EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №1(200)2025 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №1(200)2025

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

D. K. NECHEVIN, I. Z. FARKHUTDINOV
THE TWO HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE OF EVRAZYUZH

PERSONA GRATA
A. V. Ragulin
The system of self-governing bodies of the legal profession in Russia needs to be reformed
Interview with lawyer, Ph.D. in Law Andrey Viktorovich Ragulin

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ASHAVSKIY Boris Matveyevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, senior researcher of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
EURASIAN INTEGRATION IN THE FIELD OF TECHNICAL REGULATION
The present study is aimed at considering topical issues of the development of Eurasian integration in the field of technical regulation and identifying significant aspects of the functioning of modern “Eurasianism” in the field of technical regulation in terms of international legal regulation.
Aim. To identify possible positive aspects of the functioning and development of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of technical regulation.
Tasks. To analyze the international historical and legal foundation of “Eurasianism”, to determine the level of development of the sphere of technical regulation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as to consider the main legal acts adopted in the integration association, allowing to assess the prospects for the development of technical regulation in the Eurasian space, taking into account modern realities.
Methods. In this paper, using the methods of historical, logical, comparative and predictive analysis, positive aspects of the functioning and development of the sphere of technical regulation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union are identified.
Results. The study showed that the regulatory framework governing the issues of the unified institution of technical regulation in the Eurasian Economic Union has already been created. At the present stage, it represents a harmonious system of interrelated components that coordinate the full-fledged process of creation, entry into force and enforcement of legal norms governing the life cycle of products and procedures for evaluating their quality. The subsequent improvement of the technical regulation system should follow the path of strict observance by the States of the dogmas enshrined in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014.
Conclusion. The successful course of the Eurasian integration process in the field of technical regulation leads to the emergence of excellent opportunities for the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union to implement the goals and objectives of the global concept of sustainable development.
Keywords: The Eurasian Economic Union, the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014, Eurasian integration, technical regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Ageyev A. I., Zanuzdanny E. N., Loginov E. L. Eurasian Economic Union: the need for a new outline of strategic management // Economic strategies. – M.: Publishing house Institute of Economic Strategies (INES). – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 28-36.
2. Ashavskiy B. M. International interstate system: the current stage of development // Russian Yearbook of International Law. – M., 2017. – P. 37-57.
3. Belykh V. S. Technical regulation of the economy and entrepreneurship. – M.: Prospect, 2016. – P. 3.
4. Vinokurova E. Yu., Eurasian Economic Union. – St. Petersburg: EDB Center for Integration Studies, 2017. – 296 p.
5. Glazyev S. Yu. Eurasian integration as a key direction of modern Russian policy // Izborsk Club. – 2014. – No. 1.
6. Zhdanova G. V. Eurasianism in modern research. Philosophical aspects. – M., 2002. – P. 53.
7. Kapustin A. Ya. International organizations in a globalizing world. – M.: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 2010. – P. 86-87.
8. Koreshkov V. N. Unified system of technical regulation in the EAEU – the path to integration. – M.: Standards and quality, 2016.
9. Pavlova M. A. Internal obstacles in the technical regulation market of the Eurasian Economic Union // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4 (143) – P. 24.
10. Pashchenko V. Ya. Social philosophy of Eurasianism. – M., 2003. – P. 71-110.
11. Entin L. M. European law. Fundamentals of integration lawof the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. – M.: Norma, 2021. – 528 p.
12. Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014. Eurasian Economic Commission. – M., 2016. – 680 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ABDULLAEV Elshan Elshad оgli
Ph.D. in Law, scientific advisor of “Educational systems” LTD, Moscow
PROBLEM ASPECTS OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL LABOR LAW AND WAYS TO RESOLVING THEM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF BRICS COUNTRIES)
The purpose of this article is to study the problematic aspects of modern international labor law and to determine ways to resolve them on the example of BRICS countries.
The relevance of this article is that the possibilities and limitations of the modern system of international labor law as an instrument of legal regulation of labor relations follow from the meaning of those realities that are formed in the conditions of modern civilizational development. In this regard, it is impossible to conduct a qualitative study of the problems of legal regulation of labor activity if we ignore the economic and political content of labor relations, which, on the one hand, react to the internal situation in the country, and on the other hand, are a reaction of the national legal consciousness to those problems that require their settlement.
The methodology of this study is based on the dialectical and structural-logical approach, which allowed us to consider the problems of modern international law as a system of interaction between national and supranational, in which the processes of universalization and differentiation of legal norms occur.
The result of this article is the development of recommendations aimed at eliminating the real contradictions in the system of interaction between national and supranational elements of labor law.
As a result of the work done, it was concluded that at present, an important aspect of the development of international labor law is the need for its adaptation to the processes of creating large interstate associations (BRICS, SOSH, ASEAN, etc.). Taking into account the existence of objective boundaries between different legal systems, the process of harmonization between domestic and international law should be recognized as mandatory.
Keywords: BRICS, international law, labor law, interaction, universalization, differentiation, politicization.
Article bibliography
1. Abdullaev E. E. United Arab Emirates. Sources and principles of labor law. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.justicemaker.ru /view-article.php?id=20&art=4166).
2. Belikova K. M. Legal regulation of labor relations complicated by a foreign element in the BRICS countries. – Moscow: RUDN, 2017. – 256 p.
3. Bonyani A. D. Methods and tools for assessing motivational factors of specialists of high-tech enterprises in Russia and Iran // Management. – 2022. – No. 10 (1). – P. 42-53.
4. Daurbekov A. S. Contents of an employment contract in China // Social and political sciences. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 128-132.
5. Drachuk M. A. State ideology and state policy in the labor market in modern Russia // Law enforcement. – 2018. – Vol. 2, No. 4. – P. 60-67.
6. Egiazarova M. V. Unification of norms governing labor relations in international private law: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2017. – 222 p.
7. Zakalyuzhnaya N. V. The Main Forms of Atypical Labor Relations in Russia and Abroad in the Context of Economic Modernization: diss. … doctor of law. – Moscow, 2021. – 433 p.
8. Ivanchina Yu. V. Functions of Labor Law as a Reflection of Socially Significant Needs: diss. … doctor of law. – Moscow, 2019. – 507 p.
9. Isaev A. The International Labor Organization has undermined its foundation by suspending cooperation with the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2022/03/29/isaev-mezhdunarodnaia-organizaciia-truda-podorvala-svoj-fundament-priostanoviv-sotrudnichestvo-s-rf.html.
10. Kazakova M. V. Application by the courts of the principles and norms of labor law contained in international treaties of the Russian Federation: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2019. – 225 p.
11. Constitutions of the countries of the world. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://worldconstitutions.ru/
12. Linets A. A. The role of labor law in the economic system of society at the present stage: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2022. – 509 p.
13. International labor standards and Russian labor law: prospects for coordination: monograph / Ed. by S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA M, 2016. – 256 p.
14. Mikrina V. G. International legal mechanisms of labor rights of the most vulnerable groups of the population: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2019. – 198 p.
15. BRICS commitment to ensuring decent work, dignity andrespect for everyone was highly praised by the ILO Director-General. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ilo.org/ru/resource/news/priverzhennost-briks-obespecheniyu-dostoynogo-truda-dostoinstva-i.
16. Khlestova I. O. Unification of international private law in the modern world. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Infra-M, 2015. – 244 p.
17. Chertkova Yu. V. Direct effect of international labor law // Electronic Bulletin of the Rostov Socio-Economic Institute. – 2016. – Issue No. 1 (January-March). – P. 126-132.
18. Crawford J. The Current Political Discourse Concerning International Law // Modern Law Review. – 2018. – Vol. 81, Iss. 1. – R. 1-22.
19. Errol P. Mendes. Global Governance, Human Rights and International Law. Combating the Tragic Flaw. (eBook). – 2023. – 302 rub.
20. Global Employment Policy Review 2023: Macroeconomic policies for recovery and structural transformation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/WCMS_882222/lang–en/index.htm.
21. Ragone S. Conventionality Control Between International and Constitutional Law // The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law. – 2023. – Vol. 3, Is. 1. – P. 133-140
22. Robert van Krieken. Law and Civilization: Norbert Elias as a Regulation Theorist Annual Review of Law and Social Science. – 2019. – Volume 15. – R. 267-288.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BICHURINA Elizaveta Sergeevna
postgraduate student of the 4th course of International and European law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
AVIATION SECURITY IN THE EAEU
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of legal regulation of aviation security in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The main problems and prospects for harmonization of the legislation of the EAEU member states in this area are considered. Particular attention is paid to the unification of the conceptual apparatus, the implementation of international standards and recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), as well as the development of cooperation between the EAEU member states in the field of aviation security. Possible ways to improve the efficiency of state control and supervision over aviation security are proposed. The purpose of this work is to analyze the current legal regulation of aviation security in the EAEU countries, identify existing problems and proposals for their solution. Attention is also paid to the key aspects of the legislation of the member states of the union, international agreements and other documents regulating this area, as well as the prospects for the development of the legal framework in the field of aviation security. The main conclusions are the need for further harmonization of regulations, the development of new standards, the introduction of digital technologies and artificial intelligence, as well as advanced training of personnel. The importance of strengthening interstate cooperation and developing common approaches to ensuring air transport safety in the context of integration processes is emphasized.
Keywords: international law, legal regulation, aviation security, Eurasian Economic Union, unification, standards, recommendations, ICAO, harmonization.
Referents
1. Abashidze A. K., Travnikov A. I. Old but modern problems of international air law // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2019. No. 3. P. 181-202.
2. Batalov A. A. Sources of international air law: current issues of theory and practice // Moscow Journal of International Law. 2020. No. 3. P. 64-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-3-64-90.
3. Bordunov V. D. International air law. Study guide. M.: NOU VKS “Aviabusiness”, 2007. 269 p.
4. Air Code of the Kyrgyz Republic of August 6. 2015. No. 218.
5. Air Code of the Russian Federation of March 19. 1997. No. 60-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024).
6. Air Code of the Republic of Belarus of May 16. 2006. No. 117-Z.
7. Grigoryan P. A. International legal regime of aviation security: author’s abstract. diss. …candidate of legal sciences. M., 2018. 25 p.
8. Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Signed in Astana on May 29, 2014) (as amended on May 25, 2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 24, 2024).
9. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 15. 2010. No. 339-IV. “On the Use of the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Aviation Activities”.
10. Milde M. International Air Law and ICAO / Edited by O. I. Aksamentov; with foreword by A. A. Batalov; trans. from English by A. M. Bobkov and others. St. Petersburg: AEROHELP Institute, 2017. 451 p.
11. International Air Law: textbook for undergraduate and graduate programs / Edited by A. I. Travnikov, A. Kh. M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2018. 444 p.
12. International Air Law. In 2 books. Book 1 Edited by A. N. Movchan. M.: Nauka, 1980. 352 p.
13. Regulation on the Working (Expert) Group on Aviation Security under the Council of Heads of Authorized Transport Bodies of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union // Eurasian Economic Commission (date of access 12/20/2024). [Electronic resource]. Access mode: Polozhenie-RG-AB.pdf.
14. Procedure for organizing and implementing aviation security control at airports in the Republic of Armenia.
15. Appendix No. 24 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (signed in Astana on 05/29/2014) (as amended on 05/25/2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 06/24/2024).
16. Minutes of the 2nd meeting of the expert groups on the implementation of the Action Plan (“road map”) for the implementation of the Main Directions and Stages of the Coordinated (Agreed) Transport Policy in Air Transport for 2018-2020. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/f73/Protokol-_-2.pdf.
17. Working (expert) groups on aviation security and flight safety // Eurasian Economic Commission. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://eec.eaeunion.org/commission/department/transport/air/konferentsiya.php. (date of access: 12/20/2024).
18. Regulation (EU) No 300/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation security andrepealing Regulation (EC) No. 2320/2002.
19. Resolution of the conference “Exchange of experience in conducting ICAO aviation security audits” // Eurasian Economic Commission. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/f7f/REZOLYUTSIYA-22.11.21-itogovaya.pdf. (date of access: 12/20/2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DROZDOVA Mariya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of History, philosophy, political science and sociology sub-faculty, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railways
UDALOVA Darya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor of Accounting and auditing sub-faculty, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering
TRANSPORT INTEGRATION: PROSPECTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The article deals with the current problems of integration in the field of transport within such organizations as EAEU, CIS and SCO. After the collapse of the USSR, the current CIS member countries had a unified transport and logistics ecosystem, which could still provide a basis for the expansion and deepening of integration processes in the Eurasian space, but the multi-vector external policies of the states have become a significant obstacle to the continuation of cooperation in the necessary volume. Multi-speed integration, which is a trend in all spheres, also hinders qualitative integration within the framework of a single association. In the long term, taking into account the deepening of digitalization processes, the convergence of transport ecosystems both within individual integration associations and across the Eurasian space will take place within the framework of inter-platform and inter-ecosystem integration on a system-network basis.
Keywords: international law, international legal regulation of transport, transport integration, EAEU, SCO, Eurasian integration.
Article bibliographic list
1. Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/international_contracts/international_contracts/2_contract/46990/ (date of access: 02.11.2024).
2. Agreement on the Formation of the OTP. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/8309010?ysclid=m1sz8y3a4o717356182 (date of access: 02.11.2024).
3. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of December 26, 2016 No. 19 “On the Main Directions and Stages of Implementation of the Coordinated (Agreed) Transport Policy of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/456056120?ysclid=l92i6z9hyg931901065 (date of access: 10.12.2024).
4. Fursova E. A. Monitoring the consequences of sanctions for the global economy, transport and logistics. In the collection: Analysis and forecasting of control systems in industry, transport and logistics. Collection of works of the XXII International scientific and practical conference of young scientists, students and postgraduates. Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering. – 2022. – P. 244-249.
5. Fursova E. A., Ivanov M. S., Lomakina D. S. Monitoring the dynamics, tracks and structural shifts of export cargo transportation: new realities of international logistics under the influence of dominant factors // Economics of sustainable development. – 2024. – No. 1 (57). – pp. 226-229.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KICHENINA Viktoriya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs, St. Petersburg branch, Russian Customs Academy
CORRELATION OF THE ORDER OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING OF SECURITY ZONES WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF FREE ACCESS TO ALL AREAS OF CELESTIAL BODIES
The problem of the legal regime of safety zones in outer space and on celestial bodies is becoming increasingly relevant in the light of the rapid development of space technologies and the increasing number of actors in this area. The 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (hereinafter referred to as the Outer Space Treaty) establishes a number of key principles, including freedom of access to all areas of celestial bodies. The lack of a clear and comprehensive legal framework for space operations creates risks and this issue has become especially relevant due to the emergence of unilateral initiatives to extract resources from asteroids and the Moon. At the moment, there is no common approach at the international level to solve this problem. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable development of activities related to the use of space resources, it is necessary to develop principlescommon to all States participating in space activities for the establishment and functioning of safety zones. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current provisions of both national and international acts in order to solve the problem of the creation and functioning of such zones in accordance with the norms of international law. The objectives of the study are to analyze the existing regulatory framework; to study theoretical approaches both in relation to the establishment of safety zones and in relation to the definition of space objects; to formulate general principles of such activities for consideration at the international level. The methodological basis of the research is the comparative legal method, as well as the method of analysis, synthesis, analogy, deduction, induction. The result of the study is the development of general principles for the creation and functioning of security zones, taking into account the objective necessity of the existence of such zones and the applicable norms of international law governing space activities.
Keywords: space resources, space object, safety zones, principles, regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Abramov N. S. International legal regime of offshore oil and gas platforms. Dis. … Cand. of Law. 12.00.10. Moscow, 2020. 280 p.
2. Bekyashev K. A. Fundamentals of international law. Textbook. Moscow: Prospect, 2022. 624 p.
3. Krymskaya K. V. Establishment of security zones around fixed offshore installations on the continental shelf (legal issues) // Law and Management. XXI century. 2019. No. 2 (51). P. 52-59.
4. Chekanov D. V. Civil legal relations with artificial space objects. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. 12.00.03. Moscow, 2003. 25 p.
5. Alexander Q. Gilbert. Implementing safety zones for lunar activities under the Artemis Accords // Journal of Space Safety Engineering. V. 10. Issue 1. March 2023. P.106.
6. Ted Adam Newsom. The legality of safety and security zone in outer space: a look at other domains and proposals. A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of master of the laws Institute of Air and Space Law McGill University, Faculty of Law Montreal, Quebec, August 2016. P. 53

