PERSONA GRATA
A. B. Kishkembayev
Legal aspects of the development of Eurasian integration
Interview with Кishkembayev Askar, Ph.D. in Law, professor, Judge of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union

INTERNATIONAL LAW
Egorov I. A., Egorov A. M.
Regional security and peacekeeping trends on the African continent
Rastrelin V. E.
Protection of human rights as an implied power of the International Organization for Migration
Fedunov D. V.
Non-tariff measures in WTO law: main provisions and problems
Antonova O. V.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and addressing climate change issues
Zakharov A. A.
Features of legal support for the use of the northern sea route in the context of the evolving practice of international transportation
Teneta A. B.
Protection of prisoners of war and detained persons in situations of international armed conflict and non-international armed conflict
Chizhikova A. V., Didenko Yu. V.
Legal status of the ship’s captain and shipowner in the operation of autonomous vessels: shortcomings of legal regulation
Shpakovskiy A. V.
Detention of refugees and asylum seekers in the context of the position of the Visegrad Group on migration issues
Sidorova A. V., Solodovnikov V. A., Karushin R. V., Mikhalchenko A. E.
Codification of the IPL sphere in the post-Soviet space

LAW OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Latifzoda Q. A.
On the issue of trends in the development of the post-Soviet militia of the Republic of Tajikistan in countering extremism.
Suvorov A. P.
Analysis of the possibility of reception of trust into the legal system of Russia based on the study of practice of China, the UAE and Kazakhstan

COMPARATIVE LAW
Izralovskiy N. R., Petrova A. S.
Digitalization of civil proceeding in BRICS countries: Russian Federation experience

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
Abdulazizov A. M., Kazankova T. N.
Principles and stages of mediation
Baidarova M. A.
Legally significant consequences in legal relations
Voplenko N. N., Polyakov V. A., Ryabov S. I.
On the issue of the concept of legal technology in legal theory
Davudova S. Ya., Ragimhanova K. T.
Theoretical foundations of legal regulation of information legal relations in the formation of an information society
Yezhikova S. I.
Legal order and special legal order: aspects of the relationship
Ruzavina E. Yu., Kuzhlev K. I.
Problems of legal axiology
Dzhalmukhanov R. G.
The content and mechanisms of the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state
Zhuravkov A. A.
On the issue of distinguishing formalism at the stage of evaluating evidence and at the stage of interpreting the rule of law
Chaika Yu. V.
The problem of formation of the institution of the authorized animal rights officer in Russia: theoretical and legal aspect
Yushina O. A.
Discourse on moral consciousness and its structure

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
Borisova O. P., Sigacheva E. L.
Elections and Election observation in Russia: history and modernity
Gabdrakhmanov F. V.
Unregistered system of record keeping in the prosecutor’s office and court
Demidova E. V., Volkov K. A., Ornatskaya T. A.
They were the first (to the 90^th anniversary of the Khabarovsk Regional Court)
Igumnov A. V.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was an outstanding statesman and politician in the pre-revolutionary period, his contribution to the development of Russian legislation
Petrakov S. V., Smolyakov А. А., Chasovnikova O. G.
Formation and development of juvenile justice in the Russian judicial system
Vositov Kh. A.
The role of folk historical traditions in modern law of Tajikistan
Zadvornov S. A.
The evolution of Soviet legislation on military crimes (1917-1941)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Aklanov A. A.
Implementation of the principle of legality in the activities of the police
Amirkhanov N. G., Alieva Z. I.
The role of the Constitutional Court in the implementation of constitutional norms
Isaeva K. M., Mamedova S. A.
Modern information and communication technologies in the implementation of the institution of direct democracy in Russia
Kachabekov J. A., Nimatulaeva R. A.
Constitutional foundations of the judiciary
Los L. V., Tkacheva O. A.
On the issue of the system of principles of building the judicial system
Novopavlovskaya E. E.
Legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on electoral law and process
Rybinskaya E. T., Sterkhov P. A.
Formation and development of the institute of ownership of real estate
Shastina A. R.
Replacement of the position of the head of the executive and administrative body as a legal mechanism for improving the organizational foundations of local self-government
Shelkova E. S., Prokhorova N. A.
Evolution and modern trends of constitutional law
Yakimova E. M., Vasiljeva N. Yu.
Public legal regulation of the use of natural resources: system issues
Isaeva K. M., Mamedova S. A.
Foreign experience in using electronic forms of expression of will in elections of various levels

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Butyaykin I. A., Shcherbinina I. V.
Features of the legal regulation of the movement of bicycle transport in the light of changes in the Rules of the road that came into force on March 1, 2023
Evsikova E. V., Kovalishina K. V.
On the issue of the need to adopt special legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of space security
Ivanova L. A.
On the issue of the modern and historical concept of crime, administrative offense and immoral acts
Karchemkina O. A., Kurochkin A. S., Nabiev V. V.
Problems of administrative detention as a measure to ensure the proceedings in cases of administrative offenses
Korobaev D. V.
Parallel import in the Russian Federation: current trends
Lapov I. N.
Historical and legal basis for the formation in Russia of the administrative and legal status of a person lawfully driving a vehicle
Shmelev I. V.
Measures of administrative coercion used to ensure the protection of victims in cases of domestic violence: a comparative legal aspect
Yamalitdinov A. A., Chetverikova A. I., Kovgan E. Yu., Kuznetsov A. V.
Application of the principles of fairness and proportionality in administrative legislation: analysis and prospects

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
Belyakovich E. V.
Relative indefiniteness category in the administrative procedure period
Bekhzodi F. A.
Comparative legal analysis of the administrative and legal status of some participants in proceedings on cases of administrative offenses in the field of migration under the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan

CIVIL LAW
Ananjeva E. O., Ivliev P. V.
Legal regulation of partnership between mass media and government agencies
Boyarskaya Yu. N.
Civil liability for damage caused by an unmanned vehicle
Voykova N. A.
Analysis of the relationship between the concepts of “control” and “coercion” in civil law relations
Getman Ya. B.
Controversial issues of legitimizing the distribution of risks in a construction contract
Dubrovina A. N., Goncharov A. I.
Marital and family relations of spouses – individual entrepreneurs: problems of contractual regulation
Ivliev P. V.
The role of public policy in the development of the leasing market in modern Russia
Klimenko A. I.
The problem of legal regulation of the use of recommendation technologies by some marketplaces in Russia
Letyagina E. A.
On the issue of the marriage contract
Medentseva E. V., Shishkin N. V.
Realization of the civil rights
Muradov M. A., Guseynova L. V.
Guarantee as a way to ensure the fulfillment of obligations: theory and practice
Smolina O. S.
Transactions with water resources via digital platforms in the light of improvements of Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Water Code of the Russian Federation
Telnov A. V.
Features of legal regulation by English legislation of public relations in the field of protection against defamation of the reputation of England, as well as bodies and persons acting on behalf and in the interests of the English state
Yastremskiy I. A.
Types of surgeon’s responsibility to the patient for the provision of medical services of inadequate quality
Aliev G. A.
The place of apartments in the system of real estate objects of civil law
Dubinina I. A.
Legal presumptions in civil law
Dulaeva Z. S.
The institute of possessory protection in Russian legislation. Features and prospects of development
Kislitsa A. V.
Comparative analysis of antimonopoly control of economic concentration
Mamedova G. R.
Protection of intellectual property rights in the Russian Federation
Muradov M. A., Guseynova L. V.
Novels in judicial practice in the field of guarantee
Reguzov E. Yu.
Issues of protection of the appellation of origin of goods
Samusenko A. D., Leonov M. R.
Mediation as a way to protect the rights and legitimate interests of entrepreneurs
Taushkanov G. V.
Take it or leave it: the problem of forced consent of the subject of personal data on the Internet
Tupichinskiy A. S.
Streams and let’s plays as exceptions to the right to rework de lege ferenda
Yusupova Z. F., Masalimova A. A.
Specifics of estoppel application with respect to invalidity of transactions involving consumers in the Russian Federation
Yastremskiy I. A.
The procedure for refuting information that is not true, disseminated by the patient in relation to the plastic surgeon, affecting his honor, dignity and business reputation

CIVIL PROCESS
Alieva A. A.
Comparative analysis of assistant judges in Germany and Russia
Atryaskina A. F., Vorontsova I. V.
Legal regulation of the Institute of mediation in civil procedure law: development trends
Kharitonova K. A., Elmurzaev A. V.
The principle of adversarial and procedural equality of the parties in civil proceedings
Elmurzaev A. V., Plevako D. A.
Participation of the prosecutor in the civil process
Dedkovskiy I. V.
Correlation of subsidiary liability and damages in bankruptcy cases
Ivanyuk O. S.
Features of determining the composition of persons participating in cases arising from an agreement on the sales of a tourism product
Magomedov G. G., Nurbalaeva A. M.
General characteristics of subjects in civil procedural and arbitration procedural legal relations
Styslovich A. P.
The use of ICT in arbitration courts: theory and practice

FAMILY LAW
Belanova G. O.
Conditions for marriage under Russian law
Ishchenko N. Yu.
On the issue of legal relations for the protection of family rights and interests

SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
Muravjeva K. A., Usova E. V.
Practical aspects of the application of legislation on the provision of certain types of social benefits to families with children

FINANCIAL LAW
Vasiljeva S. A., Akimova A. S.
Financial control in the era of digitalization in China
Medentseva E. V., Kakovkin I. G.
Regulatory and legal regulation of financial and credit relations in the Russian Federation
Shelkova E. S., Prokhorova N. A.
Cross-border bankruptcy and legal regulation of financial crises

TAX LAW
Tsorionov V. V.
Constitutional basis of the competence of tax authorities as subjects of tax legal relations

ECOLOGICAL LAW
Dolgushina L. V., Stupina S. A., Roshchanikova M. S.
On the issue of criminal legal means of combating violations of the rules for the disposal of railway sleepers

LAND LAW
Beloplotov A. O.
On the issue of unauthorized construction of linear facilities
Gaboyan G. A.
The historical and legal approach to creating a comfortable environment
Dzhunusova D. N.
Peasant (farm) economy in Russia: formation and development, legal status in modern conditions

INFORMATION LAW
Belozerova I. I., Kalamov Zh., Chebukhanova L. V.
Institute of Electronic Evidence in countries with a continental legal system
Grib V. G., Kudra A. S.
On some problems of ownership of rights to the results of the work of artificial intelligence systems

CRIMINAL LAW
Barvinskaya Yu. S.
About the problem of exemption from criminal liability in connection with reconciliation of the parties in the event of the death of the victim
Beletskiy A. A., Lozhkina D. A., Gerasimenko E. S.
Controversial issues of delineation of crimes and administrative offenses
Gerasenkov V. M., Maevskiy S. S.
International legal cooperation of the Russian Federation with the CIS countries on the issues of extradition of persons who have committed crimes for prosecution and execution of sentences
Dvorzhitskaya M. A.
Involvement in crime: issues of theory and practice
Kirikova M. V.
Characteristics of the objects of hooliganism
Kosenko O. A., Safarov V. R., Galiullin D. R., Galiullina A. R.
Criminal legal characteristics of holiganity: concept and problems
Kraskovskiy Ya. E., Zhivodrova N. A.
Current problems of using arrest as a form of punishment in Russia at the present stage
Magomedova A. M., Bagirov A. A.
Administrative prejudice in criminal law by the example of Article 151.1. of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Makarov E. S., Yavorskiy M. A.
Some aspects of criminal liability for discrediting and spreading false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Makhaev M. A., Aliev A. M.
Features of Criminal Liability for Tax Evasion under Russian Criminal Law
Matveev I. V.
The concept of the primary and facultative feature of a corruption crime
Nedostypenko T. A., Tsvetov S. V., Volkov P. A.
Problematic issues of qualification of acts provided for in Art. 126 and art. 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, prospects for improving Russian criminal legislation
Peretolchin A. P., Ryabinina E. N., Gaydukov A. A.
Certain aspects of the application of criminal punishment in the form of compulsory labor in the Russian Federation
Pichugin S. A.
Criminal liability for an act provided for in Article 282.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: regulation and enforcement issues
Radchenko E. P., Medvedeva I. N.
On the issue of the cost of implementation of legislative initiatives in the field of combating illegal migration
Ershova K. A.
Succession issues in criminal law
Ogarev D. A.
Confiscation as a criminal legal means of combating crimes committed while intoxicated
Strogovich Yu. N., Medvedeva I. N.
Continuing the talk about definitions
Tsukanov S. I.
Features of international cooperation between the Russian Federation and other states in the fight against crime
Shavkarova E. E.
The history of the development of legislation on liability for illegal entrepreneurship
Shakhbanova A. A., Adilov Z. A.
Some problems of qualification and punishability of violent attacks on property
Shomurotzoda F.
Torture as a crime under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan

CRIMINAL PROCESS
Begova D. Ya., Gazieva S. S.
A guilty verdict: an analysis of the legal consequences and its significance in law enforcement practice
Karpikov A. S.
The subject of proof during an inquiry in an abbreviated form: theoretical and legal foundations and issues of law enforcement
Marianov A. A., Musakaeva Z. Z., Meisurov S. S.
Problems of procedural independence of the investigator
Minyazeva T. F.
Realization of the goals of criminal punishment in the process of its execution
Mustapaev G. S., Begova D. Ya.
Criminal prosecution in the Russian criminal process
Savinova E. A.
Features of educational work with convicts in penal colonies
Safronov D. M.
The relationship between the interests of an individual and society and the state in special conditions using the example of ensuring the right to defense
Sidiropulo I. G.
Prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in crime investigation
Skobeleva O. O.
Drug treatment programs in correctional institutions in foreign countries
Chikulina A. R.
Preventive appointment of preventive measures authorized by the court
Aizenberg N. A.
Requirements to the content of the complaint filed in the order of Article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation
Gadadov I. S.
Actual problems of determining the criteria for the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings
Gilmutdinova A. F.
Certain aspects of criminal law branches of law in the mechanism of legal regulation of the implementation of the constitutional establishment to pay legally established taxes (part 2 of article 57 of the Constitution)
Murtazaliev S. R.
Prospects for improving the preliminary investigation in the criminal process

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
Shabanov V. B.
Measures of punishment applied to convicted persons sentenced to compulsory labour in Russia and to restriction of freedom in Belarus: comparative analysis

CRIMINALISTICS
Gainelzyanova V. R., Mirolyubov S. L.
Basic elements of forensic characteristics of crimes committed by embezzlement
Grabovets E. E., Grinchenko S. V.
Criminalistic characterization of a crime as a practical resource for obtaining information
Imaeva Yu. B., Droga A. A., Ermolaeva L. N.
Forensic examinations, issues of their purpose
Kagirova K.M.
The identity of the criminal as an element of the criminalistic characteristics of crimes
Kitaev N. N., Kitaeva V. N.
Features of search and seizure of cases about disclosure of state secrets
Evlushina D. N.
Tactical features of the production of individual investigative actions in the investigation of murders related to the disappearance of a person
Pilyakin M. I., Kushkhov R. K., Yerkeev I. K.
On the issue of the development of DNA forensics
Pomelov A. A., Volkov P. A., Sheglov A. I.
Characteristics of typical situations and versions arising in the activities of criminal investigation officers in establishing the identity of citizens based on unidentified corpses
Chernigovskiy V. N.
The possibilities of using modern digital 3D modeling technologies for fixing and reconstructing the situation of the accident scene

CRIMINOLOGY
Agaev G. A., Safonov V. N.
Criminological determination of non-medical consumption and illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances
Dvoryanov I. B.
Criminological characteristics of illegal conversion of civilian weapons
Nasreddinova K. A.
Factors influencing the commission of indecent acts, taking into account the analysis of the personality of the criminal
Stupina S. A.
Characteristics of sabotage in the context of criminological issues: state and dynamics

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Magomedaliev M. M., Napalkov Yu. A., Harutyunyan V. N., Mironov A. V.
Actual problems of police officers’ relations with the public: theoretical and practical ways to solve them
Plebukh E. A.
Professional service training of employees of the penal enforcement system as an element of human resource management aimed at eliminating personnel imbalance
Salikova I. N., Korsakov Yu. V., Alexeev A. M.
The use of modern types of small arms and ammunition in the official activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies
Sapunov A. S., Amelin S. G., Bakai A. V.
Problems of optimizing the physical training of students in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and ways to solve them
Magomedaliev M. M., Mednikov A. B., Harutyunyan V. N., Syromyatnikov O. V.
Actual problems of the procedure for the implementation of physical training of police officers and ways to solve them

OPERATIONAL INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
Hannanov R. R.
The role of heads of internal affairs bodies in the organization of operational investigative crime prevention

SECURITY AND LAW
Lysov K. G., Zolotarev N. R.
Involvement in the activities of terrorist organizations through the Telegram messenger
Makhaev M. A., Aliev A. M.
Problems in promoting financial literacy and combating cyber fraud among university students
Novoselov N. G., Chinenov A. V., Zhamborov A. A., Lashchenko R. A.
Monitoring of the Internet in countering drug trafficking
Konstantinov V. N., Didorenko N. N., Maiseev K. S.
On the issue of the use of firearms against animals
Mesheryakova I. S.
Legal mechanisms for ensuring the economic and financial sovereignty of the state in the context of digitalization: experience and practice
Yakovets E. N., Zhuravlenko N. I.
Islamic crescent near St. George and a Red Star

HUMAN RIGHT
Zaytsev M. A.
Guarantees for the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the conditions of digitization: the right to refuse to use digital technologies

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
Baykin R. F., Zinchenko N. N., Dashkov T. K., Avramenko O. V.
The role of situational modeling and case study methods in the training of cadets and students of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Zorina N. S.
On certain problems of the detention of juvenile convicts in penitentiary institutions of the Russian Federation
Kaznazcheev V. A.
Pedagogical conditions for the formation of professional qualities on the example of cadets of the samara law institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in fire training classes
Kryuchkov V. V., Kolomiychenko E. V., Salikova I. N.
Assessment of the physical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies and ways to improve it
Loktionova E. A.
Taking into account the characteristic personality traits of African students as a way to enhance learning effectiveness
Popov A. N., Gazizyanov T. A., Evtushenko A. A., Alexeev A. O.
Applying a systematic approach to the training of future police officers
Tsarkova E. G., Zorina N. S.
Suicide prevention among juvenile convicts in educational colonies
Yusupova O. A.
The use of innovative technologies in fire training classes at universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Yaroslavskiy M. A.
Pedagogical methods of increasing the power capabilities of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Tsarkova E. G.
Aspects of application of machine learning methods in analyzing departmental statistical reporting of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

STATE AND LAW
Bredikhin A. V., Zakopyrin V. N., Lustin Yu. M.
Towards the definition of the concept of “regional community” in the context of modern socio-cultural transformations

POLICY AND LAW
Primak A. V., Gulevich M. O., Mazalyuk M. V.
Innovative approaches to the involvement of citizens in local government: the development of territorial public self-government (CBT) and the introduction of digital technologies
Yakupova G. A., Badykov O. R.
The image of a political leader in the media on the example of the head of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov Nurgalievich

LANGUAGE AND LAW
Molchanova S. E., Lysenko N. A.
The ways of rendering the passive voice in English legal documents into Russian

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
Afanasjeva E. E., Khachatryan O. A.
State financing of investments in improving the quality of human capital of education workers
Pimenova O. V.
Trade and economic cooperation of the cis member states in the context of geopolitical challenges: key trends, problems and prospects
Polshakova N. V., Uvarova M. N.
Strategic planning of digital transformation as a factor of effective activity of the agro-industrial complex enterprise
Pobegaev N. M., Tikhiy V. I.
Problems of development of the tourist and recreational sphere at the regional level on the example of the Orel region
Takmakova E. V., Zaitsev A. G., Karelina M. Y., Mashegov P. N., Smirnov E. N.
The structure of monetary incomes of the urban and rural population of the Russian Federation: a comparative analysis
Shaybakova E. R., Agurdina F. I.
The role and place of controlling in the economic security management system of the enterprise
Putilina P. R., Zakharova S. V., Yatsenko M. S.
Management bodies of state corporations Rosatom and Roscosmos

ECONOMIC SECURITY
Revina S. N., Barykin D. V., Bratchikov A. V.
Electronic form of customs services as an innovative element of ensuring the economic security of the state

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
Bondarenko N. G., Kovalenko A. A., Chirkova E. A.
Development of education in the context of the sociocultural dynamics of our time
Gutorov Yu. A., Spirin V. K., Rostovtsev M. G.
Christian Psychology: the problem of methodology and ways of integration
Egorova Yu. R.
Transcendentalism and truth in the philosophy of V. S. Solovyov, P. Florensky, E. Husserl and modernity
Epifantseva A. E., Morozova A. A., Safonova A. Yu.
Sociology of conflict: a new philosophical paradigm for the practical resolution of social conflicts
Kuleshov V. E., Tsareva N. A.
The individual and religion: the meaning-forming function of faith
Le Thi Lien
Beliefs, religions and the implementation of religious and religious policies and legislation in Vietnam
Lipich T. I., Maslienko M. A.
The potential for the formation of the personal digital identity: problems of philosophical understanding and methodology
Melnikov V. L.
N. K. Roerich and B. M. Kustodiev: in the orbit of friendship
Nazarova M. G., Abramov A. V.
On the issue of hybrid wars in the 21^st century and their moral component
Rozhkova A. K.
The phenomenon of risk in conditions of uncertainty of a new type of society
Tuarmenskiy V. V., Pecherskiy D. V., Gusev M. A.
The genesis and evolution of interpretation in the context of a historical and philosophical retrospective
Khokhlova O. M., Dmitrieva L. Yu.
Updating the theory of bipolarity in modern society
Komlev A. E.
The problem of recognizing another in the context of religious consciousness
Kornev G. P.
Truth assessment of a statement as a logical form of any knowledge
Maslienko M. A.
Institutional mechanisms for the formation of a person’s digital identity in the conditions of modern society
Kharchenko D. O
Superhuman as a social construct
Chen Huidong
The ethical issue of the use of artificial intelligence in journalism
Yang Yu, Tan Bowen
The evolution of cultural symbols in the digital age: meaning-making and social impact analysis on social media platforms
Belyakov. N. S.
Reasonable belief in the conditions of information transformation of modern society
Khokhlova O. M., Katuntseva A. V.
The phenomenon of polarity in the realities of the modern world

BOOK REVIEW
Romanovskaya V. B.
Russia and Finland: the path to confrontation, the path to peace [Review of the book: Russia and the independence of Finland: 1899-1920. Collection of documents: in 3 volumes / Responsible compiler M. V. Zelenov. – Moscow: Political Encyclopedia, 2021.]

PERSONA GRATA
A. B. Kishkembayev
Legal aspects of the development of Eurasian integration
Interview with Кishkembayev Askar, Ph.D. in Law, professor, Judge of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union

INTERNATIONAL LAW
EGOROV Igor Andreevich
junior researcher of the research laboratory «Center for Comprehensive Study of Regional Security Problems» of the Pskov State University
EGOROV Andrey Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Pskov branch of the St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
REGIONAL SECURITY AND PEACEKEEPING TRENDS ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT
The article is devoted to the contribution to the development of modern principles for ensuring regional security and peacekeeping
of the African Union (AU). Armed conflicts, riots and coups, terrorist acts and separatism, which have begun to shake the African continent
with renewed vigor in the past three decades, have prompted the AU leadership to supplement the initial model of this organization with new structural elements that allow for a prompt response to such threats to unify trends.
Keywords: post-colonial development, international organization, regional security, integration, collective forces, peacekeeping
mission.
Article bibliography
1. Actual problems of regional security of modern Asia and Africa / Ed. V. N. Kolotov. – Saint Petersburg: Faculty of Oriental Studies, Saint Petersburg State University, 2013. – 779 p.
2. Africa: political development and army / Ed. T. S. Denisova. – M.: Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. – 378 p.
3. Troyansky M. G., Karpovich O. G., Sidorov G. M., Shangaraev I. V. Africa: Regional Security Issues: Monograph . – M.: Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, 2022. – 266 p.
4. Egorov A. M., Egorov I. A. Studying the experience of the Boer War (1899-1902) on the eve of World War II: reasons and conclusions // The Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902: experience and research prospects. – Coll. monograph. – M.: Institute of Africa, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. – P. 134-155.
5. Egorov A. M., Egorov I. A. Problems of coalition peacekeeping activities on the African continent // Africa – the rising center of the emerging multipolar world. – Collection of articles / Ed. S. N. Volkov, T. L. Deich, O. V. Konstantinova. – M.: Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2024. – P. 85-94.
6. Zverev P. G. Police Peacekeeping and International Humanitarian Law. – Ufa: Aeterna, 2014 . – 368 p.
7. Kirilenko V. P., Kovalev A. A. International legal mechanisms of UN peacekeeping operations: a tutorial. – St. Petersburg: Profession, 2019. – 214 p.
8. Kyoko B. The right to intervene in accordance with the Constitutive Act of the African Union // International Review of the Red Cross. Collection of articles. – 2003. – P. 407-427.
9. Conflicts in Africa: problems of settlement, peacekeeping ( round table) // World Economy and International Relations. – 2019. – Vol. 63. No. 10. – P. 116-121.
10. Kostyunina G. M. Integration processes in Africa: history and modern stage // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 34-50.
11. Medushevsky N. A. Peacekeeping operations under the leadership of African countries // Power. – 2021. No. 3. P. 312-315.
12. Romadan L. I., Shagalov V. A. Cooperation between the UN and the AU in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding // Bulletin of MGIMO University. – 2015. – No. 6 (45). – P. 174-181.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
RASTRELIN Viktor Evgenjevich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS AN IMPLIED POWER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION
The article examines the issues related to the application of the concept of “implied powers” ​​by international organizations.This concept was originally developed by American constitutionalists and then entered into international legal practice, confirmed by the UN International Court of Justice. The author notes that this concept applies when an international organization enjoys implied competences that are additional to those expressly set out in the constituent instrument and are necessary for the fulfilment of the purposes and functions of the organization. Implied competence is limited, since the actions of the organs or staff of the organization must not exceed the competence of the organizations. This aspect is examined through the example of human rights protection, which is carried out by the International Organization for Migration (hereinafter – IOM). The article concludes that IOM’s activities in promoting human rights protection can be justified on the basis of the concept of “implied powers”.
Keywords: international migration, implied powers; human rights, International Organization for Migration, international law, international legal regulation of migration.
Article bibliographic list
1. Barulina V. P. Ultra vires acts in the activities of international intergovernmental organizations // Eurasian Scientific Association. – 2019. – No. 12-4 (58). – P. 313-317.
2. Ishchenko N. G. On the issue of implied powers of the European Union // Law and Right. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 25-31.
3. Law of international organizations: textbook for universities / A.Kh. Abashidze [et al.]; edited by A.Kh. Abashidze. 2nd ed., revised. and add. – M.: Publishing house Yurait, 2024. – P. 54.
4. Tumanov S. N. International intergovernmental organizations: concept and functional characteristics // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2016. – V. 6. No. 11A . – P. 3-16.
5. Bradley M. The International Organization for Migration (IOM): Gaining power in the forced migration regime // Refuge. – 2017. – T. 33. – P. 97-106 .
6. Bradley M. Who and What Is IOM For? The Evolution of IOM’s Mandate, Policies, and Obligations // IOM Unbound? Obligations and Accountability of the International Organization for Migration in an Era of Expansion. – 2023. – P. 45-78.
7. Crompton S. W. Mc Culloch v. Maryland. Implied Powers of the Federal Government. – New York: Chelsea House Publications, 2007. – 136 p.
8. Gadkowski A. Limitations to the Implied Powers of International Organizations // Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza. – 2022. – No. 14. – P. 103-118.
9. Klabbers J. An Introduction to International Institutional Law, 2nd ed. – Cambridge University Press, 2009. – 360 p.
10. Klabbers J. Notes on the Ideology of International Organizations Law: The International Organization for Migration, state-making, and the market for migration // Leiden Journal of International Law . – 2019. – T. 32. No. 3. – P. 383-400.
11. Pécoud A. Introduction: The International Organization for Migration as the New ‘UN Migration Agency’. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. 2020. – pp. 1-27.
12. Pécoud A. Philosophies of migration governance in a globalizing world // Globalizations. – 2021. – T. 18. No. 1. – P. 103-119.
13. Skubiszewski K. Implied powers of international organizations // International Law at a Time of Perplexity. – Brill Nijhoff, 1989. – P. 855-868.
14. Verdirame G. The UN and human rights: who guards the guardians? – Cambridge University Press, 2011. – 448 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
FEDUNOV Daniil Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty of the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia
NON-TARIFF MEASURES IN WTO LAW: MAIN PROVISIONS AND PROBLEMS
The article examines the place of non-tariff measures in the WTO legal system, analyzes the main approaches to understanding the nature of non-tariff measures in the scientific literature, and compares them with the concept implemented under the WTO regime. The problem of the lack of a clear definition of non-tariff measures in the sources of the law of the World Trade Organization is indicated. In his work, the author refers to the classification of non-tariff measures of the WTO Secretariat, revealing its substantive side through the main sources of WTO law. The conclusion talks about the gaps in the legal regulation of non-tariff measures in the system of sources of WTO law, consisting of a vague statement of basic criteria and concepts.
Keywords: non-tariff measures, barriers, restrictions, WTO law, GATT, principles of international law, liberalization, protectionism, non-discrimination.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev A. S. Regulation of the Use of Non-Tariff Measures in EU Law: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2003. – P. 180
2. Anufrieva L. P. WTO Law: Theory and Practice of Application. – M.: OOO “Legal Publishing House”Norma”; M.: OOO “Scientific Publishing Center INFRA-M”, 2021. – 528 p.
3. Boklan D.S. Murashko E.A. Dangerous WTO Practices: Interpretation of the Security Exception in the US Dispute – Labeling Requirements // HSE Journal of International Law. – 2023. – No. 1 (2). – P. 113-123.
4. Vorontsova N.A. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures as Hidden Barriers to International Trade within the WTO and the EAEU (Theory and Practice) // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 66-78.
5. Gulyaeva T.K., Nikiktina V.A., Fedosov Ya.K. Non-Discrimination Principles in “WTO Law” // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 82-91.
6. Dyumulin I. I. Non-tariff measures in modern international trade: some issues of theory, practice and WTO rules, interests of Russia // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 3-20.
7. Karpovich N. V. The concept of non-tariff barriers in world trade in agricultural products and directions of their identification // Economic issues of agricultural development in Belarus. – 2021. – No. 49. – P. 155-171.
8. Romanova E. E. The concept of “WTO law”: relationship with international law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022.- Vol. 17. No. 4. – P. 115-124.
9. Shumilov V. M, Maulenov K. S., Gudkov I. V. International economic law: textbook / Under the general editorship of V. M. Shumilov. – 7th ed., revised. and additional – M .: Yumtitsiya, 2023. – 582 p.
10. Ahamat H: Regulatory Convergence Against Non-Tariff Barriers in ASEAN and the Effectiveness of the ASEAN Trade Repository (ATR). – ASEAN // Journal of Legal Studies 2018. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 12
11. Appleton A. Macrory P. Heterodox Views: What Is Wrong With the WTO and How to Fix It // Journal of World Trade 56. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 713-734.
12. Ayres G. Mitchell A.D. General and Security Exceptions Under the GATT 1994 and the GATS // International trade law and WTO. – Indira Carr, Jahid Bhuiyan and Shawkat Alam, eds., Federation Press, 2012. – P. 226-268.
13. Boklan D. S. Kurnosov Y. S. Absaliamov V. V. Are restrictive measures and countermeasures justifiable by WTO security exceptions: objective or subjective approach? // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 18-29.
14. Khor M. Ocampo J. A. The unsettled global trade architecture. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264878561_THE_UNSETTLED_GLOBAL_TRADE_ARCHITECTURE
15. Lester S. The Problem of Subsidies as a Means of Protectionism: Lessons from the WTO EC – Aircraft Case // Melbourne Journal of International Law. – 2011. – Vol. 12. No. 2. – P. 1-28
16. Zhaohui N. C., Saileshsingh G., Chris M., Non-tariff and overall protection: evidence across countries and over time // Rev World Eco. – 2018. – P. 689-695.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ANTONOVA Olga Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty of the Faculty of Law of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
INTERNATIONAL CIV IL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO) AND ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES
The article focuses on the activities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in shaping international legal regulations on the impact of aviation on greenhouse gas emissions. The author examines the mechanisms of cooperation among ICAO member states in this area and the ongoing scientific and intergovernmental discussion surrounding the implementation of CORSIA and LTAG.
Keywords: international air law, climate change, ICAO, CORSIA.
Article bibliography
1. Aksamentov O. I. On the legal nature of ICAO standards and recommended practices. 2015. Collection Fifth Conference on Air Law. Scientific and Practical Conference, October 16, 2015. – St. Petersburg: Collection of reports, place of publication University of Civil Aviation of St. Petersburg.
2. Batalov A. A. Auxiliary processes of formation of norms of international air law: current issues of theory and practice // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 64-80.
3. Sokolenko V., Dyachenko Yu., Tyurina E. Carbon markets in the world: mechanisms and transformation of concepts // Bulletin of TSUE. – 2018. – No. 4 (88).
4. Travnikov A. I., Shamarin P. A. The role of the International Civil Aviation Organization in standardization of air transport activities // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2018. – Vol. 8. – No. 11A.
5. Brandon Cotto, Kangana Patel, Marcel Otto, Ladislav Vesely and Jayanta Kapat. Thermodynamic Cycle Modeling of an Ammonia Aero Engine, AIAA 2024-1179. AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum. January 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2024-1179 (access date: 07/20/2024).
6. Chloé M. Richard, Nick Tepylo, Adam Sherwood and Jeremy Laliberte. “Life Cycle Analysis of Battery Modules to be Integratedinto Hybrid/Electric Aircraft,” AIAA 2024-0279. AIAA SCITECH 2024 Forum. January 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/epdf/10.2514/6.2024-0279 (date accessed: 07/20/2024).
7. De Mestral A. Settlement of Disputes at the ICAO and Sustainable Development. In: de Mestral ALC, Fitzgerald PP, Ahmad MT, eds. Treaty Implementation for Sustainable Development. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. – P. 199-214.
8. Dempsey P.S. Public International Air Law.
9. Duong Mai, Yan Bo. the European Union and China on reducing international aviation emissions. Asia Europe Journal. January 2023. Asia Europe Journal 21(10):1-21.
10. Erling U. M. How to Reconcile the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for Aviation with the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) . 2018. 43. Air and Space Law. Issue 4.
11. Liao W., Fan Y., Wang C. Exploring the Equity in Allocating Carbon Offsetting Responsibility for International Aviation // Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. – 2023. – Volume 114.
12. Liao W., Fan Y., Wang C. How Does COVID-19 Affect the Implementation of CORSIA? // Journal of Air Transport Management. – 2022. – Volume 99.
13. Qiang Cui, Bin Chen. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Using Sustainable Aviation Fuels in South America // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2024. – Volume 435.
14. Richard S.M., Tepylo N., Sherwood A., Laliberte J. Life Cycle Analysis of Battery Modules to be Integrated into Hybrid/Electric Aircraft. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 01/04/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2024-0279 (access date: 07.20.2024).
15. Schneider L. Fit for Purpose? Key Issues for the First Review of CORSIA. Öko-Institut e.V. – Germany, 2022.
16. Sharma A., Jakhar S. K., Choi T. M. Would CORSIA Implementation Bring Carbon Neutral Growth in Aviation? A Case of US Full-Service Carriers, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 97, 2021.
17. Uwe M. Erling. How to Reconcile the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for Aviation with the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)? 2018. 43, Air and Space Law, Issue 4.
18. Zhang J., Zhang S., Wu R., Duan M., Zhang D., Wu Y., Hao J. The New CORSIA Baseline Has Limited Motivation to Promote the Green Recovery of Global Aviation // Environmental Pollution. – 2021. – Volume 289.
19. The Potential Financial Impact of CORSIA on Airline Companies & Carbon Markets. Brief by Columbia Sustainable Finance Professionals Network (CSFPN) Team Members Mu Huang, Anne Lagomarcino, Merlyn Mathew, Deepti Shetty and Masako Takahashi. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.csfpn.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Carbon-Pricing-in-Aviation-Research-Brief.pdf (access date: 07.20.2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ZAKHAROV Alexander Andreevich
postgraduate student of International and maritime law sub-faculty of the Admiral S. O. Makarov State University of Marine and River Fleet, St. Petersburg
FEATURES OF LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE USE OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EVOLVING PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
The article focuses on the development and use of the Northern Sea Route as part of the international trade system. Currently, Russia is under pressure from international organizations on the issue of national jurisdiction in the Arctic. Environmental and sanctions pressure on Russia has the opposite effect, since the Russian government understands the importance of the NSR as one of the most important logistics corridors for the coming decades. China will be Russia’s main economic partner in the development of the NSR within the framework of the One Belt and One Road project in the coming years. The Northern Sea Route can solve most of the problems of the international trade routes’ system and become the main transport corridor between Europe and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
Keywords: Northern Sea Route, Suez Canal, Russia, China, Arctic Council, international maritime law.
Article bibliography
1. Northern sea routes of Russia: collective monograph / [K. Gavrilova, V. Vasilyeva, M . Agapov et al.]; edited by V. V. Vasilyeva, K. A. Gavrilova. – Moscow: New Literary Review, 2023. – 670 p.
2. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 1, 2022 No. 2115 -r “On approval of the plan for the development of the Northern Sea Route for the period up to 2035” // Reference legal system Garant: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/405010751/?ysclid=lsk6oqa4xs938051695 (date of access: 13.02.2024).
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26, 2020 No. 645 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and Ensuring National Security for the Period up to 2035” // Reference legal system Garant: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/74810556/?ysclid=lsk6z5eb2p158589656 (date of access: 13.02.2024).
4. Message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated March 1, 2018 // Reference legal system Garant: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/71888764/?ysclid=lsk7kzb8ar102741309#friends (date of access: 13.02.2024).
5. Meeting on the development of key settlements of the Arctic zone [Electronic resource] // Official website of the President of Russia: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/72951 (date accessed: 13.02.2024).
6. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 7, 2019 No. 1609 “On approval of the terms of the Far Eastern and Arctic Mortgage program, the Rules for providing subsidies from the federal budget to the joint-stock company DOM.RF in the form of contributions to the property of the joint-stock company DOM.RF that do not increase its authorized capital, to compensate Russian credit institutions and other organizations for lost income on housing (mortgage) loans provided to citizens of the Russian Federation for the purchase or construction of residential premises in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Far Eastern Federal District, as well as in the land territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and amending the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 2, 2015. No. 1713-r” // Reference legal system Garant: [site]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/73186814/?ysclid=lsk9xfxg15584902071 (date of access: 02/13/2024).
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2022 No. 512 “On approval of the Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation” // Reference legal system Garant: [site]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/405077499/?ysclid=lskaemuqs9113656209 (date of access: 13.02.2024).
8. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2022 No. 141 “On Amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2020 No. 656” // Reference legal system Garant: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/403418114/?ysclid=lskapj6un1174771365 (date of access: 13.02.2024).
9. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2023 No. 229 “On approval of the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation” // Reference legal system Garant: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/406543869/?ysclid=lskh6mtl3392176735 (date of access: 02.13.2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
TENETA Ana stasiya Borisovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty of the Patrice Lumumba Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR AND DETAINED PERSONS IN SITUATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT AND NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT
The protection of prisoners of war and detention civilians is one of the main tasks of the States, in international armed conflict and non-international armed conflict.
Under international humanitarian law, prisoners of war must be protected from all forms of violence, torture, ill-treatment, murder and other crimes. They also have the right to be treated with dignity, freedom of religion, the opportunity to receive medical care and other guarantees of protection.
Civilians detained during conflict must also be protected from violence and ill-treatment. They have the right to a fair trial and access to legal aid.
Ensuring the protection of prisoners of war and detained civilians in conflict requires compliance with international norms and standards, as well as effective cooperation between military and government authorities, international organizations and civil society.
Keywords: International Humanitarian Law, Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949, prisoner of war, civilian detainee, International Committee of the Red Cross.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949 @@ Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea. Geneva, 12 August 1949 @@ Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 @@ Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. – Geneva, 12 August 1949.
2. Updated ICRC Commentary on the GGeneva Convention III: A New Instrument for the Protection of Prisoners of War in the Twenty-First Century Jemma Arman, Kwitoslava Krotiuk. International Review of the Red Cross. – No. 913 (2021) Digital Technologies and War. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: IRRC_913_pp493-525_Article_by_Arman_Henckaerts_Hiemstra_Krotiuk_RU.pdf (icrc.org) (accessed: 20.12.2023).
3. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. – Geneva, 12 August 1949.
4. GCIII Commentary – ten essential protections for prisoners of war. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: GCIII Commentary: ten essential protections for prisoners of war – Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog (icrc.org) (accessed on 20.12.2023).
5. Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
6. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II). – Geneva, 8 June 1977.
7. International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (3), National security and the right to liberty in armed conflict: The legality and limits of security detention in international humanitarian law. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: National security and the right to liberty in armed conflict: The legality and limits of security detention in international humanitarian law | International Review of the Red Cross (icrc.org) (accessed on 25.12.2023).
8. Security detention | International Committee of the Red Cross. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/contemporary-challenges-for-ihl/security-detention?ysclid=lrb52cqxqw951676221 (date of access: 25.12.2023).
9. Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. – Geneva, 12 August 1949.
10. Internment in Armed Conflict: Basic Rules and Challenges. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Opinion Paper, November 2014.
11. Volume 102 Number 915. Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action. Non-State armed groups. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Non-State armed groups: International Review of the Red Cross, IRRC No. 915 (icrc.org) (date accessed: 25.12.2023).
12. Scope of application of the law of armed conflicts. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.icrc.org/ru/doc/assets/files/publications/eric-david-principles-3.pdf?ysclid=lr9mqu2n9337915121 (date of access: 12/25/2023).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHIZHIKOVA Anna Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of Judicial procedure sub-faculty of the Admiral F. F. Ushakov State Maritime University, Novorossiysk
DIDENKO Yuliya Vladimirovna
student of the Admiral F. F. Ushakov State Maritime University, Novorossiysk
LEGAL STATUS OF THE SHIP’S CAPTAIN AND SHIPOWNER IN THE OPERATION OF AUTONOMOUS VESSELS: SHORTCOMINGS OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article analyzes the legal regulation of autonomous vessel both at the international level and at the national level, specifically in the field of the legal status of the captain and shipowner in the operation of autonomous vessels. Introduction of the crewless vessel and its further development led to changes and additions in the legislation of the Russian Federation, as our country is the first to lead in this direction in the international arena. In order to establish a leading position in our country, experiments were initially conducted, and then the results were provided, which contributed to the development of both technical means and legal. The research of the mechanisms of autonomous vessel operation led to the approval of the qualification of this object: semi-autonomous and fully autonomous vessel. The main focus of the paper is on the offshore surface autonomous vessel, i.e. without crew on board, which is still visually moving towards the top of the maritime industry, but there are some problems in the practice. Based on their research and study of all materials, the authors have highlighted some legal gaps that have a significant weight in maritime safety and suggested solutions that will help to eliminate possible large-scale accidents.
Keywords: captain, shipowner, external captain and crew, semi-autonomous ship, crewless ship, legal regulation of BES operation, legal status of shipowner and captain, CDC, safety of navigation.
Article bibliography
1. Gorbunov V. Yu., Sitkina M. N. Legal status of the ship’s captain and shipowner in the operation of autonomous vessels: shortcomings of legal regulation // Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: Economics and law. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 97-100. – DOI 10.37882/2223-2974.2023.07.10. – EDN SBENWZ.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SHPAKOVSKIY Anton Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
DETENTION OF REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POSITION OF THE VISEGRAD GROUP ON MIGRATION ISSUES
The migration crisis that erupted in Europe in the 2010s clearly demonstrated the inability of the European system of reception and integration of refugees and asylum seekers to receive a large number of migrants, which led to significant changes in the migration policy of the European Union, including the introduction of a quota system for the distribution of migrants across EU countries. Not all the member states of the latter unconditionally accepted this innovation; the Visegrad Group countries took a particularly tough stance on this issue, actually rejecting the new system and beginning to form their own migration strategies aimed at reducing the inflow of migrants, for the implementation of which the authorities of these countries began to increasingly resort to measures inconsistent with the notion of strict observation of basic human rights. The article examines the formation of the position of the Visegrad Group on migration issues and the significance of the “solidarity crisis” between Visegrad and Brussels in the increasing number of cases of human rights violations and violations of refugees’ rights related to their detention.
Keywords: international law, migration law, refugees, human rights, refugee rights, human rights violations, refugee detention, Visegrad Group, migration policy, migration crisis, European Union.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Atnashev V. R. Right turn and Euroscepticism of modern Hungary // The influence of migration and socio-demographic processes on the periphery of European integration. Political, legal and humanitarian aspects. 2018-2021: collection of articles within the framework of the Jean Monnet Module / Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, North-West Institute of Management. – SPb, 2021. – P. 7-15.
2. Belkina P. Yu. Anti-migration policy of the Visegrad Group countries // Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology. – 2019. – Vol. 18. No. 8 . – P. 29-38.
3. Vedeneeva V. T. Polish migration policy: formation of a paradigm (1989-2019) // World Economy and International Relations. – 2020. – V. 64. No. 12. – P . 105-112.
4. Voronina N. A. Policy of integration of migrants and refugees in the EU countries // Issues of political science. – 2020. – Vol. 10. No. 3. – P. 55.
5. Zakharov I. A., Agafoshin M. M. Reforming the policy of asylum and control of illegal migration: a pan-European and Polish approach // Bulletin of international organizations: education, science, new economy. – 2023. – Vol. 18. No. 3. – P. 92-106.
6. Zvereva T. V. Evolution of subregional associations within the EU (on the example of the Visegrad Group) // Contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2019. – Vol. 12. No. 2. – P. 181-196.
7. Mamedova L.K. Problems of Poland and Hungary with non-compliance with the fundamental principle of the European Union on the rule of law: the evolution of the approach of EU institutions // Problems of National Strategy . – 2020. – No. 6 (63). – P. 60-75.
8. Medushevsky N. A. Visegrad Group and Challenges of European Integration // Theories and Problems of Political Research. – 2017. – Vol. 6. No. 3A. – P. 377-385.
9. Potemkina O. Yu. EU migration policy: new plans and today’s reality // European Union: facts and comments. – 2020. – No. 99. – P. 57-61.
10. Sventetskaya T. V. Visegrad Group as an actor in international relations: formation, institutionalization and foreign policy // Journal of International Law and International Relations = Journal of International Law and International Relations. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 12-18.
11. Sutyrina O. N., Tarasova A. N. Migration model of the Slovak Republic // Challenges of the time and leading world scientific centers: collection of articles International scientific and practical conference (February 2, 2022, Irkutsk). – Irkutsk, 2022. – P. 169.
12. Chetverikova A.S. The situation of the Visegrad Group countries in the context of the aggravation of the migration crisis in the EU // Contours global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2017. – V. 10. No. 4. – P. 130-143.
13. Sherstoboev O. N. Immigration detention: international legal basis and national regulation (comparative legal study) // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 232-263.
14. Shumilov M. M., Schmidt O. I. Migration crisis as a growing threat to European security (2015–2023) // Management consulting. – 2023. – No. 8 (176). – P. 9-23.
15. Divinský B. Major developments in Slovakia’s immigration policy // European Immigration: A Sourcebook. – 2016. – P. 291.
16. Dorn D., Zweimüller J. Migration and labor market integration in Europe //Journal of Economic Per.perspectives. – 2021. – Vol. 35. No. 2. – P. 49-76.
17. Gallai S. Migration trends and challenges in the Visegrad countries // Revista UNISCI/UNISCI Journal. – 2020. – No. 54. – P. 149-176.
18. Juhász K. Assessing Hungary’s stance on migration and asylum in light of the European and Hungarian migration strategies // Politics in Central Europe. – 2017. – Vol. 13. No. 1. – P. 35-54.
19. Kajánek T. The migration strategies and positions on the EU migration and asylum agenda: evidence from the Visegrad Group countries // Journal of Liberty and International Affairs. – 2022. – Vol. 8. No. 3. – P. 202-219.
20. Lukešová A. Is Czechia an immigration country? Evidence from civic integration policies // Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Social Policy Issues. – 2022. – Vol. 59. No. 4. – P. 267-287.
21. Lundby S. On the European system of immigration detention //Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration. – 2015. – Vol. 5. No. 1. – P. 7-15.
22. Purchla J. The singularity of Central Europe? // Public Administration in Central Europe. – Routledge, 2020. – P. 3-26.
23. Rokicka E. Migration policy in Eastern Europe: the case of Poland and Hungary // Immigration Policy and Crisis in the Regional Context: Asian and European Experiences. – 2021. – P. 185-207.
24. Tamas K. The Emergence of Migration Control Politics in Hungary //Mechanisms of Immigration Control. – Routledge, 2020. – P. 261-296.
25. Wondreys J. The “refugee crisis” and the transformation of the far right and the political mainstream: the extreme case of the Czech Republic // East European Politics. – 2021. – Vol. 37. No. 4. – P. 722-746.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SIDOROVA Anna Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Organization of combating economic crimes sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
SOLODOVNIKOV Vadim Alexandrovich
Director of the LLC “RUSSIAN EXPORT HOUSE”
KARUSHIN Ruslan Valerjevich
Financial Director of the LLC KZ “SAMKAB”
MIKHALCHENKO Artyom Evgenjevich
Director of LLC “STAL-ALLIANCE”
CODIFICATION OF THE IPL SPHERE IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE
In the modern world, interstate economic relations and the sphere of their legal regulation are of particular importance. This is directly related to the modern processes of globalization and transformation of interstate relations. The article analyzes the forms of codification of private international law in the post-Soviet countries. For the effectiveness of the analysis, the principle of synergy in the research methodology is applied. The research is based on the comparative method, the method of analysis, the logical method, etc.. Attempts to codify the IPL in previous historical periods, as well as their value for modern Russian law, are also analyzed. The causal series of the absence of a single codified act in the field of private international law in Russia at the present stage is formulated. The urgent need for large-scale scientific research in this subject area is substantiated.
Keywords: codification, economics, private law relations, harmonization, foreign element, foreign economic activity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Berman A. M. Reform of section VI “private international law” of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: the three most significant changes over the past 5 years // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 218-223.
2. Volova L. N. Novels of conflict regulation of cross-border contractual relations after modification of the norms of Section VI of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 116-122.
3. Doronina N. G. Actual problems of international private law // Journal of Russian law. – 2010. – No. 1 (157). – P. 114-126.
4. Novokhatskaya I. P. The form of legislative acts containing conflict rules as a characteristic of the stage of development of international private law of the Russian Federation // Tavrichesky scientific observer. – 2015. – No. 3-1. – P. 161-163.
5. Rasskazov A. A., Gamenyuk L. O. On the issue of codification of norms of international private law // Issues of Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 27. – P. 191-196 .
6. Judicial Statutes of the Russian Empire of 1864: Influence on Modern Legislation of Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Finland (on the 150th Anniversary of the Judicial Reform. November 20, 1864 – November 20, 2014): Collection of scientific . art. / Edited by D. Ya. Maleshin. – M.: Statute, 2014. – 128 p.

LAW OF FOREIGN STATES
LATIFZODA Qurbonali Abduhamid
adjunct of the Faculty of Training of Scientific and Scientific-pedagogical Personnel of the Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POST-SOVIET MILITIA OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN IN COUNTERING EXTREMISM
The article examines the characteristic features and peculiarities of trends in the sphere of state and legal life of Tajik society, which influence the process of reforming the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. Studying the trends in reforming the Tajik police allows us to comprehensively understand the content and social role of the transformations of the legal institution-system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan not only in the present, but also the prospects for its development in the future.
Keywords: internal affairs bodies, reform, trends, extremism, police.
Article bibliographic list
1. Large modern explanatory Russian language dictionary. – 2012 @@ Legal Dictionary. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseyev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983.
2. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan of November 6, 1994.
3. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan dated May 3, 2004 No. 544 “On the Police”.
4. Concept of Forecast Development of Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan dated February 19, 2011 No. 1021.
5 . Concepts of the legal policy of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2018-2028. Approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan dated February 6, 2018 No. 1005.
6. Rozikzoda A. Sh. History of the formation and activities of the police in Tajikistan. – Dushanbe, 2004.
7. Sharifzoda F. R., Ulyanov A. D. Organization of the activities of internal affairs bodies to ensure national security. – Dushanbe, 2019.
8. Khakimov Sh. Constitutionalism in Tajikistan: the path to democracy or strengthening of authoritarianism // Central Asia and the Caucasus. – 2013. – Vol. 16. Issue 1.

LAW OF FOREIGN STATES
SUVOROV Andrey Pavlovich
LL.M. Lawyer of the international law department of G.S.L. Law & Consulting
ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF RECEPTION OF TRUST INTO THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA BASED ON THE STUDY OF PRACTICE OF CHINA, THE UAE AND KAZAKHSTAN
The article reviews the practice of the following foreign civil jurisdictions that have adopted the concept of trust in their legislation: mainland China, the United Arab Emirates and Kazakhstan; the practice of these countries is analyzed from the point of view of the possibility of its adoption within the Russian Federation. It is shown that the best for the moment is the model of reception, in which a separate special administrative region is created, within which English law is applied (including the law of equity). First time such mode was implemented within the framework of the free economic zone DIFC in the UAE and largely reproduced within the AIFC in Kazakhstan.
Keywords: law of equity, trust, reception of trust, trust in the PRC, trust in the UAE, ADGM, DIFC, trust in Kazakhstan, AIFC, trust in Russia, comparative private law.
Article bibliography
1. Watkin T. G. Changing Concepts of Ownership in English Law During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: The Changing Idea of ​​Beneficial Ownership Under the English Trust // Contemporary Perspectives on Property, Equity and Trusts Law / General editors Dixon M. and Griffiths G. LL H. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. – P. 139-161.
2. Davies P.S, Virgo G. Equity & Trusts Text, Cases, and Materials / Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 – P. 1 – 1088.
3. Zhang R. The New Role of Trusts Play in Modern Financial Markets: the Evolution of Trusts From Guardian to Entrepreneur and the Reasons for the Evolution // Trusts & Trustees. – 2017. – Vol. 23. Iss. 4 – P. 453-467.
4. Liu G. Trust without Equity: the Commercial Nature of Chinese Trust Law // Trusts and Trustees. – 2016. – Vol. 22. Iss. 10. – P. 1118-1133.
5. Gao L. The Development of Private Trusts in Mainland China: Legal Obstacles and Solutions // Trusts and Trustees. – 2014. – Vol. 20 Iss. 4. – P. 350-361.
6. Hammadeh F. Family Business Continuity on the Middle East & Muslim World / Pennsauken: BookBaby, 2018 – P. 1-440.
7. Reynolds B. The Value of English Common Law for New “Special Zones”: a Case Study of Two Contrasting Examples // Trust and Trustees. – 2022. – vol. 28. Iss. 2. – P. 82-103.

