography
1. Bortnikov S.P. Digital money and digital accounts in central banks // Bulletin of the Samara State University of Economics. Economics. 2020. No. 3 (185).
2. Weber M. Economy and society: essays on understanding sociology: In 4 vols. Vol. 3. Law (translated from German; compiled, general editorship and foreword by L. G. Ionin). Moscow: Publ. HSE House, 2018.
3. Weber M. Selected Works: Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism. 2nd ed., suppl. and corrected. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2006. 656 p.
4. Zubov V. V., Ivlev V. Yu., Oseledchik M. B. On the Philosophy of Banking // Humanitarian Bulletin. 2024. No. 1 (105).
5. Ihering R. The Struggle for Law // Selected Works. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1. SPb .: Legal Center Press, 2006.
6. Kulagin I. Yu. Some Historical and Legal Aspects of the Origin, Formation and Crisis of the Institute of Bank Secrecy // International Public and Private Law. 2025. No. 1.
7. Lysenkova V. N. Linguistic representation of the concept PRIVACY (based on idiomatic expressions of the English language) // Philological sciences. Theoretical and practical issues. 2022. No. 12.
8. Makarov, E. S. Sociological problem of trust in monetary units: institutional factor // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. 2020. Vol. 23, No. 5.
9. Fadeeva I. M., Tikhonova E. V. Formation of trust relationships in the sphere of banking services // Bulletin of the Mordovian University. 2011. Vol. 21, No. 3.
10. Frank S. L. Selected works. M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010. 664 p.
11. Khromchenko M. D. Digital Ruble Platform as an Object of Financial and Legal Regulation // Current Issues of Russian Law. 2024. T. 19, No. 8 (165).

CIVIL LAW
SCOBILEVA Irina Vyacheslavovna
student of the 4th year of the bachelor’s degree in the field of study 03/40/01 “Jurisprudence”, Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
MAKHONIN Danila Dmitrievich
student of the 4th year of the bachelor’s degree in the field of study 03/40/01 “Jurisprudence”, Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
USACHEV Alexander Sergeevich
magister student of the 1st year of the degree in the field of training M6124-40.04.01usdop “Legal support of the activities of public authorities and representation in court”, Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
KORNEVA Kristina Alexeevna
assistant of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
COMPENSATION AS A WAY TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The article studies the legal nature of compensation as a method of protection of intellectual rights in Russia and abroad. The article analyzes the issues of the complexity of determining the amount of compensation and the possibility of the court to go beyond the amount of compensation established by law; the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation are given. The draft law, which may lead to a decrease in the amount of compensation, is considered, the consequences of its adoption and its impact on the rights and legitimate interests of the right holder are analyzed.
Keywords: intellectual property, intellectual rights, exclusive rights, results of intellectual activity and means of individualisation, compensation, method of protection, damages, multiple violations, sanction, statutory damages, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Intellectual Property Law. Vol. 1. General Provisions / Ed. L. A. Novoselova. Moscow: Statut. 2017. Page 96.
2. Blair R. D., Konter T. F. Economic Analysis of the Norms on Compensation for Damage in Intellectual Property Law. // William & Mary Law Review. Volume. 39. 1998. P. 5.

CIVIL LAW
TELIBEKOVA Damira Bakytbekovna
postgraduate student of Legal regulation of economic activity sub-faculty, Law Faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
CONVERTIBLE LOAN AND OPTION: ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL NATURE
The article examines the features of the legal structure of a convertible loan and an option as modern instruments of venture and corporate financing. An analysis of the current Russian legislation and legal positions on the issues of qualification of these structures has been conducted. Particular attention has been paid to the legal differences between a convertible loan and an option, including the legal nature, essence, registration procedure, implementation mechanism, etc. The conducted research is aimed at forming a uniform approach to the legal qualification of these instruments and increasing legal certainty for entities under a convertible loan agreement and an option.
Keywords: convertible loan, option, legal nature, legal structure, essence, implementation.
Article bibliography
1. Tyakhti V. E. Convertible loan agreement and its relationship with financial transactions // Issues of Russian justice. – 2021. – No. 16. – P. 297-308.
2. Tsvetkova E. S. Comparison of a Convertible Loan Agreement and an Option Agreement from the Standpoint of Protecting Investors’ Rights Using the Example of Limited Liability Companies // Notarial Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 4-16.
3. Sushkova O. V. Convertible Loan as a Mechanism for Startup Development // Bulletin of O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2022. – No. 12 (100). – P. 110-117.
4. Mareev Yu. L. Convertible Loan: Essence and Features // Legality and Law and Order. – 2022. – No. 4 (36). – P. 43-47.
5. Seveeva K. V. Option agreements in corporate law: specialty 5.1.3. “Private law (civil) sciences”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Law. – Moscow: Moscow State University, 2023.
6. Muzafarov E. E. Practice of applying option programs: Russian and foreign experience // Business and Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 3-22.

CIVIL LAW
CHERNIKOV Dmitriy Porfirjevich
postgraduate student, Moscow University of Finance and Industry “Synergy”
CRYPTOCURRENCY AS A LEGAL MEANS OF PAYMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF REGULATION
In the context of the rapid development of digital technologies and the emergence of new forms of property relations, the problem of legal recognition of cryptocurrencies as a legitimate means of payment is becoming particularly relevant. At the current stage, Russian legislation is forming a restrictive approach, recognizing the status of property for cryptocurrencies and at the same time prohibiting its use in settlements. The article analyzes the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation, including the Federal Law of July 31, 2020. No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.” Conceptual approaches to determining the legal nature of cryptocurrencies are considered, theoretical models (substantive, binding, sui generis) are discussed, and legal risks and limitations preventing the legalization of cryptocurrency payments in civil circulation are investigated. The directions of reforming Russian legislation are proposed, including the possibility of introducing experimental legal regimes and reviewing existing prohibitions.
The methodological basis of the article consists of the following methods.
The legal and dogmatic method was used to analyze regulatory legal acts regulating the status of cryptocurrencies in the Russian Federation: first of all, Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated 06/31/2020 “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”, the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Articles 128, 140), as well as amendments to the Tax Code that entered into force in 2025.
The system-structural approach allowed us to consider cryptocurrencies in the context of the general system of objects of civil rights and identify structural inconsistencies between the actual properties of cryptocurrencies and the current legal model.
The analytical method was used in the study of scientific literature and conceptual approaches of Russian authors to the issue of the legal nature of cryptocurrencies.
The critical method made it possible to identify internal contradictions in legislation: for example, the recognition of cryptocurrencies as property in some industries and the simultaneous establishment of a ban on its use in settlements in others.
The regulatory and predictive method was used in the formulation of proposals for the adjustment of legal regulation in order to allow the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment.
Conclusions
Cryptocurrency in current Russian law has a fragmented legal regime that allows it to be recognized as an object of property relations (for tax purposes, enforcement proceedings, bankruptcy, etc.), but does not consolidate it as an independent object of civil rights in the system of art. 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. [2] This creates legal uncertainty in the resolution of civil law disputes related to the circulation of cryptocurrencies.
Federal Law of July 31, 2020 Federal Law No. 259-FZ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” provides for the possibility of using digital currency as a means of payment, but at the same time introduces a direct ban on receiving it as a counter-representation for goods, works and services for residents of the Russian Federation, this indicates a contradiction between the normative structure and the actual needs of the subjects of civil turnover. [9] Such a conflict restricts the functional use of cryptocurrencies and hinders its legal integration into the economy.
The absence of a legal issuer and centralized management of cryptocurrency cannot serve as a basis for excluding it from the list of objects capable of performing a payment function, since in civil law, circulation is based on the autonomy of the will and the economic value of the object, and not on its origin. The recognition of the “value in circulation” property of the cryptocurrency confirms the possibility of its circulation with appropriate legal registration.
The recognition of cryptocurrencies as a full-fledged legal means of payment in the Russian Federation is possible subject to the regulatory specification of the mechanism of admission to circulation: through the legal regime of a “limited means of payment” – for example, within the framework of experimental legal regimes, or in certain sectors of the economy.
There is an urgent need to develop a special legal regime for cryptocurrencies that goes beyond the traditional “money-property” dichotomy. This can be achieved by including cryptocurrencies in the list of independent objects of civil rights (Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), indicating its features and acceptable areas of application, as well as through the unification of terminology and the elimination of internal contradictions of current legislation.
Results
An analysis of the current regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies in Russia has been conducted, which establishes that despite the consolidation of the concept of “digital currency”, it does not give it the full status of a means of payment. On the contrary, a ban has been introduced on the use of cryptocurrencies as counter-payments for goods, works and services (paragraph 5 of Article 14), which limits its turnover in civil circulation.
A study of the amendments to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which entered into force on January 1, 2025, showed that cryptocurrency is recognized as property solely for tax purposes, but this does not automatically entail its recognition as an object of civil rights. This fragmentation generates a split legal structure in which the cryptocurrency has legal personality in some areas and is deprived of it in others [10].
The scientific doctrine demonstrates the polarity of approaches to the legal nature of cryptocurrencies. The discussion is formulated between three approaches: some authors are inclined to recognize cryptocurrencies as an incorporeal thing; another part refers to cryptocurrencies to the law of obligations; the third group suggests considering cryptocurrencies through the prism of a “one-of-a-kind” object (sui generis object), which is not unambiguously related to the mandatory or substantive approach.
Based on the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the main problem of existing restrictions is the lack of a legal framework for regulation. However, in the legal sense, this is not an insurmountable barrier, but only indicates the need to create legal filters for the admission of cryptocurrencies into circulation.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the possibility of fully recognizing cryptocurrencies as a legitimate means of payment and using them in settlements for transactions in the legal order of the Russian Federation, taking into account current legislation, legal doctrine and the specifics of civil turnover.
Keywords: cryptocurrency, digital currency, means of payment, legal regime, civil law, digital assets, legal regulation, legislation of the Russian Federation, international experience.
Article bibliography
1. Bashkatov M. L. Evolution of the civilistic concept of money in modern law // Dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dissovet.msu.ru/dissertation/2626 (date of access: 02.04.2025).
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of 26.01.1996 No. 14-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/ (date of access: 02.04.2025).
3. Information of the Bank of Russia dated March 12, 2025. “New experimental regime for transactions with cryptocurrencies”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/hotlaw/federal/1801861/ (date of access: 02.04.2025).
4. Cryptocurrencies: trends, risks, measures. Report for public consultations of the Bank of Russia. 2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/132241/Consultation_Paper_20012022.pdf (date accessed: 03.04.2025).
5. Lolaeva A. S., Makiev S. A., Butaeva E. S. Legal nature of cryptocurrency // Legal research. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 20-32. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=37110 (date accessed: 31.03.2025).
6. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_19671/ (date of access: 04.04.2025)
7. Definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated April 16, 2024 No. 69-K G24-3-K7 Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Electronic reference. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/lk/practice/acts?&numberExact=true&number=69-KG24-3-K7&actDateExact=off (date of access: 01.04.2025).
8. Sazhenov A. V. Cryptocurrencies: dematerialization of the category of things in civil law // Law. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 106–121. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://internet.garant.ru/#/document/77559180/paragraph/1:3 (date of access: 03.04.2025).
9. Federal Law “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” dated 31.07.2020 No. 259-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_358753/ (date of access: 04.04.2025).
10. Federal Law dated November 29, 2024 No. 418-FZ “On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_491749/ (date of access: 03.04.2025).
11. Federal Law of August 8, 2024 No. 221-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_482417/ (date of access: 03.04.2025).
12. Stablecoin surge: Here’s why reserve-backed cryptocurrencies are on the rise. World Economic Forum. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/03/stablecoins-cryptocurrency-on-rise-financial-systems/

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
MEDICAL NUTRITION FOR PATIENTS AT THE PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC, LEGAL BASIS
The article reveals the essence and importance of therapeutic nutrition during plastic surgery. The legal regulation of therapeutic nutrition during plastic surgery has been studied. It has been established that therapeutic nutrition for patients at a plastic surgery clinic is prescribed at the following stages: during a consultation, which includes, among other things, recommendations on proper nutrition for proper preparation for surgery; in postoperative care, since for optimal recovery and healing of wounds (pain relief, minimization of scars), the doctor prescribes medications to the patient, as well as appropriate foods; during subsequent visits, during which the plastic surgeon monitors the patient’s progress, monitors the patient’s compliance with nutritional therapy recommendations, and during patient education, during which the doctor explains to the patient the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle and follow these instructions. Recommendations are given on proper nutrition before and after surgery, and its importance for the successful operation and recovery after it is substantiated. It is noted that it is preferable for recommendations on therapeutic nutrition to be given by a professional nutritionist, therefore, given the importance of this issue proven above, plastic surgery clinics are recommended to involve these specialists to provide appropriate consultations to clients.
Keywords: therapeutic nutrition, nutrition, patient, surgery, body, foods, vitamins, nutrients.
Article bibliography
1. Evseev M. A., Boyarintsev V. V. Metabolism and nutritional support of a surgical patient. A guide for doctors. – St. Petersburg, 2017.
2. Naptsok B. K. Features of therapeutic nutrition and diet in the postoperative period // In the collection: Development of modern science: experience of theoretical and empiricalanalysis. Collection of articles of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Petrozavodsk, 2023. – P. 91-95.
3. Nutrition – 2040. Horizons of Science through the Eyes of Scientists. Ed. by V. V. Bessonov, V. N. Knyagin, M. S. Lipetskaya. – St. Petersburg: Strategic Research Fund – “North-West”, 2017. – 105 p.
4. Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics: National Guide / Ed. by V. A. Tutelyan, Dr. B. Nikityuk. – Moscow: Geotar-Media, 2020.
5. Fundamentals of Clinical Nutrition / Ed. by prof. L. Sobotka. – Prague, 2007.
6. Serikov P. V., Slepukhina A. V. Types of nutrition for surgical patients. The role of therapeutic nutrition in a surgical hospital // Science through the prism of time. – 2020. – No. 2 (35). – P. 65-67.
7. Pace L. A., Crowe S. E. Complex Relationships Between Food, Diet, and the Microbiome // Gastroenterol Clin North Am. – 2016. – Vol. 45 (2). – P. 253-265.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
ZAPISNAYA Tatyana Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor, senior researcher, of Civil process law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ON THE SEARCH FOR THE OPTIMAL MODEL OF THE PROCEDURAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR RESTORING THE MISSED PROCEDURAL PERIOD IN THE CIVIL PROCESS
The social, economic and digital transformation of public relations invariably affects the legal system, forcing legislators to look for new approaches to improve the effectiveness of civil proceedings. The institution of restoring procedural time limits, which was well developed in the doctrine of Soviet procedural law, was based entirely on the principle of validity and provided real guarantees of access to the court and the right to be heard in court. However, such a procedure no longer corresponds to the principle of procedural economy, which prompted the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to begin searching for a new effective model of a legal mechanism for restoring procedural time limits in the court of first instance, appeal, cassation and supervisory instances. The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the existing mechanism for restoring procedural deadlines in the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the APC of the Russian Federation and the CAS of the Russian Federation, and identifies advantages and disadvantages. The changes proposed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are considered, the disadvantages and advantages are shown. Conclusions are drawn about the development trends of the institute under study.
Keywords: the right to judicial protection, accessibility of the court, the principle of combining oral and written language, redundancy of judicial procedures, procedural time limit, procedural and legal mechanism for restoring the procedural time limit.
Article bibliography
1. Kuznetsov S. A. Some issues related to the restoration of the term for filing an appeal by the arbitration court // Judge. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 53-57.
2. Masalagiu R. M. Appellate proceedings in administrative cases: new approaches and old problems // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 31-37.
3. Sheremetova G. S. Restoration of procedural deadlines: innovations and issues of law enforcement // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 5-7.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
ORLOVA Irina Vitaljevna
senior lecturer of the Higher School of Private Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
SEPARATE ISSUES OF APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS BY COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION AND ARBITRATION COURTS OF SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS
The article deals with the issue of reimbursement of court expenses at the conclusion of amicable agreements by the parties, as well as at the approval of these agreements by courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts. Analyzing the terms of amicable agreements, the author comes to the conclusion that the parties to these agreements must comply with the imperative norms of tax and procedural law on the return to the plaintiff of the state duty paid by him from the budget in the case of approval of the amicable agreement in civil and arbitration proceedings. This norm is also obliged to apply the court of general jurisdiction and the arbitration court at approval of the amicable agreement, despite the presence of the parties’ right to settle the dispute on mutually acceptable terms.
Keywords: court costs, amicable agreement, determination on approval of amicable agreement, state duty, court of general jurisdiction, arbitration court.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bortnikova N.A. Legal expensesin civil proceedings // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. – 2025.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
DICH Roman Antonovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE LIMITS OF DIGITALIZATION OF ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS AS A STARTING ELEMENT OF REFORMS
This article examines the theoretical provisions regarding the permissible limits of digitalization of enforcement proceedings, forms an approach to determining such limits through risk factors of total digitalization of the sphere of enforcement, analyzes the positive and negative factors of the impact of digitalization of enforcement proceedings on human rights, highlights the European experience of the principles of using artificial intelligence technologies in law.
Keywords: enforcement proceedings, digitalization, human rights, bailiff, risks of digitalization, limits of digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Begichev A. V. The role of digitalization in the interaction of judicial and notarial bodies in the application of conciliation procedures // RUDN Journal of Law. – 2022. – Vol. 26, No. 2. – P. 489.
2. Kuznetsov E. N. The right to enforce judicial acts in the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Statut, 2022. – P. 366.
3. Payan G. Human rights and digitalization of justice // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 168.
4. Ustimova S. A., Rasskazova E. N. Digitalization of enforcement proceedings: advantages and problems // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 267–270. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-0454-2022-5-267-270. – P. 267–268.
5. Rusakova E. P., Bondarenko A. V., Lukianov M. Yu. Transformation of the legal paradigm of the civilistic process in the era of digitalization // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 10 (173). – P. 14-16.
6. Sherstyuk V. M. The right to be heard and to be heard – the principle of civil procedural law // Notes on modern civil and arbitration procedural law / Edited by Treushnikov M. K., 2004. – P. 57-63.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
EGOROV Egor Vladimirovich
lecturer of Civil process, public law and organization of bailiff services sub-faculty, All-Russian State University of Justice, postgraduate student of Arbitration, advocacy and notariate sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
PRINCIPLES OF LEGALITY, RULE OF LAW AND LEGAL CERTAINTY IN THE CIVIL PROCESS: CONCEPT, RELATION, DIFFERENTIATION
The article examines the principles of legality, the rule of law and legal certainty in relation to civil, arbitration procedural legislation and legislation on administrative proceedings. The article presents the historical genesis of the principles of legality and the rule of law in the procedural plane. Scientific views on their relationship in the field of judicial activity in civil cases are summarized, as well as doctrinal and law enforcement examples of their interpenetration and common areas of action. It is concluded that it is necessary to study the operation of these principles on the basis of an integrative (integral) type of legal understanding without contrasting them with each other.
Keywords: civil process, principle of legality, rule of law, legal certainty, legal force of a judicial act.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Avdyukov M. G. Soviet civil procedure [Text]. – M., 1979. – 367 p.
2. Akhmatov A. V. Legality and the rule of law (Rule of Law): theoretical and legal analysis [Text] // Scientific works of the Russian Academy of Advocacy and Notary. – 2023. – No. 4 (71). – P. 9-19.
3. Afanasyev S. F. The right to a fair trial: a theoretical and practical study of the influence of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on Russian civil proceedings: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of legal sciences [Text]. – Saratov, 2010. – 593 p.
4. Baskin Yu. Ya., Kornev A. V., Lazarev V. V., Lipen S. V. History of state-legal doctrines: textbook [Text] / Responsible. editor V. V. Lazarev. – M.: Spark, 2006. – 672 p.
5. Vas’kovsky, E. V. Course of civil procedure: subjects and objects of the process, procedural relations and actions [Text]. – M.: Statut, 2016. – 624 p.
6. Vilova M. G. Constitutional right to judicial protection and some principles of law: current approaches to their relationship [Text] // State power and local self-government. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 3-8.
7. Vlasova T. V. The principle of legality in the context of the rule of law [Text] // Agrarian and land law. – 2019. – No. 11.– P. 36-38.
8. Gagieva N. R. The principle of legality in civil procedural law [Text] // Business in law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 58-61.
9. Derbysheva E. A. The principle of legal certainty: concept, aspects, place in the system of principles of law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences [Text]. – Ekaterinburg, 2020. – 33 p.
10. Kleinman A. F. Soviet civil procedure: textbook [Text]. – M .: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1954. – 407 p.
11. Malyshev K. I. Course of civil proceedings. T. 1 [Text]. – St. Petersburg: Type. M. M. Stasyulevich, 1874. – 449 p.
12. Masalagiu R. The principle of legal certainty in science, the practice of the ECHR and its impact on the accessibility of justice at the stage of supervisory proceedings in civil and arbitration proceedings [Text] // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2009. – No. 7. – P. 22-25; No. 8. – P. 10-13.
13. Musin V. A. On the ruling of the ECHR [Text] // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 140.
14. Nemytina M. V. Problems of modern legal understanding [Text] // Modern research methods in jurisprudence / Ed. N. I. Matuzov, A. V. Malko. – Saratov: SyUi MVD Rossii, 2007. – P. 96-122.
15. Nefedyev E.A. Textbook of Russian civil procedure [Text]. – M.: Type. Imp. Mosk. University, 1883. – 403 p.
16. Pleshanov A.G., Fetisov A.K. The role of the principles of legality and justice in ensuring the implementation of the right to secrecy of communication: substantive and procedural aspects [Text] // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 58-60.
17. Rayanov F.M. Theory of the rule of law in Russia: status, ways of rethinking [Text] // Lex russica. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 14-25.
18. Slepchenko E. V. Civil proceedings: general characteristics and development trends [Text] // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 41-75.
19. Fetisov A. K. Civil proceedings as a guarantee of the right to privacy of communications [Text] // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 8-12.
20. Fursov D. A. Modern understanding of the principles of civil and arbitration procedure [Text]. – M., 2009. – 80 p.
21. Chirkin V. E. Rule of law: modern versions of terminology [Text] // Journal of Russian Law. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 5-11.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SCOBILEVA Irina Vyacheslavovna
student of the 4th year of the bachelor’s degree in the field of study 03/40/01 “Jurisprudence” of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
MAKHONIN Danila Dmitrievich
student of the 4th year of the bachelor’s degree in the field of study 03/40/01 “Jurisprudence” of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
USACHEV Alexander Sergeevich
magister student of the 1st year of the in the field of training M6124-40.04.01usdop “Legal support of the activities of public authorities and representation in court” of the Law School of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF RESOLVING LEGAL DISPUTES AND CONFLICTS: WORLD EXPERIENCE
The article analyzes the development of alternative forms of resolving legal disputes and conflicts in different countries of the world. Particular attention is paid to the study of the institution of alternative forms of dispute resolution in the United States, Germany, France and China. On the basis of comparative analysis, the advantages of alternative ways of dispute resolution are revealed in comparison with traditional court proceedings. The conclusion substantiates the need for further development of alternative forms of dispute resolution in Russia, taking into account the positive international experience.
Keywords: alternative forms of dispute resolution, mediation, arbitration, negotiation, conciliation, litigation, legal system.
Article bibliography
1. Arnold T. Why ADR // Alternative Dispute Resolution: How to Use it Your Advantage. ALI – ABA course of study. 1996. P. 19.
2. Afanasyeva T. I. Problems of integration of mediation and mediation technologies into legal activity // Bulletin of the Baikal State University. 2017. Vol. 27, No. 1. P. 90.
3. Markov S. M. Chinese model of mediation of labor disputes: sociological aspect // International research journal. 2015. No. 6 (37). P. 57-59.
4. Khudoykina T. V. Peaceful settlement and dispute resolution // Moscow journal of international law. 1998. No. 2. P. 52-60;

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SHANANIN Ilya Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Saratov State Law Academy
THE SPECIFICS OF RECOGNIZING A PARTICIPANT IN A SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION AS MISSING OR DEAD
The article examines fromthe material and procedural side of the procedure for recognizing a participant in a special military operation as missing or declaring him dead. The article reveals the specifics, including in terms of changes in the current legislation of the Russian Federation, which consists in shortening the time period for recognizing a serviceman as such. The impact of reducing the time limit on the presentation and evaluation of evidence is disclosed. The influence of the applicant’s legal purpose is indicated, both on the evidentiary process and on the adjudication as a whole. The formulation of the legal purpose through the prism of the evidentiary process in this category of cases is proposed. The rationale for reducing the time frame for declaring a participant in a special military operation missing or dead is summarized.
Keywords: military personnel, civil procedure, evidence, proving, legislator, special proceedings, legal purpose, deadlines.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bakhareva O. A. Procedural Features of Legal Proceedings on Recognizing a Participant of the SVO as Missing or Declaring Him Dead // Civil Law and Civil Procedure: Current Theory and Practice Issues. Proceedings of the IX All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. – 2024. – P. 55-59.
2. Myznikova E. A. Objectives in Law: Theoretical and Legal Analysis. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Krasnodar, 2011. – 28 p.
3. Handbook of Evidence in Civil Proceedings / Ed. by I. V. Reshetnikova – 7th ed., revised. and add. – M .: INFRA-M, 2025. – 472 p.
4. Tarasenkova A. N. Documents and facts: receive and confirm. – 2017. – No. 9. – 175 p.
5. Filippova S. Yu. Classification of legal goals (in the context of private law research // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 154-158.
6. Shundikov K. V. Goals and means in law. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Saratov, 1999. – 24 p.

FAMILY LAW
MAGOMEDOV Magomed Ruslanovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE
The article analyzes the digitalization of the marriage procedure in Russia, its advantages, legal and social challenges. The paper examines the opposing positions of researchers: some advocate the preservation of the traditional format of marriage registration, while others advocate the complete digitalization of this process. Legislative changes are also being analyzed, including the possibility of submitting applications through the Gosuslugi portal and prospects for further implementation of digital technologies, including biometric identification. Special attention is paid to the risks of digital marriage registration, such as the threat of fraud, cyber attacks, violations of the principle of voluntary marriage and digital inequality. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a hybrid approach that combines technological innovations with legal and social guarantees.
Keywords: remote registration, digitalization, registry office, marriage registration, legal risks.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Andreeva Y. V. Marriage through video conferencing: foreign experience and development prospects // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 17. – P. 208-220.
2. Akhmedov A. Ya. Atypical institutions of civil law in Russia: posing the question // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 127-130.
3. Gongalo B. M. Family law: textbook. – 4th ed., revised. and additional – M .: Statut. – 2019. – P. 69-70.
4. Krasnov I. I., Yushchenko N. V. Actual issues of marriage registration: engagement and digitalization // Theoretical and applied jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 3 (17). – P. 70-77.
5. Ryzhenkov A. Ya. On the influence of moral values ​​on the principles and norms of family law // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 155-162.
6. Sergeeva N. V. Comparative characteristics of the quality of public services in electronic form and MFC // Scientific notes of the Tambov branch of RosSMU. – 2019. – No. 16. – P. 111-118.

ARBITRATION PROCESS
MASKIN Kirill Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Civil process and business law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
DISCRETIONARY POWERS OF OFFICIALS OF THE ARBITRATION COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE TO FORM THE COMPOSITION OF THE COURT
The article is devoted to the analysis of powers of officials of the arbitration court of first instance, related to the consideration of the application of the judge on the need to form a collegial composition of the court. In the absence of clear regulatory provisions, the author notes the procedure and consequences of an official’s decision to consider a case by a collegial composition of the court. It is suggested that officials in this context should include not only the chief justice of the panel of judge, but also the chief justice of the judicial chambers and the chief justice of the court. The article substantiates the conclusion that within the arbitration court of first instance exist officials vested with special discretionary powers related to the formation of a collegial composition of the court.
Keywords: discretionary powers, official of the court, chief justice of the panel of judge, chief justice of the judicial chambers, chief justice of the court, composition of the court.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vas’kovsky E. V. Course of civil procedure: Subjects and objects of the process, procedural relations and actions. – M .: Statut, 2016 .– 624 p.
2. Extract from the minutes of the working group on the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation at the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated 16.06.2011 No. 2 “Resolutions of the Presidium, recommendations of the Scientific Advisory Council, decisions of the Working Group on procedural and legal issues (1997-2013)”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Koparushkina O. V. Collegial consideration of certain categories of cases in the arbitration court of first instance. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Patsatsiya M. Sh. On the collegiality and sole nature of the adoption of refusal determinations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “Garant”.
5. Minutes of the meeting of the Presidium of the FAS of the Ural District dated 25.07.2014 No. 11. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Reshetnikova I. V. Reflecting on legal proceedings: Selected. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.

FINANCIAL LAW
BORISENKO Ludmila Valentinovna
senior lecturer of Administrative and service law sub-faculty, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
AFRIKIAN Oleg Arturovich
magister student of the 2nd course, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
KHVAN Evgeniy Valerjevich
magister student of the 2nd course, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
SHVACHKIN Ilya Evgenjevich
magister student of the 2nd course, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FINANCIAL PROVISION OF THE STATE BORDER PROTECTION: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The article attempts to comprehensively consider various aspects of application of innovative technologies, in particular artificial intelligence systems, in financial provision of the State Border Protection, which is an element of the financial and legal regime of the State Border of the Russian Federation. A practical example of developing a machine learning model for predicting the number of considered court cases on offenses in the field of protection of the State Border and ensuring the regime of stay of foreign citizens is shown.
Keywords: inter-branch relations of administrative and financial law, financial and legal regime of protection of the state border, innovative digital technologies, artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, crowdfunding.
Article bibliography
1. Andrievsky K. V. Financial and legal regimes: dis. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2022. – P. 11-12.
2. Berladir Yu. V. Legal basis for financing the border service of the Russian Federation: dis. … Cand. Law. – Moscow, 2002. – 216 p.
3. Gromova E. A. Stimulating legal regimes of entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovations and technologies: dis. … doctor of law. – Kazan, 2024. – P. 51.
4. Degtyarev M. V. Innovative public-law regimes: dis. … doctor of law. – Moscow, 2024. – P. 4.
5. Kulikov A. S. Financial and legal regime of currency transactions in the Russian Federation: dis. … candidate of law. – Moscow, 2013. – 211 p.
6. Mashnich A. S., Ivanov A. A., Kirgizova N. P. Application of artificial intelligence in the interests of territorial defense of Russia // Student. – 2020. – Vol. 3, No. 11. – P. 2-3.
7. Financial law at the turn of the eras: monograph / Ed. I. I. Kucherov. – Moscow: Prospect, 2024. – P. 36-37.
8. Holcombe R. G. Public finance and the political process. – Southern Illinois: University Press, 1983. – P. 11.
9. Ige T., Kolade A., Kolade O. Enhancing Border Security and Countering Terrorism Through Computer Vision: A Field of Artificial Intelligence. In: Silhavy, R., Silhavy, P., Prokopova, Z. (eds) Data Science and Algorithms in Systems. – CoMeSySo, 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. – Vol. 597. – Springer, Cham. – P. 6.
10. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 2018. New AI computer vision system mimics how humans visualize and identify objects. Eurekalert.org, 20 December 2018. As of 11 August, 2020. – P. 25-28.