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KRAVCHUK Anna Mikhaylovna
Deputy Head to the section for coordination on the circulation of medicines and medical devices of the Department for technical regulation and accreditation Eurasian economic commission
EAEU COMMON MARKET OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS: TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION DEVELOPMENT
The article offers summary and analysis of the regulation of the circulation of medicinal products in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Based on the results of the analysis from the international legal point of view, taking into account global trends in the development of regulation of the circulation of medicinal products, directions for the development of international legal regulation of the circulation of medicinal products in the EAEU are proposed, as well as norms detailing individual aspects of the implementation of the legal personality of the EAEU, contributing to the deepening of integration, the development of a common market and international cooperation. The methodological basis of the study is the system-logical, dialectical and comparative methods.
Keywords: common market of medicinal products of the Eurasian Economic Union, medicinal products circulation, ‘EAEU law’, “the international legal regulation”, regulation of medicinal products circulation.
Bibliographic list of articles
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3. Khabrieva T. Ya. Selected works: in 10 volumes. Vol. 10. Contents: Law and economics. Law and anti-corruption policy. – M., 2018. – 464 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KUGAI Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation, St. Petersburg
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN A MULTI-DOMAIN PERSPECTIVE: A RESEARCH MODEL
Aim. To present a model of the domain approach to the study of ethical leadership.
Tasks. To develop a model for researching leadership ina multi-domain dimension, focusing on leader behavior both at work and with friends/family.
Methods. Methods of systematic and structural-functional analysis.
Results. 1. The structure of the domain approach to understanding and explaining ethical leadership lies in answering two research questions: 1) What are the conditions for analyzing ethical leadership in (a) the work sphere and (b) personal life (family and friends), 2) What is the operational level of the conditions for analyzing cognitive and affective trust in (a) the work sphere and (b) family and friendly relationships.
Conclusions. 1. Trust in a leader is a solid and sustainable result of consistent ethical leadership. 2. Consistent ethical leadership is the sum of the high ethical leadership qualities demonstrated by a leader in the domains of work, family, and friendships.
Keywords: ethical leadership, multi-domain leadership, levels of ethical leadership analysis, affective trust, cognitive trust.
Article bibliography
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4. Kugai AI Concept of human dignity: positions of vision / Modern challenges of education and psychology of personality formation: monograph / T. E. Demidova, G. A. Volkovitskaya, K. V. Kulemina [et al.]; ed.-in-chief Zh. V. Murzina, Chuvash Republican Institute of Education. – Cheboksary: Wednesday, 2023. – P. 156-165.
5. Bedi A. C., Alpaslan M., & Green S. A meta-analytic review of ethical leadership outcomes and moderators // Journal of Business Ethics. – 2016. – No. 139 (3). – pp. 517-536.
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7. Bormann K. C., Poethke U., Cohrs C., & Rowold J. Doing bad through being selective in doing good: The role of within-unit variability in ethical leadership // European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. – 2018. – No. 27 (6). – pp. 683-699.
8. Brett J. F., & Atwater L. E. 360 feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and perceptions of usefulness // Journal of Applied Psychology. – 2018. – No. 6 (5). – pp. 930-942.
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10. Chughtai A., Byrne M., & Flood B. Linking ethical leadership to employee well-being: The role of trust in supervisor // Journal of Business Ethics. – 2015. – No. 128 (3). – pp. 653-663.
11. Courtright S. H., Gardner R. G., Smith T. A., McCormick B. W., & Colbert A. E. My family made me do it: A cross-domain, self-regulatory perspective on antecedents to abusive supervision // Academy of Management Journal. – 2016. – No. 59 (5). – S. 1630-1652.
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13. De Hoogh A. H. B., & Den Hartog D. N. Ethical and despotic leadership relationships with leader’s social responsibility, top management effectiveness and subordinates’ optimism: A multimethod study // The Leadership Quarterly. – 2008. – No. 19. – P. 297-311.
14. Hammond M., Clapp-Smith R., & Palanski M. Beyond (just) the workplace: A theory of leader development across multiple domains // Academy of Management Review. – 2017. – No. 42 (3). – pp. 481-498.
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INTERNATIONAL LAW
LAVORENKO Sabrina Yurjevna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
RESTRICTION OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM
The article is devoted to the problem of possible restrictions on human rights and freedoms in the context of the application of measures aimed at combating terrorism. The author concludes that it is impossible to achieve a uniform interpretation of the concept of “terrorism” at the present stage, which determines the need to adopt generally recognized criteria that allow the use of measures in the fight against terrorism and, on the other hand, which would level out the degree of interference with human rights, especially the right to privacy.
Keywords: human rights, right to privacy, public international law, the fight against terrorism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Dhillon S. and Mama-rudd A. Human rights and counter-terrorism. Research process // International Journal of Social Research Foundation. 2016. No. 4 (2). pp. 1-13.
2. Volevodz A. G. On the Importance of Developing a Generally Recognized Concept of “Terrorism” and “International Terrorism” // International Security Law: Modern Vision and Related Problems of Interstate Cooperation: Interuniversity Collection of Scientific Papers. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House “Ural Law Academy”. 2011. No. 3 (7). P. 42-62.
3. Resolutions Adopted by the Reports of the VIII Committee (A/RES/49/60), 17 February 1995 [Electronic Resource]. – Available at: https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/781/67/img/nr078167.pdf (Accessed: 20.11.2024).
4. Duffy H. “Key trends in counter-terrorism and their implications” // Global trends in counter-terrorism: implications for human rights in Africa, institute for security studies. 2023. Pp. 9-48.
5. Organization of African Unity Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, July 1, 1999. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://au.int/en/treaties/oau-convention-prevention-and-combating-terrorism (Accessed: 20.11.2024).
6. Protocol on amendments to the protocol on the statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-amendments-protocol-statute-african-court-justice-and-human-rights (date of access: 20.11.2024).
7. The French Penal Code. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006070719/ (date of access: 20.11.2024).
8. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 16, 1996 [Electronic resource]. -Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/?ysclid=m3pvwx50jb345439965 (date of access: 20.11.2024).
9. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml (date of access: 20.11.2024).
10. General Comment No. 29 – Article 4 (derogations in connection with a state of emergency). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2FC%2F21%2FRev.1%2FAdd.11&Lang=ru (Accessed: 20.11.2024).
11. Maysun J. A. Are Religious Beliefs Truly the Root Cause of Terrorism? // Journal of Global Faultlines. 2023. Pp. 252-263.
12. Proclamation on ending discriminatory bans on entry to the United States. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/proclamation-ending-discriminatory-bans-on-entry-to-the-united-states/ (Accessed: 20.11.2024).
13. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/overview (Accessed: 20.11.2024).
14. Federal agency releases report on how TSA can curb discriminatory practices at ports of entry [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.peters.senate.gov/newsroom/in-the-news/federal-agency-releases-report-on-how-tsa-can-curb-discriminatory-practices-at-ports-of-entry (accessed: 11/20/2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
NALIMOV Denis Olegovich
magister Student, Educational program “Compliance and Prevention of Legal Risks”, Faculty of Law, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN REGULATION OF CORPORATE GIVING
The relevance of the problem of corporate abuse of charitable contributions, as well as the need to emphasize this issue in international discussions, are rapidly growing in the context of modern challenges and efforts in combating corruption. The article analyzes the “soft” law tools developed by international organizations and the potential for their use by corporate donors to ensure compliance with ethical standards and legislation. The author concluded that, despite the lack of specific regulatory expectations for building compliance programs, international organizations play an important role in establishing a common ethical and managerial tone for charitable processes. In conclusion, the need for more specific guidelines is emphasized in order to address the problems of abuse in corporate giving.
Keywords: corporate giving, corruption, compliance, “soft” law, international organizations.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Biermann S. Anti-corruption Compliance and Ethics Programmes // Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and its Review Mechanism – Belgrade, 2018.
2. Grady H. Philanthropy as an Emerging Contributor to Development Cooperation. UNDP, 2014. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/UNDP-CSO-philanthropy.pdf (date of access: 16.10.2024).
3. Garmaev Yu.P. Anti-corruption compliance in the Russian Federation: interdisciplinary aspects. – M.: ID “Jurisprudence”, 2020. – 240 p.
4. Demin AV “Soft law” in the era of change: the experience of comparative research. Monograph “. – M .: Prospect, 2016. – P. 240.
5. Demin AV “Soft law” and “hard law”: general features and criteria for distinction // Tatishchev readings: current problems of science and practice: materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference. – 2015. – Vol. 2. – P. 98-102.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
POLYAKOV Semen Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law, criminology and criminal process sub-faculty, Lugansk Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation
EXTERNAL AND NON-OBVIOUS THREATS OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND METHODS OF LEGAL PROTECTION
External and non-obvious threats of international security are potential dangers that may arise due to various factors such as terrorism, cyber attacks, climate change, pandemia and others. These threats may have serious consequences for world order and stability. To protect against them, it is necessary to develop effective international legal mechanisms, cooperate at the international level and take joint measures to prevent and counteract such threats.
Keywords: international security, external threats, non-obvious threats, legal protection, international relations.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
RYZHOV Nikolay Alexandrovich
Second Secretary of the Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Senegal, MFA of the Russia
LEGAL REGULATION OF EXPROPRIATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES (ECOWAS)
Nowadays, one of the key goals facing the Russian Federation is to increase and develop economic ties with African countries, which is impossible without the participation of domestic investors. As the Minister of Economy Maxim Reshetnikov notes, by 2030 Russia can increase trade with Africa at least twice as much as in 2022. According to the Minister, ‘Africa now is 1.5 billion people, by 2030 it will be 1.7 billion people, and the forecast of demographers by 2100 – 3 billion people. It is the largest market, and a market that is growing’.
The emergence of foreign investment in ECOWAS countries coincided with the end of the colonial era and the independence of the new African states. The thesis of complete sovereignty over natural resources cultivated by the African leadership, which fully reflected the new vision of economic independence in the post-colonial period, justified the beginning of active expropriation.
It should be noted that so far, the problem of expropriation, which is synonymous with dispossession, poses serious risks to foreign investment in the countries of the West African region.
Keywords: expropriation, investment, ECOWAS, regulatory framework.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Carro D., Juillard P. International economic law: textbook. M.: International. relations, 2001.
2. Ostrove M. La clause relative à l’expropriation: l’imbrication du concept d’attentes légitimes dans la notion d’expropriation indirecte // R.G.D.I.P. 2015. No. 1. P. 197.
3. Arnaud De Nanteuil. Droit international de l’investissement. 1ère ed., op. cit.
4. Carreau D., Juillard P. Droit international économique. 5 ed., op. cit.
5. Art. 11 Code des investissements CEDEAO.
6. Art. 8 Expropriation. Supplementary Act A/SA.3/06/08 adopting Community rules on investment and the modalities for their implementation within ECOWAS. P. 33.
7. Box 1.Investment policy principle and best practices. Supplementary Act A/SA.3/06/08. P. 16.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GRINEVA Darya Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
IMMUNITIES OF STATE OFFICIALS FROM FOREIGN UNIVERSAL CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
In this article, the author examines the relationship between the application of universal jurisdiction for international crimes and the prosecution of State officials with immunity. For this purpose, the work of the United Nations International Law Commission on the topic of immunities of senior government officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is studied, and the types of immunities granted to state officials of States are considered. – immunity ratione materiae and ratione personae, attention is drawn to the aspects of the existence of immunities ratione materiae and ratione personae of State officials as obstacles to bringing perpetrators of crimes of aggression, genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity to criminal responsibility on the basis of universal criminal jurisdiction.
Keywords: state official, state, immunity, universal jurisdiction, responsibility, international crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Lukashuk I. I. International law. General part: Textbook. – M., 2001. – 420 p.
2. Malginov A. The case of Augusto Pinochet. // Moscow journal of international law. – 2000. – No. 3. – P. 289-292.
3. Sukharev A. Ya. Krutskikh V. E. Large Law Dictionary. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M., 2001. – 704 p.
4. Tolstykh V. L. Course in International Law: textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2019. – 736 p.
5. Naomi Roht-Arriaza. The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights // The European Journal of International Law. – 2007. – Vol. 18, No. 2. – R. 367-378.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
EVDOKIMOVA Anastasiya Aleksandrovna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia
THE CORRELATION OF COUNTERMEASURES AND REPRISALS IN THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
The article deals with the problems of correlation and differentiation of the terms of “countermeasures” and “reprisals”. A historical analysis of this issue is carried out; various international legal acts and judicial decisionss related to this issue are studied. Particular attention is being paid to the analysis of doctrinal scientific approaches to the problem of the correlation of countermeasures and reprisals.
Keywords: countermeasures, reprisals, the law of international responsibility, international law.
Article bibliography
1. Ibragimov A. M., Samovich Yu. V. Reprisals in modern international law: concept and possible measures // SibScript. 2013. No. 4 (56). 290-293 p. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/repressalii-v-sovremennom-mezhdunarodnom-prave-ponyatie-i-vozmozhnye-mery (date of access: 10/31/2024).
2. International law: textbook for universities / A. N. Vylegzhanin [et al.]; editor-in-chief A. N. Vylegzhanin. – 4th ed., revised. and additional. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 664 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/545093 (date of access: 02.11.202).
3. Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with commentaries 2001 // Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2001. Vol. II. Part Two. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.acerislaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Draft-Articles-on-the-Responsibility-of-States-for-Internationally-Wrongful-Acts.pdf (date of access: 02.11.2024).
4. Henckaerts J.-M., Doswald-Beck L. Customary International Humanitarian Law Volume I: Rules // International Committee of the Red Cross. Cambridge University Press. 2009. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.onlinelibrary.iihl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Cust-Intl-Hum-Law_Vol-I_Rules.pdf (accessed: 02.11.2024).
5. O’Connell M. E. Unilateral Countermeasures // The Power and Purpose of International Law: Insights from the Theory and Practice of Enforcement. New York, 2008. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288593978_The_Power_and_Purpose_of_International_Law_Insights_from_the_Theory_and_Practice_of_Enforcement (access date: 10/31/2024).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
EGOROV Igor Andreevich
postgraduate student, junior researcher of the Research Laboratory “Center for the Integrated Study of Regional Security Problems”, Pskov State University; magister student, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF UN PEACEKEEPING AND THEIR HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The article examines the historical and theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of UN peacekeeping, as well as the conceptual foundations for the establishment of peacekeeping operations under the auspices of this international organization. The author conducted a historical and legal analysis of the main stages and directions in the development of ideas of international peacekeeping and their influence on the formation of the fundamental principles and structure of the UN in the field of maintaining international peace and security.
Keywords: peacekeeping, armed conflicts, projects of “eternal peace,” international organizations, UN, peacekeeping operations, military observers.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aleksaev S. S. On the Use of the UN as a Tool for Promoting National Priorities Using the Example of the Intelligence Initiative in Peacekeeping // International Relations and Society. – 2020. – Vol. 2, No. 2. – P. 5-11.
2. Badalova E. V., Shkolnikova A. E. Modern UN Peacekeeping: Problems and Prospects // Panorama. – 2023. – No. 43. – P. 24-32.
3. Vychugzhanina A. A. UN Peacekeeping Crisis (Morozov G. I. “The UN at the Turn of the 21st Century (the UN Peacekeeping Crisis)”. Reports of the Institute of Europe No. 55. – Moscow, 1999. – 96 p.) // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2000. – No. 2. – P. 369-372. – DOI 10.24833/0869-0049-2000-2-369-372.
4. Grishaeva L. E. Do we need the UN in the 21st century? Contemporary reflections // Diplomatic service. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 19-25.
5. Grosheva L. I., Zhumabek Y. Zh. Peacekeeping in the context of the modern political information field // Humanitarian problems of military affairs. – 2016. – No. 3 (8). – P. 15-18.
6. Deich T. L. Peacekeeping in the practice of the UN // The UN at the beginning of the 21st century. – Moscow: Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2008. – P. 117-149.
7. Evstigneeva A. M. The UN Charter is our rules! Interview with Anna Mikhailovna Evstigneeva, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the UN // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: International Relations. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 3. – Pp. 497-505. – DOI 10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-3-497-505.
8. Egorov A. Rebellion // Rodina. – 2006. – No. 1. – Pp. 83-86.
9. Egorov A. Zealous desire and hunting has to serveь… // Rodina. – 2013. – No. 7. – P. 128-130.
10. Egorov AM The Influence of the Thirty Years’ War on the Development of the Basic Principles of International Law (1618-1648) // International Public and Private Law. – 2007. – No. 3. – P. 44-49.
11. Egorov AM Ideology of War in the Historical and Philosophical Dimension // State. Law. War (on the 75th Anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet People in the Great Patriotic War): Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. In 2 parts, St. Petersburg, April 28-29, 2020 / Edited by N. S. Nizhnik. Volume Part 1. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2020. – P. 174-182.
12. Egorov AM Irregular formations in the history of law enforcement activities // Law enforcement agencies of Russia: problems of formation and interaction: Materials of the scientific and practical conference with international participation, Pskov, November 11-12, 2021. – Pskov: Pskov branch of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – P. 84-88.
13. Egorov AM, Egorov IA The place of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in the system of regional and international security // Belarus in the system of international security: Collection of scientific articles of the Regional round table dedicated to the 105th anniversary of the Armed Forces of Belarus, Brest, February 17, 2023. – Brest: Brest State Technical University, 2023. – P. 42-47.
14. Egorov AM, Egorov IA Social significance and internal motivation of lawful behavior: problems of correlation in ancient philosophy // Man and modernity: problems of social and cultural dynamics. – Pskov: Pskov State University, 2021. – P. 20-27.
15. Egorov AM, Egorov IA Philosophical analysis of modern wars: the relationship of theoretical approaches // Transformation of modern war: Proceedings of the II All-Russian scientific conference, Omsk, October 21, 2022. – Omsk: Omsk Armored Engineering Institute, 2022. – P. 63-69.
16. Egorov A. M., Egorov I. A. Philosophy of war through the prism of political and legal doctrines: the problem of interpretation // Man and society in the cultural and civilizational dimension / Pskov State University. – Pskov: Pskov State University, 2021. – Pp. 14-20.
17. Egorov I. A., Egorov A. M. Modern trends in the development of regional security and peacekeeping systems on the African continent // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 7 (194). – Pp. 17-19. – DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2024-7-194-17-19.
18. Zverev P. G. Lessons of the 1990s and their influence on the formation of the doctrine of international UN peacekeeping // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2014. – No. 7-2. – P. 28-30.
19. Morozov G. I. UN at the turn of the 21st century (the crisis of UN peacekeeping). – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. – 96 p. – (Reports of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
20. Pozdov S. A. Russia and the UN: problems of interaction in the field of peacekeeping // Scientific aspect. – 2020. – Vol. 1, No. 4. – P. 117-121.
21. Pokrovskaya D. M. UN Peacekeeping in the East: From Observer Missions to the Creation of the Emergency Armed Forces // Russia and the East: the Road Will Be Mastered by the Walker: Abstracts and Materials of the Scientific and Creative Session for the 150th Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi’s Birth, Lipetsk, October 10-12, 2019. – Lipetsk: Lipetsk State Pedagogical University named after P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2019. – P. 99-101.
22. Tishkov S. A., Labin D. K. Institutionalization of UN Police Peacekeeping // Bulletin of MGIMO University. – 2019. – No. 1 (64). – P. 107-128. – DOI 10.24833/2071-8160-2019-1-64-107-128.
23. Khudaykulova A. V. UN peacekeeping in the 21st century: the main vectors of reforms to improve the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations // South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 20, No. 4. – P. 109-126. – DOI 10.31429/26190567-20-4-109-126.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
QIU Haiwen
Postgraduate student, specialization: “Political Science” of International relations, global and regional studies sub-faculty, Northwest Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
INTEGRATION MECHANISMS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA IN CENTRAL ASIA: SHOS AND BILATERAL INITIATIVES
This paper explores the integration mechanisms between Russia and China in Central Asia, focusing on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and bilateral initiatives. It examines how both countries utilize multilateral and bilateral frameworks to strengthen regional security, economic growth, and stability. The SCO serves as the primary platform for addressing regional security issues. The paper also discusses their cooperation in energy, trade, and infrastructure, especially under the Belt and Road Initiative, while addressingresponses to geopolitical challenges and regional instability. Overall, it highlights Central Asia’s critical role in the strategic goals of Russia and China.
Keywords: Russia, China, Central Asia, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, bilateral cooperation, regional security, economic cooperation.
Article bibliography
1. Wilhelmsen J., & Flikke G. Sino-Russian rapprochement and Central Asia // Geopolitics. – 2011. – No. 16. – P. 865-901.
2. Naarajärvi T. China, Russia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Blessing or Curse for the New Regionalism in Central Asia? // Journal of Asia and Europe. – 2012. – No. 10. – P. 113-126.
3. Siraj U., & S. The Expanding Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the Context of Interregional Integration between Central Asia and South Asia: Prospects and Challenges. Global Regional Review. – 2019. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iii).27.
4. Vladimir P. Russia and China: Consolidation of Strategic Partnership. – 2008.
5. Malle S. Russia and China in the 21st Century. Transition to Cooperative Behavior // Journal of Eurasian Studies. – 2017. – No. 8. – P. 136-150. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2017.02.003.
6. Alvarez C. China-Kazakhstan Energy Relations from 1997 to 2012 // Journal of International Affairs. – 2015. No. 69. – P. 57.
7. Rasool M., & Zaheer M. (). Regional Dynamics and Counterterrorism: Pakistan-Russia Cooperation in Central Asia // Stosunki Miednarodne – International Relations. – 2024– [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17830.1.
8. Kerr D. Central Asian and Russian Views on China’s Strategic Rise // International Affairs. – 2010. – No. 86. – P. 127-152. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-2346.2010.00872.X.
9. Bhat A. The Great Game in Central Asia: Humanity under Threat // Journal of Developing Economies. – 2023.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BATALOV Alexander Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, LL.M. in International Air and Space Law (Leiden University), Representative of the Russian Federation to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW
This article examines and proposes solutions for the topical present-day problems of international air law. These problems have arisen due to liberalization of air transport, increase of air transportation all over the world, active deployment of innovations in the aviation sector, quantitative and qualitative development of regional cooperation of States in the field of air transport and use of airspace. The problems relate to the development of the subject-matter of international air law, its law-making processes, international legal regulation of commercial activities of air transport, expansion of regional cooperation of States and international responsibility of States and international organizations.
Keywords: international air law, liberalization of air transport, international responsibility, airspace, regional cooperation, sources of international air law.
Article bibliography
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Travnikov A. I. Old but modern problems of international air law// Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2019. – No. 3. – P. 181-202.
2. Bordunov V. D. International air law. – Moscow: NOU VKSh “Aviabusiness”, 2007. – P. 464.
3. Gulasaryan A. S. International legal implementation of norms on the responsibility of international organizations. – Moscow: Publishing house “Statut”, 2015. – P. 224.
4. Dezhkin V. N. Actual problems of international air law. – Leningrad: Publishing house “OLAGA”, 1986. – P. 65.
5. Dementyev A. A. Institute of responsibility in international air law: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow, 2016. – P. 27.
6. Dementyev A. A., Travnikov A. I. Problems of the institute of responsibility in international air law // Law and Right. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 130-133.
7. Keshner M. V. Law of international responsibility. – Moscow: Prospect Publishing House, 2022. – P. 240.
8. Klyunya A. Yu., Solntsev A. M. Issues of development of the institution of responsibility of international organizations// Bulletin of international organizations. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 130-142.
9. Kolosov Yu. M. Responsibility in international law, 2nd ed. – Moscow: Statut Publishing House, 2014. – P. 221.
10. Lukashuk I. I. Law of international responsibility. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer Publishing House, 2004. – Page 214
11. Maleev Yu. N. International Air Law: Theoretical and Practical Issues. – Moscow: International Relations, 1986. – Page 240.
12. Maleev Yu. N. InternationalInternational Air Law on the Threshold of Change // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2009. – No. 2. – P. 93-105.
13. International Air Law. Book 1 / Ed. by A. N. Movchan. – Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1980. – P. 350.
14. International Air Law. Book 2 / Ed. by A. P. Movchan and O. N. Sadikov. – Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1981. – P. 365.
15. International Air Law / Ed. by A. I. Travnikov and A. Kh. Abashidze. – Moscow: Izdatelstvo “Yurait”, 2018. – P. 444.
16. Law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) / Under the general editorship of V. M. Shumilov and I. M. Lifshits. – Moscow: Izdatelstvo “KNORUS”, 2023. – P. 252.
17. Chia-Jui Cheng New Sources of International Air Law// The Use of Airspace and Outer Space for all Mankind in the 21st Century/ Edited by Chia-Jui Cheng. – Kluwer Law International. – 1995. – P.384.
18. Cooper J.C. Explorations in Aerospace Law. – McGill University Press. – 1968. – P. 491.
19. Crawford J. International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Introduction, Text and Commentaries. – Cambridge University Press. – 2002. – P. 224-232.
20. The Law of International Responsibility/ Edited by Crawford J., Pellet A., Olleson S., Parlett K. – Oxford University Press. – 2010. – P.1296.
21. Dempsey P. S. Public International Air Law. – McGill University. – 2008. – P. 894.
22. Kolb R. The International Law of State Responsibility: An Introduction. – Edward Elgar Publishing. – 2017. – P. 284.
23. Mendes de Leon P. Introduction to Air Law. – Kluwer Law International. – 2017. – P. 568.
24. Responsibility of International Organizations/ Edited by M. Ragazzi. – Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. – 2013. – P. 470.
25. Andika Immanuel Simatupang State responsibility over safety and security on air navigation of civil aviation in international law // Indonesian Journal of International Law. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 287-288.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
YUMASHEV Yuriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, leading researcher, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW. THE ORIGINS OF THE EMERGENCE OF WESTERN EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW (IUS COMMUNE AND GLOSSATORS)
The article provides a general review of the process of building up the uniform legal system in the Western Europe which now serves as a law basis for the political unity of this part of the European continent known as the European Union.
The XI-XII centuries are the turning point in the development of Western civilization: this epoch is characterized by the progress in social, economic, cultural and intellectual spheres, including the appearance of European universities where law was studied on a professional level.
As a result there was an interweaving of antiquity, Christianity and customs of European peoples and tribes of that time giving birth to the cultural phenomenon – unity in diversity of the world.
As to the political side of this process, universality, being the heritage of ancient Rome, it became a starting point for the formation and further development of states in Europe.
Keywords: Roman law, “Digest”, Codex of Roman civil law, glossators, University of Bologna, compilations of Justinian, Ulpian, “Corpus Juris”.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Asimov A. Dark Ages. Moscow, 2005. Page 119.
2. Berman G. J. Western legal tradition: the era of formation. Moscow, 1994 Page 106.
3. Vinogradov P. G. Roman law in medieval Europe. Moscow, 1910. Page 5 et seq.
4. Guerrier N. Augustine the Blessed. Moscow, 2003. Page 390 et seq.
5. J. Le Goff The Birth of Europe. St. Petersburg, 2007. Pp. 98-99.
6. J. Le Goff Intellectuals in the Middle Ages. Moscow, 1997. Pp. 112 et seq.
7. Jeroza L. Canon Law. Moscow, 1995. Pp. 73 et seq.
8. Gilson E. Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Moscow, 2004. Pp. 577.
9. Kolesnitsky N. F. Holy Roman Empire: Claims and Reality. Moscow, 1977. Pp. 169.
10. Neusykhin L. U. Problems of European Feudalism. Moscow, 1974. Pp. 330 et seq.
11. Novitsky I. B. Fundamentals of Roman Civil Law. M., 1960. P. 93-94.
12. Pereterskii I. S. Digests of Justinian. M., 1956. P. 25.
13. Rozhkov V. Essays on the History of the Roman Catholic Church. M., 1998. P. 53.
14. Salicheskaya Pravda / Ed. V. F. Semenov. M., 1950. P. 3 et seq.
15. F. Borowski et P. du Plessis. Roman Law. Oxford, 2005. P. 387 ff.
16. Caenegem R. C. European Law in the Past and Future. Cambridge, 2002. Pp. 19, 77.
17. Caenegem R. C. An Historical Introduction to Private Law. Cambridge, 1992. P. 46.
18. H. Coing (Hrsg) Handbuch der Quellen und Literatur der neueren europaeischen Privatrechtsgeschichte. Muenchen, 1973. P. 81.
19. Hattenhauer H. Europaeische Rechtsgeschichte. Heidelberg, 1992. P. 21 ff.
20. Stein P. Roman Law in European History. Cambridge, 2004. P. 40.
21. Schlosser H. Grundzuege der neueren Privatrechtsgeschichte. Heidelberg, 2005. P. ff.
22. Stollberg B. Rillinger. Das Heilige Roemische Reich Deutscher Nation. Muenchen, 2006. P. 10.
23. Schulze H. Staat und Nation in der Europaeischen Geschichte. Muenchen, 1999. P. 31-32.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
ABLAEV Yuriy Sergeevich
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
GAEV Ruslan Vitaljevich
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
GLINSHIKOVA Tatyana Vadimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International private and business law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban state Agrarian University
SECTORAL PRINCIPLES AS THE INITIAL PRINCIPLES OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
The article is devoted to the study of the principles of private international law and problematic aspects related to their legal consolidation and application. The analysis of the norms of international treaties, civil and family legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as scientific papers on the classification and content of the principles of private international law is carried out. The main problems associated with the lack of legislative consolidation of a number of sectoral principles and criteria for the closest connection are outlined. A proposal is presented for the adoption of a normative legal act – the law on private international law and (or) amendments to the Family Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account current trends in the development of legislation in the field of cross-border marriage and family relations.
Keywords: principles of private international law, the closest connection, autonomy of will, territorial localization, conflict of laws regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Dmitrieva G.K. International private law: textbook. – M.: Prospect, 2013. – P. 31.
2. Sobolev I.D. Fundamental principles and principles of international private law // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 44.
3. Glinshchikova T. V., Vinogradov D. A. Development of international legal regulation of the liability of a sea carrier // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17, No. 3. – P. 141-145.
4. Bulanov V. V. The closest connection as a general principle of international private law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 43.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
BASHIROV Emil Eldarovich
postgraduate student, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF A CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER AGREEMENT IN SPORTS. SUI GENERIS AGREEMENT
The field of sports from a legal point of view is of increasing interest to researchers. Transfers of athletes are one of the most interesting areas for research. And international transfers of athletes attract the interest of both sports fans and various researchers from different countries. The science of sports law is relatively young, and therefore there are many relevant and unexplored issues. The article is devoted to a cross-border transfer agreement in sports, regulating international transfers of athletes from one professional sports team to another. The purpose of the work is a legal analysis of a cross-border transfer agreement. In particular, the article raises the issue of the legal nature and legal characteristics of a cross-border transfer agreement. The issue of when a transfer agreement becomes cross-border is considered. Its foreign elements and sources of regulation (applicable law) are studied. Summarizing the above analysis, the author comes to the following main conclusions. Its regulation is manifested by the interaction of norms of various branches of law (a combination of norms of civil and labor law). The position is supported that: “there is no clear legal regulation of the transfer of an athlete from one professional club to another. These relations are regulated mainly by corporate norms.” The analysis of the ratio of regulatory norms of sports federations leads to the conclusion about their relationship with regulatory legal acts as general and particular. Its subject, according to the current regulatory norms, is ensuring the proper transfer of an athlete and transfer payment. The author defines the contract under consideration as a sui generis contract, due to the specifics of its complex legal relations. A cross-border transfer contract is qualified as complex, bilateral, consensual and, as a general rule, compensated. A position is expressed about the independent sports and legal nature of a cross-border transfer contract.
Keywords: sport, cross-border transfer agreement, transfer agreement, sui generis agreement, mixed agreement, complex agreement, unnamed agreement.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev S. V., Buyanova M. O., Chebotarev A. V. Sports law: contractual relations in sports: a textbook for universities / Edited by S. V. Alekseev. – Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2024. – 107 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-12723-2.
2. Blazheev V. V., Bayramov V. M., et al. Sports Law of Russia: a textbook for masters / Ed. D. I. Rogachev. – Moscow: Prospect, 2016. – 640 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-22332-9.
3. Zaitsev Yu. V. Legal nature of athletes’ transfers // Sports: economics, law, management. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 18-24.
4. Vavilin E. V. Implementation and protection of civil rights / 2nd ed. – Moscow: Statut, 2016. – 416 p. – ISBN 978-5-8354-1189-4. – Text: electronic. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.com/catalog/product/608874 (date of access: 30.09.2024). – Access mode: by subscription.
5. Ovchinnikova N. A. Actual problems of legal regulation of professional sports in the Russian Federation: monograph. – Vladimir: Transit X, 2008. – Pp. 8-9.
6. Vronskaya M. V. Civil law: textbook. – Moscow: Yustitsiya, 2022. – 407 p. – (Secondary vocational education). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.book.ru/book/942473. (date of access: 30.09.2024). – Access mode: by subscription.
7. Sukhanov E. A. Civil law in 4 volumes. Volume 3: Law of Obligations: textbook // Ed. E. A. Sukhanov. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2008. – P. 184.
8. Civil Law: Textbook. In 2 volumes / Ed. B. M. Gongalo. Volume 1. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 511 p.
9. Stepanov D. I. Services as an object of civil rights: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2004. – P. 16.
10. Sobchak A. A. Mixed and complex contracts in civil law // Soviet state and law. – 1989. – No. 11. – P. 63.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
KUDRYAVTSEVA Larisa Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International private and business law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
ZASTAVENKO Mariya Sergeevna
student of the Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
THE ESSENCE OF THE AUTONOMY OF WILL OF THE PARTIES IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
This article is devoted to the consideration of the issue of establishing the essence of the autonomy of the will of the parties in international private law. This principle has a major impact on international contractual relations, both with legal entities and with citizens, since its presence provides the parties with the opportunity to choose the legal system to be applied in the established civil-law relations. The article examines the main provisions on the implementation of this principle by analyzing Russian and foreign law.
Keywords: international private law, freedom of contract, right of application, agreement, autonomy of the will of the parties.
Article bibliography
1. Alexandrina M. A. Autonomy of the will and the system of sources of international private law // Civilist. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 69-75.
2. Volos A. A. Study of the conceptual foundations of private law in the modern conditions of digitalization of society: methodological problems // Bulletin of civil process. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 107-123.
3. Getman-Pavlova I. V. International private law: textbook for universities. 5th ed., revised. and add. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2023. – 489 p.
4. Golovanova A. D. Limits of Autonomy of Will in Establishing an Abstract Obligation: Legal-Dogmatic and Comparative-Legal Aspects // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 175-187.
5. Koval V. N. Problems of the Practice of Applying the Norms of Private International Law in New Economic Realities // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 77-88.
6. Kolomiets A. I. On the Limits of Autonomy of Will and the Choice of Law Applicable to Internal Contractual Relations // Law and Economics. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 5-10.
7. Novikova T. V. The Principle of Autonomy of Will in Private International Law. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 90.
8. Vlasova N. V., Doronina N. G., Lazareva T. P., et al. Problems of unification of international private law: monograph / Ed. N. G. Doronina. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: IZiSP, Jurisprudence, 2023. – P. 67.
9. Kudryavtseva L. V., Shevchenko V. S. Property relations of spouses in international private law // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2019. – T.5, No. 3. – P. 417-420.
10. Karaseva L. V. The Importance of the Norms of Private International Law in Regulating Labor Relations of Migrants from the CIS Countries in the Russian Federation: Dissertation for the Degree of Candidate of Legal Sciences / Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Russian State Social University”. – Moscow, 2007.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
GLINSHCHIKOVA Tatyana Vadimovna
PhD in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Private and business law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agricultural University
GOVOR Yuliya Evgenjevna
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilina Kuban State Agrarian University
SHEVCHENKO Viktoriya Viktorovna
bachelor student of the 4th course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilina Kuban State Agrarian University
UNIFICATION OF MATERIAL NORMS IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of unification of material norms in the field of international labor relations. The paper examines current trends in the development of international labor law, analyzes the causes and the need for unification of material norms in the field of cross-border labor. Taking into account the current realities and challenges of globalization, it is concluded that the emphasis is on the regional unification of labor law. The unification of the legal regime of labor and labor migration in private international law is aimed at achieving several important goals: promoting the free movement of labor, protecting the rights of migrant workers, and creating a unified legal space for labor and labor migration.
Keywords: unified norms, labor migration, international treaties, national legislation, regional rulemaking.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Glinshchikova T. V., Vinogradov D. A. Development of international legal regulation of the liability of a sea carrier // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2021. – Vol. 17, No. 3. – P. 141-145.
2. Lyutov N. L. Effectiveness of international labor law norms: monograph. – M., 2014. – P. 269.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
STRUGOVETS Liliya Alexandrovna
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Law Institute, lawyer, master of public administration, leading legal adviser, State University of Enlightenment
CARBON FOOTPRINT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CLIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL REGULATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the environmental impact of artificial intelligence (AI), expressed in its carbon footprint, through the prism of legal regulation. The author examines international and national legal norms aimed at minimizing carbon dioxide emissions during the development, operation and utilization of AI technologies. Special attention is paid to the prospects of judicial practice in climate lawsuits against corruption precedents using AI, as well as the shaping approaches to law enforcement. The study highlights the need to develop legal mechanisms for controlling AI emissions and for the active participation of the corporate sector in reducing them. The importance of introducing mechanisms for monitoring the carbon footprint and mandatory reporting of companies on emissions is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the prospects of law enforcement, including the concept of corporate climate responsibility. Specific measures aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of AI are proposed.
Keywords: climate pollution, carbon footprint, artificial intelligence, climate lawsuits, judicial precedents, global digitalization, pollution effects, sustainable development, corporate climate responsibility.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Sitnik A. A. “Green” finance: concept and system // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 2. – P. 63-80. DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2022.135.2.063-080.
2. Vartziotis T., Dellatolas I., Dasoulas G., Schmidt M., Schneider F., Hoffmann T., Kotsopoulos S., Keckeisen M. Authors Info & Claims LLM4Code ’24: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Large Language Models for Code P. – Р. 30-37.
3. Patterson, David & Gonzalez, Joseph & Le, Quoc & Liang, Chen & Munguía, Lluís-Miquel & Rothchild, Daniel & So, David & Texier, Maud & Dean, Jeff. (2021). Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training. 7(1), pp.123-134. DOI:10.48550/arXiv.2104.10350.
4. Strubell, Emma & Ganesh, Ananya & McCallum, Andrew. (2019). Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP. P.p.3645-3650. DOI:10.18653/v1/P19-1355.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BREDIKHIN Anton Viktorovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, leading researcher, Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences
DZYUBAN Valeriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Russian Customs Academy, Lyubertsy
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF INTEGRATION PROCESSES: REGULATORY AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
In the context of rapidly developing globalization and deepening regionalization, characterized by the formation of diverse integration associations of various scales and levels, the study of integration processes is becoming particularly relevant. The increasing interdependence of States, cross-border flows of capital, goods, services and information, as well as the emergence of new geopolitical challenges require a deep understanding of integration mechanisms and the development of effective strategies for managing this complex process. The need for a theoretical and methodological analysis of integration processes is due not only to the complexity of the phenomenon itself, but also to the need to develop adequate tools for forecasting and managing its dynamics. The lack of a sufficiently developed theoretical framework and methodological approaches, especially taking into account the interconnectedness of legal and economic aspects, poses a serious obstacle to effective management of integration processes, which is especially important for Russia, which is actively involved in various integration projects.
Keywords: globalization, integration processes, legal regulation, economic systems.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Asanaliev U. A., Bredikhin A. V. The role of the SCO for the EAEU countries in the modern period // Eurasian Legal Journal. – 2024. – No. 4 (191). – P. 487-488.
2. Baltabaev Zh. R. Policy in the Eurasian space and expansion of the geography of cooperation of the EAEU// Arkhont. – 2024. – No. 6 (45). – P. 28-35.
3. Bredikhin A. V. Eurasian-African dialogue // Diplomatic Bulletin. Law, Economics, Politics. – 2024. – No. 1 (24). – P. 34-45.
4. Wu Meng. The Impact of Sanctions on the Transformation of Business Models of Russian Companies in the Context of Eurasian Integration// Arkhont. – 2024. – No. 10 (49). – pp. 10-15.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
VOPLENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
POLYAKOV Vyacheslav Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
RYABOV Sergey Ivanovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL TECHNOLOGY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
In the article, the authors comprehensively consider the issues of legal technology in law enforcement. The authors analyze the existing approaches to the definition of law enforcement, identify its dependence on the legislative base. Attention is paid to the classification of law enforcement acts depending on various grounds. The authors substantiate the importance of professional legal technique for achieving the goals of law enforcement practice and identify the negative consequences that arise in the event of a lack of it. It is emphasized that law enforcement based on a high level of legal technology and legal awareness is a prerequisite for building an effective legal system.
Keywords: law, legal technique, law enforcement technique, acts of application of law, law enforcement.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Matuzov N. I., Malko A. V. Theory of State and Law: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction and specialty “Jurisprudence”. Moscow: Yurist, 2007. 540 p.
2. Theory of State and Law: a textbook / Ed. P. V. Anisimov. Moscow, 2005. P. 220.
3. Gadzhiev K. A., Kashepov V. P., Kolosova N. M. Constitutional legislation of Russia / Under the general ed. Yu. A. Tikhomirova. M., 1999. P. 193.
4. Khabrieva T. Ya., Lazarev V. V., Gabov A. V. [et al.]. Judicial practice in the modern legal system: monographraffia / Ed. by T. Ya. Khabrieva, V. V. Lazarev. Moscow, 2017. 431 p.
5. Tsetshoev V. K., Shvanderova A. R. Theory of State and Law: textbook. Moscow: Prometheus, 2017. 330 p.
6. Zaloilo M. V. Concretization and interpretation of legal norms: problems of correlation and interaction // Journal of Russian Law. 2010. No. 5. Pp. 105-112.
7. Dobrenkov V. I., Slepenkov I. M. Social management: dictionary / Ed. by V. I. Dobrenkov, I. M. Slepenkov. Moscow, 1994. P. 74.
8. Zeider N. B. Court decision on a civil case. M., 1966. Page 92.
9. Engelman I. E. Course of Russian civil proceedings. Yuryev, 1912. Page 440.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
GAFUROVA Elmira Ravilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Social Management and Security, Udmurt State University, Izhevsk
GOREMYKIN Denis Yurjevich
junior researcher of the Foundation for the Promotion of Science and Education in the field of Law Enforcement “University”
ON THE ISSUE OF THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL NORMS ON RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW
This article is devoted to the study of the role of social norms in the formation and development of criminal law. The paper examines the relationship between changing social values and moral principles, on the one hand, and criminal law, on the other. Criminal law does not exist in a “vacuum”, it actively interacts with moral, cultural and legal norms representing the interests and demands of society. Social norms influence the formation of criminal acts and subsequent sanctions, determining what is considered a crime and what is considered a virtue. In turn, criminal law functions as a mechanism that protects social values, maintaining a certain order and stability in society. This relationship is manifested in the process of codification of criminal legislation, which takes into account public perceptions of justice, moral responsibility and crime prevention. That is why it is important to study the influence of social norms on criminal law.
Keywords: criminal law, criminal law, social norms, morality, law, religious norms, corporate norms, technical norms.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law: In 2 volumes. Moscow, 1981. Vol. 1.
2. Bachiashvili I. M. On the Concept of Social Norm // Law and Law-making: Theoretical Issues / Ed. V. P. Kazimirchuk. M., 1982.
3. Zavyalova N. Yu., Rudenko A. N. On the concept of social norm // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. 2014. No. 10-1. Pp. 1-7.
4. Inaeva D. D. Social norms in the public administration system: classification and relationship // Young scientist. 2017. No. 2 (136). Pp. 309-312.
5. Ishmaev D. F. On the importance of social norms in the system of legal regulation of social relations // Law and statehood. 2024. No. 1 (2). Pp. 13-17.
6. Kashanina T. V. Law in the system of social regulators: is its future so cloudless? // Actual problems of Russian law. 2023. No. 7. P. 11-26.
7. Kudryavtsev V. N. Legal norms and actual behavior // Soviet state and law. 1980. No. 2.
8. Kursaev A. V., Terekhov A. Yu. On some issues of taking into account ethical rules in the construction of criminal law norms // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019. No. 3 (37). P. 283-289.
9. Latypova E. Yu., Gil’manov E. M., Abdullina A. E., Gil’manov R. E. The influence of moral and ethical norms on the content of criminal law norms in the Criminal Code of Russia // VEPS. 2022. No. 1. P. 93-99.
10. Pigolkin A. S. Theory of State and Law: textbook for universities / A. S. Pigolkin, A. N. Golovistikova, Yu. A. Dmitriev; edited by A. S. Pigolkin, Yu. A. Dmitriev. – 4th ed., revised. and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. 516 p.
11. Romashkov R. A. Theory of State and Law: textbook and practical training for universities. – 2nd ed., revised. and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. 478 p.
12. Sudenko V. E. Social justice and criminal law // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. 2017. No. 2. P. 112-118.
13. Suturin M. A. On the issue of social determination of the criminal-legal norm // Siberian legal bulletin. 2005. No. 1. P. 63-65.
14. Theory of state and law: textbook for universities / V. K. Babaev [et al.]; edited by V. K. Babaev. – 5th ed., revised. and additional. Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2024. 620 p.
15. Theory of state and law: a textbook for students in the direction of training 40.03.01 – Jurisprudence (bachelor’s degree) / N. A. Chertova, I. V. Ershova; Northern (Arctic) Federal University. – Electronic text data. Arkhangelsk: NArFU, 2021. 151 p.
16. Criminal law. General part: textbook for universities / A. V. Naumov [et al.]; responsible editorsby A. V. Naumov, A. G. Kibalnik. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. 448 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
RADIONOVA Olga Alexandrovna
senior lecturer, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
MORAL PROBLEMS OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF A LAWYER
The article examines moral problems of professional activities of lawyers, such as conflicts of interest, breach of confidentiality, moral dilemmas in defending defendants in serious crimes, and professional deformation manifested in cynicism and formalism. The purpose of the work is to analyze these problems and find ways to resolve them in order to improve the level of professional ethics in the legal sphere. The research methodology is based on the analysis and synthesis of regulatory legal acts, historical and comparative legal approaches, and systems analysis. As a result, the main moral problems of the legal profession are identified, the evolution of moral principles from antiquity to modern times is traced, and modern methods of regulating professional ethics and resolving moral dilemmas are considered. Recommendations are proposed for improving legal education, strengthening the legal regulation of professional ethics, and integrating international ethical standards into the national legal system.
Keywords: professional ethics of a lawyer, moral problems, conflict of interests, confidentiality, moral dilemmas, professional deformation, legal education, regulation of ethics.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer (adopted by the First All-Russian Congress of Lawyers on January 31, 2003) (as amended on April 15, 2021).
2. Code of Professional Ethics of Notaries in the Russian Federation (approved by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on August 12, 2019, January 19, 2016) (as amended on April 23, 2019).
3. Code of Judicial Ethics (approved by the VIII All-Russian Congress of Judges on December 19, 2012) (as amended on December 1, 2022).
4. Basic Principles Relating to the Role of Lawyers (adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, August 27 – September 7, 1990).
5. Borovkov A.V., Karaev S. T. Modern problems of moral regulation of the activities of a lawyer in the Russian Federation // Legal sciences: problems and prospects: materials of the II Int. scientific conf. (Perm, January 2014). – Perm: Mercury, 2014. – Pp. 74-76.
6. Kant I. Fundamentals of the metaphysics of morality // Works in six volumes. – M .: Mysl. – Vol. 4, Part I. – Pp. 211-310.
7. Kuptsova O. V., Tsukarev A. E. Moral qualities of a lawyer // Ogarev-Online. – 2017. – No. 3 (92). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nravstvennye-kachestva-yurista (date of access: 11/12/2024).
8. Kyrlan M. P. Professional moral deformation of lawyers as a threat to public safety: new challenges for the education system // Security issues. – 2024. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professionalnaya-nravstvennaya-deformatsiya-yuristov-kak-ugroza-obschestvennoy-bezopasnosti-novye-vyzovy-dlya-sistemy-obrazovaniya (date of access: 11/13/2024).
9. Solovieva P. V. Professional ethics of a lawyer: the relationship between the professionalism of a judge and his moral and ethical qualities // Legal Concept. – 2017. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professionalnaya-etika-yurista-sootnoshenie-professionalizma-sudi-i-ego-nravstvenno-moralnyh-kachestv (date of access: 11/13/2024).
10. Solum L. B. Jurisprudence of virtues: the theory of judging focused on virtue // Metaphilosophy. – 2003. – Vol. 34, Issue. 1-2. – P. 178.
11. Fedorov M. V. Conflict of interest and its objectification in the Russian legal system: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.01 / FGAOU VO “Belgorod State National Research University”. – Belgorod, 2021.
12. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Part I. Questions 1-43. – Kyiv: Nika-Center; M .: Elkor-MK, 2002.
13. Shmatova E. S., Zolotareva L. I. The Importance of Codes of Ethics for Representatives of Legal Professions // Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science. – 2018. – No. 5 (107). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/znachenie-kodeksov-etiki-dlya-predstaviteley-yuridicheskih-professiy (date of access: 12.11.2024).
14. Lesaffer R. Amicitia in Renaissance Peace and Alliance Treaties // Journal of the History of International Law. – 2002. – No. 4. – Pp. 77-99.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SAMOYLOVA Zhanna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
KOCHETKOVA Irena Vitaljevna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
ANTI-CORRUPTION CONSCIOUSNESS AND ANTI-CORRUPTION WORLDVIEW AS ONE OF THE DIRECTIONS OF FORMATION OF AN ACTIVE CIVIC POSITION
The insufficient effectiveness of anti-corruption measures and the need to involve civil society in the fight against corruption are one of the important tasks of our time, which makes the research topic especially relevant.
This article analyzes the anti-corruption consciousness and worldview as the most important foundations for the formation of a civic position, contributing to the awareness of citizens of their responsibility and role in the fight against corruption.
The formation of an intolerant attitude towards corruption is considered as the basis and necessary condition for the functioning of democratic institutions.
Keywords: anti-corruption worldview, anti-corruption consciousness, intolerant attitude to corruption, civil society, corruption prevention measures, social activity, civic position, democracy, anti-corruption.
Article bibliography
1. Novikov V. A., Sigarev A. V. Corruption, extremism and terrorism: facets of interrelation and interdependence in modern society // Baikal Research Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 14, No. 3.
2. Damm I. A. Anti-corruption criminological security as a new direction of scientific research // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2021. – No. 6.
3. Boskholov S. S. The fight against corruption: myths and reality, hopes and prospects // All-Russian criminological journal. – 2010. – No. 2.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
THE POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MASS COMMUNICATION
This article analyses the role of mass communications as a key factor in the formation of political culture of modern society. The relevance of the topic of the article is conditioned by the ongoing geopolitical changes and rapid development of information technologies, which significantly affects the nature and scope of communication processes. This study reveals the relationship between theoretical concepts of mass communication and real political processes, demonstrating their significance for understanding the modern political reality.
Keywords: mass communication, political culture, mass communication theories, political communication, social theories.
Article bibliography
1. Arkhipov S. V. The state as a system-forming element of the political system of society // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 35-57.
2. Vershinin M. S. Political communication in the information society. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house – Mikhailova V. A. 2001. – 252 p.
3. Ivlev S. V. Social and political communications in the context of ideological discourse // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Humanities. – 2022. – Vol. 15, No. 2. – P. 244-253.
4. Komarov E. N. Mass media vs. social reality // Humanities and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 87-95.
5. Konetskaya V. P. Sociology of communications. – M.: International University of Business and Management. – 1997. – 304 p.
6. Levada Yu. A. Works: sociological essays 1993-2000. [compiled by T. V. Levada]. 2nd ed., revised. – M .: Publisher Karpov E. V., 2011. – 506 p.
7. Maksimova E. N., Garas L. N. Dysfunctions of the political system as factors of political instability // Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 76-83.
8. Mikhailova O. V., Kovalchuk S. K. Modern trends in the development of political online communication // Public administration. Electronic Bulletin. – 2018. – No. 69. – P. 8-25.
9. Nevskaya T. A. Civil Activism as a Resource of Political Administration of the Media Space: Russian and International Experience // Sociodynamics. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 18-29.
10. Pimenov N. P. Comparative Analysis of Western and Domestic Approaches to Defining Modern Political Communications // Science and the World. – 2014. – No. 11. – P. 177-179.
11. Sharkov F. I. Political Communication in the Modern Information Society // PolitBook. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 121-130.
12. Schwarzenberg R.-J. Political Sociology. In 3 parts // Part 1. – M .: Publishing house “Prosveshchenie”, 1992. – 174 p.
13. Shcherbina V. V. Sociology of management as a special sociological-regulatory theory: genesis, growth, prospects // Sociological studies. – 2020. – Vol. 5, No. 5. – P. 56-66.
14. Gurevitch M., Blumler J. G. Political Communication Systems and Democratic Values // Democracy and the Mass Media. – New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1990. -RUR 271
15. Norris P. Political communications. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Political%20Communications%20encyclopedia2.pdf.
16. Political Communication in Postmodern Democracy: Challenging the Primacy of Politics // Ed. by K. Brants, K. Voltmer. – UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. – P. 3-4.
17. Pye L. Political Communication // The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Institutions. Oxford. – NY: Blackwell Reference, 1987. – 442 rubles
18. Schulz W. Political Communication // The Concise Encyclopedia of Communication. – NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. – 460 rub.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DZHURAEVA Manizhakhon Khakimdzhonovna
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN KUWAIT
The article discusses the situation of women’s rights in Kuwait and analyzes the legal framework that affects them. It also compares key norms that affect their position in society and concludes that despite economic development, the issue of gender inequality and discrimination remains relevant and requires attention from local and international organizations. The article notes that religious norms, traditions, and customs that infringe on women’s rights make Kuwait one of the most backward countries in terms of protecting women’s rights. While the Constitution guarantees equality between men and women through secular norms, there are conflicting provisions in the Criminal Code and Citizenship Act of 1959 that contradict this principle. These findings suggest that Kuwait is undergoing a transformation and needs to reform its legislation to align it with the Constitution.
Keywords: Kuwait, women’s rights, gender inequality, discrimination, legislative framework, Constitution, Criminal Code, Law on Citizenship.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Global Gender Gap Report 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf (date of visit: 12/16/2024).
2. Global Gender Gap Report 2022 // World Economic Forum. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf (date of access: 20.12.2024).
3. Nationality Law, 1959. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1959/en/17674 (date of visit: 16.12.2024).
4. Kuwait Constitution // Wikisource. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kuwait_Constitution (date of access: 16.12.2024).
5. Procedures Law and penal trials // Legislations And Laws. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoenglish/Forms/QanoonAlIjraat.pdf (date accessed: 16.12.2024).
6. THEMATIC REPORT ON MUSLIM FAMILY LAW AND MUSLIM WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN KUWAIT // United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/DownloadDraft.aspx?key=YT9VK9E6jAj6S4CPg6EyUlm0Xq8CjcB1sZBrKTUvP5Gb2B+R+/2D589GD0vTKfTDVTqnniTxT4d21Wd6GoKIHQ== (Accessed: 20.12.2024).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KASUMOV Nikhad Firdovsiovich
postgraduate student, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
THE CATEGORY OF “ELECTRONIC JUSTICE” IN THE INTERPRETATION OF RUSSIAN THINKERS
The article attempts to theoretically comprehend and clarify the terminology of such a phenomenon of modern reality as electronic justice. E-justice enhances transparency and speeds up the judicial process by facilitating the exchange of information and documentation between participants in the process. In modern legal discursive practice, the topic of electronic justice often develops through the analysis and description of its individual components. This mechanism is a list of individual tools and processes that are used within the law enforcement system to manage and present data in digital form. Based on this approach to the description, it can be stated that there is still no unified understanding of electronic justice as an integral phenomenon.
Keywords: electronic justice, court, state, law, information technology, digitalization.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. The concept of the information policy of the judicial system for 2020 – 2030 (approved by the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation on 05.12.2019) // SPS ConsultantPlus, 2024
2. Federal Law of 25.06.2012 No. 86-FZ (as amended on 02.03.2016) “On Amendments to the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Improvement of Simplified Proceedings” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. No. 144. 27.06.201
3. Order of the JudicialDepartment under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 26.11.2015 No. 362 (as amended on 28.08.2019) “On approval of the List of basic concepts and terms used in regulatory legal acts of the Judicial Department governing the use of information and telecommunication technologies in the activities of courts, departments of the Judicial Department in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and institutions of the Judicial Department” // Bulletin of acts on the judicial system. 2015. No. 2.
4. Gadzhieva F. R., Pankratova D. A. Prospects for the development of electronic justice in the Russian Federation // Actual problems of modern science: IV International scientific and practical conference. – M., 2015. – P. 19.
5. Makarenko O. N. “Electronic justice” in Russia // Problems of legal science in the context of modern socio-economic development of Russia: materials of the interregional scientific and practical conference of students, young scientists, postgraduates, teachers. – Rostov n / D .: Publishing house of Rostov state economic University “RINH”, 2009. – 172 p.
6. Chernykh I.I. Reflections on electronic justice // Judicial reform and problems of development of civil and arbitration procedural legislation: materials of the international. scientific and practical conference. – M .: RAP, 2012. – 130 p.
7. Electronic civil proceedings in Russia: strokes of the concept: Monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – 185 p.
8. Averbakh E. Yu. Legal basis for the creation and development of electronic justice in the Russian Federation // Science of the XXI century: current directions of development. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 249.
9. Antonov Ya. V. Legal characteristics of electronic justice as a project of electronic democracy in the context of international practice and the impact of electronic justice on ensuring the independence and impartiality of judicial authorities // Management consulting. – 2015. – No. 6 (78). – P. 63.
10. Arkhipova Yu. V. Submission of documents in electronic form is a component of the philosophy of electronic justice // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. Special supplement. To the VIII All-Russian Congress of Judges. – December 17-19, 2012. – P. 62
11. Blagovatnaya E. Yu. Problems of Development of Information and Communication Technologies and Electronic Justice in Civil Procedure // Science Diary. – 2022. – No. 4 (64).
12. Gasanzade Sh. Sh. Electronic Justice and Electronic Legal Proceedings // Scientific Horizons. – 2019. – No. 5-1 (21). – P. 118.
13. Guryeva E. A. Electronic Justice in the Civilization Paradigm of the Information Society and the Electronic State // Actual Problems of Civil Law. – 2023. – No. 2 (22). – P. 238.
14. Guseva T. A., Solovieva A. Yu. Electronic Legal Proceedings // Law and Economics. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 67.
15. Zhdanova Yu. A. Legal nature of electronic justice and its place in the system of institutions of the information society // Administrative law and process. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 80.
16. Interview with I. S. Solovyov “Electronic justice is by no means a reform” // Law. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 41.
17. Ponomarenko V. A. Federal Law No. 86-FZ is an important step towards electronic justice // Law. – 2012. – No. 10. – P. 129.
18. Romanenkova S. V. The concept of electronic justice, its genesis and implementation in law enforcement practice of foreign countries // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 26.
19. Sidorov Yu. V. Differences in understanding the essence of electronic justice in Russia and abroad // Scientific notes of Petrozavodsk State University. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 108.
20. Teleshina N. N. Implementation of electronic justice in Russia (on the example of the Arbitration Court of the Vladimir Region) // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 47.
21. Umanskaya K. A. The problem of defining the concept of “electronic legal proceedings” // Derzhavin Forum. – 2022. – Vol. 6, No. 3. – P. 473.
22. Yarkov V. V. Electronic justice // EZh-Yurist. – 2006. – No. 41. – P. 25.
23. Shcherbakova L. G. On the issue of the relationship between the concepts of “electronic justice”, “electronic legal proceedings” and “court informatization” in civil cases // Legal Culture. – 2022. – No. 3 (50). – P. 53.
24. Judicial portal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sudportal.ru/home (date of access: 06.06.2024).
25. Sharaev S. Yu. Electronic justice: results and prospects. Internet interview. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://wwwgarant.ru/action/regional/271319/ (date of access: 03/12/2024).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
NURISLAMOV Alexey Salikhzyanovich
adjunct of History and theory of state and law sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
STATEHOOD AND THE STATE: THE RELATION OF CONCEPTS
The article raises the question of the correlation between the concepts of “statehood” and “state” actively used in legal and other literature. In the author’s opinion, these concepts are not identical. A conceptually meaningful solution to the issue is proposed. There are grounds to consider statehood in unity with citizenship as a rich and purposeful movement in which the idea of the state is central. In the light of this movement, the state is the main factor in the functioning and development of a socially and politically organized Russian society. Figuratively speaking, the state is the legal roof for the economic and social components of this movement. At the same time, it (the state) appears as the basis for legalized political structures designed to solve various tasks within the framework of law aimed at ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the welfare and happiness of the people, the civil nation. In the key of the above, denote.
Keywords: statehood, state, Russia, national security, integration, social integrity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Tikhomirov L. A. Monarchical statehood. – M., 1905.
2. Atamanchuk G. V. New state: searches, illusions, possibilities. – M.: “Slavic dialogue”, 1996.
3. Chirkin V. E. Modern state. – M.: International relations, 2011.
4. Kravets I. A. Constitutionalism and Russian statehood at the beginning of the twentieth century. – M.: IVC “Marketing”; Novosibirsk: OOO “Izdatelstvo YUKEA”, 2000.
5. Zotova Z. M. Power and society: problems of interaction / Under the general editorship of S. A. Popov. – M.: ICF “Omega-L”, 2001.
6. Sergeytsev T. Kulikov D, Mostovoy P. Ideology of Russian statehood. Continent Russia. – St. Petersburg: Pitekr, 2020.
7. Yamalov M.B. Ideological aspects of preserving the unity and integrity of the Russian state // Eurasianism: problems of comprehension (based on the results of the international scientific conference of September 14-15, 2002). – Ufa: Eastern University, 2002.
8. State Assembly – Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan: history of formation and development. – Ufa, 2010.
9. Gataullin A.G., Zainutdinov D.R. Soviet-Russian constitutionalism and Tatar statehood. – Kazan. OOO PC “Astor i Ya”, 2019. – P. 6, 8, 9, 21, 22, etc.
10. Rayanov F.M. Political philosophy of statehood. – Ufa, 1984. – P. 19.
11. Morozova L. A. Theory of State and Law. A refresher course in questions and answers. – Moscow: NORMA Publishing House, 2003. – P. 30.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SOLTANI Bahrehmand Somayyeh
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia
THE INTERSECTION OF LAW AND POLITICS IN PRACTICE: CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS
Law and politics are intertwined, with changes in one often leading to changes in the other. Despite this overlap, a distinction needs to be made from the state’s perspective. The law acts as a guide for citizens and differentiates itself from morality and social conventions. It regulates behavior and plays a crucial role in policy implementation. Law can also be seen as a tool for ruling classes to control society and reflect prevailing political ideologies. Law and politics have shaped humanity throughout history, people influencing’s behavior and their desire for freedom. Aristotle described them as interconnected, with law being a political instrument for governance. This relationship is well-explained by Hegel’s concept of the state’s political resolve, where even explicit laws can be influenced or created based on this resolve.
Keywords: law and politics intersection, legal decision-making, political influence, legal realism, judicial review.
References
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12. Zollmann, Florian. “We Are There at Their Invitation”: Struggles for Legitimacy During the US Coalition Invasion–Occupation of Iraq // Local Legitimacy and International Peacebuilding. – 2020. – Access mode: https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-local-legitimacy-and-international-peacebuilding-hb.html.
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THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
RADIONOVA Olga Alexandrovna
senior lecturer, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL EXPERT INDEPENDENCE
The article is dedicated to the current and acute problems of the independence of forensic examination. The author considers the concept of “forensic examination”, what types it can be. The paper analyzes the main legal documents and literary sources devoted to this topic. The author has studied the scientific works of recent years, the opinions of modern specialists and scientists are given. The article lists in detail and reveals the main problems of forensic examination: insufficient autonomy, dependence on prosecutorial authorities (inquiries, investigative committees), higher-level managers, the media, lack of security of experts, insufficient competence of specialists, self-interest and bias. Based on the conducted research, the author suggests realistic and effective ways to solve the problems posed: the transformation of the legal framework, the creation of autonomous expert services unrelated to the prosecution, the introduction of laws ensuring the safety of experts, improving their qualification level.
Keywords: forensic examination, independence, criminal proceedings, legislation, legal framework, problems, security.
Article bibliography
1. Volynsky A. F. The principle of procedural independence of forensic experts: why should it not be extended to law enforcement experts? // Academic Thought. – 2019. – No. 3 (8). – P. 92-96.
2. Voronov N. A. The role of an expert in criminal proceedings // Epomen. – 2022. – No. 70. – P. 50-55.
3. Gvozdeva I. S. The Problem of Independence of a Forensic Expert in Cases Involving Representatives of the Mass Media // Gramota. – 2014. – No. 9 (47): in 2 parts. Part II. – P. 42-45. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gramota.net/articles/issn_1997-292X_2014_9-2_08.pdf (date of access: 11.11.2024).
4. Gerasimov N. Yu. On the Issue of Independence of Expertise. On the Need to Remove Experts Conducting Expertise in Criminal Cases from the Subordination of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation // Advocate Newspaper. Body of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation. – 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advgazeta.ru/mneniya/k-voprosu-o-nezavisimosti-ekspertizy/ (date of access: 11.11.2024).
5. Golovanova I. V. Expert activity in criminal proceedings: problems of legal regulation and practical implementation. – M.: Legal Center Press, 2019.
6. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (as amended on 24.06.2013) (as amended, effective from 01.02.2022).
7. Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. – M.: Legal Literature, 2014. – 63 p.
8. Poludina K. A., Belosludtseva M. P. Expert as a participant in criminal proceedings: problems of procedural status // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 23 (470). – P. 365-368. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/470/103842/ (date accessed: 11.11.2024).
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11. Federal Law of May 31, 2001 No. 73-FZ “On State Forensic Activity in the Russian Federation” (with amendments and additions). Chapter I. General Provisions (Articles 1-13). Article 7. Independence of the Expert.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
PRODUCTION OF TELEVISION COMMUNICATIVE EVENT AS A MECHANISM OF REALIZATION OF ROLE PRACTICES OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS
This article attempts to comprehensively analyze the television communicative event as a specific form of political communication. It explores how the production of TV programs and news stories becomes a tool for constructing political reality and shaping the identities of political subjects. It analyzes the discursive practices used in television discourse, as well as the ways in which political messages are framed. The study offers an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the television communicative event, combining the methods of political science, sociology and media studies.
Keywords: political communication, communicative event, television events, political leader, media, audience, manipulation, public opinion.
Article bibliography
1. Bakeeva D. A., Yashina A. R. The role of media psychology in the social construction of reality (on the example of modern Russian television programs) // Ogarev-Online. – 2018. – No. 16. – P. 1-8.
2. Bitner I. A. Principles of effective communication and stylistic features of English-language discourse on the example of modern political debates // Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V. P. Astafiev. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 220-229.
3. Isaeva S. N. Communicative strategy of evasion in television discourse: problems of analysis // Philological sciences. Theoretical and practical issues. – 2020. -V. 13, No. 7. – P. 243-247.
4. Karpiy S. V., Ashur H. Yu. “Ether” and “broadcasting”: etymology, essence, characteristicsconcepts // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Literary criticism, journalism. – 2020. – Vol. 25, No. 1. – P. 163-167.
5. Kuznetsova E. I. Phenomenon of digital mediatization: axiological aspect of social communication // Humanitarian vector. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 2. – P. 154-160.
6. Mogilevich B. R. Phenomenon of communicative personality in the context of intercultural communication // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Series: Regional studies: philosophy, history, sociology, jurisprudence, political science, cultural studies. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 78-84.
7. Rubtsova E. V., Devdariani N. V. Features of the speech culture of mass media representatives: communicative competence as a way of influencing the recipient // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 10, No. 2. – P. 255-258.
8. Tolstikov V. A., Kashina T. L., Izvekova Yu. S. The role and essence of the concept of “communication” in the context of the formation of an open information society // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 59-64.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
BOCHAROV Vitaliy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Russian University of Cooperation, Krasnodar Institute (branch)
KLIMOV Andrey Yurjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, chief researcher of the Research Center, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
TASKS, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND LEGAL BASIS OF POLICE ACTIVITY IN THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE WAR (JUNE 22, 1941 – NOVEMBER 18, 1942)
The article examines the first period of the Great Patriotic War, which covered the second half of 1941 and up to November 1942, which is characterized not only by organizational changes in the functioning of the police, but also by the increasing complexity of forms and methods of combating crime, the growth of which was due to wartime factors. The article notes a significant expansion of police functions in the first period of the war. They performed multifaceted tasks that covered issues of a mobilization, organizational, and law enforcement nature. A wide range of powers, organization and efficiency, and the interaction of the police with other government agencies were important factors in the effective functioning of the entire system of government.
Keywords: the fight against crime, public order, the police, the NKVD, the Great Patriotic War.
Article bibliography
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2. Lubyanka VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB 1917-1960. Handbook. – Moscow, 1997.
3. Petrov N. V., Skorkin K. V. Who Led the NKVD 1934-1941. Handbook / Ed. by N. G. Okhotin and A. B. Roginsky. – M., 1999.
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5. Collection of Laws and Orders of the Workers ‘and Peasants’ Government of the USSR for 1931, No. 33. Section One. – M., 1931. – Art. 247.
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9. Demidov A. Ensuring economic security during the Great Patriotic War / Lubyanka: ensuring the economic security of the state. 2nd edition. – M.: Moya Rossiya, Kuchkovo Pole, 2005.
10. GARF. – F. R-9415. – Op. 3. – D. 12a.
11. United State Archives of the Chelyabinsk Region (OGACHO). – F. P-288. – Op. 7. – D. 217.
12. Grigut A. E. The role and place of the NKVD of the USSR in the implementation of the criminal-legal policy of the Soviet state during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945): Dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 1999.
13. Shatilov S. P. Activities of the militia of Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (historical and legal aspect): Dis. … Cand. of Law. – St. Petersburg, 2001.
14. Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI). – F. 644. – Op. 1. – D. 9.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
BURGANOVA Guzel Vilsurovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal process and criminology sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
RAKHIMOVA Ralina Ildarovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal process and criminology sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTION OF PROSECUTION IN THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCESS
The article examines the historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of the institution of maintaining charges in domestic legislation. A comprehensive understanding of this most important procedure of criminal proceedings presupposes a systematic understanding of its historical and legal content at various stages of the development of domestic criminal procedure and criminal law legislation.
Moving on to the historical analysis of the formation and development of the institution of prosecution in the criminal procedural law of the Russian Federation, it should be noted that the general history of the Russian criminal process can be divided into pre-reform (before the judicial reform of 1864), post-reform (from 1864 to 1917), Soviet (from 1917 to 2001) and modern stages (from 2002 to the present) [1].
In our opinion, within the framework of such periodization, it is advisable to study the issues of this article.
Taking into account the analysis of legal sources, comparing the scientific points of view of pre-revolutionary and modern authors, a conclusion is made about the formation in pre-revolutionary Russia of the prosecutor as a procedural figure, simultaneously performing two functions during pre-trial proceedings: criminal prosecution and supervision.
Keywords: history of development, defense lawyer, prosecution, accused, investigation, parties to the hearing.
Article bibliography
1. Serdechnaya R. G. Involvement as an accused and the implementation of the principles of criminal procedure: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law). Volgograd, 1999. Page 11.
2. Russkaya Pravda / Collection of the most important monuments on the history of ancient Russian law. St. Petersburg, 1859. P. 138-151.
3. Mukhametshin F. B. Organizational and legal foundations for the formation and development of the institutions of prosecution and defense in legal proceedings in Russia (IX – early XX centuries): Abstract of a PhD in Law. St. Petersburg, 2015. P. 12.
4. Barshev Ya. M. Grounds for criminal proceedings. St. Petersburg, 1841. P. 107, 134-137
5. Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. Vol. 15. St. Petersburg, 1842.
6. Charter of Criminal Procedure / Russian Legislation of the X-XX Centuries. Volume 8. Judicial Reform. Moscow: Jurid. lit., 1991. Page 120.
7. Green I. V. Rights and Obligations in Criminal Procedure. M., 1912. Pages 8-9.
8. Makalinsky P. V. Practical Guide for Forensic Investigators. St. Petersburg, 1907. Pages 370, 409, 386
9. Shadrin V. S. Ensuring Individual Rights in Crime Investigation. Volgograd, 1997. Page 103.
10. Charter of Criminal Procedure / Russian Legislation of the 10th-20th Centuries. Pages 147, 152, 159, 164-165, 166-168.
11. Charter of Criminal Procedure / Russian Legislation of the 10th-20th Centuries. P. 304.
12. Foinitsky I. Ya. Course of Russian Criminal Procedure, compiled based on lectures of Professor of St. Petersburg University I. Ya. Foinitsky / Published by Ya. Kudritsky and D. Bogoslovsky. St. Petersburg, 1884-1885. TII. P. 316-317.
13. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR of 22.11.1917 // Collection of Laws and Orders of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the RSFSR. 1917. No. 4. Art. 50.
14. Regulation on Revolutionary Tribunals of 12 April 1919 / History of the legislation of the USSR and the RSFSR on criminal procedure and the organization of the court and prosecutor’s office: collection of documents. M., 1995. Page 84.
15. Instructions for People’s Investigators on Conducting Preliminary Investigations. Voronezh, 1920. Page 90.
16. Strogovich M.S., Karnitsky D.A. Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. Text and Article-by-Article Commentary / Ed. N. Ya. Nekhamkin. M: Legal Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, 1925. Page 154.
17. On Approval of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR (together with the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR): Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of February 15, 1923 // Collection of Laws of the RSFSR. 1923. No. 7. – Art. 106.
18. Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR (approved by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on October 27, 1960) // Code of Laws of the RSFSR. Vol. 8. Art. 613.
19. Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR / Ed. V. I. Radchenko; Ed. V. T. Tomin. – 2nd ed., revised. and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait, 1999. P. 260.
20. On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR: Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of June 26, 1972 // Vedomosti of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. 1972. No. 26. Art. 663.
21. Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (adopted by the USSR Supreme Soviet on October 7, 1977) // Vedomosti of the USSR Supreme Soviet. 1977. No. 41. Art. 617.
22. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of December 18, 2001 N 174-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2001. No. 52 (Part I). Art. 4921.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
GARASHCHENKO Alexander Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Nevinnomyssk Institute of Economics, Management and Law
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTION OF GOVERNORSHIP IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The ongoing legal reform, as well as political changes caused domestic, among other things, by geopolitical threats and risks, actualize research in the field of the domestic management system. Taking into account the peculiarities of the federal structure, the key role in the distribution of powers between the center and the regions is played by the institution of governorship, as well as the norms regulating the procedure for filling the positions of heads of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the scope of their competence. The author, using a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition, placing a specific historical approach as the basis for the study, analyzes the historical aspects of the evolution of the institution of governorship in the Russian Empire. This institution has a rich history of its development, and therefore is of interest to modern historical and legal science. The conclusion is formulated that the patterns of transformation of the institution of governorship in the Russian Empire should be taken into account today in the process of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of a single system of public authority in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: institution of governorship, federal system, Russian Empire, system of public authority, executive power.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 No. 6-FKZ, of 30.12.2008 No. 7-FKZ, of 05.02.2014 No. 2-FKZ, of 21.07.2014 No. 11-FKZ, of 14.03.2020 No. 1-FKZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. December 25, 1993, No. 237 (original text).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03.10.1994 No. 1969 “On measures to strengthen the unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation” (as amended on 17.06.2000 No. 1110) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation from 1994, No. 24, Art. 2598.
3. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional Law of Russia: in 2 volumes. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma; INFRA-M, 2010. – Vol. 1. – 863 p.
4. Garkusha P. I. Historical and Legal Aspects of the Institute of Governorship in Russia // News of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasus Region. Social Sciences. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 92-94.
5. Drozdova A. M. Institute of Governorship in Russia // Subjects of the Russian Federation: Legislation, Organization of Power and Administration. – 2000. – No. 6. – P. 61-66.
6. Zubkov S. V. Some historical aspects of the formation of the institution of governorship in pre-revolutionary Russia // Social and humanitarian knowledge as a factor in the modernization of the state and society: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference of February 28, 2019. Part 2. – Belgorod, 2019. – P. 140-146.
7. Karnishina N. G. Institute of governorship in the Russian Empire in the 1850-1890s // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Humanities. – 2015. – No. 2 (34). – P. 12-22.
8. Manko A. V. Guardians of the supreme power: the institution of governorship in Russia. Historical essay. – M.: Agraf, 2004. – 236 p.
9. Soloviev D. S. Institute of Governorship in the Context of Transformation of Russian Statehood // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Political Science. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 151-161.
10. Shapsugov D. Yu. Problems of Theory and History of Power, Law and State. – M.: “YURIST”. – 2003. – 685 pp.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
KOKORIN Valeriy Yurjevich
senior lecturer of Civil and labor law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
FEATURES OF A NUMBER OF CODIFICATION WORKS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
This article studies codification works carried out in the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century; the main stages and directions of systematization of the Russian legislation are considered, the reasons and prerequisites of codification are analyzed, as well as its importance for the development of the legal system of the country; special attention is paid to the activities of M.M. Speransky and his role in the creation of the Complete Collection of Laws and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire; the influence of codification works on the formation of Russian jurisprudence and public administration in the period under consideration is highlighted.
Keywords: codification, Russian Empire, legislation, systematization of law, complete collection of laws, legal system, jurisprudence, public administration.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Tomsinov V. A. Rossician legal scholars of the 18th-20th centuries: Essays on their lives and works. Moscow: Zertsalo, 2007.
2. Kodan S. V. Legal policy of the Russian state in the 1800-1850s: figures, ideas, institutions. Yekaterinburg: UrAGS, 2005.
3. Maikov P. M. On the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg: Type II Department of the Proper. His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery, 1905.
4. Kornev A. V., Borisov A. V. Legal thought and legal education in pre-revolutionary Russia. Moscow: Eksmo, 2005.
5. Shebanov A. F. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire (from the history of the systematization of legislation in Russia) // Proceedings of the All-Russian Juridical Institute. T. 14. M., 1970.
6. Raskin D. I. Historical realities of Russian statehood and Russian civil society in the 19th century // From the history of Russian culture. T. V (19th century). M.: Languages of Russian culture, 1996.
7. Grigoriev V. A. Reform of local government under Catherine II. St. Petersburg: Russian quick-printing press, 1910.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Felix Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation, St. Petersburg
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND VIEWS OF PETER KROPOTKIN
This article analyzes the political views of Peter Kropotkin, an outstanding theorist of anarchist thought. Particular attention is paid to his approach to issues of social justice, freedom, solidarity, as well as his positions regarding the state, revolutionary processes and national issues. The author notes the modern significance of Kropotkin’s ideas and their contribution to the development of political theory.
Keywords: Peter Kropotkin, anarchism, communism, state, mutual aid, national question.
Article bibliography
1. Kropotkin P. A. The state and its role in history // Anthology of world political thought: in 5 volumes. Vol. 4: Political thought in Russia. The second half of the XIX-XX centuries. – M.: Mysl, 1997. – 63 p.
2. Kropotkin P. A. Communism and Anarchy // Anthology of World Legal Thought: in 5 volumes. Volume 5: Russia. Late 19th-20th centuries. – M.: Mysl, 1999. – 23 p.
3. Kropotkin P. A. Morality, Law, Politics // Ethics. Selected Works. – M.: Politizdat, 1991. – 493 p.
4. Kropotkin P. A. Thoughts, Judgments, Assessments // Ethics. Selected Works. – M.: Politizdat, 1991. – 264 p.
5. Kropotkin P. A. Rebel’s Speech. – M.; Pg., 1921. – 160 p.
6. Kropotkin P. A. Economics and Law // Ethics. Selected Works. – M .: Politizdat, 1991. – 496 p.
7. Ksenofontov V. N. P. A. Kropotkin’s Views on State Power and Its Fate (Socio-Philosophical Analysis) // Social and Political Sciences. – 2021. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzglyady-p-a-kropotkina-na-gosudarstvennuyu-vlast-i-ee-sudbu-sotsialno-filosofskiy-analiz (date of access: November 26, 2024).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
KAZIEV Ramiz Efendievich
adjunct, Faculty of Training of Scientific and Scientific-pedagogical Personnel, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEST AS A FORM OF LEGAL POSITION
The article examines the Historiography of protest development as a form of legal position. Four historical stages that the legal category under study has overcome are highlighted and substantiated. The historical retrospective is revealed through the works of leading philosophers and lawyers who substantiate the essence of this phenomenon. In conclusion, the article presents a modern view of protest and its structural components.
Keywords: legal protest, legal behavior, non-normative legal act, legal position.
Article bibliography
1. Bacon F. Experiments, or Moral and Political Instructions. Works: in 2 volumes / Comp., general editorship and introduction by A. L. Subbotin. 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged. – M.: Mysl, 1978. – Vol. 2. – 574 p.
2. Hobbes T. Philosophical Foundations of the Doctrine of the Citizen. – M.: AST; Minsk: Harvest, 2001. – 304 p.
3. Ilyin I. S. Etymology of “protest” and the content of the “right to protest” // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – Pp. 60-69.
4. Kerimov A. A., Lugovtsov M. M. Political protest: theoretical and methodological approaches and interpretations // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series Sociology. Political Science. – 2020. – Vol. 20, No. 2. – Pp. 202-206.
5. Marx K., Engels F. Selected Works. In three volumes. – M.: Politizdat, 1985. – 1817 p.
6. Merton R. Social Theory and Social Structure. – M., 2006. 873 p.
7. Plato. The State. Book 8. // Librusek. Many books. [Electronic resource]. – Access modepa: http://lib.ru/POEEAST/PLATO/gosudarstvo.txt (date of access: 27.10.2024).
8. Repyev A. G. Overcoming the crisis of professional legal culture and legal consciousness of subjects with legal advantages, as a direction of legal policy // Legal Culture. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 20-29.
9. Russo J.-J. Treatises. – M., “Science”, 1969. – 704 p.
10. Safronov V. V. Potential of protest and democratic perspective // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. – 1998. – No. 4. – P. 117.
11. Schulz E. E. Political Theory of Social Protest from Aristotle to Hobbes // Privolzhsky Scientific Bulletin. – 2014. – No. 1 (29). – pp. 118-124.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
MEZHUEV Roman Andreevich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF LABOR DISPUTES IN ENGLAND AND WALES
The present study is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of labor disputes in England and Wales, considering them through the prism of substantive and procedural law. In the context of globalization and transformation of the labor market, the relevance of the work is conditioned by the need not only to systematize the current legal mechanisms, but also to forecast future challenges for labor law. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of labour conflicts, which makes it possible to propose reasonable solutions for legislative and law enforcement practice. In addition, the study contributes to the study of the historical development of labour disputes in the region, and considers the potential of integrating international experience to improve the effectiveness of labour conflict resolution.
Keywords: historical development, legal framework, England and Wales, labour disputes, modern judicial system.
Article bibliography
1. Aparova T. V. Courts and judicial process in the UK. England. Wales. Scotland. – M .: Triada. Ltd, 1996.
2. Ermakova E. P. Reforms of civil proceedings, arbitration and mediation in foreign countries 2014-2018 (Australia, England, Germany, Canada, USA, France): monograph. – M.: Infotropic, 2018. – 92 p.
3. Karpov O. I. Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service: Role in Labor Disputes // Law and Labor. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 89-103.
4. Klimov I. V. Legal Requirements from a Contractual Guarantee of Compensation for Losses (Compensation) under English Law: Views and Current Trends // Bulletin of the Saratov State Military Academy. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 248-252.
5. Rusakova E. P. Diversity of Methods for Resolving Trade Disputes as a Factor in the Efficiency of International Commercial Arbitration in Russia and England // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 68-74.
6. Smolnikova E. O. Concept and legal nature of International commercial arbitration // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal sciences. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 123-128.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
MIAO Zhuoran
postgraduate student of Theory of the state and law and political science, Law Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
INTERACTION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA WITH THE STATE
The article discusses the fact that since the creation of the party, its responsibility and mission have been in the interaction of the state and society. The Communist Party of China, guided by Marxism, completed the transformation of the form of the state in the process of reorganizing the state and society, and really led the historical process of China’s modern state-building. It is this organizational principle that runs through the whole Party and the state, and closely binds the Communist Party of China and the People’s Republic of China.
Keywords: Communist Party, reform, state, China, CPC Congress, socialism.
Article bibliography
1. Borodich V. F., Vinogradov A. V., Troshchinsky P. V. The 1st session of the 12th NPC and the new administrative reform in China // Problemy Dalnego Vostoka. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 59-65.
2. Wang Liming. On customs as a source of civil law // Juridical journal. – 2016. – Issue 11.
3. Gao Qicai. Thoughts on the Sinicization of Legal Sociology // Journal of Gansu University of Political Science and Law. – 2017. – Issue 1.
4. The State System of the People’s Republic of China. – Moscow: Education, 2006. – 305 p.
5. Inako Tsuneo. Law and Politics of Modern China. 1949-1975 / Ed. by L. M. Gudoshnikov, V. I. Prokopov. – Moscow: Progress, 2011. – P. 208.
6. Marchenko M. N. Comparative Law. Textbook for Legalof higher education institutions. – M.: Zertsalo Publishing House, 2001. – 560 p.
7. Soviet regions of China. Legislation of the Chinese Soviet Republic. 1931-1934: trans. from Chinese / Ed. by L. M. Gudoshnikov. – M.: Academy, 2013. – 305 p.
8. Political system of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. Study guide / Ed. Dorozhkin Yu. N. – Ufa: Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 2008. – 55 p.
9. Amendments to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China // Law and Life. – 1999. – No. 23.
10. PRC. Brief historical essay (1949-1979) / Ed. M. Sladkovsky. – M.: Politizdat, 1980.
11. Borzova E. P., Bordukova I. I., Chistyakov. A. N. Political and electoral systems of the states of the Asian-Pacific region. Volume 2. – St. Petersburg; M., 2013. – 26 p.
12. Vinogradov A. Evolution of the Chinese model of modernization // Journal Almanac. Forum 2008: New in interdisciplinary research and debate.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
PEREVOZCHIKOV Alexander Valerjevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
THE PROBLEM OF LEGISLATIVE CONSOLIDATION OF THE STATUS OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE COURLAND PROVINCE ON THE BASIS OF SOURCES OF PARTICULAR LAW WHEN JOINING THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
The article deals with the problems of legislative consolidation of the state authorities of the Courland province when becoming part of Russia. By the time Courland became part of the Russian Empire, it had a state administration apparatus that conducted legal proceedings on the basis of Polish and Swedish legislation. The legal system of Courland was the Lithuanian Statute.
Keywords: Provincial institutions of Courland, sources of law, acts of agreement, manifesto on supervision and promise, charter, rights of states, privileges.
Article bibliography
1. Personal decree given to the Senate, “On the annexation for all time to the Russian Empire of the principalities of Courland and Semigallia, as well as the Piltensky district and on the invitation of authorized representatives to the Senate to take the oath of allegiance to citizenship.” April 15, 1795 // PSZRI-1. – V. 23. – No. 17319.
2. Indova E. I. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries: in 9 volumes. V. 5. Legislation of the heyday of absolutism. – M.: Legal Literature, 1987.
3. Review of historical information on the code of laws: Comp. from acts stored in the 2nd Section of the Proper. His Majesty’s Chancellery. – St. Petersburg: type. of the 2nd Section of the Proper. His Majesty’s Chancellery, 1833. – 200, VII; 21. The author is established from the preface to the publication: Review of historical information on the code of laws. Publ. of the Odessa Law Society in memory of the fiftieth anniversary of the death of M. M. Speransky. Odessa, 1889 @@ Review of historical information that served to compile the Code of local laws of the Baltic provinces. (1158-1838). – B. Moscow, [183-?]. – [1], 208. – P. 4 @@ Review of historical information that served to compile the Code of local laws of the Baltic provinces (1158-1858). OOO DirectMedia, 2013. – 223 p. ISBN: 9785998974786, 5998974786.
4. Collection of laws on the peasants of the Baltic provinces. Volume 1, Regulations on the peasants of the Courland and Livonian provinces. Part 1. – St. Petersburg, 1898.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ALIEVA Zulfiya Ibragimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
DZHAVADOV Zamir Rasimovich
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSOLIDATION OF TRADITIONAL VALUES IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the concept of “traditional values” enshrined in various legal acts. Traditional values in the legal field of Russia are reflected in various legal acts, regulatory documents and state policy strategies. These values include respect for family, marriage, patriotism, spiritual and cultural heritage.
In recent years, the concept of traditional values has increasingly attracted the attention of both political and scientific circles in Russia. The inclusion of such values in the Constitution of the Russian Federation raises important questions for society about the impact of this step on the legal system, democratic principles and international obligations of Russia. This article analyzes the legal consequences of enshrining traditional values in the basic law of the country, as well as their possible impact on the development of human rights, the legal system and social dynamics.
The article pays attention to the issues of legal regulationion of factors influencing the transformation of traditional values.
Keywords: traditional values, society, transformation, constitutional amendments, legal ideology.
Article bibliography
1. Komkova G. N. Strategic national priorities of Russia in the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 2020 // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economy. Management. Law. – 2023. – Vol. 23, Issue 2. – P. 186-192.
2. Lungu E. V. Ideas of limiting power in Ancient Rus’ and the Moscow state. – No. 12. – 2023. – P. 59. Constitutional and municipal law.
3. Ovchinnikov A. I., Bagdasarov V. Yu., Chukhutova N. A. Law-making and law enforcement policy in the sphere of traditional spiritual and moral values. Text: direct // Bulletin of the Faculty of Law of the Southern Federal University. – 2024. – Vol. 11, No. 2. – P. 16-28.
4. Rudakova O. N. Legal support for traditional values as the basis for constitutional values // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (220). – P. 97.
5. Khabrieva T. Ya. Constitutional reform in Russia: in search of national identity // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2020. – V. 90, No. 5. – P. 403-414.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
DENIKAEVA Saida Emirkhanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KHAMIDOV Akhmed Magomedovich
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS A SOURCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE IN THE FIELD OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
The article examines the impact of the decisions of the Constitutional Court on law enforcement practice and the development of constitutional law. A controversial issue is the recognition of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a source of law. The author analyzes the impact of court decisions on the formation of the constitutional order, the development of legislation and the unification of law enforcement practice. Special attention is paid to the role of the Constitutional Court in ensuring the supremacy of the Constitution and protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. Based on examples from judicial practice, the case-law significance of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court, which become binding on other courts and state bodies, is investigated. The author concludes that the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation contribute to the strengthening of constitutional law and order and act as an important guideline for law enforcement, forming stable and consistent approaches to the interpretation and implementation of constitutional norms.
Keywords: Constitutional Court, constitutional and legal regulation, doctrine, legislator.
Article bibliography
1. Zhadan V. N. The role and functions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the modern domestic system of constitutional law and legal regulation // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 191.
2. Sadokhina N. E. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the system of sources of Russian law // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 37-40.
3. Chepenko Ya. K. Problems of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Law. Right. State. – 2024. – No. 1 (41). – P. 46-47.
4. Khudoley K. M. Changes in the legislation on the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Perm legal almanac. − 2022. − No. 1. − P. 120-132.
5. Shugrina E. S. Features of the execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in cases related to local self-government // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 11. Law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 54-71.
6. Problems of execution by federal government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and constitutional (charter) courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation: materials of the all-Russian conference, Moscow, March 22, 2001 / Ed. S. E. Andreev [et al.]. – M., 2001. – P. 3.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE STORY OF FOUNDATION
The article is devoted to a constitutional institution such as the Commissioner for Children’s Rights under the President of the Russian Federation. The author has made an attempt to identify the prerequisites for the formation of such an institution, to define the role for the modern development of civil society. Its development in our country is considered from the historical perspective, some international practice is examined.
Keywords: Convention, Constitution, State, rights, legal interests, protection, ombudsman, minors, children, authorized bodies, history, law enforcement activities, world practice.
Article bibliography
1. Grigorieva N. A., Simonova M. A. International experience of development of the institution of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights: from the history of protection of children’s rights and interests. – 3rd ed. add. corr. // International law. – 2018. – P. 44-49.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZYRYANOV Igor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor I. E. Farber and Professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
ON THE ISSUE OF RESEARCHING NEW SOURCES OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN RUSSIA
The article examines the trends in the development of new sources of constitutional law, such as decisions of the popular voting and Russian public initiatives, acts of constitutional councils, the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal, court decisions with normative content aimed at protecting historical truth, and legal acts using technological innovations.
Keywords: sources of constitutional law, artificial intelligence, electronic voting, smart contracts, digital legal act, protection of historical truth, normative legal acts.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gadzhiev G. A. Constitutional and legal norms as a system of coordinates that predetermines the legal status of state corporations in Russia // Essays on constitutional economics. December 10, 2010: state corporations – legal entities of public law. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2010.
2. Kartskhija A. A. Digital transformation // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2019. – No. 1 (30). – P. 25-29.
3. Lazarev V. V. Doctrine of implementation of judicial decisions in legislation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 12-14.
4. Markheim M. V. All-Russian vote: popular signs and ghosts // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2021. – No. 46 (1). – P. 145-154.
5. Khabrieva T. Ya. Law facing the challenges of digital reality // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 5-16.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
IVLEVA Yuliya Ivanovna
junior researcher of the Sector of Constitutional Law and Constitutional Justice, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
THE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AS AN OBJECT OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION
In this article the institute of ‘environmental safety’ is considered as an object of constitutional-legal regulation aimed at protecting the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from threats of various nature. The author emphasizes the public-law nature of environmental safety, its inseparable connection with constitutional values, in particular, human rights, the foundations of the state system. Special attention is paid to the activities of public authorities at the federal, regional and local government levels, their role in the implementation of environmental policy.
Keywords: ecology, environmental safety, public authority, state bodies, local self-government bodies, Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Velieva D. S. Environmental safety in Russia: constitutional and legal research. – Saarbrücken: Palmarium Academic Publishing Palmarium Academic Publishing, 2014. – 220 p.
2. Voevodin L. D. Legal status of man and citizen in Russia: Study guide. – M., 1997. – 304 p.
3. Denisov Yu. P., Staursky S. S. The phenomenon of public authority in Russia in the context of modern transformation processes // ANI: economics and management. – 2020. – No. 4 (33). – P. 17-21.
4. Sokur A. S. Environmental safety and problems of realizing the constitutional right of everyone to a favorable environment // Norm. Law. Legislation. Law. – 2021. – P. 200-205.
5. Yurak V. V., Dushin A. V., Mochalova L. A. Against sustainable development: scenarios for the future // Notes of the Mining Institute. – 2020. – T. 242. – P. 242-247.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KLEMENTJEV Igor Evgenjevich
magister student of Public law sub-faculty, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
RUSSIAN FEDERAL RELATIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
The article examines the impact of the 2020 constitutional reform on federal relations in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the constitutional entrenchment of the concept of a unified system of public authority and its subsequent elaboration in new federal laws concerning the State Council and the organization of public authority in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The author highlights the strengthening of the federal level of public authority, substantiating this with several examples. Furthermore, the author analyzes the establishment of the federal territories institution and presents their vision of its future prospects in Russia. The article concludes that the constitutional and legislative changes of 2020-2021 contributed to the centralization of the Russian model of federal relations, which in itself can be viewed as a positive development that preserves Russia’s unity and territorial integrity.
Keywords: Russian federalism, federalism, constitutional reform, public authority, unified system of public authority.
Article bibliography
1. Glotov S. A., Mazaev V. D. Equality and asymmetry: compatible elements in Russian federalism? // Social and humanitarian sciences. Domestic and foreign literature. Series 4. State and law: Abstract journal. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 23-35.
2. Danilova S. A. Federal territories in the Russian Federation in the context of constitutional reform // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 69-73.
3. Larichev A. A. Fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of local self-government development until 2030 in the context of modern trends in the evolution of municipal institutions and the dynamics of their constitutional regulation // Local law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 21-28.
4. Medvedeva T. P. Legal status of the Federation Council in light of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3 (51). – pp. 195-200.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KONDRATJEV Denis Andreevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE VALUES OF CONSTITUTIONS AND THE PLACE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS IN THEIR SYSTEM
In the context of serious external challenges to the development of the state, including the legal system, the problems of correlation of political rights and freedoms and the system of constitutional values are of particular importance. The purpose of this article is to identify the place of political rights and freedoms in the system of constitutional and legal values of the state. The issues of the structure and hierarchy of constitutional values are considered the role of political rights and freedoms in this structure is determined. The idea is that political rights and freedoms are essentially constitutional values, at the same time; they define other values and form the basis for the development of statehood. The level of recognition of political rights and freedoms depends on the formation and normative consolidation of constitutional values in law and public consciousness.
Keywords: state security, constitutional values, public order, legal system, political rights, political freedoms.
Article bibliography
1. Afanasyeva S. A. Political rights and freedoms in the system of fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen // Human rights in international and national law: a collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Department of International Law and Human Rights of the Law Institute of Moscow City Pedagogical University. – Moscow: Publishing House “Human Rights”, 2015. – P. 146-152. – EDN VSNEHV.
2. Avdeev D. A. Constitutional and legal values: concept, types and hierarchy // Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. Social, economic and legal research. – 2020. – Vol. 6, No. 2. – P. 73-91.
3. Zorkin V. D. Value approach in constitutional regulation of rights and freedoms // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 12.
4. Kazantseva O. L. On the features of the legal nature of constitutional values as a category of Russian law // Altai Bulletin of the State and Municipal Service. – 2013. – No. 10. – P. 74-75.
5. Klochko E. I. Approaches to defining the concept of “constitutional values” in the theory of constitutional law of Russia and foreign countries // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 115-124.
6. Lebedev V. A. Political rights and freedoms in the system of constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation // Problems of Law. – 2017. – No. 1 (60). – P. 7-14. – EDN YOASHL.
7. Mishina, I. D. Moral values in law: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences.sciences: 12.00.01. – Ekaterinburg, 1999. – 26 p.
8. Nenovski N. Law and Values. Translation from Bulgarian / Ed.: Zorkin V. D.; Introduction: Safronov V. M. (Transl.). – M.: Progress, 1987. – 248 p.
9. Nersesyants V. S. Philosophy of Law. 2nd ed., revised. and enlarged. – M., 2020. – 848 p.
10. Polyakov A. V., Timoshina E. V. General Theory of Law: textbook. 3rd ed. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2017. – 468 p.
11. Presnyakov M. V. Constitutional and legal values: socio-cultural analysis // Constitutional ideals and values in practical democracy: Materials and reports of the XII International scientific and practical conference, Samara, September 29 – February 2, 2016. – Samara: Samara National Research University named after academician S. P. Korolev, 2017. – P. 140-146.
12. Sukhanova, A. A. Constitutional values of modern Russia: hierarchy and competition // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk University. – 2015. – No. 23 (378). Law. – Issue. 44. – P. 53-57.
13. Taeva N. E. Norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation as a form of expression of social values // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2009. – № 5. – P. 2-5.
14Huntington S. F. Clash of Civilizations / Translated from English by Yu. Novikova. – M.; St. Petersburg: AST, 2003. – 603 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MAGOMEDOVA Risalat Magdibegovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
ANTI-CORRUPTION EXPERTISE OF REGULATORY LEGAL ACTS IN RUSSIA. FEATURES AND CHALLENGES
The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the legal regulation of anti-corruption expertise and its practical implementation. A number of problems, the solution of which requires scientific theoretical study and detailing, have been identified. It is concluded that the mechanisms remain insufficiently effective, the process of interaction and stakeholders is not fully implemented, and decisions are rarely made of the examination that allow for quick and effective elimination of the identified corruption-causing factors. Keywords: draft legal acts, independent expertise, corruption, factors.
Keywords: draft legal acts, independent expertise, corruption, factors.
Article bibliography
1. Melnikova N. A., Bobrov A. M. Legal regulation of anti-corruption expertise of regulatory legal acts and draft regulatory legal acts and prospects for its improvement // Bulletin of the Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 156-161.
2. Loy E. V. Prospects for Improving the Institute of Anti-Corruption Expertise in the Framework of Administrative Reform // Administrative Law and Process. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 21-24.
3. Polyakov S. B. Anti-Corruption Expertise of Regulatory Legal Acts and Draft Regulatory Legal Acts: Technological Foundations: Textbook; Perm State National Research University – Perm, 2017.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MAKSIMOVA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
MAZANKO Dmitriy Romanovich
student, Institute of Business Law, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIA INTO A SYMMETRICAL FEDERATION: THE PATH TO CONSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY
The question of symmetric or asymmetric federation is fundamental in the construction of a constitutional state. This work is devoted to the study of the evolution of Russia from an asymmetric to a symmetrical Federation through the prism of three periods spanning three decades. Based on the above, a conclusion is made about the constitutional symmetry of the Russian Federation at the present stage, which reflects its constitutional identity.
Keywords: federation, state structure, federal structure, symmetry and asymmetry of the federation, sovereignty, subjects of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. Draft laws on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation: is the fourth round coming? // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2020. – No. 1.
2. Kutafin O. E. There are harmless things, and then there are cardinal // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2004. – Vol. 63, No. 2.
3. Watts R. L. Comparing federal system in 1990s. – Kingston, 1999.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SHAHNAZARYAN Maxim Manvelovich
postgraduate student of I. E. Farber and Professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitutional law sub-faculty of the Saratov State Law Academy
LEGAL POSITIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF RUSSIA ON ISSUES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN STATE AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES
This article examines the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the issues of interaction between state authorities and local governments. The content of the category “public power” is analyzed, as well as the issue of compliance with the concept of a unified system of public power, Article 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The article considers the essence of local self-government and the degree of its autonomy at the present time. The forms of interaction between state authorities and local governments are listed.
Keywords: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, public authorities, local self-government bodies, interaction, public authority.
Article bibliography
1. Report on the results of annual monitoring of the organization and development of local self-government in the Russian Federation (for 2019 and the first half of 2020) / Under the general editorship of the First Deputy Minister of Justice of the Russian Federation Yu. S. Lyubimov. – M.: Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, 2020. – 184 p.
2. Federal Law of 12.06.2002 No. 67-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024, as amended on 13.12.2024) “On the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” // SZ RF. -2002. – No. 24. – Art. 2253; 2024. – No. 33 (Part I). – Art. 4928.
3. Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by a nationwide vote on December 12, 1993 (as amended by the Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ; Federal Constitutional Laws of October 4, 2022 No. 5-FKZ, No. 6-FKZ; No. 7-FKZ; No. 8-FKZ) // SZ RF. – 2020. – No. 11. – Art. 1416; No. 27. – Art. 4196; 2022. – No. 41. – Art. 6930, 6931, 6932, 6933.
4. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 24.01.1997 No. 1-P // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1997. – No. 5. – Art. 708.
5. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 15.01.1998 No. 3-P // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1998. – No. 4. – Art. 532.
6. Gomozova O. Yu. On the issue of diagnostics of constitutional and legal collisions in light of amendments to Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Municipal service: legal issues. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 10-13.
7. Khabrieva T. Ya., Klishas A. A. Thematic commentary to the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority.” – M .: NORMA, INFRA-M, 2020. – 240 p.
8. Kazantseva O. L. Forms of interaction between state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government (system, content) // Bulletin of Altai State University. – 2013. – No. 2 (78). – P. 106-109.
9. Shchepachev V. A. Constitution of the Russian Federation 2020: local self-government in a unified system of public authority // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 30-36.
10. Municipal law of Russia: textbook / Ed. S. A. Avakyan. – M .: Prospect, 2019 .– 656 p.
11. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 24.12.2012 No. 32-P // SZ RF. – 2012. – No. 53 (Part II). – Art. 8062.
12. Alekhine A. E., Romaikin I. A. On the system of local government bodies as an integral part of a single system of public authority // State power and local self-government. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 36-39.
13. The Chairman of the Constitutional Court spoke about the shortcomings of the Constitution of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2018/10/09/predsedatel-ks-rasskazal-o-nedostatkah-konstitucii-rossii.html (date accessed: 08.01.2025).
14. European Charter of Local Self-Government (done at Strasbourg on 15.10.1985) // Bulletin of International Treaties. – 1998. – No. 11.
15. Judgment of the ECtHR of 07.03.2017 “Case of “V.K. (V.K.) v. Russian Federation” (complaint No. 68059/13) // Bulletin of the European Court of Human Rights. Russian edition. – 2017. – No. 7.
16. Opinion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 16.03.2020 No. 1-Z // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 12. – Art. 1855.
17. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 01.12.2015 No. 30-P // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 50. – Art. 7226.
18. Avakyan S. A. Local self-government as a form of public authority: constitutional expectations and real structures // Legal world. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 15-20.
19. Bezrukov A. V. Legal nature of public authority in Russia: a constitutionalist’s view // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 7-11.
20. Kabyshev S. V. Science cities of the Russian Federation in the mechanism for implementing state scientific and technical policy: constitutional and legal aspects // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 15-27.
21. Krasnov Yu. K., Shkatulla V. I. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law of 21.12.2021 No. 414-FZ “On the general principles of organizing public authoritiesand in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” (article by article) // Access from the SPS “Consultant Plus”.
22. Nanba S. B. Constitutional transformations: reconfiguration of Russian local self-government // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 6. – Pp. 27-36.
23. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 13.10.2015 No. 26-P // SZ RF. – 2015. – No. 42. – Art. 5858.
24. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 26.04.2016 No. 13-P // SZ RF. – 2016. – No. 19. – Art. 2774.
25. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 30.05.2023 No. 27-P // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2023. No. 23 (Part II). Art. 4273.
26. Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 31.01.2023 No. 200-O // The document was not published. Access from the SPS “Consultant Plus”.
27. Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 13.10.2022 No. 2667-O // The document was not published. Access from the SPS “Consultant Plus”.
28. Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 23.04.2020 No. 858-O // The document was not published. Access from the SPS “Consultant Plus”.
29. Mizareva N.V. Issues of interaction between legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and representative bodies of municipalities in decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Law and Practice. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 53-60.
30. Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ (as amended on 13.12.2024) “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.01.2025) // SZ RF. – 2003. – No. 40. – Art. 3822; 2024. – No. 29 (Part III). – Art. 4110.
31. Gritsenko E. V. Federalism and local self-government in the light of the Russian constitutional reform of 2020 // Comparative constitutional review. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 80-97.
32. Gritsenko E. V. What will remain of local self-government in a single system of public authority? (Problems of legislative interpretation of constitutional amendments) // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 50-57.
33. Andreechev I. S. Development of the constitutional principle of participation of state authorities in the formation of local self-government bodies // State power and local self-government. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 16-20.
34. Federal Law of 21.12.2021 No. 414-FZ (as amended on 13.12.2024) “On the General Principles of Organization of Public Authority in the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 52 (Part I). – -Art. 8973; 2024. – No. 49 (Part IV). – Art. 7427.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ABYZOV Alexander Sergeevich
specialist of the storage department of the “Far Eastern Logistics Center of the Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation”
YAKUNIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of the Higher School of Public Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF DESCRIBING THE OBJECT OF PURCHASE WHEN USING THE CATALOG OF GOODS, WORKS, SERVICES FOR STATE AND MUNICIPAL NEEDS
The article speaks about advantages and disadvantages of using a catalog of goods, works, services when describing the object of procurement for state and municipal needs, focuses on some practical problems faced by customers when describing the object of purchase using a catalog of goods, works, services, indicates the need for further improvement of legislation in the field of procurement and suggests some recommendations regarding the application of the catalog of goods, works, and services for specifying the names of purchase objects.
Keywords: state and municipal procurement; contract system; object of purchase; catalog of goods, works, services.
Article bibliographic list
1. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024, as amended on 07.10.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 08.09.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 1 (Part 1). – Art. 1.
2. Federal Law of 05.04.2013 No. 44-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) “On the Contract System in the Sphere of Procurement of Goods, Works, Services to Meet State and Municipal Needs” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.10.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 14. – Art. 1652.
3. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 08.02.2017 No. 145 (as amended on 27.03.2023) “On Approval of the Rules for the Formation and Maintenance in the Unified Information System in the Sphere of Procurement of a Catalog of Goods, Works, Services to Meet State and Municipal Needs and the Rules for Using the Catalog of Goods, Works, Services to Meet State and Municipal Needs” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 7. – Art. 1084.
4. RF Government Resolution of 10.07.2019 No. 878 (as amended on 09.12.2023) “On measures to stimulate the production of radio-electronic products in the Russian Federation when purchasing goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs, on amendments to the RF Government Resolution of 16 September 2016 No. 925 and recognizing as invalid certain acts of the Russian Government” (together with the “Rules for the formation and maintenance of a unified register of Russian radio-electronic products”) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 29 (part II). – Art. 4023.
5. OK 034-2014 (KPES 2008). All-Russian Classifier of Products by Type of Economic Activity (OKPD 2) (approved by Order of Rosstandart dated 31.01.2014 No. 14-st) (as amended on 04.02.2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 14. – Art. 1652.
6. Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 24.01.2022 No. 24-03-08/4090 “On sending information on the use of the catalog of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 05.11.2024).
7. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated September 18, 2023 No. 310-ES23-16627 in case No. A36-4181/2022 On refusal to transfer a complaint to the Judicial Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 04.03.2024).
8. Decision dated February 9, 2023 in case No. A54-5994/2022 Arbitration Court of the Ryazan Region (AC Ryazan Region). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/arbitral/doc/rrI3yToohrdS/ (date of access: 05.11.2024).
9. Errors in the application of KTRU in public procurement: examples from practice for 2023 – 2024 // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 05.11.2024).
10. Cherenkova P. A., Yakunin D. V. The problem of describing the procurement object in the context of the existence of a catalog of goods, works, services to meet state and municipal needs // Naukosphere. – 2022. – No. 10-2. – pp. 492-496.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Head of the Department for Organization of Scientific and Editorial and Publishing Activities, Crimean branch, Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Crimea
RYKLINA Anna Anatoljevna
magister student, Crimean branch, Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
PECULIARITIES OF ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR OFFENSES IN THE FIELD OF ADVERTISING OF MEDICINES, MEDICAL DEVICES AND MEDICAL SERVICES
The article considers administrative regulation of advertising issues in the field of medicine.
The authors proposed a classification of requirements for advertising of medical activities, medical services and goods into general and special. The content of such a division is disclosed.
Judicial practice on key problematic aspects is analyzed. Conclusions are made about the imperfection of sanctions of the provisions of Article 14.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Proposals are given for improving administrative legislation. All conclusions are supported by the opinion of scientists and judicial practice.
Keywords: advertising, advertising in the field of medicine, law and medicine, administrative responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Ryklina A. A. Some aspects of administrative responsibility in the context of innovations related to advertising labeling // Protection and defense of rights and legitimate interests in modern law: a collection of articles based on the results of the III international scientific and practical conference, Simferopol, December 15, 2023. – Simferopol: Arial Publishing House, 2024. – P. 1174-1179. – EDN NJWSIH.
2. Andreenko M. A. The role of social advertising in the activities of a medical institution // Youth of the XXI century: a step into the future: Proceedings of the XIX regional scientific and practical conference. In 3 volumes, Blagoveshchensk, May 23, 2018. Volume 3. – Blagoveshchensk: Far Eastern State Agrarian University, 2018. – Pp. 319-320. – EDN UWWXHV.
3. Kolyado E. V., Lazarev V. S., Perfil’ev A. A. Features of legal regulation of advertising of medical activities and liability for violations of current legislation // Siberian Medical Journal (Irkutsk). – 2014. – V. 124, No. 1. – Pp. 135-137. – EDN RYLYSZ.
4. Yakovleva O. Advertising of medicines and medical devices // Administrative law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 19-25.
5. Vorobyova A. S., Ilyashenko D. V. Potential risks in advertising of paid medical services // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Philology. – 2019. – No. 3 (62). – P. 135-140. – EDN HEEHTU.
6. Chernoudova M. G., Sungurova E. D. Practice of applying the law in advertising of medical services // Epomen. – 2021. – No. 53. – P. 224-237. – EDN MMLEBH.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KERAMOVA Saida Nazirovna
senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GITINAEV Gadzimurad Razulovich
magister student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes a number of problems of legal regulation of administrative responsibility in our country, which are currently relevant. Attention is drawn to the fact that the legislation of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses has many defects in their relationship with constitutional provisions, as well as to such a significant problem as the lack of consolidation of the concept of administrative responsibility in Russian legislation. A number of principles are enshrined in the legislation on administrative offenses, their role in the legal regulation of administrative responsibility are considered. Conclusions are made on the need to amend the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: administrative responsibility, legislation, social relations, legal consequences, administrative offence.
Article bibliography
1. Zakopyrin V. N. On the directions of development of regulation of administrative responsibility // Actual problems of administrative and administrative-procedural law: collection of articles based on the materials of the international scientific and practical conference. – 2020. – P. 351-357.
2. Malakhov S. A. Constitutional grounds and limits of legal regulation of administrative responsibility in Russia // Current issues of application of administrative law norms (Korenev readings): collection of scientific papers of the VII international scientific and practical conference / Compiled by G. N. Vasilenko. – Moscow, 2023. – P. 306-310.
3. Milova A. A. Current problems of legal regulation of administrative responsibility // Science through the prism of time. – 2018. – No. 12 (21).- P. 178-179.
4. Nazarov I. V. Some problems of legislation on administrative responsibility // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. Series: Law. – 2003. – No. 2. – P. 73-79.
5. Panova I. V., Panova A. B. Actual problems of administrative responsibility // Asian-Pacific region: economics, politics, law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 105-134.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LASHKO Tamara Evgenjevna
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
PAVLOV Nikolay Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
ASPECTS OF INNOVATIONS IN THE LAW ON ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY
This scientific article examines the current aspects of innovations in the law on administrative responsibility. The authors analyze the changes made to the legislation and assess their impact on the practice of applying administrative responsibility. The article discusses such issues as the expansion of the list of administrative offenses, tougher penalties and the introduction of new forms of responsibility. The research is aimed at identifying trends in the development of legislation in this area and determining its impact on public relations. Administrative responsibility is an integral part of the legal system that ensures order and compliance with standards. In the context of rapid changes in the socio-economic situation and the constant development of technology, there is a need for innovations in legislation on administrative responsibility. This article analyzes the key aspects of such innovations, their impact on law enforcement practice and the possibility of raising citizens’ legal awareness.
Keywords: administrative responsibility, administrative and legal regulation, administrative responsibility system, prerequisites for innovation, mechanism for compliance with legal norms.
Article bibliography
1. Komendantenko A. M. Administrative responsibility: theoretical and practical aspects // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 52 (499). – P. 265-267.
2. Kozhevnikov O. A., Gusev A. V. Analysis of individual aspects of the Concept of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses in terms of the normative consolidation of administrative responsibility // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 23-27.
3. Zherebtsov A. N., Pavlov N. V. Administrative law enforcement practice: theoretical and practical aspects. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2018. – 167 p.
4. Pavlov N. V., Kosinenko N. N., Konovalov A. A. Administrative investigation of offenses as an administrative-legal fiction // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 5 (156). – P. 143-144.
5. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses: Federal Law of 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ (as amended on 12.11.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 1. – Art. 1.
6. On the Protection of Consumer Rights: Federal Law of February 7, 1992 No. 2300-I (as amended on 08.08.2024) // Bulletin of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. – 1992. No. 15. – Art. 766.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LYU Mingcan
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg State University
ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL TYPES OF BEHAVIOR AND ANTITRUST OF FOOTBALL LEAGUE BROADCASTING RIGHTS AT THE PRESENT STAGE IN CHINA
The broadcasting of the soccer league has become one of the important sources of income for the soccer league, and with the main body of broadcasting rights from CCTV’s dominance to the hundreds of new media video companies, the broadcasting of China’s soccer league is moving towards the new media. Under this environment, the analysis of monopoly and anti-monopoly on the broadcasting of soccer leagues is conducive to recognizing the current market environment of broadcasting, protecting fair competition in the market, and revising and perfecting the Anti-Monopoly Law.
Keywords: new media, soccer league, broadcasting rights of sports events, antitrust law.
References
1. Chen Feng. A preliminary study on anti-monopoly issues in the sale of broadcasting rights of sports events // Tianjin Sports Journal. – 2009. – 24 (04).
2. Interpretation of Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China // Beijing: Law Press, 2007. – 10.
3. Xiang Huiying, Tan Xiaoyong, Jiang Xi. The Marketing of Professional Sports Television Broadcasting Rights under the Vision of Anti-Monopoly Law // Journal of Tianjin Sports Institute. – 2011. – 26 (01).
4. Guo Shuli, Zhu Zhicheng. Soccer and European Union Law // Shandong Sports Science and Technology. – 2003. – 25 (2).
5. Xu Junyan, Sun Liya. Analysis of the operation status of sports TV channels in China // Zhejiang Sports Science. – 2005. – 27 (6).
6. Li Jian. Definition of Relevant Markets under Antitrust Law in Bilateral Markets: Law and Economics in the “Baidu Case” // Law and Business Research. – 2010. – 27 (05).
7. Huang Yong, Jiang Xiaojun. Definition of “Relevant Market” in Internet Industry // Jurisprudence. – 2014 (06).
8. Lu Fangqun, HUANG Wei. Research on Sustainable Development Strategy and Evaluation of China’s Sports Industry in the New Media Era // Cultural and Sports Goods and Technology. – 2018. – 23.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
MATYUKHINA Marina Gennadjevna
adjunct of Management of the activities of units for ensuring the protection of public order of the center of command and staff exercises sub-faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ON THE NATURE OF DELICTOGENOUS PROCESSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MOSCOW METRO
The article attempts to scientifically understand the features of delictogenous processes in the conditions of the Moscow metro. The author uses the method of included observation, as well as the statistical method, as the main scientific tools. As a result, a specific feature of administrative tortiousness at the facilities of the Moscow Metro is revealed, which consists in the fact that the primary determinant of the corresponding phenomenon is the deformation of the legal consciousness of an individual, due to the legal nihilism of a significant part of the population. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion about the exceptional role of flaws in legal consciousness in the mechanism of individual generation of behavior of a particular offender who violates administrative regulations in the conditions of the Moscow metro.
Keywords: administrative law, administrative offense, Moscow Metro, delict, tortiousness, determination.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Novikov A.I. Nihilism and nihilists. Experience of critical characterization. – D.: Lenizdat, 1972. – 295 p.
2. Kotlyarov V. S., Vlasov V. A. Legal nihilism, legal infantilism, legal conformism among young people. Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 50 (392). – P. 241-242.
3. Momysheva F. S., Fetkulov A. Kh., Seitkhozhin B. U., Khakimov R. R. Legal nihilism: concept and ways to overcome it // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2015. – No. 5-2. – P. 29-33.
4. Repetskaya A. L., Rybalskaya V. Ya. Criminology. General part. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk State Economic Academy, 1999. – 240 pp.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
UKRAINTSEV Sergey Vasiljevich
postgraduate student of Administrative law and process sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Adviser 3rd Class of the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation
SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL IN THE SPHERE OF MILITARY DUTY AND MILITARY SERVICE
This article provides a detailed analysis of the changes in legislation that took place in 2023, as well as reviews the judicial practice related to the issues of military duty and military service. The author focuses on the procedure for appealing decisions of draft commissions, as well as on innovations in the procedure for filing administrative complaints. The paper considers both existing opportunities and problems faced by citizens subject to conscription in the process of protecting their rights. In addition, the author discusses potential changes that could be introduced in this area to improve the mechanism of protection of the rights of citizens subject to conscription.
Keywords: pre-trial appeal, protection of citizens’ rights, draft board, special administrative appeal, military commissariat, conscription.
Article bibliography
1. Chernikov V. V. Administrative and legal guarantees of ensuring the rights of citizens and organizations in the implementation of state control and supervision: theory and practice: monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023.
2. Sokolov Ya. O. Administrative liability for failure to appear in response to a summons for dispatch to the place of military service after appealing the decision of the draft board // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2020. – No. 7.
3. Leonov D. V. Administrative and legal institute of pre-trial appeal: diss. … Cand. of Law: – Moscow, 2020.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Senior Lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL REGULATION OF NAMIBIA’S STATE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
After a century of colonization, wars and apartheid, the State of Namibia has made an exponential leap in development towards a steadily growing economy. This became possible thanks to the tools of state planning, centralization of management, and focus on the most important problematic aspects of state development. The establishment of State goals and values in the Constitution, as well as the creation of structures capable of realizing these goals, is a great achievement towards prosperity and order.
Keywords: Namibia, public administration, Constitution, public planning, mixed-type economy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. General Act of the Conference of Berlin of the Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, AustriaHungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Turkey and the United States dealing with Africa.
2. United Nations Institute for Namibia, Namibia: Perspectives for National Reconstruction and Development.
3. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versa/versa1.html Jean Sindab, “United States Nuclear and Military Collaboration with South Africa,” in Wood (ed.), Namibia. – London: Lusaka, 1988.
4. Windhoek Constituent Assembly, Minutes of the Meeting of 31 December 1989.
5. Ruppel, Oliver & Ruppel-Schlichting, Katharina. (2022). Chapter 1: Namibia and its Legal Setup. 10.5771/9783748933564-39.
6. Englebert. The Contemporary African State.
7. Arat, Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Counties. – R. 67.
8. Ali A. Mazru. Who Killed Democracy in Africa? Clues of the Past, Concerns of the Future // Development Policy Management Network Bulletin. – 2002. – Vol. 9, No. 1 (February 2002).
9. Kazannik A. I. The concept and classification of constitutions of modern states (comparative analysis) // Bulletin of Omsk State University. Series. Law. – 2015. – No. 1 (42). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-klassifikatsiya-konstitutsiy-sovremennyh-gosudarstv-sravnitelnyy-analiz @@ https://www.npc.gov.na/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/NDP-1.pdf.
10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=na&product=gold&graph=production.
11. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.earth-site.co.uk/Education/natural-resources-of-namibia-where-natural-resources-are-located-in-namibia/ @@ https://www.npc.gov.na/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NDP5.pdf.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
GALTSEV Alexander Iljich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Public Law and Governance, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE CHILDREN’S OMBUDSMAN IN NORWAY
A comprehensive analysis of the regulatory and legal framework, organizational structure, and practical mechanisms for the implementation of the powers of the Children’s Ombudsman institution in Norway as an effective tool for protecting the rights of minors in modern conditions is presented. The research findings may be of significant interest for improving the activities of similar institutions in the legal systems of other countries.
The key characteristics of the Norwegian model include the legislatively enshrined autonomy of the ombudsman, the comprehensive nature of their powers, and a developed system of digital tools for monitoring violations of children’s rights. Special attention is given to the mechanism of intersectoral cooperation, which ensures effective coordination of efforts among various entities responsible for protecting the rights of minors. The conducted study has shown that modern trends in the development of the ombudsman institution are associated with strengthening its role in shaping a safe digital environment for children, expanding preventive functions, and improving mechanisms of interaction cooperation. The paper provides a detailed examination of innovative practices in the implementation of supervisory and oversight functions in the interests of minors. It also analyzes the unique experience of implementing the «early warning» system for detecting violations of children’s rights.
Keywords: Ombudsman, children’s rights, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Instructions for the Children’s Ombudsman, Norwegian model.
Article bibliography
1. Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20.11.1989 by Resolution 44/25 by the UN General Assembly) // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. – 1993. – Issue XLVI.
2. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway. LOV-1814-05-17. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/1814-05-17 (date of access: 29.01.2025).
3. Letter from the Norwegian Children’s Ombudsman (Barneombudet) to the parliamentary parties of Norway with proposalson the prevention of juvenile delinquency // Official website of the Norwegian Children’s Ombudsman. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.barneombudet.no/uploads/documents/Barneombudet-mener/Innspill-til-Stortinget/2024/Barneombudets-innspill-til-stortingspartiene-om-forebygging-av-ungdomskriminalitet.pdf (date of access: 29.01.2025).
4. Children’s lives in front of, behind and on the screen (Document of the Commission for the Protection of Children and Young People from Harmful Content). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2021-3/id2838679/?ch=4 // Official website of the Government of Norway (date of access: 29.01.2025).
5. Kolstad K. 20 år med merknader fra FNs barnekomité – hva har skjedd? (Report on Norway’s implementation of the provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://forumforbarnekonvensjonen.no/onewebmedia/Rapport_20_%C3%83%C2%A5r_med_merknader.pdf 103 p. (Accessed: 29.01.2025).
6. “Helse på barns premisser” (“Health care on children’s terms”). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.barneombudet.no/uploads/documents/Publikasjoner/Fagrapporter/Helse_pa_barns_premisser.pdf (Accessed: 29.01.2025).
7. Helgesen MKK, Ramsdal H. Do Shared Digital Workspaces Boost Integration? The Case of One Early Intervention Initiative for Vulnerable Children in Norway // International Journal of Integrated Care. 2022; 22(2): 12, 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.5710. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ijic.org/articles/5710/files/submission/proof/5710-1-25626-1-10-20220513.pdf (date accessed: 29.01.2025).
8. Report “Unge voksne med særlige erfaringer møter Barnevoldsut-valget” (Report on the meeting of the Norwegian Children’s Ombudsman with young experts and the Committee on Child Violence of the Year (April 3, 2017)). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.barneombudet.no/uploads/documents/Publikasjoner/Fagrapporter/Unge-voksne-med-saerlige-erfaringer-moter-barnevoldsutvalget.pdf (Accessed: 29.01.2025).
9. Proposals of the Norwegian Children’s Ombudsman for Norway’s 7th report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child). P. 2.6, 17. Barneombudets innspill til «LIST OF ISSUES» til Norway’s 7th report to the FNs barnekomité. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.barneombudet.no/uploads/documents/Publikasjoner/Rapportering/List-of-issues-norsk-versjon.pdf (Accessed: 29.01.2025).
10. Stoffelen J., Van Den Broeck S. Children’s Rights in Norway Protection from Domestic Violence and Abuse. – Trondheim, 2009. – 60 p.
11. The Norwegian Children’s Ombudsman (Barneombudet). Participation Guide 2021: Methods for Involving Children and Young People in Important Issues. 3rd edition. Oslo, Barneombudet, 2021. Barneombudet. Participation Guide 2021: Methods for Involving Children and Young People in Important Issues. 3rd edition. Oslo, Barneombu-det, December 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.barneombudet.no/uploads/documents/Publikasjoner/Andre-publikasjoner/Medvirkningshandboka_2021.pdf (access date: 01/30/2025).
12. Lo A. Barneombu-dets funksjons- og rolle-endring. Hovedoppgave. Institute for statsvitenskap. Universitetet i Oslo, 1997 (Lo A. Changing functions and role of the Children’s Ombudsman. Master’s thesis. Oslo: Institute of Political Science (University of Oslo), 1997. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/14209/lo.pdf?sequence=10&isAllowed=y (date of access: 29.01.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
MATYUKHINA Marina Gennadievna
adjunct of Management of the activities of units for ensuring the protection of public order of the center of command and staff exercises sub-faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ON SOME SOCIO-LEGAL MEASURES TO COUNTERACT ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES AT MOSCOW METRO FACILITIES
The article attempts to scientifically comprehend a number of components of the complex of countering administrative offenses at the facilities of the Moscow Metro. As the main socio-legal measures to counteract administrative offenses at the facilities of the Moscow Metro, the author considers it possible to single out a set of measures: patriotic orientation; contributing to physical, spiritual and material development; focused on reducing alcohol consumption; compliance with migration legislation; monitoring domestic conflicts; aimed at strengthening law enforcement officers; control persons who have been subjected to measures of penal enforcement that are not related to isolation from society.
Keywords: administrative law, administrative offense, Moscow Metro, counteraction to administrative tort.
Article bibliographiclist
1. Repetskaya A. L., Rybakova A. S. Regional Features of Determination and Prevention of Modern Hooliganism (on the Example of the Siberian Federal District) // Academic Law Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 23, No. 2. – P. 187–194.
2. Nomokonov V. A. Anti-Criminal Policy: Methodological and Moral Foundations // Asia-Pacific Region: Economics, Politics, Law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 106-116.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SINODOV Ivan Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Acting Head of Internal affairs at the OU CCSHU sub-faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
DUDIN Anatoliy Vasiljevich
student of the 2nd Faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia, Deputy Commander of the 2nd battalion of the Traffic Police regiment of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Central Administrative District of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow
ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE PARTICIPATION OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE ELIMINATION OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
The article is devoted to the consideration of legal aspects of the activities of the internal affairs of bodies of the Russian Federation in emergency situations. The purpose of the article was to study the current legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the participation of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the liquidation of emergency situations, identify rule-making omissions and develop proposals for improving the current legislation. The authors propose options for improving the provisions of regulatory legal acts in which rule-making inaccuracies were identified. The inaccuracies in the legal regulation of the participation of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the liquidation of emergency situations noted in the work are aimed at drawing the attention of interested parties to the need to improve both the regulatory legal acts themselves and the organizational structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in order to increase the effectiveness of its functioning in the area under study.
Keywords: emergency situations, internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, administrative and legal measures, legal regulation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Konstantinov A. V. Normative legal regulation of police activities in emergency situations // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 150-152.
2. Maidykov A. F., Maidykov A. A., Sinodov I. A. On the powers of operational management bodies (operational headquarters) of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and their leaders in special conditions (in the event of emergency circumstances) // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 2 (62). – P. 139-144.
3. Sinodov I. A. On the issue of protecting property left unattended in an emergency situation // Academic Thought. – 2021. – No. 1 (14). – pp. 51-54.