COMPARATIVE LAW
IZRALOVSKIY Nikolay Romanovich
student of the Faculty of Law of the St. Petersburg University
PETROVA Antonina Sergeevna
student of the Faculty of Law of the St. Petersburg University
DIGITALIZATION OF CIVIL PROCEEDING IN BRICS COUNTRIES: RUSSIAN FEDERATION EXPERIENCE
This article was written as part of the authors’ comprehensive study of the digitalization process in the BRICS countries. In the final part of the paper, devoted to the analysis of Russia’s experience, the authors successfully analyze the reasons for the beginning of digitalization of civil proceedings in these countries, as well as consider those areas that have been affected by digitalization to a greater extent . Among them, first of all, the digitalization of legal services as a way to ensure access to justice for all citizens. In addition, the article raises the issue of introducing the institution of electronic evidence, its legal regulation and practical application. In conclusion, the authors summarize the results of the research on the BRICS countries, identifying the problems common to all countries in this matter.
Keywords: civil procedure, BRICS, Russia, digital technologies, e -justice.
Article bibliographic list
1. On the Federal Target Program “Development of the Judicial System of the Russian Federation for 2013-2024: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2012 No. 1406 // Consultant Plus. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_140638/ (date of access: 03.22.2024).
2. Valeev D. & Makolkin N. Digitization of Civil Legal Proceedings in the Russian Federation // Russian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 9 (4). – P. 158-175.
3. The RF Federal law of July 27, 2010. No. 210-FZ “On organization of provision of state and municipal services.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.rg.ru.
4. The RF Federal Law of December 30, 2021. No. 440-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.rg.ru.
5. The RF Federal Law of November 14, 2002. No. 138-FZ “The Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.rg.ru.
6. Rusakova E. P., Zaytsev V. V. Digitalization through the Principles of Legal Proceedings (In Civil and Arbitration Process) // Economic Problems and Legal Practice. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 105-109.
7. Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: official website. – Moscow. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/?id=195.
8. Zaytseva L. V. & Sukhova N. V. Electronic evidence in civil proceedings: issues of procedural evidence // Herald of Civil Procedure. – 2019. – No. 9. – R. 189-204.
9. Kukartseva A. N. The Impact of Digitalization on the Exercise of Judicial Power in the Russian Federation. // Kemerovo State University Herald. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 112-118.
10. Gritsenko, E. V., Yaluner Yu. A. Right to judicial protection and access to court in the era of digitalization: value of experience in common law countries for Russia. // Sravnitel’noe konstitutsionnoye obozreniye. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 97-129.
11. Khabrieva T. Ya. & Chernogor N. N. Law in a Digital Reality. // Russian Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 85-102.
12. Rusakova E. P., & Frolova E. E. Current Problems of Digital Justice in the BRICS Countries // Smart Technologies for the Digitization of Industry: Entrepreneurial Environment. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies. – 2021. – No. 254. – P. 143-153.
13. Voskobitova L. A. & Przhilenskiy V. I. Transformation of Legal Reality under the Impact of Digitalization // Kutafin Law Review. – 2022. – No. 9 (2). – P. 251-276.
14. Pevtsova E. A. The influence of artificial intelligence on human legal activity // Journal of Russian. Law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 19-31.
15. Zeman, J. Digitalization and COVID-19 in the Justice Sector // Proceedings from the EDAMBA 2021 conference. – 2021. – P. 560-570.
16. Tarakanov V. V., Inshakova A. O., & Dolinskaya V. V. Information society, digital economy and law // Ubiquitous Computing and the Internet of Things: Prerequisites for the Development of ICT. – 2019. – P. 3-15.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ABDULAZIZOV Anar Mehmanovich
magister student of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
PRINCIPLES AND STAGES OF MEDIATION
The article discusses the basic principles and stages of mediation as an alternative method of dispute resolution. The basic principles of mediation, such as voluntariness, confidentiality, impartiality and neutrality of the mediator, are revealed, and the main stages of the mediation process are described. Special attention is paid to the role of the mediator at various stages of mediation. The importance of observing the principles of mediationin order to achieve an effective result is emphasized.
It is noted that mediation allows the parties to maintain control over the situation, find a mutually beneficial solution and maintain business or personal relationships. The conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of mediation as an effective way to resolve conflicts.
Keywords: mediation, principles of mediation, stages of mediation, mediator, alternative dispute resolution.
Article bibliographic list
1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://advokatastafev.ru/praktika/mediatsiya_pomogla_prekratit_ugolovnoe_delo_o_dtp_/
2. Federal Law of 27.07.2010 No. 193-FZ “On an alternative procedure for resolving disputes with the participation of a mediator (mediation procedure)”.
3 . Besemer H. Mediation. Mediation in conflicts / H. Besemer; trans. from German by N. V. Malova. – Kaluga: Spiritual knowledge, 2004. – 176 p.
4. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 N 138-FZ.
5. Davydenko D. L. Conciliation procedures in commercial disputes: mediation and mediation // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2004. – No. 3. – P. 113-132.
6. Karpenko A. D. Mediation: textbook / A. D. Karpenko, A. D. Osinovsky. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2016. – 301 p.
7. Kuzmina M. V. Mediation: a tutorial / M. V. Kuzmina. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2019. – 165 p.
8. Loshkarev A. V., Voronina P. A., Durnikova D. A., Conciliation procedures in civil proceedings and the problem of their implementation Salmanova V. A. // Questions of Economics and Law. – 2023. – No. 179. – P. 37-42. DOI: 10.14451/2.179.37
9. Ury W. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In / W. Ury, R. Fisher, B. Patton. – 2nd ed. – New York: Penguin Books, 1991. – 200 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BAIDAROVA Marina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice of sub-faculty of the Penza State University
LEGALLY SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES IN LEGAL RELATIONS
Consequences in legal relations today occupy an important place in their regulation and progressive, timely development. The study of the legal nature of the consequences is largely associated with clarifying the possibility and (in particular cases) the need for their prediction, and as a result, subsequent correction. This allows the subjects of legal relations to predetermine (comprehend) the results not only of their behavior, but also of other persons, as well as to assess the consequences from the point of view of the effectiveness of the application or non-application of the norms of law in a particular life situation. The purpose of the study is to study the essence, as well as some features of such a category as “consequence” in legal relations. Understanding the prospects of studying and perceiving the essence of this category allows subjects to achieve and ensure the real realization of rights and the actual implementation of freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: legal relations, legally significant consequences, legal system, legal phenomenon, transformation of legal relations, result of behavior.
Article bibliographic list
1. Alekseev S. S. Law and legal system // Jurisprudence. – 1980. – No. 1. – P. 27-34.
2. Andreev A. V. Problems of implementing the declarative procedure for obtaining benefits, payments and compensations // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 85-88.
3. Baitin M. I. The essence of law (Modern normative legal understanding on the verge of two centuries). – Saratov: SGAP, 2001. – 416 p. ISBN 5-7924-0153-5.
4. Vlasenko N. A. Reasonableness and certainty in legal regulation. – M.: INFRA-M, 2014. – 156 p.
5. Grigoriev A. I. On the legal consequences of failure to explain to a suspect or accused the right to conclude a pre-trial cooperation agreement // Russian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 6 . – P. 72-77. DOI: 10.34076/2071-3797-2020-6-72-77.
6. Kukovyakin A. E. The concept of exceptional circumstances as grounds for applying Art. 64 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 4 (67). – P. 20-24.
7. Kukovyakin A. E. Emergency situation as an aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime // Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Irkutsk, 2020. – P. 160-163.
8. Marinovskaya V. Compensation for damages from management errors by the company director – dispute analysis // Labor law. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 81-89.
9. Matuzov N. I. Legal system and personality . – Saratov: Publishing House of Saratov University, 1987. – 294 p.
10. Melnik S. V., Gomozova O. Yu. On the Consequences of Russia’s DenunciationEuropean Convention on Human Rights: Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Participants in Civil Proceedings // Russian Judge. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 45-49. DOI: 10.18572/1812-3791-2022-8-45-49.
11. Plakhtiy N. A. Exceptional Case in the Definition Paradigm: Doctrine and Practice // Prologue: Journal of Law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 7-16. – DOI: 10.21639/2313-6715.2023.1.1.
12. Pudovochkin Yu. E. Concept and System of Criminal-Law Consequences of Committing Crimes // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (89). – P. 126-136. DOI: 10.35750/2071-8284-2021-1-126-136.
13. Rusinova E. R. Legal consequences of abuse of procedural rights in the performance of administrative actions // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 24-25. DOI: 10.18572/1812-383X-2023-7-24-25.
14. Sumenkov S. Yu. The ability of law to abstraction and concreteness as its most important functional characteristic // History of the state and law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 14-19. DOI: 10.18572/1812-3805-2023-1-14-19.
15. Ukhinova A. A. Certain problems of the practice of consideration by courts of labor disputes in cases of reinstatement at work in connection with the reduction of the number or staff of the organization // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 6 (222). – P. 111-113. DOI: 10.47643/1815-1329_2023_6_111.
16. Filchenko A. P. Compensation for damage and harm reduction as conditions for release from criminal liability with the appointment of a judicial fine // Advocate practice. – 2019. – No. 4. – pp. 21-27.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
VOPLENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
POLYAKOV Vyacheslav Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, professor Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
RYABOV Sergey Ivanovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL TECHNOLOGY IN LEGAL THEORY
Lawyers, jurists, politicians and scientists of various branches of knowledge have been paying attention to the study of legal technology for several hundred years, which is primarily due to its special administrative, legal and political strength. In the article, the authors consider the historical aspects of the genesis of the concept of legal technique. The content of the legal technique is analyzed. The issues of the relationship of legal technology with the phenomena and processes of legal reality are highlighted. The legal technique was considered from the perspective of two planes of legal knowledge. The object, subject and methodology of legal technology have been studied. The concept of legal technique as a discipline is formulated. The directions of the development of legal technology at the present stage are also outlined.
Keywords: legal technology, law, legal sciences, direction of law.
Article bibliography
1. Krasnov Yu. K., Nadvikova V. V., Shkatulla V. I. Legal technology: a textbook for students studying in the field of training 030900 Jurisprudence (qualification (degree) “master”). Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2014. 535 p.
2. Chervonyuk V. I. Theory of state and law: a textbook. Moscow: Infra, 2007. 704 p.
3. Alekseev S. S. General theory of law. M., 1982. Vol. 2. 359 p.
4. Malko A. V. Exam on the Theory of State and Law: 100 Answers to 100 Possible Questions: teaching aid. M.: Gardarika Firm, 1996. 124 p.
5. Radko T. N. Theory of State and Law in Diagrams and Definitions: teaching aid. M.: Prospect, 2014. 175 pp.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DAVUDOVA Saida Yamudinovna
associate professor of Information law and informatics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
RAGIM HANOVA Kamilla Tagirovna
lecturer of Information law and informatics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE FORMATION OF AN INFORMATION SOCIETY
The article is devoted to the consideration of issues related to the concept of information legal relations. The authors give a general description of information legal relations, after which their signs are revealed. Special attention is paid to practical and legal gaps related to the definition of information legal relations, subjects of legal regulation. Taking into account the identified practical difficulties and legal problems within the framework ofthis issue, the ways to resolve practical difficulties and directions for improving the current legislation, taking into account the existing legal gaps, are proposed. It seems that the formulated conclusions and proposals can be used for scientific, law enforcement and legislative purposes.
Keywords: information legal relations, information society, subjects, information, information sphere, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Abdusalamov R. A. Legal regulation of the use of information technologies in higher education in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 2 (102). – P. 34-41. – DOI 10.17803/2311-5998.2023.102.2.034-041. – EDN DHCZJV.
2. Kolesnichenko V. A. Information rights as an integral part of the content of information legal relations // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (229). – P. 129-130.
3. Kruglova A. A. Legal relations in the field of information security: objects, subjects // IX Legal Readings: materials of the National scientific and practical conference, Saransk, November 28-29, 2023. – Saransk: Ruzaevsky Pechatnik, 2023. – P. 190-195.
4. Kurbanova O. M. Development of Russian legislation on information // Law and Right. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 115-117.
5. Pashnina T. V. Controversial aspects of defining the term “right to information” // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series “Law”. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 98-105.
6. Sattarov V. D. Key features of special subjects of information legal relations // Science Week dedicated to the 145th anniversary of the penal system of the Russian Federation: Collection of materials. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2024. – P. 183-193 @@ Orlov S., Kristalny B. Kristalny B. The role of the state in the development of the information society // Information resources of Russia. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 6-11.
7. Faizova A. G. Information goods and services as objects of civil legal relations // Issues of Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 28. – P. 183-187.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
YEZHIKOVA Svetlana Ivanovna
postgraduate student of the Penza State University, legal adviser of the notary office of notary Igor Borisovich Shchebunyaev
LEGAL ORDER AND SPECIAL LEGAL ORDER: ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP
The article examines the categories of legal order and special legal order in the context of their relationship. The author analyzes various theoretical and legal concepts related to the problems of improving the legal order. A characteristic of the legal order and a special legal order is carried out, the signs and aspects of practical implementation are revealed. The necessity of scientific research of a special legal order is substantiated, promising directions of its study are determined. It is concluded that the emergence of a special legal order is due to the presence of special factors closely related to such a feature as the most detailed regulatory specification and regulation.
Keywords: legal order, special legal order, legality, lawful behavior, law and order, legal regime.
Article bibliographic list
1. Borisov V. V. The legal order of Soviet society and ways to strengthen it // Issues of the theory of state and law: . Art. – Saratov, 1971. – P. 51-56.
2. Dahl V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language in 4 Volumes. Volume 2. – M., 2000. – 584 p.
3. Zaitseva E. S. Interpol’s Activities to Counter Terrorism as a Contribution to Strengthening the International Legal Order: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2008. – 25 p.
4. Ilyin I. A. Theory of State and Law. – M. Zertsalo, Garant, 2003. – P. 388.
5. Mukhaev R. T. Theory of State and Law. – M.: Unity, 2005. – 543 p.
6. General Theory of Law and State: textbook / Ed. V.V. Lazareva. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Jurist, 2001 .– 520 p.
7. Repyev A.G. Special legal procedure in the system of legal advantages // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. Tomsk: Tomsk State University. – 2019 .– No. 34 .– P. 21-28.
8. Saulyak O.P. Law and order as a factor in ensuring the stability of the legal system // Law. Order. Values: monograph / Under the general editorship of E.A. Frolova. – M., Prospect, 2022 .– 688 p.
9. Sayushkina E.V. On the issue of the concept of a special order of Russian criminal proceedings // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 138-140.
10. Sumenkov S. Yu. Lawful behavior as a substantive basis of the rule of law // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 1 (53). – P. 58-61.
11. Sumenkov S. Yu. Definition “as an exception”: features of normative use // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Univ.and the University. Series: Law. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 101-110.
12. Ushakov D. N. Large explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language: 180,000 words and phrases. – M.: Alta-Print, 2008. – 1239 p.
13. Legal encyclopedic dictionary / Ed. M. N. Marchenko. – M.: Prospect, 2006. – 809 p.
14. Vasiliev M. A. Legal categories: methodological aspects of developing a system of categories of the theory of law: monograph. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – P. 74.
15. Afanasyev V. S. Legality and Law and Order // Theory of Law and State / Ed. V. V. Lazarev. – M.: Jurist, – 2001. – P. 297 @@ Mukhaev R. T. Theory of State and Law. – M.: Unity, 2005. – P. 508.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
RUZAVINA Evgeniya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of General theoretical and state legal disciplines sub-faculty of the East Siberian branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
KUZHLEV Kirill Ivanovich
specialist of the 5th year of the East Siberian branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL AXIOLOGY
This article is dedicated to the problems of the methodological basis for the study of the philosophical and legal plane of law. The characteristic features of research approaches in relation to law are demonstrated. The dichotomy of prescriptive and descriptive ethics in law is analyzed. The dichotomy of positivism and natural law is explored and it is demonstrated what the value content of law is in these different approaches to understanding law. By determining that law is a form of preserving ethical content, the problems of determining the content of law are outlined. The declarative and teleological approach to determining the value content of law is explored.
Keywords: Law, positivism, natural law, prescriptive ethics, descriptive ethics, values, axiology.
Article bibliography
1. Didikin A. B. Hans Kelsen’s Philosophy of Law: a tutorial. – Moscow: Prospect, 2021. – 208 p.
2. Soloviev V. S. Justification of Good / Ed. O. A. Platonov. – Moscow: Institute of Russian Civilization, Algorithm, 2012. – 656 p.
3. Fuller L. L. Morality of Law / trans. from English by T. Danilova, ed. A. Kuryaeva // M.: IRISEN, 2007. – P. 308.
4. Chestnov I. L. Postclassical Theory of Law. Monograph. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Alef-Press”, 2012. – 650 pp.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DZHALMUKHANOV Ramil Gainullaevich
postgraduate student of the 4th years of study of Theory and history of state law sub-faculty of the V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
THE CONTENT AND MECHANISMS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION OF THE STATE
This abstract discusses the content and mechanisms of the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state. The author analyzes the main elements of this function, such as ensuring law and order, protecting citizens and their property from criminal encroachments, ensuring compliance with the law and punishing violators.
The paper examines the main mechanisms for the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, including law enforcement agencies, the judicial system and the execution of sentences. The author explores the role of the police, administrative and criminal justice in ensuring law, order, and combating crime.
The abstract also discusses various approaches to the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state in different countries, including models based on public control, as well as models of power monopolism.
Finally, the author examines the role of civil society in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state and focuses on the need for joint interaction between citizens and law enforcement agencies to effectively combat crime and ensure law and order.
The abstract provides a brief overview of the content and mechanisms of the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, which may be useful for students and researchers studying the field of law enforcement and politics.
Keywords: law enforcement function, state security, law enforcement, combating crime, law and order, police, law enforcement agencies, judicial system, legality, crime prevention, operational investigative activities, criminal prosecution, legal responsibility, execution of criminal penalties, ensuring public order, protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms, combating corruption, ensuring internal and external security, legal control, observation of rights and obligations, mechanisms for investigating crimes, the principle of presumption of innocence, legal guarantees, judicial control, law enforcement powers.
Article bibliography
1. Ivanova E. A. Law enforcement function of the state in modern conditions: content and directions of development [Text]. – M.: Jurist, 2019. – 256 p.
2. Smirnov V. P. Mechanisms for implementing the law enforcement function of the state [Text]. – St. Petersburg. Piter, 2020. – 192 p.
3. Petrov N. I. Law enforcement agencies and mechanisms for implementing the law enforcement function of the state [Text]. – M.: Yurait, 2021. – 320 p.
4. Kravchenko A. S. Problems of the content and implementation of the law enforcement function of the state [Text]. – M.: Legal World Publishing House, 2021. – 144 p.
5. Gushchina L. N. Forms and mechanisms for implementing the law enforcement function of the state in modern law [Text]. – M.: Norma, 2022. – 208 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ZHURAVKOV Alexander Anatoljevich
master of law, postgraduate student of Theory and history of law and sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
ON THE ISSUE OF DISTINGUISHING FORMALISM AT THE STAGE OF EVALUATING EVIDENCE AND AT THE STAGE OF INTERPRETING THE RULE OF LAW
The article proposes an approach to the differentiation of formal legal and formalist approaches to the interpretation and application of legal norms, based on the objective necessity of a legal form as one of the key and integral elements of legal regulation, and the inadmissibility of giving this structural element of the law a negative connotation. The article also analyzes the mistakes made in the framework of judicial practice due to both a purely formal approach to the assessment of evidence and the formalistic application of the norms of substantive law. Separate options for overcoming these errors are offered.
Keywords: legal formalism, formalist approach, normoscepticism, Grand style method, terminological desynchronization, evaluation of evidence, purpose of the contract, subject of the contract, hereditary mass, limits of liability of the heir for the debts of the testator.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 10.02.2017 No. 2-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of citizen I. I. Dadin”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_212659/?ysclid=lnvmb1p03u370181087 (date of access: 10/24/2023).
2. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated July 10, 2023 in case No. 78-KG23-16-KZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-sudebnoi-kollegii-po-grazhdanskim-delam-verkhovnogo-suda-rossiiskoi-federatsii-ot-10072023-n-78-kg23-16-k3/?ysclid=lnwrngrdhq407404057 (date of access: 10/24/2023).
3. Determination of the Civil Collegium of the Second Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated October 25, 2022 in case No. 88-24401/2022 (Unique case identifier 77RS0031-02-2021-003620-57). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://2kas.sudrf.ru (date of access: 24.10.2023).
4. Determination of the Civil Division of the Second Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction in case No. 88-24585/2022 dated November 01, 2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://2kas.sudrf.ru (date of access: 24.10.2023).
5. Tonkov D. E. American legal realism: legal certainty from the standpoint of norm skeptics // Jurisprudence. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 137.
6. Abushenko D. B., Branovitsky K. L., Zagaynova S. K. et al. Actual problems of civil and administrative proceedings. § 2 Ch. 1. / Ed. by V.V. Yarkov. – Moscow: Statut, 2021. – 460 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/law/review/other/xm2022-03-02.html?ysclid=lp27ydykl2706566614, section “New: legal press, commentaries and books” (date of access: 11/15/2023).
7. Decision of the Justice of the Peace of judicial district No. 81 in the Sovetsky district of Krasnoyarsk in case No. 2-3003/19 (81). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ms81.mirsud24.ru/ms/sudoproizvodstvo/informatsiya-po-sudebnym-delam (date of access: 04/29/2022).
8. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 06/28/2012 No. 17 “On the consideration by courts of civil cases on disputes on the protection of consumer rights”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/own/8304/?ysclid=l5zan8q6zw155616941 (date of access: 07.24.2022).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
CHAIKA Yuliya Valer jevna
postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty of the N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod
THE PROBLEM OF FORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE AUTHORIZED ANIMAL RIGHTS OFFICER IN RUSSIA:THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT
The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal problem of determining the status of animals in Russian law and a series of contradictions related to the protection of the animal world. The paper speaks about the necessity to create a state institute of an animal rights commissioner. A number of problems hindering the solution of this issue, difficulties in the implementation of initiatives aimed at the establishment of such a position in Russia are highlighted. Successful foreign practice of the functioning of this institution in a number of European countries is analyzed. The interdependence of the “civilization” of states and the level of attitude towards animals is emphasized.
Keywords: animal rights, status of animals, animal as an object of law, animal as a subject of law, quasi-subjectivity, institution of the Commissioner for Animal Rights.
Article bibliography
1. Ponomareva E. V. Subjects and quasi-subjects of law: theoretical and legal problems of delimitation. Cand. jurid. sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2019. – 208 p.
2. Semenov K. P. Animals as a subject and means of crime. Cand. jurid. sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2015. – 205 p.
3. Smirnov E. R., Beznosova Ya. V., Zavurbekov F. Z., Ostroumov N. V. Animals as objects of legal protection in the Republic of India. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46153474 (access date: 15.04.2024).
4. Chaika Yu. V. On the problem of determining the legal status of animals in Russian law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 124-125.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
YUSHINA Oksana Anatoljevna
adjunct of the 3rd year of the correspondence course of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
DISCOURSE ON MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS STRUCTURE
The article discusses the proposed O. G. Drobnitsky analysis of the structure of moral consciousness, the relationship between the concepts of morality and ethics, their interrelation, considers the important role of moral consciousness in the formation of a person’s personality and his behavior, the norms and principles on which moral consciousness is based are a kind of guiding links that guide a person in his moral choice. Important components of moral consciousness are emotions, values, norms and principles that determine human behavior and his attitude towards the world around him.
Keywords: moral consciousness, requirement, duty, moral principles, moral ideal .
Article bibliographic list
1. Alekseev S. S. Law: ABC – theory – philosophy. Experience of complex research. – M.: Pravovedenie, 1999. – 700 p.
2. Drobnitsky O. G. Moral Philosophy. Selected Works / Comp. R. G. Apresyan. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. – 523 p.
3. Drobnitsky O. G. Moral consciousness and its structure / Journal “Problems of Philosophy”. – 1972. – No. 2.

HISTORY STATES AND LAW
BORISOVA Oksana Petrovna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Theory, history and public law sciences sub-faculty of the Chita Institute (branch) of the Baikal State University
SIGACHEVA Elena Leonidovna
Ph.D. in Law, Director of the Chita Institute (branch) of the Baikal State University
ELECTIONS AND ELECTION OBSERVATION IN RUSSIA: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
The article examines the main stages of the formation of the institute of election observation in Russia in connection with the development of the institute of elections itself. Elections are the most important institution of a democratic, rule-of-law state with a republican form of government. Election observation in the modern world and in the Russian Federation is an integral part of the electoral process. In a relatively short time, this institution has gone from formation to a developed, legally formalized system, without which it is no longer possible to imagine electoral procedures. This paper analyzes the evolution of the modern model of election observation based on international and Russian normative legal acts.
Keywords: elections, electoral law, electoral process, election observation institute, observer, foreign (international ) observer, candidates, electoral associations.
Article bibliography
1. Berdnikova E. V. The role of public control in ensuring democratic elections in the Russian Federation // News of Saratov University. Nov. ser. Ser. Economy. Management. Law. – 2014. – Vol. 14. Issue. 4. – P. 652-662.
2. Egorova A. V. Institute of election observers as a factor in the legitimization of power in modern Russia // Management consulting. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 121-130.
3. Korgunyuk Yu. G. Experience of organizing Americanx states in developing international electoral standards // Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. Political problems of international relations. – 2019. – No. 3 (60). – P. 103-109.
4. Troitskaya TV Public control in elections in Russia: history of formation and modern development // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 4 (153). – P. 292-299.
5. Troitskaya TV, Uglanova OA History of the formation of the institute of observers at elections in the Russian Federation // News of Saratov University. Nov. series. Series: Economy. Management. Law. – 2024. – Vol. 24. Issue. 1. – pp. 65-71.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
GABDRAKHMANOV Farit Vadutovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty of the Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
UNREGISTERED SYSTEM OF RECORD KEEPING IN THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE AND COURT
The article discusses the issues of organizing a non-registration system of record keeping in the prosecutor’s office and the court of the RSFSR. It was supposed to replace the card-based filing system. The unregistered record-keeping system began to be introduced in 1928 by the Organizational Plan of the People’s Commissariat of Justice selectively in the form of experience in individual prosecutor’s offices and courts.
The essence of the unregistered system was that the documents were not registered, but were sent directly from the office to the executors or structural divisions of the prosecutor’s office and the court. At the same time, certain elements of the card system of record keeping were preserved.
It is concluded that the unregistered system of record keeping operated in the prosecutor’s office and the court in a limited form in 1928-1929. It has not been widely used due to the fact that the cancellation of the registration of documents has caused confusion in the operation of the devices.
Keywords: prosecutor’s office, court, military tribunal, non-registration system of record keeping.
Article bibliography
1. Gabdrakhmanov F. V. Records management in the prosecutor’s office in 1922-1926 // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 1 (188). – P. 84-86. – EDN RJDIVJ.
2. Gavrilov S. O., Raspopin A. V. Problems of scientific organization of labor in the activities of the Soviet prosecutor’s office in the 1920s // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 5. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-nauchnoy-organizatsii-truda-v-deyatelnosti-sovetskoy-prokuratury-v-1920-e-gody (date of access: 03.05.2024).
3. Gromov. Measures of the Vlad. provincial court and the prosecutor’s office to rationalize the apparatus and office work // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1929. – No. 26. – P. 609-611 (July 8). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3654/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_26.pdf (date accessed: 12.01.2024).
4. Dodonova M. I. The problem of office work in Soviet literature of the 1920s: specialty 05.25.02 “Documentary studies, records management, archival science”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. – Moscow, 1975. – 32 p. – EDN ZKSJSJ.
5. Zaitseva E. V. Formation and development of Soviet state office work // Economic history. – 2018. – Vol. 14. No. 4. – P. 363-484. – EDN YPTPFZ.
6. Zverev. Rationalization of the technical apparatus and office work in the prosecutor’s office // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1928. – No. 12. – P. 375-377. (March 28). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3597/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1928_12.pdf (date of access: 18.01.2024).
7. History of office work in the USSR: Textbook / Ed. Assoc. Prof. Ya. Z. Livshits and Assoc. Prof. V. A. Tsikulin; Ministry of Higher. and Secondary Specialized Education of the RSFSR. Moscow State Hist.-Arch. Inst. – Moscow: [former. and.], 1974. – 169 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://library.lgaki.info:404/2017/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B0%20.pdf (date of access: 04.02.2024).
8. Karp N., Fradkin L. New in office work // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1928. – No. 19. – P. 578-579. (May 24). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3604/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1928_19.pdf (date of access: 11.02.2024).
9. Karp N., Fradkin L. Basic principles of management reform // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1928. – No. 30. – P. 842-844. (August 14). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3615/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1928_30.pdf (date of access: 16.01.2024).
10. Kryzhan A. V. Use of elements of scientific organization of labor in the activities of justice institutions at the local level in the second halfand the 1920s (based on the materials of the “Weekly of Soviet Justice”) // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 14-24. – DOI 10.17238/issn2227-6564.2019.3.14. – EDN OUBFOE.
11. Litvyakova T. A., Luneva L. P. Formation of office work and features of business language in the Soviet period // Actual problems of humanitarian knowledge in a technical university: Collection of scientific papers of the VIII International Scientific and Methodological Conference, St. Petersburg, October 28-29, 2021. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Mining University, 2021. – P. 60-63. – EDN EAAJTL.
12. Pogorely. Military tribunals’ office work // Soviet justice weekly. – 1929. – No. 39. – P. 920-921. (October 10). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3667/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_39.pdf (accessed: 10.01.2024).
13. Posrednikov O. A. Application of decimal classification in the archives of BSSR institutions in the 1920-1930s // Berkov readings – 2023. Book culture in the context of international contacts: Proceedings of the VII International scientific conference: in 2 volumes, Brest, May 24-25, 2023. – Moscow: Scientific and Publishing Center “Nauka” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific and Publishing Center “Nauka” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. – Pp. 169-173. – EDN VDJUPD.
14. Fradkin L. Non-registration system of office work in the prosecutor’s office // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1929. – No. 13. – Pp. 300-302. (April 8). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3641/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_13.pdf (date of access: 02/13/2024).
15. Fradkin L. Replacement of registration cards f. № 2 cards according to form № 1 // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1928. – № 10. – P. 310-312 (March 14). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3595/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1928_10.pdf (date of access: 02/14/2024).
16. Fradkin L. On the non-registration system of office work // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1929. – № 25. – P. 585-586. (June 30). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3653/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_25.pdf (date of access: 12.01.2024).
17. Petrov V. Card system of office work in provincial courts // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1926. – No. 26. – P. 821-823. (July 4). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3507/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1926_26.pdf (date of access: 01/26/2024).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
DEMID OVA Elena Vladimirovna
Chairman of the Khabarovsk Regional Court
VOLKOV Konstantin Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Director of the Far Eastern branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
ORNATSKAYA Tatyana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Far Eastern branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
THEY WERE THE FIRST (TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KHABAROVSK REGIONAL COURT)
2024 is a landmark year in the history of the judicial system of the Khabarovsk Territory. On November 11, 1934, the Khabarovsk Regional Court was formed, in 1939 it was renamed the Khabarovsk Regional Court. Its personnel included specialists from different regions of the USSR, people devoted to the ideals of the Communist Party and with extensive work experience. Their fates were both tragic and happy, but they always remained first.
On the eve of the 90th anniversary of the Khabarovsk Regional Court, the authors turned to the history of its creation. Using archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors highlighted the process of formation of the Khabarovsk Regional Court. The article reveals the first composition of judges who administered justice at the dawn of the establishment of the Khabarovsk Regional Court. Attention is drawn to their personalities, level of education, and the fate of representatives of the judiciary is traced.
Keywords: Far East, Khabarovsk Territory, justice, composition of the court.
Article bibliographic list
1. Koreans – victims of political repressions in the USSR. 1934-1938. Book 10 / Auth. and compiler Svetlana Ku. Moscow: KimKor, 2000.
2. Kuleshov D.S. The role of state security agencies in the process of Sovietization of the Far East: towards the formulation of the problem // Society: philosophy, history, culture. 2016. No. 4. P. 84-86.
3. Kuleshov D. S., Tsukanov S. S. The Struggle for the Frontier: Confrontation between Special Services and the Indigenous Population in the Soviet Far East in the 1920s // Problemy Dalnego Vostoka. 2019. No. 1.P. 126-135.
4. Ornatskaya T. A. Formation and development of school-course training of lawyers in the Far East in 1922-1941 // Clio. 2018. No. 1 (133). P. 100-108.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
IGUMNOV Alexander Vladimirovich
lecturer of General theoretical and state-law disciplines sub-faculty of the East Siberian branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
MIKHAIL MIKHA ILOVICH SPERANSKY – AN OUTSTANDING STATESMAN AND POLITICIAN IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
This article is about Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, a statesman and political figure of the first third of the XIX century. A Man with a capital M, who worked his way up from the son of a priest to the trusted person of the Emperor. Thanks to his abilities and inexhaustible diligence he entered the history of Russia. From 1819 to 1821 he was Governor-General of Siberia. The main directions of his activity are connected with reforming and making a great contribution in the field of jurisprudence.
Keywords: Speransky M. M., statesman and politician, reforming, jurisprudence, His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery, Second Department.
Bibliographic list
1. Kassikhina V. E. Speransky M. M., his role in the development and formation of the Russian state and law // State and law in the XXI century. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 5
2. Ivanova N. M., Lavrov V. V., Kharitonov L. A. Emergence and development of legal education in St. Petersburg // Education in the system of the prosecutor’s office of Russia: state and prospects. – St. Petersburg, 2017. – P. 55.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
PETRAKOV Sergey Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Investigative activities management sub-faculty (Higher Academic Courses) of the Faculty of Advanced Studies of the St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee
SMOLYAKOV Anatoliy Antonovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of General legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Leningrad regional branch of the St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
CHASOVNIKOVA Olga Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Labor law sub-faculty of the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE JUSTICE IN THE RUSSIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM
The article emphasizes the importance of considering the issue of the formation and development of the prosecutor’s office in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the stages of formation of a control and supervisory agency in the state structure of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the increasing burden on the law enforcement system, the role of the prosecutor’s office became more noticeable with each transitional historical period. The article outlines the importance of the activities of the prosecutor’s office and their functional responsibilities in full accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: prosecutorial authorities, control and supervisory agency, history of the prosecutor’s office, judicial reform, military prosecutor’s office, prosecutor, control authorities, supervisory functions.
Article bibliography
1. Bayramov F. Reasons for the creation and development of the prosecutor’s office at the initial stage / / XI International scientific and practical conference: collection of articles. – Penza, 2023. – P. 124.
2. Kuchinskaya E. V. History of the emergence, formation and development of the Russian prosecutor’s office. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istoriya-vozniknoveniya-stanovleniya-i-razvitiya-rossiyskoy-prokuratury (date of access: 16.01.2024).
3. Miretina M. A. History of development regulation of prosecutorial supervision over the procedural activities of preliminary investigation bodies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istoriya-razvitiya-reglamentatsii-prokurorskogo-nadzora-za-protsessualnoy-deyatelnostyu-organov-predvaritelnogo-sledstviya (date of access: 16.01.2024).
4 . Giniyatullina I. A. Bikkuzina L. G. Salimgareeva A. I. On the issue of the participation of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. collection of articles. – 2023. – No. 4-1 (79). – P. 156.
5. Gurina O. A. Changes in the activities of the Soviet prosecutor’s office during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izmeneniya-v-deyatelnosti-sovetskoy-prokuratury-v-gody-velikoy-otechestvennoy-voyny-1941-1945-gg-1 (date of access: 16.01.2024 ).
6. Galkin O. V. History of the legal status of the prosecutor as a subject of proof in criminal proceedings (1955-2007). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/istoriya-pravovogo-statusa-prokurora-kak-subekta-dokazyvaniya-v-ugolovnom-protsesse-1955-2007-gg (date of access: 01/17/2024).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
VOSITOV Khamzaali Abduvokhitovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Theory and History of State and Law of the Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
THE ROLE OF FOLK HISTORICAL TRADITIONS IN MODERN LAW OF TAJIKISTAN
The legal traditions of every nation living in its culture. The origins of Tajik culture go back to the distant past, during the formation of the Persian Achaemenid state (VI century BC). The history of the formation of the legal culture of Tajiks as part of the Iranian community is based on Avestan dogmas, the Sasanian Code of Laws, sources of Muslim law, which rose to the state level under the rule of the Samanids (IX-X centuries), which is of key importance in the formation of the Persian-Tajik civilization and national values, surviving until the modern period. However, in modern Tajikistan, these values ​​are beginning to be intertwined with the traditions of Western legal culture with its value systems and priorities.
Keywords: tradition, legal tradition, Zoroastrianism, Islam, national historical traditions, eastern legal culture.
Article bibliographic list
1. Family Code of the Republic of Tajikistan dated November 13, 1998 No. 682 // National Legislative Centerunder the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ncz.tj/system/files/legislation/564ru_0.doc (date of access: 04.05.2024).
2. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On the regulation of celebrations and ceremonies in the Republic of Tajikistan dated June 20, 2024 No. 1048 // National Center of Legislation under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ncz.tj/legislation (date of access: 27.06.2024).
3. Behruz H. Features of the Eastern legal mentality // Comparative law: current state and development prospects: collection of scientific articles / Ed. Yu. Shemshuchenko, O. Kresina. – Kyiv: Logos, 2010. – P. 378-380.
4. Vovk D. A. Legal tradition as a phenomenon of the legal system // POLITBOOK. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 171-181.
5. Volkova O. E. Law. Dichotomy of the legal culture of the civilization of the West and the East // Bulletin of the Altai State University. – 2014. – No. 2-2 (82). – P. 113.
6. Zoroastrian texts. Judgments of the Spirit of Reason (Dadestan-i menog-i hirad). Creation of the foundation (Bundahishn) and other texts. The publication was prepared by O. M. Chunakova. – M., 1997. – P. 29-154.
7. Lukasheva E. A. Man, Law, Civilizations: Normative and Value Dimension. – M.: Norma; INFRA-M, 2013. – 384 p.
8. Maltsev G. V. Cultural Traditions of Law. – M., Norma; INFRA-M, 2013. – 608 p.
9. Muhammad F. R. Islamic Culture. – M.: IPC “Andalus”, 2006. – 192 p.
10. Nematov A. R. Spiritual and Cultural Aspects of the Development of the State and Legal System of Tajikistan: Posing the Question // Jurisprudence. – 2017. – No. 1 (330). – P. 174-185.
11. Romashov R. A. State policy of the Russian Empire in the sphere of legal regulation of guardianship and trusteeship in the Central Asian region (on the example of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan) // Machallai akademii huquq = [Academic law journal]. – Dushanbe, 2015. – No. 2 (14). – P. 18-22.
12. Saidov A. Kh. Comparative law (The main legal systems of our time): textbook / Ed. V. A. Tumanov. – M .: Jurist, 2003. – 448 p.
13. Khalikov A. G. Legal system of Zoroastrianism: dis. … doctor of law. – Dushanbe, 2004. – 421 p.
14. Khasanov S., Khasanov M. Theory of state and law (in Tajik language). – Khujand: Shah, 2009. – 424 pp.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
ZADVORNOV Sergey Anatoljevich
postgraduate student of the 1st year of study of Theory and history of law sub-faculty of the V. N. ev Astrakhan State University
THE EVOLUTION OF SOVIET LEGISLATION ON MILITARY CRIMES (1917-1941)
The article is devoted to the retrospective issues of military criminality and responsibility. The normative legal acts of the Soviet state of the pre-war period (1917-1941) are studied. The author concludes that the government assigned the armed forces one of the leading roles in ensuring the security of the young Soviet state. Legislation regulating various aspects of military law and order developed quite intensively in the pre-war period. It has been established that military crimes are classified among the most dangerous types, responsibility for military crimes was established both within the framework of criminal legislation and within the framework of military criminal legislation.
Keywords: Soviet legislation, criminal legislation, military criminal legislation, Soviet government, military personnel, military law and order, military crimes, responsibility for military crimes.
Article bibliographic list
1. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of April 22, 1918 “On compulsory training in the art of war” // From the history of the civil war of the USSR. – M., 1960.
2. Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of April 22, 1918 “On the term of service in the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army” // From the history of the civil war of the USSR. – M., 1960.
3. Decree of the Council of Workers’ and Peasants’ Defense “On measures to combat desertion” of March 3, 1919 // Collection of laws of the RSFSR. – 1919. – No. 25. – Art. 27.
4. Resolution “On measures to eradicate desertion” of June 3, 1919 // Collection of laws of the RSFSR. – 1919. – No. 9. – Art. 94.
5. Guiding principles of criminal law of the RSFSR of 1919 // Collection of laws and orders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government. – 1919. – No. 66. – Art. 590.
6. Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1922 // Collection of laws of the RSFSR. – 1922. – No. 15. – Art. 153.
7. Constitution of the USSR of 1924 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/search/ (date of access: 18.05.2024).
8. Basic principles of criminal legislation of the USSR and the Union republics of 1924 // Collection of legislation. – 1924. – No. 24. – Art. 205.
9. Regulation on military crimes of October 31, 1924 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/search/ (date of access: 12/18/2023).
10. Criminal Code of the RSFSR of 1926 // Collection of legislation. – 1926. – No. 9. – Art. 71.
11. Regulation on military crimesiyahs of July 27, 1927 // Collection of Laws of the USSR. – 1927. – No. 50.
12. Law of the USSR of August 13, 1930 “On Universal Military Duty” // Collection of Legislation of the USSR. – 1930. – No. 40. – Art. 424.
13. Law of the USSR “On Universal Military Duty” Law of the USSR “On Universal Military Duty” of September 1, 1939 // Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. – 1939. – No. 32.
14. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 6, 1940 “On the Responsibility of the Rules of Military Registration”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ESU&n=8153#0 (date of access: 05.18.2024).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AKLANOV Andrey Arturovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd year of correspondence education of the Saratov State Law Academy
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE POLICE
The article deals with the implementation of the principle of legality in the activities of the police, as one of the most important and central principles of this body. It is discussed that the principle of legality plays a special role in the activities of executive authorities, including the police. The analysis of the legislation regulating the activities of the police is carried out, its completeness and effectiveness are noted. The issue of legislative consolidation of the powers of a police officer and their implementation is being considered, special attention is paid to issues of administrative discretion.
Keywords: legality, police, executive power, administrative discretion, authority.
Article bibliographic list
1. Aklanov A. A. Legality as a principle of organization and activities of executive authorities // Bulletin of the Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management “State and Law”. – No. 1. – Syktyvkar, 2023. – P. 81-85.
2. Aklanov A. A. The principle of legality: content and theoretical interpretation // “Questions of Russian and International Law”. – Noginsk. – T. 13. No. 8A. – 2023. – P. 99-105.
3. Bondar I. V. On the principle of legality and the problems of its implementation in the administrative activities of the police // Russian Justice. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 9-13.
4. Bulavin S. P., Chernikov V. V. Legal status of a police officer // Administrative law and process. – 2011. – No. 9. – P. 2-7.
5. Kolesnikov E. V. Legality as a principle of organization and activities of public authorities. // Russian Justice. – M., 2020. – No. 5. – P. 2-4.
6. Chernikov V. V. Actual issues of the quality of police legislation in Russia // Administrative law and process. – 2021. – No. 7. – pp. 16-27.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AMIRKHANOV Amirkhan Gaidarbekovich
magister student of the 2nd year of the full-time of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, > ALIEVA Zulfiya Ibragimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE ROLE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS
The scientific article addresses the key role played by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in ensuring compliance and implementation of constitutional norms in the country’s legal system. The authors analyze the functions and competence of the Constitutional Court, including constitutional control, resolution of constitutional disputes and interpretation of constitutional norms. The article highlights the importance of the decisions of the Constitutional Court in ensuring the supremacy of the constitution, consolidating the legal order and protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. Special attention is paid to the impact of the decisions of the Constitutional Court on legal practice, stability and the constitutional system in the Russian Federation. Using both theoretical and practical approaches, the authors consider the role of the Constitutional Court in the context of modern challenges and tasks facing Russian society and the state.
Keywords: Constitutional Court, Russian Federation, constitutional norms, legal system, supremacy of the constitution, constitutional control, legal practice.
Article bibliography
1. Dambaeva L. B. The role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in eliminating gaps in the law // Perm period: collection of materials of the VI International scientific and sports festival of cadets and students, Perm, May 13-18, 2019. Volume II. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2019. – P. 202-204.
2. Kanteyev K. R. The role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in ensuringrights and freedoms of the individual // Contentus. – 2020. – No. 6 (95). – P. 135-142.
3. Maady S. E. History of the emergence and role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens // Scientific horizons. – 2019. – No. 11 (27). – P. 64-71.
4. Ponomareva M. S. The role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen // Alley of Science. – 2019. – Vol. 3. No. 5 (32). – P. 726-730
5. Shelegov Yu. V. On the role of the Constitutional Court in the implementation and strengthening of constitutional values ​​// Constitution: the embodiment of the values ​​of the rule of law, civil society and the modern state: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Irkutsk, December 12, 2019. – Irkutsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2019. – P. 105-108.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ISAEVA Karina Mustangirovna
associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MAMEDOVA Saida Alievna
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MODERN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA
This article examines trends in the development of information and communication technologies in Russia. The article examines the concept of ICT, problems in the legal regulation of electronic democracy, and also identifies directions for the development of electronic voting. The use of ICT makes it possible to automate many processes within election commissions, such as registration of candidates, verification of signatures, etc. The main goal of e-democracy is to make political participation more accessible and transparent, as well as to strengthen interaction between citizens and government agencies.
Electronic democracy is an innovative way to involve citizens in political processes through the use of ICT, however, with the development of digitalization, the threat of cyber attacks and manipulation increases, which requires the development of appropriate legal regulation of protective mechanisms.
Keywords: information and communication technologies, electronic voting, digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. On the role of constitutional law in the context of new tasks and conceptual solutions for the political future of Russia // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2023. – Vol. 64. No. 1. – P. 3-21.
2. Drozhzhin K. A. Digital technologies in the electoral process: domestic experience of use // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 4 (399). – P. 285-288.
3. Podzorov R. A. Analysis of the practice of using remote electronic voting in the electoral process of the Russian Federation // Region: systems, economy, management. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 156.
4. Stepanova T. D. Prospects for the development of digitalization of the electoral process in the Russian Federation // Skif. Issues of student science. – 2021. – No. 5 (57). – P. 320-326.
5. Khudoley D. M., Khudoley K. M. Electronic voting in Russia and abroad // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Issue. 57. – P. 476-503.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KACHABEKOV Jamal Amurbekovich
2nd year master’s student of the Law Institute of Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
NIMATULAEVA Ravzanat Abdulzagirovna
Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Constitutional and International Law of the Law Institute of Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF JUDICIAL POWER
The article analyzes the concept of “judicial power” in the context of Russian constitutional law, emphasizing its identity with the concept of “justice” and the independence of the courts from other branches of government based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article examines the basic principles and structure of the judicial system of the Russian Federation, including the non-creation of emergency courts and the exclusive right of courts to exercise judicial power, ensuring the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens.
KACHABEKOV Jamal Amurbekovich
Master student of the 2nd course of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
NIMATULAEVA Ravzanat Abdulzagirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE JUDICIARY
The article analyzes the concept of «judicial power» in the context of Russian constitutional law, emphasizing its identity with the concept of «justice» and the independence of courts from other branches of government based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The basic principles and structure of the judicial system of the Russian Federation are considered, including the non-establishment of extraordinary courts and the exclusive right of courts to exercise judicial power, ensuring the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms.
Keywords: judiciary, Constitution, court, justice, principles.
Article bibliography
1. Kleandrov M. I. On the Basics of the Mechanism of Judicial Authority in the New Constitution of the Russian Federation // Journal of Constitutional Justice Founders: LLC Izdatelskaya Gruppa Jurist, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 18-23.
2. Fedorenko N. V. The essence and purpose of the judiciary in the context of democratization of Russian society // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 65-68.
3. Shabanov P. N. Constitutional foundations of the independence of the judiciary // Constitutionalism and state studies. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 48-53.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
LOS Lidiya Viktorovna
senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
TKAC HEVA Olga Alexandrovna
lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ON THE ISSUE OF THE SYSTEM OF PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
In the article, the authors consider the legal nature and classification of the principles of building the judicial system. In the article, the authors analyzed scientific views on the classification of the principles of building the judicial system, the criteria for such classification. The characteristic features and established requirements for the principles of building the judicial system are highlighted. In conclusion, the authors define the principles of building the judicial system, which define as historically established by the theory and practice of the courts, conditioned by the economic and intellectual-political level of development of society, normative provisions fixing the most important requirements and reflecting the patterns of building the judicial system of the country, expressing its content and specifics and determining development trends.
Keywords: principles, judicial system, judicial authority, court, functional approach, institutional approach, organizational approach, classification of principles.
article bibliographic list
1. Maryina E. V. Judicial system of the Russian Federation: textbook. – Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2020. – 144 p.
2. Vilkova T. Yu., Nasonov S. A., Khokhryakov M. A. Judicial system and law enforcement agencies: textbook and practical training for universities. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2019 .– 351 p.
3. Maslikov I. S. Judicial power in the state mechanism of the Russian Federation: Dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 1997 .– 217 p. @@ Kozlova E. I. Legal nature of the regulations of the chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (article two) // Scientific notes. Collection of scientific papers. Issue 4. Rostov State University. Faculty of Law. Rostov n / D, 2002. – P. 195-196
4. Sibileva N. V. Accessibility of justice in civil society // Accessibility of justice in civil society: materials of the scientific and practical conference, Kirov, November 14-15. 2022. – P. 14-22.
5. Judicial system and law enforcement agencies / Ed. L. V. Golovko: textbook. – M .: Publishing House “Gorodets”, 2020. – 768 p.
6. Kolokolov N. A., Pavlikov S. G. Theory of judicial systems: features of constitutional regulation, judicial construction and organization of judicial activity in a federal state. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2007. – 306 p.
7. Judicial systems of Europe and Eurasia: scientific encyclopedic publication: in 3 volumes. Volume 2. Southern and Eastern Europe / R. M. Allalyev, A. M. Belyalova, J. Buhler [et al.]; edited by R. A. Kurbanov, R. A. Gurbanov. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2021. – 526 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
NOVOPAVLOVSKAYA Elena Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional, financial and civil law sub-faculty of the Samara branch of the Moscow City Pedagogical University
LEGAL POSITIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON ELECTORAL LAW AND PROCESS
The author’s monitoringof the practice of constitutional court proceedings in cases of challenging the constitutionality of provisions of electoral legislation allowed to make a number of conclusions about the range of applicants expressing dissatisfaction with the regulation of various aspects of active and passive electoral rights and their implementation at various stages of the electoral process; about the subject of constitutional consideration; about the presence of legal uncertainties in the studied area of ​​relations. The author states that in different years the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation not only removed from the legal space the provisions of profile and non-profile legal acts of different territorial levels on the electoral law and process, recognizing their unconstitutionality, but also formulated significant legal positions, which subsequently influenced the adjustment of electoral legislation.
Keywords: electoral law, electoral process, stages, constitutional norm control, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, legal uncertainty, applicant, subject of consideration.
Article bibliography
1. Beketova N.A. Important decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // HR practitioner. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 9-10.
2. Voronin D. Yu. The principle of independence of election commissions in the acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // State power and local self-government. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 7-12.
3. Dudko I. A. “Nothing is more important than trifles”, or Problems of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Comparative constitutional review. – 2024. – No. 1 . – P. 183-206.
4. Zorkin V. D. Constitutional control as a factor in improving Russian legislation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 86-102.
5. Mami K. A. Constitutional control is an effective means of strengthening the rule of law // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 4-9.
6. Petrov A. A. Problems of legislative regulation of the competence of the Constitutional Court Russian Federation // Current issues of Russian law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 141-156.
7. Shakhov A. A. Cautious U-turn: The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the place of local self-government within the framework of a single system of public authority // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 29-33.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
RYBINSKAYA Elena Timofeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
STERKHOV Petr Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and business law sub-faculty of the Irkutsk branch of the All-Russian University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF OWNERSHIP OF REAL ESTATE
The article discusses the problems of legal regulation of the institution of donation in the Russian Federation. Based on legal analysis, a definition of the term “donation” is formulated. The types of donation and donors, as well as their legal status, are determined. The features provided for donation of minors have been identified. The study addresses various aspects of informed voluntary consent as a mandatory requirement. Aspects of posthumous donation are considered.
Keywords: donation, voluntary informed consent, legal capacity, public health, health care.
Article bibliography
1. Kleymenov M. P., Senokosova E. K. Threats to the criminological security of the medical care system and their classification // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2017. – Vol. 11. No. 4. – P. 696-705.
2. Navaan G., Harmaev Yu. V. Prevention of crimes related to trafficking in human organs and tissues (using Mongolia as an example) // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 126-131.
3. Sudarikov V. A., Ramazanov R. N. Subjects of donation: the problem of legal definition // International student scientific bulletin. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 41.
4. Kostryukova A. Yu., Donika A. D. Objects of medical law as a criterion for determining the branch of legal science // Successes of modern natural science. – 2011. – No. 8. – P. 241.
5. Leontiev I. L., Steigerwald M. B. Some directions of optimization of the modern organizational and economic model of the blood service of the Sverdlovsk region // Bulletin of the Baikal State University. – 2010. – No. 4 (72). – P. 161-165.
6. Pavlova L. V. Criminal liability of medical workers as special subjects: on the issue of the development of medical criminal law // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 11-21.
7. Dovgopolik A.S. On the issue of legal forms of removal of human organs and tissues fortransplantation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elar.urfu.ru/ha№dle/10995/63617?mode=full.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SHASTINA Anzhelika Razmikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of national security sub-faculty of the Institute of State Law and National Security of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
REPLACEMENT OF THE POSITION OF THE HEAD OF THE EXECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE BODY AS A LEGAL MECHANISM FOR IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
The article discusses the concept of “legal mechanism” in relation to improving the organizational foundations of local self-government, in which one of the elements is the legal regulation of filling the position of the head of the executive and administrative body of local self-government. It is noted that an important condition for recognizing the effectiveness of the legal mechanism is to take into account the peculiarities of the functioning of various municipal models of the organization of municipal government.
Keywords: local government, legal mechanism, municipal model, head of the executive and administrative body.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev S. S. Law: ABC – Theory – Philosophy: Experience of a comprehensive study. – Moscow: Statut, 1999. – 712 p.
2. Dzhandarbek B. A., Apenov S. M. Social and legal mechanism of criminal-legal impact on crime // Criminological journal of the Baikal state university of economics and law. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 138-145.
3. Kuznetsova S. A. On the definition of the concept of “legal mechanism” // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 1 (57). – P. 9-12.
4. Minnikes I. A. Legal protection: concept and mechanism // Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University of Economics (Baikal State University of Economics and Law). – 2013. – No. 6. – P. 15.
5. Novikov M. V. Mechanism of implementation and abuse of law: dialectical unity // Law enforcement in public and private law: materials of the International scientific conference, Omsk, March 25-26, 2022. – Omsk: Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky, 2022. – P. 224-230.
6. Savelyeva M. V. On the formation of a mechanism for legal regulation of relations related to cryptoassets in the era of global digitalization // Academic Law Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 23. No. 1 (87). – P. 78-86.
7. G. Marcou. Les collectivites locales in les constitutions des Etats unitaires en Europe // Les Nouveaux Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel. – 2014. – No. 1 (42). – P. 63-87.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SHELKOVA Elizaveta Sergeevna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
PROKHOROVA Natalya Alexeevna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
EVOLUTION AND MODERN TRENDS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
This study examines the evolution and current trends of constitutional law, analyzes constitutional reforms in various countries, the impact of globalization on national constitutional systems and the problems of the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. The study includes a detailed overview of the actual provisions and articles of documents, regulations and regulations, illustrating how changes in legislation and international trends affect the protection of human rights, the independence of the judiciary and access to justice. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of constitutional reforms in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, North and South America, as well as Africa and the Middle East.
Keywords: constitutional law, constitutional reforms, globalization, human rights, judicial independence, access to justice, international organizations, European Union, Council of Europe, United Nations.
Article bibliographic list
1. Medushevsky A. N. Constitutional reform in Russia: content, directions and methods of implementation // Social sciences and modernity. – No. 1. – 2020. – P. 39-60.
2. Kurdanova M.Kh. Constitutional foundations of the welfare state in the context of the 2020 constitutional reform // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 17 (5). – P. 21-32.
3. Podgorny V. Constitutional reform of 2020 and its impact on the development of the Russian party system // Actual problems of national and international law. – 2020.
4. Gritsenko E. Federalism and local self-government in light of the Russian constitutional reform of 2020 // Comparative constitutional review. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 80-97.
5. State Duma of the Russian Federation. “Federal Law on Amendmentto the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority””.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
YAKIMOVA Ekaterina Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
VASILJEVA Natalya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
PUBLIC LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES: SYSTEM ISSUES
Among all areas of public law regulation, the use of natural resources is especially prominent. The system of legislation in this area is distinguished by significant branching and multi-level. The article proposes a variant of the arrangement of all regulatory legal acts in a certain system, taking into account the method of legal regulation, its completeness and immediacy. It was concluded that the imperfection of the current Russian legislation in the field of the use of natural resources has objective grounds: the multi-level system of regulatory legal acts creates the need to take into account a significant number of heterogeneous norms in the process of adjusting legislative provisions.
Keywords: use of natural resources, legal regulation, ecology, legislation.
Biographical list of articles
1. Vasilyeva N. Yu. Application of a risk-oriented approach in the implementation of state supervision in the field of timber circulation // State power and local self-government. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 44-48. – DOI 10.18572/1813-1247-2022-3-44-48.
2. Kolbasov O. S. International legal protection of the environment. – Moscow, 1982. – 240 p.
3. Kuptsova O. B. Ecological function of the modern state: problems of understanding and development prospects // Academic law journal. – 2022. – Vol. 23. No. 4 (90). – P. 362-370. – DOI 10.17150/1819-0928.2022.23(4).362-370.
4. Sirina N. V., Potapova E. V., Yakimova E. M. Environmental audit. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University, 2011. – 175 p.
5. Shobodoeva A. V. Challenges and threats to environmental security of the Russian Federation: theoretical and methodological aspects // Baikal Research Journal. – 2018. – Vol. 9. No. 3. – P. 18. – DOI 10.17150/2411-6262.2018.9(3).18.
6. Shobodoeva A. V. Environmental safety of the Russian Federation: theoretical and methodological problems // Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series: Political Science. Religious Studies. – 2018. – Vol. 25. P. 35-42. – DOI 10.26516/2073-3380.2018.25.35.
7. Yakimova E. M., Sirina-Lebua N. V., Chuksina V. V. State regulation of activities in the field of environmental audit as a tool for improving environmental safety // Problems of ensuring national security in the context of changing geopolitical situation: materials of the international scientific and practical conference, Irkutsk, April 28, 2017. – Irkutsk: Baikal State University, 2017. – P. 260-267.
8. Yakimova E. M. Constitutional and legal foundations of responsible business in the context of implementing the equilibrium concept: environmental aspects // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2020. – No. 4 (43). – P. 68-75. – DOI 10.17308/vsu.proc.law.2020.4/3154.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ISAEVA Karina Mustangirovna
associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, ala
MAMEDOVA Saida Alievna
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN USING ELECTRONIC FORMS OF EXPRESSION OF WILL IN ELECTIONS OF VARIOUS LEVELS
The article examines Russian and international experience in using technologies for conducting electronic voting in elections. The article examines modern trends in the development of democratic processes related to the use of information technologies for the implementation of electronic expression of the will of citizens. The concept of electronic voting, its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with traditional election methods are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to issues of ensuring security, transparency and trust in electronic electoral systems. Examples of successful use of electronic expression of will in various countries are given, and prospects for its development in the future are analyzed. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the potential of electronic voting as an important tool for strengthening democratic institutions and increasing civic activity.
Keywords: electoral process, digital technologies, electronic voting, remote electronic voting, electronic voter list.
Article bibliography
1. Gadzhieva A. O. Electronic voting technologies in elections: experience of application in Russia and abroad // RUDN Journal of Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27. No. 3. – P. 649–669.
2. Krasinsky V. V. On the problems of postal voting in elections in foreign countries // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 12. – P. 101–110.
3. Marmilova E. P. Remote voting by mail (on the example of the US Presidential elections in November 2024) // Actual problems of our time: science and society. – 2020. – P. 8-17.
4. Khudoley D. M., Khudoley K. M. Electronic voting in Russia and abroad // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Issue. 57. – P. 476-503.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BUTYAYKIN Ilya Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty of the State University of Humanities and Technology
SHCHERBININA Irina Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty of the State University of Humanities and Technology
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MOVEMENT OF BICYCLE TRANSPORT IN THE LIGHT OF CHANGES IN THE RULES OF THE ROAD THAT CAME INTO FORCE ON MARCH 1, 2023
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that today in our country there is no multi-level system of legal regulation of relations involving the cyclist as a special participant in road traffic. The main legal act containing the rules governing relations involving a cyclist is the Road Traffic Rules of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Russian Traffic Regulations). It is not often that legislators are pleased with such large-scale changes that occurred in traffic rules at the beginning of 2023. Whether these amendments affected the status of cyclists, whether their rights and responsibilities changed, we will find out from the analysis of the updated traffic regulations.
The main problem of the studied changes in traffic rules is the fact that despite the fact that, thanks to them, the status of the cyclist has become clearer, in general the amendments did not affect the norms, the main goal of which should be increase the safety of cyclists in road traffic.
Keywords: changes in the Traffic Rules of the Russian Federation, motor vehicles, road safety, rights and obligations of road users, safe operating conditions for a bicycle.
Article bibliographic list
1. Shcherbinina I. V., Kononenko I. S. On the issue of the need for legal regulation of relations in the field of ensuring the safety of cyclists as special road users // Transport Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 25-28.
2. Shcherbinina I. V., Butyaikin I. A. Administrative-legal and other methods of possible improvement of safe use of bicycle transport in the Russian Federation // Legal Bulletin. – 2022. – Vol. 7. No. 2. – P. 56-65.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
KOVALISHINA Kseniya Vitaljevna
student of the Crimean branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ON THE ISSUE OF THE NEED TO ADOPT SPECIAL LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE FIELD OF SPACE SECURITY
The article analyzes the current problem of the lack of proper regulatory regulation of space activities, as well as ensuring space security, both at the international legal level and at the state level, in particular, in the Russian Federation. The authors have developed specific proposals to solve the identified problems, which in the future will ensure the space security of the Russian Federation not only within the framework of a regulatory settlement, but also by forming an effective mechanism for its implementation, taking into account modern challenges and threats.
Keywords: international legal regulation, national legislation, space activities, national security, space security.
Article bibliography
1. Safronov V. V. Analysis of the Treaty on the Principles of State Activities in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies // Actual Problems of Aviation and Cosmonautics: Collection of Materials of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to Cosmonautics Day. In 3 volumes, Krasnoyarsk, April 10-14, 2023. Volume 3. – Krasnoyarsk: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after Academician M.F. Reshetnev”, 2023. – P. 892-894.
2. Abashidze A.Kh., Chernykh I.A. Ensuring Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities and Preventing an Arms Race in Outer Space // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 125-133.
3. Morozova E.L., Vasyanin Ya.E. On the Norms of International Law Applicable to the Military Use of Outer Space // Modern Problems of International Space Law: Materials of the Round Table of the XVI International Congress “Blishchenko Readings”, Moscow, April 14, 2018 / Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 2019. – P. 76-92.
4. Kargapolov A.V. “Gray” zone of international space law // Actual problems of aviation and cosmonautics. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 595-596.
5. Christina Giannopapa, Ntorina Antoni, Space traffic management and its dual use: Space security strategies and cooperation in Europe, Acta Astronautica. – 2023. – Volume 212. – P. 41-47. ISSN 0094-5765. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576523000498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.01.038.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
IVANOVA Lyudmila Apollonovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal af-fairs bodies sub-faculty of the East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
ON THE ISSUE OF THE MODERN AND HISTORICAL CONCEPT OF CRIME, ADMINIS-TRATIVE OFFENSE AND IMMORAL ACTS
A key aspect of ensuring safety and public order is compliance with the laws and regulations established within the framework of protective legislation . This system of legislation regulates the relationship between the state and citizens, as well as the relationship between citizens. Violation of these norms can lead to serious consequences for both individuals and society as a whole. In the context of modern reform of society and the political system, it is especially important to ensure the effective operation of the system of protective legislation. An important element of this process is the improvement of legislation in accordance with modern challenges and needs of society. The article examines the modern understanding of such concepts as crime, administrative offense and im-moral act, and also makes a comparative legal analysis of them. In conclusion, it is concluded that both criminal law, administrative law, and moral norms perform important functions in society, acting as complementary mechanisms for maintaining social order. Morality serves as the first filter of behavior, and the law serves as a secondary barrier, preventing the most serious and dangerous acts. This approach to the distinction between legal and moral responsibility emphasizes the importance of social control over the behavior of members of society.
Keywords: public legal relations, crime, administrative offense, immoral act.
Article bibliographic list
1. Russian criminal law. General and Special parts: textbook. V. 3 t. T. 1: General part. 2nd edition, rev. and additional / Ed. N.A. Lopashenko. M.: Yurlitinform, 2014. 719 p.
2. Kozlov A. P. The concept of crime: monograph. SPb.: Juridical center Press, 2004. 817 p.
3. Criminal law. Crime. Academic course. V. 10 v. V. 5: The concept of crime. Composition of crime / Ed. by N. A. Lopashenko. M.: Yurlitinform, 2016. 600 p.
4. Matuzov V. O. The concept and essence of administrative offense // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin. 2015. No. 8. P. 263-266.
5. Komyagin R. A. Crimes: theoretical modeling of the concept, structure and relationship with the crime: dis. … jurid. Sciences: 12.00.08. Saratov State Law Academy, Saratov, 2022. 817 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KARCHEMKINA Olga Andreevna
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
UROCHKIN Alexander Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
NABIEV Valery Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION AS A MEASURE TO ENSURE THE PROCEEDINGS IN CASES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES
The article discusses the problems of administrative detention as one of the measures to ensure the proceedings in cases of administrative offenses, the application of which raises many questions and disputes. This measure is often applied in violation of the law, which leads to infringement of the rights and freedoms of citizens. The author comes to the conclusion about the need to improve legislation and law enforcement practice in the application of administrative detention.
Keywords: offense, cases of administrative offenses, administrative detention, security measures.
Article bibliographic list
1. Meshkova K. D. Problems of administrative detention as a measure to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses // Actual issues of state and law at the present stage of development of society: Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference among students, master’s students and postgraduates, Perm, June 24, 2022. Volume 2. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2022. – P. 45-48.
2. Mikhailov O. A. Administrative detention: essence, concept and current problems // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 21 (416). – P. 575-577.
3. Murzina L. I., Nemudryakin V. R. Administrative detention as a measure to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses. Problems of administrative detention // Youth initiative: Collection of articles of the VII International scientific and practical conference, Penza, June 5-6, 2023 / Under the scientific editorship of G. V. Sintsov. – Penza: Penza State Agrarian University, 2023. – pp. 131-136.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KOROBAEV Dmitriy Vladimirovich
associate professor of Customs law and organization of customs affairs sub-faculty of the Russian University of Transport (MIIT), postgraduate student of the scientific specialty 5.1.2. Public legal (state legal) sciences of the P. A. Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration
PARALLEL IMPORT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: CURRENT TRENDS
This article discusses the current problems and prospects for the legalization of parallel imports in the Russian Federation. The private experience of interaction with the customs authorities and the Ministry of Trade of the participants of foreign economic activity – authorized persons whose means of individualization (trademarks) were included in the list of goods (groups of goods) in respect of which the provisions of subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation do not apply subject to the introduction of these goods (groups of goods) into circulation outside the territory of the Russian Federation by the right holders (patent holders), as well as their consent.
Keywords: parallel import, trademark, intellectual property, foreign trade participant, customs authorities, Ministry of Industry and Trade, customs clearance, import of goods.
Article bibliographic list
1. “Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union” (Signed in Astana on May 29, 2014) (as amended on March 24, 2022) (as amended and supplemented, effective from 03.04.2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/?ysclid=lgl48zpeyg611478781
2. Decision of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission of 14.09.2021 No. 80 (as amended on 07.03.2023) “On approval of the unified Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Single Customs Tariff of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as on amending and recognizing as invalid certain decisions of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_397176/?ysclid=lgl4a8q4vc631775450.
3. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2022 No. 506 “On goods (groups of goods) in respect of which certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the protection of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity expressed in such goods, and means of individualization with which such goods are marked, may not be applied.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_413173/?ysclid=lgl45l21an825004505.
4. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated 19.04.2022 No. 1532 (as amended on 02.03.2023) “On approval of the list of goods (groups of goods) in respect of which the provisions of subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation do not apply, subject to the introduction of the specified goods (groups of goods) into circulation outside the territory of the Russian Federation by copyright holders (patent holders), as well as with their consent” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on 06.05.2022 N 68421). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_416496/2ff7a8c72de3994f30496a0ccbb1ddafdaddf518/
5. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated 02.03.2023 No. 684 “On Amendments to the List of Goods (Groups of Goods) in Respect of Which the Provisions of Subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Do Not Apply, Provided That the Said Goods (Groups of Goods) Are Put into Circulation Outside the Territory of the Russian Federation by Copyright Holders (Patent Holders), and Also with Their Consent, Approved by Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation of April 19, 2022 No. 1532.” [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/23a00684/
6. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated October 21, 2022 No. 4456 “On Amendments to the List of Goods (Groups of Goods) in Respect of Which the Provisions of Subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Do Not Apply, Provided That the Said Goods (Groups of Goods) Are Put into Circulation Outside the Territory of the Russian Federation by Copyright Holders (Patent Holders), and Also with Their Consent, Approved by Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2022 No. 1532”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22a04456/
7. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated July 21, 2022 No. 3042 “On Amendments to the List of Goods (Groups of Goods) for Which the Provisions of Subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Do Not Apply, Provided That the Said Goods (Groups of Goods) Are Put into Circulation Outside the Territory of the Russian Federation by Copyright Holders (Patent Holders), and with Their Consent, Approved by Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2022 No. 1532”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22a03042/
8. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated 03.06.2022 No. 2299 “On Amendments to the List of Goods (Groups of Goods) for Which the Provisions of Subparagraph 6 of Article 1359 and Article 1487 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Do Not Apply, Provided That the Said Goods (Groups of Goods) Are Put into Circulation Outside the Territory of the Russian Federation by Copyright Holders (Patent Holders), as Well as with Their Consent, Approved by Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation dated April 19, 2022 No. 1532”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22a02299/
9. MIA “Russia Today”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LAPOV Ivan Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION RUSSIA OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF A PERSON LAWFULLY DRIVING A VEHICLE
The article presents a historiographical review of materials devoted to the emergence in Russia of the administrative-legal status of a person lawfully driving a vehicle. The article lists scientific publications characterizing the administrative and legal status; the main directions of scientific research have been identified, including: the development of the general theory of law and administrative law; scientific justification; theoretical understanding of the ideas of the structure of the administrative and legal status of a person lawfully driving a vehicle. It is concluded that monographic works, the special object of which is social relations related to the development of the administrative and legal status of a person lawfully driving a vehicle, are still missing.
Keywords: legal status, administrative legal status, transport, vehicle, legal capacity, legal capacity, legal personality, special law, right to drive.
Article bibliography
1. Bratanovsky S. N. Features of the administrative and legal status of citizens in certain sectors of state regulation (on the example of physical culture and sports) // Bulletin of the Eurasian Academy of Administrative Sciences. – 2015. – No. 3 (32). – P. 13-21.
2. Turdakina E. Beating with rods or hard labor for speeding. The First Traffic Rules in the JustMedia SPECIAL PROJECT “E-transport”. Information and analytical portal “JustMedia”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.justmedia.ru/analitika/society/bite_rozgami_ili_katorga_za_prevyshenie_skorosti_pervye_pravila_dorozhnogo_dvizheniya_v_speczproekte_justmedia_etrasport (date of access: 04.02.2024).
3. Kvitchuk A. S. Road safety system in Russia (Historical and legal research): specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”: dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law. – Saint Petersburg, 2006. – 360 p.
4. Belchikov S. P. Socio-economic prerequisites for legal regulation of public relations in the field of road safetymovement // Legal Thought. – 2016. – No. 5 (97). – P. 125-132.
5. Dyachenko E. V. History of the development of water transport in Russia // Natural Sciences and Humanities Research. – 2015. – No. 2 (8). – P. 18-22.
6. Nugaev M. A. History of the organization of road safety (from 1683 to the beginning of the 20th century) // Priorities for the development of the motor transport and road complex: collection of scientific papers of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Makhachkala, May 20-22, 2021. – Moscow: Pero Publishing House, 2021. – P. 168-171.
7. Matveeva V. R. The emergence and development of the service for supervision of transport and its movement in St. Petersburg, Moscow and Ufa in the 18th – early 20th centuries // Questions of historical science: materials of the II Intern. scientific conf. (Chelyabinsk, May 2013). – P. 57-59. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/conf/hist/archive/85/3668/ (date of access: 03/17/2024).
8. Magazine “Motorist”. – No. 1. – 01/25/1908.
9. Zvezdochkin A. V., Trufanov M. E. Registration and examination units of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate as a subject of ensuring public safety. – Krasnodar: Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2021. – 150 p.
10. Ivanov A. Bertha Benz and the start of the automobile era. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://habr.com/ru/companies/timeweb/articles/578624/ (accessed: 02/04/2024).
11. Rybin A. L. History of traffic rules. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://onlinelit.net/read/istoriya-pravil-dorozhnogo-dvizheniya?page=29#text (accessed: 03/25/2024).
12. Kvitchuk A. S. Road safety system in Russia: Abstract of PhD in Law. – St. Petersburg, 2006. – 44 p.
13. The cab trade in tsarist Russia. LiveJournal – Live Journal. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://historical-fact.livejournal.com/194222.html (date of access: 02/04/2024).
14. The history of driver’s licenses, or where the regulation of driving rules began. Internet journal Kulturologia.Ru. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kulturologia.ru/blogs/110223/55476 (date of access: 03/10/2024).
15. Rubets A.D. History of automobile transport in Russia. – M.: Eksmo, 2008. – 304 p.
16. Polyakova S. V. On the issue of training drivers // Bulletin of ChelSU. – 2015. – No. 17 (372). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-podgotovke-voditeley (date of access: 21.04.2024).
17. In what year did they start issuing car licenses. Auto portal Vezdekhod. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ppr-vezdekhod.ru/v-kakom-godu-nachali-vydavat-prava-na-avtomobil/ (date of access: 02/04/2024).
18. Engelmeyer P.K., Baryshev V.I. Guide to testing drivers. – Moscow: t-vo skoropaech. A.A. Levenson, 1910. – 30 p.
19. Morozov A. Wheels of history: traffic rules of a century ago. LiveJournal – Live Journal. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://hist-etnol.livejournal.com/5014186.html (date of access: 02/04/2024).
20. Shlyakhtinsky K.V. Automobile in Russia: History of the automobile. – Moscow: Hobbikniga, 1993. – 95 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, assistant of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
MEASURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE COERCION USED TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS IN CASES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT
The relationship between private and public law depends, among other things, on the level of development of society and the relevant relations to be protected. Speaking of family relations, it is impossible not to mention the fact that they can often hide illegal actions committed inside and in relation to family members under the plausible pretext of “private life”. At the same time, this article will not discuss the constitutional and legal foundations of this concept. The author argues that the provision of administrative and legal protection to victims of domestic violence is a public necessity of social support from the state for less protected and vulnerable members of society. Using the example of New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom, this article shows how a mechanism for administrative and legal protection of family members in case of domestic violence can be implemented.
Keywords: administrative coercion, domestic violence, family members, administrative and legal protection, administrative responsibility, jurisdictional powers.
Bibliographic list
1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.areyouok.org.nz/get-support/
2. See: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2018/0046/latest/whole.html#LMS112972
3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1997/0092/latest/DLM417725.html
4. Harassment Act 1997. Art. 4.
5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2023C00448/Download See: Family Law Act 1975. section 60.
6. See: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/domestic-abuse-how-to-get-help
7. See: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1998/1071/article/25 Family Homes and Domestic Violence (Northern Ireland) Order 1998.
8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cps.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/publications/cps-vawg-report-2017_1.pdf#page=42
9. Serious Crime Act 2015. Art. 76.
10. Tokelau Police Regulations 1989. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1989/0270/latest/DLM3718708.html?search=ts_regulation%40deemedreg_police_resel_25_a&p=2
11. Independent Police Conduct Authority Act 1988. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1988/0002/latest/whole.html#DLM126236