FINANCIAL LAW
KOVALISHINA Kseniya Viktorovna
student, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
FINANCIAL CONTROL IN MODERN CONDITIONS: PROBLEMS OF LEGAL UNDERSTANDING AND IMPLEMENTATION
The article analyzes the legal understanding and the essence of financial control through the prism of the points of view of various representatives of the modern doctrine of financial law. The problems of legal regulation and the right to implement financial control in the Russian Federation in modern conditions are revealed. Based on the analysis, the author suggests recommendations for improving the regulation of state financial control in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: financial sovereignty, state financial control.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Leksin I. V. State Sovereignty: the Illusion of Conceptual Diversity and the Diversity of Conceptual Illusions // Federalism. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 79-92.
2. Financial Sovereignty of the State: Theory and Legal Reality: Monograph / Ed. E. Yu. Gracheva. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 344 p.
3. Gracheva E. Yu. Problems of Legal Regulation of State Financial Control: dis. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.12. – Moscow, 2000. – 378 p.
4. Ovcharova E. V. Financial Control in the Russian Federation: Study Guide. – Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2019. – 224 p.
5. Zapolsky S. V., Vasyanina E. L. Digitalization of financial control: legal regulation // Legal informatics. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 4-12

FINANCIAL LAW
MAKARCHUK Zlata Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
POPUDRENKO Andrey Nikolaevich
magister student, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
REGULATION AND THE PROSPECT OF DEVELOPING A “BUY NOW, PAY LATER” SERVICE (BNPL) IN RUSSIA
The article discusses the “buy now, pay later” service as a type of payment by installations, regulation and regulatory convergence of the payment by installations regulation with the regulation of consumer loan. The author also notes the absence of special regulation of the activities of organizations providing the BNPL service in the Russian Federation and identifies a number of problematic issues related to the implementation of the BNPL service. In order to conduct a comparative legal analysis, the author examines the legal regulation of the BNPL service in the national legislation of the Kingdom of Sweden.
Keywords: BNPL service, regulation, payment by instalments, consumer loan, BNPL market.
Article bibliography
1. Gordya D. V. Development of the BNPL services market in Russia and abroad: opportunities and risks // Modern management technologies. – 2024. – No. 3 (107). – P. 1-9.
2. Ponomarev D. V., Kolchin S. P. Banking activity in the Russian Federation: trends and challenges // Audit statements. – 2024. – No. 2.
3. Lebedeva N. Yu., Kolosov A. I., Lobacheva E. S. Modern trends in digitalization in the banking sector // State and municipal administration. – Scientific notes. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 114-120.
4. Rubtsova N. V. Microfinance in the Russian Federation: changes in industry indicators in the context of global challenges // Baikal Research Journal. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 13-24.

FINANCIAL LAW
KOVALISHINA Kseniya Viktorovna
student, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF FINANCIAL CONTROL IN THE CURRENT LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article discusses some of the problems of legal regulation of state financial control in the Russian Federation. The current legislation is analyzed, as well as the positions of domestic scientists on this issue, problems and prospects for the development of current administrative, cake and financial legislation. The authors draw conclusions and make suggestions on the need to improve legal regulation in this area in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of financial control.
Keywords: state financial control, state coercion, legal responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Shokhin S. O. Features of the organization of state financial control in the People’s Republic of China // Financial Law. – No. 11. – 2024.
2. Shokhin S. O. Constitutional and legislative foundations of state financial control in foreign countries: Textbook. – Moscow: Prometey, 2025. – 440 p.
3. Ovcharova E. V. Concept and principles of financial control // State and Law. – 2012. – No. 11. – P. 77-86.
4. Guseinov A. A. Is it possible to morally justify violence? // Questions of Philosophy. – 2004. – No. 3. – P. 19-27.
5. Agapov A. B. Public coercion and legal autarky // Legal policy and legal life. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 34-43.
6. Petrakova M. S. Codification of legislation on administrative offenses in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan: a comparative legal study: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2024. – 215 p.
7. Shokhin S. O. State financial control in the Republic of India / S. O. Shokhin // International public and private law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 49-51.

TAX LAW
ARSLANBEKOVA Aminat Zaidullaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University
ALIEV Ali Timurovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University
CASH MANAGEMENT SERVICES AND CASH REGISTERS AS TOOLS FOR REDUCING THE SHADOW ECONOMY: THE NEED FOR IMPLEMENTATION AMONG INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN
The article discusses the role of RCO and KKT in increasing the transparency of financial transactions, the scale of the shadow economy in Dagestan and its impact on the region, the current level of use of KKT among individual entrepreneurs in the republic, barriers to implementation (economic, cultural, administrative). The author proposes measures to stimulate the use of KKT and RCO.
Keywords: cash register equipment, current account, tax law, shadow economy, digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Batarin A. A., Goncharenko L. I., Advokatova A. S. Tax evasion in the sphere of trade in retail markets: reasons and ways to overcome it // Finance: theory and practice. – 2025. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/uklonenie-ot-nalogooblozheniya-v-sfere-torgovli-na-roznichnyh-rynkah-prichiny-i-puti-preodoleniya (date of access: 12.04.2025).
2. Maslov K. V. Tax risk management in the implementation of public control in order to ensure the tax security of the state // Law enforcement. – 2025. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/upravlenie-nalogovymi-riskami-pri-osuschestvlenii-publichnogo-kontrolya-v-tselyah-obespecheniya-nalogovoy-bezopasnosti-gosudarstva (date of access: 12.04.2025).
3. Gusenova D. A., Kurbanova A. M. Legal problems of tourism development in the Republic of Dagestan* // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2013. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-problemy-razvitiya-turizma-v-respublike-dagestan (date of access: 04/12/2025).

TAX LAW
EREMYAN Artyush Armenovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd year of study, Faculty, Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
PECULIARITIES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES AND TAX AUTHORITIES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF TAXATION
The article considers current issues of interaction between law enforcement and agencies bodies specializing in taxation matters. The analysis of performance indicators of law enforcement agencies in identifying and investigating tax crimes and offenses is conducted, in particular, the concept of a tax offense and a tax crime is directly defined in accordance with the current legislation. Particular attention is paid in the article to the issues of determining the performance indicators of law enforcement agencies in investigating crimes in the field of taxation in order to identify gaps and shortcomings for developing proposals to improve the provisions of the current legislation and increase the effectiveness of law enforcement in this area. The main trends in the development of tax crime are studied and the directions for the development of interaction between law enforcement agencies and controlling tax authorities are determined in order to develop common areas of activity to achieve the goals. The article also contains practice-oriented recommendations for improving the mechanism of interaction between law enforcement and tax authorities in order to prevent the commission of tax crimes and minimize the negative consequences of their commission in the future.
Keywords: law enforcement, law enforcement agencies, tax crimes, tax service, taxpayer.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of December 6, 2011 No. 407-FZ “On Amendments to Articles 140 and 241 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Bashirova N. V. Use of accounting knowledge in the investigation of tax crimes. – Krasnodar: Krasnodar Publishing House. legal. in-ta, 2000. – 218 p.
3. Glushko D. E. Tax offenses and tax crimes // Taxes. – 2007. – No. 5. – P. 15-19.
4. Yesayan A. K., Truntsevskiy Yu. V. On the concept and features of schemes for committing financial crimes // Legal world. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 67-69.
5. Zrelov A. P., Krasnov M. V. Tax crimes / Ed. K. K. Sarkisov. – M.: Status-Quo 97, 2004. – 48 p.
6. Smirnov G. Tax crimes: the limits of liberalization // Electronic journal “Lawyer”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://gazeta-yurist.ru/article.php?i=1781.

TAX LAW
OLEYNIK Anton Denisovich
assistant researcher of the Center for Systems Analysis and Prospective Development in the field of education and science, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE VOLUNTARY TAX COMPLIANCE OF FOREIGN TAXPAYER ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA
The article examines the characteristics of the tax system of the Federal The Republic of Nigeria also considers the elements of tax liability that may arise in the development of a business in Nigeria, this is certainly a key criterion in the development of Russian-Nigerian cooperation. The tax system of Nigeria, one of the most economically developed countries on the African continent, is practically demanded in advising investment entrepreneurs on the economy of Nigeria.
Keywords: voluntary compliance of a tax obligation, tax liability, Nigeria, taxpayer, tax system, tax federalism.
Article bibliography
1. Adesola S. M. Income Tax Law and Administration in Nigeria. – Ife-Ife: University Press, 1986. – 264 p.
2. Arivodola D. A. Taxation of individuals in Nigeria: capital gains tax. – Lagos: Fundamental Publications, 1987. – 198 p.
3. Are Kolawole. Taxes and Tax Policy: The Nigerian Experience: Abstract of Candidate of Economic Sciences: 08.00.14 / Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN). – M., 1999. – 170 p.
4. Kozyrin A. N. Tax Law of Foreign Countries: Theoretical and Practical Issues. – M.: Manuscript, 1993. – 112 p.
5. Kozyrin A. N. Tax Law: A Textbook for Bachelor’s Degree / National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. – Moscow: HSE, 2021. – 489 p.
6. Kufakova N. A. Financial Law of Developing Countries. – M.: Publishing house of UDN, 1988. – 74 p.
7. Shahabuddin M. H. IMF report: Taxation and pricing of petroleum products in developing countries: a framework for analysis with regard to Nigeria / African Department – Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2003. – 27 p.
8. Olokooba S. M. Taxation of Nigeria: law, practice and procedures simplified / SpringerBriefs in law, 2019. – 186 p.
9. Egai Nimiye Adaka Features of financing the development of the Nigerian economy: abstract of dis. … candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.14 / Russian Peoples’ Friendship University (RUDN). – Moscow, 2001. – 209 p.
10. Sheila Bourne (ed.) Osborne Concise Law Dictionary. – 19th ed. Sweet and Maxwell, 2001. – 480 pp.

LAND LAW
BELOPLOTOV Anton Olegovich
postgraduate student of Land, urban planning and environmental law sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
PECULIARITIES OF FORMATION OF PUBLIC-LEGAL REGIME OF LAND USE WHEN CONNECTING CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION OBJECTS TO ENGINEERING NETWORKS
The article considers the existing legal mechanisms of registration of rights to land when connecting capital construction objects to engineering networks. The author analyzes doctrinal sources, as well as law enforcement practice on certain debatable issues of the considered sphere.
The author concludes that the legal mechanisms of registration of land rights for the placement of engineering networks are based on public-law tools, which is due to the need to create conditions for the implementation of socially important activities, the balance of private and public interests.
Keywords: technological connection, engineering networks, linear object, easement, public easement, use of lands without provision of land plots and establishment of easement
Article bibliographic list
1. Andreechev I. S. Fee for the use of lands in public ownership, without their provision to legal entities or individuals and the establishment of easements // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 75-87.
2. Anisimov A. P., Boltanova E. S. Limitation of private property rights by establishing public land easements: searching for a balance of interests // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 141-152.
3. Beloplotov A. O. On the issue of unauthorized construction of linear objects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 7 (194). – P. 280-283.
4. Beloplotov A. O. Registry errors in cadastral registration of linear objects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 11 (198). – P. 269-272.
5. Volkov Yu. V. Law of laying and servicing communication networks // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 56-67.
6. Gaevskaya E. Yu., Vagina O. V. Features of the use of land plots in state and municipal ownership, without their provision and establishment of an easement // Business, Management and Law. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 42-44.
7. Gorelova E. Yu. Features of the placement of linear objects on the basis of a public easement // Environmental law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 20-22.
8. Denisova E. Yu. Methods of acquiring rights to land for the placement of linear objects: analysis of legal regulation and legislative trends // Environmental law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 10-13.
9. Ignatyeva I. A. Use of lands and land plots with electric power facilitiesethics: law and practice: a tutorial. – M .: Prospect, 2019 .– 368 p.
10. Korneev A. L. On some changes in the legal regulation of the placement of linear objects // Environmental law. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 21-27.
11. Korneev A. L. Some issues of using land without granting and establishing an easement // Jurist. – 2016. – No. 14. – P. 15-19.
12. Koryakin V. I. New in the legal regulation of the placement of linear objects // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 17-30.
13. Kuzmin R. R. Use of land without granting and establishing an easement as a fictitious category. Its influence on property law // Business and law. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 53-61.
14. Maiboroda V. A. Establishment of a public easement for certain purposes in relation to part of a land plot // Notary. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 41-44.
15. Malinnikova A. I. Features of establishing a public easement for the purpose of placing engineering structures // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 104-110.
16. Panin A. A., Maslenin M. A. Problems of improving the regulatory framework for the procedure for technological connection to electrical networks in the context of implementing the state policy to increase the availability of energy infrastructure // Legal Energy Forum. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 18-24.
17. Smagin A. V. Issues of legal regulation of relations between a grid organization and third parties in the process of implementing measures for technological connection // Legal Energy Forum. – 2016. No. 1. – P. 25-31.

LAND LAW
STEPANYAN Georgy Sarkisovich
competitor, assigned to prepare a dissertation for the degree of candidate of sciences to the postgraduate program, Law Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CURRENT DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING MUNICIPAL LAND CONTROL
The present article provides a detailed consideration of the legal framework governing the implementation of municipal land control within the Russian Federation. It explores the distinctive characteristics of municipal land control, its legal foundation, and the challenges encountered in the legal regulation and practical application of this domain. The author puts forward several recommendations for enhancing the legal framework concerning municipal land control, including the suggestion of empowering local government bodies with expanded authority in this area.
Keywords: municipal land control, local self-government bodies, land relations, administrative procedures.
Article bibliography
1. Land Code of the Russian Federation of 10.25.2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on 11.30.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 12.24.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 10.29.2001. – No. 44. – Art. 414.
2. Pavlov N.V. On the issue of the administrative-legal nature of proceedings for the implementation of municipal control // Administrative law and process. – 2014. – No. 11. – P. 62.
3. Resolution of the Administration of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur dated August 8, 2013 No. 384-pa “On approval of the Regulation on municipal land control in the territory of the municipal formation of the urban district – the City of Komsomolsk-on-Amur” // Far Eastern Komsomolsk. – 2013. – No. 15.
4. Resolution of the administration of the urban district of Revda dated December 30, 2010 No. 3177 “On approval of the procedure for providing and summarizing the information on the organization and implementation of municipal land control and municipal forest control and supervision by the local government body of the urban district of Revda, authorized to implement it, necessary for the preparation of a consolidated report” // Municipal Vedomosti. – 2011. – No. 1.
5. Resolution of the Administration of the Naro-Fominsky Municipal District of the Moscow Region dated October 24, 2011 No. 2368 “On approval of the administrative regulations for the execution of the municipal function for the implementation of municipal land control by the Administration of the Naro-Fominsky Municipal District” // Osnova. – 2011. – No. 42.
6. Resolution of the head of the municipal formation urban settlement Pavlovsky Posad of the Pavlovo-Posad Municipal District of Moscow Region dated November 21, 2012 No. 806 “On approval of the administrative regulations for the execution of the municipal function for the implementation of municipal land control on the territory of the municipal formation urban settlement Pavlovsky Posad of the Pavlovo-Posad Municipal District of Moscow Region” // Kolokolnya. – 2012. – No. 49.
7. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 16.05.2011 No. 373 (as amended on 20.07.2021) “On the development and approval of administrative regulations for the implementation of state control (supervision) and administrative regulations for the provision of public services” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 30.05.2011. – No. 22. – Art. 3169.
8. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 24, 2021 No. 2019 “On approval of the Rules for interaction between federal executive bodies exercising federal state land control (supervision) with bodies exercising municipal land control, and on recognizing as invalid certain acts of the Government of the Russian Federation” // Official Internet portal of legal information. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru, 26.11.2021.
9. Decision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow dated October 29, 2010 in case No. A40-76180 / 10-154-413 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
10. Decision of the Yekaterinovsky District Assembly of the Yekaterinovsky Municipal District dated August 23, 2013 No. 27-175 “On approval of the Regulation on municipal land control in the territory of the Yekaterinovsky Municipal District of the Saratov Region” // Slava Trudu. – 2013. – No. 70 (10377).
11. Sokolova O. S. Concept and content of municipal control // Modern law. – 2009. – No. 10. – P. 80.
12. Talapina E. V. Anti-corruption information standard in public administration: approaches to understanding // State and Law. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 11.
13. Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ (as amended on 13.12.2024) “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 06.10.2003. – No. 40. – Art. 3822.
14. Federal Law of 26.12.2008 No. 294-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) “On the Protection of the Rights of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs in the Exercise of State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 29.12.2008. – No. 52 (Part 1). – Art. 6249.

BUSINESS LAW
ZUBKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ASEEVA Anastasiya Sergeevna
Rosstroycontrol Federal State Budgetary Institution under the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation, Moscow
FEATURES OF REGISTRATION OF THE ISSUE OF SECURITIES BY REGISTERING ORGANIZATIONS
In the context of the development of a market economy, equity securities play a very important role, since they are not only a legally prescribed way of forming the authorized capital (in the case of joint-stock companies), but also a way to increase the capitalization of an organization. However, the appearance of an equity security is possible only after the implementation of a special procedure provided for by law – the issue. Without carrying out this procedure, it is considered that the security issue has not arisen. At the same time, it should be noted that despite the small amount of scientific research in the field of legal regulation of the securities market, there is insufficient research in the modern legal literature on the issues of legal regulation of the securities issue procedure itself. This article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics of the procedure for issuing securities with the participation of registering organizations.
Keywords: securities, issue of securities, issue of securities, registration organizations.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Galkova E. V. Features of the issue of securities under UK legislation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=76861&cacheid=AC198059A465ACB98102795D547523A9&mode=splus&rnd=wy3xtg#NsbmwZU9lsqL3R97.
2. Mikhailenko M. N. The securities market: a textbook and workshop for universities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/560168.
3. Dambra M., Schonberger, B. & Wasley C. Creating visibility: voluntary disclosure by private firms pursuing an initial public offering. Rev Account Stud 29, 2468-2517 (2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-023-09763-y.
4. Moloney N. Access to the UK Financial Market After the UK Withdrawal from the EU: Disruption, Design, and Diffusion. Eur Bus Org Law Rev 25, 25-47 (2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-023-00309-y/.

BUSINESS LAW
MUBINOV Denis Dimovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, University of Management “TISBI”, Kazan
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE OF A NATURAL PERSON IN RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATION
In a market system, the bankruptcy of individuals, also called insolvency, plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the economic system of any state. Bankruptcy of an individual is an entrepreneurial law procedure that protects theinterests of creditors and debtors. This article attempts to analyze the formation of the bankruptcy institution in the Russian Federation.
The article examines the historical aspect of the legislation on bankruptcy of an individual in Russia, starting with the oldest codes of laws and ending with modern documents. The changes in legal regulation are analyzed in order to identify the key points that have influenced the formation of current practice. The article also provides an assessment of the legislation related to the bankruptcy procedure. Understanding these processes will help not only lawyers and practitioners, but also a wide range of readers interested in financial literacy and legal protection in the context of modern economic realities.
Keywords: bankruptcy, insolvency, business law, regulatory documents, law, legislation, natural person.
References:
1. Borshchevskaya A.V. Analysis of the debtor’s financial condition: legal problems // Scientific potential. – 2024. – No. 4–2 (47). – Pp. 9–11.
2. Golmsten A.H. Historical sketch of the Russian competitive process / ed. by A. G. Smirnykh. 2nd edition. – M.: Publishing of books, 2019. – 288 p.
3. The Civil Procedure Code of the RSFSR dated 07/10/1923 // Garant.
4. Davydova T.V. Analysis of the debtor’s financial condition: gaps in legislation // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Pravo. – 2023. – No. 2. – Pp. 51–54.
5. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 25, 2003 No. 367 “On approval of the Rules for conducting financial analysis by an Arbitration administrator” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2003. – No. 26. – Art. 2664.
6. Business Law of the Russian Federation: Textbook / Ed. Gubin E.P., Lakhno P.G. – Moscow: Norma, Infra-M, 2010. – 992 p.
7. Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation regarding the extrajudicial bankruptcy of a citizen” No. 289-FL dated 07/31/2020 // ConsultantPlus [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_358781 / (date of appeal: 07/02/2025).
8. Federal Law No. 127-FL of October 26, 2002 “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 209–210. – 02.11.2002.
9. Federal Law No. 6-FL of January 8, 1998 “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1998. – No. 2. – Art. 222.
10. Shershenevich G.F. The course of commercial law in 4 volumes // Vol. 4. Trade process. The competitive process. – Moscow: Yurait, 2025. – 453 p.

BUSINESS LAW
OSIPOV Alexander Sergeevich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University
FEATURES OF ADMISSION CREDITORS` CLAIMS IN CASE OF BANKRUPTCY OF CREDIT ORGANIZATIONS
The article deals with the issues of admission creditors’ claims in bankruptcy cases of credit organizations. The author explores the difficulties associated with the specifics of submitting creditors’ claims and creditors’ exceptions, as well as the consequences of non-compliance with the procedure for submitting claims. The approaches to the procedure for establishing creditors’ claims and the order of satisfying creditors’ claims in domestic legislation and foreign legal systems are analyzed.
Keywords: bankruptcy, credit organization, creditors’ claims, hierarchy of claims, priority creditors, claims satisfaction, legal regulation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vas’kovsky E. V. Course of civil procedure: Subjects and objects of the process, procedural relations and actions. – M.: Statut, 2016. – 624 p.
2. Bevzenko R. S. Legal positions of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation on issues of surety and bank guarantee: Commentary on the Resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of July 12, 2012 No. 42 “On certain issues of dispute resolution related to surety” and of March 23, 2012 No. 14 “On certain issues of dispute resolution practice related to challenging bank guarantees”. – M.: Statut, 2014 (SPS “ConsultantPlus”). – 93 p.
3. Egorov A. V. Some topical issues of bankruptcy of financial organizations. Civilists on bankruptcy 3.0: a collection of scientific and practical publications. – M.: Association of graduates of the Russian School of ChP, 2024. – P. 330-343.
4. Egorov A. V. Establishment of creditors’ claims in bankruptcy // Business and law. – P. 22-41.
5. Karapetyan A. G., Kosarev A. S. Standards of proof: analytical and empirical study // Bulletin of economic justice of the Russian Federation. Supplement to the monthly journal. – 2019. – No. 5. Special issue. – P. 3-96.
6. Ulyanov A. Yu. Problematic aspects of identifying legal purism in the practice of arbitration courts // Collection of works. – Simferopol, 2023. – P. 102-109.
7. Shishmareva T. P. Establishment of creditors’ claims in insolvency proceedings in Russia and Germany // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 179-195.
8. Buckingham S., Atanasova S., Frazzani S., Veron N. Study on the differences between bank insolvency laws and on their potential harmonization. Final report. – Brussels: European Commission, 2019. – 196 p.
9. Sjur Swensen Ellingsæter. Creditor Priority in European Bank Insolvency Law: Financial Stability and the Hierarchy of Claims. Hart Publishing. – London, 2023. – 256 p.

BUSINESS LAW
SELYUNIN Pavel Stanislavovich
postgraduate student of Business, labor and corporate law sub-faculty, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation
INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES OF MICROFINANCE ORGANIZATIONS
This study explores the range of activities available to microfinance organizations in Russia, extending beyond those explicitly outlined in Law. While the primary focus is on the core function of these organizations – issuing microloans – the paper also delves into other potential business avenues, always mindful of the legal restrictions in place. Special emphasis is placed on supplementary services such as financial counseling, as well as the roles these organizations can play as payment and insurance agents. The study also examines the issuance of loans that don’t fit the traditional definition of a “microloan”. Additionally, the paper analyzes relevant court decisions and legal interpretations to shed light on how loans to individual entrepreneurs are classified – whether as business or consumer loans. By offering a comprehensive overview of the legal landscape and practical applications, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the evolving role of microfinance organizations in the Russian financial sector.
Keywords: income-generating activities, microfinance organizations, non-profit organizations, loan agreement.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part three) of 26.11.2001 No. 146-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 03.12.2001, No. 49, Art. 4552.
2. Federal Law of 03.06.2009 No. 103-FZ “On the Activity of Accepting Payments from Individuals Carried Out by Payment Agents” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 08.06.2009, No. 23, Art. 2758.
3. Federal Law of 02.07.2010 No. 151-FZ (as amended on 04.08.2023) “On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations” // Parliamentary Newspaper, No. 36, 09-15.07.2010.
4. Federal Law of 27.06.2011 No. 161-FZ “On the National Payment System” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 04.07.2011, No. 27, Art. 3872.
5. Federal Law of 29.12.2015 No. 407-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and Recognition of Certain Provisions of Laws as Invalidof the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 04.01.2016, No. 1 (Part I), Art. 27.
6. Federal Law of 05.12.2017 No. 378-FZ “On Amendments to Article 9.1 of the Federal Law “On Mortgages (Real Estate Pledges)” and the Federal Law “On Consumer Credit (Loan)” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 11.12.2017, No. 50 (Part III), Art. 7549.
7. Resolution of the Sixth Arbitration Court of Appeal of October 6, 2015 in case No. A37-181/2015).
8. Arzumanova L. L., Rozhdestvenskaya T. E., Kazachenok O. P., Kostyuk I. V., Malunova Z. A., Moldovanov M. M., Baitenova A. A. Commentary on the Federal Law of July 2, 2010 No. 151-FZ “On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations” (article by article) // SPS ConsultantPlus. – 2018.
9. Kurbatov A. Ya. Protection of the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services: monograph. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – 168 p.
10. Chirkov A. V. Features of Legal Regulation of Microfinance Activities of Microfinance Organizations: monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 176 p.

CORPORATE LAW
GLINSHCHIKOVA Tatyana Vadimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, lecturer, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
BUBNENKOV Ruslan Romanovich
magister student of the 2nd course, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
ROTHKO Mikhail Andreevich
magister student of the 2nd course, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
LEGAL REGULATION OF CORPORATE AGREEMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The growth of entrepreneurial activity inevitably affects the development of domestic corporate legislation. The consequence of this is the introduction of the institution of a corporate agreement, allowing its parties to regulate legal relations, the possibility of regulating which in the charter of the organization is not provided feasible. In the article, the authors consider the legal status of a corporate agreement in modern domestic legislation, the specifics of its content and subject composition. In the course of the study, the authors paid special attention to the emerging judicial practice related to the consideration of disputes on the invalidation of corporate agreements.
Keywords: corporate agreement, judicial practice, content of the agreement, compensation, invalidity of the agreement.
Article bibliography
1. Laptev V. A. Corporate agreement in the system of sources of regulation of corporate relations // Entrepreneurial law. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 23-31.
2. Gabibova A. G., Glinshchikova T. V. Corporation as an object of an inheritance agreement // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1 (176). – P. 134-135.
3. Decision of the Arbitration Court of Sevastopol dated June 29, 2023 in case No. A84-7448/2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kad.arbitr.ru/ (date of access: 01.11.2024).

CORPORATE LAW
CHATTAEV Azamat Ruslanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education, Moscow
BONDARENKO Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education, Moscow
TUMANOVA Alena Sergeevna
magister student of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education, Moscow
ANDREEV Kirill Vladimirovich
magister student of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, State University of Education, Moscow
THE ROLE OF THE CORPORATE AGREEMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
The study of the role of the corporate agreement in the management of a limited liability company (LLC) is of critical informational importance in the current conditions of business development and legal environment. The corporate agreement acts as a fundamental document that defines the relationship between the founders, the mechanism of decision-making and profit distribution. A deep understanding of the corporate agreement and its functionality helps to ensure stable and efficient functioning of the LLC. In the context of dynamic changes in legislation, the analysis of the corporate agreement helps the company to adapt to new requirements, improve corporate governance and increase competitiveness. In addition, the study of this topic is relevant for lawyers, entrepreneurs and specialists in the field of corporate law. Thus, the study of the role of the corporate agreement in the management of LLC not only contributes to the theoretical enrichment of the scientific basebut also has practical significance for effective management and sustainable business development.
Keywords: limited liability company, corporate agreement, governance, regulatory framework, profit distribution, corporate law.
Article bibliography
1. Andreev V.K. On the structure of legal capacity of a legal entity and forms of joint activities of business entities // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – Vol. 28, No. 3. – Pp. 56-67. – DOI 10.61205/S160565900028794-7. – EDN RURYHB.
2. Gordopolov Yu.V., Demuria S.A., Andreev K.V. Supply chain management in the context of ESG // Scientific review. Series 1: Economics and law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 214-224. – DOI 10.26653/2076-4650-2024-06-21. – EDN HIEGYR.
3. Erchak S. V. Challenging a transaction with an interest at the suit of a corporation represented by an uninterested minority participant // Russian Justice. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 60-72. – DOI 10.37399/issn2072-909X.2024.7.60-72. – EDN AQBNEM.
4. Pavlov N. A. Application of general rules on transactions and their invalidity to decisions of meetings: a review of practice // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 190-228. – DOI 10.37239/2500-2643-2024-19-3-190-228. – EDN FOYNNX.
5. Chattaev A. R., Gordopolov Yu. V., Andreev K. V. Corporate law and its impact on contractual relations: problems and solutions // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 11 (198). – P. 262-265. – EDN HFOSUL.

INFORMATION LAW
DAVUDOVA Saida Yamudinovna
associate professor of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
RAGIMHANOVA Kamilla Tagirovna
lecturer, of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
LEGAL ASPECTS OF REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
The research focuses on the disclosure of the legal basis of artificial intelligence in general, as well as in relation to the field of education. In particular, the provisions of the strategic documents that were laid down in the course of state policy aimed at automating all spheres of public relations are disclosed. The positions of the authors and experts are taken into account in order to identify a scientific view on the issues of understanding artificial intelligence, the advantages and disadvantages of its use and implementation in the educational process. Attention is paid to the successful practice of educational institutions, which demonstrates the active use of neural network capabilities by both the teaching staff and students (HSE is a special example).
Keywords: education, artificial intelligence, neural network, learner, teacher, automation, digital technologies, legal regulation, strategic documents, robotic systems.
Article bibliography
1. Abdulkadyrov U. U., Abdulmukminova F. M. Artificial intelligence in science and education: current trends // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2024. – No. 110-17. – P. 25-27.
2. Bezugly T. A., Ershova M. E. Using text neural networks and artificial intelligence in students’ academic work // Problems of modern education. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 206-216.
3. Borisova I. V. Education 2.0: how does artificial intelligence change the rules of the game in education? // Science of the young: challenges of the humanities: materials of the All-Russian scientific school with international participation for young researchers, September 19-21, 2024. – Abakan: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Khakass State University named after N. F. Katanova “, 2024. – P. 24-28.
4. Vlasova E. Z., Goncharova S. V. Educational program” Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence in Education “for training teachers of secondary vocational education // Modern education: traditions and innovations. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 14-17.
5. The impact of artificial intelligence on education. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fgosvo.ru/uploadfiles//method/Report_II_education_2024.pdf (date accessed: 03/05/2025).
6. Zayats E. A. Use of software based on artificial intelligence in the field of education // Components of Scientific and Technological Progress. – 2023. – No. 10 (88). – P. 73-85.
7. Zimin Yu. S., Kasparov I. V., Stroganov D. A. Artificial intelligence in education: the search for a balanced model of use // Russian Journal of Education and Psychology. – 2024. – Vol. 15, No. 1-2. – P. 418-423.
8. Promising directions of legal regulation of artificial intelligence: monograph / Ed. A. V. Minbaleev. – Saratov: Amirit, 2023. – 442 p.
9. Platov A. V., Gavrilina Yu. I. Artificial intelligence in education: evolution and barriers // Scientific result. Pedagogy and psychology of education. – 2024. – Vol. 10, No. 1. – P. 26-43.
10. Rezaev A. V., Tregubova N. D. Chat GPT and artificial intelligence in universities: what future can we expect? // Higher education in Russia. – 2023. – T. 32, No. 6. – P. 19-37.