MUNICIPAL LAW
KARPOV Vasiliy Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ON SOME FEATURES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
The article examines the existing features of elections to local self-government councils in Nigeria. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the current Constitution of Nigeria in 1999 authorizes state governors to independently appoint the chairmen of state election commissions, who have the authority to conduct local government elections in all states of Nigeria. For this reason, there is some ambiguity about whether state governors have the authority to independently dissolve local government councils before the expiration of their term of office, followed by the appointment of interim committees in their place. As a rule, these committees consist of trusted persons. The mentioned legal uncertainty and other problems related to the low level of control over local elections, poor financing and training of election supervisors hinder the holding of free and fair elections at the local level. For this reason, the functioning local government councils in Nigeria are under constant pressure and control from state governments, hindering development.
Keywords: Nigeria, local government, local government elections.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Anyebe, A. A. (2017). An Overview of Local Government Autonomy and its Functions in Nigeria // Greener Journal of Social Sciences. – No. 7 (4). – R. 041-044.
2. Awa E.O. (1981)/ The theory of local government // Quarterly Journal of Administration. – Vol xv. – No (1 &2) October/January.
3. King, C. M. Localism and nation building. – Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 1988.
4. Omoruyi O. (2007). Political education for the political class. In Saliu, H., Amali, E. and
Olawepo, R. (Eds.), Nigeria’s reform programme: Issues and challenges. pp. 303-316. Ibadan: Vantage Publishers.