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
YAMALITDINOV Ayrat Aidarovich
senior lecturer of Professional training y of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
CHETVERIKOVA Alexandra Ivanovna
senior lecturer of Administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
KOVGAN Ekaterina Yurjevna
lecturer of Administrative law sub-faculty of the Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
KUZNETSOV Alexander Vladimirovich
lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF FAIRNESS AND PROPORTIONAL ITY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LEGISLATION: ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS
This article examines the understanding of the principle of fairness and proportionality in the context of the imposition of administrative penalties. The authors note that these principles have not been directly consolidated in administrative legislation, while they are clearly reflected in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors note the need to include these principles in administrative legislation in the form of a separate legal norm, which will contribute to the formation of a clear understanding of the principles under consideration, will avoid differences in their interpretation, and also exclude controversial situations in determining the proportionality of measures taken by state bodies.
Keywords: the principle of justice, the principle of proportionality, administrative legislation, principles of law, principles of administrative law.
Article bibliography
1. Avzalova E. R. The concept of a fair trial: taking into account the position of the ECHR // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2019. – Vol. 8-2 (95). – P. 61-64.
2. Davydov K. V. Principles of administrative law: towards building a universal system // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2019. – No. 4 (39). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsipy-administrativnogo-prava-k-postroeniyu-universalnoy-sistemy (date accessed: 02.06.2024).
3. Eremina E. V. The principle of proportionality (proportionality) as a basic principle of administrative law // Bulletin of science and education. – 2021. – No. 15-1 (118). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsip-sorazmernosti-proportsionalnosti-kak-bazovyy-printsip-administrativnogo-prava (date accessed: 02.06.2024).
4. Kovalishina K. V. Problems of observance of human rights in the framework of the implementation of the principles of proportionality, fairness and individualization of administrative punishment // Ocean management. – 2022. – No. 4 (18). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-soblyudeniya-prav-cheloveka-v-ramkah-realizatsii-printsipov-sorazmernosti-spravedlivosti-i-individualizatsii (date of access: 02.06.2024).
5. Panov A. B. On justice in administrative law // Bulletin of Economics, Management and Law. – 2012. – No. 3 (20). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-spravedlivosti-v-administrativnom-prave (date of access: 02.06.2024).
6. Tretyakov V. A. Implementation of the principle of proportionality in Russian legislation // Legal science. – 2021. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/realizatsiya-printsipa-sorazmernosti-proportsionalnosti-v-rossiyskom-zakonodatelstve (date of access: 02.06.2024).

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
BELYAKOVICH Elena Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, doctoral student of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Judge of the Commercial Court of Central District
RELATIVE INDEFINITENESS CATEGORY IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE PERIOD
The temporal aspect of the regulation of legal relations in administrative procedure includes the rules for calculating the administrative procedure period, which can be determined not only by means of calendar units of time, but also through relatively indefinite duration. The issue under consideration is described through the lens of the integrative concept of the administrative process. It is discussed that the use of relatively indefinite temporal categories when calculating administrative procedure periods seems inevitable and reasonable, as it allows taking into account specific circumstances and implementing efficiently the independent regulation, providing reasonably required and sufficient time in the context of administrative procedure activities. Examples of the statutory consolidation of relatively indefinite administrative procedure periods are given. The issue of correlation of relatively indefinite temporal categories with fixed time periods is highlighted. It is noted that in order to determine correctly and reasonably the temporal duration, to ensure the temporal consistency of administrative procedure actions, the category of reasonableness serves as the main benchmark when using relatively indefinite administrative procedure periods.
Keywords: temporality, administrative process, litigation, integrity, timeliness, reasonableness, evaluation
Article bibliography
1. Vlasenko N. A., Nazarenko T. N. Uncertainty in law: concepts and forms // State and Law. 2007. No. 6.
2. Druzhkova E. V. Procedural deadlines in legal regulation of proceedings on administrative offenses: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. St. Petersburg, 2015.
3. Dugenets A. S. Procedural deadlines in proceedings on administrative offenses: Monograph. Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2002.
4. Zelentsov A. B., Yastrebov O. A. Modern models of administrative-procedural regulation: experience of comparative legal research // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2022. No. 3. P. 96-130. DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2022.3.96.130.
5 . Zueva L. Yu. Procedural deadlines in proceedings on administrative offenses: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. M., 2014.
6. Ignatenko V. V. Legal quality of laws on administrative offenses: theoretical and applied problems: diss. … doctor of law. Ekaterinburg, 1999.
7. Kashanina T. V. Evaluative concepts in Soviet law // Jurisprudence. 1976. No. 1. P. 28.
8. Kashanina T. V. Legal technique: Textbook. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2011.
9 . Kosareva N. V. Time limits in proceedings on administrative offenses: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 2013.
10. Meshcheryakova T. R. Time limits in the legislation on administrative offenses: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Ekaterinburg, 2011.
11. Opalev R. O. Evaluation concepts in arbitration and civil procedural law: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Ekaterinburg, 2008.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
BEKHZODI Faizullo Abdulozoda
adjunct of the 3rd year of the Faculty of Training Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF SOME PARTICIPANTS IN PROCEEDINGS ON CASES OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES IN THE FIELD OF MIGRATION UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the administrative and legal status of some participants in proceedings in cases of administrative offenses. The norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Administrative Code of the Republic of Tatarstan are analyzed. Conclusions are formulated regarding the improvement of the current regulatory legal regulation of the legal status of participants in proceedings. The study is carried out using the example of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses in the field of migration.
Keywords: proceedings in cases of administrative offenses; administrative offenses in the field of migration; defender; production participants; migration.
Article bibliographic list
1. Goloshchapova K. V., Polonsky D. M. On the issue of participants in proceedings on administrative offenses // International Journal of Humanities and natural sciences. – 2021. – No. 6-2 (57). – P. 149-153.
2. Litvinenko A. V. Consideration in courts ofgeneral jurisdiction of cases of administrative offenses in the field of migration: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.14; [Place of protection: Russian Academy of Justice]. – Moscow, 2012. – 22 p.
3. Malakhov S. A. The state of normative legal regulation of legal assistance in proceedings on cases of administrative offenses // Law and Right. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 48-53.
4. Nikonorov E. A. Some features of the administrative-procedural status of a witness and an attesting witness as participants in proceedings on cases of administrative offenses // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 156-161.
5. Popugaev Yu. I. Prospects for improving the institution of legal assistance to a person against whom proceedings are being conducted on an administrative offense // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 95-96.

CIVIL LAW
ANANJEVA Ekaterina Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Institute for the Training of State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of the FPS of Russia
IVLIEV Pavel Valentinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Institute for Training State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of the FPS of Russia
LEGAL REGULATION OF PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN MASS MEDIA AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
This article examines the objective need for interaction between government and municipal authorities with the media. The main problems and difficulties that impede cooperation between the media and the authorities are touched upon. The features of the managerial influence of government bodies on the public masses through the media are considered. The high importance and mutual necessity of interaction between government bodies and the media is analyzed. Effective ways to improve this interaction are proposed.
Keywords: family legislation, civil legislation, media, government bodies, law enforcement agencies, judicial system, information, municipal government bodies, television, Internet.
Article bibliography
1. Ananyeva E. O., Ivliev P. V. Legal regulation of the digitalization of civil society // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 11 (203). – P. 55-57.
2. Ananyeva E. O., Ivliev P. V. On the problem of the formation of the information society in the new technological era // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 11 (203). – pp. 95-98.

CIVIL LAW
BOYARSKAYA Yuliya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY AN UNMANNED VEHICLE
The article analyzes the prospects for the development of unmanned vehicles in the Russian Federation. The author noted that despite the active development of highly automated transport, today there is a problem of improving existing, as well as the formation of new regulatory governing relations on the use of unmanned vehicles.
In the work, the author identifies the problem of determining the responsible person in the event of harm caused during the operation of unmanned vehicles as a source of increased danger. An attempt has been made to propose a new approach to the legal regulation of liability for damage caused by an unmanned vehicle.
Keywords: unmanned vehicle, highly automated vehicle, fully automated vehicle.
Article bibliography
1. Vavilin E. V. Unmanned vehicles: from terminology to new legal regimes // Business and Law. – 2023. – No. 8 (559). – P. 3-21.
2. Vavilin E. V. Liability for harm caused by an unmanned vehicle // Business and Law. – 2023. – No. 10 (561). – P. 3-11.
3. Vasilevskaya L. Yu., Poduzova E. B., Tasalov F. A. Digitalization of civil turnover: problems and development trends (civilistic study): monograph: in 5 volumes. Vol. I / Ed. L. Yu. Vasilevskaya. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – P. 5.
4. Krasavchikov O. A. Selected works: in 2 volumes. Vol. 2. 2nd ed., stereotype. – M .: Statut, 2017. – P. 291.
5. Li C., Meng S. Non-contractual liability for damage caused by unmanned vehicles // Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 52.
6. Fedorov D. V. Innocent liability for causing harm during the operation of a highly automated and fully automated vehicle as a source of increased danger // Bulletin of civil law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 191-211.

CIVIL LAW
VOYKOVA Natalya Andreevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF “CONTROL” AND “COERCION” ” IN CIVIL LAW RELATIONS
The article deals with the correlation of the concepts of ‘control’ and ‘supervision’ in civil law relations, as well as the functions they fulfil. Coercion is considered as a way of protection of civil rights, control – as an institution, the purpose of which is to prevent and detect offenses by means of state coercive measures. It is noted that civil law coercion is characterized by the fact that it has a material nature; it is aimed at the protection of property rights; it is applied at the discretion of the injured party. Civil law control is also of a material nature and, rather, of a regulatory nature, and is exercised by the controlling subject in relation to the controlled. The goals of civil-law coercion become the settlement of relations within the society in the state and social stability, and control – ensuring the realization of subjective rights conceived by the state. In this article the author considers various opinions of research scientists on the issue of dispositive nature of the institutions of control and supervision.
Keywords: control, coercion, civil law relations, subjective law, dispositivity, civil law, public law.
Article bibliographic list
1. Asknaziy S.I. Civil and administrative law in the socialist system of reproduction. – Scientific notes of Leningrad State University. Series of legal sciences, 1951. – Vol. 3. – P. 72.
2. Belyaev V. P. Control and supervision as forms of legal activity: issues of theory and practice: dissertation … Doctor of Law: 12.00.01; [Place of protection: State Budgetary Institution of Higher Professional Education Saratov State Academy of Law]. – Saratov, 2006. – 436 p.
3. Voikova N. A., Berman A. M. The concepts of “supervision” and “control” in civil law regulation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023 . – No. 8 (183). – P. 118-121.
4. Grabko O. V. Civil-legal control under Russian law: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03; [Place of protection: FGAOU [VO “Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia”]. – Moscow, 2022. – 201 p.
5. Krokhina M. S. Control powers of participants in relative civil legal relations: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03; [Place of protection: FGKOU VO Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia] . – Vladivostok, 2022. – 249 p.
6. Miroshnik M. A. Coercion in Russian civil law: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03; [Place of protection: Saratov state legal academy. ]. – Saratov, 2016. – 228 p.
7. Mogilevsky S. D. Limited Liability Company: Legislation and Practice of Its Application. – M.: Statut, 2010. – P. 89.
8. Tarasov A. M. State control in Russia. – M.: CONTINENT, 2008. – P. 12.
9. Pokrovsky I. A . Main problems of civil law. – M.: Statut, 1998. – P. 43–44.
10. Frolova E. E. Licensing of banking operations as a form of state regulation of banking activities (theory, practice, problems): dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.14; [Place of protection: Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation]. – Moscow, 2004. – 189 p.
11. Frolova E. E. Types of state control within the framework of the financial activities of the state // Izvestia Irkutsk State Economic Academy. – 2010. – No. 5. – P. 136-143.
12. Shitkin A. O. Corporate control under the law of Russia and the USA: concept, grounds and legal consequences of occurrence: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00. 03; [Place of protection: Moscow State University named after M. Yu. Lomonosov]. – Moscow, 2020. – 245 p.
13. Yakovlev V. F. The rule of law: issues of formation. – M .: Statut, 2012. – P. 33.

CIVIL LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty of the Russian branch of the Russian State University of Justice
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF LEGITIMIZING THE DISTRIBUTION OF RISKS IN A CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
The article proposes to consider the distinction between risk distribution in a construction contract and other contractual obligations. According to the author, the study of law enforcement practice shows that controversial issues of the legal qualification of construction contracts have acquired special significance and require legislative resolution. The specificity of the content of the emerging relationship between the parties and the wording used in the contract cannot lead to the correct qualification of the contract. In particular, the problems of risk distribution in a construction contract.
Keywords: construction contract; legal qualification of a construction contract; responsibility of the parties in a construction contract; distribution of risks in a construction contract.
Article bibliographic list
1. Krivushin A. V., Petrochenko V. M., Fedorov A. G. Risks of the customer when concluding a contract // Study notes of the Tambov branch of the Russian Scientific and Technical University. – 2021. – No. 21. – P. 97-105.
2. Charykova N. V. Additional works not subject to payment under the contract // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Law. – 2020. – Vol. 5. Issue. 4. – P. 112-114.
3. Baulin A. V., Perunov A. S. Methods for accounting for additional works during the construction of facilities // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2020. – Vol. 12. No. 5. – P. 6.
4. Anpilov S. M., Mikhailov A. V., Sorochaikin A. N. Construction control as a legal means ensuring proper performance of contract work // Expert: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 2 (11). – P. 77.
5. Baulin A. V., Perunov A. S. Methods for accounting for additional work during the construction of facilities // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2020. – Volume 12. No. 5. – P. 6.

CIVIL LAW
DUBROVINA Anastasiya Nikolaevna
student of Civil and private international law sub-faculty of the Volgograd State University
GONCHAROV Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, professor of Civil and international private law sub-faculty of the Volgograd State University, professor of Banking sub-faculty of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
MARITAL AND FAMILY RELATIONS OF SPOUSES – INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS: PROBLEMS OF CONTRACTUAL REGULATION
The authors of the article identified conflicts arising in the conclusion of a marriage contract between individual entrepreneurs. It is noted that the absence of the definition of “extremely unfavorable position” in the Family Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which gives rise to the problem of evaluation by the courts of the circumstances arising after the conclusion of the marriage contract by the spouses, which were not prescribed in it and were not stipulated earlier. To eliminate this conflict, the authors propose the wording of paragraph 2 of Article 44 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation: “The court may also declare the marriage contract invalid in whole or in part at the request of one of the spouses, if the terms of the contract put this spouse in an extremely unfavorable position.” In the process of researching problematic aspects of the legal content of the marriage contract, the problem of validity of concluding several marriage contracts by a married couple of individual entrepreneurs was revealed.
Keywords: prenuptial agreement, spouses, extreme disadvantage, sole proprietors, notary, personal non-property relations, “pacta sunt servanda”.
Bibliographical list:
1. Astapova T. Yu. the principle of equality of rights of spouses in a marriage contract // Notary. – 2019. – № 5.
2. Belova I. E. Traditions and innovations of the institution of marriage contract in Russia // Education and law. – 2022. – № 1.
3. Gogurchunova Z. S. Recognition of a marriage contract as invalid by court // Civil service and personnel. – 2022. – № 1.
4. Zamriy O. N. Imbalance of interests of spouses (former spouses) in property relations as a prerequisite for reforming family and civil legislation // Bulletin of TvSU. Series: Law. – 2019. – № 4.
5. Zykov S. V. Personal non-property rights of spouses: the need for legal regulation // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2019. – No. 2.
6. Inshakova A. O. Law and information technology transformations of public relations in the context of industry 4.0 // Legal paradigm. – 2019. – No. 4.
7. Kudryavtseva L. V., Tkachenko S. D. Problems of legal regulation of a marriage contract // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10.
8. Myskin A. V. On the issue of the admissibility of spouses concluding two or more marriage contracts // Family and housing law. – 2021. – No. 1.
9. Rudykh S. D., Sukhanova D. A. Problems of implementing a marriage contract in Russia // Issues of Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 24.
10. Sharygina A. S. Some problems of functioning of the institution of marriage contract in the Russian Federation // Law. Right. State. – 2023. – No. 1.

CIVIL LAW
IVLIEV Pavel Valentinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Institute for Training State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of the FPS of Russia
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEASING MARKET IN MODERN RUSSIA
This article examines the objective need to develop and adopt at the state level a set of measures necessary for the development of financial leasing in modern Russia. The development of leasing relations today is an important factor in attracting investment in the renovation and development of domestic infrastructure and the development of the state economy. It is the state, through the regulatory framework, that must create fertile soil for the development of financial leasing. This article analyzes the gaps in the legislation regulating leasing legal relations and proposes effective measures to eliminate the above gaps.
Keywords: lessor, financial lease, civil code, lessee, leasing companies, lessor, investment , creditor, bankruptcy, pledge.
Article bibliography:
1. “Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two)” dated 26.01.1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on 01.07. 2021, as amended on 07/08/2021).
2. Federal Law “On Financial Lease (Leasing)” dated 10/29/1998 No. 164-FZ (latest revision).
3. Ananyeva E. O., Ivliev P.V. “Agroleasing as a way to support agriculture in modern conditions” // Law and Right. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 65-67.

CIVIL LAW
KLIMENKO Alevtina Igorevna
postgraduate student, lecturer of Civil and business law sub-faculty of the Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management
THE PROBLEM OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF RECOMMENDATION TECHNOLOGIES BY SOME MARKETPLACES IN RUSSIA
The legal regulation of marketplaces is developing rapidly . One of the first was the law published 07/31/2023 No. 408-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law” On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”. The author analyzed the concept of recommendation systems, studied the experience of digital sites in fulfilling the requirements of legislation in the field of information security on the use of algorithms, established the existence of legal uncertainty in the use of recommendation systems by marketplaces. Due to the lack of research in this area, the work has novelty and uniqueness, it is possible to use the work as a scientific commentary or auxiliary educational material to Article 10.2-2 of Federal Law No. 408.
Keywords: recommendation technologies, algorithms, marketplaces.
Article bibliography
1. Kashanin A. V. Uncertainty of law and discretion of the law enforcement officer as limitations of the use of centralized regulation methods // Issues of state and municipal administration.
2. Islamova S. A., Lipanikova N. V. Review of recommender systems. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38048601.
3. Akhmedova M. R. Features of the formation of artificial intelligence technologies in Russia and abroad// Regional and industry economics. 2022. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-formirovaniya-tehnologiy-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-rossii-i-za-rubezhom (date of access : 06.06.2024).

CIVIL LAW
LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
ON THE ISSUE OF THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT
This article presents a study of some problematic issues of the application of the provisions of current legislation in relation to the institution of family law of the Russian Federation – the marriage contract. The author notes that the development of economic relations, the growth of property wealth and legal awareness contributes to the growth of the importance of the marriage contract as an important regulator of marital property relations, reducing conflict and complexity in resolving issues of ownership, use and disposal of property that belonged to the spouses before marriage, acquired property, as well as property that will be acquired in the future.
The paper notes that the institution of the contractual regime of marital property acts as a revived novel that appeared in family law in 1996 after the change in the economic paradigm, and its use is not widespread, including due to the ambiguity of legal regulation and interpretation of some provisions. At the same time, the institution of the marriage contract needs to be developed both through theoretical understanding and analysis, and through the processing and generalization of the practice of its functioning and use within the framework of the national legal system in its entirety, which, in turn, will expand its use by spouses, and, consequently, significantly reduce the number of legal disputes when the division of the property of the spouses is considered in the courts.
Keywords: marriage, the marriage contract, the property of the spouses, the legal regime of the property of the spouses, the civil contract, the agreement on the division of property. persons entering into marriage.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gleba O. V. Some problems of regulating the marriage contract under Russian legislation // Modern family: new answers to old questions. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Rusains”, 2023. – P. 82-94.
2. Emelina L. A. Marriage contract as a method of legal protection of business // Family business & quality of the legal environment. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2023. – P. 484-495.
3. Dobrovinskaya A. V. Liability of spouses for failure to comply with the terms of a marriage contract and an agreement on the division of a business // The legal fate of a business in case of divorce and inheritance: Monograph / Editors I. V. Ershova, A. N. Levushkin. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2022. – P. 44-52.
4. Zhabotinsky M. V. The Role of the Marriage Contract in establishing rights to a family business between spouses // The legal fate of a business upon divorceka and inheritance: Monograph / Editors I. V. Ershova, A. N. Levushkin. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2022. – Pp. 393-399.
5. Yezhova T. B. Features of the legal nature and subject composition of a marriage contract in the Republic of Belarus // Social, economic and legal studies. – 2022. – No. 2 (68). – Pp. 32-37.
6. Shastina A. R. International legal experience in the field of concluding a marriage contract // Baikal Research Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – Pp. 321-329.
7. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 11.04.2023 No. 33-KG23-2-K3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” Version Prof. (date of access: 31.05.2024).
8. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 26.05.2020 No. 78-KG20-14. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” Version Prof. (date of access: 02.06.2024).
9. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 12.07.2022 in case No. 77-KG22-2-K1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” Version Prof. (date of access: 02.06.2024).
10. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated January 20, 2021 in case No. 11-KAD20-6-K6. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” Version Prof. (date of access: 03.06.2024).
11. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated May 29, 2024 No. 1 (2024). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” Version Prof. (date of access: 06/03/2024).

CIVIL LAW
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Samara State University of Economics
SHISH KIN Nikolay Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the Institute of Law of the Samara State University of Economics
REALIZATION OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS
At the present stage of the development of law, civil human rights are an integral element of the successful functioning of society and its development. Civil human rights exist in all spheres of public life. They manifest themselves when purchasing certain goods, property, when functioning in society and interacting with it. Currently, it is difficult to imagine life without the implementation of transactions of purchase and sale, lease, hiring, lending, provision of services, and the use of the results of intellectual activity. All of these areas are the sphere of civil law relations. In each such civil legal relationship, the participants in civil rights are assigned the appropriate rights and obligations. In this regard, it can be said that civil rights are of great importance in modern society, since everyone regularly enters into civil relations. The absence of human rights enshrined at the legislative level would lead to disorganization of civil law relations and public life in general. The observance and exercise of civil duties by one party simultaneously acts as observance of the civil rights of the other party. These circumstances require further research in the field of civil rights in the Russian Federation. In the course of the work carried out, an analysis of civil studies in the field of civil rights in the Russian Federation was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the legal regulation of the exercise of civil rights in the Russian Federation. In particular, it is necessary for legislators to qualify signs and strict criteria for actions bypassing the law and transactions concluded with an illegal purpose or knowingly unfair exercise of civil rights, in order to exclude arbitrary decisions in determining such actions and transactions as falling under Article 10 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: civil relations, actions, transactions, the principle of good faith, protection of civil rights.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gribanov V. P. Implementation and protection of civil rights. – Moscow: Statut, 2001.
2. Ulezko A. Yu. Civil-legal conditions caused by mental disorder // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 10 (226).
3. Lozovskaya S. O. Legal capacity of persons recognized as incapacitated and partially incapacitated due to a mental disorder // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2023. – No. 5 (105).
4. Pryanzersky S. N. Legal principles and limits of the exercise of civil rights // Bulletin of the Cluster University. – 2022. – No. 7 (7).
5. Mongush B. M. Limits of the exercise of civil rights // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2021. – No. 1-5 (112).
6. Bersenev A. A., Miroshnichenko A. V. Theoretical and historical aspects of abuse of rights in domestic civil law // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 11-3.
7. Vitryansky V. V. Limits of implementation and methods of protection of civil rights: problems of judicial interpretation // Problems of implementation and protection of civil rights: collection of articles for the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor V. P. Gribanov / eds. E. A. Sukhanov and A. E. Sherstobitov; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Law, Department of Civil Law. – Moscow: Statute, 2021.

CIVIL LAW
MURADOV Maksud Arsenovich
student of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GUSEYNOVA Larisa Vagidovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GUARANTEE AS ​​A WAY TO ENSURE THE FULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
A guarantee is one of the main ways to ensure the fulfillment of obligations in modern law. It represents an obligation of a third party (the guarantor) to the creditor under the obligation of the debtor. The guarantee can be provided by both an individual and a legal entity. The article discusses the main aspects of the use of an independent guarantee, its legal status, and the specifics of domestic and international regulation. Also, this article discusses topical issues related to its application in modern business conditions.
Keywords: independent guarantee, Civil Code, guarantor, beneficiary, internal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. “Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One)” dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on July 24, 2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on October 1, 2023).
2. Federal Law “On Amendments to Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” dated March 8, 2015 No. 42-FZ (latest revision).
3. Review of judicial practice in resolving disputes related to the application of legislation on an independent guarantee (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, June 5, 2019). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72160336/#:~:text=Violations committed during the issuance of an independent guarantee may be opposed to the beneficiary’s demand for payment under the guarantee if he was a party to the agreement on the issuance of the guarantee and knew about these violations. (date of access: 25.02.2024).
4. Alibekova R. A. Features of an independent guarantee as a way to ensure the fulfillment of obligations // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2023. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-nezavisimoy-garantii-kak-sposoba-obespecheniya-ispolneniya-obyazatelstv (date of access: 25.02.2024).
5. Rudova O. A. Independent guarantee and surety in the system of methods for ensuring the fulfillment of obligations in Russia and abroad: comparative characteristics // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – No. 10 (67). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimaya-garantiya-i-poruchitelstvo-v-sisteme-sposobov-obespecheniya-ispolneniya-obyazatelstv-v-rossii-i-za-rubezhom (date of access: 02/25/2024).

CIVIL LAW
SMOLINA Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, Counselor of the Justice 3rd Class, Advisor of the 1nd Class of the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, Deputy head of the division of viticulture, winemaking and tobacco products of the Department of food and processing industry of Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
TRANSACTIONS WITH WATER RESOURCES VIA DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN THE LIGHT OF IMPROVEMENTS OF CIVIL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND WATER CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article studies the legal regulation of transactions carried out via digital platforms by the Water Code of the Russian Federation in the light of the specific features of transactions with water resources. In order to apply digital platforms to transactions with natural resources, it is suggested to classify transactions with natural resources based on the special property right applicable to natural resources in Russia (Art. 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) by the method of using the resources into transactions without extraction of natural resources and transactions with extraction of natural resources. It demonstrates the essence and specificity of transactions with water resources carried out via digital platforms with extraction of water resources in the civil and regulatory aspects. The article points out common material conditions of transactions with water resources with the extraction of water resources (Articles 11-14 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation). The study is based on the author’s concept of transactions via a digital platform in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: digital economy, transactions via digital platform, transaction with natural resources, water resources.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 237. – December 25, 1993.
2. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994, No. 51-FZ // SZ RF. – 12/05/1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
3. The Water Code of the Russian Federation // SZ RF. – 06/05/2006. – No. 23. – Art. 2381.
4. Abova T. E. Transactions in modern civil law. Recognizing them as not concluded or invalid // Transactions in civil and family law, forms of protection of rights and interests of transaction participants: collection of articles / edited by T. E. Abova. – M .: Prospect, 2017 .– 212 p.
5. Abramov V. V. Contractual regulation of water use in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2019 .– 34 p.
6. Bogolyubov S. A. Land legislation and the Concept of development of civil legislation // Journal of Russian law. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 38-47 @@ SPS “Consultant Plus”.
7. Bykov A. Yu. Law of the digital economy: some national economic and political risks. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 24 p.
8. Brinchuk M. M. Special legal regime of natural resources: the concept of nature as a national treasure // Environmental law. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 3-10 @@ SPS “Consultant Plus”.
9. Peretersky I. S. Transactions, contracts. Scientific commentary on the Civil Code of the RSFSR / Ed. S. M. Prushitsky, S. I. Raevich. Issue V. – M.: Legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, 1929.
10. Sadikov O. N. Invalid and failed transactions // Legal world. – 2000. – No. 6. – P. 7-11.
11. Sadikov O. N. Concept of development of civil legislation // Concepts of development of civil legislation / Ed. by T. Ya. Khabrieva, Yu. A. Tikhomirov, Yu. P. Orlovsky. – M.: Gorodets, 2004.
12. Sivakov D. O. Trends in legal regulation of water management activities. – M.: IZiSP, Jurisprudence, 2012. – 352 p. @@ SPS “Consultant plus”.
13. Smolina O. S. Electronic documents as evidence in arbitration proceedings // Journal of Russian Law. – 2012. – No. 10. – P. 116-124.
14. Smolina O. S. Digital traces of facts as evidence in economic disputes in arbitration proceedings // Contribution of young scientists to the development of legal science of the Republic of Belarus: collection of materials of the VIII Int. scientific. conf., Minsk, October 24, 2019 / Nat. Center for Legislation and Legal Research of the Republic of Belarus; editorial board. S.M. Sivets [and others]. – Minsk: Kolorgrad, 2019. – P. 133-136.
15. Smolina O. S. The concept of transactions through a digital platform in light of the improvement of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 8. – P. 120-126.
16. Khalfina R. O. Commentary on Art. 166 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with amendments and additions by Korshunova N. M. // Scientific and practical commentary to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In 2 vols. Vol. 1 Parts I and II of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Ed. by T. E. Abova, A. Yu. – 7th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2012. – 923 p.
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18. Swiss banks close accounts of Russians. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://finance.mail.ru/2024-03-27/shveycarskie-banki-zakryvayut-scheta-rossiyan-60398194/ (date accessed: 03/27/2024).
19. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated November 30, 2021 No. 2642-O “On the termination of proceedings in the case on verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 102 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Article 11 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of citizen A.E. Shigorev” // SPS Consultant plus.
20. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated 02.02.2022 No. F05-28295 / 2021 in case No. A40-30848 / 2021 // SPS Consultant plus.
21. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated September 24, 2018 No. F09-5376/18 in case No. A60-60191/2017 // SPS Consultant plus.
22. Weil P. Digital transformation of business: Changing the business model for the next generation organization / Peter Weil, Stephanie Warner; Transl. from English. – M .: Alpina Publisher, 2019. – 257 p.
23. Moazed A. Platform: practical application of a revolutionary business model / Alex Moazed, Nicholas Johnson; Transl. from English. – M.: Alpina Publisher, 2019. – 288 pp.
24. Brynjolfsson E., Mcafee A. The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. – W. W. Norton &Company, 2014 – 320 p.
25. Rohn D., Bican P. M., Brem A., Kraus S., Clauss T. Digital platform-based business models – An exploration of critical success factors // Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. – Volume 60, April–June 2021, 101625. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092347482100014X (date of access: 01/16/2024).
26. Schneier B. Data and Goliath: the hidden battles to collect yours data and control your world. – New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company Collection, 2015. – 383 p.

CIVIL LAW
TELNOV Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, General Counsel of the Sberbank Factoring LLC
FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION BY ENGLISH LEGISLATION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION AGAINST DEFAMATION OF THE REPUTATION OF ENGLAND, AS WELL AS BODIES AND PERSONS ACTING ON BEHALF AND IN THE INTERESTS OF THE ENGLISH STATE
The article analyzes the legislation of England, which contains the capabilities of the state, as well as bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of the state, which provide legal protection of their reputation from defamation (from the dissemination of false defamatory information). The object of the study were: the phenomena of public relations with examples of their legislative regulation in cases of defamation; the procedure for resolving situations related to the dissemination of information representing a controversial defamatory statement of facts or opinions that negatively affect the reputation of the state and public persons directly related to the state; procedural issues that are resolved by subjects affected by defamation; initiation procedures the legal protection of these persons of their violated intrinsic benefits and rights from defamation. It is concluded that the bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of England, along with other affected entities, have equal rights to protect their reputation from defamation. And in fact, they have equal opportunities to use the methods provided for by English law to protect their reputation from defamation, even under the conditions of the proclaimed right to freedom of expression. Successful protection of the reputation of bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of England, reliably secured by the current legislation of the state, has a positive effect on the reputation of the English state as a whole.
Keywords: defamation, England, the state, bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of the state, protection of civil rights, intangible benefits, reputation.
Article bibliography
1. Baganova F.K. Development of legislation on the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation on the example of Great Britain // International scientific journal “Bulletin of Science”. – 2023. – No. 3 (60). T. 2. – P . 138-139.
2. Perova N. A. Restrictions on freedom of speech and protection of the right to dignity and reputation in the judicial practice of Great Britain and the USA // Bulletin of MGIMO-University. – 2011. – No. 4 (19). – pp. 261-267. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2011-4-19-261-267.
3. Barendt E., Lustgarten L., Norrie K., Stephenson H. Libel and the media the chilling effect. – Oxford: Oxford University press. – 2004. – P. 3.
4. Barendt E. E. Libel and Freedom of Speech in English Law // Public Law. – 1993. – pp. 449-453.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
Lawyer of the Leningrad regional bar association, branch of the Law Firm “Pelevin and Partners”
TYPES OF SURGEON’S RESPONSIBILITY TO THE PATIENT FOR THE PROVISION OF MEDICAL SERVICES OF INADEQUATE QUALITY
The article presents the negative consequences of poorly performed plastic surgery. The types of liability of plastic surgeons for poor-quality medical care to a patient are disclosed: civil, disciplinary, administrative and criminal. It is concluded that the actions of clinic employees fulfilling their obligations are considered to be the actions of the clinic itself. It was revealed that the actions of clinic employees fulfilling their obligations are considered to be the actions of the clinic itself. The problem of competition of criminal law norms, which complicates the qualification of crimes, is highlighted. It is concluded that a plastic surgeon should not be considered responsible for the mandatory results of treatment (surgery), but he should be responsible for culpable violation of obligations regarding funds. It is established that the evidence of medical incompetence (negligence) is the conclusion of an independent forensic medical examination. It is suggested that in order to ensure the rights of patients (their relatives) and doctors, the issue of introducing compulsory medical liability insurance is currently overdue.
Keywords: doctor, surgeon, clinic, medical organization, responsibility, harm, moral harm, medical care, medical services, plastic surgery, guilt, health, medical secrecy.
Article bibliography
1. Decision of the Yessentuki City Court of the Stavropol Territory dated April 20, 2023 in case No. 2-38/2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://sudact.ru.
2. Appellate ruling of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated March 3, 2020 in case No. 33-4157/2020. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
3. Batyukova V. E. On the responsibility of doctors for mistakes made // Public service and law. 2019. No. 1.
4. Bimbinov A. A. Analysis of the practice of bringing medical workers to criminal liability: some conclusions // Criminal law. 2019. No. 6.
5. Starchikov M. Yu. Civil liability of medical organizations for harm caused to the life (health) of patients in the provision of medical services. Theoretical provisions and judicial practice. M., 2016.
6. Starchikov M. Yu. Civil regulation of relationships in the field of health care: problematic issues and judicial practice: scientific and practical manual // SPS ConsultantPlus. 2022.
7. Filimonov A. A. Features of liability of medical organizations in case of harm to life and health: civil aspect // Jurist. 2022. No. 7 // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
8. Shayakhmetova A. R. Civil liability of medical organizations: problems of legal regulation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravgos.ru/index.php/journal/article/view/197/195 (date of access: 12/22/2023).
9. Shmelev I. A., Demidovich K. V., Ryzhkova E. A. Incorrect diagnosis as a basis for collecting damages // Arbitration and civil procedure. 2022. No. 12. P. 25-29.
10. Yakovleva O. Dismissal of doctors: disputes // Labor law. 2020. No. 9.

CIVIL LAW
ALIEV Gamid Abdusalamovich
student of the 2nd course of the full-time department in the direction of 40.04.01-Jurisprudence (master’s degree level) of the Dagestan State University
THE PLACE OF APARTMENTS IN THE SYSTEM OF REAL ESTATE OBJECTS OF CIVIL LAW
In this scientific work, the concept and types of apartments are considered, its main advantages and disadvantages are revealed. In addition, a comparative analysis of apartments and other real estate, which is enshrined in Civil Law, has been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at the combined consideration and solution of problems related to the legal regime of apartments. This is important for the progress of Russian legislation, and with it, law enforcement practice in the field of real estate. Apartments are one of the types of real estate that does not have a full definition from the point of view of law, which as a result entails uncertainty of its legal status. This leads to the fact that various social and legal problems begin, therefore, the study of the legal regime is very important and relevant, because it will help to clarify and systematize the legal norms that are designed to regulate this real estate object, and also helps to identify gaps that exist in the norms of law, as well as propose developments to eliminate them.
Keywords: apartments, real estate, apartment, civil code, norms of law.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on July 24, 2023) SPS “Consultant-Plus” (date of access: March 16, 2024)
2. Draft Federal Law No. 1162929-7 “On Amendments to the Urban Development Code Russian Federation and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation in terms of regulating certain legal relations arising in connection with the construction of multifunctional buildings” SPS “Consultant-Plus” (date of access: 16.03.2024)
3. Appellate ruling of the Moscow City Court dated 20.07.2018 in case No. 33-32212/2018 SPS “Consultant-Plus” (date of access: 16.03.2024)
4. Gadzhiev M.R. Concept and characteristics of real estate in modern civil law // Legal sciences. 2023. No. 76. P. 121-123.
5. Zaychenko K.V., Lvova M.V. Apartments as a special type of real estate // Science, technology and education. 2016. No. 12 (30). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/apartamenty-kak-osobyy-vid-nedvizhimosti (date of access: 03/16/2024).
6. Kislitsina O.V. Legal regime of premises as an object of civil rights // Issues of modern jurisprudence. 2016. No. 8-9 (59). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoy-rezhim-pomescheniy-kak-obekta-grazhdanskih-prav (date of access: 03/14/2023).
7. Monastyrev M.M. Apartments, withstudios and lofts as temporary accommodation / M. M. Monastyrev // Legislation and Economics. 2015. No. 8. Pp. 51-59.
8. Nevmerzhitsky V.L. Apartments. difference from flats // Innovation management: theory, methodology, practice. 2016. No. 16. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/apartamenty-otlichie-ot-kvartir (date of access: 03/17/2024).
9. Trubilina M.A. There is an excess of apartments on the real estate market // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2023/01/16/lishnie-ploshchadi.html
10. Tsukanova E. Yu., Galshoyan A. A. Apartments as a real estate object: legal status and degree of regulatory certainty // Issues of development of modern science and technology. 2021. No. 2. P. 15-20.

CIVIL LAW
DUBININA Irina Alexeevna
master of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
LEGAL PRESUMPTIONS IN CIVIL LAW
The author examines the essence of legal presumptions in civil law. Legal presumptions are assumptions about any event, action that can give rise to legal consequences specified in the law. The following legal presumptions are enshrined in civil law: the presumption of good faith, guilt, declaring a citizen dead, recognizing a citizen as missing, presumption of authorship, etc. In the study, the author sets the following objectives: studying the structure of legal presumptions; determining the main functions of legal presumptions; identifying the relationship between legal presumptions and principles of law; establishing the characteristic features of various types of legal presumptions in civil law. The author emphasizes that legal presumptions are aimed at ensuring the stability of civil circulation. The author concludes that legal presumptions help facilitate decision-making by courts, influencing the distribution of the burden of proof and exempting the parties from proving certain facts.
Keywords: legal presumptions in civil law, general legal, inter-branch and branch legal presumptions, presumption of good faith, presumption of guilt, presumption of authorship, legal presumptions and principles of law.
Article bibliography
1. Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
2. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 46. – Art. 4532.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 23.06.2015 No. 25 “On the Application by Courts of Certain Provisions of Section I of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/71100882/ (date accessed: 10.07.2024).
4. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 2 (2015) (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 26.06.2015). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/practice/15147/ (date of access: 14.07.2024).
5. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 3 (2019) (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on 27.11.2019). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/practice/28477/ (date of access: 14.07.2024).
6. Babaev V.K. Presumptions in Russian law and legal practice // Problems of legal technique: Collection of articles / Ed. V.M. Baranov. – N. Novgorod, 2000. – P. 330.
7. Davydova M.L. Legal presumptions in the system of legal technique // Jurid. technology. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 159-170.
8. Zin N. V., Mironov V. O. Legal facts: concept, features, classification // Agrarian and land law. – 2020. – P. 56-60.
9. Levchenko O. V. Features of criminal procedural proof using individual presumptions // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. – 2012. – No. 3 (139). – P. 88-91.
10. Novitsky I. B. The principle of good conscience in the draft law of obligations // Bulletin of civil law. – 2006. – Vol. 6. No. 1. – P. 124.
11. Pronina M. P. Presumptions in modern Russian law / Ed. A. P. Kuznetsova. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2011. – 148 p.
12. Serikov Yu. A. Presumptions in civil proceedings. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2008.
13. Civil law: in 3 volumes / Ed. Yu. K. Tolstoy. – M.: Prospekt, 2013. – T. 1. – 784 p.

CIVIL LAW
DULAEVA Zarina Soslanovna
postgraduate student of the 3rd year of study of the K. L. Khetagurov North Ossetian State University, Vladikav kaz
THE INSTITUTE OF POSSESSORY PROTECTION IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION. FEATURES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
The article examines the features and prospects of the development of the institute of possessory protection in Russian civil legislation. Possession as an independent real right differs from the rightof ownership and serves as an important prerequisite for its implementation. Possessory protection is a system of legal means that ensure the inviolability of possession. The main form of its implementation is the possessory claim, which allows protecting the actual state of possession regardless of the right of ownership. The paper analyzes the features of possessory protection, its role in maintaining the stability of civil turnover, as well as modern trends in the development of this institution.
Keywords: possession, possessory protection, possessory claim , real right, civil legislation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bashirina E. N., Zakaryan A. G., Firsova N. V. Possession in the system of Russian civil legislation // International Journal of Humanities and Sciences. – 2023. – No. 1-1 (76).
2. Bondarenko I. V. Institute of proprietary protection in modern domestic civil law // In the collection: Legal science in the 21st century: current problems and prospects for their solutions. – Shakhty, 2020.
3. Gumerova A. Sh . Institute of proprietary protection in civil law // In the collection: Student of the Year 2020. Collection of articles of the International Research Competition. – Petrozavodsk, 2020.
4. Kamyshansky V. P., Mantul A. G. Civil law. Property rights : textbook / Under the general editorship of V. P. Kamyshansky. – Krasnodar: KbSAU, 2023.
5. Klimanova D. D. Protection of ownership in civil law. – Moscow, 2023. – 152 p.
6. Kondratenko Z.K., Polushin D.S. On some aspects of the institution of proprietary protection in the legislation of Russia // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 6 (198).
7. Perevoznikova P. A. Ownership protection in modern Russian legislation // Alley of science. –2022. – No. 9 (72).

CIVIL LAW
KISLITSA Andrey Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIMONOPOLY CONTROL OF ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION
This article is a comparative analysis of antitrust control mechanisms in the context of economic concentration. The work compares various approaches and tools used in different countries to prevent the formation and abuse of a dominant position in the market. The author analyzes the main aspects of antitrust regulation, including the definition and analysis of economic concentration, measures to combat unfair competition and limit monopolistic practices.
Keywords: economic concentration, antimonopoly control, comparative law, international trade.
Article bibliography
1. Zhilinsky S. E. . Entrepreneurial law (legal basis of entrepreneurial activity): textbook for universities / Preface by prof. V. F. Yakovlev. – 4th ed., amended and supplemented – M .: NORMA (Publishing house NORMA – INFRA- M), 2022. – 912 p.
2. Rubin Yu., Shustov V. From monopoly to market economy // Economy and law. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 50-58.
3. Yacheistova N. I. Antimonopoly policy – ​​international dimension // Foreign trade. – 2021. – No. 2-3. – P. 9-13.
4. Yumashev Yu. M. Competition policy and rules of the European Community (EU) // Business law in the 21st century: continuity and development. – M .: MZ Press, 2022. – 297 p.