COMPETITION LAW
ANANJEV Anton Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Competition law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
APPLICATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS FOR VIOLATIONS OF ANTITRUST LEGISLATION IN THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
The article is dedicated to specific aspects of legal liability and the application of special state enforcement and response measures for violations of antitrust legislation in the electric power sector. The article examines the general characteristics and proposes a classification of legal enforcement mechanisms applicable to entities that have committed or are potentially capable of violation of antitrust legislation in the electric power industry. The article also introduces a classification of administrative offenses in this field and describes the distinctive features of various types of legal liability and forms of coercive enforcement applicable to electric energy (capacity) markets.
Keywords: antitrust regulation, antitrust control, offense, legal enforcement mechanisms, legal liability, electric energy and capacity markets.
Article bibliography
1. Vasiliev D. A. The system of state antimonopoly control in the electric power industry: 20 years of the Law on Electric Power Industry, results // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 4.
2. Morozova N. A. Features of administrative responsibility for violation of antimonopoly legislation // Modern competition. – 2014. – No. 5 (47).
3. Egorova M. A. Features of foreign experience in applying joint and several liability in case of collective violation of antimonopoly legislation // Business Law. – 2024. – No. 1.
4. Totyev K. Yu. Administrative liability for violation of antimonopoly legislation: two models of sanctions in one code // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2009. – No. 5.
5. Landerson N. V. Administrative offenses within the competence of the courts // Administrative law and process. – 2023. – No. 1.
6. Ananyev A. A. Certain aspects of proving abuse of a dominant position in the electric energy (capacity) markets // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 11.
7. Bashlakov-Nikolaev I. V. Abuse of a dominant position in the commodity market: problems of administrative liability // Russian competition law and economics. – 2019. – No. 3 (19).
8. Saidulaeva L. M., Shamrin M. Yu. Administrative liability for violation of information disclosure standards by entities in the wholesale electricity and capacity market, retail electricity markets // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2019. – No. 4.
9. Teslenko A. V. The long road to effective criminal law protection in modern Russia: 30 years of reforms // Law. – 2021. – No. 5.
10. Tenishev A. P. Investigation is more willing to initiate cases under Article 178 of the Criminal Code when there are accompanying elements of crimes // Criminal Procedure. – 2020. – No. 10.

CRIMINAL LAW
GADZHIEVA Aysha Ansarovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and state legal disciplines sub-faculty, senior researcher of the Research Institute of UEPS, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
ZALIBEKOV Magomed Pakhrudinovich
magister student of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE LEGAL NATURE AND PLACE OF FORCED LABOR IN THE PENAL SYSTEM
This scientific study raises issues related to such a type of punishment as forced labor The authors focus on the most currently discussed aspects of this problem. Among them, special attention is paid to the legal essence of forced labor, the correlation of this type of punishment with other types in the hierarchy of punishments. The status of the type of punishment alternative to imprisonment is critically assessed, it is proposed to eliminate inconsistencies in the regulation of forced labor, and to exclude from the norms of criminal law the provisions by which this type of punishment is defined as a substitute for deprivation of liberty. In addition, it is pointed out that it is necessary to increase the number of crimes whose sanctions provide for forced labor. The authors conclude that forced labor in its punitive potential is close to punishment associated with isolation from society. Therefore, forced labor is a borderline punishment, which divides the system of punishments into those related to and those not related to isolation from society.
Keywords: forced labor, alternative to deprivation of freedom, assignment of forced labor, conditions of serving a sentence, place in the system of punishments, statistics of forced labor.
Article bibliography
1. Gabaraev A. Sh. Forced labor: current problems of law enforcement // Bulletin of the criminal executive system. – 2021. – No. 1 (224).
2. Isakov V. S. Conditional sentence to imprisonment and forced labor // Modern society and law. – 2022 – No. 2 (57).
3. Malikov B. Z. The nature and legal basis for the use of forced labor // Man: crime and punishment. – 2021. – Vol. 29, No. 3.
4. Nepomnyashchaya, T. V. Problems of assigning forced labor // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. – 2018. – No. 3 (56).
5. Seregina, E. V. Forced labor: problems of legislative regulation and possible ways of improvement // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2020. – No. 1.
6. Skoblikov, P. A. Forced labor as a type of criminal punishment: defects in legal regulation and ways to eliminate them // Russian justice. – 2023. – № 4.
7. Tarasyuk A. A. Forced labor as a new type of criminal punishment // Priority scientific directions: from theory to practice. – 2016. – № 27-2.
8. Tasakov S. V. Forced labor in the system of punishments of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and problems of their law enforcement // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2015. – № 3.

CRIMINAL LAW
GRIGORJEV Oleg Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Military Order of Zhukov Academy of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation
THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS IN CRIMINAL LAW: TOWARDS THE STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION
The article examines the trends in the development of theoretical concepts of characterizing subjects in criminal law, with the main focus on the issues of the state of physiological affect, when there is a limitation of consciousness and its concentration on emotionally significant events. Actions committed in such a state are often chaotic and impulsive, with a low level of awareness. It is suggested that the law indicates the circumstances in which special characteristics of a subject that do not make him a special subject can serve as a basis for mitigation, elimination or toughening of punishment. It is concluded that within the framework of this study it is impossible to come to a final conclusion regarding the classification of criminals with special psychological characteristics within the framework of criminal law. The issue requires a more in-depth analysis and discussion, in order to develop the most adequate and effective approach to its legal definition.
Keywords: special subject, special properties of the subject, subject of the crime, special characteristics, classification of criminals.
Article bibliography
1 Abyzov R. M. On the socially dangerous behavior of minors who have not reached the age of criminal responsibility. – Moscow: Jurist, 2012. – Pp. 28-29.
2 Antonyan Yu. M., Borodin S. V. Crime and mental anomalies. – Moscow: Nauka, 1987. – 345 p.
3 Ivanov N. Responsibility for crimes committed while intoxicated // Legality. – 1998. – No. 3. – P. 44-45.
4 Borisova E. K. Special subject of crime // Domestic jurisprudence. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 155-157.
5 Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. – 736 p.
6 Trostyanetskaya V. V. Features of the subject of the crime provided for in Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 167-171.
7 Kadnikov N. G. Dangerous state of the individual as a basis for criminal liability // Union of criminologists and criminologists. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 50-55.
8 Barysheva V. Criminal-legal significance of abnormal affect // Legality. – 2003. – No. 12. – P. 35-36.
9 Pavlova A. S. Subject of a crime in the criminal law of the Russian Federation // Economy and society. – 2017. – No. 3 (34). – P. 1665-1666.
10 Rastorguev D. Dictionary of medical terms. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://thelib.net/1671612-slovar-medicinskih-terminov.html (date of access: 10.02.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic sciencence sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
KRAVTSOVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; Senior Expert Forensic Center of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for Krasnoyarsk Territory
KABAKOVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
lecturer of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE FOR VIOLATION OF FIRE PROTECTION OF FORESTS IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY
The article analyzes issues related to judicial practice in the field of violations of fire protection in forests and fire safety rules. These violations lead to serious consequences. In particular, the irrational use of forest resources, non-compliance with fire safety rules and insufficient equipment for fire prevention and extinguishing can lead to large-scale fires, destruction of forests, loss of life and property damage. Judicial practice shows that persons who have committed violations in the field of fire protection and fire safety are liable under both administrative and criminal legislation. In addition, they may be charged with the obligation to compensate for the damage caused.
Keywords: forest fires, fire safety rules, destruction or damage to forest plantations, punishment, preventive measures.
Article bibliography
1. Shpakovsky Yu. G. Modern problems of legal regulation of forest fire protection // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2018. – No. 1 (134). – P. 43-56.
2. Dolgushina L. V., Kravtsova E. V. Features of the investigation of fires in forest areas // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 3 (190). – pp. 384-386.

CRIMINAL LAW
EFREMOVA Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
CURRENT ISSUES OF PREVENTING ECONOMIC CRIMES
The current state of crime in the sphere of economic activity poses a threat to the implementation of strategic national priorities, and is also a negative factor affecting the state of economic security of the state. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of indicators of economic crimes over the past three years (2022-2024). Based on the results of the analysis, the main trends of this type of crime have been identified, including negative ones: an increase in the proportion of serious and especially serious crimes, a decrease in crimes detected by law enforcement agencies. Based on the analysis of modern criminological literature, the following measures are proposed: to improve the process of prevention and prevention of economic crimes.
Keywords: economic crimes, criminality, crime trends, crime prevention, crime prevention, law enforcement agencies.
Article bibliography
1. Vakulenko N. A. Representative criminological parameters of an economic criminal in modern Russia // Jurist-Pravoved. – 2024. – No. 3 (110). – P. 125-131.
2. Vasiliev E. A. Internal affairs agencies in the system of counteracting threats to economic security // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2 (62). – P. 99-104.
3. Lesina T. V. Economic crimes in the country and region: destructive impact and effective methods of struggle // Kaluga Economic Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 8-12.
4. Lozinsky I. V. Some tendencies in the development of criminal legislation protecting public relations in the sphere of economic activity // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2011. – No. 344. – P. 127-130.
5. Loshin A. A. Problems of economic security associated with criminal activity and financing of extremist organizations in the Russian Federation // First Economic Journal. – 2024. – No. 5 (347). – P. 58-62.
6. Tikhonov E. E. Analysis of the state of economic crime as a threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation // Economy and Security. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 55-63.

CRIMINAL LAW
IVANOVА Lyudmila Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
BALYKINA Kseniya Vitaljevna
magister student of the 1st course, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
THE PUNISHMENT SYSTEM OF THE FIRST IMPERIAL DYNASTIES OF CHINA (221 BC – 420 AD)
The article analyzes the system of punishments in imperial China in the period from 221 BC to 420 AD. The historical development of the legal system, the influence of philosophical teachings such as Confucianism, Legism, Taoism and Buddhism on the formation of punishments and legal norms is considered. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the punishment system since the Qin dynasty, where the use of physical punishments is recorded and the principle points concerning criminal liability are explored. It is argued that Confucian ideals of morality and ethics are reflected in approaches to the administration and setting of punishments, which, despite changes in different historical epochs, remained fundamental.
Keywords: Chinese criminal law, ancient China, types of punishments, Confucianism, Legism, legal system.
Article bibliography
1. 陕西省勉县人民法院 (official website of the People’s Court of Mian County, Shanxi Province). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/wEst5fEcvjHjn7aA1Xk4ww (accessed: 19.01.2025).
2. Shijingshan Prosecutor’s Office Official Website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ipYqgn83734ge2Z-QBL57Q (accessed: 19.01.2025).
3. Xiao Zhao’s Official Website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ynOi5YzWVEGa4HMiXgCiOg (date of access: 20.01.2025)
4. Xiao Zhao’s Official Website (Official Website of Lawyer Xiao Zhao). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RmQS7C1vQh99zd5UKiHniA (date of access: 20.01.2025).
5. Hebei City Management Committee’s Official Website (Official Website of the Hebei City Management Committee). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/-ePUDoTB_psmGk83bNfXzQ (date of access: 20.01.2025).
6. Ivanova L. M., Lifanova T. A. Criminal liability for corruption crimes in Russia and China: comparative legal aspect // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 9 (196). – P. 332-333.

CRIMINAL LAW
KRASKOVSKIY Yan Eduardovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Penza State University
FOMIN Vladimir Vladimirovich
student of the 4th course, Penza State University
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF FORCED LABOR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF PENZA REGION)
The article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of forced labor as a type of criminal punishment in Russia. Using the Penza region as a case study, the authors examine the specific features of applying this punishment and reveal the challenges in its implementation. The authors emphasize the essence of forced labor, highlighting its advantages as an alternative to imprisonment, such as preserving the social ties of convicts and reducing the risk of personal criminalization. Simultaneously, the study explores the shortcomings of forced labor as a punishment, including socio-psychological difficulties, employment challenges for convicts, and insufficient legislative regulation. The article proposes concrete practical recommendations for optimizing the forced labor system: improving socio-psychological support, creating specialized workplaces, and reforming criminal-executive legislation. The research results confirm the significant potential of this punishment type in the context of convict resocialization and reducing recidivism, providing that existing systemic issues are addressed.
Keywords: type of punishment, correctional center, punishment, crime, forced labor, judge.
Article bibliography
1. Lyadov E. V. On the issue of the general principles of sentencing // Scientific notes of the Oryol state university. – 2015. – No. 1 (64). – P. 253-256.
2. Khimedenova D. N. Appointment and execution of punishment in the form of forced labor: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kursk, 2023. – 26 p.
3. Ustinov A. A. Forced labor as a type of punishment // Bulletin of the criminal-executive system. – 2021. – P. 36-44.
4. Tasakov S. V. Forced labor in the punishment system of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and problems of their law enforcement // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 210-215.
5. Zubova A. O., Simagin A. O. Problems of execution of punishment in the form of forced labor in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. – 2020. – P. 44-50.
6. Gabaraev A. Sh. Forced labor: current problems of law enforcement activities // Bulletin of the criminal-executive system. – 2021. – P. 31-38.
7. Kombarov R. V. Problems of implementing criminal punishment in the form of forced labor // Ius publicum et privatum: online scientific and practical journal of privatelegal and public law. – 2021. – No. 4 (14). – pp. 59-63.

CRIMINAL LAW
LEVANDOVSKAYA Mariya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ANTI-RUSSIAN NAZISM AS A SPECIAL FORM OF IDEOLOGICAL AGGRESSION
The article substantiates the need to single out anti-Russian Nazism as a special form of mental aggression. The author’s definition of the phenomenon is formulated, and legal and international political measures to counter its spread are proposed. The institutionalization of Russophobia at the international level and its manifestations in politics, law, culture, and the media are highlighted. The historical and contemporary prerequisites for the formation of this ideology are examined. Legal and political mechanisms for combating Nazism are analyzed, and the need to adapt them to new forms of ethnopolitical aggression is justified. Special attention is paid to developing a comprehensive strategy including criminal law, diplomatic, and informational measures. The importance of strengthening the scientific and legal discourse to build an effective international policy to prevent ideologies of hatred is emphasized.
Keywords: anti-Russian Nazism, Russophobia, mental aggression, neo-Nazism, international law, information war.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gavrilov D. A., Gavrilova V. D. On the issue of transformation of legal policy in the field of countering extremism and Nazism // Law and Practice. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 153-157.
2. Goncharov P. K. New contribution to Russian Ukrainian studies // Eurasian Union: issues of international relations. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 1 (54). – P. 214-228.
3. Zharikov Yu. S., Tsvetkov R. N. Counteracting Nazism: criminal-legal and criminological aspects. – M.: Infra-M, 2022. – 187 p.
4. Karpovich O. G., Smagina L. A. Measures to improve the effectiveness of methods for protecting the rights of Russian compatriots abroad // International public and private law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 6-10.
5. Nudel S. L. Criminal liability in the mechanism of counteracting the rehabilitation of Nazism // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – Vol. 28, No. 11. – P. 73-83.

CRIMINAL LAW
PIROVA Rena Nizamievna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of General education and professional disciplines sub-faculty (branch) Dagestan State University, Kizlyar
PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
This article examines the role of administrative procedures in the fight against corruption in the education of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the significant impact of corruption on educational processes and the quality of education, the urgency of the problem is emphasized. The article analyzes various administrative measures and tools used to combat corruption in education, including monitoring, control and administrative reforms. Examples of effective practices are provided and recommendations are made to improve administrative procedures in order to more effectively prevent corruption in the field of education.
Keywords: administrative procedures, corruption, education, Russian Federation, monitoring, control, administrative reforms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ivanov A. I. Administrative measures to combat corruption in education // Education management: theory and practice. – 2020. – No. 1 (17). – P. 43-51.
2. Kovalev P. A. Effective practices for combating corruption in education // Bulletin of education and science. – 2019. – No. 2 (8). – P. 22-31.
3. Chertovich V. L. Corruption in education: challenges and overcoming strategies // Modern education: problems and prospects. – 2017. – No. 4 (23). P. 87-92.
4. Davydova N. S. (2018). Corruption in education: problems and ways to overcome // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 42-53.

CRIMINAL LAW
POPOVA Anastasiya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Personnel provision and personnel management in internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
ZAYCHENKO Lyubov Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Operational and technical measures of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
NASEKINA Ekaterina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Operational and technical measures of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
OBSERVANCE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF UNITY OF COMMAND AND SUBORDINATION IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES
Within the framework of the regulatory framework governing the principles of professional activity, the following are considered: unity of command and subordination. It is emphasized that their observance has a positive effect on the quality of work and achievement of high results in the service, as well as regulates relationships in departments and organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and ensures basic order. It is noted the importance of observing the wearing of uniforms, the norms of official etiquette, the basic norms and rules of relations between employees, as well as the need to perform official duties without violating official discipline.
Keywords: observation of unity of command and subordination, norms of official etiquette, official tasks, the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Article bibliographic list
1. On service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 30.11.2011 N 342-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. – 3rd edition. – M., 1985. – P. 425, 1278.
3. On the disciplinary charter of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2012 No. 1377. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. On the police: Federal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
5. On additional measures to improve the relationship between employees of the internal affairs bodies, military personnel of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation dated 15.08.1996. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 444 and the Ministry of Defense No. 312. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the legal reference system “ConsultantPlus”.

CRIMINAL LAW
PRIKHODKO Vitalii Viacheslavovich
senior lecturer, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social and Humanitarian Sciences, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
FORMATION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL INTEGRITY IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
The article examines the development of Russian legislation on sexual crimes, responsibility for their commission, from the 10th century to 1917. The consistent improvement of the legal technique of Russian legislators is noted, the shortcomings and advantages of regulatory documents are revealed. The conditional stages of the development of pre-revolutionary criminal legislation on crimes against sexual integrity are identified. The author analyzes the statistics of sexual crime in individual periods and the practice of sentencing.
Keywords: sexual crimes, beating, rape, corruption, sodomy, pimping, indecency, indecent acts.
Article bibliography
1. Kutafin O. E., Lebedev V. M., Semigin G. Yu. Judicial power in Russia: history, documents. – M.: Mysl, 2003. – Vol. 1. – P. 518.
2. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries / Under the general editorship of O. I. Chistyakov. – M.: Legal Literature. 1984 (hereinafter – Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries). – V. 1. – P. 147-151.
3. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. – V. 1. – P. 189-193.
4. Monuments of Russian law / Ed. S. V. Yushkov. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1952-1961. (hereinafter – Monuments of Russian law). – V. 3. – P. 429-432.
5. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. – V. III.
6. Serov D. O. Military criminal and military procedural legislation of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2014. – No. 2. (SPS “Consultant Plus”).
7. Maidanovich N. V. The problem of objects of sexual crimes in the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 1 (68). – P. 24.
8. Bezmaternykh M. A. Criminal liability for sexual crimes against minors under the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 as amended in 1885 // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 25 (159). – P. 217.
9. Belogrits-Kotlyarevsky L. S. Textbook of Russian criminal law. General and special parts. – Kyiv. South Russian Publishing House of F. A. Ioganson, 1903. – Page 532.
10. Commemorative book of the Tambov province for 1868. Tambov. Printing house of the provincial government, 1868. – Pages 2-4.
11. Mironov B. N. Social history of Russia during the imperial period (XVIII – early XX century). Genesis of personality, dewet family, civil society and the rule of law. – T. 2. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Dmitry Bulanin”, 2003. – P. 90.
12. State Archive of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – GA RF). – F. 124. – Op. 26. D. 563. L. 6.
13. GA RF. – F. 124. – Op. 29. D. 252. L. 3, 3 rev.
14. GA RF. – F. 124. – Op. 29. D. 444. L. 7 rev.
15. Tagantsev N. S. Russian criminal law. Lectures. The general part. – M.: Nauka, 1994. – V. 2. – P. 381.
16. Dudyrev F. F. Development and adoption of the Criminal Code of 1903 // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 193-197.
17. Kondrashova T. V. Development of the views of the Russian legislator on the regulation and protection of sexual relations. On the 100th anniversary of the Criminal Code of 1903 // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. – 2003. – No. 1 (6). – P. 166-174.
18. Tagantsev N. S. Lectures on Russian criminal law. Special Part. – SPb.: Type. St. Petersburg. Prisons, 1894. – P. 439.

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE QUALIFICATION OF EXTORTION COMMITTED IN COMPLICITY
Based on the analysis of judicial practice, the author considers the issues of qualification of extortion committed in complicity. Special attention is paid to co-execution in such a crime. In addition, complexity in extortion committed using information and telecommunication networks is considered. Separate issues of aiding and abetting extortion committed by a group of individuals by prior agreement have also been investigated.
Keywords: extortion, complicity, co-executors, group of persons by prior agreement, complicity in extortion.
Article bibliography
1. Why have extortionists become more active in Russia? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sevastopol.su/news/pochemu-aktivizirovalis-vymogateli-v-rossii (date of access: 10.03.2025).
2. Verdict of the Leninsky District Court of Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Region dated 22.04.2021 in case No. 1-09/2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-74RS0029-1-9-2021-1-186-2020-2020-01-31-2-0/ (date of access: 10.03.2025).
3. Verdict of the Tambov District Court dated 10.03.2015 in case No. 1-82/2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-68RS0004-1-82-2015-2015-02-16-2-0/ (date of access: 10.03.2025).
4. Verdict of the Gorno-Altaisk City Court of the Altai Republic dated 14.09.2017 in case No. 1-205/2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-02RS0001-1-205-2017-2017-04-25-2-0/ (date accessed: 10.03.2025).
5. Galiakbarov R. R. Qualification of group crimes. – M., 1980. – 80 p.
6. Abdulgaziev R. Z. On some issues of qualification of group extortion // Bulletin of SevKavGTI. – 2015. – No. 4 (23). – P. 62-66.
7. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases of the Eighth Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated 02.03.2022 in case No. 77-11802022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-42KJ0008-7u-992-2022-77-1180-2022-2022-01-17-2-2/ (date of access: 10.03.2025).
8. Verdict of the Novoaltaisk City Court of the Altai Territory dated 26.05.2014 in case No. 1-25/2014. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-22RS0015-1-25-2014-1-602-2013-2013-09-25-2-0/ (date of access: 10.03.2025).
9. Verdict of the Basmanny District Court of Moscow dated 05.07.2023 in case No. 1-308/23. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo163.ru/primer-sudebnogo-resheniya-po-vymogatelstvu-v-telegra/. (date of access: 10.03.2025).
10. Klimanova O. V. Qualification of crimes committed in complicity: theoretical, normative, judicial positions: study guide. Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. Federation, Samara National Research University named after S. P. Korolev. – Samara: Publishing House of Samara University, 2024. – 211 p.
11. Appellate ruling of the Volgograd Regional Court dated 06/08/2021 in case No. 22-2277/2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-34OS0000-22-2277-2021-2021-05-17-2-1/ (date of access: 03/10/2025).
12. Appellate ruling of the Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases of the Moscow Regional Court dated 06/27/2017 in case No. 22-4228/2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-50OS0000-22-4228-2017-2017-05-29-2-1/ (date of access: 10.03.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
CHISTYAKOV Alexey Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECTS ON THE APPLICATION OF NORMS PROVIDING FOR LIABILITY FOR MURDER WITH A MITIGATING COMPOSITION
The Russian criminal legislation provides for reduced liability for the murder of a newborn child by a mother, in a state of passion caused by the unlawful actions of the victim, in excess of the limits of necessary defense or in excess of the measures necessary to detect the person who committed the crime. Liability for these acts occurs from the age of 16. At the same time, for the commission of these crimes at the age of 14 to 16, the perpetrators are liable as for the commission of simple murder or murder with qualified elements, which is considered by the author as a determinant of the unfair application of the criminal law.
This article is devoted to the issues of criminal-legal qualification of murders with privileged elements. The main approaches to solving the problems that arise in bringing to justice for the murder of a newborn child by a mother, as well as for murder in a state of passion caused by the violent actions of the victim, and murder in excess of the limits of necessary defense or in excess of the measures necessary to detain the person who committed the crime are highlighted.
The article presents two possible solutions to the problem: 1) emancipation of the age of criminal responsibility for committing murders with privileged elements; 2) introduction of a note to Art. 106 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the non-prosecution of persons under 16 years of age for committing crimes provided for by the provisions of Art. 106, 107 and 108 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
A conclusion is made on the advisability of amendments and additions to Art. 106, 107 and 108 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in order to consistently implement the provisions on minimizing the punitive policy of the Russian state.
Keywords: age of criminal responsibility, murder of a newborn child by a mother, murder in a state of passion caused by the violent actions of the victim, murder in excess of the limits of necessary defense or in excess of the measures necessary to detain the person who committed the crime.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Lesniewski-Kostareva T. A. Differentiation of criminal liability: theory and practice. Moscow: Norma, 1998. P. 62.
2. Archive of the Chelyabinsk Regional Court (Case No. 1-12/2020).
3. Decision of the Leninsky District Court of Krasnodar (Case No. 3-78/2020).

CRIMINAL LAW
FASTOVICH Galina Gennadjevna
senior lecturer of Theory and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
EVENTS AIMED AT FORMING ANTI-TERRORIST CONSCIOUSNESS IN YOUNG PEOPLE: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF A STUDY OF THE EXPERIENCE OF AGRARIAN UNIVERSITIES IN RUSSIA
The article examines preventive, educational, cultural, educational and sports activities carried out in Russian universities, as provided for by the Comprehensive Plan to Counter the Ideology of Terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2024-2028, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on December 30, 2023 No. Pr-2610. During the analysis of the conducted cycle of events, sessions, meetings, the author emphasizes the importance of the work done, which helps to prevent anti-terrorist consciousness among young people.
Keywords: youth, higher education system, anti-terrorist measures, Comprehensive Plan to Counter the Ideology of Terrorism, state policy, efficiency.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Comprehensive plan to counter the ideology of terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2024-2028, approved by the President of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2023 No. Pr-2610: [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access 06/20/2024). – Text: electronic.
2. Provalinsky D. I., Teplyashin I. V., Makarov I. V., Navrodskaya N. V., Nesterenko P. V. State and legal policy of the Russian Federation: main directions and paths of development: review of round table materials // Socio-economic and humanitarian journal of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 150-165.
3. Fastovich G. G., Shitova T. V. On the issue of international academic space: problems and prospects // Agrarian and land law. – 2019. – No. 9 (177). – P. 71-72.
4. Teplyashin I. V., Voropaeva K. E. Formation of legal thinking of students of a legal profile (on the example of the implementation of master’s programs) // Law and education. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 87-93.
5. Ryabchenok O. N., Fastovich G. G. The Internet and its impact on modern society // Internone journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2019. – No. 3-1.- P. 143-145.
6. Zemlyakova E. V., Fastovich G. G. On the issue of using information technologies in logistics systems // In the collection: Logistics – the Eurasian bridge. Proceedings of the XIV International scientific and practical conference. – 2019. – P. 121-123.
7. Fastovich G. G., Kapsargina S. A., Kudashova I. V. On the issue of information technologies in modern Russia (on the example of the electronic document study management system) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 11 (162). – P. 157-159.

CRIMINAL LAW
KHOROLSKIY Vladimir Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
GALYAUTDINOV Rustem Flurovich
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
MAKOVSKAYA Natalya Nikolaevna
Deputy Head of the Investigation Department of the MIA of Russia for the city of Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra
ANTONOV Alexander Yurjevich
lecturer of Fire and technical training sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
FEATURES OF THE APPOINTMENT OF PUNISHMENTS NOT RELATED TO DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY IN RELATION TO MINORS
This article analyzes the specifics of punishing juvenile offenders, focusing on alternative punishment measures that are not related to imprisonment. The study examines the key principles of individualization of punishment, taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of adolescents, the nature of the offense, the social environment and the potential for socialization. The article describes various alternative punishments (fines, deprivation of certain rights, compulsory labor, correctional labor, restriction of liberty, etc.). The paper analyzes the advantages of prescribing punishment alternatives, such as economic efficiency and reduction of recidivism, as well as considers the objective difficulties of their implementation. Special attention is paid to the specifics of the application of fines to minors, including the limitation of the size of the fine, consideration of the financial situation of the family and the educational function of punishment. The article identifies the problems of applying fines and other alternative measures, and outlines areas for further improvement of the juvenile punishment system.
Keywords: minors, punishment, alternative methods of punishment, individualization of punishment, fine.
Article bibliography
1. Isakov S. A., Abdurazakova D. A. Types of punishment for juvenile offenders and features of their appointment // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2018. No. 4 (47). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vidy-nakazaniy-dlya-nesovershennoletnih-prestupnikov-i-osobennosti-ih-naznacheniya (date of access: 16.03.2025).
2. Podroikina I. A. The system of punishments in the modern criminal law of France // Bulletin of YSU. 2022. No. 1 (64). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-nakazaniy-v-sovremennom-ugolovnom-prave-frantsii (date of access: 16.03.2025).
3. Rastoropov S. V. On punishments not related to deprivation of liberty // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. 2023. No. 3 (54). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-nakazaniyah-ne-svyazannyh-s-lisheniem-svobody (date of access: 03/16/2025).
4. Safin L. R. Foreign experience in forming a list of punishments not related to imprisonment // Legal policy and legal life. 2023. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-formirovaniya-perechnya-nakazaniy-ne-svyazannyh-s-lisheniem-svobody (date of access: 03/16/2025).
5. Ulyanov A. S. Systematization of the list of criminal penalties not associated with isolation from society // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. 2023. No. 3 (54). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistematizatsiya-perechnya-ugolovnyh-nakazaniy-ne-svyazannyh-s-izolyatsiey-ot-obschestva (date of access: 16.03.2025).
6. Kharmaev Yu. V. On the issue of the application of punishments not related to deprivation of liberty // Bulletin of BSU. 2015. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-primenenii-nakazaniy-ne-svyazannyh-s-lisheniem-svobody (date of access: 16.03.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIMPIEV Alexey Alexandrovich
master’s of law, senior lecturer of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Shrakbek Kabylbayev Kostanay Academy of the MIA of the Republic of Kazakhstan, lieutenant colonel of police
CRIMINAL LAW COUNTERACTION TO MASS RIOTS IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL AND FACTORIAL PERSPECTIVE
The article examines the historical experience of Russia in countering mass riots through the use of legal techniques to describe relevant socially dangerous acts in criminal legislation and establish responsibility for their commission. The historical and factorial perspective of the criminal law counteraction to mass riots in Russia affected the time periods from the date of the Criminal and Correctional Penalties Code of 1845 (including the 1885 edition), the Criminal Code of 1922 and 1926, to the adoption in 1996 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and its subsequent application. Based on the results of the issues considered in the article through the prism of individual stages and factors of the historical development of Russia, the conclusions are formulated regarding the socio-legal conditionality of criminal law counteraction to mass riots.
Keywords: mass riots, criminal liability for mass riots, criminal law counteraction, historical analysis, factor analysis.
Article bibliography
1. Khabibulin L. R. Legal foundations of criminal-legal impact on mass riots at the stages of the emergence and development of the Russian centralized state // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 4 (56). – P. 209-214.
2. Bagmet A. M. Retrospective analysis of criminal-legal counteraction to mass riots in the Russian Federation // Russian Psychological Journal. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 26-32.
3. Ushankina Yu. S. Formation of criminal-legal means of counteraction to mass riots in domestic criminal law // Law and state, theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 12 (228). – P. 487-490.
4. Code of criminal and correctional punishments, approved by the highest in 1885. Code of laws of the Russian Empire. Part two. – St. Petersburg: Publication of the Volga Zemstvo Tariff Bureau Partnership, 1909. – 1030 p.
5. Naumov AV Criminal legislation of the Provisional Government // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 1 (1). – P. 19-21.
6. Anashkin GZ, Akhmetshin Kh. M. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. / edited by: Yu. D. Severin. – Moscow: Publishing house “Legal Literature”, 1984. – 528 p.
7. Kozlov VA Mass riots in the USSR under Khrushchev and Brezhnev (1953-early 1980s). – Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN); The Foundation of the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 2010. – 463 p.
8. Batalov E. Ya. Philosophy of Rebellion (Criticism of the Ideology of Left Radicalism). – M.: Politizdat Publishing House, 1973. – 222 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
AL-MUSAFIR Duraid Mohammed Hassan
postgraduate student of Criminal Law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LEGAL SYSTEMS IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES: APPROACHES TO DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY
A comparative analysis of the criminal legal systems of Muslim states demonstrates the diversity of approaches to punishment through deprivation of liberty. Legal norms of various Islamic countries regulating the application of this preventive measure are based on a combination of state and religious principles. Legislative acts of Muslim states establish a variety of terms and conditions of imprisonment, reflecting the specificity of national legal traditions. The judicial practice of imposing custodial sentences varies among the countries of the Islamic world, while retaining common fundamental features. The criminal legal systems of Muslim countries demonstrate a tendency towards the widespread use of deprivation of liberty as the main instrument of corrective influence.
Keywords: deprivation of liberty, Islamic criminal law, arrest, confinement, imprisonment, hard labor.
Article bibliography
1. Avtonomov A. S., Artemov V. Yu., Novikova R. G. Islamic model of justice: monograph. – 2nd ed., suppl. and rev. – M.: Norma, 2018. – P. 312-342.
2. Akimova N. V. Strategy and tactics of combating crime in the countries of the Muslim world // Legal technique. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 86-90.
3. Al-Rusan Nidal Gadallah Muslim law in the legal system of Arab countries (on the example of Jordan, Egypt and Libya) // Law and legal ideology: thematic collection of scientific papers. – Baku, 1986. – P. 78-83.
4. Beccaria C. On crimes and punishments. – M .: INFRA-M, 2004. – 184 p.
5. Gadzhiev M. M., Ibragimov A. M. Basic legal acts and institutions of human rights and freedoms in Muslim law // Legal science and practice. – 2012. – Vol. 8, No. 1. – P. 140-147.
6. Dementyev S. I. Deprivation of liberty. Criminal-legal and correctional labor aspects. – Rostov n / D, 1981. – 208 p.
7. Esakov G. A., Krylova N. E., Serebrennikova A. V. Criminal law of foreign countries: a textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2009.
8. Law on Islamic criminal punishments of the Islamic Republic of Iran / Scientific. ed. A. I. Akhani; trans. from Persian. M. S. Pelevina. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2008.
9. Ishak Ibrahim Mansour. Brief essay on criminology and criminal law. – Algeria, 1982.
10. Islamic criminal law and procedure: textbook / Under the general editorship of I. Yu. Kozlikhin, N. G. Stoyko. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2018.
11. Kuliev E. Translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran. – Moscow, St. Petersburg: Dilya, 2012.
12. Orlov V. N. Criminal punishment: concept, goals, system, objects and subjects: monograph. – Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow State Law Academy named after O. E. Kutafin, 2011. – 466 p.
13. Reshetnikov F. M. Legal systems of the countries of the world: a reference book. – M.: Legal lit., 1993. – 256 p.
14. Sizov A. A., Shakhbazov R. F. Features of criminal law and procedure of Islamic states. – M.: Library of criminalist, 2016. – 167 p.
15. Fedorov A. V., Geldibaev M. H. Muslim law and criminal justice // Scientific notes. Russian Customs Academy. St. Petersburg branch named after V. B. Bobkov. – 1997. – No. 2 (4). – P. 29-34.
16. Khalil Hikmat Hussein. The system of punishments under Muslim criminal law: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2008.
17. Elaidi Ramez Ahmed. Punishment under the criminal law of Arab countries: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2002.