CIVIL LAW
BRITAN Sergey Andreevich
magister student, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
KUDRYAVTSEVA Larisa Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
LIABILITY FOR THE OBLIGATIONS OF SPOUSES ENGAGED IN INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The article examines the legal aspects of property obligations of spouses engaged in individual entrepreneurship (IE). Particular attention is paid to the problems of income and property division that arise during divorce. The main focus is on legal conflicts associated with the lack of a clear distinction between personal and common property used in entrepreneurial activity. The need to take into account the contribution of the second spouse to business development, including intangible, is emphasized, and measures to improve legislation are proposed. The study is aimed at developing a unified approach to the division of income and assets of IE within the framework of family law, which contributes to the protection of the property interests of participants in family and entrepreneurial relations. Thus, the topic of this scientific study is relevant at the current stage of the formation of the institution of obligations of spouses engaged in individual entrepreneurship.
Keywords: individual entrepreneur, property obligations of spouses, joint property, property, family law, civil law, judicial practice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Usanova V. A., Kail Ya. Ya. Business of an individual entrepreneur as an object of division of common property of spouses // Business and law. 2023. No. 4. Pp. 15-21.
2. Levushkin A. N. Legal nature of business of spouses in the civilistic paradigm // Civil law. 2020. No. 2. Pp. 3-7.
3. Levushkin A. N. Problems of application of rights of spouses in carrying out entrepreneurial activities // Family and housing law. 2021. No. 2. Pp. 10-13.
4. Vorozhevich A. S. The Supreme Court explained what should be taken into account when dividing a business in case of divorce if it belongs to the spouse-individual entrepreneur // EZhYurist. 2019. No. 23. P. 12-16.
5. Grin’ E. A. On the Issue of Determining International Jurisdiction // Scientific Support for the Agro-Industrial Complex: Collection of Abstracts Based on the Materials of the All-Russian (National) Conference, Krasnodar, December 19, 2019 / Responsible for the Issue A. G. Koshchaev. Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2019. P. 351-352. – EDN KVFTNC.
6. Grin’ E. A., Kalinina P. I. Problems of Concluding and Implementing Arbitration Agreements // Agrarian and Land Law. 2019. No. 9 (177). P. 148-151. – EDN MLVORI.
7. Kudryavtseva L. V., Kuemzhieva S. A., Maslennikova L. V. Actual problems of family law: textbook. manual. Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2019. P. 30.