CIVIL LAW
MAMEDOVA Gulnara Ruslanovna
adjunct of the 3rd course of the correspondence course of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Intellectual property is a new area of ​​civil law regulation, but it is already quite in demand. Today, the protection of the results of intellectual activity is based on the norms of civil, criminal and administrative legislation. Within the limits of their competence, various public authorities are responsible for the protection and protection of intellectual property rights. However, due to the fact that a number of countries are not currently friendly states for the Russian Federation, this leaves a certain imprint on interaction with them within the framework of the protection of intellectual property of our compatriots. During the research, an analysis of judicial and legal acts was carried out and the most significant risks for the protection of intellectual property rights were identified.
Keywords: intellectual property, results of intellectual activity, objects of copyright and related rights, copyright holder, principle of reciprocity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on 22.04. .2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34661/ (date of access: 23.05.2024).
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2013 No. 51 “On the commencement of activities of the Intellectual Property Rights Court”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_149167/?ysclid=lw5dbk1qas85749699 (date of access: 23.05.2024).
3. Federal Law of 03.08.2018 N 289-FZ (as amended on 26.02.2024) “On customs regulation in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_304093/69bf6f1b12f2691e771c2d7e0c1666f2b0da8aec/ (date of access: 05/23/2024).
4. Aliev S. Z. Evolution of Russian legislation regulating relations in the field of intellectual property // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2013. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evolyutsiya-rossiyskogo-zakonodatelstva-reglamentiruyuschego-otnosheniya-v-sfere-intellektualnoy-sobstvennosti (date of access: 23.05.2024).
5. Guchmazova K. Intellectual property in Russia: ways to protect and safeguard rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legal-support.ru/information/blog/zashita-prav/intellect/?ysclid=lw5bkyf1ig82994706 (date of access: 22.05.2024).
6. Zalesov A. V. On the difficulties of Russian plaintiffs in litigation involving foreigners caused by sanctions (on the example of intellectual property rights) // Bulletin of Arbitration Practice. – 2023. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.azalesov.ru/analytics/publications/o-vyzvannykh-sanktsiyami-zatrudneniyakh-rossijskikh-isttsov-v-sudebnykh-sporakh-s-uchastiem-inostrantsev-na-primere-intellektualnykh-prav (date of access: 05/23/2024).
7. Reznikova I. What is Rospatent – the Federal Service for Intellectual Property – and what does it do. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/gardium/guide/rospatent-ili-fsis-rossiyskaya-sluzhba-po-is/?ysclid=lw5bebiknq539037520 (date of access: 20.05.2024).
8. Consultant Plus Training Center “Legal Foundations of Intellectual Property. Topic 5. Protection of Intellectual Rights.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/edu/center/training/ip/theme5/?ysclid=lw593bre3i302985769 (date of access: 20.05.2024).

CIVIL LAW
MURADOV Maksud Arsenovich
student of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GUSEYNOVA Larisa Vagidovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
NOVELS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN THE FIELD OF GUARANTEE
In this article, we will consider the novelties of judicial practice in the field of surety. A surety is one of the types of obligation relations when one person (the surety) undertakes to the creditor to fulfill the debtor’s obligation in case of non-fulfillment. This institution is important for ensuring the fulfillment of debts and protecting the interests of creditors. The surety jurisprudence novel is an exploration of the legal restrictions and obligations applicable to the role of surety in banking, legal and finance. The article deals with judicial practice in the field of suretyship. In the course of the work, problems were identified that arise in judicial practice when collecting guarantees, and important changes in laws are described.
Keywords: guarantee, debt, judicial practice, debt collection, creditor.
Article bibliography
1. Innovations in judicial practice in the field of surety. Commentary on the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of July 12, 2012 No. 42 “On Certain Issues of Resolving Disputes Related to Surety” (R.S. Bevzenko, “Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation”, No. 11, 12, November, December 2012, No. 1-6, January-June 2013) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 26, 2019 No. 1 “On Amending the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2015 No. 32 “On Judicial Practice in Cases of Legalization (Laundering) of Funds or Other Property Acquired by Criminal Means, and on the Acquisition or Sale of Property, obviously obtained by criminal means” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
3. Federal Law of July 16, 1998 No. 102-FZ “On Mortgage (Real Estate Pledge)” (with amendments and additions) // Garant.

CIVIL LAW
REGUZOV Egor Yurjevich
postgraduate student of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
ISSUES OF PROTECTION OF THE APPELLATION OF ORIGIN OF GOODS
The article analyzes the main legal issues related to the registration and protection of geographical indicationns, mechanisms to ensure their lawful use, as well as problems arising in the event of violation of intellectual property rights. The work presents modern practices in the regulation and protection of appellations of origin, as well as developing trends in this area. Analysis of the presented data allows us to gain a deep understanding of the mechanisms for protecting geographical indications and their importance for the development of international trade.
Keywords: goods, legal protection, geographical indications, place of origin, international trade.
Article bibliographic list
1. Yadrevsky O. O. The nature of the main objects of intellectual property reflecting the geographical origin of goods // Journal of the Belarusian State University. Law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 54-58.
2. Ruzakova O. A., Grin’ E. S. Issues of development of legal regulation of relations, the object of which are geographical indications // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Issue. 42. – P. 685-699.
3. Eskova S. P., Kovarda V. V., Starykh S. A. On the role of the name of the place of origin of goods that are granted legal protection. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 20 (124). – pp. 303-306.

CIVIL LAW
SAMUSENKO Alexey Dmitrievich
magister student of the 2nd course of the Law School of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
LEONOV Mikhail Romanovich
assistant of International Public and private law sub-faculty of the Law School of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
MEDIATION AS A WAY TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF ENTREPRENEURS
Mediation is one of the oldest ways to protect human rights, although its relevance still remains at the level of manifestation and state interest. Special interest in this procedure arises at moments of deep and accurate understanding of all the pros and cons. This work is devoted to the mediation method of conflict resolution using the example of entrepreneurial activity. The main problems and disadvantages that seem acceptable in the modern realities of the legal application of this method are highlighted.
Keywords: mediation, mediation agreement, problems of mediation, advantages of mediation.
Article bibliography
1. Abdullaev K. A., Abramova A. V., Abyzova E. A. et al. Convergence of private-law regulation of social relations through the prism of the effectiveness of law: monograph / Ed. A. N. Levushkin, E. Kh. Nadyseva. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2023. – 672 p.
2. Privalova O. Yu. Corporate agreement. Risk analysis // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2019. – No. 4-1. – P. 163-166.
3. Rusakova E. P., Frolova E. E., Inshakova A. O. The procedure of mediation in the age of industry 4.0 // Modern Global Economic System: Evolutional Development vs. Revolutionary Leap. Institute of Scientific Communications Conference. – Cham, 2021. – pp. 947-953
4. Frolova E. E., Rusakova E. P. Trends in the development of alternative ways of dispute resolution of neo industrialization subjects // Modern Global Economic System: Evolutional Development vs. Revolutionary Leap. Institute of Scientific Communications Conference. – Cham, 2021. – pp. 1842-1849.

CIVIL LAW
TAUSHKANOV Grigoriy Vyacheslavovich
postgraduate student of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
TAKE IT LEAVE IT: THE PROBLEM OF FORCED CONSENT OF THE SUBJECT OF PERSONAL DATA ON THE INTERNET
The digital revolution has changed the way personal data is collected, processed and shared across platforms, leading to an increased focus on consent in privacy laws around the world. Consent has become the cornerstone of privacy regulations, allowing people to control their personal information and strengthen the security of the digital ecosystem. The author of the article analyzes the problematic aspects of decision-making regarding the processing of medical data on the Internet. The prerequisites for the occurrence of problems with data and some possible ways to solve them are considered.
Keywords: personal data, agreement on the processing of medical data, subject of medical data processing, informed agreement, legislation on medical data.
Article bibliography
1. Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Concluded in Strasbourg on 28.01.1981) (together with the Amendments to the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (CETS No. 108), allowing for the accession of the European Communities, adopted by the CoCommittee of Ministers in Strasbourg on 15.06.1999) // SPS-“Consultant-Plus”, 2024.
2. User agreements: why are they needed and why are they not read. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/story/238705/?ysclid=luu4acto1k951357890.
3. Saveliev A. I. Problems of applying legislation on personal data in the era of “Big Data” // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2015. – No. 1. P. 43-66. – EDN WYYJPP.
4. Trusov Yu. A., Antipov A. V. The right to be forgotten: experience of practical analysis // Digital technologies and law: Collection of scientific papers of the I International scientific and practical conference. In 6 volumes, Kazan, September 23, 2022. – Kazan: Izdatelstvo “Poznanie”, 2022. – Pp. 362-366. – EDN HAUILR.
5. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data” // SPS-“Consultant-Plus”, 2024.
6. Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31995L0046.
7. Directive 2002/58/EC concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32002L0058.

CIVIL LAW
TUPICHINSKIY Artem Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub- faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
STREAMS AND LET’S PLAYS AS EXCEPTIONS TO THE RIGHT TO REWORK DE LEGE FERENDA
The article analyzes the possibility of considering streams and let’s plays as exceptions to the right of reworking. The elements of the three-step test are scrutinized and it is concluded that streams and let’s plays pass the three-step test. It is established that usually streams and let’s plays are examples of tolerated infringement of exclusive right. The political-legal and dogmatic arguments in favor of legalizing streams and let’s plays are presented. It is proven that excluding their creation from the scope of the exclusive rights allows achieving the best balance of interests between the copyright holder, stream and let’s play creators, and society. It is proposed to supplement Article 1274 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with a new way of free use – game streaming and the publication of let’s plays.
Keywords: derivative work, reworking, stream, let’s play, three-step test, tolerated infringement.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vorozhevich A. S. Boundaries and limits of the exercise of copyright and related rights. – Moscow: Statut, 2020. – 271 p.
2. Vorozhevich A. S., Kozlova N. V. Cases of free use of copyright objects: essence, general overview // Bulletin of civil law. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 43-78.
3. Green J. All your works belong to us: new boundaries for derivative works in the field of video games // Law of the digital economy. – 2021 (17): Yearbook-anthology. – Moscow: Statut, 2021. – P. 347-397.
4. Dusolier S. Review study on copyright and related rights and the public domain. – WIPO, Committee on Development and Intellectual Property, 2011. – 95 p.
5. Ficsor M. Guide to the copyright and related rights treaties administered by WIPO. – 2003. – 319 p.
6. Hagen D. Fair use, fair play: video game performances and “let’s plays” as transformative use // Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts. – 2018. – Volume 13. Issue 3. – P. 245-274.
7. Matsui S. Does It Have to Be a Copyright Infringement: Live Game Streaming and Copyright // Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal. – 2016. – No. 24 (2). – P. 215-244.
8. Wu T. Tolerated Use // Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. – 2008. – No. 31. – P. 617-635.

CIVIL LAW
YUSUPOVA Zilya Fanilovna
Notary of the Chekmagushevsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan of the Volga Federal District
MASALIM OVA Albina Almazovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
SPECIFICS OF ESTOPPEL APPLICATION WITH RESPECT TO INVALIDITY OF TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING CONSUMERS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The author considered the specifics of applying the principle of estoppel when considering cases related to challenging invalid transactions involving consumers in the Russian Federation and applying the consequences of such invalidity. The problem of the collision of the category of consumer conscientiousness and the presumption of the consumer’s lack of special knowledge in relation to goods, works (services) was revealed. It has been determined that the application of estoppel rules to consumer transactions contradicts the very nature of such transactions. It was concluded that due to the threat of mass violation of consumer rights, the provisions of paragraph 5 of Art. 166 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation should not be applied to consumers.
Keywords: estoppel, consumers, entrepreneurs, consumer transaction, good faith, unfair behavior, invalid transaction, consumer protection.
Item-by-item bibliographic list
1. Vitryansky V.V. Reform of Russian civil legislation: interim results. 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Statut, 2018. – 528 p.
2. Korotkova V. A. Estoppel in civil law // Experiments in civilistic research: collection of articles / A. E. Ageenko, I. I. Akimova, V. A . Volgina et al.; head of the authors’ team and responsible editors A. M. Shirvindt, N. B. Shcherbakov. – M.: Statut, 2018. Issue 2. – P. 231-268.
3. Tolstoy Yu. K. Problems of improving civil legislation and ways to solve them // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 38-55.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
Lawyer of the Leningrad regional bar association, branch of the Law Firm “Pelevin and Partners”
THE PROCEDURE FOR REFUTING INFORMATION THAT IS NOT TRUE, DISSEMINATED BY THE PATIENT IN RELATION TO THE PLASTIC SURGEON, AFFECTING HIS HONOR, DIGNITY AND BUSINESS REPUTATION
The concept, essence, value of the business reputation of plastic surgeons, and ways of managing it are revealed. Special attention is paid to working with patient online reviews. The procedure for refuting non-defamatory information provided for by law is analyzed. The conditions for filing a lawsuit in court to refute defamatory information, the circumstances to be proved in this category of cases, and the composition of the claims are analyzed. of legal regulation of the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation are considered.
Keywords: doctor, plastic surgeon, reviews, patient, business reputation, protection of honor, dignity, business reputation, dissemination of information, refutation, court, mass media, Internet.
Article bibliographic list
1. Borkha S. S. Protection of business reputation of legal entities // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2021. No. 7 // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
2. Kokorin I.S., Kategov A.S., Vinogradov O.V. Legal regulation of business reputation // Leningrad. legal journal. 2019. No. 2 (56).
3. Magdilova L. V., Ragimkhanova K. T. Protection of the business reputation of a medical organization // Public service and personnel. 2021. No. 4.
4. Simonyan R. Z . On the need for legislative support for the honor, dignity and business reputation of medical workers from unlawful attacks by the media // International Research Journal. 2019. No. 5 (83).
5. Smyshlyaev A.V., Melnikov Yu.Yu ., Pavlyuk A. V. Legal aspects of protecting the honor, dignity and business reputation of a doctor in relation to publications of personal data in the public domain on the Internet // Economy and Entrepreneurship. 2018. No. 2 (91).
6. Erdelevsky A. M. Compensation for moral damage M.: R. Valent, 2007.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
ALIEVA Aishat Anvarovna
magister student of the 2nd course, profile: Actual problems of civil and arbitration procedural law of civil procedure of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASSISTANT JUDGES IN GERMANY AND RUSSIA
The article analyzes the process of institutionalization of the role of judicial assistants in the Russian legal system, emphasizing its relative novelty and importance in judicial proceedings. It is emphasized that the introduction of the position of assistant judge, carried out in 2002, was not accompanied by a full development of the regulatory framework, which limits their influence on judicial processes. The article describes the historical context of the emergence of assistant roles in the Russian Empire, the Soviet period and after the collapse of the USSR, and also compares the current position of assistant judges in Russia with practices in other countries, including Germany.
Keywords: judicial assistants, judicial reform, the legal system of Russia, the legal system of Germany, functions and powers, institutionalization.
Article bibliographic list
1. Avakyan E. New status of assistant judges // Journal “Law”. – 2011. – No. 6. – pp. 29-32.
2. Afanasovich V. E. First experience: assistant judge // Bulletin of the Federal Arbitration Court Zapof the Altai-Siberian District. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 5-11.
3. Basova O. O. Participation of a judge’s assistant in criminal proceedings: a conceptual approach: dis. … Cand. of Law. 12.00.09. – M., 2018. – 237 p.
4. Musinova T. N. The class of assistants to attorneys in the social structure of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century // Humanitarian vector. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 120-126.
5. Nikolaychenko O. V. Legal status of a judge’s assistant in light of the administration of justice only by the court // Bulletin of the SSLA. – 2015. – No. 3 (104). — P. 200-204.
6. Khayali R. I. Institute of public assistants in the Soviet prosecutor’s office: legal status, social composition, powers // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of the Southern Federal University. — 2021. — Vol. 8. No. 2. — P. 45-51.
7. Yakovlev V. New status of assistants to judges // Journal “Law”. — 2011. — No. 6. — P. 27.
8. Gordeyko M. A., Shvanderova A. R. Judicial power and organization of legal proceedings in Germany // Innovative science. — 2017. — No. 4-4. — P. 169-172.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
ATRYASKINA Anastasia Fyodorovna
student of the 3rd course of the Kazan branch of the Russian State University of Justice
VORONTSOVA Irina Viktorovna
. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil process law sub-faculty of the Kazan branch of the Russian State University of Justice
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF MEDIATION IN CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
The article discusses the main features and principles of mediation as a conciliation procedure. The author identifies the main advantages of mediation over litigation. The legal gaps that hinder the development of this institution in the Russian Federation are considered, including the implementation of the principle of confidentiality of the procedure is not fully implemented and the low level of legal culture of the population is noted. The article indicates possible solutions to each of the listed problems. The circumstances under which mediation has the greatest effectiveness in comparison with judicial proceedings are revealed. It is also concluded about the role of mediation in the civil process.
Keywords: mediation, mediator, civil procedure, advantages, legal gaps, principles of mediation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil procedure: textbook and workshop for universities / Edited by M. Yu. Lebedev. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. – 446 p.
2. Sudorgina E. V. Mediation in civil and arbitration proceedings // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2018. – V. 8. No. 10A. – P. 40–46.
3. Shamlikashvili Ts. A. Mediation — a modern method of extra-judicial dispute resolution. – M.: Publishing house of OOO “Interregional center for management and political consulting”, 2017. – 77 p.
4. Fedorenko N. V., Chaikin G. D. Problems of integration of mediation into Russian civil procedure // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2019. – No. 6 (109). – P. 93–95.
5. Pal’tsev Yu. E. Some problems of the law on mediation in Russia // Russian justice. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 72-73.

CIVIL PROCESS
KHARITONOVA Karina Alexandrovna
student of the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
ELMURZAEV Asoltan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
THE PRINCIPLE OF ADVERSARIAL AND PROCEDURAL EQUALITY OF THE PARTIES IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
This article discusses current issues related to the consideration of the principles of adversarial and procedural equality of the parties in civil proceedings. The prospects for the development of the principles of competition and equality of the parties consist in their constant updating and improvement in accordance with the changing conditions and needs of the legal system. Due to changes in society and the development of information technology, it may be necessary to adapt these principles to new realities and challenges. However, their basic principles and moral foundations will remain unchanged.
Keywords: civil procedure, civil proceedings, principles of civil procedure, competitiveness, equality of the parties
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments from 04.10.2022) // Official Internet portal of legal information (www.pravo.gov.ru) fromOctober 6, 2022.
2. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” of November 14, 2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on December 25, 2023, as amended on January 25, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation”. – November 18, 2002. – No. 46. – Art. 4532.
3. Efimova D. A., Zhabrova A. A., Elmurzaev A. V. Counterclaim in Civil Proceedings // Man. Society. Obshchestvo. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 66-74.
4. Lavrenova I. D., Lukin D. E., Elmurzaev A. V. Abuse of Procedural Rights in Civil Proceedings // Man. Society. Society. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 228-234.
5. Lesnikov A. S. The principle of adversarial proceedings in civil proceedings // Modern Science. – 2022. – No. 4-1. – P. 128-131.
6. Magometov N. A. Problems of implementing the principle of equality of the parties in modern civil proceedings // Scientific research of young scientists: collection of articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference: in 2 parts, Penza, June 25, 2020. Volume Part 2. – Penza: “Science and Enlightenment” (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2020. – P. 109-112.

CIVIL PROCESS
ELMURZAEV Asoltan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty of the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
PLEVAKO Darya Andreevna
student of the Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
PARTICIPATION OF THE PROSECUTOR IN THE CIVIL PROCESS
This article discusses current issues related to the consideration of the concept of a claim in civil proceedings. The problem of the concept of a claim in civil proceedings and its legal nature is considered. The author considered the concepts (theories) of understanding the claim from the substantive and procedural sides, as well as analyzed the positions of scientists regarding its legal nature. The concept of the subject of the claim was also considered. The author concludes that it is necessary to consolidate the legal definition of “claim” in civil procedural legislation, which would help eliminate the legal gap, as well as the discussion in the scientific community regarding the legal nature of the claim.
Keywords: civil procedure, civil proceedings, prosecutor, procedural law.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments of 04.10.2022) // Official Internet portal of legal information (www.pravo.gov.ru) dated October 6, 2022.
2. The Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation dated 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on 06.04.2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 18.11.2002, No. 46, art. 4532.
3. Zaborovskaya M. S. Historical aspects of the prosecutor’s conclusion as a form of participation in civil proceedings // Economy, sociology and law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 13-16.
4. Kireeva N. S. Participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings: legal and moral aspects // Actual problems of law, state and economics: Collection of articles of the All-Russian conference and interdepartmental round table, Orel, June 28 – 27 2018. – Orel: Orel Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V.V. Lukyanova, 2019. – P. 61-64.
5. Lavrenteva A. A., Salnikova Ya. Yu. Procedural status and forms of participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings // Evolution of the state and law: problems and prospects: collection of scientific papers of the 2nd International Scientific Conference, Kursk, March 27, 2020. – Kursk: South-West State University, 2020. – P. 171-173.
6. Solovieva A. A. Features of the participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings // Bulletin of the student scientific society of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Donetsk National University”. – 2020. – V. 4. No. 12-2. – P. 144-147.
7. Fadeev A. V., Prokudina N. O. Participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings: current issues // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – No. 1-2. – pp. 208-210.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
DEDKOVSKIY Ilya Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
CORRELATION OF SUBSIDIARY LIABILITY AND DAMAGES IN BA NKRUPTCY CASES
The article deals with the issues of correlation of subsidiary liability and damages in case of bankruptcy of a legal entity. The current legislation, current court practice, including the definition of the Judicial Chamber for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 28.03.2024 No. 305-ES23-22266 on case No. A40-169761/2018, as well as doctrinal approaches are analyzed, doctrinal approaches are analyzed. The author conincludes that subsidiary liability and damages are differentiated depending on whether the actions of the guilty person led to the bankruptcy of the company or not. The division of damages into creditor and corporate damages is also considered. The author comes to the conclusion about the artificiality of such division for the purposes of bankruptcy.
Keywords:subsidiary liability, damages, creditor’s damages, corporate damages, bank rehabilitation.
Article bibliography
1. Egorov A. V., Usacheva K. A. Subsidiary liability for bringing to bankruptcy is an unsuccessful equivalent of the Western doctrine of lifting the corporate veil // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 12.
2. Karelina S. A., Moskaleva O. A. Legal aspects of the category “intentional bankruptcy” // Legislation. – 2007. – No. 7.
3. Kulagin M. I. State-monopoly capitalism and legal entity. – M., 1987.
4. Pokrovsky S. S. Liability of persons controlling the debtor for bringing to bankruptcy: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2017.
5. Savinykh V. A. Subsidiary liability: economic content and legal essence // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2012. – No. 12.
6. Suvorov E. D. Subsidiary liability for obligations of an insolvent debtor. – M.: Statute, 2020.
7. Sukhanov E. A. Problems of reforming the Civil Code of Russia: Selected works of 2008-2012. – M., 2013.

CIVIL PROCESS
IVANYUK Olga Stepanova
postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
FEATURES OF DETERMINING THE COMPOSITION OF PERSONS IN CASES ARISING FROM AN AGREEMENT ON THE SALES OF A TOURISM PRODUCT
Among the institutions of civil procedural law of the Russian Federation, the institution of the status of persons participating in cases attracts special attention. The significance of this institution lies in the fact that it is a system of legal norms that determine the type and extent of possible and mandatory behavior of participants in civil proceedings. It is also inherent in persons participating in matters arising from an agreement on the sale of a tourism product. This group of participants in civil proceedings is special, which is determined both by the specifics of the corresponding type of civil proceedings (claim proceedings), and by the specifics of the legal nature of the persons participating in the relevant civil cases, because all such persons have the right or are obliged to carry out certain procedural actions in court aimed at the emergence, development and termination of civil proceedings. In addition, these persons are endowed with a legal interest, which outwardly manifests itself in the desire of these persons, based on the results of the consideration of the case, to obtain a court decision that will reflect positively on their rights and obligations or the rights and obligations of persons, to protect the rights, freedoms and interests of whom they are involved in the case.
Keywords: civil procedural legal status, parties to a public law dispute, participants in civil proceedings in cases arising from an agreement on the sale of a tourism product.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil procedural code of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on December 25, 2023) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 46. – Art. 4532
2. Decision of the Achinsk City Court of June 24, 2022 (dispute over the collection of funds under an agreement on the sale of a tourist product). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fbuz24.ru/Sections/reshenie-achinskogo-gorodskogo-suda-ot-24-06-2022g-spor-o-vzyskanii-denezhnyh-sredstv-po-dogovoru-o-realizacii-turistskogo-produkta?ysclid=lq6g3czck5233184484 (date of access: December 20, 2023).
3. Lubkova V. V. Parties to civil proceedings // Ceteris paribus. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 57-60.
4. Oorzhak Sh. M., Maady A. I. Parties to civil proceedings and issues of changing their procedural status // StudNet. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 1172-1179.
5. Khalilulin D. Sh. Actual problems of participation of third parties in civil proceedings // New legal bulletin. – 2023. – No. 3 (42). – P. 47-55.
6. Yandieva H. M. Characteristics of the parties as participants in civil proceedings // Domestic jurisprudence. – 2020. – No. 2. – pp. 66-68.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
MAGOMEDOV Gasan Guseinovich
magister student of the 2nd course, program profile: problems of financial and arbitration procedural law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
>NURBALAEVA Aminat Magomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil process sub-faculty of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS IN CIVIL PROCEDURAL AND ARBITRATION PROCEDURAL LEGAL RELATIONS
The article examines the theoretical foundations and legislative regulation of the status and powers of participants in civil and arbitration proceedings in the Russian Federation. The procedural rights of subjects are analyzed in accordance with the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF) and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (APC RF). Special attention is given to the differences in the categories of process participants, their procedural rights and obligations, and their roles in judicial proceedings. The article discusses scientific views and practical approaches to the classification of process participants proposed by various authors such as T.V. Sakhnova, N.M. Korshunov, Yu. L. Mareev, and N.A. Artebyakina. The article emphasizes the importance of a flexible approach to the classification of participants in civil procedural relations, depending on the nature and stage of judicial proceedings.
Keywords: civil Procedure, arbitration Procedure, CPC RF, APC RF, procedural rights, procedural obligations, participants in judicial proceedings, judicial proceedings, classification of participants, legal theory, legal practice.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Official Internet portal of legal information http://pravo.gov.ru, 06.10.2022.
2. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation from 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended 06.04.2024, as amended on 04.06.2024) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 220. – 20.11.2002.
3. Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” dated 24.07.2002 No. 95-FZ (as amended on 29.05.2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 29.07.2002. – No. 30 . – Art. 3012.
4. Igosheva E. S. Participants in civil (arbitration) proceedings and their classification // Bulletin of Magistracy. – 2016. – No. 1-4 (52). – P. 56-60.
5. Karmyshakov M. A. Subjects of civil procedural relations // Original research. – 2022. – Vol. 12. No. 6. – P. 287-292.
6. Tuz P. A. Arbitration court as a subject of arbitration-procedural relations // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2021. – No. 5-3 (116). – P. 43-50.
7 . Trezubov E. S. Features of proceedings in the arbitration court of first instance // Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 1 (21). – P. 75-86.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
STYSLOVICH Anatoly Petrovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study of the P. A. Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration
THE USE OF ICT IN ARBITRATION COURTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
This article discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the example of the Arbitration Court of the Far Eastern District in the category of debt collection court cases. The author also examines the theoretical foundations of the use of ICT in the activities of arbitration courts, as well as issues related to the terminology of the studied sphere of public relations. ICT is used in various categories of cases considered in the process of arbitration proceedings, sometimes the use of ICT is identified in the scientific literature with the term “electronic justice”, the concept of electronic justice is logically more “broad” than ICT itself. To date, there are certain gaps in the terminological field of legal regulation of both electronic justice in general and the use of ICT in the judicial process, the development of terminology on the research topic is currently not uniform. Currently, the term “electronic justice” is controversial, it seems advisable to “introduce” it into the system of domestic law enforcement and consolidate it legislatively.
Keywords: arbitration; web conference; recovery; democracy; debt; debtor; tool; information and communication; ICT; information; materials; malfunctions; processing; online meeting; process; placement; court; judicial; legal proceedings; technical conditions; technology; form; digital; electronic justice.
Article bibliography
1. Vasilkova S. V. Electronic justice in the civil process: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2018. – P. 40.
2. Kondyurina Yu. A. Principles of the civil process in the electronic justice system: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Saratov, 2020. – P. 11.

FAMILY LAW
BELANOVA Galina Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professorof Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the branch of the Russian Technological Institute MIREA in Stavropol
CONDITIONS FOR MARRIAGE UNDER RUSSIAN LAW
The article examines and characterizes the conditions for marriage under Russian family law . Legislative and doctrinal interpretations of the conditions for marriage are compared. It is proposed to interpret the conditions for marriage in a broad sense, based on a systematic interpretation of the norms of the Family Code of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the relationship between the conditions for marriage and the circumstances preventing marriage is pointed out. The legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation regulating the conditions for lowering the marriageable age is analyzed. A comparison is made with UK family legislation regulating the conditions for marriage.
Keywords: family legislation, traditional family values, marriage, conditions for marriage, marriage registration.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gongalo B. M., Krasheninnikov P. V., Mikheeva L. Yu. et al. Family law: textbook / Ed. P. V. Krasheninnikov. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged – M.: Statut, 2016. – 270 p.
2. Marriages and civil partnerships in England and Wales. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gov.uk/marriages-civil-partnerships/from-outside-the-uk-or-ireland (date of access: 05/21/2024).

FAMILY LAW
ISHCHENKO Natalya Yurjevna
senior lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL RELATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF FAMILY RIGHTS AND INTERESTS
The article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of the elaboration in science of the problem of protection of family rights, the legal relations arising in this regard, as well as the theoretical problems of the concept of a legal relationship for the protection and content of such a legal relationship. The difference in approaches to the characterization of protective family relations is indicated. It is noted that research by scientists on the problems of protecting family rights is currently being conducted without taking into account the theory of protective legal relations. concluded that the main purpose of protective legal relations is precisely to ensure the protection of violated subjective rights and legally protected interests.
Keywords: family law, family legal relations, protective family legal relations, protection of family rights.
Article bibliography
1. Rabets A. M. Principles of family law of the Russian Federation as a “mirror” of state family policy // Family law and legislation: political and social guidelines for improvement: Int. scientific-practical. conf., Tver, October 28-29, 2015. – Tver: Tver State University, 2015. – P. 203-207.
2. Dushkina E. A. Problems of protecting family rights under family legislation of the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Belgorod, 2006 . – 25 p.
3. Kornakova S. V., Chigrina E. V. Disclosure of the secret of adoption: problems of implementing a comprehensive legal mechanism in the Russian Federation // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2018. – V. 12. No. 6. – P. 817-825.
4. Aslanyan N. P., Grigorieva M. A. Several comments on the discussion of the concept of legal relationship // Bulletin of the Irkutsk State Economic Academy. – 2015. – V. 25, No. 6. – P. 1091-1097.
5. Kornakova S. V., Chigrina E. V. Inadmissibility of arbitrary interference in family affairs by state bodies and officials through the prism of social patronage / / Baikal Research Journal. – 2016. – Vol. 7. No. 4. – P. 20.
6. Kaimakova E. V. Protection of family rights: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kursk, 2011 . – 5 p.
7. Mirolyubova O. G. Protecting the interests of the family in divorce proceedings: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2009. – 24 p.
8. Tarusina N. N. Family Law: Essays on Classics and Modernism. – Yaroslavl: Yaroslavl State University, 2009. – 615 p.
9. Illarionova T. I. The mechanism of action of civil-law protective measures: a textbook. – Sverdlovsk: UrSU, 1980. – 76 p.
10. Tarkhov V. A. Civil rights and responsibility. – Ufa: Publishing house of the Ufa Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1996. – 124 p.
11. Baleeva E. L., Epifantseva T. Yu. / Under the general editorship of S. V. Kornakova, E. V. Chigrina Jurisprudence: a textbook. – Irkutsk, 2011. – 453 p.
12. Vershinin A. P. Measures for the protection of subjective rights under civil legislation // Problems of improving legislation on the protection of subjective civil rights: Collection of scientific works. – Yaroslavl: Publishing House Yaroslavl . University, 1988. – P. 54–59.
13. Belov V. A. Civil Law: General and Special Parts: textbook. – M.: JSC “Center YurInfoR”, 2003. – 959 p.
14. Andriyashko M. V. On the issue of determiningthe content of protection of family rights // Problems of strengthening legality and law and order: science, practice, trends. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 91-99.
15. Kosova O. Yu. Protection of subjective family rights // Bulletin of Tyumen State University. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 181-185.
16. Feoktistov A. V. Protection of family rights in the Russian Federation // Science. Society. State. – 2013. – No. 4 (4). – pp. 137-146.

SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
MURAVJEVA Karine Artemovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Foreign language and regional studies sub-faculty of the Sakhalin State University, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
USOVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty of the V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF LEGISLATION ON THE PROVISION OF CERTAIN TYPES OF SOCIAL BENEFITS TO FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN
The article defines the relevance of addressing the topic of providing families with children with social benefits. It is noted that the legal sphere is constantly under reformation. The concepts of “social security” and “social benefits” are considered. It is determined that the main measures of social security for families with children are benefits and compensatory payments, which have their own goals in supporting families, divided into one-time and monthly. The article examines the materials of judicial practice on the protection of the rights to receive a one-time allowance at the birth of a child, as well as the protection of the rights of minors to housing and land acquired at the expense of maternity capital. It has been established that applying for judicial protection is often the result of violations of the procedures established by the legislator by participants in the relationship of the right to social security in the course of exercising the right to certain social support measures.
Keywords: social security, benefits, maternity capital, family, minor, lump sum payments, monthly payments.
Article bibliographic list
1. Arutyunyan S. A., Goncharov A. A. Social payments in the legislation of Russia // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2020. – No. 15.
2. Social security law / Ed. M. V. Filippova. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024.
3. Timonina I. V. Legal regulation of social security of families with children in the Russian Federation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 3 (219).

FINANCIAL LAW
VASILJEVA Sofya Alexandrovna
student of the 4th course of the Faculty of Law of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
AKIMOVA Anna Sergeevna
student of the 3rd course of the Faculty of Law of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
FINANCIAL CONTROL IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION IN CHINA
The article examines the trends in the development of financial control in the era of digitalization in China. The author shows that the rules relating to financial control are found in various regulatory and regulatory acts. This leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of Chinese financial control. Developing financial technologies simultaneously help the State to carry out its functions and require timely legislative changes. Regulatory sandboxes of financial technologies help in this, thanks to which the State is testing the use of financial innovations in pilot projects. The prospects for the development of digitalization in the field of financial control in China are assessed. The author has identified the most instruments for eliminating and reducing the identified problems.
Keywords: financial control, digital yuan, regulatory sandboxes, digitalization, budget legislation, tokenization.
Article bibliography
1. Ignatov A. A. Digital economy in BRICS: prospects for multilateral cooperation // Bulletin of international organizations: education, science, new economy. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 31-62.
2. Kondratieva Ya. E. Modern technologies in the field of audit: opportunities and risks // Scientific notes of young researchers. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 47-59.
3. Kochergin D. A., Yangirova A. I. Digital currencies as a new form of money for central banks // ECO. – 2019. – No. 10 (544). – P. 148-171.
4. Troshchinsky P. V. Evolution of the legal system of the People’s Republic of China (1949-2018): historical and legal aspect (with a list of current laws of the PRC). – 2nd ed., electronic. – Moscow: Publishing house VKN, 2020. – P. 77-126.
5. Turkina A. V. State financial control in Russia and China// Innovations. Science. Education. – 2022. – No. 53. – P. 735-741.
6. Kharisova F. I., Haikefu Haibifu, Sabirova A. I. Some issues of internal audit regulation in China // VEPS. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 220-222.
7. Yanliang S. Fintech regulation in China: observations and comparisons // Innovations and investments. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 53-56.
8. Ming, Chan K. The Challenges of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Disequilibrium in China’s Hong Kong SAR, 1997-2017 // Chinese Law & Government. – 2018. – No. 50 (1). – P. 1-9.
9. Lou Jie. Basic national policy of ‘One country, two systems’ and the practice of peaceful reunification across the Taiwan straits. PhD thesis // Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao. – 1998.
10. Xiao, Yin, Guo Feng, Shi Lili, Liu Yimei. Analysis of the pros and cons of the implementation of the new budget law // Heilongjiang keji. – 2016. – No. 7 (16). – P. 130-131.

FINANCIAL LAW
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Samara State University of Economics
KAKOVKIN Ilya G ennadjevich
postgraduate student of the Institute of Law of the Samara State University of Economics
REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF FINANCIAL AND CREDIT RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
To achieve the goals of financial and credit policy and the formation of a stable system of credit institutions, it is necessary to create a real system for monitoring financial and credit relations (ensuring the stability of the country’s economic growth by preventing violations in the provision of services in the legal relations under consideration, increasing the efficiency of the use of economic resources in financial and credit relations) and supervision (systematic observation and analysis by the supervisory authority, compliance with the rules for the provision of financial and credit services in order to prevent, identify or eliminate violations, as a rule, without direct interference in their activities). These circumstances require further research on financial and credit relations in the Russian Federation. In the course of this work, an analysis of economic and legal research in the field of financial and credit relations in the Russian Federation was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the legal financial and credit relations in the Russian Federation. In particular, it is necessary to initiate the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Regulation of Credit Activities”, as well as to consolidate in Articles 809, 819 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation the right of both sole proprietors and legal entities who are borrowers under both loan and loan agreements to demand in court a reduction in the rate of loan and bank interest, in the case when the interest rates in the contracts concluded by them, compared with similar rates under similar contracts, are significantly higher for professional lenders.
Keywords: legal relations, credit, loan, interest rates, credit organizations.
Article bibliographic list
1. Shukhratpur M. Explanation of the concept of “bank loan” in relation to its varieties: banking, commodity and commercial // Bulletin of the TSUPBP. – 2021. – No. 1.
2. Osmanova G. G. The concept of loans and credits, their impact on the financial stability of a commercial organization // Economy and Society. – 2020. – No. 4 (71).
3. Startseva S. V. On the delimitation and relationship of contracts mediating loan and credit relations // Theory and practice of social development. – 2023. – No. 6.
4. Ditsulenko O. I. Theoretical foundations of the analysis of credit as an economic category // Financial research. – 2020. – No. 2 (67).
5. Kozin M. N. Credit legal relations: criminal-legal and criminological aspect. – Moscow, 2018.
6. Patterns and trends in the formation of the system of financial and credit relations / Ed. A. A. Sukiasyan. – Ufa, 2021.
7. Kunik Ya. A. Credit and settlement relations in trade. – Moscow: Economica, 1970.
8. Kompaneets E. S., Polonsky E. G. Application of legislation on lending and settlements. – Moscow: Legal lit., 1967.
9. Agarkov M. M. Fundamentals of banking law. The doctrine of securities. – Moscow, 1994.
10. Mironov V. Yu., Krasnova Yu. S. Legal problems of state regulation of the activities of credit institutions in the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 46 (493).
11. Drozdova R. R. Abuse of rights in loan relations // Young scientist. – 2018. – No. 9 (195).

FINANCIAL LAW
SHELKOVA Elizaveta Sergeevna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
PROKHOROVA Natalya Alexeevna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
CROSS-BORDER BANKRUPTCY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF FINANCIAL CRISES
This article discusses the main aspects of cross-border bankruptcy management and legal regulation of financial crises. The existing international legal mechanisms, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law and EU Regulation No. 2015/848, are analyzed, as well as their successful application on the example of the bankruptcy cases of Lehman Brothers and Nortel Networks. The impact of financial crises on changes in international and national legislation, including reforms such as Basel III and the Dodd-Frank Act, is being assessed. A comparison of the legal systems of corporate bankruptcy management in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan and China has been carried out. Specific numerical data and statistics reflecting the scale and results of these processes are provided. In conclusion, the need for international cooperation and harmonization of legislation for effective management of cross-border bankruptcies and prevention of financial crises is emphasized.
Keywords: cross-border bankruptcy, financial crises, legal regulation , international legal mechanisms, UNCITRAL, Basel III, Dodd-Frank Act, corporate bankruptcy, COMI, EU Regulation No. 2015/848.
Article bibliographic list
1. Yakusheva E. E. Bankruptcy moratorium of 2022: consequences, contradictions and solutions // Legislation and Economics. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 34-43.
2. Potopalsky S.S., Baselman I.V. Specifics and problems of bankruptcy of individuals in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 25-33.
3. Ryabicheva O. I., Magomedova Z. G., Sultanova L. Sh. Analysis of domestic and foreign experience in enterprise bankruptcy procedures // Law and Economics. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 47-55.
4. Dontsov N. A. Bankruptcy proceedings as an insolvency (bankruptcy) procedure // Banking law. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 59-67.
5. Minina A. A., Perepadya S. . M., Perepadya O. A., Tsygankova E. A. Institute of insolvency (bankruptcy) as a tool for ensuring sustainable economic development // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 33-41.

TAX LAW
TSORIONOV Valery Vladimirovich
competitor of Constitutional and administrative law of the Kuban State University, Head of Department No. 3 of the Department of Economic Security and Anti-Corruption of the Main Directorate of the MIA of Russia for the Krasnodar Territory
CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF THE COMPETENCE OF TAX AUTHORITIES AS SUBJECTS OF TAX LEGAL RELATIONS
The article is devoted to the study of constitutional provisions that create the basis for regulating legal relations with the participation of tax authorities, establishing their competence and powers. It is concluded that the norms of the constitutional institutions of the foundations of the constitutional system, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the federal structure, local self-government set the limits of the special competence of tax authorities, prevent excessive restrictions on the freedoms and interests of citizens are protected by them, determine the content of tax activity, its principles and borders.
Keywords: Constitution of Russia, tax authorities, competence of tax authorities, powers of tax authorities .
Article bibliographic list
1. Bachurin D. G. Article 57 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as the basis of Russian tax law // Financial law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 5 -7.
2. Dubinsky A. M. Tax authorities of Russia: theory and practice of financial control: monograph // ed. S. V. Zapolsky. – M.: Contract, 2014. – 112 p.
3. Karaseva M. V. Competence of the tax authority: structure and development issues // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – Vol. 9. – 2022. – No. 2. – P . 49-55.
4. Mirzaev R. M. Fiscal powers of public-law entities. Abstract of Cand. of Law. – M., 2023. – 25 p.
5. Tax law : textbook / A. R. Batyaeva, A. S. Burova, E. G. Vasilyeva [et al.]. – 3rd edition, revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2019. – 704 pp.
6. Spiridonov A. A. Comprehensive reform of control and supervision: domestic experience in the constitutional and legal dimension. // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 10 (143). – P. 102- 116.
7. Sultanov A. R. Resetting the deadlines for tax audits – a constitutional and legal test // ConsultantPlus: reference legal system.
8. Emikh V. V. Legal capacity and competence of state bodies: the content of concepts and their relationship // Scientific yearbook of the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2022. – Issue 9. – P. 423-432.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty of the Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty of the Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
ROSHCHANIKOVA Marina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor of Railway construction sub-faculty of the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Railway Transport
ON THE ISSUE OF CRIMINAL LEGAL MEANS OF COMBATING VIOLATIONS OF THE RULES FOR THE DISPOSAL OF RAILWAY SLEEPERS
Taking into account the potential consequences of such improper disposal of railway sleepers, there is a need to develop effective measures of control and responsibility for acts. On the basis of a comprehensive study of criminal legislation, possible options for the qualification of socially dangerous actions with spent railroad ties are proposed. The analysis of the legal framework for regulating this issue presented in the article showed that there are currently no effective criminal legal mechanisms to combat violations in the field of recycling of such waste. In fact, only administrative measures of influence and civil law methods of protection are used by state supervisory authorities, which cannot fully ensure security. Some legislative options are proposed to resolve the issue of criminal liability for violation of the rules for handling the types of waste under consideration.
Keywords: railway sleepers, recycling, waste industrial, legal liability, criminal liability, environmental crimes.
Article bibliographic list
1. Tuntsev D. V., Safin R. G., Khismatov R. G. [etc.]. Resource saving when recycling waste wooden sleepers // Bulletin of the Technological University. – 2015. – V. 18. No. 5. – P. 248-250.
2. Vetrov E. V. Actual problems of bringing to criminal liability for violation of the rules for handling environmentally hazardous substances and waste // Scientific Bulletin of the Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov. – 2021. – No. 1 (86). – P. 26-32.
3. Kolb A. A. Improvement of the norms of criminal legislation of the Russian Federation on liability for violation of the rules for handling production and consumption waste // Agrarian and land law. – 2022. – No. 5 (209). – P. 100-106.

LAND LAW
BELOPLOTOV Anton Olegovich
postgraduate student of Land, urban planning and environmental law sub-faculty of the V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
ON THE ISSUE OF UNAUTHOR IZED CONSTRUCTION OF LINEAR FACILITIES
The article discusses the problematic aspects of applying the provisions of Article 222 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to linear objects, taking into account the current features of the construction and operation of such objects. The article notes that the construction of linear objects in the current legal order is an activity, the regulation of which is often carried out through exceptions to the general provisions of current legislation, which entails the impossibility of applying general rules on unauthorized buildings.
The author substantiates that when considering disputes on the recognition of linear objects as unauthorized buildings by courts, as a rule, the position on the absence of signs of immovable property in such objects is taken. At the same time, the author has revealed a contradiction that manifests itself in judicial practice in two related categories of cases: challenging the refusal of state registration of ownership of linear objects and disputes on the recognition of linear objects as unauthorized buildings.
The author concludes that the general rules on unauthorized buildings do not apply to linear objects, which objectively requires clarification from both the legislature and the highest court.
Keywords: linear object, unauthorized construction, real estate object, linear amnesty, type of permitted use, zones with special conditions for the use of the territory.
Article bibliography
1. Vozisov K. Commentary on the article by A. Zhirov “Unauthorized construction: problems of the present and future” // Housing law. 2012. No. 6. P. 73-82.
2. Zharkova O. A. Formalizationrights to linear objects // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 12. Pp. 43-55.
3. Sklovsky K. I. Property in civil law. 6th ed., corr. and add. M.: Statut, 2023. 894 p.
4. Sukhanov E. A. Property law: scientific and educational essay. M.: Statut, 2017. 560 p.
5. Filatkina Yu. E. Management of legal risks associated with restrictions on the use and economic turnover of land plots // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 3. P. 96-101.

LAND LAW
GABOYAN Gevork Armenovich
postgraduate student of Land and environmental law sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL APPROACH TO CR EATING A COMFORTABLE ENVIRONMENT
This article discusses the concept of a comfortable urban environment, encompassing not only amenities but also safety, accessibility, and quality of life. The author analyzes the historical and legal aspects of urban development, from ancient civilizations to the present, and the impact of this knowledge on the legal regulation of urban planning. Various models of urban development are covered, including concentric, sectoral, and polycentric, and their compliance with the changing requirements of a comfortable environment. The article emphasizes the importance of considering historical features and normative legal support in creating a favorable urban environment, as well as examining the role of federal programs, legislation, and methodological recommendations in this process. The concluding part focuses on the significance of preserving architectural heritage and creating comfortable living conditions for city residents, which is recognized as a priority of national development.
Keywords: comfortable urban environment, historical and legal approach, sustainable development.
Article bibliographic list
1. Dubov V. Architecture of the High Renaissance // Educational portal “Directory”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://spravochnick.ru/arhitektura_i_stroitelstvo/epohi_arhitektury/arhitektura_epohi_vysokogo_renessansa/ (date of access: 05/29/2024).
2. Napelenok Yu. cité_urbanisme: history of urban planning of the 20th century and the concept of the “15-minute city”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/YkAHedGZozEKDvdF (date of access: 05/29/2024).
3. Zheltov A. Urban development models. Part 1. Spatial development // BSN.RU. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.bsn.ru/articles/liveestate/3800_modeli_gorodskogo_razvitiya_chast_1_prostranstvennoe_razvitie/ (date of access: 05/29/2024).
4. Volodin V. V. Cities must fight for people and compete with each other // State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://duma.gov.ru/news/45423/ (date of access: 05/29/2024).
5. Vasilyeva E. Vladimir Putin: it is necessary to create a high-quality urban environment // Ministry of the Russian Federation for the Development of the Far East and the Arctic. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minvr.gov.ru/press-center/news/vladimir-putin-neobkhodimo-formirovat-kachestvennuyu-gorodskuyu-sredu-13142/?view=desktop (date of access: 05/29/2024).

LAND LAW
DZHUNUSOVA Dzhamilya Nurashevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty of the Institute of Economics and Law of the Astrakhan State Technical University
PEASANT (FARM) ECONOMY IN RUSSIA: FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT, LEGAL STATUS IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The article briefly examines the historical aspects of the formation and development of farming in Russia, its current legal situation. The analysis of legislative changes in the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Peasant (farm) economy” of 2003, regulating relations with the participation of peasant (farm) economy, is carried out. Quantitative indicators of the development of this form of management in the field of agriculture, measures of state support that contribute to the effective functioning of the farming sector are presented.
Keywords: peasant (farmer) economy, agrarian reforms, the status of a farm, a legal entity, entrepreneurship without the formation of a legal entity, measures of state support.
Article bibliographic list
1. Burdukovskaya R. Z. Actual problems of peasant (farm) economy under the legislation of the Russian Federation // Legal almanac. – 2023. – No. 3 (25). – P. 28-33.
2. Golysheva A. V., Golyshev V. G. On the issue of the status of a peasant (farm) economy as a legal entity // Problems of implementation of human and citizen rightsand in the context of modern social transformations: Proceedings of the XIV All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, dedicated to the memory of Professor F. M. Rudinsky, Moscow, April 20, 2023. – Saratov: Publishing house “Saratovsky Istochnik”, 2023. – P. 171-176.
3. Goltsov V. B., Golovanov N. M. Problems of legal regulation of a peasant (farm) household with the formation of a legal entity // Journal of Legal and Economic Research. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 59-64.
4. Erofeev B. V. Land law of Russia: a textbook for universities / Under the scientific editorship of L. B. Bratkovskaya. – 18th ed., revised. and add. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 573 p.
5. Ilyinykh V. A. Land Code of the RSFSR of 1922 in the context of resolving the agrarian question in Russia // ECO. – 2023. – No. 1 (583). – P. 43-60.
6. Kapitonenkov A. M. On the issue of stereotypes in assessments of the Stolypin agrarian reform // Journal of the Belarusian State University. History. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 44-53 @@ Tyukavkin V. G. The influence of the Stolypin agrarian reform on the Russian peasantry // Bulletin of the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation. – 2001. – No. 1. – P. 29-34 @@ Yurkina N. N. Directions and contradictions of the Stolypin agrarian reform // Teacher XXI century. – 2019. – No. 3-2. – P. 263-274.
7. Orlovskaya S. K. Principles and mechanisms for creating a multi-structured market agrarian economy // Nikon readings. – 1996. – No. 1. – P. 121-124.
8. Tyutereva N. N. Actual problems of the legal status of a peasant (farm) household // Law and Economics. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 53-59.
9. Ustyukova V. V. On the inexpediency of preserving two forms of peasant (farm) economy in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 2. – P. 55-74.
10. Chemidov M. M., Menkenov D. B. Peasant (farm) economy in Russia: history and features of development (on the example of the Republic of Kalmykia) // Natural resource potential of the Caspian region and adjacent territories: problems of its rational use: Materials of the IX National Scientific and Practical Conference, Elista, April 21-22, 2022. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Scientia”, 2022. – P. 52-58.

INFORMATION LAW
BELOZEROVA Irina Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, professor of Procedural law sub-faculty of the All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade
KALAMOV Zhanur
postgraduate student of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University
>CHEBUKHANOVA Lali Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Scientific educational center “Legal Studies” of the Institute of Law, Deputy Dean for Academic Affairs of the Faculty of Artificial Intelligence of the Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN COUNTRIES WITH A CONTINENTAL LEGAL SYSTEM
Purpose of the study: the article deals with the foreign practice of legal regulation of social relationships related to the use of electronic evidence, which has particular interest in criminal proceedings. As far as the needs of development of Russian criminal proceedings are concerned, the legislation of the countries with civil law system deserves special attention.
Through electronic evidence and digital footprints, judicial and investigative practice has been confronted with phenomena in criminalistics, for which, in many specific situations, it is difficult to give a proper criminal law qualification and criminal procedural analysis. Modern criminal procedural legislation was unprepared to regulate the “digital content”. However, positive trends of improving legislative and law enforcement approaches to electronic evidence and digital footprints have emerged and developed.
The criminal procedural dogma of the countries with a civil law system is constantly being enriched with provisions on new methods of collecting digital footprints, their recording, and the assessment of the electronic evidence. Russian legislation is not an exception, although it significantly lags behind German and French legislation.
Thus, the current historical context of the development of criminal procedural law demonstrates the exceptional acuteness of studying electronic evidence. Moreover, the fact that developed foreign legal orders have made significant progress in the field of criminal procedural regulation of relationships related to electronic evidence, indicates the importance of analysis of this issue from the perspective of comparative law.
Keywords: electronic evidence, judicial and investigative practice, modern criminal procedural legislation, digital footprints, “digital content”.
Article bibliography
1. Zhurkina O. V. Evidence in the criminal procedure legislation of foreign countries // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 112-113.
2. Zaitsev O. A. Features of the use of electronic information as evidence in a criminal case: a comparative legal analysis of foreign legislation // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2019. – No. 4 (77). – P. 55.
3. Kolichenko A. A. Distinctive features and grounds for the classification of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (33). – P. 19-23.
4. Polyakov M. P., Smolin A. Yu. Conceptual analysis of the phenomenon of electronic evidence // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 141.
5. Collection of electronic evidence in criminal cases in Russia and foreign countries: experience and problems: Monograph / Ed. S. P. Shcherba. – M .: Prospect, 2022. – P. 17.
6. Stelmakh V. Yu. Obtaining information about connections between subscribers and (or) subscriber devices // Lex Russica. – 2017. – No. 3 (124). – P. 141-151.
7. Criminal-jurisdictional activity in the context of digitalization: Monograph / Ed. O. A. Zueva, V. P. Kashepova, I. I. Kucherova, O. A. Stepanova. – M.: Contract, 2019. – P. 160-211.
8. Criminal Procedure of European States: Monograph / Ed. by V. I. Samarin and V. V. Lutsik. – M.: Prospect, 2021. – P. 42-43.
9. Schroeder F.-K., Ferrell T. Criminal Procedure Law of Germany: Textbook / Translation from German edited by M. A. Kudratov. – M.: Infotropik Media, 2016. – pp. 88-89.
10. Gesetzes zur Einführung der elektronischen Akte in Strafsachen und zur weiteren Förderung des elektronischen Rechtsverkehrs vom 07/05/2017, ausgegeben am 07/12/201 7. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dejure.org/BGBl/2017/BGBl._I_S._2208 (date of access: 12/19/2023).
11. Le Code civil des Français, entrée en vigueur 21 mars 1804 (dernière mise à jour des données: 06 fevrier 2023). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance. gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGITEXT000006070721/ (date of access: 02/01/2024).
12. Loi No. 2000-230 du 13 mars 2000 portant adaptation du droit de la preuve aux technologies de l’information et relative à la signature électronique. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000399095 (date of access: 12/29/2023).
13. Verordnung über die technische und organisatorische Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Überwachung der Telekommunikation vom 2 2.01.2002, ausgegeben am 05.07.2021. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tk_v_2005/index.html (date of access: 11.12.2023).

INFORMATION LAW
GRIB Vladimir Grigorjevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
KUDRA Alexander Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Public law and digital law sub-faculty of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
ON SOME PROBLEMS OF OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS TO THE RESULTS OF THE WORK OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
The article discusses current problems related to the experience of regulating the ownership of the right to the results of artificial intelligence systems in Russia and in foreign countries. The issues of insufficient state participation in the regulation of civil law relations arising from the results of artificial intelligence systems in various countries (Russia, USA, Germany, Great Britain, China) are analyzed. The conclusions and recommendations can be used in judicial practice and serve as an impetus to improve the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The proposed proposals correspond to the purpose and objectives of the study.
Keywords: legal regulation of artificial intelligence, copyright, intellectual property, artificial intelligence, questions of authorship.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part four) of 18.12.2006 No. 230-F3 (as amended on 13.06.2023) // Garant. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10164072/7d7b9c31284350c257ca3649122f627b/.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 10, 2019 No. 490 “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – October 14, 2019. – No. 41. – Art. 5700. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72738946/
3. Kalyatin V. O. Definition of the subject of rights to the results of intellectual activitycreated using artificial intelligence // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 24-50. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opredelenie-subekta-prav-na-rezultaty-intellektualnoy-deyatelnosti-sozdannye-s-ispolzovaniem-iskusstvennogo-intellekta.
4. Morhat P. M. Legal capacity of artificial intelligence in the field of intellectual property law: civil law issues dis. … Doctor of Law. – M., 2018. – 420 p.
5. Yastrebov O. A. Legal capacity of an electronic person: theoretical and methodological approaches // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. – 2018. – Vol. 13. No. 2. – P. 36-55.
6. Kubrak V. S. Limitations on the scope of exclusive rights in relation to results created using artificial intelligence technologies // Legal Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 121-129. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ogranicheniya-sfery-deystviya-isklyuchitelnyh-prav-primenitelno-k-rezultatam-sozdannym-s-pomoschyu-tehnologiy-iskusstvennogo.
7. Guadamuz A. Artificial intelligence and copyright // WIPO Magazine 5/2017-2017 .
8. European Parliament resolution of 20 October 2020 on intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies (2020/2015(INI)). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0277_EN.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1714689381700660&usg=AOvVaw2zIE4-yzSVeLclBCCgixPB.
9. US COPYRIGHT OFFICE, CANCELLATION DECISION RE: ZARYA OF THE DAWN (VAU001480196). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.copyright.gov/docs/zarya-of-the-dawn.pdf.
10. Bundesregierung [Federal Government], Strategie Künstliche Intelligenz der Bundesregierung [AI Strategy of the Federal Government], Nov. 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.de.digital/DIGITAL/Redaktion/DE/Publikation/strategie-kuenstliche-intelligenz-der-bundesregierung.html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1714689381704166&usg=AOvVaw2QS5oCsio_jU4fr_2fXyVB.
11. Compendium (Third) § 101.1(A). Copyrightable Authorship: What Can Be Registered. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap300/ch300-copyrightable-authorship.pdf.
12. A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology by Command of His Majesty March 2023. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-ap proach/white-paper#fn:70.
13. Li, Shenxin. (2023). Research on the Copyright Law of Artificial Intelligence Generation. Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences. 3. 41-46. 10.54691/fhss.v3i4.4730.
14. “How Many Companies Use AI?” [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://explodingtopics.com/blog/companies-using-ai.
15. “The state of AI in 2023: Generative AI’s breakout year”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai-in-2023-generative-ais-breakout-year.
16. Court rules AI-written article has copyright. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.ecns.cn/news/2020-01-09/detail-ifzsqcrm6562963.shtml&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1714689381699993&usg=AOvVaw3zJ0tI7hk8JlQM 736axMvt.

CRIMINAL LAW
BARVINSKAYA Yuliya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Lugansk branch of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH RECONCILIATION OF THE PARTIES IN THE EVENT OF THE DEATH OF THE VICTIM
The article examines the controversial issue of the possibility of reconciliation between the person who committed the crime and the victim in the event of his death, as a basis for exemption from criminal liability. The author’s position is given on the inadmissibility of equating the legal status of the deceased victim in the preliminary investigation with the legal status of close relatives who assume legal succession in resolving the issue of reconciliation of the parties in a criminal case.
Keywords: exemption from criminal liability, reconciliation of the parties, termination of criminal prosecution, victim, death of the victim, compensation for damage.
Article bibliography
1. Apostolova N. N. Expediency (discretionary nature) in Russian criminal proceedings: author’s abstract. diss. … doctor of law. – M., 2011. – P. 44.
2. Larina L. Yu. Some aspects of release from criminal liability in connection with reconciliationwith the victim // Current issues in combating crime. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 10-13.
3. Mamontov N. I. Do relatives of persons killed as a result of an offense have the right to receive compensation for moral damage? – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zсakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=38680485 (access date: 06/03/2024).