CRIMINAL LAW
ARALKINA Polina Vitaljevna
adjunct of the 2nd year of study, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CASES INVOLVING FOREIGN CITIZENS
In the Russian Federation, the importance of legal norms as the most important mechanism for regulating social relations is growing, and social and state transformations are taking place. The most important link in these processes is property relations, which also develop in the area of ​​preserving various types of property. Factors that are embedded in the biological and socio-psychological characteristics of persons committing crimes against property determine the intentional destruction of or damage to someone else’s property. The relevance of the study of the features of criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property is due to the existing problems in the area of ​​determining criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property, namely, the issues ofqualifying intentional and careless destruction and damage to someone else’s property. It is necessary to develop measures of criminal law counteraction to the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property, which were adequate to the developing situation in the area of ​​determining criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property. Problematic issues of differentiation of criminal liability for intentionally committed acts or those committed through negligence, their delimitation from offenses related to similar crimes in terms of elements and characteristics of their composition require a solution, since their presence generally reduces the effectiveness of the fight against crimes committed against someone else’s property.
Keywords: criminal liability, destruction of property, damage to property, material damage, property, compensation, legal norms, classification, criteria, special norms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 28.02.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Afanasyeva A. R. Some problems of criminal liability for the intentional destruction of or damage to someone else’s property // In the collection: Problems of protecting rights: history and modernity. Materials of the XVI International Scientific and Practical Conference. – St. Petersburg. – 2022. – P. 42-46.
4. Korolenko N. S. Punishment as a form of criminal liability for intentional destruction of or damage to property: Russian and international experience // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2023. – No. 93-4. – P. 175-180.
5. Semiletkina E. V. Specifics of criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property: problems of theory and law enforcement practice // In the collection: Science and Modernity. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Students and Young Scientists. – Taganrog, 2023. – P. 329-332.
6. Talanov N. A., Zorina E. A., Vakhmistrova S. I., Kozhevnikova N. A. On the issue of criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to property through negligence // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2022. – No. 7 (108). – P. 68-74.
7. Yudina U. S. Features of criminal liability for the destruction of or damage to someone else’s property // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 339-345.

CRIMINAL LAW
DOLЕVA Olga Andreevna
postgraduate student, University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ORGANIZER OF THE CRIME IN COMPLICITY WITH A PERSON WHO HAS NOT REACHED THE AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
Currently, there are contradictions between the doctrine and judicial practice in the issue of criminal law assessment of the responsibility of the organizer of a crime in complicity with a person who has not reached the age of criminal responsibility. In the research conducted, the author draws attention to the general age of criminal liability as the basis for the responsibility of persons who committed a crime in complicity, the qualification of the actions of accomplices if there are grounds for criminal liability (due to the age) of only one of such persons.
The author comes to the conclusion that it is advisable to develop a unified approach to classifying the actions of a person who has committed a crime (including as an organizer of a crime) with a person who has not reached the age of criminal responsibility.
Keywords: the age of criminal responsibility, complicity in a crime, the age of the perpetrator of the crime, the age of the organizer of the crime, a special subject, the qualification of crimes.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ivanov N. Complicity with a special subject // Russian justice. – 2001. – No. 3. – P. 50-52.
2. Pudovochkin Yu. E. Responsibility for crimes against minors under Russian criminal law. – SPb.: Juridical center Press, 2002. – P. 113.
3. Pudovochkin Yu. E. Criminal-legal assessment of indirect causing of harm // Bulletin of the Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 2.
4. Lunkov D. A. Indirect causing of harm: criminal-legal and criminological aspects: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2013.
5. Barankov N. V. Indirect execution of a crime: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2001.
6. Meleshko D. A. Causing harm without signsin complicity in the doctrine of criminal law: abstract. dis. …cand. legal Sci. – M., 2016.

CRIMINAL LAW
SOLOGUB Valeriya Alexeevna
postgraduate student, F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University
CONSIDERATION OF CRIMINAL CASES CONCERNING THE USE OF COMPULSORY MEDICAL MEASURES IN RUSSIA AND THE USA
The article analyzes the specifics of the consideration of criminal cases involving the use of compulsory medical measures. Special attention is paid to the legislation of the USA. It is claimed that the country has a relatively high rate of involuntary hospitalization. There are significant differences between the criminal laws of the United States and the Russian Federation. The issue of minimizing this measure is being considered due to the possible consequences associated with the psychological state of the patient and possible relapses of crimes.
Keywords: forced hospitalization, psychiatric institutions, coercion, crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Gerasina Yu. A. Compulsory medical measures: concept, types, application: abstract of the dissertation. candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – M., 2013. – 26 p.
2. Greku V. P. Foreign experience of some countries in applying security measures to the mentally ill and other persons who have committed a criminal act // Young scientist. – 2013. – No. 8 (55). – P. 285-290. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/55/7515/ (date of access: 12.02.2025).
3. Model Criminal Code of the USA. September – 2011. Russian legal portal – Pashkov library. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://constitutions.ru/archives/5849.
4. Burnham W. Legal system of the USA. Issue 3. – M., 2006. – P. 880.
5. Kubantsev S. P. Insanity in the criminal law of the USA // Journal of Russian law. – 2004. – No. 2.
6. Loginova N. S. Features of insanity in the criminal legislation of foreign countries // Bulletin of science. – 2025. – No. 1 (82). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-nevmenyaemosti-v-ugolovnom-zakonodatelstve-zarubezhnyh-stran (date of access: 20.02.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CONTRACT FOR THE PROVISION OF PAID LEGAL SERVICES: THROUGH THE PRISM OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR FRAUD
Based on the analysis of modern law enforcement practice and taking into account the provisions of criminal and civil legislation, an analysis of the possibility of identifying signs of fraud in the provision of legal services under a contract for the provision of paid services has been carried out. The article examines both the variants of fraud qualification that took place earlier in practice when concluding such contracts with the deliberate purpose of non-fulfillment, as well as new ones related to legal activity in the corporate sphere, when the law enforcer takes into account such terms of the contract as the cost of services, payments under the «success fee», validity and the need for legal services specified in the contract, etc.
Keywords: crime, civil law relations, contract for the provision of paid services, fraud, freedom of contract, punishment.
Article bibliographic list
1. Lutsenko E. P. The relationship between civil and criminal legislation in distinguishing between fraud and torts in the Russian Federation // Legal almanac. – 2021. – No. 7 (11). – P. 14-18.
2. Verdict of the Zheleznodorozhny District Court of Krasnoyarsk dated 07/05/2022 in case No. 1-94/2022 (1-577/2021, No. 12102040049000014, 24RS0041-01-2021-007150-12). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-24RS0017-1-94-2022-1-577-2021-2021-12-03-2-0/ (date of access: 02/24/2025).
3. Verdict of the Gorno-Altaisk City Court of the Altai Republic dated 06/28/2021 in case No. 1-27/2021 (1-374/2020). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://actofact.ru/case-02RS0001-1-27-2021-1-374-2020-2020-09-11-2-0/ (date of access: 02/24/2025).
4. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 08/02/2016 No. 18-KG16-84. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-verkhovnogo-suda-rf-ot-02082016-n-18-kg16-84/ (date of access: 02/24/2025).
5. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the UralDistrict No. F09-3366/19 in case No. A76-26478/2018 dated 19.06.2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://fasuo.arbitr.ru (date of access: 24.02.2025).
6. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases of the Moscow Regional Court dated 25.05.2023 in case No. 22-2430/2023 (50RS0048-01-2020-005132-82). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudrf.cntd.ru/document/1301805987 (date of access: 24.02.2025).
7. Verdict of the Gagarinsky District Court of Moscow dated 06.06.2022 in case No. 1-4/2022 (77RS0004-02-2021-003192-56). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: mos-gorsud.ru›mgs/cases/docs/content/ff02ee30 (date of access: 02.24.2025).
8. Vasilevskaya L. Yu., Poduzova E. B. Interaction of civil and criminal law in the field of protecting the rights of the victim in cases of theft and fraud // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2018. – T. 12, No. 4. – P. 572-582.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ALIEVA Surizhat Yusufovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law and humanities sub-faculty, branch, Dagestan State University in Derbent
BUTAEV Muradali Yakubovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law and humanities sub-faculty, branch, Dagestan State University in Derbent
SOME CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL FEATURES OF THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES UNDER ARTICLE 150 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes, taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, some criminal procedural aspects of the investigation of crimes provided for in Article 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “Involvement of a minor in the commission of a crime”, due to the peculiarities of the qualification of the most criminally punishable act. These include: the specifics of proving the fact of involving a minor in a crime, the jurisdiction of such cases, as well as the specifics of granting a person the status of a victim in a criminal case.
Keywords: involvement of a minor in the commission of a crime, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, investigation of crimes, minor.
Article bibliography
1. Solonnikova N. V., Kuzmin M. N. Some problems of investigation of the crime provided for by Art. 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow: collection of scientific papers. Irkutsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – Vol. 25, No. 1. – P. 209-217.
2. Ryasov A. A. Methodology for investigating the involvement of minors in the commission of crimes and antisocial acts. – Stavropol, 2016. – 31 p.
3. Nekrasov D. A., Kalinkina A. B. Specifics of the qualification of the crime provided for in Art. 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in the formation of a set of crimes // Investigation and prevention of crimes committed by minors or against minors: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (Novosibirsk, December 20, 2023). – M .: Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee named after A. Ya. Sukharev, 2024. – P. 100-104.
4. Dikarev I. S. Investigative jurisdiction in criminal proceedings: issues of theory and legislative regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 113-125.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
BELSKIY Kirill Evgenjevich
Managing partner of the “Belsky and Partners” Law Firm
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL DEFENSE WITHIN THE ADVERSARIAL SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE (USA AND THE UK – ENGLAND AND WALES)
The article is devoted to ethical dilemmas that arise for the defense counsel in the American adversarial criminal justice process. The “extreme” adversarial model used in the United States encourages the defense lawyer to conduct a “zealous” defense of his client by all means available. The adversarial nature of the system encourages attorneys to win at all costs, without regard for the harm that may be done to others or the search for the truth. In carrying out a zealous defense, the lawyer balances on the verge of disciplinary and sometimes criminal liability, because he can turn a blind eye to the false testimony of witnesses, and even the defendant himself, if it is favorable to his position, while at the same time, discrediting the truthful testimony of witnesses for the prosecution. As a solution to this dilemma, American scholars suggest tightening the provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Lawyers, by including the norm which is typical for the UK – that above the lawyer’s duty to the client is his duty to the judicial system. However, the English scholars demonstrate that this is not a solution to the problem, because acting in the interests of the judicial system, a lawyer inevitably weakens the defense of his clients, for example, by forcing them to take a plea in order to increase the efficiency of the court. Thus, the only solution under the existing conditions is to expand ethics courses in law schools and refuse to educate young lawyers in an overly competitive manner.
Keywords: adversarial process, zealous defense, lawyer’s ethics, duty to client, officer of the court.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abel, Richard L., Theories of the Legal Profession, in Lawyers: Acritical Reader 117, 131 (Richard L. Abel ed., 1997).
2. ALRC, Review of the adversarial system of litigation, Issues Paper 20, at 91.
3. Braithwaite, Valerie, Dancing with Tax Authorities: Motivational Postures and Non-Compliance Actions, in Taxing Democracy: Understanding Tax Avoidance and Evasion 19.
4. Burger, Warren E. The Decline of Professionalism, 61 Tenn. L.Rev. 1, 5-7 (1993).
5. Cohen, Felix, Field Theory and Judicial Logic, 59 YALE L. 238, 238 (1950).
6. Cramton, Roger C. “Furthering Justice by Improving the Adversary System and Making Lawyers More Accountable” (2002). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 1161.
7. Cramton, Roger C., On Giving Meaning to “Professionalism,” in 1996 ABA Symposium Proceedings, Teaching and Learning Professionalism, 1996 A.B.A. Sec. on Legal Educ. and Admission to the B. Rep
8. Crier, Catherine. The Case Against Lawyers. Crown, 2003.
9. Crystal, Nathan M. Limitations on Zealous Representation in an Adversarial System (October 1997). Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 32, No. 3. 1997. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=139967 (date of access: 07/15/2024).
10. Daicoff, Susan. Lawyer, Know Yourself: A Review of Empirical Research on Attorney Attributes Bearing on Professionalism, 46 Am. U. L. Rev. 1337, 1340 (1997).
11. Flynn, John J., Professional Ethics and the Lawyer’s Duty to Self. Washington University Law Quarterly [Vol. 1976:429 Number 3], 430.
12. Frankel, Marvin E. Search for Truth: An Umpireal View, 123 U Pa L. Rev. at 1038.
13. Freedman, Monroe H. Professional Responsibility of the Criminal Defense Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions, 64 Mich. L.Rev. 1469 (1966).
14. Freeman, Milton V. Remarks, The Profession of Law is NOT on the Decline, 96 Dick. L.Rev. 149, 162-63 (1992).
15. Fuller, Lon L. The Morality of Law: Revised Edition. Yale University Press, 1989.
16. Gaetke, Eugene R., Expecting Too Much and Too Little of Lawyers, University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 67:693, 2006.
17. Galanter, Marc, Lawyers in the Mist: The Golden Age of Legal Nostalgia, 100 Dick. L.Rev. 549 (1996).
18. Gibbs, Penelope and Fionnuala Ratcliffe. Criminal defense in an age of austerity: Zealous advocate or cog in a machine? Transform Justice, July 2019. p. 03
19. Gillers, Stephen, Regulation of Lawyers 457-513 (6th ed. 2002) (NY Aspen).
20. Glendon, Mary Ann. A Nation under Lawyers: How the Crisis in the Legal Profession is Transforming American Society (1994) 35-39.
21. Haskell, Paul G., Why Lawyers Behave As They Do, Perseus (1998), 71.
22. Jeffrey, Bill, Sir. Independent criminal defense in England and Wales. A Review. May 2014.
23. Jones, Trina, Inadvertent Disclosure of Privileged Information and the Law of Mistake: Using Substantive Legal Principles to Guide Ethical Decision Making, 48 Emory L.J. 1255, 1260 (1999).
24. Kaufman, Irving. Does the Judge Have a Right to Qualified Counsel? 61 A.B.A. J. 569 (1975).
25. Kaye, Judith S. Women Lawyers in Big Firms: A Study in Progress Toward Gender Equality, 57 Fordham L. Rev. 111, 115 (1988).
26. Kronman, Anthony T. The Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Legal Profession (1993) 18.
27. Kubicek, Theodore L. Adversarial Justice: America’s Court System on Trial. Algora Publishing, 2006.
28. Landsman, Stephan. The Adversary System: A Description and Defense, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984.
29. Lawry, Robert P. The Central Moral Tradition of Lawyering, 19 Hofstra L. Rev. 311 (1990).
30. Levine, Samuel J. Faith in Legal Professionalism: Believers and Heretics, 61 Md. L.Rev. 217, 218-19 (2002).
31. Loder, Reed Elizabeth. Tighter Rules of Professional Conduct: Saltwater for Thirst?, 1 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 311, 311-12 (1987).
32. Luban, David. The Adversary System Excuse in The Good Lawyer: Lawyers’ Roles and Lawyers’ Ethics (David Luban ed) Totowa NJ: Rowman & Allanheld 83, 94 (1983).
33. Luban, David. Lawyers and Justice. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
34. McBarnet, Doreen. When Compliance is Not the Solution but the Problem: From Changes in Law to Changes in Attitude, in Taxing Democracy: Understanding Tax Avoidance and Evasion 229 (Valerie Braithwaite ed., 2003).
35. Meagher, William R. A Critique of Lawyers’ Ethics in an Adversary System, 4 Fordham Urb. L.J. 289 (1976).
36. Menkel-Meadow, Carrie, The Trouble with the Adversary System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World, 38 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 5 (1996).
37. Pound, Roscoe. “The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice”. American Bar Association, The Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association 11 (1906). 40 AM. L.REV. 729 (1926).
38. Report of the Joint Conference of the American Bar Association and the Association of American Law Schools on Professional Responsibility, 44 A.B.AJ. 1159, 1160 (1958).
39. Rooney, Michael J. Report on Professionalism; The ABA Attempts Suicide, 75 ILL. B.J. 480, 480 (1987).
40. Simon, William H. The Trouble with Legal Ethics, 41 J. Legal Educ. 65 (1991).
41. Solomon, Rayman L. Five Crises or One: The Concept of Legal Professionalism, 1925-1960, in Lawyers’ Ideals/Lawyers’ Practices, 173.
42. The Language of Law – Dictionary and Research Guide: Adversary System. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: http://www.123exp-law.com/t/03784053404/ (Accessed: 15.07.2024).
43. Welsh, Lucy (2017) The effects of changes to legal aid on lawyers’ professional identity and behaviour in summary criminal cases: a case study. Journal of Law and Society, 44 (4). pp. 559-585. ISSN 0263-323X. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69195/ (Accessed: 15.07.2024).
44. Wendel, W. Bradley. The Bilateral Ethics of Narrative: Toward a General Theory of Deception in Lawyering (2003).
45. Wolfram, Charles W. Toward a History of the Legalization of American Legal Ethics-II The Modern Era, 15 Geo. J. Legal Ethics 205, 206-07 (2002).
46. ​​Zacharias, Fred C. Specificity in Professional Responsibility Codes: Theory, Practice, and the Paradigm of Prosecutorial Ethics, 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 223, 223 (1993).
47. Zacharias, Fred C. Reconciling Professionalism and Client Interests, 36 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1303, 1331-50 (1995).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
VNUKOVA Diana Rafikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
SHEPELEVA Olga Rinatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, A. S. Pushkin Leningrad State University, St. Petersburg
ON THE ISSUE OF JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
The article examines the problematic aspects that arise when a person and a citizen exercise the basic constitutional right to judicial protection. The authors analyzed issues related to the differentiation of elements of judicial protection, the specifics of providing judicial protection in criminal, civil, administrative, and arbitration proceedings, since the right to judicial protection is an integral feature of the rule of law.
Keywords: justice, judicial proceedings, judicial protection, observance, rights, freedoms, person, citizen, guarantees, norms, legality, validity, justice, state power
Article bibliography
1. Gavrilov B. Ya. The role of the legislation of the criminal-legal complex in ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen // State and Law. 2023. No. 6. P. 191-192.
2. Golovinskaya I. V., Krestinsky M. V., Savelyev I. I. Certain problems of the implementation of constitutional and criminal procedural guarantees of the rights of persons during criminal proceedings // Modern law. 2019. No. 3. P. 42-46.
3. Mateikovich M. S. Implementation of constitutional norms and protection of human rights in domestic criminal proceedings // Journal of Russian Law. 2018. No. 5. P. 26-30.
4. Shanin A. A. Theoretical foundations of administrative and judicial protection of human rights in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Eurasian Academy of Administrative Sciences. 2023. No. 2 (63). P. 75-78.
5. Shautaeva G. Kh., Popova L. V. On some issues of ensuring individual rights in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 2 (69). P. 153-160.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
GERASENKOV Vadim Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines, theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
MAEVSKIY Sergey Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines, theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
THE INSTITUTE OF RETURN OF A CRIMINAL CASE BY THE PROSECUTOR TO THE INVESTIGATOR: THEORETICAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS
This article analyzes the reasons for returning a criminal case by the prosecutor to the investigator, and also examines violations of criminal and criminal procedure legislation that are the basis for making the said procedural decision. It provides justification for the fact that the basis for returning a criminal case by the prosecutor to the investigator can only be significant violations of the law committed during the investigation. The publication provides arguments and reasoning for the need to enshrine in criminal procedure legislation significant violations during the investigation, which will be the basis for the prosecutor to make a procedural decision to return the criminal case to the investigator for additional investigation, change the scope of the charges or the qualification of the act.
Keywords: return of a criminal case by the prosecutor to the investigator, criminal procedure legislation, indictment, qualification of the act, scope of the charge brought, violations of criminal procedure legislation, elimination of identified deficiencies, preliminary investigation, criminal procedure institute.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ivanov D. A., Mullagaleeva L. R. Some problems arising when the prosecutor returns a criminal case to the investigator for additional investigation (on the example of criminal cases investigated by investigators of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) // Criminal proceedings: problems of theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 38-42.
2. Ivushkina O. V., Nazirova N. A. Final decisions of the prosecutor on criminal cases received with an indictment // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2024. – No. 2 (105). – P. 103-111.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
ZAKIROVA Elvira Farilovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Faculty of Training of Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
KURANOV Alexander Sergeevich
student, Faculty of Training of Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CONCEPT OF MATERIAL COSTS AND THEIR CONTENT IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
This article is dedicated to the institution of procedural costs in criminal proceedings. The importance of this institution for the effective and fair administration of justice is analyzed. The definition of material costs is given, the classification of procedural costs depending on the type of expenses, as well as the procedure for their calculation and reimbursement are put forward. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that material costs are an integral element of the criminal process. At the same time, the number and types of such expenses are diverse and depend on the specific circumstances of the criminal case.
Keywords: material costs, procedural costs, expenses, criminal proceedings, compensation, calculation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Grigoriev V.N., Pobedkin A.V. Yashin V.N. Criminal process: textbook. – M.: Eksmo, 2005. – 832 p.
2. Derishev Yu. V. Institute of procedural costs: problems of implementation and ways of optimization // Criminal justice. – 2021. – No. 18. – P. 49-57.
3. Dranichnikova N. V. Institute of procedural costs in the system of criminal procedural law and law enforcement practice: abstract of the dissertation of the candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2024. – P. 256.
4. Savina N. Procedural costs: some problematic issues of legal regulation // Society and law. – 2012. – No. 11. – P. 147-149.
5. Smirnov A. V., Kalinovsky K. B. Criminal procedure: textbook. – M.: KNORUS, 2015. – 455 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ZAMURUEVA Elizaveta Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, V. V. Lukyanov Oryol Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PROCEDURAL STATUS OF PARTICIPANTS IN PRE-INVESTIGATION CHECKS
In the context of modern changes in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation, the topic of the procedural status of participants in pre-investigation checks and the implementation of the right to defense is of particular importance. Conducting pre-investigation checks is a key stage of criminal proceedings, which lays the foundation for subsequent investigation and trial. However, despite the importance of this stage, there are many legal and practical gaps that complicate the effective protection of the rights of participants in the process. The relevance of the sstudy is due to the need to increase legal certainty and protect the constitutional rights of citizens at the stage of checking reports of a crime.
Keywords: pre-investigation check, defense attorney, defense attorney, checking a report of a crime, procedural status of persons.
Article bibliography
1. Davletov A. A. The problem of the status of a suspect at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Russian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 61-67.
2. Naumov K. A. On the right to defense of a person in respect of whom a pre-investigation check is being conducted // Bulletin of the Omsk Law Academy. – 2016. – No. 4 (33). – P. 101-106.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2015 No. 29 “On the practice of applying by courts the legislation ensuring the right to defense in criminal proceedings.” [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Ryzhakov A. P. A person in respect of whom a crime report is being checked may have a defense attorney. [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Shadrin V. The fate of the stage of initiation of a criminal case // Legality. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 47-51.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KOCHESOKOV Rustam Khazhmudarovich
lecturer of Firearms training sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
DIKINOV Andzor Khasanbievich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, leading researcher of the Department of Scientific Research and Innovation, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkaria State University, Nalchik
PECULIARITIES OF INVESTIGATION OF ECONOMIC CRIMES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Economic crimes are one of the most common types of crimes in the Russian Federation (RF). In the context of digitalization of the economy, the number of crimes of committed using information technology has increased, which requires special attention from the state. Economic crimes pose a threat to the national security of the state, since the economic sector is the most important component that determines the level of development of the state. Economic security is one of the priority areas of the implemented state policy in modern conditions, given the sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. In this regard, it is relevant to identify the features of the investigation of economic crimes and search for methods to improve the investigation of crimes of this type. Economic crimes have their own specific features that require the use of special methods and mechanisms of investigation and the presence of knowledge of economics among investigators and inquirers. Particular attention during the investigation requires the study of documentation, in particular, this is the study of accounting reports and primary documents, the understanding of which requires deep knowledge in this industry. However, solving this problem requires a systematic approach and the development of new mechanisms to improve the system of combating crimes in the economic sphere.
Keywords:economics, economic crimes, control, accounting, finance, inspection, examination, procedural actions, entrepreneurial activity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on February 28, 2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Abazov A. B. Criminal liability for economic crimes: current state and development prospects // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 4. – P. 36-40.
3. Voldimarova N. G. Actual problems of criminal liability for economic crimes: monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2020. – 55 p.
4. Karev A. G. Hidden illegal economic losses causing economic crimes, methods of their detection and prevention // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 129-135.
5. Kochkina I. D. Economic crimes and legalization of their income through the banking system of Russia // Business and Society. – 2023. – No. 4 (40). – P. 1-5.
6. Sergeeva D. A. Economic crimes as a threat to the economic security of the state // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2024. – No. 116-7. – P. 156-159.
7. Ustinova T. D., Rubtsova A. S. Economic crimes: a tutorial. – Moscow: Prospect, 2021. – 174 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
LIFANOVA Liliya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of MIA of Russia
GAUZHEVA Viktoriya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Special technical training sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute of Advanced Training (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL SANCTIONS IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
Any offense serves as the basis for the implementation of legal responsibility. Being the most important social institution, the responsibility is designed to ensure people’s behavior in accordance with existing legal norms. Criminal procedural responsibility is a guarantee of the fulfillment of procedural duties by all subjects of criminal proceedings, specified in the sanction of the norm. In the article, the authors analyze the issues of the place of sanctions in the criminal procedure legislation, the essence and subjects of criminal procedural responsibility, the legal consequences of non-compliance with the requirements of the criminal procedure law.
Keywords: criminal procedure law, structure of the criminal procedure norm, criminal procedural responsibility, sanction of the criminal procedural law norm, subjects of procedural responsibility
Article bibliography
1. Chuklova E. V. Criminal procedural liability: concept and features // Vector of Science TSU. – 2015. – No. 3 (22).
2. Elkind P. S. Interpretation and application of criminal procedural law norms. – M.: Legal Literature, 1967.
3. Bratus S. N. Legal liability and legality. – M.: Legal Literature, 1976.
4. Zelenina O. A. Procedural liability in criminal proceedings: content and implementation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2012. – No. 5.
5. Gal’din M. V. Sanctions in the mechanism of criminal procedural regulation // Bulletin of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 4.
6. Lipinsky D. A. On criminal procedural liability // Vector of Science TSU. – 2010. – No. 3 (13).
7. Vetrova G. N. Criminal procedural liability: dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 1981.
8. Lifanova L. G., Ulyaeva E. A. Sanctions in criminal procedure law // Bulletin of the North Caucasian Humanitarian and Technical Institute. – 2015. – No. 4 (23).
9. Verdict of the Meshchansky District Court of Moscow No. 01-0023/2019 of 01/29/2029 / Meshchansky District Court of Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mos-gorsud.ru/rs/meshchanskij (date accessed: 02/24/2025).
10. Verdict of the Tyumen Regional Court No. 2-6/2024 of August 14, 2024 in case No. 2-6/2024. / Tyumen Regional Court (Tyumen Oblast). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://oblsud.tum.sudrf.ru (date of access: 24.02.2025).
11. The court considered the defense’s arguments more convincing / Official website of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fparf.ru/news/law-chambers/argumenty-zashchity-sud-schel-bolee-ubeditelnymi/ (date of access: 03.03.2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation, Rostov-on-Don
MOLECULAR GENETIC EXAMINATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: CONCEPT, SPECIFICS, CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS, RANGE OF ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED AND EVIDENTIARY POSSIBILITIES
The article analyzes the concept, specifics, criminalistic characteristics, the range of issues to be resolved and the evidentiary possibilities of molecular genetic examination in criminal proceedings. The author has investigated the modern evidentiary possibilities of molecular genetic examinations related to: establishing the gender of biological traces and objects; forensic identification of unidentified remains; establishing the affiliation of blood, semen, saliva, hair, tissues, organs and separated body parts to a specific person; establishing the true parents of the child; diagnostic DNA typing for the purposes of subsequent identification with objects of crimes and accidents, etc. In addition, to solve the problems of criminal proceedings and other specialized activities, the author analyzes the possibilities of genomic registration of various categories of persons. It has been established that the studied type of forensic examinations has great empirical potential, which contributes to the detection of crimes committed in conditions of obscurity, and also has a positive effect on the objectivity and effectiveness of the investigation of a wide range of criminal cases.
Keywords: molecular genetic examination, biological traces, genomic registration, DNA analysis, DNA profiling, identity identification, genotoscopy method.
Article bibliographyphysical list
1. Bursov D. V. DNA forensics – origin, modernity and prospects // Problems of law: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 113-117.
2. Volovik K. A. Properties of research objects that determine the possibility of achieving the goals and objectives of genetic expertise // International periodical scientific publication “A look into the future”. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 121-124.
3. Ekaev M. N. Molecular genetic diagnostics program // Herald of criminalistics. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 136-140.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MALTSEVA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, Branch, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, Ryazan
SULEYMANOV Talyat Alievich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and forensic science sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia, associate professor of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, Branch, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, Ryazan
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF CANCELLATION OF SEIZURE OF PROPERTY DURING CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
In this article, the authors have attempted to conduct a scientific analysis on the topics related to the cancellation of the seizure of property in the course of criminal proceedings. An overview of the existing procedure for imposing and extending the seizure of property is given. The existence of evaluative grounds in the law for the cancellation of the seizure of property leads to a violation of the victim’s rights to compensation for the damage caused to him, generates the adoption of controversial decisions by the investigator, the judge. It is noted that there is no incomplete legal regulation of the procedure for extending and canceling the seizure of property. The incorrectness of legal regulations governing the cancellation of property seizures generates contradictory and ambiguous judicial practice. As a legal initiative, the authors formulate a proposal to introduce a separate rule into the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which would fix the grounds and deadlines for the cancellation of the seizure of property. The duration of the seizure of the victim’s property must be legally fixed.
Keywords: investigator, victim, judge, seized property, cancellation of the seizure of property, suspension of the preliminary investigation.
Article bibliography
1. Bulatov B.B., Dezhnev A.S. Grounds for the cancellation of the seizure of property in pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2020. – No. 460. – P. 228.
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 01.06.2017 No. 19 “On the practice of considering by courts petitions for investigative actions related to the restriction of the constitutional rights of citizens (Article 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation)”.
3. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 10.12.2014 No. 31-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of parts six and seven of Article 115 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of the closed joint-stock company Gloria”.
4. Khilyuta V. V. Determination of the injured party in criminal cases of theft // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 2 (77). – P. 7.
5. Sokolova M. V., Podustova O. L. Establishment by the court of the terms of seizure of the property of the accused as a circumstance preventing compensation to the victims for damage caused by the crime // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 129.
6. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 21.10.2014 No. 25-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of parts three and nine of Article 115 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaints of the limited liability company “Aurora low-rise construction” and citizens V. A. Shevchenko and M. P. Eidlen.”