CIVIL LAW
BOGDANOVA Diana Azatovna
Notary assistant of the notary district of Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan Larionova I. P.
MASALIMOVA Albina Almazovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University Science and Technology
INHERITANCE CONTRACT IN CIVIL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ACTUAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
In the article, the author examined the problems of the legal regime of the inheritance contract in the civil law of the Russian Federation. The article studies the norms of domestic legislation governing the inheritance contract and defining its distinctive features, which highlight the new basis of inheritance in Russia. The author identified topical legal problems of the inheritance contract arising in law enforcement practice, as well as determined the optimal ways to solve them and the main directions for further improvement of domestic legislation in this area.
Keywords: inheritance, inheritance contract, terms of contract, rights and obligations of heirs, rights of testator.
Article-by-article bibliographic list
1. Zolotukhin D. G. Novelty of Russian legislation – inheritance contract // Domestic jurisprudence. 2018. No. 7 (32). P. 19-13.
2. Krivitskaya Yu. S. Inheritance contract in the Russian Federation // Collection of articles of the X Internationalscientific and practical conference. Penza: Science and Education. 2020. pp. 46-50.
3. Putintseva E. P. Instructions in case of death under the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany. Moscow: Statut, 2016. 160 p.
4. Matveyev I. V. Inheritance contract in notarial practice: problems of application // Notarial Bulletin. 2019. No. 6. pp. 14-24.
5. Putilina E. S. Inheritance contract as a basis for inheritance: analysis of legislative innovations // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. 2018. No. 12. P. 101-104.
6. Ruzanova V. D. Issues of the system of normative legal acts in the field of inheritance // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2017. No. 5. 114-119.
7. Mikhailova I. A. Inheritance contract: advantages and disadvantages // Inheritance law. 2018. No. 4. P. 80-84.
8. Papushina N. Yu. Inheritance contract: prospects for its appearance in Russian inheritance law // Notarial Bulletin. 2016. No. 3. P. 11-18.
9. Akkulova G. I. Inheritance contract: practical issues of implementation // Notarial Bulletin. 2021. No. 4. P. 56-64.