CRIMINAL LAW
BELETSKIY Alexander Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
LOZHKINA Darya Alexandrovna
Deputy Head of the Research and Editorial and Publishing Department -Head of the Department of Organization of Research Work of the Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
GERASIMENKO Evgeniy Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Mathematics and system modeling sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF DELINEATION OF CRIMES AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES
The article discusses the most pressing problems of distinguishing crimes and administrative offenses. The author notes that this issue is important for law enforcement practice, since an incorrect qualification of an act may entail unfair punishment or, on the contrary, evade responsibility. Special attention is paid to the criteria of differentiation established in Russian legislation. Such signs as the public danger of the act, the form of guilt, sanctions applied to the offender, and others are analyzed. The author points out the existing conflicts and contradictions in the normative legal acts regulating this area. Specific examples of problematic situations arising in the differentiation of crimes and administrative offenses are given. The difficulties associated with identifying signs of public danger, determining the form of guilt, as well as with the qualification of acts at the junction of criminal and administrative law are considered. A special place in the work is occupied by the analysis of judicial practice in this category of cases. The presence of ambiguous and contradictory decisions is noted, which indicates the need to improve legislation and to more clearly distinguish between the elements of crimes and administrative offenses. Proposals are formulated to improve the current legislation, as well as recommendations to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement practice in the field under consideration. The author points out the need for an integrated approach to solving the identified problems with the participation of the legislator, law enforcement officer and the scientific community.
Keywords: delineation of crimes, administrative offenses, criteria of delineation, offender, normative legal acts.
Article bibliographic list
1. Arzumanyan, A. M. Distinction between crimes and administrative offenses: modern trends and problems // Russian investigator. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 25-29.
2. Barkhatova E. N. Problems of distinguishing between crimes and administrative offenses // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 92-95.
3. Kapinus O. S., Naumov A. V. Actual issues of distinguishing between crimes and administrative offenses // Legality. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 38-43.
4. Kobzar-Frolova M. N. Distinction between crimes and administrative offenses: criteria and problems // Court administrator. – 2022. – No. 2. – pp. 15-19.

CRIMINAL LAW
GERASENKOV Vadim Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
MAEVSKIY Sergey Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH THE CIS COUNTRIES ON THE ISSUES OF EXTRADITION OF PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMITTED CRIMES FOR PROSECUTION AND EXECUTION OF SENTENCES
This article focuses on the importance and necessity of international legal cooperation on the issues of extradition of persons who have committed a crime in order to bring them to criminal responsibility and execution of the sentence. The procedure for implementing international legal cooperation of the Russian Federation with the CIS countries, parties to the Convention of 07.10.2002 “On legal assistance and legal relations in civil, family and criminal cases” is considered and analyzed. The procedure for implementing international legal cooperation of the Russian Federation with the CIS countries on the following issues is considered: for bringing to criminal liability; for the execution of a sentence; about temporary issue; on extending the issuance period for a time; on giving additional consent to bring the extradited person to criminal liability; on the transit of the extradited person. When analyzing issues of extradition of persons for the execution of a sentence, the limits of criminal prosecution of the extradited person are considered. An analysis is carried out of the current criminal procedural legislation regulating the organization and procedure of international legal cooperation on the issues of extradition of persons who have committed a crime in order to bring them to criminal responsibility and execution of the sentence.
Keywords: international legal cooperation, extradition, extradition of persons who have committed a crime, criminal prosecution, execution of a sentence, request for extradition, competent authorities, principle of reciprocity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Maslennikova E. A. Features of extradition in the field of criminal proceedings // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 11 (203). – P. 244-245.
2. Ustinova T. D., Chetvertakova E. Yu. Application of substantive law norms in the execution of requests for the extradition of persons who have committed crimes // Bulletin of the Academy Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 2 (2). – P. 47-51.

CRIMINAL LAW
DVORZHITSKAYA Marina Andreevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty of the North-Western branch of the Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME: ISSUES OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
The article researched the problems of criminal responsibility of such an institution as implication in a crime. Legislative, theoretical and law enforcement problems have been identified that do not allow today to talk about the systematic nature of the named institution. It has been established that the generation of these problems was facilitated by the contradictory legislative assessment of this institution during the entire period of its development. In order to improve the criminal law and the practice of its application, a comprehensive transformation of the institution of involvement in crime seems necessary. The main directions of such transformation seem to be: 1) consolidation of the provisions on the generic concept of implication in the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; 2) bringing to systemicity the provisions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in this area. Including adjustment of the dispositions of Art. Art. 205.6 and 316 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicating in them that responsibility comes for failure to report or concealment of not only a crime, but also a socially dangerous act committed by a person in the absence of signs of the subject (sanity , age). It is also necessary to unify the list of predicate crimes, for failure to report or concealment of which a person is subject to criminal liability, and also to bring uniformity to the age at which liability for related acts should begin – (from 16 years) .
Keywords: involvement in a crime, concealment, non-reporting, connivance, complexity, plurality of persons.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vasiliev A. A. Criminal-legal characteristics of involvement in crime: dis. …cand. legal Sci. – Ekaterinburg, 2009. – 195 p.
2. Volotova, E.O. Involvement in a crime: concept, types, responsibility: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – M., 2011. – 243 p.
3. Trifonov, V.G. Concealment of crimes not promised in advance and failure to report them as types of involvement in a crime: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – St. Petersburg, 2000. – 243 p.
4. Tsvetkov, Yu.A. Concealment of crimes: cross-border composition // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. – 2017. – No. 1 (15). – P. 71-75.
5. Shesler A. IN. Involvement in a crime as a subject of criminal-legal research // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (85). – P. 235-240.

CRIMINAL LAW
KIRIKOVA Marina Vladimirovna
lecturer of General legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Leningrad regional branch of the St . Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OBJECTS OF HOOLIGANISM
In the article, the author, based on the fundamental doctrinal understanding of the object of the crime, explores the objects of the composition of hooliganism. The article describes the generic, specific, direct objects of hooliganism, provides different views on the understanding and content of the main features of objects of hooliganism – the legal categoryes “public safety” and “public order”, their relationship to each other, substantiates the need to consider these legal categories in relation to the characteristics of objects of hooliganism in a broad and narrow interpretation. The study of the objects of hooliganism allows us to conclude that the composition of hooliganism is distinguished by the variety of its additional objects. In addition, hooliganism, encroaching on the main object that determines its nature, always affects, having a negative impact, one or more additional objects.
Keywords: objects of hooliganism, public relations, public order , public safety, broad and narrow interpretation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Borisov S.V. Hooliganism: criminal legal and criminological aspects. dis. …cand. legal Sci. – M., 2005. – 234 p.
2. Gurbanov A. G., Pavlik M. Yu., Mikhailov N. N., Mikhailova O. G., Tarayko V. I., Tretyakov I. L., Shcherbakovsky G. Z. Public safety as an object criminal-legal protection // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2006. – No. 1 (29). – P. 169-174.
3. Mokrinsky S. Mischief and hooliganism // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1924 . – No. 38. – P. 898-901.
4. Ovcharenko E. I. Legal characteristics of hooliganism // Journal of Russian Law. – 2004. – No. 3 (87). – P. 124-128.
5. Petryanin A. V. Legal construction of Article 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Hooliganism”: features and problems of law enforcement // Legal technique. – 2013. – No. 7 (part 2). – P. 591-596.
6. Ragulin A. V. Hooliganism: criminal-legal aspects. Diss. … Cand. of Law. – Chelyabinsk, 2005. – 206 p.
7. Soviet criminal law: a textbook in 13 issues. – Issue . 3 Crimes against public safety and order / Grishaev P. I. / Ed. A. N. Vasiliev. – M., 1959. – 40 p.
8. Abdulgaziev R. Z., Adelkhanyan R. A. , Aminov D.I. [et al.]. Modern criminal law. General and special parts: textbook / Ed. A. V. Naumov. – Moscow: Ileksa, 2007. – 1039 p.
9. Tagantsev N. S. Russian criminal law. Lectures. General Part.In 2 volumes. T. 1. – M., 1994. – 380 pp.

CRIMINAL LAW
KOSENKO Olga Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty of the Sibay Institute of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
SAFAROV Vladislav Railevich
senior lecturer of Civil and criminal law and process sub-faculty of the Sibay Institute of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
GALIULLIN Danil Rinatovich
student of the 4th course of the Faculty of Economics and Law of the Sibay Institute of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
GALIULLINA Adeliya Rinatovna
student of the 4th course of the Faculty of Economics and Law of the Sibay Institute of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
CRIMINAL LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLIGANITY: CONCEPT AND PROBLEMS
The scientific article examines the concept, criminal legal characteristics and main problems of hooliganism. Guaranteeing public order and public safety is one of the important tasks of law enforcement agencies, which is directly enshrined in laws, regulations, and the national security strategy of the Russian Federation. The article provides an analysis of objective and subjective characteristics, reveals the problems that arise in the process of qualification for this crime, and also identifies possible ways to solve these problems. It is indicated that under the influence of certain factors, the threat to undermine public order and public safety began to manifest itself in various types and forms. The article reflects a fairly wide range of illegal actions aimed at violating the norms, values, and orders established in society. The work reveals the main problematic aspects of qualifications, analyzes the material of judicial practice, and also makes recommendations for improving criminal law provisions providing for criminal liability for hooliganism.
Keywords: hooliganism, crime, qualification , murder, intent, responsibility.
Article bibliographic list
1. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation // “Federal State Institution Main Information and Analytical Center”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://d-russia.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/mvd_22_11_.pdf.
2. Kozachenko I. Ya., Novoselov G. P. Criminal law of the Russian Federation. General part. – M ., 2020. – 580 p.
3. Belopolsky A.P. Concept and general characteristics of crimes against public order // Theory and practice of social development. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 364-365.

CRIMINAL LAW
KRASKOVSKIY Yan Eduardovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professorssor of Criminal law sub-faculty of the Penza State University
ZHIVODROVA Nadezhda Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty of the Penza State University
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF USING ARREST AS A FORM OF PUNISHMENT IN RUSSIA AT THE PRESENT STAGE
Currently, the imperfection of legal regulation of the appointment and execution of punishment in the form of arrest in criminal and penal legislation has become an acute issue. The article discusses the various points of view of the authors regarding the regulation and execution of arrest in Russia. Modern problems of arrest execution are identified and ways to solve them are proposed. The opinion is discussed that it is advisable to exclude arrest from the system of criminal penalties. The idea of ​​regulating the activities of probation services in the legislation of the Russian Federation by analogy with foreign countries is proposed.
Keywords: arrest, detention houses, probation, probation services, punishment, strict isolation .
Article bibliographic list
1. It is proposed to cancel the arrests. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2005/10/14/arest.html ( access date: 13.06.2024).
2. Dzigar A. L. Criminal policy and its reflection in theory, legislation and practice. – Rostov n / D, 2005. – 370 p.
3. Lebedev S. I. Criminal-executive law. Study guide. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2017. – 302 p.
4. Panina Yu. A., Demina A. S., Borzenkova K. Yu., Korshikova E. A. Problems of execution of punishment in the form of arrest in criminal -executive law // Transformation of criminal legislation: promising directions. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 43-47.
5. Podroikina I. A. Criminal penalties in modern Russia: problems and prospects. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2017. – 240 p.
6. Rumyantsev N. V. Issues of using foreign experience in operational-search prevention of crimes committed by persons released from places of deprivation of liberty // Society and Law. – 2018. – No. 4 ( 66). – P. 17-21.
7. Sergeeva A. A., Polyanskaya S. S. Problems of applying arrest as a criminal form of punishment in the Russian Federation // Transformation of criminal legislation: promising directions. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 226-230.
8. Trakhov A. I. Once again about arrest as a form of punishment // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 133-138.
9. Criminal-executive law of Russia: theory, legislation, international standards, domestic practice of the late 19th – early 21st centuries: textbook / Ed. A. I. Zubkov. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M., 2022. – 701 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
MAGOMEDOVA Aminat Mustafaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
BAGIROV Abdulla Anverovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ADMINISTRATIVE PREJUDICE IN CRIMINAL LAW BY THE EXAMPLE OF ARTICLE 151.1. OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Domestic criminal legislation is multidimensional and includes many features, some of which are related to elements of the composition of individual criminal acts. One of these features is the administrative prejudice, which is established by the legislator in order to use criminal punishment only in relation to those subjects who have repeatedly committed an illegal act. This article examines the significance of a crime with compositions containing an administrative prejudice in criminal law, using the example of Art.158.1. of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Part 2 of Art. 7.27. of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this article is to analyze the composition of crimes with administrative prejudice on the example of Article 158.1. of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the work lies in the active development of the institution of administrative prejudice and the constant analysis of Russian legislation in order to further improve it. The article also suggests a way to improve legislation by changing the legal norms in question.
Keywords: crime, administrative prejudice, responsibility, criminal law, petty theft.
Article bibliographic list
1. Averinskaya S. V. Administrative prejudice in criminal law: doctrinal contradictions // Siberian legal bulletin. – 2020. – No. 1 (88). – P. 70-74.
2 . Bastrykin A. I. Main directions of improvement of Russian criminal policy in the economic sphere // Works of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 8-21.
3. Korobeev A. I. Squaw’s criminal misdemeanort the prism of the institute of administrative prejudice: good or evil? // Criminal law. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 68-72.
4. Shulga AV, Chernov Yu. I., Sokol AV Development of the domestic system of crimes with administrative prejudice: one step forward or two steps back? // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3 (49). – P. 14-19.
5. Yunusov AA, Serkova TV Administrative prejudice in Russian criminal law // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2019. – No. 1. – pp. 278-282.

CRIMINAL LAW
MAKAROV Evgeniy Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Organization of combating economic sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
YAVORSKI Y Maxim Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Combating economic crimes sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
SOME ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DISCREDITING AND SPREADING FALSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE USE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of innovations in the criminal law caused by the spread of lies and slander committed by individual subjects in order to undermine the authority of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The criminalization of the relevant acts is assessed by the authors as a forced but necessary step, since trust in the authorities, security and stability are an important part of state policy. They support the thesis that the approval of the actions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation requires an integrated approach that includes the use of legal remedies, including at the level of criminal prohibitions. The disposition of Article 280.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is analyzed, with an emphasis on objective and subjective signs. An example of a specific practical implementation of this norm is given.
Keywords: discrediting, public actions, dissemination of negative information, undermining authority, repeated actions, unlimited number of people, grammatical interpretation, alternative punishment, textual and graphic material, comprehensive examination.
Article bibliographic list
1. Krivoshapkin A. N. On the issue of criminal liability for discrediting the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: a novelty in criminal legislation // Argunovskie readings: materials of the IX International conference. Series. “Culture of the Arctic”. – Yakutsk, 2023. – P. 358-360.
2. Shamaev A. M. Issues of law enforcement practice in qualifying acts falling under Art. 280.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Public actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 186-190.
3. Kumysheva M.K. Actual problems of bringing to criminal liability for public actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 274-279.
4. Abdulatipov A.M. Criminal-legal characteristics of public dissemination under the guise of reliable messages of knowingly false information containing data on the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens, maintain international peace and security // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2022. – V. 42. No. 2. – P. 121-127.
5. Dubova M. E. Discrediting internal affairs bodies: criminal-legal and terminological aspects // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 2 (58). – P. 192-198.
6. Krotov D. A., Shavyrkin I. A. Criminal liability for public actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation or the exercise by state bodies of the Russian Federation of their powers outside the Russian Federation (Article 280.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – Issue 21. – P. 545-550.
7. Sokol A. M. Public actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens, maintain international peace and security or the exercise by state bodies of the Russian Federation of their powers for the specified purposes: problems of qualification // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 132-137.
8. Drozdov G. S. Responsibility for discrediting the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and freedom of speech in Russia. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 10 (509). – P. 179.-182.
9. Lyakhov D. V. Review of legislation in the field of liability for fakes and discrediting the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation // Information technology as a basis for progressive scientific research: collection of articles. Int. scientific practical conf. – Ufa, 2022. – P. 108-11.

CRIMINAL LAW
MAKHAEV Makhmud Abdulkadyr-ogly
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
ALIEV Abdulmalik Magomedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
FEATURES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR TAX EVASION UNDER RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW
The article analyzes the criminal liability for tax evasion in Russia as stipulated in Articles 198 and 199 of the Russian Criminal Code. It examines the types of evasion, law enforcement features, issues in proving intent, and proposes measures to improve practices, including staff training and the use of modern technologies.
Keywords: tax system, taxes, tax evasion, crime, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on July 28, 2023) // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
2. Almazov S. N. Criminal procedural aspects of combating tax crimes // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 34.
3. Nikiforov A . V. Problems of qualification of tax crimes in Russia // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 56.
4. Koryukina A. V. Improvement of criminal law norms on liability for tax crimes // Criminal law. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 78.

CRIMINAL LAW
MATVEEV Ilya Viktorovich
Senior lecturer of Criminal law and national security sub-faculty of the Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management
THE CONCEPT OF THE PRIMARY AND OPTIONAL FEATURE OF A CORRUPTION CRIME
The article considers the problems of the content of the signs of the composition of a corruption crime. Considering the totality of certain features of the corresponding group of crimes, there is a reasonable need to identify the main feature that is inherent in all corruption crimes. According to the author, such a sign is the use of an official position by a person. In addition, the paper introduces the concept of “optional signs of a corruption crime”, which complements the main characteristics of the content of a corruption crime.
Keywords: corruption crime, crime sign, main feature , optional feature, official, official crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Bratanovsky S. N., Zelenov M. F. Administrative and legal aspects of the fight against corruption in the executive power system in Russian Federation: monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2019. – 256 p.
2. Volzhenkin B. V. Corruption. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Legal. Institute of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 1998. – 44 p.
3. Goncharov V. A. Abuse of official powers: legislative and law enforcement aspects (based on the judicial practice of the Rostov region): author’s abstract. dis. … cand. jurid. sciences. – Krasnodar, 2007. – 22 p.
4. Gorodnova O. N., Lisov A. V. Motives for abuse of official powers // Youth and cooperation – 2023: abstracts of reports of the XLVII Interregional student scientific conference, Cheboksary, 05 April 2023. – Cheboksary: ​​Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch) of the autonomous non-profit educational organization of higher education of the Central Union of the Russian Federation “Russian University of Cooperation”, 2023. – P. 187-188.
5. Karpushin M. P., Kurlyandsky V. I. Criminal responsibility and elements of a crime. – M.: Legal Literature, 1974. – 232 p.
6. Luneev V. V. Crime in the 20th Century. World, Regional and Russian Trends. – M.: Norma, 1999. – 525 p.
7. Lysov M. D. Responsibility of officials under Soviet criminal law / Scientific ed. B. S. Volkov. – Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. University, 1972. – 176 p.
8. Maksimov S. V. Corruption. Law. Responsibility. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: YurInfoR, 2008. – 255 p.
9. Polyakov S. A., Sabitov T. R., Sukhorukov S. I. Theory of the elements of a crime: textbook. – Novosibirsk: NSTU, 2011. – 186 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
NEDOSTYPENKO Tatyana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
TSVETOV Sergey Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
VOLKOV Pavel Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Management and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF QUALIFICATION OF ACTS PROVIDED FOR IN ART. 126 AND ART. 127 OFTHE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION
The article touches on a number of topical issues related to the qualification of acts provided for in Art. 126 and art. 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Comparative legal analysis of the objective side of crimes allows us to determine the main distinctive features of the offenses, and at the same time points to the problems of qualification. The possibility and expediency of applying the principle of insignificance of an act in case of unfair deprivation of liberty is considered.
The purpose of the scientific article is to determine a possible direction for improving Russian criminal legislation, in particular applicable to Art. 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: encroachment on personal freedom, kidnapping, unlawful deprivation of liberty, criminal law characteristics, detaining a person.
Article bibliographic list
1. Pobegaylo E. F. Selected works // Assoc. Legal center. – St. Petersburg: Legal center Press, 2008. – 1064 p. @@ Serdyukova E. V. Kidnapping and illegal deprivation of liberty: historical-legal and criminal-legal analysis. – Stavropol, 2010. – P. 138.
2. Gurbanova G. A. Problematic issues related to the application of Art. 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Illegal deprivation of liberty” // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 124-133.
3. Zhurkina O. V. Qualifying features of illegal deprivation of liberty // Actual problems of legal sciences: International scientific and practical conference, Ufa, July 30, 2014 / Scientific Center “Aeterna”. – Ufa: Limited Liability Company “Aeterna”, 2014. – P. 19-22.
4. Naumenko S. V. Illegal deprivation of liberty: criminal-legal and criminological aspects: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2011 – 30 p.
5. Amosov A. E. Illegal deprivation of liberty in the criminal law of Russia: Types and characteristics: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences . – Kazan, 2009 – 24 p.
6. Kurilova E. N. Qualification of illegal drug trafficking: Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation requires clarification // Legal paradigm. – 2023. – Vol. 22. No. 3. – P. 42-47 .

CRIMINAL LAW
PERETOLCHIN Artyom Pavlovich
Ph .D. in Law, Associate Professor of Civil Law Sub-Faculty of the East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
RYABININA Elena Nikolaevna
Lawyer, law office
GAYDUKOV Andrey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF COMPULSORY LABOR IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes the legal nature of compulsory labor, its place in the system of criminal punishments in the Russian Federation, and the legal grounds and specific features of its regulatory framework. Special attention is given to the discretionary nature of imposing this type of punishment and the competition between criminal law norms. The authors examine the problems and prospects for improving law enforcement practices in this area, as well as discuss the impact of compulsory labor on the resocialization process of convicts. The article provides statistical data, offering a deeper understanding of contemporary trends and challenges associated with the application of compulsory labor in Russia.
Keywords: compulsory labor, criminal punishment, criminal law, regulatory framework, law enforcement practice, recidivist crime, criminal law norms, sanction, imprisonment.
Article bibliography
1. Gabaraev A. Sh. Forced labor: current problems of law enforcement activities // Bulletin of the criminal-executive systems. – 2021. – No. 1 (224). – P. 31-38. – DOI 10.51522/2307-0382-2021-224-1-31-38. – EDN NTUCWZ.
2. Golik Yu. V. . Another modernization of the Criminal Code // Criminal law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 29-34. – EDN OWOFUT.
3. Ivantsova N. V., Kalachyan K. Yu. Forced labor – an alternative or independent type of punishment: ways to find the right approach // Russian justice. – 2012. – No. 8. – P. 58-61. – EDN PFKESH.
4. Ishigeev V. S., Parfinenko I. P. Concept and system of criminal-legal measures applied to offenders // Bulletin East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 1 (72). – P. 17-18. – EDN TNYEYF.
5. Skoblikov P. A. Forced labor under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: history of emergence, practice of application, legal regulation, its defects and methods of elimination // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2023. – No. 488. – P . 232-241.– DOI 10.17223/15617793/488/25. – EDN BIDSTW.
6. Tasakov S. V. Forced labor in the system of punishments of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and problems of their law enforcement // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 210-215. – EDN UHGEAR.

CRIMINAL LAW
PICHUGIN Sergey Andreevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty of the Faculty of Law of the Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR AN ACT PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 282.4 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT ISSUES
The article is devoted to the issues of responsibility for the crime provided for in Article 282.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The purpose of the work is to characterize the signs of the corpus delicti provided for in Article 282.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the practice of its application. The main attention is paid to the characteristics of the subject of the crime (various types of attributes and symbols prohibited by current legislation) and the objective side. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts, literary sources and law enforcement practice, the legally significant signs of the specified corpus delicti, as well as issues of its qualification, are considered. Examples from judicial practice of the application of Article 282.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are given, its problematic aspects are indicated. In the final part, conclusions are drawn on the topic of the study.
Keywords: extremism, extremist organization, Nazi paraphernalia and symbols, paraphernalia and symbols of an extremist organization, prohibited paraphernalia and symbols, crime, punishment, criminal law.
Article bibliography
1. Abdullin A. R. Criminalization of repeated propaganda or public demonstration of Nazi attributes or symbols (Article 282.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 11 (174). – P. 192-193.
2. Shavyrkin I. A., Volkov A. S. Normative consolidation of the signs of the composition of crimes defined by the provisions of Chapter 29 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Legal science. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 175-178.
3. Criminal law of the Russian Federation. Special part: textbook / I. V. Pikin, M. L. Prokhorova, N. A. Gorshkova [et al.]; under the general editorship of M. L. Prokhorova, I. V. Pikin. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2024. – 642 p. + Additional materials. – (Higher education). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2092336 – ISBN 978-5-16-019165-2.
4. Sheveleva K. V. Criminal-legal means of protecting the historical memory of the peoples of the Russian Federation about the events of World War II and the Great Patriotic War: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2023. – 243 p.
5. Dictionary of foreign words: edited by I. V. Lekhin and prof. F. N. Petrov. – Moscow: YUNVES, 1995. – 832 p.
6. Rydchenko K. D. Some features of ensuring the ban on propaganda and public display of Nazi attributes and symbols // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 2. – P. 60-65.
7. Pikin I. V., Tarakanov I. A., Pichugin S. A. Problems of criminal-legal counteraction to propaganda or public demonstration of attributes and symbols of extremist organizations // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2023 – Vol. 9 (75). No. 3. – P. 502-507.

CRIMINAL LAW
RADCHENKO Elena Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, chief researcher of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Reform of the Penal System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
MEDVEDEVA Inna Nikolaevna
researcher of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Reform of the Penal System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ON THE ISS UE OF THE COST OF IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES IN THE FIELD OF COMBATING ILLEGAL MIGRATION
The article was prepared on the basis of a study conducted in 2024, within the framework of the research, statistical information was collected and analyzed on the activities of the courts of the Russian Federation and some federal executive authorities, legislation of the Russian Federation, established judicial practice on the problem of the effectiveness of the institution of administrative supervision in relation to persons who have served a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment, from among foreign citizens and stateless persons. The team of aThe authors formulated a number of proposals aimed at improving the current legislation, and also compiled an approximate forecast of the financial costs of the budget that will be required if they are implemented.
Keywords: foreign citizens and stateless persons, convicts, administrative supervision, proposals for improving legislation, forecast, budget costs.
Article bibliography
1. Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Statistical reporting forms: form No. 6-MV-NON “Information on persons convicted of crimes related to the illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors or analogues, potent substances, plants (or parts thereof) containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or their precursors, new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances” for 2017-2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://cdep.ru/?id=79 (date of access: 22.05.2024).
2. Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Statistical reporting forms: form No. 11 “Report on the composition of convicts, place of crime” for 2017-2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://cdep.ru/?id=79 (date of access: 22.05.2024).
3. Extrapolation is the dissemination of conclusions obtained from observing one part of a phenomenon to another part. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. In 35 volumes. – M.: The Great Russian Encyclopedia. Under the general editorship of S. L. Kravets, 2013. The forecast calculations were made using the “TREND” function of the Microsoft Office Excel program.
4. Ovsyannikova T. A., Saifulin R. R. Returning to the issue of financial costs when applying a preventive measure in the form of house arrest // Criminal-executive inspectorates: history, current state and issues of improving activities: Collection of materials from the round table dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the creation of criminal-executive inspectorates, Moscow, May 31, 2019. – Moscow: Federal State Institution “Research Institute of Information Technology of the Federal Penitentiary Service”, 2019. – P. 169-173. – EDN YWRKBT.

CRIMINAL LAW
ERSHOVA Kseniya Andreevna
lecturer of M. I. Kovalev Criminal law sub-faculty of the V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
SUCCESSION ISSUES IN CRIMINAL LAW
The study is devoted to certain issues of criminal liability of legal entities. The proposed concepts of criminal liability of legal entities do not sufficiently address the issues of legal succession. In this paper, an attempt is made to substantiate the possibility of succession in the event of the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities, the correspondence of such an institution to the theory of law, interbranch relations of criminal law and the experience of foreign countries.
Keywords: criminal liability, legal entity, succession, intersectoral connections.
Article bibliography
1. Fedorov AV Institute of criminal liability of legal entities in Azerbaijan // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 11-25.
2. Fedorov AV Criminal liability of legal entities in Latvia // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 17-30.
3. Fedorov AV Bringing commercial legal entities to criminal liability under the legislation of Vietnam // Investigation of crimes: problems and solutions. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 14-38.
4. Civil law: Textbook. In 2 volumes / Ed. B.M. Gongalo. Vol. 1. – M .: Statut, 2016 .– 511 p.
5. Kozachenko I. Ya. Criminal liability: measure and form of expression. – Sverdlovsk, 1987. (lecture text). – 47 p.
6. Cherdantsev AF Theory of state and law: Textbook for universities. – M.: Yurait, 1999. – 432 p.
7. Nosov D. V. Succession in Russian Law: Perm. state national research university. – Perm, 2013. – 189 p.
8. Vitruk N. V. General theory of legal liability: 2nd ed., corrected and supplemented. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2023. – 432 p.
9. Nosov D. V. On reverse succession in Russian civil law // Legal science. – 2022. – No. 9. – pp. 9-13.

CRIMINAL LAW
OGAREV Daniil Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of the degree in 5.1.4. “Criminal Law Sciences” of the Moscow State Linguistic University
CONFISCATION AS A CRIMINAL LEGAL MEANS OF COMBATING CRIMES COMMITTED WHILE INTOXICATED
This article examines the statistics of road accidents involving drivers while intoxicated, which resulted in the death of road users or harm to the health of road users of varying degrees of severity. An analysis is made of the court’s approach to the application of confiscation of a vehicle in relation to persons who have committed crimes under Articles 264.1, 264.2, 264.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The court’s approach to the application of confiscation of a vehicle to persons who have committed crimes under Article 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is considered. A new approach is proposed regarding the differentiation of persons driving a vehicle while intoxicated, and the necessary changes in criminal legislation are also proposed.
Keywords: Criminal law, confiscation, crime, traffic accident, warning , criminal liability, vehicle.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Traffic police website, statistics section. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://stat.gibdd.ru/
2. Website of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=7900.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Article 104.1 Confiscation of property. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.consultant.ru/riv/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=464168&dst=103212&cacheid=9F8F7664C3C3D2A7DE59AFAFF37F4786&mode=splus&rnd=jbeabg# jondtFUK4WUwW0031.
4. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 14.06.2018 No. 17 (as amended on 12.12.2023) “On certain issues related to the use of confiscation of property in criminal proceedings”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.consultant.ru/riv/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=464641&cacheid=59D18EB2509BB205099D379B7DDD6CA3&mode=splus&rnd=jbeabg#v6yeBGUKZAJSnkN5.
5. Verdict of the Leninsky District Court of Ivanovo dated November 19, 2019 No. 1-241/2019. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru.
6. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation for the first quarter of 1999 in criminal cases, approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 9, 1999 // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – 1999. – No. 10.
7. Isaev N. Yu. Criminal liability for violation of traffic rules and operation of vehicles: diss. – Institute of International Law and Economics named after A. S. Griboyedov, 2009.
8. Clause 30 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 9, 2008 No. 25 “On judicial practice in cases of crimes related to violation of traffic rules and operation of vehicles, as well as their illegal seizure without the intent to steal.” br> 9. Verdict of the Bureysky District Court of the Amur Region dated 05/24/2023 in case No. 1-61/2023 Charge: under Part 4 of Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (violation of traffic rules and operation of vehicles).

CRIMINAL LAW
STROGOVICH Yuriy Nikolaevich
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
MEDVEDEVA Inna Nikolaevna
researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service» of Russia
CONTINUING THE TALK ABOUT DEFINITIONS
The article, which is a continuation of the series on the definitions of concepts and terms of the penal legislation of the Russian Federation, proposes definitions of such concepts as administration, alcoholism, a safe place, educational work with convicts, inspection, the legitimate interests of convicts and some others with a brief justification for the need for legislative reinforcement definitions of these concepts.
Keywords: concept, definition, administration, safe place, educational impact, search.
Article bibliography
1. Antipov A . N., Pervozvansky V. B., Strogovich Yu. N. On the issue of the basic concepts and terms of criminal-executive law // Criminal-executive system: law, economics, management. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 3-6.
2. Strogovich Yu. N., Belova S. N. Returning to the issue of definitions // Ius publicum privatum: online scientific and practical journal of private and public law . – 2023. – No. 2 (22). – P. 177-185.
3. Strogovich Yu. N. On definitions in penal legislation // Scientific works of the Federal Penitentiary Service Research Institute of Russia: scientific and practical quarterly publication. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 18-23.
4. Strogovich M. S. Logic / Military Law Academy of the Armed Forces of the USSR. – M., 1948. – 308 p.
5. Criminal-executive law of Russia. Basic terms anddefinitions. Dictionary. Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch), 2017. – 45 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
TSUKANOV Stanislav Igorevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the Moscow State Linguistic University
FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND OTHER STATES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME
The subject of the study is Russia’s international cooperation in the fight against crime. The object of the study is the activities of the National Central Bureau of Interpol (NCB) in Russia. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the organizational structure of the NCB, interaction with foreign law enforcement agencies and regulations governing international cooperation. Particular attention is paid to the draft 2020 order, changes in legislation and information exchange procedures. The research method includes analysis of regulations, law enforcement practice and international agreements. The methodology is based on comparative legal analysis, data systematization and the study of interdepartmental interaction. The main conclusions of the study are the need to optimize international cooperation procedures and improve coordination between departments. The author’s special contribution is to propose specific measures to reduce bureaucratic delays and introduce modern technologies to speed up the exchange of information. The novelty of the study lies in a detailed analysis of the draft order of 2020 and its impact on international law enforcement cooperation in Russia.
Keywords: international cooperation, fight against crime, NCB Interpol, regulations , interaction, information exchange, modern technologies, criminal policy, alternative, national interests, international obligations.
Article bibliography
1. Akhmetzakirov N. R. Comparative study of the implementation of legal assistance in criminal matters cases in Kazakhstan and Russia. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2016. – 157 p.
2. Bykova E. V., Vyskub V. S., Reshetnikova T. A. Improving the regulation of international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings // Library of the criminalist. Scientific magazine. – M.: Yurlitinform. – 2014. – No. 4 (15). – P. 301-310.
3. Esina A. S., Zhamkova O. E. International assignments of the investigator: problematic issues of sending and executing assignments // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2019. – No. (2). – P. . 122-124.
4. Zhubrin R. V. Deadlines for executing requests for legal assistance in criminal cases // Legality. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 12-14.
5. Kondrat I. N. Features of the execution of individual requests for international legal assistance in criminal cases // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 34-36.
6. Mozhaeva I. P., Zakhvatov I. Yu. Organizational and Legal and methodological foundations for optimizing document flow in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a tutorial. – Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2021. – 77 p.
7. Nikiforov I. A. ASEAN as a security community: problems of theoretical understanding // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 25: International relations and world politics. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 154-174.
8. Nudel S. L. Criminal-legal protection of financial relations: dis. … doctor of law. – M., 2015. – 429 p.
9. Mozhaeva I. P., Zakhvatov I. Yu. Organizational, legal and methodological foundations for optimizing document flow in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a tutorial. – Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2021. – 77 p.
10. Rajabzoda D. I. Procedural features of sending a request for legal assistance in the interaction of preliminary investigation bodies of Russia and the CIS countries in criminal cases // National Security / Nota bene . – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 2-8.
11. Semenov E. Yu., Lysenko E. S. Improving the efficiency of official activities through the use of advanced capabilities of the ISOD e-mail service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Law: retrospective and perspective. – 2022. – No. 2 (10). – P. 28-30.
12. Smirnov P. A., Shcherba S. P. Gaps and contradictions in the law under the gun of criminal procedural science // Bulletin University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 6 (86). – P. 62-72.
13. Sokolov E. V. Legal support and organization of the activities of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to combat transnational and interregional crime: diss. … cand. . jurid. sciences. – M., 2019. – 221 p.
14. Chukhnina G. Ya. Problems of cooperation of regulatory authorities on tax crimes at the international level // Finance and credit. – 2011. – No. 37 (479) . – P. 61-66.
15. Shatalov A. S. Legal mechanism of cooperation in the sphere of criminal proceedings // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 126-146.
16. Shigurova E. I., Shigurov A. V. Preparation procedureand directions of requests for international legal assistance // Humanitarian and political legal studies. – 2021. – No. 3 (14). – pp. 62-74.

CRIMINAL LAW
SHAVKAROVA Elena Evgenjevna
senior lecturer of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON LIABILITY FOR ILLEGAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The article reveals the history of the origin of responsibility for entrepreneurial activity in Russian criminal law. The organization of entrepreneurial activity in our country is an important area of ​​market development, increasing the indicators of economic stability, etc. The article reflects the development of criminal liability for acts related to entrepreneurial activity from the time of the Russian Truth to the present, as well as its transformation.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial activity, criminal liability , illegal entrepreneurship, history of development, legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Likholetov A. A. Qualification of illegal entrepreneurship: textbook / Ed. by D.Sc. (Law), Assoc. Prof. N. A. Egorova. – Volgograd: VA MVD of Russia, 2019. – P. 23.
2. Eremin S. G., Steshenko Yu. S. Disclosure and investigation of crimes in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity: a manual . – Volgograd: VA Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2016. – P. 46.

CRIMINAL LAW
SHAKHBANOVA Aiza Alibegovna
magister student of the 2nd course in the specialty 04/40/01. “Jurisprudence” of the North-Caucasian Institute (branch) of the Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
ADILOV Zaur Adilovich
Ph.D . in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty of the North-Caucasian Institute (branch) of the Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
SOME PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION AND PUNISHABILITY OF VIOLENT ATTACKS ON PROPERTY
The article considers some problems of taking into account the violent method of committing a crime in the qualification of crimes against property. The constructive features of Articles 161, 162 and 163 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as comments of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation related to the proper procedure for assessing forms and types of violence in the qualification of against property, have been studied and critically analyzed. The article offers some author’s judgments and recommendations aimed at optimizing the criteria for distinguishing forms and types of violence in property attacks, as well as taking them into account when determining the limits of punishability.
Keywords: criminal law, crimes against property, violence, physical violence, mental violence, threats of violence, robbery, violent robbery, extortion, qualification of crimes, criminal punishment.
Article bibliography
1. On judicial practice in cases of theft, robbery and robbery: Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 27.12.2002 No. 29 (as amended on 15.12.2023) // Reference legal system “Consultant Plus”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_40412/ (date of access 21.04.2024).
2. On judicial practice in cases of extortion (Article 163 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) (current version): Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation of 12/17/2015 No. 56 // Reference legal system “Consultant Plus”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_190790/ (date of access: 04/28/2024).
3. Badal’yants E. Yu. Development of domestic criminal legislation on liability for robbery // Modern Science. – 2021. – No. 12-1. – P. 230-235.
4. Zhinjiimaa N. The nature of extortion and social danger // The path of science. – 2023. – No. 3 (109). – P. 33-37.
5. Koltsov M. I., Ilyina D. A. Problems of modern criminal policy in preventing robberies // Current research. – 2023. – No. 31 (161). – P. 41-45.
6. Kryukov A. V. Qualification rules crimes involving violence // Bulletin of the Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service. – 2020. – No. 4 (39). – P. 34-41.

CRIMINAL LAW
SHOMUROTZODA Firdavs
adjunct of the Faculty of Training of Scientific and Scientific-pedagogical Personnel of the Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
TORTURE AS A CRIME UNDER THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
The article characterizes torture as a crime under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. The specific signs of torture under the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan and the grounds for delineation from related elements of the crime are revealed. The features of criminal liability for torture in the laws of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan are considered, which contribute to a deeper understanding of this issue.
Keywords: torture, beatings, harm to health, mental suffering, systematic, criminal law, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Amirova D.K., Faizova D.L. Criminal-legal problems of qualification of torture (article 117 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Scientific Notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2023. No. 1 (15). P. 7-14.
2. Kabanov P. N. Criminal liability for beatings and torture: author’s abstract. . … candidate of legal sciences. M., 2006. 30 p.
3. Konstantinov P. Criminal liability for torture // Legality. – 2000. – No. 4. – P. 8-10.
4. The concept of criminal-legal policy of the Republic of Tajikistan . [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://mmk.tj (date of access: 03/09/2024).
5. Krasilnikov A. V., Tokhirzoda O. T. Reconciliation of the victim with the accused as a priority task of the proceedings on criminal cases of private prosecution (under the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation) // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. No. 3 (86). P. 230-235.
6. Molev G. I., Puzarin A. I. Problems of qualification of torture as a criminal offense // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State. 2021. Vol. 9. No. 1 (33). P. 102-108.
7. Pesterova Yu. S. Criminal-legal characteristics of torture: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. Tyumen, 2008. 27 p.
8. Rakhmadzhonzoda R. R. Criminal Procedure Policy of the Republic of Tajikistan // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 4 (95). P. 104-115.
9. Tartakovsky A. D. Some questions of the characteristics of torture under Soviet criminal law // Theory and practice of combating offenses. Dushanbe: Publishing house of Tajik University, 1980. Issue 1. P. 33-39.
10. Sharapov R. D. Qualification of crimes committed with the use of physical violence. Tyumen: Tyum. legal institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001. 66 p.
11. Sharipov H. H. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Republic of Tajikistan / Ed. H.H. Sharipov. Dushanbe: Globus, 2006. 880 p.
12. Sharifzoda P. R. Administrative and legal regulation of the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of prevention of domestic violence: diss. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.2. Moscow, 2023. 234 p.
13. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vkd.tj/index.php/ru/ (date of access: 01/09/2024).
14. Takmili Kodeksi chinoyati takozoi zamon. (Improvement of the Criminal Code after the expiration of time). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://javonon.tj (date of access: 03/09/2024).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BEGOVA Dinara Yakubovna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GAZIEVA Saida Shamilovna
magister student of the 2nd years of study of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
A GUILTY VERDICT: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICe
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal nature and consequences of a conviction in criminal proceedings. The paper analyzes not only the immediate legal consequences of the entry into force of the sentence, such as sentencing and changing the legal status of the disappointing person, but also its impact on related areas. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of the concepts of a guilty verdict and other court decisions, the pronouncement of which is possible based on the results of consideration of a criminal case.
Keywords: ruling of the verdict, conviction, entry into force, legal significance, procedural grounds, presumption of innocence.
Article bibliography
1. Zagorsky G. I. Sentencing: problems of theory and practice: A teaching aid. – M.: Prospect, 2010.
2. Vorozhtsov S. A. Descriptive and motivational part of the guilty verdict. Trequirements for form, content, language and style of presentation // Magistrate. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 14-24.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KARPIKOV Alexander Semenovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil, criminal law and process and financial and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Bryansk branch of the G. V. Plekhanov Russian Economic University
THE SUBJECT OF PROOF DURING AN INQUIRY IN AN ABBREVIATED FORM: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND ISSUES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
This article discusses the features of the circumstances that are subject to proof during an inquiry in an abbreviated form in accordance with the current criminal procedure legislation. Such circumstances include: the event of the crime, the nature and extent of the harm caused by the crime, as well as the guilt of the person in committing it. Based on an analysis of the current legislation and clarifications of higher judicial authorities, the article provides the argument and justification that when conducting an inquiry in an abbreviated form, all circumstances provided for in Article 73 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation must be established for the presence or absence. Based on this, it is concluded that the subject of proof during the production of an abbreviated form of inquiry is not limited (truncated), and the reduction of the process of proof during an investigation in this form of inquiry is achieved mainly by reducing the investigative and procedural actions performed. The reduction in investigative and procedural actions occurs, among other things, due to the fact that the basis of evidence when conducting an investigation in an abbreviated form of inquiry is information obtained from the results of checking a report of a crime at the stage of initiating a criminal case.
Keywords: criminal procedure legislation, inquiry in an abbreviated form, subject of proof, circumstances to be proven, process of proof, criminal case, investigative and procedural actions, preliminary investigation.
Article bibliography
1. Gerasenkov V. M. Inquiry in an abbreviated form in Russian criminal proceedings // In the collection: Man in the XXI century. Proceedings of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference of Teachers and Students, 2014. – P. 327-330.
2. Plesneva L. P., Sokolova O. V. Features of proof during the investigation in abbreviated form // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 4 (148). – P. 122-125.
3. Pogorelsky A. A. Problems of proof during the investigation in abbreviated form // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2022. – No. 2 (60). – P. 68-79.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulayevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of the R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala, branch in Izberbash of the Dagestan State University
MUSAKAEVA Zarema Zelimkhanovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
MEISUROV Shamil Suleymanovich
senior lecturer of the R. Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS OF PROCEDURAL INDEPENDENCE OF THE INVESTIGATOR
The article focuses on the definition an investigator as a key participant in criminal proceedings. The authors analyzed the structural elements of the investigator’s legal status, which made it possible to formulate new concepts in this area. In particular, the article examines the issue of procedural independence of the investigator, expressed through his procedural powers.
Keywords: investigator, procedural independence, criminal proceedings, criminal case.
Article bibliography
1. Morugina N.A., Sidorova E.I. On the issue of defining the concept of “investigator” in Russian criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the VI Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-opredelenii-ponyatiya-sledovatel-v-rossiyskom-ugolovnom-protsesse (date accessed: 04.05.2024).
2. Preliminary investigation bodies of Russia and procedural independence of the investigator: monograph / Ed. by Dr. of Law, Prof. V. A. Semenov. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2021. – P. 146.
3. Rudakova S. V. The investigator and his right to appeal // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (33). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sledovatel-i-ego-pravo-obzhalovaniya (date of access: 04.05.2024).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MINYAZEVA Tatyana Fedorovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of the Department of Law of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law of the Moscow City Pedagogical University, professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
REALIZATION OF THE GOALS OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IN THE PROCESS OF ITS EXECUTION
The article based on the dialectical-materialistic method and the method of analysis, examines and reveals the relationship between the category of the purpose of criminal punishment at the stage of its appointment and execution, and evaluates its expression in both criminal and penal legislation. It is noted that the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, unlike the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, does not contain the goal of restoring social justice. The conclusion is formulated that the activities of institutions and bodies executing punishment primarily involve achieving the goal of preventing the commission of crimes.
Keywords: convicted person, purposes of punishment, legal restrictions, effectiveness, correction , crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Zubkova V. I. Restoration of social justice as the goal of criminal punishment and its achievement in the process of serving a sentence // Bulletin of the Institute: crime, punishment, correction. – 2009. – No. 9. – P. 12.
2. Karpets I. I. Punishment. Social, legal and criminological problems. – M., 1973. – P. 134.
3. Commentary on the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation (article by article): taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation / A. V. Brilliantov , S. I. Kurganov; edited by Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation A. V. Brilliantov; Russian State University of Justice. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 576 p.
4. Minyazeva T. F., Dobryakov D. A. Correction of a convict (criminal) as a goal of punishment // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2016. – No. 2 (21). – P. 64.
5 . Naumov A. V. Russian criminal law. General part: course of lectures. – 6th edition, revised and supplemented. – M.: Prospect, 2017. – P. 363-364.
6. General part of the new Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation. Results of substantiation of theoretical modeling / Under the scientific editorship of V. I. Seliverstov. – M.: Jurisprudence, 2017. – P. 43.
7. Sundurov F. R., Talan M. V. Punishment in criminal law: Textbook. – Moscow: Statut, 2015. – P. 82.
8. Criminal-executive law of Russia: textbook / Ed. V. I. Seliverstov. – 9th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – P. 72.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MUSTAPAEV Hamid Salamovich
magister student of the 2nd course of the correspondence studies of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
BEGOVA Dinara Yakubovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Institute of Law of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCESS
Criminal prosecution in the criminal process of Russia organizational is a set of legal and measures aimed at identifying signs of a crime, establishing the circumstances of its commission, exposing and bringing to justice those responsible for its commission. The article examines various forms of criminal prosecution, such as public, private-public and private prosecution, as well as the stages of the criminal process, including the initiation of a criminal case, preliminary investigation, indictment, preventive measures and judicial proceedings. The article analyzes the legal norms governing the rights of suspects and accused, the procedures for collecting evidence and investigative actions, the role of the investigator and the prosecutor, as well as the judicial review of criminal cases and sentencing. Special attention is paid to ensuring the legality and fairness of criminal prosecution, protecting the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: criminal prosecution, Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, preliminary investigation, prosecution, preventive measures, judicial proceedings, rights of suspects and accused.
Article bibliography
1. Bondar M. M. On the need to modernize the concept of “criminal prosecution” in the Criminal Procedure Code RF // Current issues of preliminary investigation: Collection of scientific articles from international scientific and practical conferences, St. Petersburg, April 20, 2021 – 25, 2022. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Universityt of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2022. – P. 48-52.
2. Vilkova T. Yu. Criminal Procedure Law of the Russian Federation. Workshop: a textbook for universities. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 629 p.
3. Dzhurakulov D. Ch. Criminal prosecution and its types, subject and object of criminal prosecution // Student Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 17-2 (162). – P. 93-94.
4. Sinelnikova V. S. Termination of criminal prosecution by the court of first instance upon expiration of the statute of limitations for criminal prosecution // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 186-188.
5. Seliverstova M. A. The concept of criminal prosecution in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Science. – 2020. – V. 3. No. 7 (28). – P. 61-65.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SAVINOVA Elena Anatoljevna
senior lecturer of Penal enforcement law and organization of educational work with convicts sub-faculty of the Faculty of Law of the Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the FPS of Russia
EATURES OF EDUCATIONAL WORK WITH CONVICTS IN PENAL COLONIES
The article examines the purpose of colonies-settlements, which occupy a special place in the system of correctional institutions, where the specifics of the tasks performed largely predetermine some features of the detention of convicts in them. These features, in turn, have an impact on the organization, as well as on the choice of forms and methods of educational work with the contingent of colony settlements. The correctional process carried out in colony settlements is associated with solving the problem of adaptation of convicts to living conditions in freedom. The need for such adaptation is generated by a fairly wide range of factors, for example, the negative consequences of work and household arrangements. The task of preparing convicts for life in freedom is solved through educational work with them.
Keywords: convicts, colony-settlement, upbringing, educational work, imprisonment, labor education, organization, features.
Article bibliography
1. Kraynova N. A. Criminological and criminal-legal problems of resocialization of convicts in the Russian Federation and abroad: monograph. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics, 2017. – P. 32.
2. Antonyan Yu. M., Kudryavtsev V. N., Eminov V. E. Personality of the criminal. – SPb: Juridical center Press, 2004. – P. 102.
3. Bazhanov O. I., Struchkov N. A., Uskova I. B. Discussion of penitentiary problems at the international level: a tutorial. – Ryazan, 1977. – P. 12.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SAFRONOV Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Doctoral student of the Research Department of the Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INTERESTS OF AN INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY AND THE STATE IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS USING THE EXAMPLE OF ENSURING THE RIGHT TO DEFENSE
The article raises the question that a threat to national security should make it possible to limit individual rights and freedoms of individuals to protect society and the state as a whole. The provisions of foreign criminal procedural legislation that limit the right to defense are given, and proposals are made to improve criminal proceedings in Russia in special conditions. The novelty of the proposed material lies in raising the question of the fundamental possibility of limiting the right to protect an individual in the interests of the security of society, the state, and the foundations of the constitutional system of the country in special conditions.
Keywords: right to defense, special conditions, criminal proceedings in special conditions, national security.
Article bibliography:
1. On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 05.07.2023) @@ Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 05.07.2021, No. 27 (Part II), Art. 5351.
2. On terrorism: UK Act 2000 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/8 (date of access: 08.05.2024).
3. On national security: UK Act. 2023 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/32/contents/enacted (date of access: 09.05.2024).
4. Code of Practice H 2023 to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984: UK Law. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pace-code-h-2023/pace-code-h-2023-accessible (accessed: 13.02.2024).
5. Schedule 8 to the UK Terrorism Act 2000[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/8 (date of access: 30.04.2024).
6. Schedule 6 to the National Security Act 2023 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/32/schedule/6/enacted (date of access: 06.05.2024).
7. UK National Statistics. The operation of police powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 and subsequent legislation: arrests, findings, stops and searches, UK, quarterly report to September 2023. Published: 14 December 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/operation-of-police-powers-under-tact-2000-to-september-2023/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-and-subsequent-legislation-arrests-outcomes-and-stop-and-search-great-britain-quarterly-u (accessed: 13.02.2024).
8. Code of Criminal Procedure of France. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006071154/LEGISCTA000006151876/2024-05-09/ (date of access: 09.05.2024).
9. Tarkhanov A. The emergency will become legal Kommersant. 17.10.2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.rambler.ru/other/38131641-chrezvychaynoe-stanet-zakonnym/?ysclid=lsldsokqcl27501964 (date of access: 13.02.2024).
10. The Code of Military Justice of France. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006071360/LEGISCTA000006151807?dateVersion=29%2F04%2F2024&page=1&pageSize=10&query=L.+121-7&searchField=NUM_ARTICLE&searchType=ALL&tab_selection=code&typePagination=DEFAUT&typeRecherche=date&anchor=LEGIARTI000024970897#LEGIARTI000024970897 (date of access: 29.04.2024).
11. Interfax: April 21, 2024. The Paris prefect announced maintaining a heightened terrorist threat in France. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.interfax.ru/world/957016 (date accessed: 26.04.2024).
12. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/6039/file/sdrs02.pdf (date accessed: 30.04.2024).
13. Golovnenkov P., Spitsa N. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany – Strafprozessordnung (StPO) – Scientific and practical commentary and translation of the text of the law as of July 21, 2012. – M .: Moscow State Law Academy named after O. E. Kutafina, 2012. – 406 pp.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SIDIROPULO Irina Georgievna
lecturer of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, major of police
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIME INVESTIGATION
Crime detection and investigation activities are strictly regulated by current legislation, however, universal informatization and technological progress require the introduction of advanced means to counter crime, which undoubtedly include the capabilities of artificial intelligence. The article presents possible areas of application of artificial intelligence technologies in criminal law and criminal procedure activities, reflects the positive and negative aspects.
Keywords: digitalization, artificial intelligence, criminal law activity, criminal procedure activity, crime investigation.
Article bibliography
1. Vlasova S. V. On the issue of adapting the criminal procedure mechanism to digital reality // Library of the criminalist. Scientific journal. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 9-18.
2. Afanasyev A. Yu. Artificial intelligence or intelligence of subjects of detection, disclosure and investigation of crimes: which will win? // Library of the criminalist. Scientific journal. – 2018. – No. 3 (38). – P. 28-34.
3. Biryukov V. V., Biryukova T. P. Modern Possibilities of Using the Potential of Computer Technologies in Crime Investigation [Text] // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of the Southern Federal University. – 2022. – Vol. 9. No. 3. – P. 88-96.
4. Bessonov A. A. On Some Possibilities of Modern Forensic Science in Working with Electronic Traces. – Moscow: Bulletin of the University named after O.E. Kutafin, 2019. – P. 46-52.
5. Verenich I. V., Kustov A. M., Proshin V. M. Forensic Science and Theory of the Crime Mechanism [Text]: monograph / Under the scientific ed. A. M. Kustov. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2016. – 669 p.
6. Bakhteyev D. V. Artificial intelligence in investigative activities: tasks and problems // Russian investigator. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 3-6.
7. Ishchenko P. P. Investigative actions in the context of digitalization of criminal proceedings. – DOI 10.17150/2411-6122.2022.1.30-42 // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 30-42.