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MALTSEVA Yana Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines, theories and histories of state and law sub-faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
OBJECTS OF PROTECTION WHEN APPLYING OTHER MEASURES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE COERCION
The article examines the issue of objects of protection in the application of other measures of criminal-procedural coercion. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the application of other measures of criminal procedure coercion from the point of view of protecting objects, in the form of public and private interests. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognition, comparative legal analysis, a systematic approach and a method of legal modeling. The foundation theoreticals of the correlation of public and privateinterests in criminal proceedings from the point of view of protecting individual rights and public interests are defined. The two-pronged nature of criminal proceedings aimed at protecting both public and individual human rights is considered. Various measures of procedural coercion are analyzed: obligation to appear, summons, temporary suspension from office, seizure of property and monetary penalty. The author emphasizes the need for a harmonious combination of public and private interests in criminal proceedings. The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of justice is achieved through a balance between ensuring public safety and respecting individual rights. Each measure of procedural compulsion is considered from the point of view of protecting both the public interests of the State and the private interests of participants in criminal proceedings. The materials of the article are based on the analysis of judicial practice and theoretical positions of representatives of the scientific community.
Keywords: criminal procedure, other measures of criminal procedure coercion, public interests, private interests, individual rights, balance of interests, justice, protection of human rights.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru, 04.07.2020.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 28.02.2025) // Parliamentary Newspaper. 22.12.2001. No. 241-242.
3. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 19, 2023 No. 33-P // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 27.06.2023. No. 138.
4. Definition of April 18, 2006 No. 114-O Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_61161/ (date of access: 20.12.2024).
5. Appeal ruling No. 10-1/2024 of February 20, 2024 in case No. 1-1/2024 Mamontovsky District Court (Altai Krai). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/mgZ7hYXtXbLJ/?regular-txt=&regular-case_doc=№+10-1%2F2024+&regular-lawchunkinfo=&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=Мамонтовский+район+суд+%28Алтайский+край%29&regular-judge.
6. Appeal ruling No. 22-4246/2024 22K-4246/2024 dated July 3, 2024 in case No. 3/10-54/2024 Krasnodar Regional Court (Krasnodar Region). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/9Qt87nQVYK5w/?regular-txt=привод+подозредающее&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=Статья+113.+Привод%28УПК+РФ%29&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=&snippet_pos=556#snippet.
7. Appeal ruling No. 22-9685/2023 of December 5, 2023 in case No. 1-38/2023 Krasnoyarsk Regional Court (Krasnoyarsk Krai). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/UJDjAYv7J0dw/?regular-txt=извес+стей+и+общества&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=Статья+114.+Временная+отключение+изключение+%28УПК+РФ%29&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=.
8. Appeal ruling No. 22-1992/2023 of October 17, 2023 in case No. 8/1-1/2023 Supreme Court of the Udmurt Republic (Udmurt Republic). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/wVoB7qnFOOYJ/?regular-txt=&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=Article+117.+Denezhnoe+zyskane%28UPC+RF%29&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=.
9. Sentence No. 1-234/2024 dated June 10, 2024 in case No. 1-340/2023 Neftekamsk City Court (Republic of Bashkortostan). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/nQdQ1RciJLYr/?regular-txt=пребличный+изес&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=Статья+115.+Наключение+зареста+на+работаство%28УПК+РФ%29&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=&snippet_pos=3492#snippet.
10. Bagautdinov F. N. Public and personal interests in Russian criminal proceedings and guarantees of their provision during preliminary investigation: specialty 12.00.09 “Criminal procedure”: abstract of a dissertation for a PhD degree of Doctor of Law. Moscow, 2004. 56 p.
11. Gaponova V. N. Application of temporary suspension from office in criminal proceedings (theoretical and organizational-legal aspects): specialty 12.00.09 “Criminal Procedure”: author’s abstractdissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. Omsk, 2016. 22 p.
12. Divaev A. B. Preventive measures in criminal proceedings: theoretical foundations: monograph. Novokuznetsk: FKOU VO Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2020. 144 p.
13. Kachalova O. V. Purpose of criminal proceedings through the prism of substantive law // Legal science and law enforcement practice. 2016. No. 3 (37). P. 109-112.
14. Larin A. M. Protection of human and civil rights in criminal proceedings // General theory of human rights [Text] / [V. A. Kartashkin, N. S. Kolesova, A. M. Larin et al.]; head. auth. collective and ed. E. A. Lukasheva; Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow: Norma, 1996. 509 p.
15. Malikova N. V., Abdrazyapov R. R. Legal and Organizational Problems of Applying the Obligation to Appear // Modern Problems of Criminal Procedure: Solutions. 2022. Pp. 173-179.
16. Nasonova I. A. On the Essence of Criminal Procedure Defense // Prosecution and Defense in Criminal Cases: Historical Experience and Modernity: Collection of Articles Based on the Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Professor Nikolai Sergeevich Alekseev, St. Petersburg, June 28-29, 2014 / St. Petersburg State University; edited by N. G. Stoyko. Saint Petersburg: Limited Liability Company “Center for Social and Legal Technologies”, 2015. Pp. 358-369.
17. Petukhov E. N. Mechanism for Ensuring Proper Performance of Duties by Participants in Criminal Proceedings: Abstract of Dissertation … Doctor of Law: Ufa, 2024. 45 p.
18. Belyaev M. V., Kachalov V. I., Kachalova O. V., Markovicheva E. V. Properties of Court Decisions and the Mechanism for Making Them in Criminal Proceedings: Study Guide. Moscow: Prospect, 2021. 142 p.
19. Sokolova M. V., Podustova O. L. Ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings when seizing property: theory and practice // Moscow Legal Forum Online 2020: collection of abstracts of reports: in 4 parts, Moscow, April 1-31, 2020. – Part 3. Moscow: RG-Press, 2020. Pp. 165-168.
20. Shadrin V. S. Ensuring individual rights during the investigation of crimes. – 2nd edition. Volgograd: Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1999. 228 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MISHCHENKO Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, chief researcher of the Department Training Highly Qualified Personnel of the Military Research Center, Military Order of Zhukov Academy of the National Guard of the Russian Federation
MARINA Elena Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Orenburg State University
CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE PROVED IN CASES OF UNAUTHORIZED ABANDONMENT OF A MILITARY UNIT
The issues related to criminal proceedings under Article 337 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are being considered. The circumstances to be proven and their specifics in cases against military service are analyzed. Along the way, some circumstances are noted that make it possible, in the course of their establishment, to distinguish the unauthorized abandonment of a part from the corpus delicti provided for in Article 338 of the Criminal Code (desertion). Attention is paid to note 1 to art. 337 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the correct outcome of the consideration of a criminal case in court depends on the quality of establishing the circumstances of the subject of evidence, and due examination and evaluation of evidence confirming or refuting the grounds for applying Note 1 to art. 337 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation affect the fair trial in the case.
Keywords: war crimes, unauthorized abandonment of a military unit, special subject, preliminary investigation, subject of proof, corpus delicti.
Article bibliography
1. Polyakov R. A., Grabko D. I. Problematic issues of regulating criminal liability for desertion // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. 2019. No. 5-2. P. 164-168.
2. Kornakova S. V. Evidence and proof in criminal proceedings: problems of understanding their content // Lex Russica (Russian law). 2023. Vol. 76, No. 1 (194). P. 98-109.
3. Semenov S. A. The concept of a special subject of a crime // Journal of Russian Law. 1998. No. 7. P. 65-69.
4. Semikina L. A. The concept of a special subject of a crime // Bulletin of Donetsk National University. 2019. No. 2. P. 68-73.
5. Zavgorodneva E. V., Kornakova S. V. The composition of a crime and the subject of proof: towards a discussion of the relationship between concepts // All-Russian Criminological Journal. 2021. Vol. 15, No.4. P. 495-501.
6. Kulakov A. A. Unauthorized abandonment of a unit. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravorub.ru/articles/104148.html
7. Gorbakonin V. D. Controversial issues of judicial practice in criminal cases on unauthorized abandonment of a unit or place of service // Legal environment in modern Russia: problems and development prospects: collection of scientific articles, Saratov, 02/22/2024. Saratov: SVKI of the National Guard Troops, 2024. P. 31-36.
8. Verdict of the Kazan Garrison Military Court (Republic of Tatarstan) dated 01/15/2024 in case No. 1-17 / 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/6S5BzqXAc5x1/.
9. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 18.05.2023 No. 11 “On the practice of considering criminal cases on crimes against military service by the courts” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2023. No. 120.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SHAPOVALOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk
ON THE NEED FOR BAIL AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE IN RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Preventive measures in criminal proceedings are a necessary institution in most countries. Unlike many other countries, Russia has a very wide range of preventive measures. At the same time, practice shows that not all of the preventive measures stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are actively applied. Statistics show that investigators most often use recognition, detention and house arrest.
This paper examines the need for a preventive measure in the form of bail in Russian criminal proceedings. The author analyzes the points of view of various process scientists who have spoken on this issue.
Keywords: preventive measures; detention; bail; release before trial; property status; investigator; court.
Article bibliography
1. Buryakov A. D. Bail as a preventive measure in Soviet criminal proceedings. – Irkutsk, 1969. – P. 284.
2. Fundamentals of criminal proceedings of the USSR and the union republics of 1924. – M., 1960. – P. 18.
3. Strogovich M. S. Guarantees of individual rights in criminal proceedings. – M., 1992. – P. 30.
4. Kornukov V. M. Measures of procedural coercion in criminal proceedings. – Saratov, 1978. – P. 54.
5. Livshits Yu. D. Preventive measures in Soviet criminal proceedings. – M., 1964.
6. Gasparyan Nver “Unsecured” justice // Advocate newspaper. Body of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation dated March 25, 2020.
7. “Legal Information Agency, 2015-2025” Criminal proceedings. Application of preventive measures. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.api-press.rf/stats/ug/t/13/s/14?ysclid=m6nef9r8rj379679938.
8. Zavorotniy A. S. On the issue of the effectiveness of bail as a preventive measure in criminal proceedings // Problems of the formation of civil society: collection of articles of the International scientific conference. – Irkutsk, 2020. – pp. 154-157.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KHALİLZADE Farid Rasim oglu
doctoral student of Criminal process, Faculty of Law, Baku State University, Republic of Azerbaijan
EVIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS OF AZERBAIJAN AND UZBEKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The article provides a comparative analysis of evidence in the criminal procedure of Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. It examines the historical and legal prerequisites, the impact of international standards, and national reforms on legislation. Particular attention is given to the principle of the presumption of innocence, the participation of parties in the process of proving, and the procedural formalization of evidence. The comparative approach reveals both common features and unique aspects of law enforcement practices, contributing to the development of the theory and practice of criminal proceedings.
Keywords: criminal procedure, evidence, proving, presumption of innocence, criminal procedure legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Abbasova F. Criminal Procedure (General Part). 3rd improved ed. Baku, 2021.
2. Atakishi A. Implementation of the Adversarial Principle in Criminal Proceedings of the Republic of Azerbaijan. M.: Yurlitinform, 2021.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
HUSSAINI Abdul Jamil
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SOURCES OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
The Iranian criminal procedure system is based on a diverse and fundamental set of legal sources, which include the Constitution, statutory laws, religious sources based on Islamic jurisprudence, accepted international documents, judicial practices such as unified rulings, customs, and legal doctrine. These sources not only establish the operational and interpretative framework of criminal regulations but also play a significant role in ensuring criminal justice and protecting the rights of both the accused and the victim. Analyzing these sources from a legal perspective, in addition to clarifying their position and function within the judicial system, can lead to greater transparency in the judicial process and enhance the efficiency of the criminal justice system. This research, with an analytical approach, examines the sources of criminal procedure in Iran and evaluates their impact on the trial process.
Keywords: criminal procedure, sources, Constitution, custom, Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh), judicial doctrine.
References
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9. Del Vecchio, Giorgio. Philosophy of Law: Translated by Javad Vahedi. – Tehran: Mizan Publishing, 2010. Zanjani, Omid. – Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications, 2002.
10. Sassani, Shaban Ali. Custom in Iranian Criminal Law: Master’s Thesis. – Tehran: University of Tehran, 1997.
11. Ziaei Beigdeli, Mohammad Reza. Islam and International Law. – Tehran: Public Joint Stock Company, 1987.
12. Ameri, Faizeh. Critical Study of Article 197 of the Constitution with the Principle of Legality of Crimes and Punishments // Mofid Quarterly. – 2001. – No. 26.
13. Alidoost, Abolghasem. Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought, 2008. – 4th ed.
14. Fatemi, Soraya; Jalali, Mohammad. The Place and Role of Judicial Procedure in Administrative Law: First Edition. – Tehran: Jangal Publications, 2014.
15. Kiyasi, Jalaluddin. Method of Interpreting Criminal Legislation: Master’s Thesis. – Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University, 2015.
16. Kiyasi, Jalaluddin; Dehghan, Hamid; Khosrowshahi, Qadratullah. General Criminal Law. 4th ed. – Qom: Hozeh and University Research Institute, 2012.
17. Katouzian N. Introduction to Legal Science and Study of the Iranian Legal System. – Tehran: Publishing House, 2012.
18. Mallory F. Legal Thoughts / Translated by M. Kalantarian. – Tehran: Age Publishing, 2008.
19. Mirdamad Najafabadi S. A. Competence and Limits of the Administrative Court of Justice // Marefat-e Hoquqi (Legal Knowledge). – 2011. – Vol. 1. – No. 1.
20. Hashemi S. M. Constitutional Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran. – 2nd ed. – Qom: Qom Higher Education Complex, 1996.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
IGOSHIN Vladimir Gennadievich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Organization of regime, security and escort sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO THE FIRE SAFETY SYSTEM IN THE PENAL SYSTEM
This topic is relevant due to the need to ensure safety in correctional institutions and increase the effectiveness of fire prevention measures and other preventive measures. The article also analyzes the potential of artificial intelligence to solve various types of tasks, such as: early detection of ignition sources, fire prevention, optimization of evacuation measures, convicts and employees, as well as the rational allocation of fire protection resources, the acquisition of practical knowledge in emergency situations and the effective allocation of staff to eliminate them. Particular attention is paid to the use of computer vision, machine learning, and predictive analytics to predict risks, provide an approximate image of the possible spread of a fire, and organize the work of personnel in such situations. The article considers the benefits of implementing AI, including reducing response times, reducing material damage and increasing the level of safety in the correctional institution of the life and health of convicts and employees.
Keywords: security system, prison staff, convicts, fire safety, artificial intelligence, correctional institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Valkov A. I. Modern technologies: a review of computer vision systems // Caspian 21st century: paths to sustainable development. – 2020. – P. 82-85.
2. Bachevsky I. V., Pechenev V. A., Pobedinsky V. V. Fire alarm system with artificial intelligence // Proceedings of the XVII All-Russian (national) scientific and technical conference of students and postgraduates. – USLTU, 2021. – P. 489-492.
3. Ponachugin A. V., Krasnopevtsev V. A., Mikhailov A. A. Artificial intelligence: development trends // Fundamental and applied research in the field of high technologies. – 2023. – P. 58-64.
4. Ablameiko S., Shakel N. V., Bogush R. P. Use of artificial intelligence systems in ensuring public safety in a smart city: legal aspects // Bulletin of Polotsk State University. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 84-92.
5. Aktaeva A. U., Duisenbayuly Zh. T., Sarsenbaeva Zh. Artificial intelligence and fire safety // Science and Reality. – 2023. – No. 1 (13). – pp. 133-136.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
TERESHCHENKO Anzhelika Ivanovna
senior lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND THE CURRENT STATE OF RECEIVING MEDICAL CARE BY CONVICTS IN PRISON INSTITUTIONS
The article provides a historical overview of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods of development of the sphere of providing medical care to convicts in prisons, and assesses the current state of this activity. The author attempts to analyze the current problems of receiving medical care by convicts in correctional institutions, and states that formally convicts have the same right to health protection and medical care as law-abiding citizens, but their rights to receive such services are diminished.
Keywords: voluntary health insurance, medical care, medical services, convicts, health protection, special contingent.
Article bibliography
1. World Health Organization Guidelines for Essential Aspects of Health in Prisons. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn—-7sbabhak4bqktigbdqi0yka.xn--p1ai/images/documents/megd_doc/health2008.pdf. – 218 p. (date of access: 28.10.2024).
2. Tarasov O. A., Vasilyeva S. A. Medical and sanitary support in the penal system: connection of times // Vedomosti of the penal system. – 2024. – No. 4. – Pp. 7-19.
3. Gernet M. N. History of the tsarist prison. – T. 3. – 1870-1900. – M .: Gosyurizdat, 1961. – 430 p.
4. On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 21.11.2011 No. 323-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 48. – Art. 6724.
5. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of January 8, 1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on October 25, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1997. – No. 2. – Art. 198.
6. Internal Regulations of Correctional Institutions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated July 4, 2022 No. 110 (as amended on December 6, 2024) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (pravo.gov.ru) July 6, 2022 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202207060002?ysclid=mak0xti1l6656147832.
7. Odintsova L. N., Savitsky V. N. Some problems of medical and sanitary support of persons sentenced to imprisonment // State and Law: Theory and Practice. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 44-55.

CRIMINALISTICS
GAYNELZYANOVA Venera Ravilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MIROLYUBOV Sergey Leonidovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal-legal disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
VARLAMOV Sergey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
CURRENT STATE OF HUMAN ODOR TRACE EXAMINATION IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
The article considers the issues of origin, development and current state of olfactory forensic examination. The legal basis for forensic examination of odor traces is defined. Its quantitative and qualitative indicators are given. The dynamics of the activities of laboratories for the study of human odor traces at the request of the investigative bodies is reflected in detail in the diagrams. At the same time, the number of human trace examinations in the Russian Federation is indicated. The olfactory capabilities of dogs and humans are analyzed. Modern methods for its implementation are reviewed. A detailed analysis of the issue of repeatability of these studies in law enforcement practice is carried out. Promising vectors of development are outlined. It is proposed to develop a total digitalization of all areas of expert activity using electronic devices such as an “electronic nose”. The possibilities of olfactory examination are considered, where technologies for extracting odor from a carrier object have been developed and implemented, as well as conservation, allowing it to be preserved indefinitely, with the introduction of which new opportunities for investigating crimes of past years have opened up.
Keywords: examination of human odor traces, bio-detector, odor receptors, human olfactory capabilities, shalaika.
Article bibliography
1. Koisin A. A. Study of odor traces: issues of theory and practice // Siberian legal bulletin. – 2010. – No. 3 (50). – P. 146-148.
2. Berezko A. A. Universal odor detector: new in the examination of human odor traces // Traditions and innovations in the system of modern Russian law: materials of the XX Int. conf. Young scientists: in 3 volumes. – M.: Publishing House of the O. E. Kutafin University Center, 2021. – Vol. 3. – Pp. 188-193.
3. Panfilov A. Study of odor traces: blood “remembers” the criminal // Popular and legal almanac of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia “Professional”. – 2015. – No. 6 (128). – Pp. 5-7.
4. Kitaeva N. N. and Kitaeva V. N. Repeated olfactory examination in Russia: problematic issues // Preserving the past, defining the present, anticipating the future: a collection of scientific papers dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus A. V. Dulova. – Minsk, 2014. – P. 87-91.
5. Khmeleva AV The Importance of Human Odor Trace Examination in Proving Criminal Cases (Based on the Results of Summarizing Investigative Practice) // The Verb of Justice. – 2019. – No. 4 (22). – P. 66-68.
6. Berezko AA Trends in Human Odor Trace Examination // Issues of Criminology, Criminalistics and Forensic Science. – 2022. – No. 1 (55). – P. 148-150.

CRIMINALISTICS
GAUZHAEVA Viktoriya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Special and technical training sub-faculty, North-Caucasian Advanced Training Institute (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
ZOTOV Alexey Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia, major of police
CERTAIN ISSUES OF QUALIFICATION AND PROSECUTION IN CASES OF COMPLICITY IN A CRIME
Article examines current issues related to the institution of complicity in modern Russian criminal law. It examines controversial issues such as complex forms of complicity, the impact of each person’s role in committing a crime on criminal liability, the distinction between complicity when participating in an organized criminal group and a criminal community, individual provisions regulating the institution of complicity in international legal acts, as well as problems related to the excess of the perpetrator.
The totality of these problems allows us to form an opinion that individual norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation require adjustment in accordance with our proposals.
Keywords: complicity, complex forms of complicity, criminal community, organized criminal group, excess of the perpetrator.
Article bibliography
1. Akhmedova D. U., Butaev M. Ya. Theoretical and practical issues of the institution of complicity in the commission of group crimes // Law and Right. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 153-158.
2. Ziyatdinov M. A. Complex complicity within the framework of group forms of complicity // Scientific aspect. – 2024. – Vol. 14, No. 6. – P. 1678-1681.
3. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (adopted in New York on 15.11.2000 by Resolution 55/25 at the 62nd plenary meeting of the 55th session of the UN General Assembly) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 4.10.2004. – No. 40. – Art. 3882.
4. Koliev V. V. Methodology of using operational-search information for the purpose of combating crime and solving crimes // Law and Practice. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 49-52.
5. Kostin A. V. Forms of complicity in a crime // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 6-1. – P. 332-339.
6. Seregina E. V., Portnova M. S. Excess of the perpetrator and other accomplices to the crime: gaps in criminal law regulation and prospects for improvement // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2022. – V. 15, No. 1. – P. 69-74.
7. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: federal law text with amendments and additions as of November 30, 2024 No. 63-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024). [Electronic resource] // Official Internet portal of legal information (www.pravo.gov.ru) (date of access: December 28, 2024)
8. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: federal law text with amendments and additions as of November 23, 2024 No. 174-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024). [Electronic resource] // Official Internet portal of legal information (www.pravo.gov.ru) (date of access: 28.12.2024)
9. Yatselenko B. V. Institute of complicity in a crime: some issues of doctrinal and judicial interpretation // Russian investigator. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 35-38.

CRIMINALISTICS
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
KABATSKOV Robert Alexandrovich
magister student, Samara State University of Economics
CHURAKOVA Ekaterina Nikolaevna
senior lecturer, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS
The article examines the current state of classification of forensic examinations. The authors analyze various points of view on the classification of forensic examinations. Proposals have been made to improve existing rules and approaches in the field of classification of forensic examinations, and an opinion has been expressed regarding the emergence of a separate branch of law and specialized legislation on expert activity.
Keywords: expertise, forensic examination, expert activity, classification of forensic examinations, standard of forensic expertise.
Article bibliography
1. Brinev K. I. Theoretical linguistics and forensic linguistic examination: monograph / Ed. N. D. Golev. – Barnaul: AltGPA, 2012. – 330 p.
2. Mailis N. P. Forensic examination: realities and prospects // Current state and prospects for the development of scientific areas of forensic examinations in Russia and abroad: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – Kaliningrad, 2003. – 145 p.
3. Rossinskaya E. F. Forensic examination in civil, arbitration, administrative and criminal proceedings: monograph. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2018. – 576 p.
4. Shlyakhov A. R. Subject, system, objects, methodology and legal basis of forensic examinations // Appointment and production of forensic examinations. – M., 1988. – 320 p.
5. Chupakhina A. O., Churakova E. N. Features of the appointment of a forensic examination in disputes arising from a contract // Issues of Economics and Law. – 2020. – No. 144. – P. 32-34.
6. Seredkina O. A., Churakova E. N. Expertise in civil proceedings: problems of appointment and conduct // Science of the XXI century: current directions of development. – 2021. – No. 1-2. – P. 425-428.

CRIMINALISTICS
KOSTYUCHENKO Oleg Georgievich
Ph.D. in Law, senior investigator-criminologist of the Main Investigative Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in Moscow
INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITY AS A TYPE OF HUMAN ACTIVITY
The article examines approaches to the concept of human activity, investigates investigative activity as a type of human activity, its goals and means. The specific features of investigative activity are given. Investigative activity is considered as a process of putting forward investigative versions throughout the entire preliminary investigation. The author examines the social, spiritual and material components of investigative activities, and provides the element-component composition of such activities. The author’s concept of investigative activity is outlined.
Keywords: human activity, crime investigation, investigative activity, investigative version.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Adigamova, G. Z. Legal, organizational and intellectual-modeling aspects of investigative activity // Gaps in Russian legislation. 2014. No. 2. P. 261-263.r /> 2. Batishchev G. S. Contradiction as a Category of Dialectical Logic. Moscow, 1963. Page 14.
3. Belkin R. S. Versions in Proof. Theory of Evidence in Soviet Criminal Procedure. General Part. Moscow, 1966. 584 pages.
4. Belkin R. S. The Profession of Investigator. Moscow, 1998. Pages 22–23.
5. The Great Psychological Dictionary. St. Petersburg, 2003. Page 135.
6. The Great Economic Dictionary. Moscow, 1997. Page 129.
7. Vishnyakova S. M. Professional Education: Key Concepts, Terms, and Current Vocabulary: Dictionary. M., 1999. Page 69.
8. Drapkin L. Ya. Construction and verification of investigative versions: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. M., 1972. 28 pages.
9. Drapkin L. Ya. Theory of crime detection: retrospective analysis and probabilistic forecast // Problems of crime detection in light of modern criminal procedural legislation. Ekaterinburg, 2003. Page 127.
10. Kagan M. S. Human activity: (experience of systems analysis). M., 1974. P. 39-48.
11. Kirillov I. F. If a crime was committed… Voronezh, 1976. 87 p.
12. Klochkov V. V., Obraztsov V. A. Crime as an object of forensic knowledge // Issues of combating crime. M., 1985. Issue 42. P. 47, 48.
13. Brief philosophical dictionary / Ed. A. P. Alekseev. M., 2001. P. 91.
14. Forensic science / Ed. I. F. Kirilov. L., 1996. P. 288, 291.
15. Larin A. M. From investigative truth to truth. M., 1976. 198 p.
16. Leontiev A. N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. M., 2004.
17. Panteleev I. F. Methodology of Crime Investigation. M., 1975. 46 p.
18. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. M., 1989. Vol. 1. P. 8.
19. Selivanov N. A., Vidonov L. G. Typical Versions in Murder Cases. Gorky, 1989. 145 p.
20. Modern Philosophical Dictionary. M., 2004. P. 186.
21. Shadrikov V. D. Problems of Systemogenesis of Professional Activity. M., 2007. S. 21.
22. Shadrikov V. D. Psychology of human activity. M., 2013. S. 31.
23. Shchelkoldina S. V. Basic theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of “activity” // Bulletin of the Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University. Series 3. Humanities and social sciences. 2022. No. 2. S. 49.
24. Yudin E. G. Systems approach and principle of activity. M., 1975. S. 272.

CRIMINALISTICS
MAZUNIN Yakov Markiyanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Omsk academy of the MIA of Russia, honored lawyer of the Russian Federation
MASHLYAKEVICH Vyacheslav Andreevich
senior lecturer of Firearms and technical training sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SOME PECULIARITIES OF INTERROGATION OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL CASES OF FRAUD COMMITTED WITH THE USE OF MEANS OF TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION
The article considers the most important aspects of conducting such an investigative action as interrogation of the accused in the investigation of frauds committed with the use of means of telephone communication. The authors, taking into account the analysis of individual positions of criminal scientists, as well as the collected empirical material, focus on the preparation for the interrogation of the accused. Preparatory activities involve a fairly large amount of analytical work related to the study of data on telephone connections on the subscriber phone number used by the subject of the crime in the course of its commission, as well as data on cash flow.
Keywords: interrogation of the accused, telephone fraud, investigative actions.
Article bibliography
1. Mashlyakevich V. A. Certain issues of periodization of investigation of frauds committed using telephone communications // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2024. – No. 2 (30). – P. 152-158.
2. Khamidullina R. R. On the issue of some tactical techniques for interrogating a suspect (accused) person // E-Scio. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 453-458.
3. Tactical Features of the Production of Individual Investigative Actions: A Tutorial / Under the General Editorship of O. V. Kruglikova. – Barnaul, 2021. – 116 p.
4. Porubov N. I., Porubov A. N. Interrogation: Procedural and Forensic Aspects: A Monograph. – Moscow, 2013. – 304 p.
5. Shepeleva S. V. Tactics of Interrogation of Persons Intended to Give False Testimony: Dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.09. – St. Petersburg, 2001. – 205 p.
6. Eksarkhopulo A. A. Interrogation: Theory and Practice // South Ural Forensic Readings: Reports of the Scientific and Practical Conf. – Issue 28. – Ufa, 2021. – Pp. 30-38.
7. Karagodin V. N. Forensic Doctrine of Overcoming Counteraction to Investigation // Criminologist’s Library. – 2013. – No. 4. – Pp. 241-252.

FRIENDLY STUDY
POZIY Viktoriya Stanislavovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
SHELYUGOVA Alexandra Alexandrovna
listener, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
TYPICAL INVESTIGATIVE SITUATIONS AND TACTICS OF CONDUCTING INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS AT THE INITIAL STAGE OF THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO FRAUD IN THE FIELD OF LENDING
This article reveals the essence of the most common investigative situations that develop at the initial stage of the investigation of fraud in the field of lending, which versions are being put forward. The stages that make up the analysis of each situation are listed. The article considers the specifics of conducting investigative actions in the investigation of fraud in the field of lending, such as interrogation, inspection of the scene, appointment of forensic examinations.
Keywords: fraud in the field of lending, investigative situation, borrower, lender, interrogation, inspection of the scene, forensic examination.
Article bibliography
1. Tagirov R. A. Typical situations of the initial stage of the investigation of fraud in the field of lending // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 62-68.