CIVIL LAW
GAFUROV Ruslan Fuatovich
Partner, Head of Dispute Resolution Practice at Nevsky IP Law, Patent Attorney No. 2559
RECOVERY OF LOSSES FOR ABUSE OF RIGHT IN ACQUISITION OF THE TRADEMARK RIGHT
The article deals with the possibility of recovery of losses as a possible consequence in case of abuse of right in the acquisition of exclusive right to a trade mark. The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal mechanisms of recovery of damages for abuse of right in the acquisition of the right to trademark. The author analyses the current legislative regulation and available judicial practice and comes to the conclusion that the mechanism of recovery of damages for such a wrongful act as abuse of right is promising, despite the absence of any established practice in this matter.
Keywords: trademark, abuse of right, recovery of damages, fault, exclusive right, unfair purpose.
Article bibliography
1. Agarkov M. M. The problem of abuse of right in Soviet civil law. Selected works on civil law. In 2 volumes. – Moscow, 2002. – Vol. 2. – 452 p.
2. Bliznets I. A. Intellectual property law. – Moscow: Prospect, 2010. – 384 p.
3. Volkov V. A. Abuse of civil rights. Problems of theory and practice. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2009. – 464 p.
4. Vorozhevich A. S., Kozlova N. V. Unfair competition or abuse of rights in trademark registration: problems of qualification and methods of protection // Lex russica. – 2017. – No. 5.
5. Sadikov O. N. Abuse of rights in the Civil Code of Russia // Business and Law. – 2002.
6. Fogelson Yu. B. Process for damages // Bulletin of economic justice of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 1.