UGOFISHING PROCESS
SKOBELEVA Oksana Olegovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Head of Philosophy and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty of the Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
DRUG TREATMENT PROGRAMS IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
This article considers some recommendations on the formation of drug treatment programs for drug-dependent inmates in correctional institutions in foreign countries. An interdisciplinary approach to the provision of drug dependence services and the involvement of specialists from various professions, such as medical, psychologists, social workers and lawyers, allows all aspects of inmates’ needs to be covered and effective coordination between services to be ensured. Mandatory treatment programs, house arrest and probation with mandatory participation in rehabilitation programs may be more effective and cost-effective in addressing drug dependence. Application of foreign experience in the development and improvement of conditions for drug-dependent convicts in our country can contribute to their more successful rehabilitation and integration into society.
Keywords: convicts, penitentiary institutions, programs, drug addicts, drug addiction.
Article bibliographic list
1. Zhegulskaya E. O. Psychological rehabilitation of convicts with drug addiction. Text: direct // NovaInfo. – 2022. – No. 132. – P. 136-139.
2. Drugs that treat opioid addiction and overdoses not widely available in federal prisons. Beth Schwartzapfel. The Marshall Project, 2021.
3. Sack D. We can’t afford to ignore drug addiction in prison. – Retrieved, 2014.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CHIKULINA Alina Radikovna
senior lecturer of Criminal process, criminalistics and forensic science sub-faculty of the South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
PREVENTIVE APPOINTMENT OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AUTHORIZED BY THE COURT
The article discusses the issue of the preventive characteristics of preventive measures authorized by the court. The preventive purpose of choosing preventive measures is indicated. According to the author, it is precisely this that ensures the prevention of negative risks arising from inappropriate behavior of the accused or suspect. At the same time, the work substantiates that the difficulty that arises in practical activities in establishing the grounds, conditions and circumstances taken into account when selecting and extending preventive measures is explained precisely by the preventive nature of the analyzed preventive measures.
Keywords: preventive measures, grounds for choosing a preventive measure, subject of proof, limits of proof, judicial control.
Article bibliography
1. Lazareva V. A. Proof in criminal proceedings: textbook for universities. – 8th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2023. – 302 p.
2. Chikulina A. R. Standard of proof in choosing measures restrictions chosen by the court // Russian judge. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 39-41. – DOI 10.18572/1812-3791-2023-9-39-41.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
AIZENBERG Natalya Alexeevna
postgraduate student of Criminal process sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
REQUIREMENTS TO THE CONTENT OF THE COMPLAINT FILED IN THE ORDER OF ARTICLE 125 OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes statistical data on consideration of complaints against actions (inaction) and decisions of officials involved in criminal proceedings, filed in accordance with Art. 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation for 2011-2023. The foreign experience of appealing against the actions of officials conducting criminal proceedings is considered. The requirements to the content and design of the complaint filed in accordance with Article 125 of the CPC of the RF, based on the established court practice and necessary for its consideration by the court, are systematized. The author identifies a number of problems relating to the lack of legislative fixation of the requirements to the complaint in Art. 125 of the CPC RF. The author proposes amendments to Article 125 of the CPC RF to fix the requirements to the content of the complaint.
Keywords: criminal procedure, judicial statistics, return of the complaint, right to appeal, access to court.
Article bibliographic list
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001 No. 174-FZ // Ros. newspaper. – 2001. – 22 Dec.
2. Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on 12 December 1993 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 1993. – 25 Dec.; 2020. – 04 July.
3. Dikarev I. S., Yutkina S. M. Criteria for the admissibility of complaints filed in accordance with Art. 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code // Legality. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 48-51.
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus of July 16, 1999 No. 295-Z (with amendments and additions as of July 17, 2023). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30414958&pos=1694;-49#pos=1694;-49 (date of access: June 10, 2024).
5. Tsurluy O. Yu. Comparative analysis of the norms regulating the right to appeal procedural actions and decisions in the legislation of Russia and the CIS countries // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2011. – No. 14 (109). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sravnitelnyy-analiz-norm-reglamentiruyuschih-pravo-obzhalovaniya-protsessualnyh-deystviy-i-resheniy-v-zakonodatelstve-rossii-i-stran (date of access: 22.07.2024).
6. Judicial statistics data. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/?id=79 (date accessed: 10.06.2024).
7. Topilina T. A. Restriction of access to justice for consideration of a criminal procedural dispute in accordance with Art. 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 58-69.
8. Volkolupov V. G. Appealing procedural actions and decisions or inaction of authorities in criminal proceedings: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09; [Place of protection: FGKOU VO “Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”]. – Volgograd, 2022. – 35 p.
9. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 10, 2009 No. 1 “On the practice of considering complaints by the courts in accordance with Article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_84964/ (date of access: 01.07.2024).
10. Rossinsky S. B., Rogovaya S. A. Subject of appeal to the court of actions (inaction) and decisions of preliminary investigation bodies and the prosecutor’s office: from theory to practice // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 48-53.
11. Osipov A. L. Some problems of protecting the constitutional rights of an individual when considering complaints by the courts in accordance with Art. 125 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – No. 1. – P. 94-103.
12. Rudakova S. V. Criminal Procedure Appeal and Its System in Domestic Pre-Trial Proceedings”: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Krasnodar, 2023. – 564 p.
13. Lazareva V. A. Judicial Proceedings on a Complaint against the Actions and Decisions of the Preliminary Investigation Body: Issues of Evidence // Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. – 2020. – No. 3. – pp. 31-36.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
GADADOV Israfil Saidovich
postgraduate student of the 4th year of education of the Russian State University of Justice
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE C RITERIA FOR THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article will consider several topical issues related to the definition of criteria for the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. The ambiguity of the concept of “proof”, the problems associated with the collection and use of evidence, as well as the possibility of excluding illegally obtained evidence require a state approach to the unification of procedures and rules. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop clear and reasonable criteria for the admissibility of evidence, taking into account the specifics of each type of evidence and ensuring compliance with the principles of fair trial.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, evidence, evaluation of evidence, admissibility of evidence, court.
Article bibliography:
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Belarus of July 16, 1999 No. 295-Z (with amendments and additions as of July 17, 2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30414958&pos=1314;-54#pos=1314;-54.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia dated July 27, 2021 No. ЗР-306. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.spinform.ru/show_doc.fwx?rgn=143021&ysclid=lx2w9t0k9b319491954.
3. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (approved by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 22, 1994 No. 2013-XII) (as amended and supplemented as of April 19, 2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30421101.
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Moldova of March 14, 2003 No. 122-XV (with amendments and additions as of December 28, 2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30397729.
5. Criminal Procedure Code of Turkmenistan of April 18, 2009 (with amendments and additions as of November 25, 2023). [Electronic resource]. –Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31344376.
6. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kodeksy-kz.com/ka/ugolovno-protsessualnyj_kodeks/112.htm.
7. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Tajikistan of December 3, 2009 (with amendments and additions as of 01/03/2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30594304.
8. 8 Criminal Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic dated October 28, 2021 No. 129 (with amendments and additions as of 05/16/2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=36639004.
9. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (approved by the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated July 14, 2000 No. 907-IQ) (with amendments and additions as of 12/22/2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30420280.
10. Sheifer S. A. The nature and methods of collecting evidence in Soviet criminal law. – M.: VYuZI, 1972. – P. 34.
11. Levchenko O. V. Proof in criminal proceedings in Russia: monograph. – Astrakhan: Astrakhan state tech. univ., 2000. – P. 128.
12. Kipnis N. M. Admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. – M.: Jurist, 1995. – P. 27.
13. Balakshin V. S. Assessment of admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings: monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2016. – P. 255.
14. Shestakova S. D. Admissibility of evidence in the context of the problem of balancing human rights guarantees and the effectiveness of crime control // Criminology. – 2003. – No. 1 (6). – P. 218.
15. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 8 of October 31, 1995 “On some issues of the application of the Constitution of the Russian Federation by the courts in the administration of justice” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
16. Terekhin V. V. Admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings (methodological, legal and ethical aspects): dis. … doctor of law. sciences. – N. Novgorod, 2016. – 510 pp.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
GILMUTDINOVA Alina Faritovna
postgraduate student of the Institute of Law of the Chelyabinsk State University
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW BRANCHES OF LAW IN THE MECHANISM OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL ESTABLISHMENT TO PAY LEGALLY ESTABLISHED TAXES (PART 2 OF ARTICLE 57 OF THE CONSTITUTION)
Annotation. The constitutionally established obligation of everyone to pay legally established taxes is aimed at creating financial conditions for the state to perform its economic, political, social functions, and ensuring public interest. Attempts to avoid paying taxes to undermine the stable functioning of the State and society as a whole. The public law branches of tax, criminal and criminal procedure law are called upon to ensure the completeness and timeliness of the receipt of tax funds. At the present stage, the problem has not been completely solved, which consists in ensuring that state-governmental actions to identify and compel tax evaders to pay taxes (taxes) do not create difficulties for conscientious taxpayers to exercise their right to entrepreneurial activity (Part 1 of Article 34 of the Constitution).
The task of the author of the work is to substantiate judgments and formulates proposals aimed at partially solving the above problem
The methodological basis of the research includes a dialectical-materialistic method of cognition, which allows to reveal the content of the contradictory process of searching for optimal criminal law support for the implementation of Article 57 of the Constitution; a systemic-structural method for determining and analyzing criminal procedural reasons for identifying signs of a tax crime, thresholds when tax evasion forms a criminal tort.
In conclusion, the results of the study are named.
Keywords: tax policy, tax crime, reasons for initiating a criminal case.
Article bibliography
1. Boboshko N. M. Interaction of tax authorities and internal affairs bodies in order to suppress tax crimes // Innovative development of the economy. 2021. No. 6 (66). P. 255-264.
2. Larichev V. D., Milyakina E. V., Pankratyev A. N. Interaction of tax authorities with internal affairs bodies and investigative bodies in initiating criminal cases for tax crimes. Lex russica. 2023. Vol. 76. No. 12. Pp. 80-91.
3. Nikulochkin E. O., Sergeev A. B. Scientific community on the possibility of using civil law remedies in criminal proceedings // Society and power. 2014. No. 1 (45). Pp. 67-70.
4. Nikulochkin E. O., Sergeev K. A., Sergeev A. B. Confiscation of property: criminal law and criminal procedure aspects // Society and power. 2013. No. 3 (41). Pp. 77-79.
5. Rusman G. S. Implementation of the principle of publicity in the mechanism of liberation offrom criminal liability in connection with positive post-criminal behavior: monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2023. 144 p.
6. Ryabokonev S. I., Sergeev A. B. Competing directions for further development of pre-trial investigation and investigation in the court of first instance // Bulletin of the Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 1 (19). P. 110-113.
7. Sergeev A. B. Critical analysis of certain provisions of the draft federal law “on forensic activity in the Russian Federation” // Legal science and law enforcement practice. 2019. No. 2 (48). P. 156-162.
8. Sergeev A. B. State and prospects of scientific resolution of problems of differentiation and unification of forms of criminal procedural proceedings // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. 2014. No. 20 (349). P. 119-124.
9. Fedotov S. A. Use of the results of operational-search activities in control (supervisory) activities // Russian Law Journal. 2023. No. 2. P. 116-124.
10. Shishkin R. N. Methodology for proving intent to fail to pay taxes. Strategy for protecting taxpayer rights: practical recommendations. M.: Justitsinform, 2020. 112 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MURTAZALIEV Said Robertovich
student of the 1st course of the full-time department in the direction of 40.04.01-Jurisprudence (master’s degree level) of the Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
In the implementation of an effective and basic fight against crime, preliminary investigation is assigned one of the following leading roles. Evidence of this is the important place it has historically occupied in the Russian concept of criminal law. At the same time, there are still gaps in the regulatory regulation of the preliminary investigation, leading to unresolved theoretical and legal enforcement problems. They are discussed in this article. In addition, based on the conducted research, the main ways to solve it are proposed.
Keywords: preliminary investigation, forms of preliminary investigation, preliminary investigation of the case, inquiry, preliminary investigation bodies, urgent investigative actions, abbreviated form of inquiry.
Article bibliography
1. Alymov D. V., Doronko N. N. Problems of determining the procedural status of a forensic investigator in modern criminal proceedings // Evolution of the state and law: a collection of scientific articles. Kursk, 2017. pp. 250-254.
2. Vlasova N. A. Ensuring the secrecy of the preliminary investigation // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2016. No. 3. P. 147-150.
3. Volynsky A. F. Efficiency as a Principle of Organizing Preliminary Investigation of Crimes // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2016. No. 4. P. 27-32.
4. Grek A. I., Pastukhova E. A., Grokhotova E. A. Forms of International Legal Cooperation of Prosecutor’s Offices // Territory of Law: Collection of Scientific Articles. 2015. P. 48-51.
5. Gufeld V. V., Grek A. I., Grokhotova E. A. Functions of the Prosecutor at the Pre-Trial Stages of Criminal Investigation and Problems of Their Implementation // Territory of Law: Collection of Scientific Articles. 2015. P. 55-57.
6. Kalutskikh A. M., Uvarova A. A. Problems of attaching the results of operational-search activities to a criminal case as evidence. Kursk, 2016. Pp. 86-89.
7. Lyaskovets A. V. On some problems of legislative regulation of the institute of international cooperation in criminal proceedings and the admissibility of evidence obtained during its implementation // Collection of scientific articles. Kursk, 2016. Pp. 149-155.
8. Parfenov V. N. Simplification of the procedural form as a trend in reforming the preliminary investigation // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2016. No. 4. Pp. 97-99.
9. Strukova V. V. Mechanism for the implementation of criminal prosecution carried out privately // Justice of the Peace. 2011. No. 9. Pp. 5-8.
10. Strukova V. V. Features of the formation of charges in pre-trial proceedings // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. 2012. No. 1-1. P. 106-109.
11. Tarbeeva A. A. Procedural Features of the Preliminary Investigation of Crimes Under Investigation by the Federal Bailiff Service // Bulletin of the Federal Bailiff Service. 2016. No. 5. P. 33-47.
12. Chistilina D. O. Interaction of Civil Society Institutions and Criminal Procedure: Historical and Philosophical Aspects // Politics, State and Law. 2016. No. 2 (50). P. 14-18.
13. Shaikova M. V. Psychological Determinants of the Organization of Interaction between Services and Units of Law Enforcement Agencies // Spiritual Situation of the Time. Russia XXI century. 2015. No. 1 (4). P. 81-84.
14. Ryapolova Ya. P. Research of objects and documents as a new forma of using special knowledge at the stage of initiation of a criminal case // Russian investigator. 2010. No. 2A. P. 281-289.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
SHABANOV Vyacheslav Borisovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Criminalistics of the Belarusian State University
MEASURES OF PUNISHMENT APPLIED TO CONVICTED PERSONS SENTENCED TO COMPULSORY LABOR IN RUSSIA AND TO RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM IN BELARUS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
In the article the comparative analysis of legal regulation of application of measures of punishment in respect of convicts to compulsory labor and to restriction of freedom is carried out. The presence of similarities in the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus, which regulates this sphere, is substantiated. As a result of the conducted comparative-legal research, the possible ways of improving the Russian and Belarusian legislation in part of the expansion of the list of measures of punishment applied to convicts are revealed.
Keywords: restriction of freedom, forced labor, convicted person, penalties, disciplinary punishment.
Article bibliography
1. Vasiliev A. I. Legal basis for applying incentive and disciplinary measures to convicts: lecture / Ryazan Higher School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. – Ryazan, 1978. – 44 p.
2. Brief characteristics of the penal system of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fsin.gov.ru/structure/inspector/iao/statistika/Kratkaya%20har-ka%20UIS/ (date of access: 10.06.2024).
3. Model Criminal-Executive Code for the CIS Member States of 1996 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=175447#h665 (date of access: 10.06.2024).
4. Criminal-executive law. Special part: textbook: in 2 volumes / I. R. Verenchikov [et al.]; under the general editorship of V. B. Shabanov; educational institution “Acad. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus”. – Minsk: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2022. – V. 1. – 258 p.
5. Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of December 4, 2007 No. 611 (as amended on September 9, 2022) “On Some Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Organizations Included in the System of Internal Affairs Bodies.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.by/document/?Guid=3871&p0=P30700611 (date of access: 10.06.2024).

CRIMINALISTICS
GAINELZYANOVA Venera Ravilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MIROLYUBOV Sergey Leonidovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the Kazan branch of the Russian University of Justice
BASIC ELEMENTS OF FORENSIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES COMMITTED BY EMBEZZLEMENT
The article discusses the importance of forensic characteristics in the investigation of crimes committed through misappropriation and embezzlement. The basic elements of the forensic characteristics of this category of crimes are indicated, such as the identity of the criminal, their classification according to the mechanism of their occurrence. At the same time, the main methods of appropriating financial or material assets are indicated, where methods of preparing and concealing misappropriation and embezzlement are also highlighted. The authors revealed the mechanism of trace formation depending on the method of committing this type of crime.
Keywords: forensic characteristics, identity of the criminal, methods, mechanism of trace formation, property, falsification.
Article bibliography
1. Averianova T. V., Rossinskaya E. R., Belkin R. S., Korukhov Yu. Forensic science: textbook. 4th ed. – M .: Norma: NITs Infra-M, 2019. – 928 p.
2. Zhuravlev S. Yu. Investigation of economic crimes: monograph. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2016. – 192 p.
3. Forensic science: textbook for applied bachelor’s degree. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. A. G. Filippov [and others]. – M.: Yurayt, 2019. – 466 pp.

CRIMINALISTICS
GRABOVETS Evgeniy Evgenjevich
senior lecturer of Expert-criminalistic activity sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert-Criminalistic Activity of the Volgograd Academy the MIA of Russia
GRINCHENKO Sergey Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Expert-criminalistic activity sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert-Criminalistic Activity of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A CRIME AS A PRACTICAL RESOURCE FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION
The effectiveness of crime investigation largely depends on the investigator’s ability to deeply analyze criminal law and criminalistic aspects, as well as the criminalistic characteristics of the crime. Systematization of the characteristics of various crimes makes it possible to create unified forensic profiles for different categories and subcategories of crimes, which has significant theoretical and methodological value. It is also a practical resource for extracting information about crimes of forensic importance. This resource serves as a typological information model containing scientifically based, systematized data reflecting the characteristic features and subspecies of criminal acts.
Keywords: investigation of criminal cases, disclosure of crimes, criminalistic characteristics, criminalistic methodology .
Article bibliographic list:
1. Filippov A. G. Notes in the margins (about articles by G. K. Zakharov and S. N. Churilov) // Bulletin of Forensic Science. M., 2008. Issue 1 (25).
2. Forensic characteristics of penitentiary crimes: a textbook / Under the general editorship of R. M. Morozov; Federal Penitentiary Service, Vologda Institute of Law and economics. Vologda: VIPE FSIN of Russia, 2019. 125 p.
3. Balashov D. N., Balashov N. M., Malikov S. V. Forensic Science: a tutorial. – 6th ed. M.: RIOR: INFRA-M, 2021. 241 p.
4. Forensic science: textbook / Under the general editorship of V. A. Zhbankov. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. M.: RIO of the Russian Customs Academy, 2018. 496 p.
5. Ishchenko P. P. Is a forensic characteristic of a crime necessary in forensic methodology? // Lex Russica (Russian law). 2020. Vol. 73. No. 3 ( 160). P. 55-69.
6. Yablokov N. P. Forensic Science in Questions and Answers: A Tutorial. – 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2020. 288 p.
7. Arystanbekov M.A. Applied significance of forensic characteristics of crimes // Actual problems of our time. 2016. No. 2 (12). P. 6-9.
8. Vinogradova O. P. Forensic characteristics of a crime as a key element in improving private investigation methods // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. No. 2 (34). P. 45-49.
9. Eksarkhopulo A. A., Makarenko I. A., Zainullin R. I. [et al.]. Forensic Science. Theoretical Course: Monograph. Moscow: INFRA-M, 2022. 648 p.
10 . Pakhomov S. V. Trends in the development of scientific ideas about the forensic characteristics of crimes // Jurist-Pravoved. 2019. No. 1 (88). P. 148-152.
11. Kharatishvili A. G., Petrova O. V. The place of forensic characteristics of a crime in the system of private forensic methods // Pravda i zakon. 2021. No. 2 (16). P. 66-77 .
12. Biryukov V. V. Forensic characteristics: types, meaning, potential // Collection of materials of forensic readings. 2017. No. 14. P. 21-23

CRIMINALISTICS
IMAEVA Yuliya Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law and process sub-faculty of the Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan
DROGA Anastasiya Alexandrovna
Ph. D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty of the Moscow regional branch of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ERMOLAEVA Lyubov Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Criminology sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS, ISSUES OF THEIR PURPOSE
The fruits of scientific and technological progress today have led not only to an improvement in the quality of life of citizens, but also to the reorientation of the criminal world to commit illegal acts in new ways . The accumulated experience in a specific field of knowledge determines the development of professionalism and expertise in such activities. As a result, the opinion of an expert in a certain field of knowledge about public relations is not only authoritative and recommended, but also, under specific conditions, the foundation of the evidence base in a criminal case. However, the speed of its development is at an insufficient level, which causes an increase in the number of high-tech crimes, the expertise of which is developing more slowly and does not allow for prompt research. In addition, problematic issues in the production of expert research are also the high workload on experts, which leads to a delay in the timing of the preliminary investigation, the remoteness of the location of the expert institution, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the preliminary investigation, and if necessary, a forensic medical examination, the time for checking a crime report may be delayed. The problems of the need for such examinations, which are appointed infrequently, are also noted, therefore their production is carried out in other subjects of the federation. The identified problems lead not only to the omission of procedural deadlines and a low detection rate, but also ultimately to a violation of the principle of the inevitability of punishment, the purpose of which is also to be proactive in further criminal activity.
Keywords: expert activity, problems of appointment and production of forensic examinations.
Article bibliography
1. Kolgan A. A. The importance of forensic examination and its types in the trial // Bulletin of science. 2023. Vol. 2. No. 11 (68). P. 231-236.
2. Ilyin N. N. [et al.]. Forensic examinations in criminal proceedings: a textbook for universities / Editor-in-chief N. N. Ilyin. M.: Yurait, 2023. P. 212.
3. Issues of organizing the production of forensic examinations in forensic units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation (together with the “Instructions for organizing the production of forensic examinations in forensic units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”, “List of types (kinds) of forensic examinations carried out in forensic units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”): order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 29, 2005 No. 511 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. № 191. 2005.
4. Analytical reports on the activities of the OMVD of Russia for the Akbulaksky District for 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, provided by the Information Center of the UMVD of Russia for the Orenburg
5. Criminal case № 223*****2536//Archive of the OMVD of Russia for the Akbulaksky District OP. 1. 246 p.
6. Zinenko Yu. V. Assessment of the results of forensic medical examinations to establish the severity of harm to health: problems and possible solutions // Science Diary. 2021. № 8 (56). P. 35.

CRIMINALISTICS
KAGIROVA Kamilla Marselevna
operative officer of the ESD OP No. 8 of the MIA of Russia in Ufa
THE IDENTITY OF THE CRIMINAL AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES
As an element of criminalistic characterization, the personality of the offender comprises a complex of socially significant attributes and relationships that, along with other conditions and circumstances influencing criminal behavior, characterize the individual who committed the crime. By defining the distinctive features of the offender’s personality, it becomes possible to formulate hypotheses at the initial stages of investigation and employ specific tactical approaches during investigative procedures. Studying the personality involves determining crucial criminalistic information about the offender and other participants in the process.
Keywords: the identity of the criminal, forensic characteristics, criminal behavior, forensic portrait, investigation of the crime.
Article bibliographic list
1. Ishchenko E. P. Forensic science. – M.: Law firm. “CONTRACT”; AST-MOSCOW, 2007. – P. 301.
2. Karazhelyaskov B. A., Kim V. V., Yunusov M. The problem of the essence of the criminal’s personality // Agrarian and land law. – 2020. – No. 9 (189). – P. 207.
3. Ivanov I. V. On the differentiation of knowledge about the connections and relationships of the criminal’s personality in forensic science // Vestn. Tomsk. state University. – 2008. – No. 314. – P. 106.
4. Nugaeva E. D. Some forensic aspects of the personality of a criminal engaged in organized criminal activity in the field of illegal trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues // Society, law, statehood: retrospective and prospect. – 2022. – No. 2 (10). – P. 63.
5. Vardanyan A. V. Forensically significant features of persons who committed serious violent crimes against the person // Collection of scientific papers Sworld. – 2013. – No. 1. – P.41.
6. Khalikov A. N. Characteristics of the personality of a criminal for official crimes // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 73.
7. Solovieva A. S. The role of forensic characteristics of crimes in technical and forensic support for the detection and investigation of illegal drug trafficking in correctional institutions // Man: crime and punishment. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 156.
8. Zubenko E. V., Orover V. A. Methodology for investigating road traffic crimes involving abandonment of victims in danger. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2014. – P. 21.
9. Koretsky S. V. The personality of the criminal as an object of psychological and legal research // Bulletin of pedagogy and psychology of Southern Siberia. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 90.
10. Tseeva S. K. Personality of the criminal: concept, structure and typology // Bulletin of the Adyghe State University. Series: Regional studies: philosophy, history, sociology, jurisprudence, political science, cultural studies. – 2015. – No. 2 (158). – P. 309.
11. Demidov N. N. Study of the personality of the criminal in the process of investigation: dis. … cand.ed. sciences. – Volgograd, 2003. – P. 23.
12. Vinogradova O. P. Forensic characteristics of a crime as a key element in improving private investigation methods // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1. – P.46.
13. Ferri E. Criminal anthropology and socialism // Problems of crime. – 1924. – No. 2. – P. 31.
14. Avanesov G. A. [et al.]. Criminology [Electronic resource]: a textbook for university students studying in the direction of “Jurisprudence. – Electronic text data. — M.: UNITY-DANA, 2020. — P. 264.
15. Uryvaev V. A. “Level” approach to the classification of personalities of A.F. Lazursky and Actual problems of practical psychology // Applied legal psychology. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 38.
16. Vasiliev V. L. Legal psychology. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2008. – P. 330.

CRIMINALISTICS
KITAEV Nikolay Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty of the Irkutsk National Re-search Technical University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Honorary profes-sor Boris Yeltsin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University
KITAEVA Valentina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistics, forensic examinations and legal psychol-ogy sub-faculty of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
FEATURES OF SEARCH AND SEIZURE OF CASES ABOUT DISCLOSURE OF STATE SECRETS
The article notes the deficit of works on the issues of investigation of disclosure of state secrets. The article substantiates the necessity of search and seizure during the invest-tigation of criminal cases on disclosure of state secrets (Article 283 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). On the basis of the analysis of criminal case files the places, main objects and participants of these investigative actions are revealed. It is noted that the par-ticipants of the search, who are not authorized to access information constituting a state se-cret, must sign a non-disclosure of such information. It has been revealed that electronic media, potentially containing information related to state secrets, are frequent objects of search in this category of criminal cases. The lack of clear regulation in the domestic crimi-nal procedural law of the procedure of giving the status of evidence to an electronic document makes the law enforcer in each particular case to solve this issue in accordance with the circumstances of the case and the norms of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. The importance of positive results of the search for making a decision on further investigative actions in the course of investigation of disclosure of state secrets is shown.
Keywords: ensuring national security, state secrets, disclosure of state secrets, search, seizure, investigation of crimes encroaching on the safety of state secrets.
Article bibliography
1. Bendin V. V. Protection of state secrets of the Russian Federation by criminal-legal means: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2004. – 34 p.
2. Dvornikov A. A. Criminal-legal protection of state and official secrets in the internal affairs agencies: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. — Tyumen, 2007. — 22 p.
3. Kharchenko O. V. Legal protection of secrets reflecting state interests in operational-search activities and criminal proceedings: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. — Voronezh, 2009. — 26 p.
4. Fedorov M. Yu., Shirshov S. G. Problems associated with the investigation of facts of disclosure of state secrets (Article 283 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Siberian criminalistic readings: collection of scientific works. — Irkutsk: Publishing house of BSUEL, 2005. — Issue 21. — P. 63-68.
5. Fedorov M. Yu. Some difficulties in investigating criminal cases on disclosure of state secrets // Izvestiya IGEA. — 2006. — No. 3 (48). — P. 86-88.
6. Fedorov M. Yu. Some elements of forensic characteristics of crimes related to the disclosure of state secrets // Bulletin of IrSTU. — 2006. — No. 4 (28). — P. 233-235.
7. Shamurzaev T. T., Arkhipova A. N., Turkova V. N. On some aspects of the investigation of the disclosure of state secrets in Russia // Law and Right. — 2020. — No. 11. — P. 170-172.
8. Commentary to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 4 volumes. Special part. Sections X-XII (article by article) / Ed. V. M. Lebedev. — Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2017. — Vol. 4. — 276 p.
9. Devyatkin G. S., Lutsenko P. A. Correspondence in instant messengers and social networks as evidence in a criminal case // Civil Service and Personnel. — 2021. — No. 2. — P. 159-161.
10. Bufetova M. Sh. Electronic document as a type of material evidence in Russian criminal proceedings // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. — 2023. — No. 3. — P. 47-55.
11. Kryazhev V. S. Some tacticalsome features of conducting a search during the investigation of terrorist and extremist crimes // Academic Law Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 24. No. 3. – P. 377-382.
12. Bednyakov I. L. Search: problems of efficiency and evidentiary value. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2010. – 176 p.
13. Smolkova I. V., Dunaeva M. S. Grounds for interference of law enforcement agencies and the court in the private life of citizens: criminal procedural aspect // Criminological Journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 184-192.
14. Karagodin V. N., Kurchenko V. N. Grounds for conducting a search // Investigation of crimes: problems and ways to solve them. — 2016. — No. 3 (13). — P. 88-91.
15. Kharchenko O. V. Criminal-procedural means of protecting state secrets in the sphere of pre-trial proceedings // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Law Series. — 2009. — No. 1. — P. 381-391.
16. Danilova N. A., Nikolaeva T. G. Analysis and assessment of the search protocol by the prosecutor // ENI “Military Law”. — 2018. — No. 6 (52). — P. 170-176.

CRIMINALISTICS
EVLUSHINA Darya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and scientific complex on the preliminary investigation in the Department of Internal Affairs of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
TACTICAL FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF MURDERS RELATED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A PERSON
The article examines tactic certain features of the production of certain investigative actions during the investigation of the above category of crimes in order to identify the perpetrators. The author pays attention to the conduct of such investigative actions as: interrogations, searches, inspections, appointment of examinations.
Keywords: investigative actions, expertise, crimes, law enforcement agencies, murder, disappearance of a person.
Article bibliography
1. Kushnirenko S. P., Pristanskov V. D., Nizamov V. Yu. Forensic Science. – M: Yustitsiya, 2019. – 176 p.
2. Averyanova T. V., Belkin R. S., Korukhov Yu. G. et al. Forensic Science. – M: Infra-M, Norma, 2017. – 928 p.
3. Kryukova N. I., Kosolapova N. V. Forensic Science. – M: Yustitsiya, 2019. – 256 p.
4. Smolin M. S. Ways to improve the efficiency of investigation at the initial stage of crimes related to the disappearance of people // In the collection: Detection and investigation of crimes related to the disappearance of citizens. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. General editorship of A. M. Bagmet. – Moscow, 2018. – Pp. 67-71.
5. Mironenko S. Yu. Tactics of investigation of murders related to the disappearance of a person and dismemberment of a corpse // Detection and investigation of crimes related to the disappearance of citizens: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. General editorship of A. M. Bagmet. – Moscow, 2018. – Pp. 175-178.
6. Drapkin L. Ya. Forensic science / Ed. Drapkin L. Ya. – M: Yurayt, 2017. – 246 pp.

CRIMINALISTICS
PILYAKIN Maxim Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminalistics sub-faculty of the Moscow regional branch of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
KUSHKHOV Ruslan Khabilevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of the department of special disciplines of the North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
YERKEEV Ilshat Khamitovich
senior lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DNA FORENSICS
The article discusses the development of DNA forensics. The ability to study DNA-containing objects has had a significant impact on both the methods of crime investigation and their prevention. The authors outline the main stages in the development of scientific research on DNA, which contributed to the establishment of the structure of DNA, its properties and functions. The results of these studies have led to the possibility of using DNA in criminal proceedings. The factors that contributed to the widespread introduction of DNA technologies in the field of criminal justice and promising areas of DNA research that open up new possibilities for their application are also revealed.
Keywords: deoxyribonucleic acid, biological trace, DNA analysis, DNA forensics, DNA phenotyping.
Article bibliography
1. Belov O. A. DNA barcoding as a method of genetic identification of an individual: problems and prospects // Expert-criminalist. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 2-4.
2. Chemeris A.. V., Aminev F. G., Garafutdinov R. R. [et al.]. DNA forensics / Edited by F. G. Aminev, A. V. Chemeris. – M .: Nauka, 2022. – P. 466.
3. Zemskova E. Yu., Isupov S. V., Timoshenko T. V., Ivanov P. L. Forensic application of the full-cycle genetic analyzer RapidHIT 200 // Forensic medicine. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 149-150.
4. Ivanov P. L. Human individualization and personality identification: molecular biology in forensic examination // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2003. – V. 73. No. 12. – P. 1085-1097.
5. Kirilenko V. S., Khomutova E. A. Problems and Prospects of DNA Application in the Criminal Justice System // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 123-128.
6. Mamedova S. M. On the 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of the DNA Structure // Biomedicine (Baku). – 2003. – No. 1. – P. 36-41.
7. Plaksa I. L., Karpushchenko E. G., Ovchinnikov D. V., Deev R. V. Contribution of Fyodor Aronovich Levin, a graduate of the Military Medical Academy, to the study of the structure of nucleic acids // Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. – 2014. – No. 4 (48). – P. 247-253.
8. Ryvkin S. Yu. Forensic foundations of DNA research // Law and practice. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 92-97.
9. Smirnova S. A., Omelyanuk G. G., Storozhenko I. V., Rybakova A. A., Gulevskaya V. V. Forensic molecular genetic examination of objects of biological origin – a new direction of forensic activity of the Ministry of Justice of Russia // Theory and practice of forensic examination. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 1. – P. 6-18. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-1-6-18.
10. Chemeris A. V., Garafutdinov R. R., Aminev F. G. [et al.]. Genetic and ethical aspects of forensic DNA phenotyping as a precursor to genomic registration of the population of the Russian Federation // Theory and practice of fundamental and applied research in the field of forensic activities and DNA registration of the population of the Russian Federation: materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Ufa, October 13-14, 2022. – Ufa: Research Institute for Problems of the Rule of Law, 2022. – P. 233-243.

CRIMINALISTICS
POMELOV Alexander Afanasjevich
senior lecturer of Operative and investigative activity and special techniques in internal affairs sub-faculty of the East-Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
VOLKOV Pavel Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Management and administrative activity of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
SHEGLOV Alexander Ivanovich
senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activity of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
CHARACTERISTICS OF ICAL SITUATIONS AND VERSIONS ARISING IN THE ACTIVITIES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OFFICERS IN ESTABLISHING THE IDENTITY OF CITIZENS BASED ON UNIDENTIFIED CORPSES
The article analyzes the main operational and investigative situations encountered by criminal investigation officers in the process of establishing the identity of unidentified corpses. The diversity of operational and investigative situations determines the difficulties arising in the identification process. The article considers some aspects, taking into account which are necessary for the quality performance of internal affairs bodies of their functions.
Keywords: unidentified corpse, identification, identification of identity, internal affairs agencies, staging of accidents, criminal investigation.
Article bibliographyk
1. Isaeva L. Identification of the deceased // Legal consultant. 2007. No. 7. P. 21.
2. Povreznyuk G. I. Forensic methods and means of identification of personality: monograph. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2005. P. 25.
3. Alymov D. V., Ishchenko E. P. Unidentified corpse as a source of information about the relationship between the criminal and the victim // Forensic expert. 2010. No. 2. P. 5.
4. Kokorin P. A. Establishing the circumstances of the incident and the identity of the deceased found in a reservoir in cases related to murder // Siberian Legal Bulletin. 2007. No. 1. P. 56.
5. Stolbina L. V., Skomorokhov O. N., Shchukin V. I. Some Features of Conducting Pre-Investigation Checks on the Facts of Discovery of a Corpse (Death of Citizens) // Science. Theory. Practice. 2016. P. 17.

CRIMINALISTICS
CHERNIGOVSKY Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical science, associate professor of Traceology and ballistics sub-faculty of the Training and Scientific Complex of Expert Criminalistic Activities of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING MODERN DIGITAL 3D MODELING TECHNOLOGIES FOR FIXING AND RECONSTRUCTING THE SITUATION OF THE ACCIDENT SCENE
This article discusses modern technologies that can be used to improve the work of a specialist at the scene of an accident. New technologies, modern equipment for 3D modeling, issues of organizing and conducting an inspection of the scene using digital technologies, working rules and some features that may arise when fixing various objects found at the scene by employees of the forensic units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
With the advent of digitalization, 3D modeling, 3D scanning, which is certainly a technical breakthrough, including for fixing and reconstructing the situation of the scene. Due to the advent of modern technologies, difficulties may arise in the use of this type of equipment, and in some cases leading to the loss of important information, in fixing traces at the scene. Any traces formed at the scene of the incident and subsequently subjected to careful investigation are definitely a valuable object of research, since with their help it is possible not only to solve the crime in the shortest possible time, but also to establish how the criminal acted , so many people took part in the crime, etc. Conducting various kinds of research with modern digital technologies, lack of information, all this requires systematization, generalization and clarification.
Keywords: digital technologies, 3D modeling, inspection of the scene, diagnostic examination.
Article bibliographic list
1. Standard expert techniques and studies of material evidence. 8. Part 1 / Ed. Yu. M. Dildina; general ed. V. V. Martynova – M.: ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2010.

CRIMINOLOGY
AGAEV Guloglan Ali oglu
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Public law sub-faculty of the St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation
SAFONOV Vladimir Nikolaevith
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public law sub-faculty of the St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation; associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty of the Northwest branch of the Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
CRIMINOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF NON-MEDICAL CONSUMPTION AND ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES OR NEW POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
The relevance of the topic is due to the obvious dangerous trends in the drug addiction of modern society, especially young people. In this context, both the elements of criminal policy in the area under consideration and the state of doctrinal ideas about the problem are important. The aim of the study was the relationship between the non-medical use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or new potentially dangerous psychoactive substances and the dynamics of illicit trafficking in these items. Another vector of research is criminological determination as a fundamental category of criminological science. Considering the system of criminogenic determinants in the field of non-medical consumption and illicit drug trafficking, the authors come to the conclusion about their common nature, interrelation and mutual influence. Referring to the relevant fundamental theoretical studies, the flexibility and dynamism of criminological determination factors in the field of drug addiction is proven. Rejecting the primacy of the most significant factors as self–sufficient (for example, personality traits alone or personality traits in relation to the social environment), it is concluded that it is necessary to comprehensively take into account the widest range of factors to understand the causes and conditions of narcosis of a part of society: socio-economic, moral and psychological, the influence of the social environment in its many manifestations, geographical features of the region, etc. It is discussed that the system of these determining factors should be taken into account when developing and implementing an anti-drug policy.
The criminological groundlessness of the state’s refusal to criminalize the non-medical consumption of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues has been proven.
General, general scientific, private scientific and special research methods served as the methodological basis for writing the article.
Keywords: criminological determination, non-medical consumption, illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances.
Article bibliography
1. Avanesov G. A. Criminological determination and causality of crimes as an interaction of the social environment and the personality of the criminal // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 12. – P. 37-43.
2. Alauhanov O. E. Criminology: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Legal Center-Press”, 2013. – 608 p.
3. Bertovsky L. V., Klebanov L. R. Criminal-legal and forensic problems of combating crime in the Arctic // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 23. No. 2. – P. 244-263.
4. Evlanova O. A. Some results of the criminological study of the determination of crime in the Republic of Tyva // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 2 (76). – P. 62-70.
5. Krasnova K. A., Safonov V. N., Dzhavadyan R. R. Geographical dimension of causing death to minors through negligence (Article 109 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2022. – No. S3.1 (69). – P. 28-32.
6. Kuznetsova N. F. Problems of criminological determination. – M.: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1984. – 204 p.
7. Larina E. V. Transformation of drug use in Russia in the 21st century: Dis. … Cand. Sociological Sciences. – M., 2023. – 145 p.
8. Merzakanov S. A. Sociological approach to the study of youth crime, its specificity // Society and Law. – 2004. – No. 1. – P. 122-126.
9. Ovchinsky V. S. Global climate change and crime// Journal of Russian law. – 2008. – No. 3 (135). – P. 106-116.
10. Safonov V. N. Criminalization of attacks on mental health // Criminal policy and law enforcement practice: Collection of articles based on the materials of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference, St. Petersburg, November 3, 2016 / Editor-in-chief E. N. Rakhmanova. – SPb.: Publishing house “Petropolis”, 2016. – P. 295-301.
11. Safonov V. N. Legal protection of mental health in the coordinates of social, public and national security // Security, personality, society: social and legal aspects: collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian round table, St. Petersburg, November 24, 2016 / North-West branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice”. – SPb.: Publishing house “Petropolis”, 2016. – P. 214-221.
12. Tretyakov V. I., Chernikova Yu. I. On the complex of special criminological determinants of “drunk” crime in Russia // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 1 (28). – P. 64-70.
13. Shmatova Yu. E. Dynamics of statistical and sociological indicators of the state of mental health of the population of Russia // Problems of development of the territory. – 2019. – No. 3 (101). – P. 76-96.
14. Ovchinsky V. S. Global climate change and crime // Journal of Russian law. – 2008. – No. 3 (135). – P. 106-116.
15. Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. – M., INFRA-M, 2005. – P. 131.

CRIMINOLOGY
DVORYANOV Ilya Borisovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International police cooperation and combating crime through Interpol channels sub-faculty of the All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia
CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL CONVERSION OF CIVILIAN WEAPONS
The article describes the criminologically significant signs of illegal conversion of civilian weapons. According to the author, the main motivating factor for a person or group of persons carrying out the illegal conversion of civilian weapons is the opportunity to receive excess income. In addition, the illegal conversion of civilian weapons may be preparation for the commission of other grave and especially grave crimes.
Keywords: converted civilian weapons, criminological characteristics of illegal conversion of civilian weapons, motive, mechanism of preparation for committing crimes.
Article bibliographic list
1. Dvoryanov I. B. Methodology for investigating the illegal conversion of civilian weapons: dis. …cand. jurid. sciences: 12.00.12. – M., 2019. – 245 p.
2. Criminology: Textbook / Ed. by acad. V. N. Kudryavtsev, prof. V. E. Eminov. – M.: Jurist, 1997. – P. 136.
3. Kurguzkina E. B. On the issue of criminological characteristics of crime // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 55-59.
4. Article on the RG.ru website “FSB detained 119 illegal gunsmiths across the country.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://tvzvezda.ru/news/202310201016-EQO5W.html (date accessed: 20.10.2023).
5. Materials of the archival criminal case No. 1-78/2018 of the Derbent City Court of the Republic of Dagestan.
6. Materials of the archival criminal case No. 1-52/2018 (1-421/2017) of the Khasavyurt City Court of the Republic of Dagestan.
7. Materials of the archival criminal case No. 1-321/2017 of the Leninsky District Court of Stavropol.

CRIMINOLOGY
NASREDDINOVA Kristina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Professional discipline sub-faculty of the Samara law Institute of the FPS of Russia
FACTORS INFLUENCINGTHE COMMISSION OF INDECENT ACTS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ANALYSIS OF THE PERSONALITY OF THE CRIMINAL
Depraved acts refer to crimes against a person’s sexual integrity. The social danger of this crime, despite the complete absence of the use of violence or the threat of its use, lies in the fact that indecent acts are committed against minors. Violation of the physical and spiritual sexual integrity of these persons has very serious consequences in the future for the unformed psyche of a minor, which leads to irreversible consequences. Society, in fact, can lose a physiologically and psychologically full-fledged citizen and get a possible future pedophile, who, in view of the commission of these actions with him as a minor, will consider such behavior to be the norm of life, and subsequently will be guided by the same behavior in the future. Especially if the fact of committing depraved acts with a person remains out of sight of society and the minor will not be provided with psychological assistance.
Keywords: depraved acts, crimes against minors, identity of the criminal, prevention of depraved acts.
Article bibliography
1. All statistical data on crime in the Russian Federation were presented based on the analysis of materials from the official website of the judicial department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation / Section judicial statistics . [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/ (date of access: 15.05.2024).

CRIMINOLOGY
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty of the Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CHARACTERISTICS OF SABOTAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF CRIMINOLOGICAL ISSUES: STATE AND DYNAMICS
The article examines the state and dynamics of the crime provided for in Article 281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes criminal liability for sabotage. The official indicators for this type of crime over the past five years have been studied: from 2019 to 2023. In addition, in the context of criminological issues of determining the actual level of crimes constituting sabotage, official statistical data on crimes provided for in Articles 213 and 267 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as trends in crime in the sphere of illicit trafficking in weapons, explosives and explosive devices.
Keywords: crime, sabotage, sabotage activity , disrepair of communication routes, hooliganism, artificial latency, condition, dynamics.
Article bibliographic list
1. Judicial statistics data // Official website of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79 (date of access: 02.06.2024).
2. Stupina S. A. Criminal liability for sabotage activities through the prism of legislative innovations / / Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 12 (175). – P. 250-252.
3. Dolgushina L. V., Stupina S. A. On the issue of the causes of crimes against the security of the Russian Federation committed by people elderly // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 9 (184). – P. 216-218.
4. Selivanovskaya Yu. I. Sabotage as a threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. . N. Tatishcheva. – 2023. – V. 2. No. 4 (106). – P. 111-119.
5. The Ministry of Internal Affairs announced almost 440 people involved in the arson of military registration and enlistment offices and railway facilities since the beginning of the SVO. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/20420561 (date of access: 02.6.2024).
6. The court will consider the first case about the use of children in a sabotage community. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lenta.ru/news/2024/04/03/ (date accessed: 02.6.2024).
7. The state of crime in Russia for January-December 2023. – M.: FKU ” Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/47055751/ (date of access: 02.06.2024).
8. Ministry of Internal Affairs Since the beginning of the Second Military Operation, the Russian Federation has registered 220 arson attacks on military registration and enlistment offices and 184 acts of sabotage on the railway. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/19782695 (date of access: 02.06.2024).
9. In the Russian Federation, more than 300 criminal cases have been opened on the fact of sabotage committed by teenagers. – [Electronic resource]. – Mode access: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/20006087 (date of access: 02.06.2024).
10. Verina G. V. Criminal-legal counteraction to sabotage in the context of modern geopolitical challenges // Modern global challenges and their neutralization criminal law, criminological and criminal procedural means. – Saratov, 2023. – P. 107-116.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MAGOMEDALIEV Maruf Magomedalievich
Deputy Head of Physical training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
NAPALKOV Yuriy Andreevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Physical training of sports sub-faculty of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ARUTYUNYAN Vagan Nikolaevich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Special Training of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
MIRONOV Anatoliy Vladimirovich
Head of Physical training sub-faculty of the Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF POLICE OFFICERS’ RELATIONS WITH THE PUBLIC: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
The article highlights an urgent problem of the relationship between the public and law enforcement agencies. The reasons that lead to a deterioration in the attitude of citizens towards police officers are analyzed, including increased employment of employees, lack of knowledge in psychology, low communicative abilities of an employee of internal affairs bodies, inefficiency of work. The paper highlights the importance of social and psychological aspects that shape public opinion about the police. The key recommendations for increasing public confidence in police officers are the need to increase the cultural and psychological component of each employee, optimize interaction with the public, increase openness and transparency of the nature of police officers’ activities. As the study showed, increasing trust in police officers is possible and necessary, for this it is necessary to sharpen work towards increasing conscious and strict compliance with regulations governing the direct activities of the police, increasing the education of employees, including within the framework of psychological knowledge. Police officers need to increase the cultural and psychological component, optimize interaction with the population, as well as increase the openness and transparency of the nature of activities in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It is definitely worth bearing in mind that the police should work closely with the population, only in this case can we talk about a positive prognosis in achieving the tasks facing the police.
Keywords: trust, population, psychological qualities, communication, working conditions, theoretical equipment, interaction.
Article bibliography
1. Manturov O. Basic principles of interaction between the police and civil society in the digital media space. – 2023 .
2. Pshenichnova N. A. Value-role model of a police officer // BBK C5+ U272+ Yu9 P27. – 2022. – P. 99.
3. Kartavtsev D. A. et al. Issues of increasing the authority of employees police in modern Russian society // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2020. – Vol. 10. – No. 7-1. – P. 193-199.
4. Razuvaev N.V., Shmarko I.K. Nevsky Forum: section “Crisis of Trust in the Modern Legal Order” (St. Petersburg, June 2021) // Theoretical and Applied Jurisprudence . – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 59-69.
5. Pavlov V. I. Corporate identity of internal affairs bodies: on the strategy of forming visual communication of the modern police (internal affairs bodies: from traditional image to corporate style ) // Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3 (55). – P. 26-32.
6. Strizhchenko I. A., Vostrikov D. A. Public control of internal affairs bodies at the present stage // Current issues of public order protection and administrative activities of the police. – 2021. – P. 148 -151.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
PLEBUKH Ekaterina Alexandrovna
adjunct of Management and organization of the activities of the UIS sub-faculty of the Faculty of Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel Academy of the FPS of Russia, captain of internal service
PROFESSIONAL SERVICE TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM AS AN ELEMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AIMED AT ELIMINATING PERSONNEL IMBALANCE
The article examines the structure and mechanism of formation of human resource productivity, as a universal and specific capital, contributing to the elimination of personnel imbalance in the penal enforcement system, by means of professional service training. The article analyzes the current situation related to the shortage of qualified personnel in the labor market, both inside the penitentiary department and outside the penal enforcement system. The author uses a dialectical method of studying the existing personnel imbalance within the penal system. The existing monopsanic system of formation of the educational environment for the training of qualified personnel of the penal enforcement system is considered. The article reveals the ability of employees of the penal enforcement system to work through the system of professional service training, as one of the elements of eliminating the personnel imbalance within the department and forming a highly qualified personnel core.
Keywords : human resources potential, professional service training, personnel, formation of a professional personnel core, professional qualification of employees of the penal enforcement system, improvement of human resources.
Article bibliographic list
1. The number of unemployed people aged 15–72 years and the unemployment rate. Data from the report “Labor Resources, Employment and Unemployment”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.rosstat.gov.ru/labour_force (date accessed: 17.05.2024).
2. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated August 19, 2019 “On approval of the Qualification requirements for length of service in the penal system of the Russian Federation or length of service (experience) in the specialty, education, professional knowledge and skills of the employee, necessary for filling positions in the penal system of the Russian Federation.”
3. Report within the framework of the meeting of the board of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia “On the results of the activities of the penal system system of the Russian Federation in 2023 and tasks for 2024”, Moscow – March 21, 2024.
4. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated December 21, 2022 No. 888 “On approval of qualification requirements for special professional training of graduates of federal state educational organizations subordinate to the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.”
5. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated June 13, 2023 No. 382 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing the training of personnel to fill positions in the penal system of the Russian Federation.”
6. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2021 No. 1138-r “On approval of the Concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030.”
7. Aliyev I. M., Gorelov N. A., Ilyina L. O . Labor economics: textbook and practical training for universities. – 5th ed. – M.: Yurait, 2024. – P. 56.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BODIES
SALIKOVA Irina Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
KORSAKOV Yuriy Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub -faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ALEXEEV Artyom Mikhaylovich
lecturer of Fire and tactical special training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE USE OF MODERN TYPES OF SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION IN THE OFFICIAL ACTIVITIES OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES
The article is devoted to topical issues of the use of modern samples of small arms and ammunition in the official activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies. The paper considers the most common types of small arms used in the IAB, such as the Yarygin pistol, the Bison submachine gun, the Kalashnikov assault rifle and the Saiga carbine. Special attention is paid to the characteristics and features of the use of various types of ammunition, including traumatic, tear and armor-piercing cartridges. The specifics of the use of modern small arms and ammunition by police officers, the need to comply with legal requirements, rules for safe handling of weapons, as well as the importance of regular fire training are described in detail. It is noted that the high level of professional skills of police officers in handling weapons is a key factor in the effectiveness and safety of their actions. The aThe article also discusses modern technological solutions used in the process of fire training of employees, such as training complexes, combat simulation systems and the latest personal protective equipment. It is emphasized that the use of these innovative developments contributes to improving the quality and effectiveness of fire training. Special attention is paid to the legal aspects of the use of modern small arms and ammunition by police officers.
Keywords: small arms, ammunition, police officers, weapons, training complexes, personal protective equipment.
Article bibliography
1. Kropachev S. A. Use of modern small arms by law enforcement officers: legal and tactical aspects // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 45-51.
2. Petrov D. V., Ivanov A. S. Innovative technologies in fire training of law enforcement officers // Technologies of the XXI century. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 18-24.
3. Sidorov B. V., Chernyshev G. A. Features of the use of ammunition with special striking elements by employees of the Internal Affairs Bodies // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 61-67.
4. Larionov I. N. Modern types of small arms used in the official activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies // Scientific Bulletin of the Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov. – 2021. – No. 4. – pp. 79-84.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
SAPUNOV Alexey Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
AMELIN S ergey Gennadjevich
associate professor of Physical Training sub-faculty of the Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
BAKAI Alexander Vladimirovich
senior lecturer of Physical training and sports sub-faculty of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMS OF OPTIMIZING THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
Physical training is a basic area of ​​training for police officers, forming the fundamental foundations of professional training. The modern educational process in the academic discipline “Physical training” in departmental universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has some imperfections that hinder the qualitative and effective mastery of basic knowledge, skills and abilities by cadets and trainees, as well as their improvement.
This article examines service-applied physical training as an integral element of the professional training of a police officer, which acts as an effective and necessary tool for improving professionalism, readiness, and skill of law enforcement agencies that contribute to the successful prosecution of an attacker, entering into combat with a criminal, as well as direct forcible detention, taking into account regulatory requirements.
Keywords: physical training, cadets and trainees, educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the purpose of training, the content of training, directions, structure of training, methods and methods.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gadalov A. V. Formation of readiness of cadets of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia to combat offenders: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of ped. sciences. – M., 2000. – P. 24.
2. Babin AV, Mingulov IR, Zinnatov RR, Kubeev A. Zh. Methodological and practical foundations of physical training and education of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: Textbook. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – 72 p. – ISBN 978-5-7247-1179-1. – EDN GBDLJV.
3. Mos’kin S. A. Features of the methodology of teaching combat wrestling techniques / Science and innovation in education and production: collection of scientific papers. – Orel: Oryol State University, 2015. – P. 157-161.
4. Babin A. V., Lukyanov A. B. Actual problems of physical training and sports of employees of internal affairs bodies and ways to solve them // Eurasian Law Journal. 2021. – No. 9 (160). – P. 473-475. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47195114. (date of access: 08.23.2022).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
MAGOMEDALIEV Maruf Magomedalievich
Deputy Head of Physical training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MEDNIKOV Borisovich Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Physical training of sports sub-faculty of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
HARUTYUNYAN Vagan Nikolaevich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Special Training of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SYROMYATNIKOV Oleg Valerievich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Deputy Head of Physical training and sports sub-faculty of the Saratov Military Order of Zhukov of the Red Banner Institute of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE PROCEDURE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF POLICE OFFICERS AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
The article is devoted to the study of the importance of physical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies to ensure the effective implementation of professional activities. Within the framework of the study, a number of urgent problems encountered in the implementation of physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies are identified. The existing methodologies and practices of physical training are analyzed, taking into account the specific requirements of the profession. The legal framework regulating the procedure for physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies is considered. The article reflects the factors influencing the organization and conduct of physical training classes, such as the individual characteristics of employees, various sports experience and skills. The paper provides recommendations for improving the strategy of physical training in the internal affairs bodies, in order to increase professionalism and prepare employees to perform complex tasks.
Keywords: employee of the internal affairs bodies, official and physical.
Article bibliographic list
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2008 No. 6-FKZ, dated 30.12. 2008 No. 7-FKZ, dated 05.02.2014 No. 2-FKZ, dated 21.07.2014 No. 11-FKZ). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http:// www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access 01.12.2022). – Text: electronic.
2. On the police: Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ. – Text: electronic // Official Internet portal of legal information: [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru (date of access: 09/04/2023).
3. Order Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of 02.02.2024 No. 44 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing the training of personnel to fill positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/
4 . Strucheva N. E. History and methodology of life safety: textbook for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – 198 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-12626-6. – Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.urait.ru/bcode/496373 (date of access: 09/04/2023).
5. Dottuev T. I. Concept of training in combat techniques of wrestling for employees of the Russian Internal Affairs Directorate // Physical Culture and Health. – 2019. – No. 2 (70). – P. 142-143.
6. Babin A. V. Sports games as a necessary means of improving the physical fitness of police officers // Eurasian Law Journal. –2021. –No. 8 (159). –P. 375-376. –EDNKSGLWQ.
7. Panova O. S., Beletsky A. A., Babin A. V., Shanko V. V. Organization of the process of independent physical training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as an element of improving professional training // Global scientific potential. – 2022. – No. 11 (140). – P. 180-184. – EDN YTWYCS.
8. Babin A. V., Lukyanov A. B. Independent physical training in sports and leisure activities of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia // Current issues of improving fire, physical and tactical-special training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ufa, June 16, 2022. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2022. – P. 24-26. – EDN WCYFUG.
9. Babin A. V., Khabarov D. V., Sapunov A. S. Domestic and foreign approaches to the formation of professional physical training of law enforcement officers using the example of Russian and foreign states // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1 (176). – P. 312-313. – EDN WCNUZM.

OPERATIVE SEARCH ACTIVITIES
HANNANOV Radmil Rafkatovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of the Faculty of Training Scientific and Scientific-pedagogical Personnel of the Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
THE ROLE OF HEADS OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF OPERATIONAL INVESTIGATIVE CRIME PREVENTION
The article discusses issues related to the organization of operational investigative crime prevention. In particular, the role of heads of internal affairs bodies in the organization of operational investigative crime prevention is analyzed. A number of basic functions of the organization of operational investigative crime prevention are revealed. The issues of organizing operational investigative crime prevention in solving operational and official tasks are among the most relevant in practice and in the problems of the theory of operational investigative activities and require further scientific study.
Keywords: operational investigative activities, crime prevention, organization of operational investigative activities.
Article bibliography
1. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 05.06.2017 No. 355 (as amended on 25.05.2023) “On approval of the Model Regulation on the territorial body of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation at the district level.”
2. Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ “On operational-search activities” Art. 22.
3. Grebelsky D. B. Theoretical foundations and organizational and legal problems of operational-search activities of internal affairs agencies. – M.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1997.
4. Lekar A. G. Fundamentals of operational-search activity: general part: textbook. – M., 1966.
5. Kalinkovich L. N. Legal and organizational Fundamentals of operational-search activities of internal affairs agencies: study guide. – Minsk, 1982.
6. Savinov A. G. Methodology of analysis and evaluation of management activities: lecture – M.: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1996.
7. Tokarev E. V. Fundamentals of organizing operational-search activities of internal affairs agencies and ways of its improvement: lecture. – M.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1994.

SAFETY AND LAW
LYSOV Kirill Grigorjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ZOLOTAREV Nikolay Romanovich
lecturer of Physical training and sports sub -faculty of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
INVOLVEMENT IN THE ACTIVITIES OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS THROUGH THE TELEGRAM MESSENGER
This scientific article examines the ways and means of involving citizens in terrorist organizations using the Internet, as well as the Telegram messenger. The methods and process of involving the population in terrorist activities are analyzed. The relevance of this topic is expressed by the fact that calls for terrorist acts via Telegram and WhatsApp messengers (attacks on military enlistment offices, undermining of railway tracks, etc.) have recently become more frequent.
Keywords : terrorism, terrorist organizations, terrorist activities, involvement in terrorist activities, the Internet, Telegram messenger.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law “On Counteracting Terrorism” dated 06.03.2006 No. 35-FZ // SPS ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW.
2. Concept of counteraction to terrorism in the Russian Federation (approved by the President RF October 5, 2009) from 10.20.2009 // SPS ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW.
3. Gladyshev V. V. Social networks as a tool for promoting extremism // National Center for Information Counteraction to Terrorism and Extremism in educational environment and the Internet. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://nac.gov. ru/publikacii/stati-knigi-broshyury/gladyshev-v-socialnye-seti-kak-instrument-dlya.
4. Volchetskaya T. S., Avakyan M. V., Osipova E. V. Scientific and methodological recommendations for the timely identification of students exposed to the ideology of terrorism. Part 1 // Educational technologies. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 97-108.
5. Gladyshev V. V. Social networks as a tool for promoting extremism // National Center for Information Counteraction to Terrorism and Extremism in the Educational Environment and the Internet. [Electronic resource ]. – Access mode: http://nac.gov.ru/publikacii/stati-knigi-broshyury/gladyshev-v-socialnye-seti-kak-instrument-dlya.

SECURITY AND LAW
MAKHAEV Makhmud Abdulkadyr-ogly
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
ALIEV Abdulmalik Magomedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS IN PROMOTING FINANCIAL LITERACY AND COMBATING CYBER FRAUD AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
The article addresses the issues of enhancing financial literacy and cybersecurity among students. Financial illiteracy and vulnerability to cyber fraud can lead to significant losses. Educational programs, information campaigns, and partnerships with companies are proposed to address these issues.
Keywords: digitalization, financial literacy, cyber fraud, cybersecurity, personal finance, social networks, educational programs, investment scams, online platforms.
Article bibliography
1. Averkiev A. A., Fedorov S. M. Financial literacy of young people: problems and solutions // Educational technologies and society. – 2022. – No. 4.
2. Voskanyan R. O., Lebedeva M. V. Cybersecurity trends: analysis and forecasts // Journal of information technology. – 2023. – No. 1.
3. Goryan E. V., Kozlova N. Sh. Analysis of current cybersecurity threats and methods for preventing them // Information security. – 2021. – No. 3.
4. Morozov P.K., Vlasova Yu.N. Financial literacy and protection of rights of consumers of financial services // Journal of Law and Economics. – 2022. – No. 6.
5. Salmin R.Yu., Popov M.V. Legislative aspects of cybersecurity in Russia // Law and information technology. – 2022. – No. 6.
6. Sudakova A.E., Khlopov O.A. Cybersecurity in the era of digitalization: challenges and solutions // Information security issues. – 2022. – No. 4.