CRIMINALISTICS
YAREMCHUK Viktoriya Pavlovna
lecturer of Personnel management and educational work of the educational and scientific complex for the study of personnel work and moral and psychological support for the activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE APPOINTMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS EXAMINATIONS
The article substantiates the need to introduce modern technologies, their potential and application possibilities in the appointment of forensic ballistics examinations and in their organizational support. It is proposed to use the technology in the activities of the heads of the forensic departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the allocation of forensic ballistics examinations, checking the timeliness of their production and taking into account the unit’s performance, in the activities of ballistics experts in the organization of examinations, as well as in advising the initiators of the appointment of examinations – investigators and interrogators.
Keywords: technology, forensic ballistics, organization of forensic ballistics examinations, appointment of forensic ballistics examinations, interaction with ballistics experts.
Article bibliography
1. Kotikov V.N., Petrosyants V.A. Formation of the concept of the “Automated workstation of an expert” // Bulletin of the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medical Products. Regulatory research and examination of drugs. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 45-48.
2. Duseva N. Yu. Automated workplace of a forensic expert: requirements and modern solutions // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2019. – No. 4 (69). – P. 79-81.
3. Kudryashov D. A. Modern directions of development of innovative technologies in forensic ballistics // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 156-161.
4. Latyshov I. V. Automated workplace of an expert as a tool for technological support of forensic activities // Technologies in the infosphere. – 2021. – Vol. 2, No. 2 (3). – P. 41-53.
5. Sazhaev A. M. On the Basics of Interaction between the Investigator and Operational Officers with Forensic Units in the Process of Detecting and Investigating Crimes // Problems of Jurisprudence: Collection of Scientific Articles and Abstracts. Vol. Iss. 11. – Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State Technical University, 2018. – P. 72-78.
6. Demidova T. V. Interaction between the Investigator and the Expert at the Stage of Preparing Materials for the Production of Forensic Examinations // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 46-50.
7. Gasanova Zh. F. Actual Problems of Appointing a Forensic Examination in Russian Criminal Proceedings // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 131-133.
8. Droga, A. A. Actual problems of appointment and production of examinations at the current stage of investigation // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 2 (92). – P. 119-124.
9. Shulyak V. V., Omelyanuk G. G. Actual problems of appointment of forensic examination // Symbol of Science: international scientific journal. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 64-66.

CRIMINOLOGY
BABANINA Darya Vasiljevna
lecturer of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
PREVENTION OF CRIMINAL VIOLENCE: AN ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT
Criminal violence is one of the components of the general structure of crime, which includes acts related to physical and mental violence against a person or the threat of its use.
The article discusses the basics of the prevention of criminal violence, aspects contributing to its spread, and existing methods of its prevention. The article analyzes the legal, socio-economic and psychological aspects of preventive measures, as well as their effectiveness in various social groups. Special attention is paid to the interdepartmental interaction of law enforcement agencies, educational institutions and social services.
Keywords: criminology, crime, crime prevention, development problems, national security.
Article bibliography
1. Aksenov A. N. Methodological approaches to understanding violent crime and violent crimes // Activities of law enforcement agencies in modern conditions. – 2021. – P. 10-13.
2. Shitikov F. V. Problems of forming a system for preventing violent crime in modern Russia // Naukosphere. – 2021. – No. 6-2. – P. 249-252.
3. Popova V. A., Semenova I. A. Measures for the prevention and control of violent youth crime // Symbol of science: international scientific journal. – 2020. – No. 12-2. – P. 41-44.
4. Kashevsky V. A., Kutsenkov I. I., Primachonok A. A. Criminology. – M.: TetraSystems, 2018. – 144 p.
5. Izyumova A. A. Subjects of Prevention of Violent Youth Crime // Matrix of Scientific Knowledge. – 2020. – No. 12-1. – P. 273-277.
6. Ashin A. A., Gorshkova N. A., Zezyulina T. A. [et al.]. Criminology (Special Part): textbook for bachelor’s and specialist degrees. – Vladimir: Vladimir branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration”, 2021. – 237 p.
7. Kurganov S. I. Criminology. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2019. – 184 p.


CRIMINOLOGY
VLADIMIROV Sergey Vladislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Professional disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ZOLOTOV Maxim Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Organization of the fight against economic crimes sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ON COUNTERING THE FLOW OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA
The article discusses the issues of countering the flow of mobile communications into correctional institutions of the penal system. It is shown that the main factors allowing the illegal use of mobile phones in penitentiary institutions are the insufficient technical equipment of search teams, as well as the ineffectiveness of sanctions for illegal possession and use of mobile phones. The authors substantiate the need for further legislative strengthening of measures aimed at countering the flow of mobile communications to correctional institutions.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, correctional institution, imprisonment, mobile communication, search.
Article bibliography
1. Bondarenko S. V. Criminological characteristics of group crime in penal institutions and measures to combat it: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Samara, 2016. – 235 p.
2. Gorovoy V. V., Naruslanov E. F., Novikov A. V. Some issues of counteracting the illegal use of mobile phones in institutions of the penal system // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2019. – No. 4-1. – pp. 258-265.

CRIMINOLOGY
SAGAYDAK Albina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Criminology sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
PAVLIK Elizaveta Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
MAIN DIRECTIONS OF PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES
The article will examine the problems of corruption crime prevention. The study of such type of social phenomenon such as corruption is relevant. The number of registered corruption-related crimes increases annually, in particle, various forms of bribery. The article will identify the determinants of the crime under study, list measures of both a general and special nature. Particular attention is paid to special criminological and individual measures of an organizational and legal nature.
Keywords: prevention, corruption, bribery, law enforcement, legislation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Kozlov T. L. Prospects for the development of Russian legislation on combating corruption // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 158-166.
2. Stebeneva E. V. Corruption crimes: criteria, essence and transformation of the mechanism of commission // Journal of legal and economic studies. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 25-35.
3. Shirshanova E. A. Criminological characteristics of bribery in internal affairs agencies // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (102). – pp. 201-210.

CRIMINOLOGY
KHANUKAEV Grigoriy Sergeevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
TRANSFORMATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY IN THE INSURANCE SECTOR: FROM UNIVERSAL APPROACHES TO INDUSTRY DIFFERENTIATION
The article examines the evolution of scientific ideas about anti-corruption policy and their applicability to the insurance industry, characterized by specific corruption risks. The limitations of traditional anti-corruption approaches (legal, institutional, integrated and network) in relation to insurance are analyzed. The necessity of sectoral differentiation of anti-corruption policy, taking into account the specifics of insurance activities, is substantiated. The author’s concept of anti-corruption policy in insurance is proposed, based on three interrelated components: sectoral differentiation of anti-corruption measures, a multi-level anti-corruption system and technological transformation of anti-corruption tools.
Keywords: anti-corruption policy, insurance, corruption risks, legal approach, institutional approach, industry differentiation, digitalization.
Article bibliography
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2. Belyaeva O. A., Truntsevskiy Yu. V., Tsirin A. M. Legal mechanisms for combating corruption in corporate procurement: a scientific and practical guide / Editor-in-chief I. I. Kucherov. Moscow: Contract, 2019. 160 p.
3. Bikeev I. I., Kabanov P. A., Nikitin S. G. Problems of financial support by public authorities of the Russian Federation for anti-corruption activities of socially oriented non-profit organizations (analytical report for the meeting of the working group of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption on interaction with civil society structures on June 26, 2018). Kazan, 2018. 14 p.
4. Vandysheva A. A. Corruption – distrust – corruption. A vicious circle? // Sociodigger. 2021. Vol. 2, No. 10 (15). Pp. 74-79.
5. Ermolaev G. B. Information transparency and its impact on the development of the insurance market infrastructure // ETAPE: economic theory, analysis, practice. 2011. No. 6. Pp. 132-141.
6. Kozminykh O. V. Minimizing insurer risks associated with mediation in the regional insurance market of Primorsky Krai // Finance and business. 2020. Vol. 16, No. 1. Pp. 137-152.
7. Kuzmin N. A. Prospects for using artificial intelligence in combating corruption // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 3. P. 154-156.
8. Mikhailov V. I. The UN Convention against Corruption and its place in the legal system of the Russian Federation // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. 2023. Vol. 19, No. 6. P. 58-65.
9. Morozova D. A., Vorobyov E. B. Analysis of the implementation of anti-corruption policy in the Russian Federation at the present stage // Bulletin of Science. 2024. Vol. 1, No. 11 (80). P. 441-445.
10. Myagkova Yu. Yu. Features of insurance supervision in Germany // Intellect. Innovations. Investments. 2016. No. 3. P. 43-45.
11. Ogorelkova N.V. Information asymmetry between the consumer of insurance services and the insurer when concluding an insurance contract // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Economics”. 2018. No. 2. Pp. 110-120.
12. Prasolov V. I., Feshina S. S. The impact of digital transformation on the processes of identifying the legalization of proceeds from crime // Economy: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2020. Vol. 10, No. 8A. Pp. 130-145. DOI: 10.34670/AR.2020.22.83.014
13. Truntsevskiy Yu. V., Tsirin A. M., Cherepanova E. V. et al. Anti-corruption and digitalization processes: scientific and practical manual / Institute of Legislativeand comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation. Moscow: Infotropic Media, 2023. 196 p.
14. Raimov A. Russia’s experience in the field of digitalization of the financial sector // Innovations and Investments. 2023. No. 4. Pp. 240-245.
15. Krylova D. V., Taut S. V., Parkhomenko S. A., et al. Regulatory and corruption risks in the sphere of state regulation of business entities: minimization measures in a crisis: report to the XXI April. international scientific conf. on problems of economic and social development, Moscow, 2020 / National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. Moscow: Publ. House of the Higher School of Economics, 2020. 168 p.
16. Spletukhov Yu. A. Information technologies in the Russian insurance market: development opportunities // Financial Journal. 2020. Vol. 12, No. 1. Pp. 105-116. DOI: 10.31107/2075-1990-2020-1-105-116.
17. Truncevsky Yu. V. On measures to eliminate corruption in Russia // Russian investigator. 2012. No. 1. Pp. 28-32.
18. Urayev A. V. Global digitalization as an effective instrument of the state anti-corruption policy // Young scientist. 2023. No. 2 (449). P. 17-20.
19. Shediy M. V. The main conceptual approaches to the study of corruption // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. 2011. No. 2. P. 72-82.
20. Shesler A. V., Shesler S. S. Pseudo-anti-corruption // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 2 (39). P. 30-34.
21. Yurgens I. Yu., Nichiporuk N. D. Regulation of insurance activities in Russia // Business. Society. Power. 2017. No. 26. P. 99-113.
22. Analysis of the practice of implementing anti-corruption programs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Analytical report / Scientific. hand. T. Ya. Khabrieva. Moscow, 2012. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://izak.ru/img_content/pdf/doklad_region_24.09.pdf
23. Bezvikonnaya E. V., Savkin A. A. Digital technologies in combating corruption in public authorities // Shadow economy. 2024. Vol. 8, No. 2. Pp. 195-206. DOI: 10.18334/tek.8.2.121323
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CRIMINOLOGY
YAKHONTOVA Olesya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
PASYNKOV Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professorsor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE DETERMINATION OF MODERN TERRORISM
The relevance of the study is due to the increase in terrorist crimes and the determination of the direction of countering and preventing terrorism as the fundamental goal of the national security of the state. The study examined the basic terminology in the field of terrorist crimes, and the legal framework governing the issues of combat and preventing crimes. The study of criminological characteristics of crimes includes the study of such elements as: state, dynamics, specific gravity, structure, level of latency, causes and conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, criminological characteristics of the criminal’s personality, measures to prevent and prevent crimes.
Keywords: terrorist crimes, combating crimes, criminological characteristics, terrorism prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Mironov, T. V. Criminological characteristics of terrorist crime // Student science: current issues, achievements and innovations: collection of articles from the II International scientific and practical conference, Penza, June 10, 2021. – Penza: Science and Education, 2021. – P. 157-161.
2. Starostin S. A. Criminological characteristics of modern terrorism // Crime and society. Collection of scientific papers. – M .: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004. – P. 3-10.
3. Ulezko S. I. Criminological characteristics of terrorist crime // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2020. – No. 1 (116). – pp. 128-130.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
AMELIN Sergey Gennadjevich
associate professor, of Physical training sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
EGOSHIN Dmitriy Ivanovich
associate professor of Physical training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
KUBEEV Alibek Zhanabaevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
BARANOVSKIY Andrey Valerjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
THE MODEL OF BASIC PHYSICAL FITNESS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS OF RUSSIA
Currently, the basic physical training model is defined by a number of elements that derive from theoretical and practical approaches to the physical fitness of law enforcement officers based on the specificity and content of performing operational and official tasks.
Basic physical training is designed for employees who perform operational, forensic, managerial, and other functions in order to competently perform basic-level physical qualities in the professional performance of Russian police officers. The high requirements for the basic level are explained by the need for law enforcement and for the timely detention of offenders, although permanent and variable personnel may be involved in this type of activity to prevent mass and group riots.
Keywords: sports, law enforcement, physical qualities, fighting techniques, basic level, enhanced level.
Article bibliography
1. Babin A. V., Mingulov I. R., Zinnatov R. R., Kubeev A. Zh. Methodical and practical foundations of physical education and upbringing of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a manual. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – 72 p.
2. Panova O. S., Beletsky A. A., Babin A. V., Shanko V. V. Organization of the process of independent physical training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as an element of improving professional training // Global scientific potential. – 2022. – No. 11 (140). – P. 180-184.
3. Babin A. V., Mingulov I. R. Features of the formation of strength abilities of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the process of their physical training // Improving the physical training of law enforcement officers: a collection of scientific articles, June 23, 2022. – Orel: Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. V. Lukyanov, 2022. – P. 30-33.
4. Babin A. V., Yachmenev S. P., Lukyanov A. B. [et al.]. Current issues of physical education and sports in Russia // Current issues of physical culture, sports and tourism: Proceedings of the XVII International scientific and practical conference, May 25-26, 2023. – Ufa: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ufa University of Science and Technology”, 2023. – P. 66-70.
5. Gabdrashitova K. I., Yakushev E. V., Ivaschenkoo N. Yu. Fundamentals of physical training in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 7 (182). – pp. 446-448.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
KOROBKOVA Elizaveta Alexandrovna
postgraduate student (specialty 40.06.01 Jurisprudence. Judicial activity, prosecutorial activity, human rights and law enforcement activity 12.00.11), Penza State University
BASICS OF COUNTERACTION OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES TO CRIMES IN THE SPHERE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
The vast majority of countries highlight cybersecurity as an integral component of state security. These include the Russian Federation, the legal framework of which directly indicates the dependence of the state and public institutions on modern technologies, and therefore requires increased attention to cyber infrastructure, as a vital element for ensuring the viability of the state.
Keywords: cyberspace, cybersecurity, information, threats, crime.
Article bibliography
1. Vasyutina T. L., Yatsenko K. A. The concept of ensuring information security in the internal affairs bodies and its main directions // Modern information technologies in the professional activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies. Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2023. – P. 68-73.
2. Gogaeva A. L. Functions and methods of administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies (police) in the field of ensuring information security // Human rights in the context of the development of the information society and institutions of electronic democracy. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. – Vladikavkaz: VSU, 2024. – P. 61-63.
3. Goroshko I. V. Digitalization – a modern trend in the development of law enforcement agencies // Observer. – 2022. – No. 2 (385). – P. 98-110.
4. Karpova D. N. Cybercrime: a global problem and its solution // Power. – 2014. – No. 8. – P. 46-50.
5. Matveev M. D. Digital technologies in the activities of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation // Actual problems of justice and law enforcement: materials of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference on April 26, 2023. – Pyatigorsk: PSU, 2023. – P. 259-263.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
PODKOVKA Svetlana Valerjevna
lecturer of the Cycle of Professional Service and Physical Training, Ufa School for the Training of Dog Handlers of the MIA of Russia, major of police
LAZAREV Vladimir Yurjevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
TARANIN Mikhail Alexandrovich
lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
ZHABKIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
THE COMPONENTS OF THE PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS OF PATROL OFFICERS
The daily work of police officers is multifaceted and includes a wide range of tasks: from preventing offenses and detecting criminals to providing emergency assistance to citizens. The successful fulfillment of these duties depends not only on a high level of professional training, but also on the comprehensive development of the employee’s personal, professional and social qualities. This article is devoted to identifying the key components of the professional success of teaching staff, analyzing their role in the performance of official duties and identifying ways to increase the effectiveness of their activities. The article is based on the hypothesis that the professional success of a teaching staff member is determined by a combination of developed professional competencies, stable personal qualities and high psychological stability. This hypothesis is supported by the research cited by the authors, which links professional success with professionalism, determined by the parameters of work, socialization, mental properties, intelligence, cognitive abilities, emotional and volitional stability, organizational skills and a creative approach. In conclusion, the article highlights the need for an integrated approach to developing the professional success of teaching staff.
Keywords: professional success, patrol service, professional competencies, psychological stability, social competencies, training, development.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Animokov I.K. Focus of coaching technology on developing the success of professional activities of police officers // Scientific supportand systems for advanced training of personnel. – 2020. – No. 4 (45). – P. 69-78.
2. Bykova E. A. Comparative analysis of communicative competence of patrol and guard service and non-departmental security employees // Psychology and Law. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 1-10.
3. Garmanova O. V. Training of patrol and guard police officers to overcome verbal provocations from citizens // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3 (99). – P. 184-195.
4. Smyk V. A. Features of psychological training of patrol and guard service employees of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs for activities in extreme situations // Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute named after A.P. Chekhov. – 2016. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-psihologicheskoy-podgotovki-sotrudnikov-patrulno-postovoy-sluzhby-ovd-rf-k-deyatelnosti-v-ekstremalnyh-situatsiyah (date of access: 02.04.2025).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
YAKUSHEV Alexey Vadimovich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
SHIPOV Oleg Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Technosphere safety sub-faculty, State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals, Tyumen
ON THE TRAINING OF NON-STAFF SNIPER GROUPS OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article presents some problematic issues in the training of freelance sniper groups of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The training of freelance sniper groups is a specialized process aimed at forming highly qualified specialists capable of acting in difficult operational conditions. The possibility of introducing more modern types of weapons in service with the internal affairs agencies into the educational process is considered. The use of not only long-barreled weapons, but also short-barreled weapons in the implementation of educational programs in the discipline “Fire training”. Effective improvement of professional competencies of freelance snipers among the employees of territorial internal affairs agencies.
Keywords: fire training, sniper weapons, professional skills, employee.
Article bibliography
1. Levshin R. B. Some issues of field training of a sniper // Collection of scientific papers: Ensuring human rights in the activities of law enforcement agencies. – Tver, 2019. – P. 157-163.
2. Guzhov E. A., Lyashenko V. N. Problems of training snipers in the units of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Collection of materials of the VI interuniversity scientific and practical conference: Scientific and methodological problems of training instructors and pedagogical personnel in combat and physical training for internal affairs agencies. Under the general editorship of L. I. Timoshenko, S. N. Kashin. – 2013. – P. 219-223.
3. Maltsev A. M. Study (practical) manual // Sniper training – Moscow, 2021. – P. 4-5.
4. Federal Law “On Police” dated 02/07/2011 No. 3-FZ.
5. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 07/06/2021 No. 516 “On freelance sniper groups of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”.

OPERATIVE SEARCH ACTIVITIES
SOBOLEVA Mariya Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of Police organization sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
KOLOSHEIN Dmitriy Alexeevich
internal service of the department of television of the department of media relations of the Main Department of the MIA of Russia in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region
ON THE PECULIARITIES OF OPERATIONAL-SEARCH ACTIVITIES ON THE SALE AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUPPLIER OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND THEIR PRECURSORS
In the article it is considered how in conditions of modern development of criminal activity the question in changes of approach to implementation of operative-search actions is acute. In particular, one of the most difficult directions of activity is defined, namely, carrying out of operative-search measures in the sphere of illegal experience of narcotic drugs and their precursors. The author also substantiates the need to identify organized criminal groups and methods in ORM.
Keywords: operational search activities, criminal activity, narcotic drugs, precursors, illicit trafficking, organized criminal groups, modern methods, changes in approach, control, legality, operational staff, investigation, prevention, counteraction measures.
Article bibliography
1. Kondratyev M. V. Operational-search problems of combating organized drug crime // Narcocontrol. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 21-24.
2. Dushkin S. V. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of laws during the verificationdrug procurement // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 4 (42). – P. 45-51.
3. Stepanova E. V. Basic requirements for conducting the operational-search measure “test purchase” // Russian investigator. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 47-51.
4. Petrov S. P. On certain issues of conducting a test purchase of narcotics and the use of its results in evidence // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2009. – No. 3 (9). – P. 60-62.
5. Pomelov A. A. Some aspects of conducting repeated test purchases of narcotics // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2020. – No. 4 (16). – P. 88

SAFETY AND LAW
BALAEVA Jamilya Rashidovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Management of internal affairs bodies in special conditions sub-faculty of the Center for Command and Staff Exercises, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel
THE PHENOMENON OF REGIONAL SECURITY AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The aggravation of the geopolitical situation and the emergence of new threats to the state determine the need to study the issues of ensuring national security of the Russian Federation (RF) at the current stage of development. Ensuring national security of the Russian Federation is a complex, multi-component and multi-stage process that requires the consolidation of efforts of all government bodies. National security of the Russian Federation is largely determined by the level of regional security of the subjects, since the state has a federal structure. However, the concept of “regional security” is not fully enshrined in law, which contributed to the formation of two approaches to understanding this concept. In a number of documents, regional security is considered in the international context, but this concept should be considered at the domestic level. Subjects of the Russian Federation have their own political, economic, social, national characteristics that affect the choice of mechanisms for ensuring regional security in a particular subject. According to many experts, regional security should be considered as a component of national security. It is necessary to determine the order of influence of federal authorities on the regions in terms of ensuring security, taking into account the characteristics and level of their development. Within the framework of the regional policy implemented by the state, it is necessary to determine the directions of ensuring the security of each subject of the Russian Federation
Keywords: national security, regional security, threats, subject, socio-economic development, sovereignty, constitutional order, personality, citizens, territorial integrity.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law “On Security” of 28.12.2010 No. 390-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 17.12.1997 No. 1300 (as amended on 10.01.2000) “On approval of the Concept of national security of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Baygulova A. A. National and regional economic security: a textbook. – Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. – 87 p.
5. Vasiliev V. I., Klimova Yu. N. National and regional security: the relationship of terms // Symbol of science: international scientific journal. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 109-111.
6. Romanova N. P., Kononov S. V., Shevchenko M. S., Shevchenko Yu. S. Regional security in modern federal state entities: power and regional discourses // Bulletin of the Transbaikal State University. – 2021. – Vol. 27, No. 1. – P. 85-94.
7. Socio-political processes in the context of integration and regional security: monograph. – Kemerovo: KemSU, 2019. – 170 p.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
VINOGRADOV Alexey Anatoljevich
postgraduate student of the Master’s degree program “Canon Law of the Orthodox Church” of the Saints Cyril and Methodius Institute for Postgraduate Studies, Moscow
EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION: LEGAL ASPECT
The article examines Federal state standards from the point of view of legal aspects. The author raises the question of the effectiveness and justification of the use of the Federal State Educational Standard inthe educational system. In modern Russia, claims to the educational system are extremely high, and the article raises the question of the justification of these demands. An assumption is made about the separation of the Federal State Educational Standard from the recommendations of the healthcare system.
Keywords: Federal State Educational Standard, education in Russia, compulsory and publicly accessible education, world educational standards, schools’ system in the USSR, education reforms in Russia.
Article bibliography
1. Grudtsyna L. Yu., Molchanov S. V. The education system in the Russian Federation // Education and Law. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 223-231.
2. Mova A. E. Formation of the system of universal compulsory education in Russia // Man and education. – 2009. – No. 1 (18). – P. 175-181.
3. Petrova N. F., Gorovaya V. I. Modern school and the problem of students’ health // Successes of modern natural science. – 2005. – No. 11. – P. 73-75.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation”
PRINCIPLES OF STUDYING THE PERSONALITY OF AN UNDERAGE CONVICT
Juvenile convicts are a special category of people who, due to their age and psychological development, require special attention from society, the state and specialists. The personality of a juvenile convict is formed under the influence of many factors, including the social environment, family relations, level of education and individual characteristics. In this article, we will look at the key aspects of the personality of a juvenile convict, the problems he faces, and possible ways to rehabilitate him. The study of the personality of juvenile convicts is based on a number of principles that help specialists to effectively diagnose, correct behavior and social rehabilitation of adolescents.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, juvenile convicts, educational colonies, correctional institutions, personality of a minor, penitentiary system, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, correction, re-socialization.
Article bibliography
1. Abramova N. G. On the issue of the personality of a minor convict // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2022. – V. 41, No. 1. – P. 116-120.
2. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Radchenko E. P., Zorina N. S. The role of education in the resocialization of juvenile convicts // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 419-422.
4. Zorina N. S., Tsarkova E. G. Social and pedagogical aspects of adaptation of juvenile convicts // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 10 (197). – P. 452-453.
5. Antonyan Yu. M. Personality of the criminal and crime prevention: monograph / Ed. Yu. M. Antonyan. – M.: Prospect Publishing House, 2017. – 220 p.
6. Maistrenko G. A. Factors influencing the personality of a juvenile convict // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 206-209.
7. Tishchenko Yu. Yu. Social and psychological aspects of difficult education of minors // Anthropogogy. – 2024. – No. 4 (16). – P. 32-38.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
KORENYUGIN Vitaliy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
NURUTDINOV Ilnur Ildusovich
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
GONCHAROVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, Rostov State University of Economics (RINE)
GAZIZOV Timur Irshatovich
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
FEATURES OF THE USE OF INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING CRIMINAL LAW DISCIPLINES
The article is devoted to the modernization of higher legal education with an emphasis on the introduction of interactive teaching methods in the teaching of criminal law disciplines. The authors analyze current changes in the content and structure of legal education related to the needs of the modern labor market (for example, the inclusion of computer forensics and cybersecurity). The research examines the optimalization of human resources, the use of innovative technologies and teaching methods, as well as various approaches to understanding interactive learning. The article classifies interactive methods (gaming, training, and discussion) in detail, analyzes their types, and provides specific examples of their use in the educational process, such as business games that model judicial processes and problem lectures. The work is of practical interest to law school teachers and contributes to improving the effectiveness of the educational process.
Keywords: interactive methods, teaching methods, criminal law disciplines, education, vocational training.
Article bibliography
1. Abulkerimova T. A., Gadzhieva P. D. Use of interactive educational technologies in teaching legal disciplines // Proceedings of the IX International Student Scientific Conference “Student Scientific Forum”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scienceforum.ru/2017/article/2017038051 (date of access: 31.01.2025).
2. Egshatyan M. I., Titova E. R. Interactive teaching methods // Eurasian scientific journal. – 2022. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interaktivnye-metody-obucheniya-3 (date of access: 27.01.2025).
3. Karachaev A. R. Interactive methods of legal education // Problems of modern pedagogical education. – 2021. – No. 70-1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interaktivnye-metody-pravovogo-obucheniya (date of access: 27.01.2025).
4. Zhadan V. N. Experience of using interactive and innovative forms and methods of teaching in teaching legal disciplines // BGZh. – 2018. – No. 3 (24). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opyt-primeneniya-interaktivnyh-i-innovatsionnyh-form-i-metodov-obucheniya-v-prepodavanii-yuridicheskih-distsiplin (date of access: 27.01.2025).
5. Kozyreva O. A. Some features of the implementation of RP-technology models of pedagogical interaction in the study of sections of pedagogy // ONV. – 2007. – No. 4 (58). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-osobennosti-realizatsii-modeley-rp-tehnologii-pedagogicheskogo-vzaimodeystviya-pri-izuchenii-razdelov-pedagogiki (date of access: 31.01.2025).
6. Sedykh T. V. Application of interactive methods in the process of teaching disciplines on criminal procedure // MNKO. – 2018. – No. 5 (72). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenenie-interaktivnyh-metodov-v-protsesse-prepodavaniya-distsiplin-po-ugolovnomu-protsessu (date of access: 31.01.2025).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
KORNILOVA Natalya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law, Far Eastern branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
ORLOVA Irina Vitaljevna
senior lecturer of the Higher School of Private Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
METHODS OF CONDUCTING PRACTICAL CLASSES IN THE DISCIPLINE “CIVIL LAW”, CONTRIBUTING TO THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ LAW ENFORCEMENT SKILLS
The article discusses the main goals, objectives, and stages of practical training in the discipline “Civil Law”. The authors give recommendations on the preparation of teachers for the organization and conduct of classroom classes and recommend methods that contribute to the formation of law enforcement skills among students of future lawyers. The criteria for selecting examples of law enforcement practice for studying theoretical issues are given. The expediency of the integrated use of various techniques aimed at activating the cognitive activity of students is substantiated.
Keywords: teaching method, practical lesson, civil law, competence, judicial law enforcement practice, common property.
Article bibliography
1. Ivashkin E. G., Zhukova L. P. Organization of classroom work in educational institutions of higher education: textbook; Nizhny Novgorod. state tech. university named after R. E. Alekseev. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2014. – P. 41.
2. Kolotov A. F., Skuratov I. V. Methods of teaching law: a textbook for master’s students studying in the direction 030900 “Jurisprudence”. – Orenburg: OOO IPK “University”, 2014. – 288 p.
3. Kornilova N. V. On the issue of the concept and legal nature of a share in the right of common ownership // Civil law and civil proceedings: current issues of theory and practice: materials of the VIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Responsible for the issue N. V. Kornilova, I. V. Orlova. – Khabarovsk: RIC KSUEL, 2023. – P. 27-31.
4. Orlova I. V. Some issues of determining the property regime in disputes between spouses on the division of jointly acquired propertysociety // Proceedings of the All-Russian conference with student participation “Improving the mechanism for protecting civil rights”. – M.: Editus LLC, 2024. – P. 119-122.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
TERESHKIN Nikita Danilovich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia, Major of Police
BUDAKOV Amil Namigovich
lecturer of Physical, fire and tactical special training sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, senior lieutenant of the internal service
SHKAPOV Pavel Yurjevich
associate professor of Physical training sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
PERIODIZATION OF SPORTS EXERCISE FOR CADETS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article confers the application of the principles of periodization in the planning of sports training for cadets of didactic institutions, the specifics of which are determined by a combination of educational activities and corporal fitness. Correct use of the ideologies of periodization can suggestively improve the usefulness of cadets’ physical activity, develop the required professional skills and toughen their health, which is an important factor in the successful presentation of official tasks in the coming.
Keywords: sports drill, periodization, corporal fitness, exercise plateau, long-term physical activity variations.
Article bibliography
1. Puzyrevsky R. V. [et al.]. Physical training as the main component of physical education of employees of the penal system: a teaching aid for universities / Edited by R. V. Puzyrevsky. – 2nd ed., corrected. – Moscow: Publishing House Yurait, 2022. – 276 p.
2. Voronin S. M. [et al.]. Professional and applied physical training: textbook for universities / Edited by N. A. Voronov. – 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 140 p.

STATE AND LAW
MURZAGALIEV Ramazan Tligenovich
postgraduate student of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
TAX OFFENSES AND MODERN ASPECTS OF THEIR DISCLOSURE
Tax law enforcement serves as a means of ensuring a fair distribution of the state’s financial resources. Digital transformation in the practices of individuals and legal entities is an integral part of the current stage of society’s development. Although digitalization has its advantages, it comes with consequences, and one of the main problems is tax violations, in particular tax evasion. Thus, digitalization creates opportunities for tax offenses, and at the same time increases the reliability of tax control systems and promotes the disclosure of tax offenses, which uses digital technologies to track transactions and analyze the activity of individuals and legal entities.
Keywords: taxes, tax violations, payment of taxes, digitalization, disclosure.
Article bibliography
1. Gulkova E. L., Pshenichnova E. A. Transformation of regulation of liability for tax offenses in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the University. – 2019. – No. 8. – P. 20-24.
2. Onopyuk E. Yu. Development of the regional economy as a business ecosystem // Modern science-intensive technologies. Regional supplement. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 6-11.
3. Efremova T. A. Improving the work of tax authorities with taxpayers in the context of the service-oriented tax administration model // Taxes. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 36-40.
4. Chandra T. L., Sari D. P. The Effect of Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership and Debt Levels on Tax Disclosure // Journal Eduvest. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 848-857.
5. Anikaeva T. V. Legal nature of liability for tax offenses // Collection of materials of the XVI international scientific and practical conference “Jurisprudence, history, sociology, political science and philosophy”. – 2018. – P. 123-127.
6. Iksanov R. A., Garayev A. G., Yangazina A. E. Tax crimes: concept and mechanism of bringing to legal responsibility // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 267-270.
7. Alm J. Tax evasion, technology, and inequality // Economics of Governance. – 2021. – No. 4. – R. 321-343.
8. Kitsios E., Jalles J. T. Tax evasion from cross-border fraud: Does digitalization make a difference? // Applied Economics Letters. – 2022. – No. 4. – R. 1-7.
9. Musaeva H. M., Sirazhudinova S. I., Kerimova Z. A. Voluntariness of tax payments as an indicator ofefficiency of the tax authorities of the Russian Federation // Taxes and taxation. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 847-856.