CIVIL LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk
GLUSHIN Dmitriy Yaroslavovich
student, Institute of Law, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
RETAIL SALES CONTRACT CONCLUDED BY REMOTE MEANS: SOME PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT
This article attempts to consider the legal nature of one of the varieties of a distance retail sale contract, namely: a contract with remote access technologies for goods and services. Current legislation and judicial practice are analyzed. The conclusion is formulated on the importance of establishing a uniform understanding of the concept of apparatus in regulating relations in the field of electronic commerce. The problem points in terms of consumer protection and ways to solve them were identified.
Keywords: contract of sale, distance selling method, consumer, essential conditions, online order, quality of the goods, delivery of the goods, right to refuse, prepayment, legal consequences, liability, protection of rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ruling of the Civil Division of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 06.06.2023 No. 16-KG23-6-K4 (UID 34RS0002-01-2021-007205-15).
2. Ruling of the Fifth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 27.05.2019 No. 05AP-2424/2019 in case No. A59-8659/2018.
3. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated 25.12.2014 No. 2733 “On Approval of the Strategy for the Development of Trade in the Russian Federation for 2015-2016 and the Period up to 2020” by the appellate ruling of the Moscow City Court dated 20.06.2019 No. 33-26227/2019.

CIVIL LAW
DROBOV Dmitriy Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and civil process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
EVOLUTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF LIABILITY OF THE EU MEMBER STATES TO INDIVIDUALS FOR FAILURE TO PERFORM OBLIGATIONS BASED ON CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES IN THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the development of the principle of responsibility of the member states of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU) to individuals for non–fulfillment of obligations under EU law and its content. The author draws attention to the process of changing the content of the criteria of the standard of responsibility of the EU Member States and their application. The study demonstrates that the EU Court of Justice has defined the standard of responsibility of a member State as an emergency remedy for the most serious violations of EU law by a member State. As part of the study, the author notes the reasons for such dramatic changes and emphasizes that such changes are aimed at finding a fair balance between the rights of a person affected by a member state’s failure to comply with its obligations under EU law and ensuring freedom of choice of national policy in a particular area. In the article, the author argues his point of view and draws conclusions based on an analysis of the opinions of various foreigners.
Keywords: European Union law, Court of Justice of the European Union, principle of European Union Member State responsibility, European Union responsibility, liability criteria, directive, implementation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Commission of the European Communities. Completing the Domestic Market. White Paper from the Commission to the European Council (Milan, 28-29 June 1985). COM (85) 310 final. 14 June 1985. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://aei.pitt.edu/1113/1/internal_market_wp_COM_85_310.pdf
2. Steiner J., From Direct Effects to Francovich: Shifting Means of Enforcement of Community Law // European Law Review. 1993. Vol. 18, No. 1. P. 3-22.
3. European Court of Justice. Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Andrea Francovich and others, Danila Bonifaci and others v. Italian Republic // European Court Reports. 1991. P. I-5403 – I-5418.
4. European Court of Justice. Case 26/62 NV Algemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration // European Court Reports. 1963. P. 1-16.
5. European Court of Justice. Case 6/60 Jean-E. Humblet v Belgian State // European Court Reports. 1960. P. 560-583.
6. European Court of Justice. Case 39/72 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic // European Court Reports. 1973. P. 102-117.
7. European Court of Justice. Case 6-64 Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L. // European Court Reports. 1964. P. 587-600.
8. European Court of Justice. Case 60/75 Carmine Antonio Russo v Azienda di Stato per gli interventi sul mercato agricolo (AIMA) // European Court Reports. 1976. P. 46-57.
9. Council Directive of 20 October 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer (80/987/EEC) // Official Journal. 1980. L 283. P 23-27.
10. European Court of Justice. Case 22/87 Commission v. Italy. European Court Reports. 1989. P. 163-173.
11. European Court of Justice. Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Andrea Francovich and others, Danila Bonifaci and others v Italian Republic. Opinion of Mr Advocate General Mischo delivered on 28 May 1991 // European Court Reports. 1991. P. I-5370 – I-5402.
12. Appleton J. The Indirect-Direct Effect of European Community Directives. UCLA // Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs. 2000. Vol. 5, No. 1. P. 59-100.
13. Varner C. The Effectiveness of European Community Law with Specific Regard to Directives: The Critical Step not Taken by the European Court of Justice // Michigan Journal of International Law. 2001. Vol. 22, Issue 3. R. 457-488.
14. Betlem G. Medium Hard Law–Still No Horizontal Direct Effect of European Community Directives after Faccini Dori // Columbia Journal of European Law. 1995. Vol. 1. R. 469-496.
15. Ross M. Beyond Francovich // Modern Law Review. 1993. No. 56. P. 55-73.
16. Valladares R. Francovich: Light at the End of the Marshall Tunnel // University of Miami Yearbook of International Law. 1995. Vol. 3. P. 1-52.
17. Duffy P. Damages Against the State: A New Remedy for Failure to Implement Community Obligations // European Law Review. 1993. Vol. 17. P. 133-138.
18. European Court of Justice. Case C-91/92 Faccini Dori v Recreb. // European Court Reports. 1994. P. I-3347 – I-3360.
19. European Court of Justice. Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pecheur and Factortame III // European Court Reports. 1996. R I-1131 – I-1163.
20. Puder M. Phantom Menace or New Hope: Member State Public Tort Liability after the Double-Bladed Light Saber Duel Between the European Court of Justice and the German Bundesgerichtshof in Brasserie Du Pecheur // Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 2000. Vol.33. P. 311-370.
21. European Court of Justice. Case 178/84 Commission v. Germany // European Court Reports. 1987. P. 1262-1277.
22. European Court of Justice. Case C-221/89 Factortime II. European Court Reports. 1991. P. I-3956-I-3971.
23. European Court of Justice. Case C-246/89 Commission v. United Kingdom // European Court Reports. 1991. P. I-4607-I-4619.
24. European Court of Justice. Case 5/71 Aktien-Zuckerfabrik Schoppenstedt v Council of the European Communities // European Court Reports. 1971. P. 975-986.
25. European Court of Justice. Joined Cases C-397/01 to C-403/01 Pfeiffer and Others // European Court Reports. 2004. P. I-8878-I-8922.
26. European Court of Justice. Case C-5/94 The Queen v Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte: Hedley Lomas (Ireland) Ltd // European Court Reports 1996. R. I-2604-I-2616.
27. European Court of Justice. Case C-224/01 Gerhard Kobler v Republik Osterreich // European Court Reports. 2003. R I-10290-I-10332.
28. European Court of Justice. Joined cases C-178/94, C-179/94, C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer and Others v Germany // European Court Reports. 1996. R. I-4867-I-4893.
29. Court of Appeal (England and Wales). R (Negassi and Another) v Secretary of State for the Home Department. 07 March 2013. [2013] EWCA Civ 151. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewca/civ/2013/151.
30. Swaine E. Subsidiarity and Self-Interest: Federalism at the European Court of Justice // Harvard International Law Journal. 2000. Vol. 41, No. 1. P. 1-113.

CIVIL LAW
IONTSEV Mikhail Anatoljevich
Head of the Legal Support Center for Digitalization in the Financial Market (as an Office) of the Legal Department of the Bank of Russia, associate professor of Legal support of market economy sub-faculty, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Ph.D., lecturer researcher, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Bank of Russia, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow
THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL CURRENCY IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION AND ITS LEGAL NATURE
This article explores the legal nature of digital currencies and their legal definition in the context of Russian laws. The rapid development of blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies makes the importance of clear regulation of these legal relations especially relevant. The article analyzes existing approaches to the legal nature of digital currency considering it as property, a means of payment, or a financial instrument. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of existing regulations, including the law “On Digital Financial Assets,” as well as to new draft laws that may affect the legal situation. The author concludes that it is necessary to create a clearer legal framework that would take into account the specifics of digital currencies and ensure the protection of citizens’ rights, as well as promote innovation and the development of financial technologies in Russia. Research into the issues under consideration will help better understand current trends and problems in the regulation of digital currencies, which, in turn, may become the basis for further research and legislative initiatives.
Keywords: low-volatility digital currencies (stablecoins), digital currencies, distributed ledger, currency, payment instrument.
Article bibliography
1. Aleksandrova N. S. The relationship between the concepts of “digital rights”, “digital currency” and “digital financial asset” // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 28-31.
2. Andrianova N. G. Approaches of international organizations to defining the essence of cryptocurrencies // International law and international organizations. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 61-66.
3. Civil Law: Textbook: In 4 volumes / Ed. by E. A. Sukhanov. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – T. I.
4. Grimm D. D. Lectures on the Dogma of Roman Law / Ed. and with the chairman V. A. Tomsinov. – M.: Zertsalo Publishing House, 2003. – P. 203.
5. Egorov A. V. Structure of the obligatory relationship: developments of the German doctrine and their applicability in Russia // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 241-274.
6. Kamyshanova A. E. Digital rights, digital finances and digital currency – fiction or property? // Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute of Managementof the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 2 (32). – P. 68-71.
7. Commentary on Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (chapter-by-chapter) / Ed. by A. L. Makovsky. – M., 2008 (author of the commentary to the article – A. L. Makovsky).
8. Kucherov I. et al. Certain issues of financial and legal regulation of the digital economy: digital currency // Financial Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 3-7.
9. Lapach V. A. System of objects of civil rights. Theory and judicial practice. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
10. Pokrovsky I. A. Main problems of civil law. – M.: Statut, 2020. – P. 208-209.
11. Rozhdestvenskaya T. E., Guznov A. G. Digital currency: features of regulation in the Russian Federation // Law enforcement. – 2021. – Vol. 5, No. 1. – P. 58-67.
12. Rozhkova M. A. Categories of “digital law”, “digital rights” and “digital currency” in Russian law // Law of the digital economy. – 2021. – No. 17. – P. 10-68
13. Sitnik A. A. Digital currencies: problems of legal regulation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 11 (120). – P. 103-113.
14. Sukhanov E. A. On the concept and types of property rights in Russian civil law // Current issues of property law: Materials of scientific readings in memory of Professor S. N. Bratus (Moscow. October 25, 2006). – M.: Jurisprudence, 2007. – P. 37.
15. Shchavelev A. V. Digital financial assets, digital currency and digital money // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2021. – No. 33. – P. 826-831.
16. Yakovlev A. S. Property rights as objects of civil legal relations. Theory and practice. – M., 2009. – P. 53-59.
17. Kiskis M. Private law framework for blockchain // Frontiers in Blockchain. – 2024. – T. 7. – P. 120.
18. Rohman M. H. Understanding the Legal and Religious Perspectives on Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Study of DSN-MUI Fatwa and Indonesian Currency Regulation // Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum. – 2023. – T. 20, No. 01. – P. 38-53.

CIVIL LAW
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
KRIVENKOV Alexey Dmitrievich
postgraduate student of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
REQUIRED LEGAL INNOVATIONS AND MODERNIZATION OF REGULATORY LEGAL ACTS IN THE PARADIGM OF USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL ACTIVITY
The article analyzes the current state of the regulatory framework in Russia and identifies key gaps in the regulation of this area. The authors discuss the need to develop specialized legislation that will ensure the protection of personal data, establish a clear framework of responsibility for the use of AI and increase the transparency of AI-based decision-making. The article also examines international experience and emphasizes the importance of interstate cooperation in the development of common standards and norms in the field of artificial intelligence regulation. The article substantiates the main problems arising from the lack of proper legal regulation of AI technologies. As a result, a draft federal law aimed at regulating AI is proposed, which seems to be critically important for integrating these technologies into the country’s public and economic infrastructure.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal regulation, data protection, responsibility, transparency of decisions, international cooperation, legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Asadullina A. V., Belousov V. S. Regulation of artificial intelligence technologies in the European Union [Text] // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 20-35.
2. Russia is developing a law on artificial intelligence. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20230628/zakon-1880810358.html (date accessed: 30.04.2024).
3. The Federation Council explained what needs to be spelled out in the law on artificial intelligence. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://senatinform.ru/news/v_sf_obyasnili_chto_nado_propisat_v_zakone_ob_iskusstvennom_intellekte/ (date accessed: 30.04.2024).
4. Gerasimova N. R., Gadeeva A. E. Gaps in the Law and Ways to Eliminate Them [Text] // Social and Political Sciences. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 172-176.
5. Kantemirova E. D. Improving the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Russia [Text] // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovershenstvovanie-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-rossii (date of access: 04/30/2024).
6. Kostenko M. A. Gap in the law as a type of law-making error [Text] // Bulletin of the Southern Federal University. Technical sciences. – 2008. – No. 10. – P. 117-123.
7. Nikitina A. A., Karev D. A. Gaps in law and legislation: concept, reasonsy and ways to eliminate them [Text] // Synergy of Sciences. – 2019. – No. 33. – P. 776-782.
8. Artificial Intelligence Act: MEPs adopt landmark law. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20240308IPR19015/artificial-intelligence-act-meps-adopt-landmark-law (date of access: 04/30/2024).

CIVIL LAW
KOZHOKAR Andrey Petrovich
Head of the Chairman’s Secretariat of the Twelfth Arbitration Court of Appeal
THE LEGAL NATURE OF NOTARIAL CONTROL AND ITS PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL CONTROL
The work is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of notarial control, determining its place and role in the system of other types of legal control, identifying its characteristic features and implementation features. It has been established that the legislative consolidation of notarial control over the actions of limited liability companies and their participants was dictated primarily by a significant proportion of these business entities among other organizational and legal forms of legal entities, a low level of integrity of participants, falsification of decisions taken by the company and participants, raiding corporate control over companies, inefficiency in protecting their rights and legitimate interests. protection of interests from unfair behavior of counterparties.
Keywords: notary control, limited liability company, members of the company, public law control.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Belyaev V.P. Control and supervision as forms of legal activity: questions of theory and practice: dis. …abstract abstract. dis. … doc. legal Sci. – Saratov, 2006. – P. 11-12.
2. Bogoslavsky E. A. Control and supervision as a form of implementation of legal policy. – M.: Publishing house of ANO “Research Institute of History, Economics and Law”, 2015. – P. 7.
3. Vasiliev R. I. Administrative and legal regulation of control of customs value: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Lyubertsy, 2013. – P. 14.
4. Grabko O. V. Civil-legal control under Russian law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2022. – P. 9-10.
5. Gracheva E. Yu. Problems of legal regulation of state financial control. – M.: Jurisprudence, 2000. – P. 111.
6. Gutin A. S. Corporate control in joint-stock companies and its legal forms: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2005. – P. 21.
7. Novikov A. B. Customs control in the system of administrative procedures of customs affairs // Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy named after V. B. Bobkov. – 2005. – No. 2 (24). – P. 19.
8. Gongalo B. M., Zaitseva T. I., Medvedev I. G. et al. Notarial law: textbook / Ed. V. V. Yarkov. – M.: Statut, 2017. – P. 75-76.
9. Osintsev D. V. Administrative control and prosecutorial supervision: limits of law enforcement // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 4 (24). – P. 7.
10. Ral’ko V. V. Theory of legal activity of notaries: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of law. – M., 2010. – P. 13.
11. Spiridonov A. A. Systemic unity of state control (supervision) and public control as a constitutional and legal principle // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2022. – Vol. 75, No. 6 (187). – P. 54.
12. Transcript of the conference “20th anniversary of the non-budgetary notary profession: Results. Problems. Prospects” (extracts) // Bulletin of notarial practice. – 2013. – No. 1.
13. Sychev O. M. Regulation of relations with the participation of private notaries in Russia: civil-law aspect: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2008. – P. 5.
14. Tkachenko M. V. State control and supervision of notarial activity: administrative-legal issues: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Rostov/n/D, 2011. – P. 9.
15. Shashkina A. N. Administrative-legal regulation of customs control after the release of goods: author’s abstract. dis. … Cand. of Law. – Lyubertsy, 2015. – P. 10.
16. Shchekochikhin P. A. Notary of the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal foundations: author’s abstract. Cand. of Law. – M., 2103. – P. 7.