SAFETY AND LAW
NOVOSELOV Nikolay Georgievich
Deputy Head of Operational investigative activities sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
CHINENOV Alexey V ladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Operational investigative activities sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ZHAMBOROV Anzor Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
LASHCHENKO Roman Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MONITORING OF THE INTERNET IN COUNTERING DRUG TRAFFICKING
The article discusses a number of ways for internal affairs agencies to monitor the Internet to identify illegal content on the Internet in the field of drug trafficking. Special attention is paid to the verification of transactions in the blockchain system in order to identify suspicious resources. The authors draw attention to the high efficiency of monitoring the Internet using specialized software using artificial intelligence systems to identify and solve crimes in the field of drug trafficking and subsequent blocking of illegal content. Based on the analysis, proposals were made to improve the efficiency of Internet monitoring, taking into account foreign experience.
Keywords: monitoring, search, drugs, drug trafficking, Internet.
Article bibliography:
1. Sukmanov A. O. Concept and essence of operational-search monitoring of open sources of information // Bulletin of the Kaliningrad Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2011. – No. 1 (23). – P. 17-19.
2. Babkin L. M., Bulatetsky S. V. On some aspects of operational-search counteraction to the sale of narcotic drugs, carried out via the Internet // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 109-114.
3. Kutuzov AV Operational-search monitoring of the Internet as an element of counteracting extremist crimes // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 235-241.
4. Obolonny VI Detection of sequential patterns in security events of an intrusion detection system // Young scientist. – 2018. – No. 23 (209). – P. 181-187.

SECURITY AND LAW
KONSTANTINOV Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty of the East Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
DIDORENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
MAISEEV Kirill Stepanovich
r of Fire and tactical special training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE USE OF FIREARMS AGAINST ANIMALS
The article analyzes certain aspects of the use of firearms by police officers in order to protect another person or themselves from encroachment, if this encroachment involves violence dangerous to life or health from animals. In particular, from a theoretical and practical point of view, the issues of expediency of using firearms for designated purposes in specific situations are considered, regarding the issue of dog attacks on citizens, as well as police officers. Also, special attention is paid to the issues of training law enforcement officers in algorithms of action in situations of this nature.
Keywords: animals, animal protection, use of firearms, police, dog attack, threat to life and health.
Article bibliography
1. On the police: Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Kravtsov S. V., Afinogenov T. P. Problems of training employees of internal affairs bodies to protect themselves from dog attacks // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. – 2018. – Vol. 7. No. 1 (22). – P. 267-269.
3. Animal rights activists demanded punishment for the policeman who shot an aggressive dog. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ntv.ru/novosti/2335324/
4. Verdict of the Petukhovsky District Court of the Kurgan Region dated November 3, 2020 in case No. 1-169/2020. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bsr.sudrf.ru/
5. Verdict of the Kirovo-Chepetsky District Court of the Kirov Region dated June 6, 2019 in case No. 1-276/2018. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bsr.sudrf.ru/

SAFETY AND LAW
MESHERYAKOVA Irina Sergeevna
adjunct of the Faculty of Training Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel of the V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING THE ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION: EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE
The article examines the problems of ensuring the economic and financial sovereignty of states in the context of global digitalization. Developing digital technologies, the emergence of new forms of international cooperation and economic integration create both new opportunities and threats to national sovereignty. The article also includes a comparative analysis of international experience, identifying common trends and features in various jurisdictions. The presented multidisciplinary approach between constitutional law and economics emphasizes the importance of the integrated application of technological, economic and legal instruments to ensure national security and stability in the digital age.
Keywords: economic sovereignty, financial sovereignty, digitalization, legal mechanisms, cybersecurity, data protection, international cooperation, Russian Federation, blockchain.
Article bibliography
1. Pechegin D. A. Legal mechanisms for protecting the digital sovereignty of the state: a comparative legal aspect // Russian Journal of Legal Research. IZiSP. – 2022. – V. 9. No. 2. – P. 9-20.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. http://www.consultant.ru.
3. Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. http://www.consultant.ru.
4. Ershov M. V. Economic sovereignty of Russia in the global economy. – M .: Economica, 2005. – P. 4.
5. Sadchikov M. N. Tax sovereignty of the state in the context of digitalization of international economic activity // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2020. – No. 3 (134). – P. 216-224.
6. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. http://www.consultant.ru.
7. Vasilenko N. V., Rumyantseva A. Yu. Formation of the information sovereignty of the state in the context of digitalization of the economy: technological and value components // Economy and Management. – 2022. – Vol. 28. No. 10. – P. 1051-1063.
8. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ (as amended on February 6, 2023) “On Personal Data”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. http://www.consultant.ru.
9. Varlen M. V. Information, technological, economic and financial sovereignty as the newest types of autonomy // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2023. – No. 9 (109). – P. 214-222.

SECURITY AND LAW
YAKOVETS Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the Russian Customs Academy, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
ZHURAVLENKO Nikolay Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Mathematical modeling and information security sub-faculty of the Neftekamsk branch of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
ISLAMIC CRESCENT NEAR ST. GEORGE AND A RED STAR
The article provides a brief analysis of the problems associated with the awarding of representatives of the Muslim faith for military merits in various periods of Russian history. It is said about the unparalleled courage of Muslim soldiers during the fighting. The close, inextricable connection of their interests with the priorities of the Russian world is shown. It is concluded that the Muslim community is one of the guarantees of preserving the integrity of the Russian state. In this regard, the question is raised about making the necessary amendments and additions to the Regulations on State Awards of the Russian Federation, providing for the establishment of a special order designed to award distinguished citizens of Russia (and not only Russia) of the Muslim faith.
Keywords: special military operation, Muslim soldiers, Islam, great glory, state awards for Muslims, statute of the state award.
Article bibliography
1. Bratsun E. St. George’s Cross for Muslims // Proza.ru. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://proza.ru/2013/08/31/2082 (date of access: 05/25/2023) .
2. We are united in patriotism: in relation to state awards, the positions of Russian Muslims are no different from the positions of the Russian Orthodox Church // Information and analytical portal IslamRF.ru. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://idmedina.ru/books/history_culture/ramazan/3/dialog_islamrf.htm (date of access: 05/29/2023).
3. “Deshaitanization” of Ukraine. Muslims and Buddhists fight for all-Russian values . [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ukraina.ru/20220725/1036841030.html (date of access: 05/29/2023).
4. Muslim volunteers in Donbass – how do they see the Russian world? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/YLoouI2tVHbbT8_V (date of access: 05/29/2023).
5. Mikhalkov proposed creating orders and medals with Muslim symbols // Islaminform. 2022. June 25. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://islaminform.ru/2022/06/25/михалков-продел-собать-ордена-и-м/ (date of access: 13.05.2023).
6. Muslim volunteers in Donbass… Phenomenon of the Russian World… [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://marafonec.livejournal.com/4981391.html (date of access: 05/28/2023).
7. Muslim fighters in Ukraine… [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mpsh.ru/7704-musulmanskie-bojcy-na-ukraine.html (date of access: 05/29/2023).
8. Mukhetdinov D. It is high time to accept the Eurasian Orthodox-Muslim symbiosis as a given // Spiritual Administration of Muslims. 2023. May 29. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vk.com/@islam_dumrf_official-evraziiskii-pravoslavno-musulmanskii-simbioz-davno-pora-prin (date of access: 31.05. 2023).
9. Nazarov V. Orders of the Bukhara and Khorezm Republics // Antiques, art objects and collectibles. No. 3 (45). March 2007. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://antiqueland.ru/articles/41/ (date of access: 05/28/2023).
10. Order of the Red Banner of the Azerbaijan SSR. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:/ /picturehistory.livejournal.com/7053885.html (date accessed: 05/29/2023).
11. “Bird” instead of “dzhigit”: why the Caucasians of the “Wild Division” refused to accept the St. George Cross // Kirillitsa. 2021. July 13 . [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/YO02kaD9AkiWmvsV (date of access: 05/24/2023).
12. Ryabtsev A. Muslims ask for a replacement for the St. George Cross. They demand the introduction of a special award for the faithful // Komsomolskaya Pravda. 2008. September 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kp.ru/daily/24159/373635/ (date accessed: 05/27/2023) .
13. Samsonov A. The myth of the “Russian occupation” of the Caucasus // Military Review. 2017. December 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://topwar.ru/131282-mif-o-russkoy-okkupacii-kavkaza.html (date of access: 05/29/2023).
14. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09/07/2010 No. 1099 (as amended . from 21.04.2023) “On measures to improve the state awards system of the Russian Federation” (together with the “Regulations on state awards of the Russian Federation”, “Statutes of the orders of the Russian Federation, provisions on the insignia of the Order of St. George – the St. George Cross, medals of the Russian Federation, the badge of distinction “For Impeccable Service”, honorary titles of the Russian Federation, descriptions of the named state awards of the Russian Federation and badges of honor for the titles of the Russian Federation”).

RIGHTS PERSON
ZAYTSEV Mikhail Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of the Siberian Institute of Management – ​​branch of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
GUARANTEES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF CITIZENS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITIZATION: THE RIGHT TO REFUSE TO USE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
The article examines the issue of social need in the legal principle, which consists in the right of a citizen to refuse to use digital technologies against the backdrop of the digital development of the country begun on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation. The gradual process of transition to a digital form of interaction with citizens, begun by the state, is explored. The normative and doctrinal sources devoted to this topic are analyzed. In order to develop the discussion, the proposed direction points out the difficulties of exercising the right to receive state and municipal services in electronic form. It is proposed to preserve traditional, non-electronic methods of interaction of citizens with state and municipal bodies, guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, expressed, for example, in the right of each citizen to apply personally, as well as through individual and collective appeals to state bodies and local governments. The social significance of the introduction of this legal principle is substantiated in view of the presence of digital discrimination. The results of an author’s survey on this topic, conducted through a questionnaire among members of the notary chamber of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are presented and evaluated. The conclusion is formulated about the need to legislate the legal principle of refusing to use digital technologies.
Keywords: digitalization, digital technologies, constitutional rights, constitutional guarantees, digital sovereignty.
Article bibliographic list
1. Volos A. A., Ivanov A. A. Digitalization and the Constitution // Law. 2022. No. 12. P. 34-45. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
2. Gritsenko E. V. The right to good governance in the context of digital transformation // Comparative constitutional review. 2022. No. 4. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
3. Kolosova T. E. Problems of implementing the protective function of the state in the field of human rights protection in the digital space // Journal “Actual problems of the state and law”. 2022. Vol. 6. No. 2 (22) . April-June. P. 151-157.
4. Naumov V. B. Refusal of digital technologies: absurdity or a new right of man and citizen // The Fourth Bachilov Readings: materials of the International scientific and practical conference / Ed. T. A. Polyakova, A. V. Minbaleev, V. B. Naumov. M.: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. P. 78-84.
5. Fedotov M. A., Naumov V. B., Deineko A. G., Tytyuk E. V. The right to refuse digital technologies: results of an expert survey // Works on Intellectual Property. 2024. T. 48. No. 1. P. 8-28.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
BAYKIN Rashit Faritovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty of the Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, lieutenant colonel of police
ZINCHENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
DASHKOV Timur Kamilevich
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
AVRAMENKO Oleg Valerievich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
THE ROLE OF SITUATIONAL MODELING AND CASE STUDY METHODS IN THE TRAINING OF CADETS AND STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
This scientific article explores the application of situational modeling and case study methods in the process of training cadets of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The authors consider the effectiveness of these training methods using the example of fire training, identifying their impact on the development of skills to respond to difficult situations, improve communication and teamwork. Within the framework of this study, the prospects and possibilities of using interactive teaching methods are described, as well as their disadvantages are considered. The authors conclude that the methods under consideration allow not only to acquire theoretical knowledge, but also to apply it in practice, which is a key aspect of professional training.
Keywords: situational modeling method, case study, professional training, future police officer, training methods.
Article bibliography
1. Bakhtina A.S. The problem of using case studies in the educational process // Vectors of well-being: economics and society. – 2016. – No. 2 (21). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-ispolzovaniya-keys-stadi-v-obrazovatelnom-protsesse (date of access: 03.06.2024).
2. Vertaev A. V. Method of specific situations as a modern information technology in educational activities of universities of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Psychology and pedagogy: methods and problems of practical application. – 2013. – No. 34. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metod-konkretnyh-situatsiy-kak-sovremennaya-informatsionnaya-tehnologiya-v-obrazovatelnoy-deyatelnosti-vuzov-vnutrennih-voysk-mvd (date of access: 06/03/2024).
3. Viktorova A. E. Situational modeling in the tactics of investigative actions // Symbol of science. – 2020. – No. 12-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/situatsionnoe-modelirovanie-v-taktike-sledstvennyh-deystviy (date of access: 06/03/2024).
4. Rasulova M. I. Results of using interactive methods in education // Life Sciences and Agriculture. – 2022. – No. 4 (12). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rezultaty-ispolzovaniya-interaktivnyh-metodov-v-obrazovanii (accessed: 04.06.2024).
5. Sinyansky V. A., Romanov R. V., Kravtsov S. V. The role of the situational modeling method in the formation of professional competencies of police officers // BGZh. – 2020. – No. 2 (31). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-metoda-situatsionnogo-modelirovaniya-v-formirovanii-professionalnyh-kompetentsiy-sotrudnikov-ovd (date of access: 06/03/2024).
6. Trapeznikova T. N. The latest pedagogical technologies: case method (method of situational analysis) // Territory of Science. – 2015. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/noveyshie-pedagogicheskie-tehnologii-keys-metod-metod-situatsionnogo-analiza (date of access: 06/03/2024).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
ZORINA Nat alya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ON CERTAIN PROBLEMS OF THE DETENTION OF JUVENILE CONVICTS IN PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In this article, the author examines some of the problems associated with the stay of juvenile convicts in penitentiary institutions of the Russian Federation. The study highlights the main issues on this issue, as well as analyzes the potential causes, their relationship and occurrence. As a result, the author identifies the main areas of improvement of the system of educational work of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, educational colony, juvenile convict, education, correction, psychology, pedagogy.
Article bibliographic list
1. Karetnikov K. V. International standards for the treatment of minors held in Russian penitentiary institutions // Theory and the practice of social and human sciences. – 2021. – No. 2 (14). – P. 84-89.
2. Lesnikov G. Yu., Antipov A. N. Penitentiary pedagogy – certain problems of theory and practice // Bulletin of economic security. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 300-302.
3. Skryabina L. S. The problem of resocialization of juvenile convicts in penitentiary institutions // XVII Akmullin readings. – 2022. – P. 197-200.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
KAZNAZCHEEV Valeriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor of Physical and tactical special training sub-faculty of the Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
FIRE TRAINING IN CLOSED RANGE AND OPEN SHOOTING RANGE AS A FACTOR IMPROVING THE SHOOTING SKILLS OF UIS EMPLOYEE
This article examines the relevance of the presented topic, due to the need to identify negative and positive factors during shooting in closed shooting ranges and open shooting ranges and their impact on the employees of the UIS. The study of this topic is carried out through the correlation of different shooting locations and consideration of their impact on the effectiveness of the training of a UIS employee. In addition, this article reflects the importance of the correct use of firearms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The author of the article comes to the following conclusion: in order to improve shooting skills, it is necessary to conduct better training to obtain basic knowledge in order to avoid injury, and it is also worth conducting regular training in various places and in various conditions, but the priority place for shooting is still an open shooting range.
Keywords: fire training, closed shooting range, open shooting range, landfill, employees of the UIS.
Article bibliography
1. Features of fire training for employees of the penal system / Ed. by Yu. S. Nasonov. 2022. No. 26 (421). P. 242-243.
2. On the institutions and bodies of the penal system of the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 5473-1 of July 21, 1993
3. Order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated October 30, 2017 No. 215 (as amended on August 9, 2023) “On approval of the Procedure for carrying and using firearms by employees of the penal system.”

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
KRYUCHKOV Vasiliy Vasiljevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
KOLOMIYCHENKO Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor of Theoretical foundations of physical education sub-faculty of the Academy of Physical Culture and Sports of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don
SALIKOVA Irina Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AIRS BODIES AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of assessing the physical fitness of employees of the internal affairs bodies and finding ways to improve it. The work carried out a comprehensive analysis of existing approaches to assessing the physical readiness of personnel, identified their shortcomings and limitations in terms of compliance with the specifics of the official activities of police officers. Special attention is paid to the need to develop differentiated standards of physical fitness, taking into account various factors such as age, work experience, the nature of the duties performed, etc. The authors present the results of an empirical study aimed at studying the current state of physical fitness of employees of internal affairs bodies and their dynamics. Based on the data obtained, the article suggests innovative ways to improve the physical fitness assessment system, including the introduction of modern testing technologies, increasing employee motivation to maintain a high level of physical fitness, as well as the development of individual physical development programs. A special place in the presented recommendations is occupied by the need to take into account the specifics of official activity when developing standards of physical training. The key conclusions of the article are the need for an integrated approach to assessing and developing the physical fitness of employees of internal affairs bodies, taking into account the specifics of their official activities and current trends in the field of physical culture and sports. The results of the study can be used to improve the regulatory framework governing the requirements for physical training of police officers, as well as in the development of professionally applied physical training programs.
Keywords: internal affairs bodies, physical training, standards, testing, improvement of the assessment system.
Article bibliography
1. Antipova E. V., Kokorin A. V. Features of physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies in modern conditions // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 85-87.
2. Baranov V. V., Romanov A. A. Professionally applied physical training of police officers: status and prospects for improvement // Scientific notes of P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2021. – No. 4 (194). – P. 27-32.
3. Volchenkov G. V., Golubev S. A. Assessment of physical fitness of employees of internal affairs bodies and its impact on the effectiveness of official activities // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 120-124.
4. Grigoriev O. A., Mikhailov A. V. Modern approaches to the organization of physical training in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3 (91). – pp. 179-184.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
LOKTIONOVA Elena Alexandrovna
associate professor of the BRICS Baikal Institute of the Irkutsk National Research Technical University
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CHARACTERISTIC PERSONALITY TRAITS OF AFRICAN STUDENTS AS A WAY TO ENHANCE LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS
This article considers some features of African students, which determine the peculiarities of pedagogical approach to them. The author points out that African students are carriers of a special culture, the consideration of which is a necessary condition for optimizing their education in the higher education system of the Russian federation. Often African students arriving in Russia to receive education face not only a language barrier, but also a cultural barrier. This makes it necessary to study the cultural characteristics of African students by representatives of the teaching staff involved in the conduct of educational classes. The author rightly points out the fact that skillful use of African cultural characteristics helps to properly influence this target group to increase their motivation to learn. Ultimately, this contributes to the optimization of the learning process of this category of students.
Keywords: production, religion, history of formation, culture, interpersonal and social relations, attitude to self, features of manifestation of mental processes and states of students from the African continent.
Article bibliographic list
1. Badalova L. I. Psychological features of adaptability of African students // Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: Psychology and pedagogy. – 2015. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psihologicheskie-osobennosti-adaptivnosti-afrikanskih-studentov (date of access: 18.06.2024).
2. Boyko Z. V. Ethnopsychological features of personal confidence in Russian and African students // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Psychology and Pedagogy. – 2007. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/etnopsihologicheskie-osobennosti-uverennosti-lichnosti-u-rossiyskih-i-afrikanskih-studentov (date of access: 18.06.2024).
3. Timofeycheva V. A. Qualitative features of the psychological structure of responsibility in African and Latin American students // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Psychology and Pedagogy. – 2009. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kachestvennye-osobennosti-psihologicheskoy-struktury-otvetstvennosti-u-afrikanskih-i-latinoamerikanskih-studentov (date of access: 18.06.2024).
4. Simbara A. G. Features of stress reactions of African students in the initial period of study at the university // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Ecology and life safety. – 2014. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-stressovyh-reaktsiy-afrikanskih-studentov-v-nachalnyy-period-obucheniya-v-vuze (date of access: 18.06.2024).
5 . Kamara I., Rakachev V. N. African students in Russia: features of social adaptation and relationships with the host society // South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences. – 2018. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/afrikanskie-studenty-v-rossii-osobennosti-sotsialnoy-adaptatsii-i-vzaimootnosheniya-s-prinimayuschim-obschestvom (date of access: 06.18.2024).

EDAGOGY AND LAW
POPOV Alexey Nikolaevich
lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty of the Crimean branch of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
GAZIZYANOV Timur Albertovich
Head of Pedagogy and psychology in the activities of police officers sub- faculty of the Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
EVTUSHENKO Alexander Anatoljevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
ALEXEEV Anton Olegovich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty of the Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
APPLYING A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE TRAINING OF FUTURE POLICE OFFICERS
This article examines the application of a systematic approach in the training of future police officers. The authors explore the methods and principles of a systematic approach used in educational programs for training law enforcement personnel. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the interrelationships between various academic disciplines, such as tactical and special training, fire, and physical training. The results of the study can be useful for the development of educational programs that contribute to the comprehensive training of future police officers.
Keywords: systematic approach, professional training, future police officer, principles of a systematic approach, interdisciplinary communication.
Article bibliography
1. Belugin M. G. Theoretical and pedagogical features of the application of a systematic approach in organizing the training of employees of internal affairs bodies // Russian Journal of Education and Psychology. – 2014. – No. 12 (44). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoretiko-pedagogicheskie-osobennosti-primeneniya-sistemnogo-podhoda-pri-organizatsii-podgotovki-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del (date of access: 05/29/2024).
2. Magauova A.S., Zhanguzhinova M.E., AlzhigItova A. T., Atymtaeva B. E. Systems approach in pedagogy // Eurasian Union of Scientists. – 2014. – No. 5-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistemnyy-podhod-v-pedagogike-1 (date of access: 05/29/2024).
3. Maksimov N. V. Systems-activity approach in education of legal culture of cadets of military universities // Epoch of science. – 2016. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistemno-deyatelnostnyy-podhod-v-vospitanii-pravovoy-kultury-kursantov-voennyh-vuzov (date of access: 05/30/2024).
4. Mineev Yu. V. Gnoseological aspects of the systems approach // Education and Law. – 2023. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gnoseologicheskie-aspekty-sistemnogo-podhoda (date of access: 05/29/2024).
5. Nikulina N. N., Davityan M. G. Actualization of the ideas of the systems approach in modern pedagogical practice // Scientific journal of KubSAU. – 2016. – No. 115. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualizatsiya-idey-sistemnogo-podhoda-v-sovremennoy-pedagogicheskoy-praktike (date of access: 05/29/2024).
6. Frolova T. N., Shashurina G. V. Systems approach and its role in scientific research // Psychology and pedagogy of service activities. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistemnyy-podhod-i-ego-rol-v-nauchnom-issledovanii (date of access: 30.05.2024).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
TSARKOVA Evgeniya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Imp roving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
SUICIDE PREVENTION AMONG JUVENILE CONVICTS IN EDUCATIONAL COLONIES
Suicide among juvenile convicts is a serious social and medical problem that requires the development of specific approaches in conditions of educational colonies. The article examines the causes of suicidal behavior among adolescents, including depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress, social isolation and aggressive manifestations. Factors that increase the risk of suicide, such as strict regime conditions, interpersonal conflicts and lack of support, are analyzed. Prevention methods are proposed, including the organization of psychological support programs, professional training of employees, individual work with adolescents, as well as active involvement of family and society. The use of modern technologies for monitoring the psycho-emotional state and the development of rehabilitation and integration programs contribute to improving mental health and successful social adaptation of juvenile convicts.
Keywords: suicidal behavior, educational colony, correctional institution, juvenile convict, suicidal risk, psychoemotional state.
Article bibliographic list
1. Zorina N. S. Manifestation of suicidal behavior among minors // Eurasian legal journal. – 2022. – No. 9 (172). – pp. 460-461.
2. Suyoung Kim, Hyekyeong Kim, Dong-Chul Seo, Dong Hwan Lee, Han Ik Cho. (2014). “Suicidal Ideation and its Correlates among Juvenile Delinquents in South Korea.” Osong public health and research perspectives. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://typeset.io/papers/suicidal-ideation-and-its-correlates-among-juvenile-19o9ziw539?utm_source.
3. Michelle Scott, Maureen Underwood, Dorian A. Lamis. (2015). “Suicide and Related-Behavior Among Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System”. Tradition. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://typeset.io/papers/suicide-and-related-behavior-among-youth-involved-in-the-d75j36kx1g?utm_source.
4. Shchelina T. T., Karyukhina A. S. Social and psychological characteristics of juvenile convicts of modern correctional colonies // Modern studies of social problems (electronic scientific journal). – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 553-563. – DOI 10.12731/2218-7405-2015-9-43.
5. Krotova D. N. Psychological support of juvenile convicts in educational colonies // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 103-104.
6. Ananyev O. G., Aleksandrov B. V. On some socio-psychological problems of suicidal behaviorof minors at large, in places of deprivation of liberty and ways of their resolution // Applied legal psychology. – 2017. – No. 1 (38). – P. 93-100.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
YUSUPOVA Olga Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty of the Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
THE USE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FIRE TRAINING CLASSES AT UNIVERSITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
This article presents an analysis of innovative technologies used in the training of cadets and students of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The advantages and disadvantages of introducing innovative technologies into the educational process are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that innovative methods will be effective when they are used in conjunction with traditional teaching methods. Despite the wide possibilities of interactive methods, the main form of fire training remains the practical development of shooting and weapon handling skills.
Keywords: fire training, interactive methods, innovative technologies, cadet training, shooting simulator.
Article bibliography
1. Kaufman K. A. Computer games. Using computer games as a method of teaching fire training // Innovative science. – 2022. – No. 12-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompyuternye-igry-ispolzovanie-kompyuternyh-igr-v-kachestve-metoda-obucheniya-ognevoy-podgotovki (date of access: 03.06.2024).
2. Lapshova A. V., Urakova E. A., Sidorov A. N. Innovative technologies of professional training // Problems of modern pedagogical education. – 2021. – No. 73-1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-professionalnogo-obucheniya (date of access: 06/03/2024).
3. Makhmudova N. R., Mukhamadiev S. I. Innovative technologies in education // Issues of science and education. – 2019. – No. 11 (57). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-v-obrazovanii-6 (date accessed: 06/03/2024).
4. Meshcheryakova E. I., Sibirko M. A., Pindus S. Ya. Fire training of future officers using interactive methods: experience, problems, prospects // Aerospace Forces. Theory and Practice. – 2020. – No. 16. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ognevaya-podgotovka-buduschih-ofitserov-s-ispolzovaniem-interaktivnyh-metodov-opyt-problemy-perspektivy (date of access: 06/03/2024).
5. Tipushkin V. N. Relevance of using electronic shooting simulators in fire training classes in military educational institutions // Psychology and pedagogy: methods and problems of practical application. – 2010. – No. 11-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnost-primeneniya-elektronnyh-strelkovyh-trenazherov-na-zanyatiyah-po-ognevoy-podgotovke-v-voennyh-uchebnyh-zavedeniyah (date of access: 06/03/2024).
6. Shirshov V. D. Innovative training technologies // AON. – 2013. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-obucheniya (date of access: 06/03/2024).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
YAROSLAVSKIY Mikhail Alexandrovich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty of the North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
PEDAGOGICAL METHODS OF INCREASING THE POWER CAPABILITIES OF STUDENTS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
Citizens arriving for initial training at an educational institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are placed by law in conditions according to which they need to acquire during this time a number of specific skills necessary for police service. These skills mainly relate to the development of certain normative legal acts in key branches of legal sciences, but also affect applied skills – to conduct aimed fire from firearms in police service, to be able to use physical force and special means against an offender. To ensure the effectiveness of the learning process, the teaching staff uses technologies that allow the audience to assimilate the information received, preserve this knowledge and further orient them to situations that arise in practice. Physical training is no exception in this sense. This work is devoted to highlighting those pedagogical techniques, the use of which by a teacher in practical classes, as well as accounting by students during training outside the educational institution, will allow to achieve improved aathletic results.
Keywords: physical training, strength training, methodology of progress, strength, physical exercises, development of motor skills, technology of increasing abilities, pedagogical control
Article bibliography
1. Proskurenko S. V., Dotsenko Yu. A., Moskalets T. V. Pedagogical approaches to the development of strength abilities in schoolchildren of grades 8-9 // Pedagogical perspective. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 51-61.
2. Gluboky V. A., Struganov S. M. Means and methods for developing strength abilities in cadets (students) of the educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Scientific notes of Lesgaft University. – 2020. – No. 4 (182). – P. 105-108.
3. Sviridov B. A. Technologies for improving the strength abilities of athletes // Scientific notes of Lesgaft University. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 363-367.
4. Petrov A. I. Development and formation of strength qualities // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 36. – P. 212-214.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
TSARKOVA Evgeniya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System of the Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN ANA LYZING DEPARTMENTAL STATISTICAL REPORTING OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA
The purpose of this paper is to consider the prospects of applying machine learning methods in analyzing departmental statistical information in the interests of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Artificial intelligence algorithms working on the basis of models trained on historical data are an effective tool for identifying patterns between phenomena, establishing trends, making forecasts and serve as a promising component of management decision support systems. The study uses the example of solving the problem of clustering of regions by crime rate in the field of information technology to test the analytical platform available for use, which implements machine learning methods.
Keywords: departmental statistical reporting, machine learning, artificial intelligence, intelligent data analysis, Penal System of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Tsarkova E. G. On the issue of using artificial intelligence in legal departments // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3 (178). – P. 385-386.
2. Zorina N. S. The concept of crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies // Bulletin of the Federal State Institution Research Institute of Information Technology of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia: Scientific and practical publication. Volume Issue 5. – Tver: FKU NIIIT FSIN of Russia, 2022. – P. 34-37.
3. Zorina N. S. Factors of crime in the field of computer technologies // 25-year experience of applying the Criminal and Criminal-Executive Codes of the Russian Federation: problems and development prospects: Collection of materials of the round table within the framework of the XII Perm Congress of Legal Scientists, Perm, October 29, 2022. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – P. 45-47.
4. Tsarkova E. G., Bodrov E. N. On the issue of forming a digital culture in the process of professional training of employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3 (178). – P. 377-379.
5. Churakov D. Yu., Tsarkova E. G. Promising directions of information technologies in the penal system of the Russian Federation // Actual problems of the activities of the units of the penal system: Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts, Voronezh, May 23, 2019. Part 1. – Voronezh: Publishing and printing center “Scientific book”, 2019. – P. 238-253.
6. Tsarkova E. G. Methods of automated construction of a solution to the problem of optimal resource management in ensuring the safety of facilities // Scientific and technical bulletin of the Volga region. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 67-69.

STATE AND LAW
BREDIKHIN Anton Viktorovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer of the Faculty of Sociology of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty of the Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
LUSTIN Yuriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty of the Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
TOWARDS THE DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF “REGIONAL COMMUNITY” IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
This article examines the system of formation of a regional community, approaches to its perception on the example of the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Donetsk community. The authors present various factors of its formation, which have historical prerequisites, cross-border and ethnocultural character. The fact of today’s active regional national policy on the development of intercultural communications is particularly noted.
Keywords: DPR, Cossacks, patriotism, regionalism, regional community
Article bibliographic list
1. Bredikhin A.V. National and religious problems in the Donetsk and Lugansk people’s republics // Russia and the new states of Eurasia. – M.: IMEMO RAS, 2017. – No. 2. – P. 69-82.
2. Bredikhin A. V. Belokonev S. Yu. Prospects for the integration of the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics into the cultural space of the Russian Federation // Culture : management, economics, law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 2-5.
3. Brodovskaya E. V., Dombrovskaya A. Yu. Value orientations and political attitudes of residents of the LPR and DPR: results of a sociological study in 2023 // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. – 2023. – V. 18. No. 6. – P. 88-102.
4. Gershtein I. Z. “Negative” identity as a factor in modern state formation (on the example of Belarus, Ukraine, DPR and LPR) // Via in tempore. History. Political Science. – 2020. – No. 47 (3). – P. 630–639.
5. Constitution of the Donetsk People’s Republic, adopted by the Resolution of the People’s Council on December 30, 2022.
6. Pashkovsky P . I. Theory of Novorossiya in the Crimean social and humanitarian discourse // News of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Sociology. Political Science. – 2019. – T. 19. No. 3. – P. 335-340.

POLITICS AND LAW PRIMAK Alexander Vadimovich
student of the Far Eastern University, Vladivostok
GULEVICH Margarita Olegovna
student of the Far Eastern University, Vladivostok
MAZALYUK Mariya Vladimirovna
student of the Far Eastern University, Vladivostok
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF CITIZENS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL PUBLIC SELF-GOVERNMENT (CBT) AND THE INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
The research is devoted to the study of new methods of involving citizens in local government processes, with an emphasis on the development of territorial public self-government ( CBT) and the introduction of digital technologies. The paper analyzes the historical aspects and stages of the development of CBT in Russia, examines modern digital tools such as electronic voting, mobile applications and crowdsourcing, and provides successful international examples. Based on this analysis, specific recommendations are proposed for local governments on the integration of innovative methods and technologies, which contributes to increasing civic engagement, transparency and efficiency of management at the local level. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of modern methods of citizen engagement and the development of strategies for the digitalization of CBT.
Keywords: local government, territorial public self-government, CBT, digital technologies, civic engagement, gamification, crowdsourcing, electronic voting, mobile applications, innovative methods.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments, approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1993. December 25; Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 11. – Art. 1416.
2. Federal Law of 28.08.1995 No. 154-FZ “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1995. – No. 35. – Art. 3506.
3. Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2003. – No. 40. – Art. 3822.
4. Nikitina A. A. Forms of population participation in the implementation of local self-government: legal regulation and practical application // Issues of student science. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 328-331.
5. Roslyakova M. V. Social networks as a tool for involving citizens in governance (based on the example of official pages of local administrations of cities in the Central Federal District) // Sociodynamics. – 2023. – № 7.
6. Kazantseva O. L. Local self-government goes “digital” // Russian-Asian legal journal. – 2021.
7. Didenko A. N., Babichev I. V. Local self-government today and in the medium term // Journal “Local Law”. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 3-28.
8. Ivanov O. B. Local self-government after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation: development prospects, legal regulation // Power. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 118-122.

POLITICS AND LAW
YAKUPOVA Gulnara Aidarovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Social and political communications sub-faculty of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
BADYKOV Oscar Ruslanovich
student of Social and political communications sub-faculty of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
THE IMAGE OF A POLITICAL LEADER IN THE MEDIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE HEAD OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN RUSTAM M INNIKHANOV NURGALIEVICH
The work examines the relevance of the image of a political leader in the modern world with media sources, which contributes to the promotion of the leader in the political arena through various news events, publications and communications with society. The media act as an important mediator between politicians and society, providing information about the activities of leaders, their views and personal qualities. This coverage can significantly influence how the public perceives leaders, the outcome of elections, and even the setting of the political agenda.
Keywords: political leader, media, image.
Article bibliography
1. Valitova N. E., Gabdrakhmanova L. N., Gareev E. S., Cheremiskin A. A., Yakubova G. A. Communication interaction of government bodies with the media // Kazan science. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 38-40.
2. Gabdrakhmanova L. N., Davletshina Z. Z. The influence of the media on the formation of electoral preferences of young people in modern Russia // Problems and trends in the development of an innovative economy: international experience and Russian practice. Proceedings of the V International scientific and practical conference. – 2016. – P. 107-112.
3. Gabdulkhakova R. V., Kozlova Yu. B., Grogulenko N. V. The role of Internet communications in promoting the image of the city // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 1 (152). – P. 429-430.
4. Minakov P. A. The nature and properties of public authority // Bulletin of VEGU. – 2011. – No. 2 (52). – P. 42-48.
5. Farkhutdinova I. R., Nikolaev A. S. The influence of social media on political and legal processes in modern Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 2 (177). – P. 432-433.
6. Smirnov D. I. Political advertising in modern conditions // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 10: Journalism. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 63-74.
7. Semina T. A. Media image of a politician as a factor in political socialization // Bulletin of Moscow State Linguistic University. – 2018. – No. 3 (788). – P. 182-191.
8. Kochetkova O. Yu. Image of a political leader in the media space // Political examination. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 143-155.
9. Political communication in the modern world: a textbook for universities / Ed. A. V. Shelomentsev. – M.: Yurait, 2017. – 312 p.
10. Dzyaloshinsky I. M. Political Psychology: textbook. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2021. – 410 p.
11. Schweitzer A. D. Political Communication: textbook for universities / A. D. Schweitzer. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Aspect Press, 2017. – 431 p.

LANGUAGE AND LAW
MOLCHANOVA Svetlana Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor of Linguistics and foreign languages ​​sub-faculty of the Russian State University of Justice
LYSENKO Nelly Alexeevna
master in Law, senior lecturer of Linguistics and foreign languages ​​sub-faculty of the Russian State University of Justice
THE WAYS OF RENDERING THE PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH LEGAL DOCUMENTS INTO RUSSIAN
The article focuses on the use of various verb forms possessing such grammatical category as the passive voice in legal documents and the ways of their rendering into the Russian language. In the discourse under consideration the following verb forms in the passive voice are predominantly found: the participle II, verbs in the present, past and future simple, verbs in the present perfect, the simple infinitive, the perfect infinitive, the simple gerund. The most frequent are the participle II and the simple passive infinitive. The way of translation depends on the form of the verb and its syntactic function. The translator can resort to such transformations and techniques as the use of antonyms, substitution, omission, lexical addition, shifting.
Keywords: English legal documents, the passive voice, ways of translating the passive voice into Russian, translation transformations and techniques.
Article bibliographic list
1. Blokh M. Ya. Theoretical grammar of Englishogo language. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2008. – 423 p.
2. Krylova I. P., Krylova E. V. English grammar for everyone. – M.: KDU, 2019. – 264 p.
3. Legal translation: a tutorial on translation from English into Russian / Ed. P. V. Rybin. – M.: Prospect, 2019.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
AFANASJEVA Elena Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Innovation and applied economics sub-faculty of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
KHACHATRYAN Olesya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Innovation and applied economics sub-faculty of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
STATE FINANCING OF INVESTMENTS IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HUMAN CAPITAL OF EDUCATION WORKERS
The modern realities of the development of the national economy of the countries of the world indicate that economic advantages are determined mostly by intellectual assets, i.e. human capital and to a lesser extent by material and financial assets. Human capital is considered as the most important, intensive productive factor of modernization and socio-economic development of the economy, as a basic element of innovative production that determines the pace of economic growth. Special attention is paid to the qualitative characteristics of human development as the basis of the modern competitive advantage of countries in a multipolar world, which causes an increase in the investment of financial resources of states, primarily in the development of education and health systems.
Keywords: state financing, the quality of human capital, the education sector, the federal budget.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vandysheva O. P. Investments in human capital as the main factor in the innovative development of the economy // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Economics and Management. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 5-11
2. Law of the city of Moscow of 20.06.2001 No. 25 “On the development of education in the city of Moscow” (as amended on 24.06.2015) // Department of Education and Science of the city of Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mos.ru/donm/documents/normativnye-pravovye-akty/view/166628220/
3. Ivanov O. I. Human potential (formation, development, use). IPRE RAS. SPbGU. – SPb .: Skifia-print, 2013. – 336 p.
4. Investments in human capital for sustainable recovery: the role of public financing // International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank, 2021. 75 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/741481636150763760/text/Investing-in-Human-Capital-for-a-Resilient-Recovery-The-Role-of-Public-Finance.txt.
5. Bondarenko N. V., Varlamova T. A., Gokhberg L. M., et al. Education indicators: 2024: statistical digest // Nat. research. University “Higher School of Economics”. – M.: ISSEK HSE, 2024. – 416 p.
6. Myrzakhanova I. A. The role of the teacher in the development of intellectual and creative potential of young people // International Journal of Experimental Education. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 35-39
7. Resolution of the Government of the Oryol Region dated 12.08.2011 No. 267 “On approval of the Model Regulations on remuneration of employees of state educational institutions of the Oryol Region”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/28511948/
8. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2012 No. 2620-r “On approval of the action plan (“road map”) “Changes in the social sphere sectors aimed at improving the efficiency of education and science”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70191846/
9. Federal budget expenditures on civil science in 2023 // Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge ISSEK HSE. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://issek.hse.ru/news/938883383.html.
10. Khachatryan O. A. Strategic directions for changing the requirements for the quality of human capital of employees in the field of general and vocational education in the context of the post-industrial economy: abstract of dis. … Cand. Sciences (Econ.): 08.00.01. – Orel, 2015. – 28 p.
11. Khachatryan O. A., Novakova S. Yu. Problems of the quality of the workforce of higher professional education institutions in modern conditions // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 3 (142). – pp. 352-354.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
PIMENOVA Oksana Valerjevna
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, associate professor of Management and system analysis of thermal power and sociotechnical complexes sub-faculty of the Samara State Technical University
TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF THE CIS MEMBER STATES IN THE CONTEXT OF GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES: KEY TRENDS, PROBLEMSAND PROSPECTS
This article presents an analysis of key trends in the development of trade and economic cooperation between the CIS member states and identifies its prospects. It has been established that both Russia and its partner countries in the CIS have ample opportunities to create their own value chains and industrial cooperation within the framework of the post-Soviet space operating in the CIS free trade zone, including solving the problem of import substitution of production facilities, and exporting jointly produced products to third-country markets. The conclusions and recommendations contained in the article are aimed at expanding and diversifying the mutual trade of CIS goods with a high level of added value, taking into account changes in transport and logistics supply chains in the CIS space under sanctions.
Keywords: Commonwealth of Independent States, trade and economic cooperation, trade diversification, mutual trade, industrial and technological cooperation.
Article bibliography
1. Aznagulova U. U . Development of foreign trade with the CIS countries // Economy and society. – 2018. – No. 5 (48). – P. 92-96.
2. Volovik N. P. Analysis of trade and economic relations of the Russian Federation with the Commonwealth countries Independent States // Management Consulting. – 2015. – No. 5 (77). – P.121-135.
3. Voronina T.V. Integration potential of the CIS countries: prospects for its implementation // Bulletin of the RSEU RINH. – 2011. – No. 33. – P. 111-120.
4. Gorda A. S., Sotnikova E. A. Problems and prospects for the development of Russia’s foreign trade with the CIS countries // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 30-34.
5. Gurova I. P. Complementarity of economies as a factor of regional trade in the CIS // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2015. – No. 4-1.
6. Gurova I. P. Structural prerequisites of regional trade in the CIS / / New University. Series “Economics and Law”. – 2015. – No. 5 (51). – P. 5-10.
7. Ziyadullaev N. S. Economy of the Commonwealth countries: retrospective, strategies and imperatives / [Ed. by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. . Tsvetkova]. – M.: IPR RAS, 2022. – 240 p.
8. Information on obstacles to mutual trade of the CIS member states and recommendations for their elimination. Commonwealth of Independent States. Executive Committee. – Moscow, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://e-cis.info/cooperation/2938/115634/
9. International transport corridor “North-South”: investment decisions and soft infrastructure Reports and working papers 22 /2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eabr.org/upload/iblock/a2b/EDB_2022_Report-2_INSTC_rus.pdf (date of access: 28.03.2024).
10. Development and activities of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2022: Collection of information and analytical materials, 11th issue // [Edited by Anfimov L. V]. – Minsk, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cis.minsk.by/upload/compilation/2023.pdf .
11. Development and activities of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2023: Collection of information and analytical materials, 11th issue // [Edited by Anfimov L. V.]. – Minsk, 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cis.minsk.by/upload/compilation/2023.pdf.
12. Decision of the CIS Economic Council of December 2, 2022 “On obstacles to mutual trade of the CIS member states and recommendations for their elimination.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/406232953/ (date of access: 03/30/2024).
13. Rudenkov I. N. Features of the development of regional economic integration in the post-Soviet space // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2013. – No. 5 (18).
14. Savina N. P. Assessment of trade and economic relations of the CIS countries // International trade and trade policy. – 2016. – No. 4 (8). – P. 83-90.
15. The Commonwealth of Independent States in 2023: Statistical Yearbook / Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS. – M., 2023. – 639 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:/ /new.cisstat.org/documents/ (date accessed: 01.03.2024).
16. Socio-economic situation of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States: [edited by Laikam K. E.] Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS. – M. , 2024. – 158 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://new.cisstat.org/web/guest/doc.
17. Tretyakova A. A. Free trade zone of the CIS: problems and Prospects // MNIZH. – 2021. – No. 6-3 (108). – P.136-139.
18. The Federal Customs Service noted an increase in the turnover of mutual trade between the CIS countries // PRIME. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:// 1prime.ru/state_regulation/20231012/841967008.html (date accessed: 03.04.2024).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
POLSHAKOVA Natalya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Professor V. V. DickInformation management and information and communication technologies sub-faculty of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
UVAROVA Marina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, associate professor of Digital economics and information technology sub-faculty of the N. V. Parakhin Oryol State Agrarian University
STRATEGIC PLANNING OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AS A FACTOR OF EFFECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISE The article discusses the main stages of business processes at agricultural enterprises, which create the prerequisites for creating an ecosystem of digital agriculture. The approaches to the formation of an end-to-end modular information management system for agricultural industries, which will improve the efficiency of agricultural management, are studied. The structure of the roadmap for the digital transformation of agricultural organizations is proposed.
Keywords: digital agriculture, integration of information resources and systems, information Internet space.
Article bibliography
1. Astashova E. A., Kuznetsova N. A., Zinich L. V. Model of digital transformation of agro-industrial complex enterprises // Issues of innovative economics. – 2022. – Vol. 12. No. 4. – P . 2341-2356.
2. Lazko O. V., Semchenkova S. V., Lukasheva O. L. Strategic guidelines for managing digital transformation processes in the agro-industrial complex // Moscow Economic Journal. – 2018. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strategicheskie-orientiry-upravleniya-protsessami-tsifrovoy-transformatsii-v-agropromyshlennom-komplekse.
3. Polshakova N. V., Uvarova M. N. , Grishina S. Yu., Dimov A. A. Development trends of the regional agro-industrial complex in the digital space // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 451-453.
4. Polshakova N. V., Aleksandrova E. V., Volobueva T. A. Automation of experimental data processing in agronomic research // Bulletin of Agrarian Science. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 129-137.
5. Polshakova N.V., Uvarova M.N., Novakova S.Yu. Industry 4.0: systemic digital transformation of agro-industrial complex enterprises // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 492-497.
6. Mishustin believes that digital transformation requires rethinking the role of the state // TASS. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/7652087.
7. Digital economy of the Russian Federation // Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/activity/directions/858/#section-docs.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
POBEGAEV Nikita Mikhaylovich
magister student of the Institute of Natural Sciences and Biotechnology of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
TIKHIY Vladimir Ivanovich
Ph.D. in geographical sciences, associate professor, Head of Geography, ecology and general biology sub-faculty of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL SPHERE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE OREL REGION
The problem of expanding the geography and types of activities within the tourist and recreational sphere at the regional level of the Russian Federation is acute at the current stage of the country’s development. Therefore, the identification of problems in the provision of services and the formulation of recommendations for their solution are relevant. The article highlights the problems of the development of the tourist and recreational sphere at the regional level of the Russian Federation on the example of the Orel region; identifies the problems of the development of the tourist and recreational sphere in the region; shows possible directions for improving its activities; The article also identifies the problems of providing tourist services.
Keywords: tourism and recreational activities, Orel region, infrastructure, tour operator and travel agency, advertising and promotion of tourist services.
Article bibliography
1. Total contribution of travel and tourism industry to GDP worldwide in 2019 and 2022 with forecast for 2023 and 2033 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:/ /www.statista.com/statistics/233223/travel-and-tourism-total-economic-contribution-worldwide/
2. Rosstat statistical bulletin for World Tourism Day. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/turism_2023.pdf.
3. Putin V. Already in this decade, the contribution of domestic tourism to GDP should double // Rossiyskaya Gazeta – Stolichnyy Issleduy. – 2024. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2024/03/28/na-moria-v-rossiiu.html.
4. Ilyukhina N. A. , Parushina N. V., Tsekhla S. Yu. Tourism concepts of the Oryol region // Geopolitics and ecogeodynamics. – 2022. – Vol. 8. Issue. 1 – P. 115-141.
5. Morozova A. Reconstruction of the airport in Orel postponed due to state expert comments on the project // Kommersant. – 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6466760.
6. Aleksandrova E. V., Semeshina N. I., Klybanskaya E. Yu., Makarenko S. V. Agritourism: problems and prospects (on the example of the Oryol region) // Young scientist. – 2016. – No. 6.3. – P. 3-7.
7. Byshok K. A., Sapunova E. V. , Pykhtina M. G. Analysis of the state of development of the tourism market of the Oryol region // Issues of science and education. – 2019.
8. Oryol tourist. Travel agencies – Oryol region: tourism and recreation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https ://www.tourism-orel.ru/turizm/turagentstva.
9. Island. Hotels in the Oryol region. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ostrovok.ru/hotel/russia/central_russia_oryol_ oblast_multi/?page=1.
10. Official tourist portal of the Oryol region. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://visit-orel.ru/

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
TAKMAKOVA Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, professor of Innovation and applied economics sub-faculty of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
ZAITSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor of Finance, investments and credit sub-faculty of the I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
KARELINA Mariya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, professor, Vice-Rector of the State University of Management
SMIRNOV Evgeny Nikolaevich
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, professor, Acting Head of World economy and international economic relations sub-faculty of the State University of Management
THE STRUCTURE OF MONETARY INCOMES OF THE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The authors of the article conducted a comparative analysis of the income structures of the population living in urban and rural areas of Russia in dynamics for 2014-2022. This made it possible to identify the most important areas of differences between these structures; to identify the role of the income structure of the population in the economic and social development of the country. It was found that in 2014, in the structure of monetary incomes of the urban and rural population of the Russian Federation, the remuneration of hired workers had the greatest share, however, the weight of this item of income of the rural population was significantly lower. By 2022, “wages of employees” is still the dominant item in the structure of monetary incomes of the population of the Russian Federation, but its share has grown in urban areas, and especially in rural areas. There is a significant difference in dynamics between the share of social benefits in the income structure of the urban and rural population of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: income of the population, per capita monetary income of the population, structure of monetary income of the population, urban population, rural population.
Article bibliographic list
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2020 No. 474 “On national goals development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030″ (lost force). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/63728.
2. Indexation and age: how old-age pensions have changed in 2022 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:// journal.tinkoff.ru/news/pensii-v-2022/
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2024 No. 309 “On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the perspective up to 2036”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/73986.
4. Takmakova E. V. Regulation of population incomes based on the formation of a social standardization system: in the subject area “income of the population”: dis. … doctor of economic sciences: 08.00.05; Oryol State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin. – Oryol, 2021. – 367 p.
5. Strokov A.S. Causes of income inequality between rural and urban residents in economic theory and agricultural policy // International Agricultural Journal. – 2022. – V. 65. No. 1. – P. 90-93.
6. Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/ bgd/regl/b13_44/Main.htm.
7. Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/kfNe7zQE/2019_c(1).pdf.
8. Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Soc_pol_2023.pdf.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHAYBAKOVA Emma Rifovna
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, professor of Economic security sub-faculty of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
AGURDINA Filyuza Ilshatovna
magister student of the Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
THE ROLE AND PLACE OF CONTROLLING IN THE ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE ENTERPRISE
In modern conditions, when the economic situation is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, the role of controlling becomes especially relevant. It not only contributes to the sustainable development of enterprises, but also provides the necessary support in making strategic decisions aimed at protecting their economic interests. Effective controlling allows companies to identify their weaknesses and adjust management processes in accordance with current security requirements.
In this article, the economic security of an enterprise is considered as part of the overall enterprise management system, and the place of controlling in this system is manifested at the stage of preparation and making a management decision. The article also reveals such elements of controlling as object, subject, object, functions, mechanism.
Keywords: economic security, controlling, management system, forecasting, operational and strategic goals.
Article bibliography
1. Bayrushina F. F., Khokhlova Yu. A. The essence of economic approaches to increasing the level of enterprise safety // New Science: Problems and Prospects. – 2016. – No. 115-1 . – P. 22-24. – EDN XBPVEP.
2. Bykov V. A. Mechanism of controlling in the system of economic security management of federal state unitary enterprises of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (on the example of repair enterprises of the Air Force): dissertation for the degree of academic degree of candidate of economic sciences. 08.00.05. Defended on 17.11.2006; Approved. 07.10.2015. – Yaroslavl; YAVFEI, 2006. – 219 p.
3. Kuzmin V.V. Logistics and management decision-making // Collection of materials of the Moscow International Logistics Forum (26.02.1999). – M.: Brandes, 1999. – P. 73-78.
4. Buller A. S., Kuchukova N. M. Using planning methods to ensure economic security of an organization // Current issues of ensuring economic security of the state, regions, enterprises: collection of scientific articles V International scientific and practical conference, Ufa, May 31, 2021. – Ufa: Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 2021. – P. 125-127. – EDN ZFAEMQ.
5. Mann R., Mayer E. Controlling for Beginners. Profit Management System / Translated from German by Yu. G. Zhukov. Edited and with a preface by Doctor of Economics V. B. Pvashkevich. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2004. – 304 p.
6. Economy and organization of security of economic entities: textbook, 2nd ed., authors’ coll. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2004. – 288 p.
7. Khakimova A. Sh., Shaybakova E. R. Economic security of the enterprise, its provision // Science today: theory and practice: Collection of scientific papers of the International correspondence scientific and practical conference, Ufa, October 30, 2015 / Ufa State University of Economics and Service. Volume Part 1. – Ufa: Editorial and Publishing Department of Ufa State University of Economics and Service, 2015. – P. 192-195. – EDN VKGXYP.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
PUTILINA Polina Romanovna
student of the Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
ZAKHAROVA Sofya Vitalievna
student of the Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
YATSENKO Mariya Sergeevna
student of the Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MANAGEMENT BODIES OF STATE CORPORATIONS ROSATOM AND ROSCOSMOS
The functioning of the state within the framework of civil legal relations can be carried out through the active participation or creation of non-profit organizations engaged in the provision of public services and management of property transferred to them by the state. Transferring ownership of property to entities such as government-owned companies and corporations is one way to implement this practice. The relationship between these subjects is characterized by both similarities and differences.
Keywords: state company, management, trust management, property.
Article bibliography
1. Ambaryan M. G. Legal status of state corporations // Business Security. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 2-3.
2. Volkov A. M., Dugenets A. S. On the administrative and legal nature of state corporations (public-law companies) // Administrative law and process. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 17-21.
3. Dolgopolov P. S. State companies and corporations. Features of legal regulation // SPS ConsultantPlus. 2023.
4. Soshnikova T. A., Potapov A. V. Trends in the Development of Social Partnership Relations in Corporate Associations and State Corporations in Russia // Labor Law in Russia and Abroad. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 25-27.
5. Fedotov P. V. State Corporations in Russia: Property Management Issues // Jurist. – 2011. – No. 13. – P. 44-46.

ECONOMIC SECURITY
REVINA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty of the Samara State University of Economics
BORYAKIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
associate professor of Management and system analysis of thermal power and sociotechnical complexes sub-faculty of the Samara State Technical University
BRATCHIKOV Artemiy Vladimirovich
student of the Samara State University of Economics
ELECTRONIC FORM OF CUSTOMS SERVICES AS AN INNOVATIVE ELEMENT OF ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE
In their work, the authors will analyze the topic of the introduction and use of technologies that are used in the customs sphere. The topic is due to its topical nature, since in the context of the digitalization of the economy, the creation of an electronic customs is a big step in the development of the economic security of the state. The authors conclude that it is possible to improve customs regulation through the use of information technology.
Keywords: customs services, state security, electronic services, digitalization, goods.
Article bibliography
1. Vorona A. A. The role of customs authorities in ensuring economic security in the context of the functioning of electronic declaration centers // Economic security of an individual, society, and state: problems and ways of ensuring: materials of the annual All-Russian scientific and practical conference / Comp. N. V. Myachin. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2019.
2. Lazutchenkova A. A. Improving customs regulation in the context of large-scale digitalization // Priorities of the new economy: energy transition 4.0 and digital transformation. – 2022. – P. 421-423.
3. Maksimov Yu. A., Vorona A. A. Electronic form of customs services as an innovative element of ensuring the economic security of the state // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2019. – No. 2 – P. 52-54.