STATE AND LAW
SIMONENKO Alexey Yurjevich
postgraduate student, G. B. Mirzoev Russian university of advocacy and notary; senior partner of the Moscow Bar Association “Arbat”
LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF UNITARY ENTERPRISES
The author examines the activities of unitary enterprises from the point of view of their social orientation and impact on the state economy, comments on the reform aimed at reducing the number of unitary enterprises in competitive markets, and also examines the assessment system which is used for evaluation of the effectiveness of such organizations. This work is aimed at identifying key aspects of the functioning of unitary enterprises, their contribution to the economy and their impact on society. The author comes to the conclusion that in the Russian Federation there has been implemented an unsuitable financial method for evaluating the activities of unitary enterprises. There are actual problems in the legal system which relate to managing such economic entities, however, their reform and refusal to completely eliminate them should have a positive result.
Keywords: state unitary enterprises, municipal unitary enterprises, disadvantages of unitary enterprises, assessment of the activities of unitary enterprises.
Article bibliography
1. Sunaeva G. G., Kalashnikov S. D., Khisaeva A. I. Ways to improve the personnel motivation system of a municipal unitary enterprise // Bulletin of Ufa State Petroleum Technical University. Science, education, economics. Economics series. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 10.
2. Yalunina E. N. Assessment of the effectiveness of the management system of state unitary enterprises // Moscow Economic Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 581.

STATE AND LAW
SKVORTSOV Sergey Andreevich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING APPROACHES TO DIGITAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
This article aims to analyze existing approaches to digital education in Russia, identify their weaknesses and limitations, and formulate proposals for improving the digital education system, considering the legal and social context. Special attention is paid to the issues of regulatory uncertainty, digital inequality, formalism in the implementation of programs, and the need for systemic regulation at the federal level. Among the key digital technologies are information and telecommunication networks, especially the Internet, the active use of which has formed a special environment of existence, which we now call digital space. But we are all aware of the need to be a solid subject in this space, and it is at this point that we should embark on the path of digital enlightenment, so as not to be left behind in the general process of rapid digitalization. It should be taken into account that digital space contains both useful forms of information, such as educational, scientific or news content, and content of a destructive nature, the harm of which is rather difficult to measure with existing practical methods.
Keywords: digital education, digital literacy, digital inequality, digitalization, right to education, legal regulation, public policy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bondarenko S. V. “Electronic Municipality” as a Tool for Modernizing Local Self-Government in Russia and Abroad // Caucasus: Problems of Reintegration of Socio-Cultural Space and Challenges to Regional Security: Collection of Materials and Reports of the International Scientific Conference / Ed. Yu. G. Volkov. – Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House “Social and Humanitarian Knowledge”, 2012. – P. 323-327.
2. Galyashina E. I. The Concept of Information (Ideological) Security in Internet Media in the Aspect of Speech Expertise // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2020. – No. 6 (70). – P. 33-43.
3. Lipchanskaya M. A., Palamarchuk S. A. Digital inequality and digital transformation in public administration: evolution of the concept and criteria // State power and local self-government. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 38-42. – DOI 10.18572/1813-1247-2025-2-38-42. – EDN VPYOKR.
4. Imasheva I. Yu. Mechanism for stimulating the spread of broadband Internet in Russia // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2022. – No. 7-1. – P. 83.
5. Pibaeva E. A. Digital inequality and its overcoming as a guarantee of equal access to education in the Russian Federation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – V. 19, No. 10 (167). – P. 32-44. – DOI 10.17803/1994-1471.2024.167.10.032-044. – EDN CGSCDU.
6. Revinova S. Yu., Lazaniuk I. V. Digital inequality in Russia: implications for education // Business. Education. Economics: collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference, Minsk, April 7-8, 2022. – Minsk: Institute of Business, Belarusian State University, 2022. – P. 213.
7. Safina A. M. Network culture as a product and condition for the development of network communities // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 87-95.
8. Riggins F. J., Dewan S. The digital divide: Current and future research directions // Journal of Association for Information Systems. – 2005. – Vol. 6 (12). – P. 13. DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00074.
9. Scheerder A., ​​Van Deursen A., Van Dijk J. Determinants of internet skills uses and outcomes. Asystematic review of the second-and third-level digital divide // Telematics and Informatics. – 2017. – Vol. 34(8). – P. 1607 – 1624. DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2017.07.007.

SOCIETY AND LAW
BOGATYREVA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Humanities sciences sub-faculty, Moscow International University
DZYUBAN Valeriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, professor of Humanities disciplines sub-faculty, Russian Customs Academy
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
CURRENT TRENDS IN IMPROVING ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL POLICY
The relevance of studying the problems of improving administrative and legal policy is due to the increasing complexity of modern public administration, which is under unprecedented pressure from numerous challenges. Globalization, characterized by the increasing interdependence of national economies and the increasing transnational flow of information and capital, requires an adequate response from government institutions, which, in turn, places increased demands on the efficiency and adaptability of the administrative and legal system. Digitalization, which covers all spheres of public life, transforms not only the mechanisms of public administration, but also the very principles of interaction between the state and citizens and business, generating new legal conflicts and requiring the development of specific legal norms governing digital relations. Under these conditions, an effective administrative and legal policy based on the principles of legality, expediency, proportionality and consideration of the interests of all stakeholders is becoming a key factor in successfully addressing these challenges, ensuring the stable functioning of the state and the socio-economic development of the country.
Keywords: globalization, law-making, social challenges, digitalization
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bredikhin A. V., Bogatyreva O. V., Zakopyrin V. N. On the Definition of the Status of Private Military Companies // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (189). – P. 471-472.
2. Bredikhin A. V., Zakopyrin V. N., Ustinovich E. S. On the Status of Private Military Companies in the People’s Republic of China // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 3 (190). – P. 58-59.
3. The Gap of Hegemony: A New Study of the Construction of International Order and the System of Global Governance in the New Era / Under the general editorship of Candidate of Historical Sciences Bredikhin A. V. – M .: ANO CEMI, 2023. – 126 p.
4. Sinyakina A. Yu., Elisheva A. E. General characteristics of the modern system and main problems of interaction between federal and regional government bodies in the Russian Federation // IN SITU. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 29-32.
5. Shaposhnikov V. A., Zubkova T. I., Skorokhodova L. A. Modern aspects of the implementation of the mechanism of interdepartmental interaction in the provision of social services: monograph / Under the scientific editorship of V. A. Shaposhnikov. Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Russian state prof.-ped. University, 2021. – 140 pp.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Social and Cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
EVENT TOURISM IS A PROMISING AREA OF TOURIST ACTIVITY IN THE REGION
The article is devoted to the analysis of event tourism as a promising area of ​​tourist activity in the region. Using the example of the Orel region, the researcher analyzes the most relevant cultural and event events aimed at attracting tourists. The author comes to the conclusion that folklore festivals, exhibitions, theatrical performances, cultural gatherings, festivals, presentations, sports competitions, forums and charity events attract guests to the Orel region no less than its cultural and historical attractions.
Keywords: tourism, region, development, tourist cluster, event tourism, event.
Article bibliographic list
1. II open historical and gastronomic festival “Sliva-Grad” of the project “Kromy-millennial”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eventsinrussia.com/event/27294 (date of access: 03/24/2025).
2. Babkin A. V. Special types of tourism. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. – 252 p.
3. The historical and gastronomic festival “Sliva-Grad” was held in Kromy for the second time. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://orel.bezformata.com/listnews/gastronomicheskiy-festival-sliva-grad (date of access: 03/21/2025).
4. A Russian record was set in Orel. This was done by representatives of the culinary cluster at the gingerbread festival “Pryanik Fest”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestiorel.ru/novosti/124384.html (date of access: 03/24/2025).
5. Gorbunova N. A. Possibilities of using event tourism by bachelors of socio-cultural activities // Education and cultural space. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 9-13.
6. Gorbunova N. A. The role of event tourism in the formation of value orientations of modern youth // Educational activities of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere on the formation of value orientations of children and youth in the context of the modern cultural policy of the Russian state: materials of the All-Russian (with international participation) scientific and practical on-line conference. – Orel: OGIK, 2021. – P. 90-93.
7. State Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve I. S. Turgenev “Spasskoye-Lutovinovo”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://spasskoye-lutovinovo.ru/vserossijskij-turgenevskij-prazdnik/#:~:text (date of access: 23.03.2025).
8. Spiritual and Orthodox Center “Vyatsky Posad”. Festival “Traditions of Holy Rus'”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vposad.ru/sobyitiya/priglashaem-na-festival-tradiczii-svyatoj-rusi!2 (date of access: 25.03.2025).
9. Korneev A. E., Lidinfa E. P. Event tourism as a basis for the socio-economic development of the Oryol region // Actual problems of accounting, analysis and audit: materials of the VIII International youth scientific and practical conference. – Kursk: Closed Joint-Stock Company “University Book”. – 2016. – P. 406-409.
10. The annual Literary and Culinary Festival “Turgenevsky Berezhok” took place. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://oreluniver.ru/media/news/show/57/20215 (Accessed: 03/25/2025).
11. Trinity round dances in the Oryol Polesie. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--b1ae2aabj7a6c.xn--p1ai/ (Accessed: 22.03.2025).
12. Shuvaeva D. S., Shmarkov M. S. Event tourism: regional practice, problems of organization and recommendations for development // Russia in global world processes: history and current problems of our time: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Dzerzhinsk: Dzerzhinsk branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky”, 2023. – P. 158-164.
13. Yakushkina G. V. Socio-cultural potential of ethno-artistic creativity festivals // Development of the higher education system in the field of culture: scientific and educational experience: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – Orel: OGIK, 2015. – pp. 256-269.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VOROBYOV Grigoriy Sergeevich
postgraduate student, N. V. Parakhin Orel State Agrarian University
ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO THE CONCEPT OF “SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT”
The article presents an analysis of the available approaches to the definition of the concept of “sustainable rural development”. Based on the study of these approaches, the aspects of sustainable rural development (economic, social, environmental, cultural, infrastructural, partnership) are identified and characterized. In addition, the author’s logical scheme of the relationship between the sustainable development of rural areas and the development of agricultural production is presented.
Keywords: rural areas, sustainable development, sustainable rural development.
Article bibliography
1. The concept of sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 (approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 30.10.2010 No. 2136-r). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/2073544/?ysclid=m5qy22oalw287187701
2. Agibalov A. V. Formation and implementation of the strategy for sustainable development of rural areas: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economics: 08.00.05. – Orel: Oryol State Agrarian University, 2022. – 50 p.
3. Grekov A. N. Improving the mechanism for sustainable development of rural areas (based on the materials of the Tambov region): dis. … candidate of economics: 08.00.05. – Michurinsk: Michurinsk State Agrarian University, 2014. – 209 p.
4. Dykan Yu. A. Priority areas for sustainable development of rural areas: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economics: 08.00.05. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University, 2019. – 24 p.
5. Merenkova I. N. Sustainable development of rural areas: theory, methodology, practice: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University, 2012. – 51 p.
6. Molchanenko S. A., Shuvaev A. V. Ensuring sustainable development of rural territorial entities // Polythematic network electronic scientific journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University. – 2016. – No. 124. – P. 1305-1316.
7. Nikitina T. I. Sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – Yekaterinburg: Ural State Agrarian University, 2019. – 28 p.
8. Parkhomov E. A. Sustainable development of rural areas in the context of spatial localization author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University, 2021. – 27 p.
9. Petrikov A. V. Rural development policy in Russia: directions and mechanisms // Nikon readings. – 2019. – No. 24. – P.1-10.
10. Abalkin L. I. Strategy of socio-economic development of Russia // Scientific works of the Free Economic Society of Russia. – 2015. – V. 195, No. 6. – P. 79-93.
11. Avtaykina E. V., Anichkina O. A., Gaidarenko L. V. et al. Problems and Prospects of Development of the AIC and Rural Territories: monograph / Under the general editorship of S. S. Chernov. – Novosibirsk: Publishing House CRNS, 2014. – 282 p.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GARITOV Evgeniy Alexandrovich
magister student of the 1st course, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
VASILJEVA Yuliya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor of Economic theory and strategic management sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND OIL MARKET INDICATORS
The article examines the dynamics of global oil exports, as well as the value of exports by the largest oil producer: the OPEC cartel, provides data on the gross domestic product of these countries, as well as the dynamics of the global product. The key idea is to identify the relationship between the dynamics of global economic development and the volume of crude oil exports.
Keywords: exports, GDP, global oil market, oil prices.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ason T. A. Prospects for the development of the world oil market // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. 2019. Vol. 11, No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.today/PDF/65ECVN219.pdf (date accessed: 08.02.2025).
2. Zhukov S. V., Kopytin I. A., Maslennikov A. O., Reznikova O. B., Sinitsyn M. V. Transformation of the global oil market: drivers and prospects // World economy and international relations. 2023. Vol. 67, No. 10. Pp. 5-18.
3. Malova T. A., Sysoeva V. I. Global oil market: search for equilibrium in the context of the new “oil” reality // Bulletin of MGIMO-University. 2016. No. 6 (51). Pp. 115-124. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-6-51-115-124 (date of access: 10.02.2025).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZHULIN Kirill Alexandrovich
master student of the 2nd course, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
VASILJEVA Yuliya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Economic theory sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
AREAS OF ENERGY COOPERATION BETWEEN THE BRICS+ COUNTRIES
The article examines the energy cooperation of the BRICS+ countries, highlights data on the generation and consumption of electricity from the BRICS+ countries and their share in the global volume. The countries of the association are divided into exporters and importers of energy resources according to their role in the world, and the volume of energy trade between the BRICS+ countries is also represented. The main part of the work is devoted to the export relations of the Russian Federation with energy importing countries within the framework of the association, the dynamics of the development of relations since 2014 has been studied, as well as the focus on 2022, when geopolitical events in the world dramatically changed trade and export relations.
Keywords: BRICS, BRICS+, energy trade.
Article bibliography
1. International Energy Agency. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iea.org/ (date of access: 18.02.2025).
2. Statbase. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://statbase.ru/ (date of access: 17.02.2025).
3. Energy cooperation of the BRICS countries: history and prospects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://energypolicy.ru/ (date of access: 21.02.2025).
4. Research and data for achieving progress in solving the world’s largest problems. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ourworldindata.org/ (date of access: 02/17/2025).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MASHKOV Valeriy Viktorovich
competitor, State University of Management, Moscow
ENSURING COMPETITIVENESS IN TRANSPORT ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES
The author characterizes the regulatory framework and strategic documents for the development of transport engineering in the Russian Federation; describes the specific features of ensuring competitiveness in transport engineering enterprises; identifies the factors determining the state of competitiveness of Russian transport engineering enterprises.
Keywords: transport, transport engineering, competitiveness, industrial development.
Article bibliography
1. Borisov V. N. Mechanical engineering in the reproduction process. – M.: MAX Press, 2000. – 312 p.
2. Zharikov V. D. Characteristics of the mechanical engineering products market // Bulletin of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University. – 2012. – No. 1-2. – P. 64-68.
3. Borisov V. N., Pochukaeva O. V. Innovative-saturated investments in mechanical engineering: external economic effects // Scientific works: Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2020. – No. 18. – P. 380-394.
4. Makarova I. V. Diagnostics of the potential and strategy for modernization of the mechanical engineering complex of the old industrial region: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – Ekaterinburg: Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2010. – 41 p.
5. Sorokin N. T. Methodology of strategic transformations of Russian mechanical engineering and mechanisms of their state support: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.05. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2006. – 40 p.
6. Plotnikova D. A. Analysis and assessment of the prospects of railway engineering, taking into account the innovation and investment factor: dis. … candidate of economic sciences. sciences: 5.2.3. – M.: Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2024. – 206 p.
7. Saakyan Yu. Z., Polikarpov A. A. On methodological approaches to calculating the level of localization of railway engineering products // Bulletin of the Institute for Natural Monopolies Problems: Railway Engineering. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 46-51.
8. Strategy for the development of transport engineering for the period up to 2030 (approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 2017, No. 1756-r). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://government.ru/docs/28874/.
9. Bychkova P. A., Blaginin V. A. Main directions of strengthening transport engineering in Russia // Economy and Business: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 12-1. – P. 27-30.
10. Vasyacheva V. A. Increasing the level of competitiveness of transport engineering enterprises based on the management of innovative projects: monograph. – Samara: Samara Humanitarian Academy, 2017. – 177 p.
11. Tatarkin A. I., Bazhenov S. I., Makarova I. V. Competitive trends in the formation of the industry market for transport engineering // Economic revival of Russia. – 2015. – No. 3. – P.50-61.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
PAVLOV Nikita Andreevich
magister student at the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Science, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FUEL AND ENERGY INDUSTRY
The article considers the existing problems in the legal regulation of the fuel and energy industry of the Russian Federation. The main priorities, as well as trends in the state regulation of the industry, in accordance with the Energy Strategy for the period up to 2035 are highlighted. The main emphasis is placed on the analysis of legal norms of the industry in correlation with the relevant development goals, as well as Russia’s international obligations in the energy sector. Based on the analysis, it is concluded how effective legal regulation can contribute to the sustainable development of the FS and ensure energy security.
Keywords: energy policy, energy strategy, environmental security, legal support
Pristateinyth bibliographic list
1. Anisimov N. OPEC+ countries agreed to adjust production in 2024. // RBC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/04/06/2023/647cb94f9a7947033daf32e1 (date of access: 10.03.2025).
2. Sergeeva O. S. State policy in the field of ensuring environmental safety of citizens // Bulletin of the Kama Social Institute. – 2019. – No. 1 (82). – P. 65-71.
3. Vasilyeva V. D. Fuel and energy complex of Russia: problems and development prospects // Scientific review. – 2019. – No. 2 (part 2). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://science-pedagogy.ru/ru/article/view?id=1855 (date accessed: 10.03.2025).
4. Kleandrov M. I. On the vector of development of legal support for “green” finances of “green” energy // Legal Energy Forum. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 26-33.
5. Pshenichnikov D. E. Actual problems of legal regulation in the energy sector in the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 21 (520). – P. 566-569. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/520/114426/ (date of access: 14.02.2025).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHERNUKHINA Kristina Yurjevna
student, Institute of Training of State and Municipal Employees, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
TUARMENSKIY Vladimir Viktorovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
DIGITAL RUBLE: SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
This article provides a multidimensional analysis of the main characteristics of the “digital ruble”. Various interpretations of this concept are considered: as an independent term designating an object of civil rights; as a type of digital property with specific characteristics; as an innovative form of the national payment system. In addition, the article discusses in detail the positive and negative aspects of the introduction of a new digital currency. An important part of the research is the study of the problems of understanding the essence and legal regulation of the digital ruble.
Keywords: digital ruble, non-cash money, national currency.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Andryushin S. A. Digital currency of the Central Bank as the third form of state money // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2021. – Vol. 15, No. 1. – P. 54-76.
2. Vershinina O. V., Labusheva Ya. G., Sultaniev I. S. Analysis of the possibilities and risks of introducing digital currencies of central banks into circulation using the example of the “digital ruble” // Bulletin of the Russian New University. Series: Man and Society. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 51-60.
3. Gabov A. V. Digital ruble of the Central Bank as an object of civil rights // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 55-65.
4. Kamenskaya K. V. On the issue of introducing the Digital Ruble as a tool to combat economic and financial violations // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2021. – No. 25 – P. 77-84.
5. The concept of the digital ruble // Central Bank of the Russian Federation. 2021. Apr. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/120075/concept_08042021.pdf (date accessed: 03/05/2025).
6. Pekareva V. V., Frolovskaya Yu. I. Definition and legal nature of the digital ruble // Agrarian and land law. – 2024. – No. 2 (230). – P. 184-186.
7. Sitnik A. A. Digital ruble as an object of financial and legal regulation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – Vol. 18, No. 8. – P. 20-36.
8. Turbanov A. V. Digital ruble as a new form of money // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 73-90.
9. Bank of Russia Regulation dated 03.08.2023 No. 820-P (as amended on 12.07.2024) “On the digital ruble platform” (together with the “Procedure for settling disputes and disagreements”) (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 10.08.2023 No. 74716) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.01.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_454540/eeb5679e3c5ccae487c71b3bcf35b0463a558df9/ (date of access: 06.03.2025).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZHOU Peng
magister student (agricultural economics), Belarusian State of the Orders of the October Revolution and Labor Red Banner Agricultural Academy
COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST POLICY IN A MARKET ECONOMY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
This paper explores the role of competition and antitrust policies in market economies, comparing developed and developing countries. The study analyzes the key principles, objectives, and outcomes of antitrust regulations in various economic contextsexts. It highlights how differences in economic development levels influence the design and effectiveness of competition policies. The research also discusses best practices and challenges faced by policymakers in fostering competitive markets while preventing monopolistic practices. The findings underscore the importance of tailored antitrust frameworks that consider each country’s unique economic environment.
Keywords: competition, antitrust policy, market economy, developed countries, developing countries, economic regulation, monopolistic practices.
Article bibliography
1．Ilyashenko V. V., Milovanova V. V. The Impact of Globalization of Economic Activity on Developing Countries // Bulletin of USUE. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 15-24. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-globalizatsii-ekonomicheskoy-deyatelnosti-na-razvivayuschiesya-strany.
2．Bratishchev I. M. XXI century: global competition and management of socio-economic processes: goals, patterns and principles // Stage: economic theory, analysis, practice. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 45-53. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/xxi-vek-globalnaya-konkurentsiya-i-upravlenie-sotsialno-ekonomicheskimi-protsessami-tseli-zakonomernosti-i-printsipy.
3．Kuleshov D. K. The influence of globalization on the development of entrepreneurial structures and their adaptation to the conditions of a competitive market environment // Proceedings of the Institute of Trade and Market. – 2021. – Vol. 1. – No. 59. – P. 247-256. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trade.donnuet.ru/download/2021/TIR-3-59-2021-t1.pdf#page=247.
4．Neven D. J. Competition economics and antitrust in Europe // Economic Policy. – 2006. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article-abstract/21/48/742/2918748.
5．Sidak J. G., Teece D. J. Dynamic competition in antitrust law // Journal of Competition Law & Economics. – 2009. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://academic.oup.com/jcle/article-abstract/5/4/581/755200.
6．Petrov A. V. US antimonopoly policy // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 33-41. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antimonopolnaya-politika-ssha.
7．Ivanova L. S. Competition policy of the European Union // CyberLeninka. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 12-22. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konkurentnaya-politika-evropeyskogo-soyuza.
8．Gal M. S. Competition policy for small market economies // Journal of Economic Literature. – 2003.
9．Devlin A. Antitrust in an era of market failure // Harvard Journal on Legislation. – 2010. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/hjlpp33&section=38.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
AFANASEVSKIY Vadim Leonidovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Theory and History of State and Law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
SOCIOCULTURAL MEMORY AS A PROBLEM OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE
The object of the article is the philosophy of culture. The subject of the article is the mechanisms of sociocultural memory as a problem of philosophy. The author presents the classification of the concepts of culture in the space of philosophy of culture. The author himself adheres to the activity approach in the philosophical topos, representing culture as a way of human life activity. The author substantiates the organic unity of culture and memory, the idea that in the cultural-historical movement to future generations are transmitted meanings, thereby constructing a specific meaning series. As an example, the author presents the undeservedly forgotten concept of the Rostov philosopher M.K. Petrov.
Keywords: philosophy, philosophical problem, philosophy of culture, culture, society, cultural memory, sociocode, sociocultural world, activity approach, cultural meanings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bely A. Symbolism and philosophy of culture // Bely A. Symbolism as a worldview. – M: Respublika, 1994. – 528 p.
2. Kreber A., ​​Kluckhohn S. Culture. Critical Analysis of Concepts. – M., 1992. – 235 p.
3. Markaryan E.S. Systems Study of Human Activity // Questions of Philosophy. – 1972. – No. 10. – Pp. 84-92.
4. Problems of the Philosophy of Culture: An Experience of Historical and Materialistic Analysis. – M.: Mysl, 1984. – 325 p.
5. Petrov M.K. Language, Sign, Culture. – M.: Chief Editor of Eastern Literature, 1991. – 328 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BROVKINA Alexandra Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, asassociate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
TRIFONOVA Tatiana Leonidovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
DEONTOLOGY AS A PART OF THE PROFESSIONAL ETHICS OF AN EMPLOYEE OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM
The problem of professional duty is one of the fundamental ones in the context of modern ethics and professional activity. It touches on a wide range of issues related to the moral obligations of a prison officer to society, colleagues, convicts and himself, arising from the specifics of his professional knowledge, skills and status. In the context of increasing specialization and complexity of the social structure of society, the importance of professional duty is becoming particularly relevant, as it is one of the key factors for ensuring the sustainable development of society and building a just and humane world. Solving this problem requires the joint efforts of the State, the professional community, educational institutions and every individual who strives for excellence in their professional activities and is aware of their responsibility to society.
Keywords: deontology, professional duty, employee of the penitentiary system, professional ethics.
Article bibliography
1. Apresyan R. G. The idea of ​​morality and basic normative-ethical programs; Rus. acad. sciences, Institute of philosophy. – M .: IFRAS, 1995. – 348 p.
2. Guseinov A. A., Apresyan R. G. Ethics: Textbook. – M., 2000. – 472 p.
3. Marcus Tullius Cicero. On Old Age. On Friendship. On Duties (reprint of the text of the 1974 edition). Translation from Latin and comments by V. O. Gorenshtein. – M., 1993. – 248 p.
4. Prokofiev A. V. Justification of Morality and Justification of Utilitarianism in the Ethics of Jeremy Bentham // Philosophical Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obosnovanie-morali-i-obosnovanie-utilitarizma-v-etike-ieremii-bentama (date accessed: 14.02.2025).
5. Ryskeldieva L. T. Due, obligation and deontology // Obligation, norm and scientific knowledge in the predicted future: Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific conference, Feodosia, September 17-19, 2021. – Simferopol, 2021. – 173 p.
6. Ryskeldieva L. T. On deontology, obligation and aestheticism // Philosophical journal. – 2022. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-deontologii-dolzhenstvovanii-i-estetizme (date of access: 26.02.2025).
7. Steklyannikova S. V. Moral regulators of culture: conscience, shame, duty and guilt. – Norilsk: Norilsk Industrial Institute, 2006. – 131 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VOROKHOBOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Privolzhsky branch, M. V. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod
ZIMINA Mariya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of Theory and practice of foreign languages ​​and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
MERZLYAKOVA Anna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of European languages ​​and methods of teaching sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The article examines the significance of the history of philosophy as a field of philosophical knowledge. The history of philosophy can be perceived as a retrospective study of completely unresolved questions, as a reconstruction of the time of speech of philosophers of the past. It is demonstrated that the history of philosophy is a kind of recollection associated with self-knowledge and self-identification.
Keywords: history of philosophy, methodology of the history of philosophy, philosophical concepts, philosophical problems, philosophical reconstruction.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Benveniste E. Indo-European nominal word formation. – M, 1955. – 260 p.
2. Bibikhin V. V. Language of philosophy. – St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2007. – 389 p.
3. Wittgenstein L. “Philosophical investigations” // Philosophical works. – Part I. – M., 1994. – P. 75-321.
4. Vorokhobov A. V., Ulanov M. V. Critique of the neo-Kantian concept of the history of philosophy in the context of the hermeneutic approach of Hans-Georg Gadamer // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10 (185). – P. 354-356.
5. Vorokhobov A. V., Ulanov M. V. The problem of the method and development of a model for studying the history of philosophy// Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 9 (184). – P. 302-304.
6. Gadamer G. G. History of Concepts as Philosophy // Gadamer G. G. The Relevance of the Beautiful. – M.: Art, 1991. – P. 26-43.
7. Gödel K. On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Mathematical Principles and Related Systems. – New York, 1992. – 72 p.
8. Deleuze J., Guattari F. What is Philosophy? – M.: “Institute of Experimental Sociology”. – St. Petersburg: ALETEIYA Publishing House, 1998. – 288 p.
9. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason // Kant I. Works: in 6 volumes. – M., 1964. – Vol. 3. – 799 p.
10. Ricoeur P. History and Truth / Translated from French. – St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2002. – 400 p.
11. Sulima I. I. Potential of anthropological issues in general humanitarian training // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (65). – P. 274-275.
12. Parilov O. V. Russian conservative philosophy of the second half of the 19th century on the essence of terrorism // Bulletin of Minin University. – 2024. – T. 12, No. 4 (49).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ZUEVA Elizaveta Konstantinovna
postgraduate student of the course Philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture 06/47/01, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
SMOLNOV Albert Ruslanovich
student of the course Youth work management 03/39/03. of Logic, philosophy and methodology of sciences sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIETY (SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS)
The article examines digitalization as a significant technological and spiritual transformation of reality, which gives rise to a number of serious problems in social life. It is characterized by systemic interaction, where changes in one area inevitably affect others. This emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to solving emerging challenges. The influence of digitalization extends to the global geopolitical situation. In modern conflicts, the minds of people play a crucial role, mass media are becoming a tool for influencing public opinion. In the context of information wars, a person often becomes an object of manipulation, which requires us to be able to think critically and analyze information.
Keywords: digitalization, digital culture, modern education, information, philosophical analysis, innovation.
Article bibliography
1. Bermus A. G. Actual problems of pedagogical education in the era of digital transformation: a theoretical review // Pedagogy. Theory and Practice. 2022. Issue 1. Volume 7. P. 1-10. / 2022. Issue 1. Volume 7. P. 1-10
2. Research of the Russian market of online education and educational technologies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://edmarket.digital/ (date of access: 30.11.2024).
3. Dobrinskaya D. E. Sociological understanding of the Internet: theoretical approaches to network research // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series. 18. Sociology and political science. 2016. No. 3. Pp. 21-37.
4. The concept and essence of digitalization of the education system. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-suschnost-tsifrovizatsii-sistemy-obrazovaniya (date of access: 01.02.2025).
5. Digitalization of education in Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/a/144216 (date of access: 05.12.2024).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
LOZINSKIY Nikolay Nikolaevich
Vice-Rector, South West State University, Kursk
SEMANTIC VALUES AND SOCIAL TECHNOLOGIES OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION
Relevance: Analysis of the process of understanding the semantic values ​​and social technologies of Eurasian integration is necessary for an accurate understanding of the processes currently taking place in the territory of the European part of the continent, which are hostile to the Russian Federation. The situation in Europe: hostile rhetoric, the actions of unfriendly states associated with the SMO (special military operation), as well as the sanctions policy regarding the Russian Federation, prompts a deeper study of the processes of integration and disintegration of Europe in order to counter unfriendly acts by NATO-member states. The philosophical aspect and analysis of the processes will allow us to understand the reasons, results, as well as the methods of working with the population of these states, with the establishment of these countries to normalize relations, and in extreme cases to counter the aggressive policies of states.
The purpose of the article is to study methods of working with the population and the establishment of hostile and sympathetic Russian states in Europe to stabilize relations and further normal, at least, coexistence within the Eurasian space.
Objectives: to reveal the specifics of the process of understanding the semantic values ​​and social technologies of Eurasian integration; to study the dynamic changes in the integration process and how to put social technologies into practice in Europe; identify the main problems of Eurasian integration, as well as the ideological orientation of the actions of the previously mentioned states, which leads to hostile rhetoric towards the Russian Federation.
Methodology: the methodological basis of the study is the fundamental principles of integration processes and historical analysis. In the process of solving research problems, the author used historical, political, historical, systemic, retrospective and social methods.
Results: the study and generalization of socio-political sources made it possible to objectively assess the mechanism for the formation and effectiveness of the processes of integration and disintegration of modern Europe, showed problematic moments of processes that can cause destructive activity in relation to the Russian Federation.
Conclusions: having conducted this study, we came to the conclusion that the integration processes in Europe are strongly influenced by the socio-political trends in the development of the modern world, in particular, regarding the new redistribution of the world political infrastructure, increasing the global role of the Russian Federation – the largest state in Europe. We see that the negative processes taking place in European states penetrating into the territory of our country in different ways. The article shows and presents some methods and techniques that, in the opinion of the author, are able to correct this situation.
Keywords: integration, disintegration, socio-political, historical-systemic, Eurasian space, philosophical aspect, semantic values, Special military operation (SMO).
Article bibliography
1. Vetrenko I. A. Eurasian integration as a strategic choice of Russia // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. 2020. No. 1 (31). P. 78-83.
2. Vildanov Kh. S., Usmanov M. R. Social engineering and social technologies in the management of social processes in a multinational and multicultural society // Eurasian Law Journal. 2019. No. 10 (137). P. 430-433.
3. Dyakov N. V. Application of social engineering methods in social networks // Society. 2020. No. 2 (17). P. 126-128.
4. Constitution of the UAE. Cited from: Khabrieva T. Ya. Introductory article / Constitutions of the Asian states. In three volumes. Volume 1. Western Asia. Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; Norma, 2010. P. 14-15.
5. Kara-Murza S. G. Eurasian integration: main difficulties // Philosophy of Economy. 2014. No. 1 (91). pp. 40-45.
6. Patrick Carroll-Burke Material Designs: Engineering Cultures and Engineering States – Ireland 1650-1900 // Theory and Society. Vol. 31.No. 1 (Feb., 2002). pp. 75-114. R. 105.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MALINOVA Anna Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ROBINSON CRUSOE: HOW THE HERO OF AN ADVENTURE NOVEL BECAME A CHARACTER IN NUMEROUS WORKS OF LEGAL AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
The adventure novel “Robinson Crusoe” gained enormous popularity not only among children, but also attracted the attention of scientists. It is difficult for a reader to be familiar with this novel only from adapted retellings (which have become widespread not only in Russia) to imagine that Robinson is not only a lone hero who survived on a desert island, but also a merchant, overcome by a thirst for enrichment, but also a believer, but also a person with his own views on law, on domination, on property. This is why representatives of various scientific disciplines often turned and still turn to the plot of the novel and its hero to justify or deny any of their (or others’) scientific opinions. The article analyzes the provisions of some scientific views, primarily philosophical, political and economic, legal, on Robinson Crusoe as a man who found himself alone on a desert island. It tells not only about numerous imitations of the novel, but also about a novel with a similar plot, published several centuries earlier. Reasonable doubts are expressed in the characteristics of Robinson Crusoe, contained in some legal studies, as a man incapable of having interests. It is shown that one of the results of a wide scientific discussion of the image of Robinson is the introduction into scientific circulation of such concepts (derived from the name of the hero of the novel): «Robinsonade», «Robinsonade of reason», «Crusonian science».
Keywords: Robinson Crusoe, Robinsonade, personality, interests, rights, freedoms, hero, character, scientific literature.
Article bibliographic list
1. Andreev I. L. Origin of man and society. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Mysl, 1988. – 415 p.
2. Voltman L. Political anthropology. A Study of the Influence of Evolutionary Theory on the Doctrine of Political Development of Peoples / Translated from German. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: White Elves, 2000. – 448 p.
3. Deleuze J. Michel Tournier and the World without the Other // Tournier M. Friday, or the Pacific Limbo. – St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. – 301 p.
4. Defoe D. Robinson Crusoe / Translated by M. Shishmareva. The Story of Colonel Jack / Translated by N. Shereshevskaya and L. – Orel: Novels. – Moscow: Art Literature, 1977. – 529 p.
5. Defoe D. Robinson Crusoe / Retold from English by K. Chukovsky. – M.: Eksmo, 2023. – 256 p.
6. Ignatenko A. A. Ibn Tufayl: Robinsonade of Reason // Ignatenko A. A. In Search of Happiness: (Socio-political views of Arab-Islamic philosophers of the Middle Ages). – M.: Mysl, 1989. – Pp. 186-204.
7. Kalamkaryan R. A. Estoppel in international public law. – M.: Nauka, 2001. – 236 p.
8. Commentary on the Family Code of the Russian Federation (educational and practical) / O. G. Alekseeva, L. V. Zayets, L. M. Zvyagintseva et al.; under the general editorship of S. A. Stepanov. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 352 p.
9. Marx K. Capital // Marx K. and Engels F. Works. – 2nd ed. – M.: Politizdat, 1955-1978. – Vol. 23. – 900 p.
10. Malinova A. G. Balance of Interests and Its “Hypostases” in Jurisprudence // Russian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 21-44.
11. Malinova A. G. Are Legal Definitions of the Concepts of “Interest” and “Legitimate Interest” Possible? // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 8 (147). – P. 84-85.
12. Malinova A. G. Interest and need: a critical look at their identification in domestic jurisprudence // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2020. – No. 10 (167). – Vol. 73. – P. 91-105.
13. Malinova A. G. Public interests: history, theory and arguments against the use of this term in domestic legislation // Russian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 65-84.
14. Malinova A. G. Juridization of the concept of “quality of life” in disputes over compensation for moral damage // Russian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 73-79.
15. Ossovskaya M. Knight and Bourgeois: A Study in the History of Morals / Translated from Polish. – M.: Progress, 1987. – 528 p.
16. General Theory of Human Rights / Ed. E. A. Lukasheva. – M.: NORMA, 1996. – 520 p.
17. Popper K. The Open Society and Its Enemies. In 2 volumes: Vol. 2. The Time of False Prophets: Hegel, Marx, and Other Oracles. – M.: Phoenix, 1992. – 528 p.
18. Robinsonada // Economic Encyclopedia. Political Economy. In 4 volumes: Vol. 3. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1979. – P. 504.
19. Rousseau J.-J. Emile, or About Education // Rousseau J.-J. Pedagogical Works. In 2 volumes: Vol. 1. – M.: Pedagogy, 1981. – Pp. 19-592.
20. Rousseau J.-J. Julia, or New Heloise. – M.: Fiction, 1968. – 776 p.
21. Sorokin P. A. System of Sociology. – M.: Astrel, 2008. – 1008 p.
22. Tournier M. Friday, or Pacific Limbo / Translated from French. – SPb.: Amphora, 1999. – 303 p.
23. Shaikenov N. A. Legal support of the interests of the individual. – Sverdlovsk: Publishing house of the Ural. University, 1990. – 112 p.
24. Eco U. Consumption, search and the model reader // The reading man. Homo legens. Writers of the twentieth century on the role of the book in the life of man and society / Comp. S. I. Belza. – 2-th ed., with amendments and add. – M.: Progress, 1990. – P. 286-301.
25. Engels F. Letter to K. Kautsky // Marx K. and Engels F. Works. – 2nd ed. – M.: Politizdat, 1955-1978. – Vol. 36. – P. 181-182.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MEZHUEVA Elena Olegovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Head of Humanities and special disciplines sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE IDEA OF PATRIOTISM: LESSONS OF RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIXTH CENTURY
The article analyzes the philosophical controversy between Westerners and Slavophiles in the context of understanding the category of patriotism. Chaadaev, Khomyakov and Kireevsky considered the providential idea to be the basis of the historical process, however, they assessed the current state and ways of development of Russia in different ways. Chaadaev’s patriotism is based on the principles of criticality, rationalism, and the need for Russia to adopt the progressive European experience. The Slavophiles, Khomyakov and Kireevsky, on the contrary, saw the foundations of patriotism in the unconditional value of folk traditions, national history, Slavic brotherhood and the Orthodox faith.
Keywords: patriotism, Slavophilism, Westernism, faith, Orthodoxy, «Russian idea», Messianism
Article bibliographic list
1. Berdyaev N. A. On Russian philosophy. – in 2 parts. Part II. – Sverdlovsk: Publishing House of the Ural University, 1991. – 240 p.
2. Berdyaev N. A. A. S. Khomyakov. – M.: Put, 1912. – 250 p.
3. Bogdanov A. Russian idea in the philosophical views of P. Ya. Chaadaev // Vlast. – 2011. – No. 10. – P. 61-65.
4. Gershenzon M. O. Biography of P. V. Kireevsky. Reprint from Volume 1 of “Russian Folk Songs Collected by P. V. Kireevsky” published by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature”. – M., 1910. – XLII p.
5. Zenkovsky V. V. History of Russian Philosophy. In 2 volumes. – Vol. 1. Part 1. – L.: Ego, 1991. – 222 p.
6. Zenkovsky V. V. History of Russian Philosophy. In 2 volumes. – Volume 1. Part 2. – L.: Ego, 1991. – 280 p.
7. Saint Hilarion of Kiev. A Word on Law and Grace. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https //azbuka.ru/ (accessed: 03/20/2025).
8. Kireevsky I. V. On the Nature of the Enlightenment of Europe and its Relation to the Enlightenment of Russia // Complete Works of I. V. Kireevsky: in 2 volumes / Ed. [and with preface] M. Gershenzon. Vol. 1-2. Vol. 1. – M.: Put, 1911. – 294 p.
9. Kireevsky I. V. The Nineteenth Century // Complete Works of I. V. Kireevsky: in 2 volumes / Ed. [and with preface] M. Gershenzon. Vol. 1-2. Vol. 1. – M.: Put, 1911. – 294 p.
10. Lossky N. O. History of Russian Philosophy. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1991. – 559 p.
11. Pavlov A. Patriotism. A Very Brief History of the Idea // Philosophical Anthropology. – 2018. – Vol. 4, No. 1. – P. 175-191.
12. Explanatory online dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www. lexicography.online (date of access: 20.03.2025).
13. Khomyakov A. S. Opinions of Foreigners about Russia // Complete Works of Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov. Ed. I. S. Aksakov in 4 volumes: Vol. 4. Collection of individual articles and notes. – M .: type. P. Bakhmetyev, 1861. – 721 p.
14. Khomyakov A. S. On the Possibilities of the Russian Art School // Complete Works of Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov. [Articles and notes of diverse content]. – M .: type. Lebedeva, 1878. – 768 p.
15. Khomyakov A. S. Regarding the article by I. V. Kireevsky “On the nature of the education of Europe and its relation to the education of Russia” // Complete works of Alexei Stepanovich Khomyakov. Ed. I. S. Aksakov in 4 volumes: Vol. 4. Collection of individual articles and notes. – M .: type. P. Bakhmeteva, 1861. – 721 p.
16. Chaadaev P. Ya. Apology of a madman. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://royallib.com (date of access: 03/20/2025).
17. Chaadaev P. Ya. Philosophical letters. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://royallib.com (date of access: 20.03.2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
POKUSAEVA Natalia Vasilievna
senior lecturer of the Higher School of Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Life Safety, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
SIDOROV Dmitry Gennadjevich
student of the Higher School of Theory and Methodology of Physical Culture and Life Safety, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
SPORTS AS A PATH TO SUPERHUMAN: NIETZSCHE’S PHILOSOPHY ANALYSIS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche in the context of sports, his key concepts are considered – the superman (Übermensch) and the will to power (Wille zur Macht). The subject of research in the article is an analysis of how the philosophical ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche can be applied to the process of obtaining the highest sports achievements, when athletes seek to overcome any physical and mental limitations in order to achieve success. The aim of the work is to demonstrate that the modern world of sports can serve as an ideal field for the implementation of Friedrich Nietzsche’s ideas of self-improvement through overcoming obstacles, pain and suffering. The results of the analysis show that the Nietzschean concept of the will to power finds its expression in the constant struggle of participants in sports competitions with their own bodily and psychological limitations, where the key role is played by the desire of participants in sports competitions to win and succeed. The physical and psychological training of participants in sports competitions reflects philosophical ideas about the struggle for self-affirmation and the creation of new values, which is especially pronounced in sports that require endurance from athletes and the application of austerity to themselves. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the interpretation of sports as a way of realizing the philosophical ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche about overcoming oneself and creating individual values. The article argues that sport is a special form of human activity, where Nietzschean principles are embodied, which makes sport significant not only in the physical, but also in the philosophical sense.
Keywords: superman, will to power, austerity, self-assertion, suffering, overcoming.
Article bibliography
1. Akhshiyatova N. I., Dragic O. A., Sidorova K. A., Shikova K. A. The influence of irrational physical activity on the state of the body // Scientific notes of the University named after P. F. Lesgaft. – 2023. – No. 10 (224). – P. 11-18.
2. Gorbunova A. V. Willpower and self-discipline as the main criteria for success in sports. Education, Science, Production: VIII International Youth Forum, Belgorod, October 15-16, 2016. – 2016. – P. 3609-3612.
3. Gustafsson H., Madigan D. D., Lundqvist E. Burnout in athletes // Scientific notes of the Belarusian State University of Physical Education. – 2023. – No. 26. – P. 341-355.
4. Nietzsche F. W. “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”. – Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2015. – 416 p.
5. Nietzsche F. W. “Beyond Good and Evil”. – Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. – 288 p.
6. Nietzsche F. W. “Human, All Too Human”. – Moscow: E Publishing House, 2016. – 352 p.
7. Nietzsche F. W. “The Birth of Tragedy, or Hellenism and Pessimism”. – Moscow: Mysl Publishing House, 1990. – 164 p.
8. Nietzsche F. W. “The Wanderer and His Shadow”. – Moscow: Azbuka-Atticus, 1974. – 270 p.
9. Malinovskaya O. V., Korchenova P. M. Psychological Aspects of Sports: Motivation, Self-Discipline, Stress Resistance // Scientific Potential. – 2024. – No. 2-2 (45). – P. 74-77.
10. Palamarchuk E. A. Superman in Nietzsche’s Philosophy. Russia and the World in Historical Retrospect: Proceedings of the XXIX International Scientific Conference, dedicated to the 320th Anniversary of the Foundation of St. Petersburg, 2023. – P. 304-308.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Acting Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
GOLOVINA Darya Alexandrovna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
OCHENEVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
MAN IN THE ERA OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The presented work aims to analyze the human situation in the era of the technological transformation that is taking place today. The noted analysis is carried out from the position of philosophical anthropology. Speaking about technological transformation, the authors, first of all, mean the influence of artificial intelligence, which is noted not only in scientific and special spheres, but is also increasingly entering the everyday life of the modern man in the street. The authors come to the conclusion that rapid digitalization and the accompanying processes of technological improvement raise the question of human survival, his place in the conditions of the emergence, development and self-training of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: man, technological transformation, modern culture, cultural dynamics, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bazhanov V. A., Konopkin A. M. Man as an open diversity (thought(work on the book “Man as an Open Integrity”) // Questions of Philosophy. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 58-66.
2. Guryanova A. V., Timofeev A. V. Human technoimages. Part I: Homo Computeris, Homo Informaticus, Homo Network // Modern philosophical studies. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 120-128.
3. Kretov D. V. Political psychology: psychological aspects of political processes // Actual problems of philosophical anthropology and philosophy of culture: materials of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Lipetsk: Lipetsk State Pedagogical University named after P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2025. – P. 77-81.
4. Polyakov S. V. Study of constructed virtual reality // Bulletin of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. Introduction. Path to science. – 2024. – Vol. 14, No. 1 (45). – P. 37-43.
5. Romakh O. V. Cultural education in the processes of globalization // Fundamental research. – 2007. – No. 7. – P. 69-72.
6. Filonov V. R. Philosophical and futurological discourse in the context of electronic technologies // Abyss (Problems of philosophy, political science and social anthropology). – 2024. – No. 1 (27). – P. 105-115.
7. Frolova N. A. Ways and Methods of Transmitting Orthodox Values ​​in Modern Russian Society // Actual Problems of Philosophical Anthropology and Philosophy of Culture: Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. – Lipetsk: Lipetsk State Pedagogical University named after P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2024. – P. 106-109.
8. Economic Anthropology // Economic Anthropology. – 2024. – Vol. 11, No. 1. – P. 1-3.
9. Kogay E. A., Romashkina G. F. To the Memory of N. I. Lapin: Second Lapin Readings // Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 1. – P. 261-268.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHAKIROVA Guzel Fanilevna
master of cultural studies, leading specialist of the Educational department, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
RELIGION AS AN IMPORTANT PRINCIPLE OF SOLIDARITY IN MODERN MULTINATIONAL AND MULTI-CONFESSIONAL RUSSIA
The article discusses religion as an important principle of solidarity in modern multinational and multi-confessional Russia. It is shown that the religious factor in modern Russia plays an important role both in strengthening social solidarity and in forming the identity of various peoples, despite the processes of secularization and modernization of society. Religious traditions and institutions act not only as spiritual guidelines, but also as factors uniting people on the basis of common values, norms and historical memory.
Keywords: religion, religious community, religious factors, solidary society, solidary relations, social solidarity, moral norms, national relations, confessional relations, national self-awareness, conciliarity, traditions, religious and ethical consciousness.
Article bibliography
1. Arshinov V. I., Svirsky Ya. I. From Calculus to Light // Laitman M., Khachaturyan V. The Fates of Humanity. Kabbalah on World History. – LKPublishers, 2011. – P. 13.
2. Barlybaev H. A. Solidarology. Philosophy of Solidarity. – Ufa: Kitap, 2016. – P. 118-122.
3. Belzhelarsky E. A. Orthodox Ethics and the Spirit of Solidarity: in the Footsteps of Max Weber // Scientific and Information Journal Army and Society. – 2015. – No. 2 (45). – P. 2, 4, 5.
4. Voltaire. Edifying Sermons // Philosophical Works. – M., 1988. – P. 382.
5. Kamalova A. A. History of the Development of Russia as a Multi-Confessional, Multinational State // Law and Management. XXI Century. – 2014. – No. 4 (33). – P. 83.
6. Laitman M., Kozlov A., Ulyanov A., Kalchenko K., Zhdanko S. Instructions for survival in the new world: why mutual responsibility will save us from a global crisis. – M.: NF “Institute for Advanced Studies”, 2012. – P. 179.
7. Mitrofanova A. V. The religious factor in world politics and the problem of “civilizations” // The Age of Globalization. – 2008. – No. 1. – P. 109.
8. Rozin V. Philosophical analysis of Kabbalah // Laitman M., Rozin V. Kabbalah in the context of history and modernity. – M.: Editorial URSS, 2005. – P. 137.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHALASHNIKOV Gennadiy Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanities and specialized disciplines sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE FORMATION OF THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPIRITUAL IDEAL OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND HIS ATTAINMENT IN PHILOSOPHY OF RUSSIAN POPULISM AND POSITIVISM
The article examines the philosophical and ethical aspects of the emergence and genesis of the spiritual moral ideal in the context of the ideas of Russian anthropological materialism and positivism. The problem of the moral ideal has always been very important and relevant for Russian moral philosophy. The features and specifics of studying this phenomenon in the philosophy of Russian populism lies in the application of the methodology of positivism and anthropologism, although with their own special constructions of the relationship between the spiritual and the material. It can be said that Russian populist philosophers formulated their approach to understanding the categories of ethics, including on the basis of rational criticism of thought. However, this approach was not always consistent and systematic. The presented article reveals the main approaches to understanding the spiritual ideal in the works of representatives of Russian populism and the liberal-constitutional direction.
Keywords: ethics, philosophy of populism, anthropological materialism, spiritual ideal, Russian positivism
Article bibliography
1. Goltsev V. I. Ideals and Reality // Questions of Philosophy and Psychology. No. 3. Book 7. Moscow, 1891. Pp. 57-69.
2. Lavrov P. L. On Religion. History of the Miraculous. Moscow: Mysl, 1989. Pp. 46-52.
3. Lavrov P. L. Philosophy and Sociology. Selected Works. Prod.: In 2 volumes. Moscow, 1965. Vol. 1. Pp. 355-376.
4. Lavrov P. L. Philosophy and Sociology. Selected Prod.: In 2 volumes. Moscow, 1965. Vol. 2. Pp. 145-148.
5. Tkachev P. N. Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Moscow: Mysl, 1986. Pp. 160-172.
6. Chernyshevsky N. G. Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1 / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Philosophy. Moscow: Mysl, 1986. Pp. 711-745
7. Shalashnikov G. V. Moral Philosophy of P. L. Lavrov: Ethical Categorical Analysis. Tula, 2007.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VOROKHOBOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Privolzhsky branch, M. V. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod
ZIMINA Mariya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of Theory and practice of foreign languages ​​and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
PRONINA Natalya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Theory and practice of foreign languages ​​and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPING A METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING PHILOSOPHY
This article examines the need to develop a methodology for teaching philosophy. The issue of the relationship between methodology in philosophy and natural sciences is considered. It is shown that philosophy is, first of all, the basis of assumptions and ideology. It is postulated that the creation of a single philosophical language and a consistent, intersubjective method that meets the criteria of modern scientific rationality is necessary.
Keywords: philosophy, science, methodology, philosophical research, contingency of philosophical problems.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics // Collected Works. – M., 2002. – Vol. 6. – 435 p.
2. Vorokhobov A. V., Ulanov M. V. The Problem of Method and Development of a Model for Studying the History of Philosophy // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 9 (184). – P. 302-304.
3. Vorokhobov A. V. Philosophical and Anthropological Analysis of the Essential Structure of Human Existence in the Works of Paul Tillich // Philosophy and Culture. – 2017. – No. 10. – P. 70-182.
4. Carnap R. Overcoming Metaphysics by Logical Analysis of Language // Analytical Philosophy: Formation and Development. Anthology / General ed. and compiled by A. F. Gryaznova. – M.: House of Intellectual Books, Progress-Tradition, 1998. – P. 69-90.
5. Sulima I. I. Potential of anthropological issues in general humanitarian training // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (65). – P. 274-275.
6. Parilov O. V. Russian conservative philosophy of the second half of the 19th century on the essence of terrorism // Bulletin of Minin University. – 2024. – V. 12, No. 4 (49).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHAKIROVA Guzel Fanilevna
master of cultural studies, leading specialist of the Educational department, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SOLIDARITY IN RESOLVING INTERETHNIC ISSUES IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article discusses the application of solidarity principles in solving interethnic issues in modernRussia. It is shown that in modern Russia, harmonization of interethnic relations can be achieved through recognition and respect for the national identity of each nation. Successful coexistence of different ethnic groups is possible only if each of them feels its value and significance within a single civilization.
Creating a society of social symphony, where different nations and groups work together rather than opposing each other, requires active dialogue, mutual understanding, cooperation and solidarity. This can be achieved through education, cultural exchanges and joint projects that emphasize common values ​​and goals.
Keywords: solidarity, solidarity society, solidarity relations, social symphony, social justice, conflict, nation, national state, nationalism, interethnic question, interethnic relations, national self-awareness, national identity, attitude, connection, subject-object relations, subject-subject relationships.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Barlybaev H. A. Solidarology. Philosophy of Solidarity. – Ufa: Kitap, 2016. – P. 24, 27-28, 116-118.
2. Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus’. Seven Words about the Russian World. – M.: World Russian People’s Council, 2015. – P. 35, 39, 42, 61, 77.
3. Melnik S. V. “The National Question” in Interreligious Dialogue // Man: Image and Essence. Humanitarian Aspects. – 2019. – No. 2 (37). – P. 162-164.
4. Fayzullin F. S. On Social Justice in the Sphere of Interethnic Relations // Problems of Oriental Studies. – 2011. – No. 1 (51). – P. 8.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ZUBKOV Sergey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and religious studies sub-faculty, A. G. and N. G. Stoletov Vladimir State University
TYURINA Arina Yurjevna
student, Humanities Institute, A. G. and N. G. Stoletov Vladimir State University, independent researcher
E. FROMM’S MODES OF BEING AND POSSESSION IN RELATION TO RELIGION
The article reveals approaches to the modes of being and possession, as a unique author’s concept of Erich Fromm, in relation to his views in the field of psychology of religion. The basis of the study is carried out through the prism of understanding the value of the mode of being and its correlation with humanistic religion and the designation of the mode of possession through its correlation with authoritarian religion. Using examples of various well-known religions of the world, Fromm gives an interpretation of the level of their humanistic component, which allows us to assess the degree of their psychoanalytic influence on a person.
Keywords: Erich Fromm, being, possession, religion, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Zubkov S. A. Criteria of religious ecophilia // Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series “Political Science. Religious Studies”. – 2019. – Vol. 28. – Pp. 92-100. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2019.28.92.
2. Zubkov S. A. Ecophilic philosophy and poetry // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 9 (160). – Pp. 538-542.
3. Christiansen R. Ecotheology. – Arkhangelsk: Publishing house Pomor State University named after M. V. Lomonosov, 2002. – 297 p.
4. Fromm E. Escape from freedom. – M.: AST Publishing House, 2011. – 288 p.
5. Fromm E. To Have or to Be. – M.: AST Publishing House, 2010. – 320 p.
6. Shokhin V.K. Arhat // Philosophy of Buddhism: Encyclopedia – M.: Eastern Literature Publishing House, 2011. – 1045 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ABRAROVA Zinira Foatovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social work sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LUTFURAKHMANOVA Zarina Ildarovna
magister student of the 1st course in the direction of “Social Work”, Ufa University of Science and Technology, independent researcher
STARSHININA Anzhelika Aleksandrovna
magister student of the 1st course in the direction of “Sociology”, Ufa University of Science and Technology, independent researcher
INSTITUTE OF MOTHERHOOD IN THE SOCIAL SPACE OF MODERN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the institution of motherhood in modern Russia against the background of a deepening demographic crisis. It is emphasized that solving demographic problems requires not only financial measures, but also changes in social attitudes towards motherhood. The article considers changes in the model of motherhood, the phenomenon of “delayed motherhood” and the concept of “intensive parenting”. One of the key problems of the current demographic situation in the country is the transformation of the model of motherhood: from the traditional perception of childbearing as a natural stage of a woman’s life to modern “intensive motherhood”, which requires significant resources and postponing the birth of children to a later age.
Keywords: demography, motherhood, intensive parenting, delayed motherhood, traditional family values.
Article bibliography
1. Aliev D. F., Gontmakher E. Sh., Trubin V. V. Social support for family, motherhood and childhood: Russia and world experience // Standard of living of the population of the regions of Russia. – 2024. – No. 3.
2. Natural decline began to increase // Kommersant. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7533665?ysclid=ma1dbhkrko671975426 (date of access: 24.04.2025).
3. Median wage // Sber Index. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sberindex.ru/ru/dashboards/median-wages (date of access: 25.04.2025).
4. Misiyuk Yu. V. Essentialism in the structure of intensive motherhood among Russian women // Human psychology in education. – 2022. – No. 3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/essentsializm-v-strukture-intensivnogo-materinstva-u-rossiyskih-zhenschin (date of access: 25.04.2025).
5. Putin: For Russia, supporting motherhood and childhood is a priority // RG.RU. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2023/11/22/putin-dlia-roscii-podderzhka-materinstva-i-detstva-iavliaetsia-prioritetom.html?ysclid=ma1d9hv2g6696920867 (date of access: 24.04.2025).
6. Russian women estimated the costs of a child under three at 1.37 million rubles // Izvestia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iz.ru/1433368/2022-11-30/rossiianki-otcenili-traty-na-rebenka-do-trekh-let-v-137-mln-rublei (date of access: 25.04.2025).
7. Spiridonov D. V., Polyakova I. G. The phenomenon of delayed motherhood and assisted reproductive technologies: socio-economic and demographic aspects // The World of Russia. Sociology. Ethnology. – 2024. – No. 3.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SMYSLOV Ivan Andreevich
postgraduate student, M. I. Platov South Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Rostov-on-Don
THE MAIN TRENDS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE HISTORICAL MEMORY OF MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY AS A RESOURCE FOR THE SPIRITUAL SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY
The purpose of the study is to analyze the main trends in the transformation of the historical memory of modern Russian society, which acts as an important resource for ensuring the spiritual security of the country.
The research methodology is based on the theoretical principles of continental and, first of all, French socio-philosophical thought, in which the phenomenon of historical memory is considered in the context of the concept of social determinism. The author relies on analytical, descriptive, and comparative methods, traditional for social philosophy, which contribute to the comprehensive disclosure of historical memory as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon.
The results of the study. The analysis of the main trends in the transformation of the historical memory of the population of modern Russia indicates the presence of certain contradictions in the structure and content of the historical memory of Russians: so, despite the fact that the majority has an idea of ​​those events of the past that had the most significant impact on the historical development of the country, a significant part of citizens tends to underestimate the degree of significance of some events that took place both in the near and distant historical past. Despite the conviction typical for the majority of Russians that it is necessary for citizens to master basic historical knowledge, the real level of knowledge about the events of the past is currently not very high, and the lowest interest in history is typical for modern Russian youth. The results of sociological research concerning the symbolic component of the historical memory of modern Russians show that the centuries-old pre-revolutionary period of Russian history does not have any vivid subject and spiritual symbols in the public consciousness, and representatives of all generations of modern Russian society limit themselves to several Soviet decades in the search for worthy symbols of national history. To the greatest extent, modern Russians are proud of the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, which currently acts as the spiritual foundation consolidating Russian society.
The prospect of the study is further scientific research in the field of memory of the historical past, characteristic of representatives of various social groups and strata in Russian society, in conjunction with the identification of promising ways and means of forming and preserving the historycal memory of the population of our country.
Keywords: society, history, historical memory, historical consciousness, public consciousness, collective memory, individual memory, worldview, identity, civil identity, public policy, national security, spiritual security, commemoration, decommissioning.
Article bibliography
1. Kasyanov V. V., Samygin P. S., Popov M. Yu. State policy in the field of formation of historical memory in modern Russia: main directions and problems of implementation // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. Series “Historical sciences. Cultural studies. Political sciences”. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 23-29.
2. Vodenko K. V., Ivanchenko O. S., Tikhonovskova M. P., Labadze O. E. The Role of the Historical Memory Resource in Forming Civil Identity and Ensuring Cultural Security of Young People in the South of Russia // Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (NPI). Series: Social and Economic Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 14, No. 5. – P. 6-20.
3. Halbwachs M. Collective and Historical Memory // Neprikosnovenny zapas. – 2005. – No. 2/3 (40/41). – P. 8-27.
4. Dmitrieva M. G. The State and Trends of Development of Historical Memory in the Mass Consciousness of Russian Society: Abstract of the Dissertation of a Candidate of Sociological Sciences. – M., 2005. – 31 p.
5. Brovchuk N. M. Structural components of historical memory: theoretical aspects // Sociological almanac. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 112-122.
6. Novikov S. G. Formation of historical memory of Russians: continuous process of reproduction of socio-cultural otherness // Continuous education: XXI century. – 2024. – Issue. 2 (46). – P. 2-10.
7. Vodenko K. V. Historical memory in social and humanitarian discourse: diversity of opinions and approaches // Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (NPI). Series: Social and Economic Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 13, No. 4. – P. 5-13.
8. Kasyanov V. V., Samygin P. S., Popov M. Yu. Historical memory of the events of the Great Patriotic War and modern Russian society // History. Cultural Studies. Political Science. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 11-20.
9. Fadeev P. V. Historical memory of Russians in sociological surveys: grounds, reality, problems // Bulletin of the Institute of Sociology. – 2021. – Vol. 12, No. 2. – P. 36-54.
10. Spitsyna A. VTsIOM assessed the school knowledge of Russians in history // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Federal issue of January 15, 2025.
11. Myslivets N. L. Images of the past in historical memory: theoretical and methodological aspect // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 157-164.
12. Andreev A. L. Historical self-awareness of modern Russian society // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 91, No. 4. – P. 335-343.
13. Gorshkov M. K., Sheregi F. E. Young people in Russia in the mirror of sociology. On the results of long-term research. – M .: FNISC RAS, 2020. – 688 p.
14. Historical consciousness of Russians: assessments of the past, memory, symbols (experience of sociological measurement) / FNISC RAS, Institute of Sociology. Ed. M. K. Gorshkova. – Moscow: Ves Mir Publishing House, 2022. – 248 p.
15. Barash R. E., Petukhov R. V. Identity and Historical Memory of Russians in the Context of Confrontation with the “Collective West” // Bulletin of the Institute of Sociology. – 2023. – Vol. 14, No. 4. – P. 147-175.