FILOSOFIA. RIGHT. SOCIETY
BONDARENKO Natalya Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) of the North Caucasian Federal University
KOVALENKO Alla Anatoljeva
Ph.D. ineconomical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Economics, management and public administrations sub-faculty of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) of the North Caucasian Federal University
CHIRKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
assistant of Oriental languages ​​and cultures sub-faculty of the Pyatigorsk State University
DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS OF OUR TIME
The sociocultural dynamics of modernity are characterized by causal and functional integration of antagonisms: education – ignorance, nation – globalization, forming logical and semantic contradictions that create the irrationality of education as a type of human activity. The object of research is modern society. The subject of the research is education. The purpose of the study is to consider the development of education from the perspective of the sociocultural dynamics of modernity, causal-functional and logical-semantic integrations. The development of education, therefore, is neither an incoherent process nor a perfect and integral system; if most of the general education and culture of a society or individual is united into one or more supersystems, then this common whole is rational, logical and consistent, and the bearers of this culture – society or individual – are also appropriate and consistent (regardless of the specific forms of cultural values). If their common educational culture is represented by many systems or individual cultural values, then they become irrational, illogical, inconsistent beings with the corresponding mentality, thus we come to the idea of ​​the globalization of education as a common cultural environment.
Keywords: society, culture, causal-functional integration, logical-semantic integration, philosophy of consumption, society.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bataille J. Damned share. Per. from fr. – M.: “Gnosis”, Publishing House “Logos”, 2003. – 208 pp.
2. Sorokin P. Social and cultural dynamics: A study of change in major systems of art, truth, ethics, law and social relationships . – Routledge, 2017.
3. K. Marx. The poverty of philosophy. Response to the “Philosophy of Poverty” by Mr. Proudhon. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://istmat.org/files/uploads/59306/k.marks_._nishcheta_filosofii._1941.pdf?ysclid=ly3yp177t31134026, free. – Title from the screen (date accessed: 15.07.2024).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
GUTOROV Yuriy Alexandrovich
lecturer of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary
SPIRIN Vasiliy Konstantinovich
lecturer of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary
ROSTOVTSEV Mikhail Gennadjevich
graduate of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary
CHRISTIAN PSYCHOLOGY: THE PROBLEM OF METHODOLOGY AND WAYS OF INTEGRATION
At present, the area of ​​Orthodox psychology is not delineated, and the corresponding modality has not been developed. Despite the large amount written on the topic of Christian psychology, and the galaxy of authors who called themselves Orthodox psychologists, it is not possible to talk about a single scientific and practical field in this area. The article attempts to consider existing approaches to Christian psychology, and also touches on some of the complexities of the interaction between psychology and Orthodoxy in modern Russia.
Keywords: psychology, Orthodoxy, Christianity, Church, psychotherapy.
Article bibliography
1. Bratus B. S. Psychology and Ethics: An Experience of Constructing a Discussion. – Bakhrakh-M, 1999. – 194 p.
2. Vasilyuk F. E. From experience to prayer // Moscow psychotherapeutic journal. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 76-92.
3. Gutorov Yu. A. Psychology for the Church: the use of experience and methods of psychology in parish service // Orthodox church science: traditions, innovations, current contexts. Collection of articles based on the materials of the annual All-Russian scientific and theological conference. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2022. – P. 48-56.
4. Collins G. Manual on Christian Pastoral Care. – St. Petersburg: MIRT, 2022. – 928 p. .
5. Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh. About the meeting. – Klin: Christian Life Foundation, 2004. – 254 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
EGOROVA Yuliya Rabisovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Economic theory sub-faculty of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
TRANSCENDENTALISM AND TRUTH IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF V. S. SOLOVYOV, P. FLORENSKY, E. HUSSERL AND MODERNITY
The article analyzes the problems of transcendentalism and understanding the principles of philosophy of V. S. Solovyov, P. Florensky and E. Husserl . As a result of the study, it is concluded that, despite the different degrees of ontology and metaphysics in the assessment of truth, E. Husserl, like V. Solovyov and P. Florensky, do not separate the essence of a thing from its circumstances , given that truth cannot exist without being and vice versa. The article also examines the problem of the crisis of modern philosophy, in connection with the departure of philosophers from the idea of ​​universal truth, identical for everyone.
Keywords: existence, unity, transcendentalism, transcendental , true, consciousness, objective world, subjectivity, intentionality, rationalism, naturalism, universal truth.
Article bibliography
1. Soloviev V. S. Critique of abstract principles / Collected works in 2 -x tt. – T. 1. – M.: Mysl, 1990.
2. Vyazmin A. Yu. Aspects of the “transcendental” in Kant and Husserl: logos, mathema, metaphor // Kantovsky sbornik. – No. 3. – Volume 42. – Kaliningrad, 2017.
3. Florensky P. A. Iconostasis. – St. Petersburg, Azbuka, 2014.
4. Florensky P. A. The Pillar and Foundation of Truth: The Experience of the Orthodox theodicy. – M.: AST Publishing House, 2003. – 640 p.
5. Husserl E. The Crisis of European Humanity. – Minsk “Harvest”, M.: AST, 2000.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
EPIFANTSEVA Anastasiya Eduardovna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
MOROZOVA Angelika Albertovna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
SAFONOVA Asya Yurjevna
student of the Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
SOCIOLOGY OF CONFLICT: A NEW PHILOSOPHICAL PARADIGM FOR THE PRACTICAL RESOLUTION OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS
The article proposes a new approach to the study and resolution of social conflicts, called the integrative-dynamic paradigm. This approach combines various theoretical and methodological trends, including Marxism, Weberianism, functionalism and poststructuralism, and focuses on the dynamic nature of conflicts and their systemic context. The presented approach includes a multi-level analysis, a dynamic approach and systematic thinking, which allows us to develop more accurate and adaptive strategies for solving social conflicts. Examples of successful application of the paradigm include urban conflicts, ethnic tensions, and water management. The integrative-dynamic paradigm demonstrates uniqueness and effectiveness in comparison with traditional and modern approaches, offering a deep and multidimensional analysis of conflicts.
Keywords: sociology of conflicts, integrative-dynamic paradigm, multilevel analysis, dynamic approach, systemic thinking, urban conflicts, ethnic tensions, water resource management, conflictology, social changes.
Article bibliographic list
1. Kasparov A. R. Social conflict in modern Russian society : theoretical and empirical aspects // Sociological studies. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 45-56.
2. Kachalova N. G. Methodological and theoretical approaches to the problem of conflict // Bulletin of Conflictology. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 112-124.
3. Nikitin A. I. Conflicts and peacekeeping activities: typology and methodological aspects // Journal of peacekeeping. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 34-47.
4. Kolba A. I. Study of regional and urban political conflicts: main concepts and prospects for the development of subdisciplines // Political studies. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 78-91.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KULESHOV Valeriy Ermolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty of the S. O. Makarov Pacific Higher Naval College, Vladivostok
TSAREVA Nadezhda Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty of the S. O. Makarov Pacific Higher Naval College, Vladivostok
THE INDIVIDUAL AND RELIGION: THE MEANING-FORMING FUNCTION OF FAITH
The authors shows that with the development of human self-awareness, he developed a need for the meaning of life, associated with the thirst for immortality and serving higher values. Science gives in to such requests. Religion undertakes to satisfy these needs by offering faith in God. A believer can be saved for eternal life if he fulfills the commandments of religious teaching. The article reveals the semantic attributes of faith and the conditions for itmoral justification. In this case, thinking is presented to those responsible for choosing a life position.
Keywords: meaning of life, religion, faith, God, thinking, immortality, values.
Article bibliography
1. Barbour Jan. Paths of interaction between science and theology // Devyatova S. V. I believe in order to know. – Moscow: Znanie, 1992. – Pp. 45-56.
2. Berdyaev N. A. Self-knowledge. – Moscow: International relations, 1990. – 336 p.
3. Bulgakov S. N. Religion of human-worship in the Russian revolution // Christian socialism. – Moscow: Nauka, 1991. – Pp. 105-138.
4. James W. Diversity of religious experience. – M.: Nauka, 1993. – 432 p.
5. Egorova I. V. Raymond Moody’s book “Reflections on Life after Life” // On the love of life, on death and on the “secrets of another being”. – M.: Znanie, 1992. – Pp. 38-51.
6. Eccl. 2, 11.
7. Men’ A. And yet after life – life // Interlocutor. – 1990. – No. 1. – P. 6.
8. Mark 4, 19
9. Mark 8, 34.
10. Montaigne M. Experiments. – M.: Pravda, 1991. – 656 p.
11. Pascal B. Thoughts. – SPb.: Azbuka Publishing House, 1999. – 333 p.
12. Selye G. Stress without Distress. – M.: Progress, 1982. – 123 p.
13. Seneca. Moral Letters to Lucilius // If You Want to Be Free. – M.: Politizdat, 1992. – Pp. 7-110.
14. Terentyev D. Divine Investigation. How Modern Biblical Studies Sees Christ // Arguments of the Week. – 2021. – April 7.
15. Frankl V. Man in Search of Meaning. – M.: Progress, 1990. – 368 p.
16. Epicurus. Epicurus Welcomes Menoeceus // Man: Thinkers of the Past and Present on His Life, Death, and Immortality. – M.: Politizdat, 1991. – P. 125-128.
17. Jaspers K. Philosophical Faith // The Meaning and Purpose of History. – M., 1991. – P. 420-508.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
LE Thi Lien
Doctor of Science, Director of the Institute for Research on Religious Policy of the Government Committee on Religious Issues
BELIEFS, RELIGIONS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RELIGIOUS AND RELIGIOUS POLICIES AND LEGISLATION IN VIETNAM
Vietnam is located in a region of Asia that is the crossroads of the cultures Southeast Asia, India, China, and subsequently Western civilizations. Due to its geographical location, the country has a varied topography including hills, plains, rivers and sea, as well as a climate favorable for agricultural development, but at the same time it is prone to frequent natural disasters and epidemics. These conditions have shaped the rich belief system of the Vietnamese people, who desire peace in the country, good weather and a prosperous life. In the process of developing cultural exchange in Vietnam, a system of religions has also emerged in all regions, reflecting the richness and diversity of the spiritual needs of the Vietnamese people both in traditional society and at present.
As a country of religious diversity, Vietnam early on developed guidelines, policies and laws to ensure everyone’s right to freedom of religion and prevent religious activities that violate the law and harm people’s lives and social stability in the country.
Keywords: beliefs, religion, political attitudes, law, religious activity, Vietnam .
Article bibliography
1. CPV Central Executive Committee (2003), Resolution No. 25-NQ/TW dated March 12, 2003 on religious work.
2. Communist Party of Vietnam (2021), “Report on the Ten-Year Socio-Economic Development Strategy for 2021-2030 years”, Documents of the 13th All-Vietnam Congress of the CPV, Volume I, Pravda State Political Publishing House, Hanoi.
3. Government (2017), Resolution No. 162/2017/ND-CP, detailing a number of articles and measures for the implementation of the Law on Belief and Religion, dated 30/12.
4. Government (2023), Resolution No. 95/2017/ND-CP, detailing a number of articles and measures for the implementation of the Law on Belief and Religion, dated 29/12.
5. Thao Nguyen (2012), “Implementation Results of Prime Minister’s Directive No. 1940/CT-TTg on Residential Premises and Lands Related to Religious Activities in Thai Binh Province,” Journal of Religious Work, (6).
6. National Assembly (2013), Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
7. National Assembly (2016), Law on Belief and Religion, No. 02/2016/QH14, 18/11.
8. National Assembly (2013), Land Law, No. 45/2013/QH13, 29/11.
9. Vu Chien Thang (2021), Theoretical and Practical Foundations for Promoting Religious Resources in the Process of National Construction and Sustainable Development, a ministerial research topic.
10. Prime Minister (2008), Directive 1940/CT-TTg on Residential Buildings and Lands Related to Religious Activities.
11. Nguyen Thanh Xuan – Le Tam Dac (2019), Religious Life in Vietnam in the Period of Renewal, Religion Publishing House, Hanoi.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
LIPICH Tamara Ivanovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy and theology sub-faculty of the Belgorod State National Research University.
MASLIENKO Mariya Alexandrovna
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia.

THE POTENTIAL FOR THE FORMATION OF THE PERSONAL DIGITAL IDENTITY: PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING AND METHODOLOGY
The material is devoted to the analysis of anthropological, axiological, socio-philosophical and socio-cultural foundations of digital identity formation from post-non-classical positions. The concept and methodological approaches to the study of the content of the digital identity concept are revealed, the prerequisites, factors and trends of identity development in digital reality are described, the role and place of the education system in the process of axiological filling of the “I” in the digital era are characterized.
Keywords: potential, personality, self-identification, socialization, values, digital identity.
Article bibliography
1. Zaitseva L. A. The main aspects of the theoretical and psychological study of the Self in the context of studying the development of the self-concept of personality // World of Science. Pedagogy and Psychology. – 2020. – Vol. 8. No. 3. – P. 51- 58.
2. Ivanov D. V. Virtualization of society. – SPb.: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2000. – 96 p.
3. Kondrashov A. A., Akzhigitov R. B. Approaches to the study of the phenomenon of identity in the works of foreign and domestic researchers // Penza Psychological Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 2 (21). – P. 27-39.
4. Lapina S. V. Sociological education and sociological research in the new social reality // Greater Eurasia: Development, security, cooperation. – 2021. – No. 4 ( 1). – P. 583-585.
5. Mead M. Culture and the World of Childhood / M. Mead; trans. from English and comment. Yu. A. Aseev; ed. I. S. Kon. – M.: Nauka, 1988. – 429 p.
6. New social reality: system-forming factors, security and development prospects. Russia in the technosocial space: collective monograph / Ed. G. V. Ospipov. – M. : Nestor-History, 2020. – 208 p.
7. Penner R.V. Digital identity as a new form of social recognition: author’s abstract. … doc. philos. sciences; Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky. – Saratov, 2024. – 38 p.
8. Platnova S. I. Social identity as a phenomenon of digital society // Sociology of science and technology. – 2023. – No. 3. V. 14. – P. 149-163.
9. Spirina M. Yu. Man in the space of modern culture // Greater Eurasia: Development, security, cooperation. – 2020. – No. 3 (2). – P. 557-571.
10. Strokov A. A. Digital culture and values ​​of Russian education: dis. … Cand. Philosophical Sciences; Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2021. – 165 p. .
11. Tronina G. I. The essence of virtuality. From construct to ontological status: monograph. – M.: LitRes, 2021. – 334 p.
12. Tulpe I. A. “New Ethics” in the Problem Field of Philosophy of Culture // Bulletin of the Leningrad State University named after A. S. Pushkin. – 2022. – No. 1 . – P. 86-100.
13. Habermas J. The Broken West / Translated from English. – M.: Ves’ mir, 2008. – 192 p.
14. Stein O. A. The Mask as a Form identities: introduction to the philosophy of the image. – 2nd ed. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Arts, 2013. – 153 p.
15. Erickson E. Identity: youth and crisis. Trans. from English / General. ed. and foreword by A. V. Tolstykh. – M.: Progress, 1996. – 340 p.
16. Chubarov I. M., Popova T. A., Sentsova K. A. Digital Other: problems of identity in the paradigm of artificial intelligence // International Research Journal . – 2024. – No. 3 (141). – P. 2.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MELNIKOV Vladimir Leonidovich
Ph.D. in cultural studies, doctoral student at the Institute of Philosophy of the St. Petersburg State University, General Director of the St. Petersburg Center for Cultural and Scientific Projects “ARS”
N. K. ROERICH AND B. M. KUSTODIEV: IN THE ORBIT OF FRIENDSHIP
The article reveals the main milestones of cooperation and creative interaction between two outstanding figures of artistic culture of Russia, N. K. Roerich and B. M. Kustodiev. The author attributes the acquaintance of the artists to the 1890s, when both of them studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts. The article presents the main exhibition and publishing projects in which Roerich and Kustodiev jointly participated. The author focuses on the friendly support of Kustodiev by Roerich in the difficult last period of his life; for the first time compares the contribution of these artists to the artistic representation of the mountain systems of the world; for the first time provides informationion about Roerich’s plans to take part in a monographic study about Kustodiev in 1916-1917, which remained unfulfilled from the revolutionary upheavals. The author has pieced together all Roerich’s statements about Kustodiev and for the first time publishes the text of Kustodiev’s open letter to Roerich (1910). A special place in the article is given to the contribution of the family of academician B. S. Sokolov to the development of research on Kustodiev. The article presents the results of the author’s educational project “Exhibition of one painting” (2007). The article summarizes the results of the author’s long-term study of the topic “Roerich and Kustodiev”, conducted on the basis of the St. Petersburg State Museum-Institute of the Roerich Family and the St. Petersburg Center for Cultural and Scientific Projects “ARS” in 2001-2024.
Keywords: N. K. Roerich, B. M. Kustodiev, Russian culture, mutual assistance of artists, master of mountains, monograph about B. M. Kustodiev in 1916-1917, the stakes of the Silver Age, exhibition of one painting, fine publications.
Article bibliographic list
1. Astrakhan Regional Art Gallery named after B. M. Kustodiev: Album / Auth.-compiled by I. V. Anokhina. Moscow: Sovetsky Khudozhnik, 1990. 150 p.: ill. (Ill. 56: N. K. Roerich. Study for the painting “The Sinister Ones.” [1901]. Ill. 57: N. K. Roerich. Set design for I. F. Stravinsky’s ballet “The Rite of Spring.” [1912]) .
2. Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev (1878-1927): Exhibition catalog [at the State Russian Museum] / Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR [and others]; [Compiled by: I. N. Pruzhan, I. P. Lapina, S. S. Sherman, M. Yu. Ovchinnikova; will enter. Art. V. P. Knyazeva; ed.: B. A. Kapralov. Leningrad, 1959. 117, [4] p.
3. Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev: painting, graphics, sculpture from museums, libraries and private collections of the Russian Federation. On the 125th anniversary of his birth / State Russian Museum; [introductory article by V. F. Kruglov; compiled by N. M. Balakina et al.]. [St. Petersburg]: State Russian Museum [et al. .], [2003]. 240 p.
4. Breshko-Breshkovsky N. Art and artists // Petersburg theater-goer’s diary. 1905. March 13. No. 11. P. 3.
5. Buzina L. V. . Three portraits of Roerich // Delphis. Moscow, 2011. No. 3 (67). P. 22-28.
6. The Realm of Roerich: Collection / Comp. D. N. Popov. Moscow: Fine Art, 1994. 445 p.
7. Zolotinkina I. A., Tikhonov I. L. Spirit of Freedom (“World of Art” and St. Petersburg University) // Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference . T. VI: 150 years of the school of the outstanding St. Petersburg educator K. I. May; Problems of preserving cultural heritage in emergency situations. St. Petersburg: Roerich Center of St. Petersburg State University, 2008. P. 85-109.
8. Ilyina L. ., Petrova G. Astrakhan State Art Gallery named after B. M. Kustodiev: Album. Moscow: Bely Gorod, 2002. 64 p.
9. Kaplanova S. G. New about Kustodiev. Paths of creative searches. Memories [about B . M. Kustodiev]. Letters [to his daughter]. Moscow: Fine Art, 1979. 190 p.
10. Pictures on Russian history, published under the general editorship [and explanatory text] of S. A. Knyazkov. No. 1-50. Moscow: Grossman and Knebel, 1908-1913.
11. Knyazeva V. P. Brief chronicle of the activities of the “World of Art” (1897-1927) // St. Petersburg Roerich Collection. Issue IV. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2000. P. 366 -417.
12. Knyazeva V. P. Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich. 1874-1947: Life and Work. Leningrad; Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1963. 113 p. with diagrams; 44 p. ill.
13. Kulikova S. M. About Murom art studios and their founder, the artist I. S. Kulikov // Roerich heritage: Proceedings of the International scientific-practical conference. Vol. III: East – West on the banks of the Neva. Part 2 . Saint Petersburg: Roerich Center of Saint Petersburg State University, 2007. P. 49-54.
14. Kustodiev B. M. Letters. Articles, notes, interviews. Meetings and conversations with Kustodiev [Text]: (from the diaries of Vs. Voinov ); Memories of the Artist / [Compiled and edited by B. A. Kapralov; introduction by M. Etkind and B. Kapralov]. Leningrad: Artist of the RSFSR, 1967. 433 p.
15. Lopatin B. Russian Artists . B. M. Kustodiev // The Sun of Russia. Petrograd, 1916. July. No. 334 (28). P. 5.
16. Lukomsky G. K. European exhibitions in the summer / Georgy Lukomsky // Apollon. St. Petersburg, 1909. October. No. 1. P. 5-9.
17. Makovsky S.K. Artistic results / Sergei Makovsky // Apollon. 1910. April. No. 7. P. 21-33.
18. Mantel A. F. N. Roerich: [Collection of articles] / [Comp.:] A. Mantel. Kazan: Publishing house of books on art, edited by. N. N. Andreeva, 1912. 69 p.
19. Mantel A. F. A Tale of Youth and Other Stories / A. F. Mantel; Drawing by B. M. Kustodieva; Cover of the work by E. E. Lanceray . 2nd ed. Kazan: typolithography of V. V. Varaksin, 1912. [2], 79 p.
20. Markova T. I. Reflection of the aesthetic attitudes of the Silver Age in the culture of everyday life // Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific -practical conference. T. V: The Heritage of the Roerich Family: Problems of Preservation and Actualization. N.K. Roerich and M.K. Ciurlionis. St. Petersburg, 2013. P. 270-279.
21. Matochkin E. P. Roerich Peak // Conquered Peaks. 1973-1974: Collection of Soviet Mountaineering / Comp. P. S. Rototaev. Moscow: Mysl, 1976. Pp. 134-139.
22. Makhaev V. B. Moscow appearance of Kazan Station: semantics of architectural image // Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. – T. VIII: N. K. Roerich and his contemporaries. Architects and architecture; East through the eyes of the West. – Saint Petersburg, 2011. – P. 181-194.
23. Melnikov V. L. B. M. Kustodiev in the Roerich Family Museum-Institute: Exhibition of one painting / T. V. Koreneva, V. L. Melnikov; Responsible. ed. A. A. Bondarenko. Saint Petersburg: Roerich Center of St. Petersburg State University, 2007. 16 p.
24. Melnikov V. L. 100th Anniversary of N. K. Roerich’s Essay “The Undrained Cup” / T. S. Matekhina, V. L. Melnikov // Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. XV: Relevance of the Roerich Pact. The Roerichs and Russian Culture. The Undrained Cup. Saint Petersburg: SPbGMISR Publication, 2016. Pp. 152-187.
25. Melnikov V. L. “The Undrained Cup”. On the Process of Formation of the Roerich Heritage in the USSR / V. L. Melnikov, V. E. Chernyavsky // The Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. – T. XV: Relevance of the Roerich Pact. The Roerichs and Russian Culture. The Undrained Cup. Saint Petersburg: SPbGMISR Publication, 2016. Pp. 333-457.
26. Mikhailova E. G. Memories of the Artist Viktor Dmitrievich Zamirailo (1868-1939). Publication by B. N. Vasiliev // The Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. T. III: East – West on the Banks of the Neva. Part 1. St. Petersburg: Roerich Center of St. Petersburg State University, 2007. – P. 151-156.
27. N. K. Roerich. 1917–1919: Materials for a Biography / [Compiled by: O. I. Eshalova, A. P. Sobolev]. St. Petersburg: IPK “Firma Kosta”, 2008. 494 p.
28. N. K. Roerich. For the Russian Cause / Nicholas Roerich // New Time. St. Petersburg, 1901. July 25 / August 7. No. 9119. P. 3.
29. N. K. Roerich. Diary Pages: In 3 vols. Vol. II. Moscow: ICR and others, 1995. 512 p.
30. Roerich N. K. Complete Works. Third Series. Volume I: N. K. Roerich – Publicist and Interlocutor / N. K. Roerich; Ed.: V. L. Melnikov; Author of the foreword: V. L. Melnikov, A. K. Krylov; Comp., author of the foreword: A. P. Sobolev, A. A. Fesko. St. Petersburg: Center for Cultural and Scientific Projects “ARS”, 2023. 708 p.
31. The Roerich Century: Painting and Graphics: Exhibition Catalogue: for the 75th Anniversary of the Roerich Pact / Ed.: A. A. Bondarenko and V. L. Melnikov. Saint Petersburg: Zolotoy Vek, 2009. 295 p.
32. Roerich / Text by Yu. K. Baltrushaitis, A. N. Benois, A. I. Gidoni, A. M. Remizov, S. P. Yaremich; Artistic editing by V. N. Levitsky; Ten Tales and Parables by N. K. Roerich. Petrograd: Svobodnoye Iskusstvo, 1916. 232 p.
33. Slobodskikh T. Ya. Works by N. K. Roerich in the Astrakhan State Art Gallery named after B. M. Kustodiev. History of the Collection // Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. II: New Russia on the Path to the Unity of Humanity. Saint Petersburg: Roerich Center of Saint Petersburg State University; Vyshny Volochek: Irida-pros, 2005. Pp. 507-509.
34. Sokolov B. S. Notes from the banks of Imolozh’e. St. Petersburg: Roerich Center of St. Petersburg State University; Vyshny Volochek: Irida-pros Publishing House, 2006. (Series “Generous Gift”. Issue IV). 448 p.
35. Solomonov M. Artistic life of Odessa // Odessa Review. 1910. August 29. No. 810. P. 2.
36. Stishinsky N. Russian artists in Munich // Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti. 1909. July 5/18. No. 148. P. 3.
37. Three exhibitions // News of the day. Moscow, 1902. April 13/26. No. 6767. P. 3.
38. Tugendhold J. Modern Art and Nationality // Northern Notes. St. Petersburg, 1913. November. P. 153-160.
39. Fomin V. L. St. Petersburg as a Theme of Bibliophile Collecting // The Roerich Heritage: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. IV: Protection of Cultural Values: St. Petersburg Traditions. St. Petersburg: Roerich Center of St. Petersburg State University, 2009. P. 259-267.
40. Artists of the “World of Art”. Issue 4: A. Ya. Golovin. 1863-1930. N. K. Roerich. 1874-1947. B. M. Kustodiev. 1878-1927. Moscow: Fine Art, 1981. 16 postcards.
41. Chebotarevskaya A. At the exhibition of “World of Art” / Anastasia Chebotarevskaya // Sun of Russia. St. Petersburg, 1911. January. No. 10. Pp. 6-7.
42. Shekhurina L. D. N. K. Roerich and A. F. Mantel // Roerich’s heritage: Proceedings of the International scientific-practical conference. T. XII: The beginning of Rus. Slavs and Varangians. The past and future of high Russian style. St. Petersburg, 2014. Pp. 262-275.
43. Roerich N. Altai – Himalaya: A travel diary: With reproduction from paintings / By Nicholas Roerich. New York: F. A. Stokes Co, 1929. XIX, 407 p.
44. Rörich N. Ryska Kunst / N. Rörich // Svenska Dagbladet. Stockholm, 1919. 13-14 January. (Swedish).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
NAZAROVA Marina Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professorssor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty of the Faculty of Law of the Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, colonel of the internal service
ABRAMOV Alexander Vyacheslavovich
Ph. D. in philosophical sciences, Head of Theology and biblical studies sub-faculty of the Vladimir St. Theophan’s Theological Seminary
ON THE ISSUE OF HYBRID WARS IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND THEIR MORAL COMPONENT
The article explores the concept of hybrid warfare, its signs, essence and methods of warfare, as well as the moral aspect. In modern society, hybrid warfare is perceived as a certain type of action based on the use of not only classical tactic invasions, but also various non-classical methods: sabotage, economic sanctions, terrorist attacks, violence, guerrilla warfare, information network warfare. Modern wars are also called proxy wars, which can take place in the form of compact military operations that undermine the enemy’s forces. The essence of war appears as an immoral guillotine for humanity, crossing out the highly valuable impulses of spirituality, exposing painfully moral aspirations , revealing the depth of the entire spectrum of human feelings.
Keywords: hybrid war, proxy war, terrorism, violence, immoral essence, neo-nazism, neo-fascism.
Article bibliography
1. Bartosh A. A. Model of hybrid war // Military Thought. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 6-23.
2. Bredikhin A. V. , Dzyuban V.V., Panin Yu.I. Terrorist organizations in the structure of “new wars” // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (189).
3. Vladimirov A. I. Fundamentals of the General Theory of War: monograph in 2 parts. Part 1: Fundamentals of the Theory of War. – M.: Synergy, 2013. – 185 p.
4. Zagryazkina T. Yu. The phenomenon of hybridite/hybridity in humanitarian discourse, intercultural communication and cultural transfer // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 19. Linguistics and intercultural communication. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 17-34.
5. Zakharova A. D. International legal approaches to defining international information security and threats in this area // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 5 (192).
6. Manoylo A. V. Color revolutions in the context of hybrid wars // Law and politics. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 1400-1405.
7 . Nazarova M. G. On the problem of counteracting neo-Nazism and neo-fascism in modern society // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 3 (207). – P. 37-39.
8. Nazarova M. G. Causes and methods of conducting hybrid wars at the beginning of the 21st century // Int. scientific. electronic journal “Synergy of Sciences”. – 2022. – No. 77 (November). – P. 797-805. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://synergy-journal.ru (date accessed: 29.06.2024).
9. Nelaev D.K. The problem of interethnic relations (on the example of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh) // Russian society and state on the present stage: collection of scientific papers. – Vladimir, 2022. – P. 170-175.
10. Pershin Yu. Yu. Hybrid war: much ado about nothing // Security issues. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 78-109.
11. Savin L. V. Hybrid war and the gray zone. – M.: Eurasian movement, 2022. – 180 p.
12. Tikhanychev O. V. “Hybrid” wars: history, current state, principles of counteraction // National Security / Nota bene. – 2019. – No. 1. – P.39-48.
13. Fadeev A. S., Nichipor V. I. Military conflicts of our time, prospects for the development of methods of their conduct. Direct and indirect actions in armed conflicts of the 21st century / / Military Thought. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 33-41.
14. Kharchenko D. O. Special military operation in Ukraine as a way to combat the negative manifestation of the superman // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – № 5 (192).
15. Hoffman, Frank G. (2007) Conflict in the 21st century. The rise of hybrid wars. Arlington, VA. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. P. 8.
16. Fleming, Brian P. (2011) The Hybrid Threat Concept: Contemporary War, Military Planning and the Advent of Unrestricted Operational Art. School of Advanced Military Studies. United States Army. P. 65.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ROZHKOVA Anna Konstantinovna
lecturer of the Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE PHENOMENON OF RISK IN CONDITIONS OF UNCERTAINTY OF A NEW TYPE OF SOCIETY
The phenomenon of the uncertainty of the future and the possibility of overcoming it is a pressing problem in science today, especially in the context of the aggravation of global problems of humanity, calling into question the very existence of civilization. In the scientific literature, there has been a tendency to connect the phenomenon of uncertainty of the future with the risks accompanying the adoption of any significant decision both within the framework of the life of an individual actor and society as a whole. The article analyzes the problem of understanding the phenomenon of “risk society”, foresight and forecasting. The views of leading philosophers and sociologists on the problem of understanding the uncertainty of the future are explored. The extremely important role of information is stated in the conditions of the new paradigm generated by the information and telecommunications revolution. The position on the emergence of prerequisites for a change in chronotope, characterized by the phenomenon of extra-spatiality and accelerated temporality, within the framework of a transforming social reality is substantiated. As a result of the analysis, we can state a direct correlating relationship between the phenomenon of uncertainty and risk in a new type of society.
Keywords: uncertainty, risks, future scenarios, information and telecommunication technologies, information society.
Article bibliographic list
1. Barabashina N.V. On the methodological substantiation of the concept “Chronotope” // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. – 2012. – No. 7 (147). – P. 243-247.
2. Beck U. Risk Society: Towards Another Modernity / Translated from German by V. Sedelnik, N. Fedorova. – M. : Progress-Tradition, 2000. – 383 p.
3. Bell D. The Coming Post-Industrial Society: An Experience of Social Forecasting: trans. from English / Ed. V. L. Inozemtsev. 2nd ed., corrected and add. – M.: Academia, 2004. – 284 p.
4. Budraitskis I. Apocalypse and the Politics of the Impossible // Logos. – 2021. – Vol. 31. No. 4. – P. 193-218.
5. Giddens E. Destiny, Risk, Security // THESIS. – 1994. – Issue. 5. – P. 107-134.
6. Danilov S. A. “The Black Swan” by N. Taleb as a philosophical reflection of a risky society // News of the Saratov University. New series. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy. – 2018. – Vol. 18. Issue. 2. – P. 122-126.
7. Dorozhkin A. M., Pakina T. A. Phenomenon of scientific uncertainty: analysis of the problem // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. – 2011. – No. 4 (24 ). – P. 102-108.
8. Karadzhe T. V. Temporality as a dynamic characteristic of changes in the social system // Locus: people, society, culture, meanings. – 2022. – V. 13. No. 2. – P. 130-143.
9. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society, Culture: Trans. from English under scientific editorship O. I. Shkaratan. – M.: Publishing house of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2000. – 608 p.
10. Luhmann N. The concept of risk // THESIS. – 1994. – Issue 5. – P. 135-160.
11. Lubbe G. Keeping up with the times. On the reduction of our stay in present // Questions of Philosophy. – 1994. – No. 4. – P. 94-113.
12. Ostrovskikh Zh. V., Khokhlova O. M., Rozhkova A. K. Information security of modern Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic // Siberian Law Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 2 (97). – P. 105-115.
13. Taleb N. N. The Black Swan. Under the Sign of Unpredictability. Transl. from English. – M.: KoLibri, Azbuka-Atticus , 2018. – 736 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TUARMENSKIY Vladimir Viktorovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and history sub-faculty of the Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia in Ryazan
PECHERSKIY Daniil Vadimovich
student of the Institute of Training of State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia in Ryazan
GUSEV Maxim Alexandrovich
student of the Institute of Training of State and Municipal Employees of the Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia in Ryazan
THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF INTERPRETATION IN THE CONTEXT OF A HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL RETROSPECTIVE
Тhe research attempts to analyze the genesis and evolution of the phenomenon of interpretation. The main historical stages of the detailed study of the art of understanding are the epochs of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, as well as the period of formation of modern philosophy. The main purpose of the article is to apply a historical and philosophical perspective on hermeneutical science. At the same time, in the context of the work, doctrinal research is provided for a detailed study of the designated topic. The ar-ticle also provides a variable representation of hermeneutics at each stage of its development-opment, such as: logical hermeneutics (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, etc.), biblical (exegeti-cal) hermeneutics (Origen, Blessed Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, etc.) and philosophical hermeneutics (F. Schleiermacher, V. Dilthey, G. Gadamer et al.). The historical analysis of hermeneutics is the starting point for a more detailed understanding of this science and its methodological apparatus.
Keywords: hermeneutics, evolution of the phenomenon of interpretation, philo-sophical personalities.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gorsky V. S. Historical and philosophical interpretation of the text. – Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1981. – 207 p.
2. Aristotle. On the interpretation// Aristotle: Works: in 4 volumes, Volume 2. – M.: Mysl, 1978. – P. 91-116.
3. Plato. Collected works: in 4 volumes. Volume. 2 / Total ed. A. F. Loseva, V. F. Asmusa, A. A. Takho-Godi; approx. A. F. Loseva, A. A. Takho-Godi; lane from ancient Greek – M.: Mysl, 1993. – 528 p.
4. Goncharova A. A. Medieval exegesis as the foundation of modern linguophilosophy // Bulletin of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy. – 2015. – T. 16. No. 4. – P. 37-44.
5. Fathers and teachers of the Church of the 3rd century. Anthology. Volume 2. – M.: Libris, 1996. – 464 p.
6. Kazenina E. T. John Chrysostom in the History of Biblical Exegesis // Alpha and Omega. – 2001. – No. 3. – P. 68 .
7. Origen. On the Beginnings. – SPb.: Palmyra 2018. – 458 p.
8. Dilthey W. The Entstehung of the Hermeneutical Book. Abstracts V.
9. Grondin J. Einführung in the literarische Hermeneutik. – Darmstadt, 1991.
10. Augustinus. The Christian Bildung (De doctrina christiana). – Stuttgart, 2002.
11. Dilthey V. Hermeneutics and Theory of Literature / V. Dilthey. Volume IV // Collected Works: in 6 volumes. – Moscow: House of Intellectual Books, 2001. – 530 p.
12. Schleiermacher F. Hermeneutics / F. Schleiermacher. – St. Petersburg: European House. 2004. – 242 p.
13. Heidegger M. Being and Time / M. Heidegger. – Kharkov: Folio, 2003. – 503 p.
14. Gadamer H.-G. Truth and Method: Foundations of Philosophical Hermeneutics / H.-G. Gadamer. trans. from Germ.; general. ed. and introduction. article by B. N. Bessonova.– M.: Progress, 1988. – 704 pp.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KHOKHLOVA Olga Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Public administration sub-faculty of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Irkutsk State University
DMITRIEVA Larisa Yurjevna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of Applied mathematics and informatics sub-faculty of the Irkutsk National Research Technical University
UPDATING THE THEORY OF BIPOLARITY IN MODERN SOCIETY
The authors substantiate that bipolarity, which in the last decade has revealed its relevance with particular acuteness, and the issues of its relationship with unipolarity and multipolarity have become a new subject of scientific analysis and generalization, have reached a new level of scientific research. In recent years, China, which quickly broke in and created strong competition with the United States as a center of power, has created the opportunity for scientific research and substantiation of these concepts, as well as for attempts at their specific quantitative indicators, despite their conventionality when considered in various aspects. The authors came to the conclusion that at present there are no clear concepts and definitions of unipolar, bipolar and multipolar models of the modern world order, despite the fact that there is an urgent need for their justification, calculations and forecasts for the future.
Keywords: bipolarity, unipolarity, multipolarity, world structure, illusions of a new bipolarity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Khokhlova O. M. Public consent in the socio-political sphere of modern society: monograph. – Krasnoyarsk: Sib. federal. un-t, 2016. – 176 p.
2. Khokhlova O. M., Ostrovskikh Zh. V., Rozhkova A. K. Information security in the national security system of modern Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic // Siberian Law Bulletin. Irkutsk State University. – Irkutsk, 2022. – No. 2 (97). – P. 105-115.
3. Russian International Affairs Council, Institute of International Studies of Fudan University, Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Russian-Chinese Dialogue: Model 2019”, report 46/2019, p. 67.
4. Khokhlova O. M. Dichotomy of “agreement-disagreement” in the social sphere (philosophical and methodological analysis). Abstract of Cand. Philosophical Sciences: 09.00.11: Moscow, Bauman Moscow State Technical University. – M., 2013. – 22 p.
5. Khokhlova O. M., Nekrasova N. A. Russian idea in the system of transforming Russian society // Scientific notes of Oryol State University.- 2013. – No. 4 (54). – C. 245-249.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KOMLEV Alexey Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
THE PROBLEM OF RECOGNIZING ANOTHER IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS
The ontological analysis of the problem of recognizing another in a pragmatic aspect actualizes the study of social interaction practices. In the field of religion, the practice of recognizing another is significantly different from other social interactions, due to the specifics of the worldview. Religious consciousness is associated with the search for truth, involves the identification of what is happening in the categories of genuine/non-genuine and is based on certain ethical principles of communication.
Keywords: recognition of another, religious consciousness, religious ethics, truth dispute, authenticity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Abushenko V. L. Dussel // Postmodernism. Encyclopedia. – Mn.: Interservice; Book House. – 2001. – P. 252-256.
2. Brinchuk M. M. Laws of spiritual life // Astrakhan Bulletin of Environmental Education. – 2017. – No. 1 (39). – P. 30-37.
3. Gaida F. A. “Sobornost”: on the issue of understanding the term in public circles of Russia in the XIX – 1st quarter of the XX centuries // Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. — 2022. — Vol. 6. No. 1. — P. 17-40.
4. Grigorenko A. Yu. “Ours – Alien” in the History of Religion // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen. – 2012. Issue. 146. – P. 41-47.
5. Kirichek Yu. A. Discourse of the “Other”: from philosophical traditions to the theory of identity // Scientific Yearbook of the Institute of Philosophy and Law, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2013. — Vol. 13. Issue. 4. – P. 42-53.
6. Yablokov I. N. Religious consciousness: specificity, levels, representations // Questions of Philosophy. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 46-55.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KORNEV Georgiy Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of History, philosophy and sociology sub-faculty of the Nizhny Novgorod State Agrotechnological University
TRUTH ASSESSMENT OF A STATEMENT AS A LOGICAL FORM OF ANY KNOWLEDGE
Based on the author’s idea of ​​truth as a normative and regulatory idea, the truth assessment of an statement the logical form of all knowledge is analyzed. Depending on the truth or falsity of statements, our sensory and rational knowledge turns out to be true or false. A truth assessment can be applied to various mental states of a person. It is argued that the existence of material things, their properties and relations in the cognitive activity of the subject is reproduced only in the form of statements that represent a real object. With this “verbalized object”, the subject performs various cognitive and logical actions, receives new knowledge about it. Therefore, it is acceptable to talk about a true real object, for example, “true crime”. The status of scientific knowledge – theories and even entire theoretical systems – also depends on the truth (or falsity) of statements. Attention is focused on the personal attitude of the subject to the content of the expressed thought, in particular, through the use of modal concepts and their conjugation with the intellectual and emotional states of the subject – doubt, conviction, faith, truthfulness, etc.
Keywords: truth, primary utterance, judgment, truth assessment of a statement, personal-intentional attitude to utterances.
Article bibliography
1. Aydinyan R. M. The system of concepts and principles of epistemology. – L.: Leningrad University Publishing House, 1991.
2. Batishchev G. S. Truth // Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes. Vol. 2. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1962. – P. 345-350.
3. Kopnin P. V. Dialectics, logic, science. – M.: Nauka, 1973.
4. Kornev G. P. Ideonormative concept of truth. Philosophy and law enforcement. Monograph. – M.: Academic Project, 2006.
5. Kornev G. P., Volkov Yu. K. Truth and faith in the context of intentionality // Bulletin of Vyatka State University. Scientific journal. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 5-10.
6. Lebedev S. A. Pluralism of criteria for the truth of scientific knowledge: a level model // studia humanitatis borealis / Northern humanitarian studies. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 4-14.
7. Logic: logical foundations of communication / Ed. V. Berkov et al. – M.: Nauka, 1994.
8. Narsky I. S. Problems of the Theory of Truth // Lenin’s Theory of Reflection and Modern Science. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. – M.: Sofia, 1973.
9. Chudinov E. M. The Nature of Scientific Truth. – M.: Politizdat, 1977.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MASLIENKO Mariya Alexandrovna
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty of the I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE FORMATION OF A PERSON’S DIGITAL IDENTITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN SOCIETY
The article discusses some approaches to understanding the phenomenon of “digital identity”. The author substantiates the need to consider the institutional mechanisms of the formation of a digital identity of a person from the perspective of a new approach, as the dynamics of image systems, including the level of values, representations, everyday practices, narratives and communication.
Keywords: digital identity, digitalization, personality, Internet, society, security.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bauman Z. Individualizedbathed society / Translated from English; edited by V. L. Inozemtsev. – M.: Logos, 2002. – 390 p.
2. Goffman I. Presenting oneself to others in everyday life / Translated from English and introductory article by A. D. Kovalev. – M.: CANON-press-C; Kuchkovo pole, 2000. – 606 p.
3. Kadyrova S. V., Nemtseva E. A., Tulchinsky G. L. Self-management. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2013.
4. Campbell J. The Hero with a Thousand Faces / Translated from English – K.; M.: Wackler; Reflbook; AST, 1997. – 336 p.
5. Reingold G. Smart Crowd: New Social Revolution. – M.: FAIRPRESS, 2006.
6. Yakushina O. I. Identity in Giddens’s sociological theory. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.science-education.ru/pdf/2014/2/451.pdf. (date of access: 20.06.2024).
7. Bhabha H. The Location of Culture. – L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 1999.
8. Deuze M. Collaboration, participation and media // New Media and Society. – 2006. – Vol. 8. No. 3. – P. 695.
9. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. – Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
10. Jameson F. Postmodernism, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. – Duke Univ. Press, 1991. – 438 rub.
11. Waldenfels B. Der Stachel des Fremden. – F./M.: Suhrkamp, ​​1990.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KHARCHENKO Denis Olegovich
lecturer of the 16th department (information support) of the Alexander Nevsky Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
SUPERHUMAN AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
The article analyzes the concept of the superhuman as a social construct, symbolizing the aspiration for global domination and disregard for international norms in the modern world. The mechanisms of power and control are examined, which manifest on a global scale and lead to conflicts and instability, with special attention to the current geopolitical situation in Ukraine. The influence of these processes on the inner world of the individual, their psychological adaptation, and strategies for resilience in the face of rapid social changes is highlighted. The question of protecting unique cultural and cultural characteristics in the context of globalization is raised. The article also discusses the influence of Western civilization and its ideals of individualism on the formation of contemporary ideological trends.
Keywords: superhuman, social construct, globalization, global domination, inner adaptation, psychological resilience, geopolitical situation, Ukraine, cultural identity, Western civilization, individualism, Friedrich Nietzsche.
Article bibliography
1. Bartosh A. A. Proxy war as a determining factor in military conflicts of the 21st century // Military Thought. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 61-74.
2. Belyaev D. A. On the issue of understanding the idea of ​​​​the superman in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche // Theory and practice of social development. – 2012. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-ponimanii-idei-sverhcheloveka-v-filosofii-f-nitsshe (date of access: 18.04.2024).
3. Belyaev, D. A. Specificity of linguosemantic existence of the term/concept “superman” in the German, Russian and English language traditions // Fundamental research. – 2013. – No. 4. Part 2. – Pp. 511-514.
4. Belyaev D. A. Philosophical definition of the superman // News of Saratov University. Nov. series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy. – 2014. – Vol. 14. Issue. 3. – P. 9-14.
5. Buslaeva E. L. The Problem of Adaptation of the Individual in Society // Tsarskoye Selo Readings. – 2014. – No. XVIII. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problema-adaptatsii-lichnosti-v-obschestve (accessed: 18.04.2024).
6. Gorokhov P. A., Yuzhaninova E. R. Mephistopheles and Woland: Philosophical Understanding of Evil in the Works of Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Mikhail Bulgakov // Philosophy and Culture. – 2019. – No. 6. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mefistofel-i-voland-filosofskoe-osmyslenie-zla-v-tvorchestve-ioganna-volfganga-gyote-i-mihaila-bulgakova (date of access: 18.04.2024).
7. Dadashova S. N. Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Religion and Morality // History of Philosophy. – 2020. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fridrih-nitsshe-po-tu-storonu-religii-i-morali (date of access: 18.04.2024).
8. Drozhzhina S. V. The Influence of Globalization on the Formation of Universal Values: Social and Philosophical Context // ESGI. – 2023. – No. 3 (39). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-globalizatsii-na-formirovanie-universalnyh-tsennostey-sotsialno-filosofskiy-kontekst (date of access: 18.04.2024).
9. Zhavoronkov A. G. The idea of ​​​​man in F. Nietzsche from an (anti)anthropological point of view // Philosophical journal. – 2019. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ideya-cheloveka-u-f-nitsshe-s-anti-anthropologicheskoy-tochki-zreniya (date of access: 18.04.2024).
10. Kornilova, G. I., Lantsova I. V. Friedrich Nietzsche (or on the issue of the style of philosophizing) // Bulletin of IrSTU. – 2013. – No. 3 (74). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fridrih-nitsshe-ili-k-voprosu-o-stile-filosofstvovaniya (date of access: 18.04.2024).
11. Kudryashev V. N. Nation in the system of views of V. S. Solovyov // Siberian historical studies. – 2014. – No. 3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/natsiya-v-sisteme-vzglyadov-v-s-solovieva (date of access: 18.04.2024).
12. Lukin A. V. Theory of General Racism // Russia in Global Politics. – 2020. – No. 5 (105). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoriya-vseobschego-rasizma (date of access: 18.04.2024).
13. Mazur L. I. The role of self-identification in the socialization of the individual // Bulletin of BSU. – 2013. – No. 14. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-samoidentifikatsii-v-sotsializatsii-lichnosti (date accessed: 18.04.2024).
14. Martin E. The idea of ​​the superman in the philosophy of f. Nietzsche: new values ​​beyond humanity // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 6. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ideya-sverhcheloveka-v-filosofii-f-nitsshe-novye-tsennosti-za-granyu-chelovechnosti (date accessed: 18.04.2024).
15. Morozova R. I. Man and society in the political doctrine of F. Nietzsche // Forum of young scientists. – 2018. – No. 5-2 (21). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/chelovek-i-obschestvo-v-politicheskom-uchenii-f-nitsshe (date of access: 18.04.2024).
16. Oganesyan E. A. Friedrich Nietzsche: “New Morality” // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2014. – No. 8. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/fridrih-nitsshe-novaya-moral (date of access: 18.04.2024).
17. Potapova N. A. “Revaluation of all previous values” in the metaphysics of Nietzsche // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2005. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pereotsenka-vseh-prezhnih-tsennostey-v-metafizike-nitsshe (date of access: 18.04.2024).
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PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
CHEN Huidong
magister student of the Belarusian State University
THE ETHICAL ISSUE OF THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN JOURNALISM
The relevance of the topic “The ethical issue of the use of artificial intelligence in journalism” in the modern world cannot be overestimated. Here are a few reasons why this topic is important: 1. The growing use of AI in media: Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used to automate various processes in journalism, such as news processing, content generation, fact checking and big data analysis. This opens up new opportunities, but it also raises important ethical questions. 2. Reliability of information: Automated systems may incorrectly interpret data or generate fake or biased news. The question of how to guarantee the accuracy of information is becoming particularly acute. 3. Simplification of the journalistic profession: the use of AI can lead to changes in the profession, as well as to a decrease in jobs for journalists. This raises questions about the value of the human factor in journalism and how to preserve the quality and ethics of the profession. 4. Privacy and Security: AI often analyzes users’ personal data. Ethical questionstions about privacy and data protection are becoming critically important. 5. Algorithm bias: Algorithms can inherit biases that exist in their training data, which can lead to confirmation of stereotypes and discrimination. 6. Regulation and responsibility: It is necessary to discuss issues related to who is responsible for the content created using AI. If the AI ​​generates erroneous or incorrect information, who should make claims? In light of these aspects, the study of ethical issues of the use of artificial intelligence in journalism is extremely relevant, requiring attention from both media professionals and society as a whole. This article examines some of the above nuances of the use of artificial intelligence in journalism within the framework of philosophical analysis.
Keywords: artificial intelligence in Journalism, automated Content Generation, data Journalism, ethical Considerations in AI Journalism, future of Journalism.
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4. Du Y. (2023). Personalization, Echo Chambers, News Literacy, and Algorithmic Literacy: A Qualitative Study of AI-Powered News App Users.
5. Heim S., & Chan-Olmsted S. (2023). Consumer Trust in AI–Human News Collaborative Continuum: Preferences and Influencing Factors by News Production Phases.
6. Manish R., & Acharya K. (2023). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on News Curation and Distribution: A Review Literature.
7. Porlezza C. (2023). Promoting responsible AI: A European perspective on the governance of artificial intelligence in media and journalism.
8. Hussein F., & Hejase H. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Fake News.
9. Seneviratne O. (2022). Blockchain for Social Good: Combating Misinformation on the Web with AI and Blockchain.
10. Waghmare A. D., & Patnaik G. K. (2022). Social Media Fake News Detection using mNB in ​​Blockchain.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
YANG Yu
magister student of the Belarusian State University
TAN Bowen
magister student of the Belarusian State University
THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURAL SYMBOLS IN THE DIGITAL AGE: MEANING-MAKING AND SOCIAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ON SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
The digital age has ushered in a transformative era for cultural symbols, altering their creation, dissemination, and interpretation. This paper explores the evolution of cultural symbols within digital landscapes, particularly focusing on social media platforms, which have become pivotal arenas for meaning-making and social impact. Through a comprehensive analysis, we examine how digital platforms facilitate the rapid spread and evolution of cultural symbols, enabling them to transcend traditional boundaries and influence global cultures and identities. We delve into the dynamics of digital communities in shaping the meanings of cultural symbols, highlighting the role of user-generated content, memes, and viral trends in redefining cultural narratives. Furthermore, the paper investigates the social impact of these evolving symbols, considering both their power to unite and to polarize, as well as their implications for cultural identity and social movements. By analyzing specific case studies of cultural symbols that have gained significance on social media, we illustrate the complex interplay between digital technology, cultural expression, and social change. The study concludes with reflections on the future trajectory of cultural symbols in the digital age, considering the potential for digital platforms to foster a more inclusive and dynamic cultural landscape.
Keywords: cultural symbols, digital age , social impact, social media platforms, meaning-making, user-generated content.
References
1. Smith A. Digital Mythology: Reimagining Cultural Symbols // Journal of Digital Art & Culture. – 2021. – No. 12 (3). – R. 45-59.
2. Johnson B., & Lee K. (2020). Memes and Cultural Symbols in the Digital Age // Global Media Studies. – 2020. – No. 8 (2). – No. 112-128.
3. Li D.-B. (2018). A Study of Relationship between Symbols and Cultures from the Perspective of Linguistics. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESEM-18).
4. Tumėnas V. (2021). The Cross-Cultural Background and Modern Transformations of Religious and SpiritualSymbols of Lithuanian Identity. Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies.
5. Umėnas V. (2021). The Cross-Cultural Background and Modern Transformations of Religious and Spiritual Symbols of Lithuanian Identity. Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies.
6. Pylypiv V. (2019). Archetypical Cultural Symbols and the Formation of the Cultural Identity of Canadian Ukrainians: Problem Statement. Scientific Notes of the Institute of Journalism.
7. Borísov N. V., Zakharkina V. V., Mbogo I. A., Prokudin D. E., & Shcherbakov P. P. (2022). The problematic field of preserving digital cultural heritage.
8. Kalcheva R. (2022). Communicating Cultural Heritage in the Social Media Era – Problems, Benefits and Business Models.
9. Ramires J. (2019). Cyberspace and digital cultural heritage.
10. Acerbi A. (2021). Digital culture.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
BELYAKOV Nikolay Stanislavovich
assistant of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Ufa University of Science and Technology
REASONABLE BELIEF IN THE CONDITIONS OF INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION OF MODERN SOCIETY
The article examines the problem of the potential of reasonable belief in the context of the specifics of modern social and information processes. The key role of reasonable belief in the formation of spiritual and moral dominants that determine human existence in the conditions of existing society is demonstrated. The fact of the impossibility of identifying rational belief with religious faith is emphasized. The axiological function of reasonable belief is designated as a mechanism for the formation of stable value dominants in the consciousness of a social subject that determines his behavior and ideals. reasonable belief in the context of interpersonal communication has been revealed as a tool that can potentially lead to the emergence of trust between individuals and the subsequent removal of the opposition “I” – “Other”.
Keywords: belief, reasonable belief, sociocultural dominants, society, social processes, communication, information, actuality, reality.
Article bibliography
1. Bell D. The Coming Post-Industrial Society. An Experience of Social Forecasting . – M.: Academia. 2004. – 944 p
2. Glushko I. V. Epistemological potential of faith // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art criticism. Theory and Practice Issues. – No. 8-2. – 2014. – P. 42.
3. Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A. On the Criteria of Relative Immortality of Man and Society // Kant. – 2020. – № 4 (37). – P. 277-281.
4. Toffler E. The Third Wave. – M.: AST, 2004. – 781 p.
5. Khusnutdinova F. A. Reasonable Faith (philosophical aspect of the concept). Dissertation for the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences / Bashkir State University. – Ufa, 2004.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KHOKHLOVA Olga Mikhaylovna
Master of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Department of Public Administration, Institute of Social Sciences, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, E- mail: chochlovaolga-17@mail.ru
KATUNTSEVA Anastasiya Vyacheslavovna
magister student of the 2nd course of the specialization “State and public administration” of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Irkutsk State University
THE PHENOMENON OF POLARITY IN THE REALITIES OF THE MODERN WORLD
The article examines the modern world order, its uniqueness and features in the era of post-bipolarity. The author analyzes conflict situations, various contradictions and wars that arise in different parts of the planet, in connection with which the relevance of the research topic in the realities of our time is substantiated, the need to understand a number of concepts that directly depend on multipolarity, the concept of “polarity” is characterized, and the classification of types of polarity is considered. Evidence is given of the impossibility of the existence of a unipolar world, and its predicted picture is examined. The proposed picture of the world order with its specific hierarchy, the leadership of a number of states, existing norms and principles of life of modern society, a variety of formats of interaction between subjects of social development capable of balancing and preserving the existence of modern society is described.
Keywords: unipolarity, multipolarity, bipolarity, globalization, geopolitics, international relations, world order.
Article bibliography
1. Albert M. Hegemony and Multipolarity under the Conditions of Entrance // Politics in 21. Published: The Article’s Analysis. – Frankfurt am Main: SuhrkampVerlag, 2001. – P. 376.
2. Mieriń L. A. Transformation Processes global and national development: a view of modern political economy. Roscongress. 28.02.2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://roscongress.org/materials/transformatsionnye-protsessy-mirovogo-i-natsionalnogo-razvitiya-vzglyad-sovremennoy-politekonomii-/
3. Khokhlova O. M., Dmitrieva L. Yu. Strategic consent in modern Russian society // Eurasian Law Journal. Philosophy. Law. Society. – 2024. – No. 4 (191). – P. 540-541.
4. Khokhlova O . M. Public consent as a condition for the development of modern Russia // Sociology. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 21-28.
5. Jaspers K. Die Schuldfrage. – Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider, 1946.

Book review
ROMANOVSKAYA Vera Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty of the N. I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University
RUSSIA AND FINLAND: THE PATH TO CONFRONTATION, THE PATH TO PEACE [REVIEW OF THE BOOK: RUSSIA AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF FINLAND: 1899-1920. COLLECTION OF DOCUMENTS: IN 3 VOLUMES / RESPONSIBLE COMPILER M. V. ZELENOV. – MOSCOW: POLITICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA, 2021.]
The article is devoted to a review of collections of documents on the history of Russian-Finnish relations in 1899-1920 and historiography of the issue of the legal status of Finland within the Russian Empire. A special place is occupied by a review of the collection of documents Russia and the independence of Finland: 1899–1920. Collection of documents: in 3 volumes (1921).
Keywords: Russia and the independence of Finland, Council of Ministers of Russia, Tagantsev Commission, Meeting of Count Solsky, Durnovo Commission, Kharitonov Commission, Korevo Commission, Soviet-Finnish peace negotiations of 1920.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bakhturina A. Yu. Discussions on national and local legislation in relation to the Grand Duchy of Finland (1908-1910) .) // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Series: History. Philology. Cultural Studies. Oriental Studies. – 2017. – No. 8 (29). – P. 31-48.
2. Borodkin M. M. From the modern history of Finland. Time management of N. I. Bobrikov. – St. Petersburg: R. Golike and A. Vilborg Company, 1905. – [12], IV, 482 p.
3. Dusaev R. N., Dusaeva M. R., Larichev A. A. — Evolution of the legal status of the Imperial Finnish Senate in the 19th-early 20th centuries // Legal studies. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 64-70.
4. Dusaeva M. R., Dusaev R. N., Syunberg K. Changes in the Senate of Finland under the influence of the February Revolution in Russia / Almanac of Nordic and Baltic Studies / Nordic and Baltic Studies Review. – 2017. – Issue 2.
5. Zhaboyedov-Gospodarets V. P. Characteristics of the legal status of the Grand Duchy of Finland based on materials from the periodical press of the early 20th century // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Humanitiesand. – 2013. – No. 1 (25). – P. 17-31.
6. Isaev M. A. On the Issue of the International Legal Status of the Grand Duchy of Finland // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 33-43.
7. Korkunov N. M. Russian State Law: Excerpts from the General Part § 17 and 18, Vol. 1, 7th ed., pp. 188-204. – St. Petersburg: State Printing House, 1910.
8. Kyjala A. The Crisis in Russian-Finnish Relations (1899-1916) // Russian Collection: Studies in the History of Russia. Vol. XVII: Finland and Russia. – M., 2015. – P. 198-212.
9. Mechelin L. G. Constitution of Finland as presented by local senator L. Mechelin = Precis du droit public du grand duché de Finlande / Par. L. Mechelin, member of the Imperial Senator of Finland, former prof. de droit à l’Université d’Helsingfors; Trans. and additional notes from Russian documents by K. Ordin. – St. Petersburg: type. I. N. Skorokhodov, 1888. – [4], 156 p.
10. Novikova I. N. From autonomy to independence: The Provisional Government and Finland in 1917 // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Political Science. International Relations. – 2018. – V. 11. No. 2. – P. 107-127.
11. Prokopovich G. A. Constitution of Finland: stages of transformations in the state and legal sphere // Legal Thought. – 2010. – No. 1 (97). – P. 34-38.
12. Rupasov A. I., Chistikov A. N. Soviet-Finnish border. 1918-1938. Essays on history. – St. Petersburg, 2016.
13. Yurchenko E. S. Problem of independence of Finland 1917-1918. External factor // History of state and law. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 32-37.
14. Finland and Russia. 1808–1920: From Autonomy to Independence: A Selection of Documents / Edited and translated by D. G. Kirby. – L., 1974.