CIVIL LAW
LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE SURROGACY AGREEMENT
This paper presents the results of a study of the legal aspects of the surrogacy contract. It is indicated that the improvement of reproductive technologies allows infertile couples to become parents of their child genetically through the implementation of a surrogacy agreement. At the same time, this issue stems not only from the medical, moral and ethical sphere, but is also directly determined by the peculiarities of its legal regulation.
At the same time, the legal regulation of such contracts, as well as the generally available reproductive technologies, in the Russian Federation cannot be recognized as sufficient and holistic, in fact it is often fragmented, providing for certain prohibitions and restrictions. In view of this, the study analyzes the main problems of this institution of Russian legislation and suggests ways to solve them.
In particular, the author believes that the current emphasis in the field of the priority of the rights of a surrogate mother, on the consent of the relevant subjects to register as the child’s parents in the registry office, and, consequently, the fixation of the minor’s origin from the relevant parents, must be shifted towards the priority of the rights of genetic parents. A surrogate mother can retain the right to communicate with the child, as well as to participate in his life. Such an approach would increase the attractiveness of surrogacy, as it would reduce the risks of parents not receiving a child to a minimum, eliminating the possibility of a surrogate mother abusing her rights.
Keywords: reproductive technologies, surrogacy agreement, civil law transaction, spouses, surrogate mother, birth registration, gestational model, reproductive rights, infertility.
Article bibliography
1. Zapolsky S. V. Russian and foreign legislation on surrogacy – a comparative legal analysis: constitutional and organizational-legal aspects // Journal of Legal Research. 2021. Vol. 6, No. 1. P. 50-59.
2. Ivanova V. A. Legal regulation of surrogacy in the Russian Federation // Epomen: medical sciences. 2022. No. 4. P. 94-99.
3. Cherkasova E. V. Transformation of legal regulation of civil liability in case of abandonment of a child born using surrogacy // Family and housing law. 2023. No. 4. P. 19-21.
4. Yarosh A. V. On the issue of civil regulation of surrogacy in Russia // Law and state: theory and practice. 2021. No. 8 (200). P. 75-79.
5. Lameikina E. Yu. Legal regulation of surrogacy. Problems and prospects // Law and right. 2021. No. 1. P. 56-59.
6. Bardashevich Ya. V. Features of legal regulation of the institution of surrogacy on the example of foreign countries // Epomen. 2021. No. 51. P. 97-120.
7. Kolodyazhnaya A. I. Novellas in the legal regulation of surrogacy in European countries // Actual problems of Russian law. 2022. Vol. 17, No. 8 (141). P. 150-156.
8. Guryleva M. E. On the issue of ethics and legal regulation of surrogacy in the Russian Federation // Law and Right. 2023. No. 4. P. 22-24.
9. Muratova S. A. Legislative regulation and legal nature of the surrogacy agreement // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 6. P. 198-202.
10. Sumarokova Yu. V. Civil law characteristics of the surrogacy agreement // Improving the legal system of the Russian Federation: analysis of problems of legal science and practice: collection of materials of the interregional scientific and practical conference, Kursk, December 23, 2020. Kursk: Regional Open Social Institute, 2021. pp. 19-23.

CIVIL LAW
LYUBENKO Yuliya Vladimirovna
competitor, Ural Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Deputy Head of the Department for Concluding Contracts, Yekaterinburg Academic Opera and Ballet Theater
THE PROTECTION OF THE VOICE AS AN OBJECT OF INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS
The author of the article reveals the possibilities and problems of legal protection of the voice in Russia. The study provides specific examples of legal regulation of voice in the United States, describes legal conflicts and materials of judicial practice in modern Russia related to the violation of the right to use the voice of citizens. The author conducted a detailed analysis of the draft law under discussion on the legal protection of the voice from misuse, including through the use of artificial intelligence and neural networks.
Keywords: voice, neural networks, phonogram, performer, related law, protection, opera, bill.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty of December 20, 1996
2. International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations of October 26, 1961
3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024, as amended on October 31, 2024) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
4. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) “On Personaldata” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
5.Draft Federal Law No. 718834-8 “On Amendments to Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
6.Borisova A.A. Legal aspects of voice protection // Skif. Issues of student science. 2024. No. 6 (94). P. 237-243.
7.Vashchenko D.G. Features of civil-legal protection of the voice of dubbing actors // Youth and systemic modernization of the country. Kursk, 2024. P. 126-130.
8.Morgunova E.A. Legal protection of the results of performing activities when using motion capture technologies // Bulletin of Moscow University. 2024. No. 2. Series 11: Law. P. 177-192.
9. Nikolaev D. V. Phenomenon of opera voice // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen. 2007. Vol. 17, No. 43-1. P. 245-247.
10. U S. Human singing voice: the essence of the concept // Youth. Intelligence. Initiative. Vitebsk, 2023. P. 286-287.
11. What to do if your voice is stolen and used without permission? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vc.ru/legal/959152-chto-delat-esli-golos-ukrali-i-ispolzuyut-bez-razresheniy (Accessed: 11.11.2024).

CIVIL LAW
MAZANAEV Murad Shabanovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MURATAEVA Svetlana Salikhovna
magister student, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND DEFENCE OF COPYRIGHTS TO A MUSICAL WORK
In the article, the authors consider the main provisions of the legislation on copyright protection in the music industry, the peculiarities of the emergence of the rights and obligations of authors and copyright holders, as well as the mechanisms of civil protection in case of copyright infringement of musical works. The issue of copyright protection and defense in the context of the digitalization of the music industry and the distribution of music via the Internet is also highlighted.
When writing the article, the methods of analysis, synthesis, formal legal, logical, etc. were used.
Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that the current legislation establishes ways to protect copyrights to musical works, but, unfortunately, they are in urgent need of significant adjustments. First of all, these concerns the protection of copyrights on the Internet.
Keywords: musical works, Internet, protection of rights, methods of protection, problems.
Article bibliography
1. Bogdanov V. E., Kavetskaya A. V. Modern problems of copyright protection for musical works // Scientific notes of NSUEM. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 35-37.
2. Makarov D., Makarov T. Objective form of a musical work as an object of copyright // Copyright and related rights. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 24-32.
3. Nagrodskaya V. B. Modernization of copyrights to musical works in the digital environment and open content models // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 66-73.
4. Smirnov I. E. On the concept of a musical work as an object of copyright // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 113-120.
5. Belogolova A. M. Legal protection of copyright to a musical work // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 51 (185). – P. 215-217. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/185/47409/ (date of access: 07.11.2024).
6. How to register and protect rights to music from infringement. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ipbrand.ru/news/avtorskoe-pravo/zashchita-avtorskikh-prav-na-muzyku/ (date of access: 07.11.2024).
7. Vlasova D. V., Zubova A. S. Features of copyright protection for musical works distributed on the Internet. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/50548/1/isi-2017-07.pdf (date accessed: 05.11.2024).
8. Rud R. S., Skidanov V. S. Civil protection of copyright on musical works // Actual problems of science and education: collection of materials of the III International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, December 14, 2023. – Moscow: Alef, 2023. – P. 100-105.
9. Gorina N. V. On the issue of copyright protection on musical works on the Internet // Bulletin of the Tyumen State Institute of Culture. – 2023. – No. 2 (28). – P. 24-28.
10. Ponomareva A. V. Features of protection and protection of copyrights to musical works // Electronic scientific journal. – 2020. – No. 8 (37). – P. 210-217.
11. Nuryeva Yu. D., Kudryavtseva E. S. Features of protection of copyrights to musical works when they are viewed on the Internet // Skif. Issues of student science. – 2019. – No. 12-2.
12. Kurochka A. A. Protection of copyright to musical workseducation in the Russian Federation // Symbol of science. – 2021. – No. 6.

CIVIL LAW
MAKSIMOV Vitaliy Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch), University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation
THE NATURE AND LEGITIMACY OF STATE POWER UNDER MEDIEVAL LAW
The vast majority of the medieval states of Europe were monarchies and did not know the idea of popular sovereignty. The monarch was considered in no way subordinate to society, and his legislative power was not limited. Already at the end of the early Middle Ages the concept of the monarch as a living law emerges. This thesis is formulated almost equally by the English jurist Henry Bracton and the Byzantine philosopher Nicholas Mystic, which indicates that this idea was deeply rooted in the whole of medieval Europe.
At the same time, the authority of the monarch’s power was not unconditional and at different stages was determined and ensured by different legal criteria, violating which the monarch immediately turned into a tyrant and his power lost its authority. In the early Middle Ages, such a criterion in the Germanic and Slavic peoples was legal custom, “honour” – as an obligation to comply with their high status.
In later periods, the idea of authority of power is connected with the principle of justice and, in combination with the idea of the ‘right to resist’ unjust law, receives philosophical substantiation in the works of John of Salisbury, Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers.
The discrepancy between the ideal of the monarch’s power and the real state of affairs led to frequent cases of people’s disobedience and ‘tyrannicide’. Attempts to translate this phenomenon into the legal field led to the emergence of the first ‘proto-constitutional’ acts in the states of Western Europe (the Great Charter of Liberties, the Great March Ordinance, etc.), which established mutual rights and duties of kings and subjects, laying the foundation for future parliamentarism. These normative acts were in essence the formal expression of the social contract several centuries before the emergence of the relevant scientific theory.
As a result, the author argues that the idea of the rule of law was supported by the dominant religious ideology. The political and economic vulnerability of rulers and the existence of multiple power and jurisdictional structures also played a role in this process.
The author emphasizes that the phenomenon of unconstitutional acts is characteristic of Western European culture. They had no analogues in Byzantium and Slavic lands, although at the later stages of the Middle Ages some provisions of constitutional nature are also enshrined in the legal acts of this part of the European medieval world. This was one of the reasons for the leadership of Western European countries in the development of legal culture, which was clearly manifested in the Modern Age.
In the article the author argues his point of view and draws conclusions taking into account the analysis of opinions of various domestic and foreign scientists.
Keywords: rule of law, law, law, equality, duty, justice, legal thought, source of law, worldview, normative act, justice, right to resist, natural law, medieval law, personality.
Article bibliography
1. Anthology of world legal thought, Volume 2. M. Mysl. 1999. Anthology of world legal thought, Volume 2. – M.: Mysl. 1999. – 829 p.
2. Anthology. Slavs and their neighbors. Power, society, culture in the Slavic world in the Middle Ages. On the 70th anniversary of Boris Nikolaevich Flori. Issue 12. – M.: Indrik Publishing House, 2008. – 416 p.
3. Berman G. J. Western Legal Tradition: The Era of Formation / Translated from English. – 2nd ed. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House: INFRA M-NORMA Publishing Group, 1998. – 624 p.
4. Power, Society, Individual in Medieval Europe / Ed. N. A. Khachaturyan; compiled by O. S. Voskoboinikov; Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University. – M.: Nauka, 200. – 600 p.
5. John of Salisbury. Metalogicus // Monuments of Medieval Latin Literature of the 10th-12th Centuries. – M., 1972. – 560 p.
6. Kaldellis E. Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome / Anthony Kaldellis; (translated and edited by V. I. Zemskov). – SPb.: DMITRY BULANIN, 2016. – 448 p.
7. Kantorovich E. H. Two Bodies of the King. A Study in Medieval Political Theology. Second ed., revised / Translated from English by M. A. Boytsov and A. Yu. Seregina. – M.: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2015. – 752 p.
8. Kekaumenos. Advice and Stories: Teachings of the Byzantine Commander of the 11th Century / Prep. text, introduction, translation from Greek, commentary by G. G. Litavrin. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2014. – 712 p.
9. Medvedev I. P. Legal Culture of the Byzantine Empire. – St. Petersburg.: Aletheia, 2001. – 85 p.
10. Svyatovets O. A. Henry Bracton and the treatise “On the Laws and Customs of England” (From the history of political thought of the 13th century) / Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2000. – 23 p.
11. Kern F. Kingship and Law in Middle Ages II. Law and Constitution in the Middle Ages. – 214 p.

CIVIL LAW
MALYGIN Ivan Sergeevich
senior lawyer “HIGHLAND GOLD”
NON-SOLICITATION AGREEMENT IN M&A IN IT SECTOR
This article is dedicated to the problem of using the non-solicitation agreement in M&A in the IT sector.
A non-solicitation agreement is a contract establishing mutual restrictions of the parties on the poaching of employees. These type of agreements have become widespread in M&A in the IT sector. This is due to the fact that the buyer of shares of the company usually has an interest not only in preserving the tangible assets of the company whose shares he acquires, but also in preserving of the company’s valuable employees. In this regard, the buyer must be sure that after the conclusion of the transaction, the seller will not send employees to another company.
In this article the author analyzes the restrictions established by current legislation and judicial practice in relation to a non-solicitation agreement. The article also discusses various options for describing the subject of a non-solicitation agreement that affects the validity of the transaction.
Keywords: Non-solicitation agreement, mergers and acquisitions, restriction of the right to work, discrimination.
Article bibliography
1. Em V. S. Nullity of transactions under current civil legislation // Herald of civil law. 2018. No. 4. P. 12-45.
2. Transactions, representation, limitation period: article-by-article commentary to articles 153-208 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic publication. Revision 1.0] / Ed. A.G. Karapetyan. Moscow: M-Logos. 2018. P. 1264. (Comments on the civil legislation of the Gloss).
3. Sklovsky K.I. Prohibition of sale of someone else’s property and reform of the Civil Code // Law. 2018. No. 12. P. 71-78.
4. Timoshenko R.I. “Discrimination and labor legislation” // Labor law in Russia and abroad. 2017. No. 3.
5. Chulanova O. Selection of management personnel based on the competence approach. From the experience of electric power companies // HR. Recruiting for the HR officer. 2011. No. 12.
6. Fedoranich. S. Prohibition on the profession // “EZH-YURIST”. 2014. No. 3. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
7. Shestakova O. Prohibition on poaching personnel. When violation of this condition threatens lawsuits for large amounts // Electronic journal “Company Lawyer”. 2013. No. 10.

CIVIL LAW
SEYFULLAEV Ruslan Sayavush oglu
leading lawyer of Alirus-plus LLC, Kaliningrad
THE ORDER OF SATISFACTION OF CREDITORS’ CLAIMS IN THE BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
In an unstable economic situation, the bankruptcy procedure becomes an urgent tool for protecting the rights of creditors and restoring the financial stability of debtors. One of the key aspects of the bankruptcy procedure is the order of satisfaction of creditors’ claims, which is designed to ensure a fair distribution of the debtor’s assets among interested parties. The research is aimed at studying the legal and practical aspects of the priority of satisfaction of claims, their impact on the effectiveness of bankruptcy proceedings and protection of the interests of creditors of various categories. The purpose of the study is to identify and evaluate the specifics of the legal regulation of the priority of satisfying creditors’ claims in bankruptcy proceedings, identify problematic aspects of current legislation and suggest possible ways to improve it to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement practice. The research methodology includes an analysis of current legislation, judicial practice, as well as a comparative analysis of legal systems in different countries. The methods of legal modeling and forecasting were used to assess the possible consequences of making changes to legislative norms. The study revealed significant gaps and contradictions in Russian legislation regulating the priority of satisfying creditors’ claims. It has been established that the lack of certainty of legal norms creates a risk of abuse and complicates the debt collection process. Specific recommendations have been proposed to improve the regulatory framework, which are aimed at strengthening the protection of creditors’ rights, especially those with the most vulnerable position in the priority system.
Keywords: bankruptcy, creditors, priority of satisfaction of claims, protection of creditors’rights, legal regulation, judicial practice, legislation, effectiveness of bankruptcy procedure.
References
1. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
2. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Article 134. Priority of Satisfaction of Creditors’ Claims of a Legal Entity. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
3. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Article 213.27. Priority of Satisfaction of Creditors’ Claims in the Bankruptcy of an Individual. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
4. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Clause 2 of Article 134. Priority of Satisfaction of Current Payments. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
5. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Article 138. Procedure for Satisfying Claims of Creditors Secured by Pledge. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
6. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)”. Article 136. Priority of repayment of claims. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_39331/
7. Grishchenko I. V. Priority of satisfaction of creditors’ claims in bankruptcy: legal aspects // Legal Bulletin. – 2020.
8. Smirnov A. P. Bankruptcy law of Russia: theoretical and practical problems. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2019.
9. Kravchenko O. A. Legal regulation of bankruptcy procedure and protection of creditors’ rights. – M.: Norma, 2021.
10. Astakhov S. G. Problems of Application of Bankruptcy Legislation. – M.: Statut, 2018.
11. Erokhin V. D. Legal Mechanisms for Satisfying Creditors’ Claims in Bankruptcy Proceedings. – M.: Institute of Law, 2022.
12. Kuznetsov M. L. Bankruptcy Proceedings: Theory and Practice. – M.: Norma, 2020.
13. Ivanova E. N. Features of the Implementation of Creditors’ Property Rights in Insolvency Cases // Jurist. – 2019.
14. Petrov I. V. Legal Aspects of Satisfying Creditors’Claims in the Bankruptcy Process. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
15. Ruchkina G. F. Prospects for Improving Bankruptcy Legislation // International Public and Private Law. – 2021.

CIVIL LAW
TELNOV Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, Chief Legal Adviser, Sberbank Factoring LLC
PROTECTION AGAINST DEFAMATION OF THE REPUTATION OF BODIES AND PERSONS ACTING ON BEHALF OF AND IN THE INTERESTS OF THE STATE IN THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL
The article analyzes the legislation and judicial practice of Brazil concerning the ongoing scientific study of the legal possibilities of bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of the state, which ensure legal protection of their reputation and, in fact, the reputation of the state from defamation (from the dissemination of false defamatory information). The object of the study was: phenomena of public relations with examples of their legislative regulation in cases of defamation; the procedure for resolving situations related to the dissemination of information that constitutes a controversial defamatory statement of facts or opinions that negatively affect the reputation of the state and public figures directly associated with the state; procedural issues that are resolved by subjects affected by defamation; procedures for initiating legal protection by the said persons of their violated intrinsic benefits and rights from defamation. It is concluded that bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of Brazil, along with other subjects affected by defamation, have equal rights to protect their reputation from defamation. And in fact, they have equal opportunities to use the methods provided by the legislation and provisions of judicial practice of Brazil to protect their reputation from defamation, even in the conditions of the proclaimed right to free expression of opinions. Successful protection of the reputation of bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of Brazil, reliably provided by the current legislation of Brazil and provisions of judicial practice, has a positive effect on the level of the reputation of the state, as a whole.
Keywords: defamation, Brazil, the state, bodies and persons acting on behalf of and in the interests of the state, legal protection of civil rights, intangible benefits, reputation.
Article bibliography
1. Belik V.N., Semenovsky I.D. Constitutional right to qualified legal assistance in Russia and Brazil: Analysis of legislation in the field of criminal proceedings // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2018. – No. 435. – P. 208. (DOI: 10.17223/15617793/435/27).
2. Borges, Nayara Gallieta. Os Limites da Liberdade de Expressão: Análise do HC 82.424/RS. Revista Brasileira de Direitos e Garantias Fundamentais, Florianopolis, Brasil, v. 2, n. 2, 2016, p. 230.

CIVIL LAW
TRUSHKOV Ivan Igorevich
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
SUKHANOVA Darya Igorevna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
KUTDUSOVA Anastasiya Valerjevna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MECHANISM OF CULTURAL PROPERTY RESTITUTION
The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the restitution of cultural property in Russia in the context of international and national law. The concept and legal nature of restitution are considered, and the existing mechanisms for its implementation, including judicial and pre-trial procedures, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to Russian practice in this area, including the most significant cases and regulations, such as Federal Law No. 4804-1 “On the Export and Import of Cultural Property” and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The author identifies key problems, including insufficient harmonization of national legislation with international standards, difficulties in proving property rights, and the cross-border nature of disputes. Based on the analysis, ways are proposed to improve the legal regulation of restitution, including the development of digital technologies for tracking cultural objects, the adaptation of the provisions of international conventions and the creation of specialized bodies. The work highlights the importance of interstate cooperation and the improvement of the legislative framework for the effective resolution of restitution issues.
Keywords: restitution, cultural property, international law, national legislation, judicial practice, UNESCO Convention of 1970, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, export and import of cultural property, trophy art, digital technologies, blockchain, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one): Federal Law of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended and supplemented). – Moscow: Yurait, 2023.
2. Federal Law of April 15, 1993 No. 4804-1 “On the Export and Import of Cultural Values” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1993. – No. 17. – Art. 602.
3. The 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ (accessed: 09.12.2024).
4. Nida Yu. E., Taber C. R. Theory and Practice of Translation: Translation and Cultural Adaptation. – Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 2007. – 272 p.
5. Prott L. V., O’Keefe P. J. Law and the Cultural Heritage: Volume 1. Discovery and Excavation. – London: Professional Books, 1984. – 540 p.
6. O’Keefe, P. J. The Protection of Cultural Heritage: Volume 3. Restitution of Stolen Objects. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. – 374 p.

CIVIL LAW
YURJEVA Larisa Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Dean, Faculty of History and Law, Kuzbass Humanitarian Pedagogical Institute, Kemerovo State University, Novokuznetsk
ZACHUPEYKO Mariya Andreevna
student of the 4th course, Novosibirsk State University
THE INSIGNIFICANCE AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE DECISION OF THE MEETING: CRITERIA OF DISTINCTION
The article analyzes the norms of civil legislation and the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the insignificance and the challenge of decisions of meetings of participants in civil law communities. On the basis of criteria traditionally used to differentiate types of vicious transactions, a comparison of disputed and void decisions of meetings is carried out. It is concluded that the only difference between them lies in the grounds for their invalidation. The differences in the method of invalidation of a disputed and void decision of the assembly, the duration and procedure for calculating the limitation period for claims related to their invalidity have been negated by the highest court. Under these conditions, the expediency of dividing the decisions of meetings adopted with violations into types is lost.
Keywords: general meeting, decision of the meeting, invalid decision, disputed decision, grounds for invalidity, limitation period.
Article bibliographic list
1. Sklovsky K. I. The transaction and its action. Commentary on Chapter 9 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The principle of good faith. – M.: Statut, 2019. – 278 p.
2. Tuzov D. O. Theory of invalidity of transactions: the experience of Russian law in the context of the European legal tradition. – M.: Statut, 2007. – 602 p.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
Lawyer of the Leningrad regional bar association, branch of the Law Firm “Pelevin and Partners”
TYPES OF PLASTIC SURGERY FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING A PATIENT’S TAX DEDUCTION UNDER CODE 2
The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of obtaining tax social deductions for patients of plastic surgery clinics according to the 02 code. The requirements for patients to receive social tax deductions are considered. The peculiarities of the provision of deductions in some countries are under investigation. Proposals have been made to reduce the cost of preparing supporting documents, as well as the introduction of new social deductions.
Keywords: deduction, plastic surgery, plastic surgery, treatment, expensive treatment, medical care, patient, tax deduction, tax authority.
Article bibliography
1. Gromov V. V. Optimization of the administrative burden when receiving tax deductions for education and treatment // Taxes. – 2022. – No. 3.
2. Dmitrieva O. V. Practical aspects of obtaining a social tax deduction for personal income tax for treatment // International accounting. – 2019. – Vol. 22, No. 4 (454).
3. How to use the social tax deduction for treatment? // ABC of Law: electronic. journal. – 2024.
4. Polyakova M. A., Nosov A. V. Tax deductions: essence and problems of their application // Accounting. Analysis. Audit. – 2022. – No. 5, Vol. 9.
5. Smirnova E. E. Taxation of personal income: prospects for improving social tax deductions // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Series: Economics. – 2018. – No. 1 (215).
6. Soboleva M. E. Nomenclature of medical services and obtaining a social tax deduction // Alley of Science. – 2021. – Vol. 1, No. 8 (59).
7. Tatarov K. Yu. Tax deduction for treatment: modern presentation technologies // Financial Bulletin: Finance, taxes, insurance, accounting. – 2020. – No. 9.

CIVIL LAW
BASKIN Daniil Yurjevich
postgraduate student, Moscow University for Industry and Finance “Synergy”
THE CONTENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF REAL ESTATE IN CIVIL LAW
The article describes real estate objects in connection with their specifics in the modern civil law of the Russian Federation. An extensive classification of real estate is given and the problem of the correlation of types of real estate with the principles of their regulatory interpretation in the Civil Code is considered. Based on the studied material, it was concluded that the classification of real estate objects without bringing the content of the category in modern legislation is difficult and controversial.
Keywords: real estate objects, civil law, real estate, land, buildings and structures as objects of law
Article bibliographic list
1. Sukhanov E. A. Real estate in the system of civil rights objects // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – Vol. 25, No. 1. – Pp. 16-22.
2. Rosreestr proposed to change the criteria for distinguishing between movable and immovable property // Interfax. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/876097.
3. Skopenko O. R. The concept of a single real estate object: implementation in modern Russian legislation // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 7 (262). – P. 68-75.
4. “The Concept of Development of Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation” (approved by the decision of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Codification and Improvement of Civil Legislation dated 07.10.2009) // Reference and Legal System “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_95075/
5. Tokmakova G.V. Real estate as an object of legal regulation // Public Service. – 2022. – V. 24, No. 5 (139). – P. 14-18.
6. Chaplin N.Yu. Concept and Features of a Land Plot as an Object of Civil Rights // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 8 (260). – P. 155-161.
7. Gdlyan A. T. Problems of classification of non-residential premises // Bulletin of the OE Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 11 (123). – pp. 190-198.

CIVIL LAW
GATIYATULLINA Elmira Maratovna
postgraduate student of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, University of Management “TISBI”, Deputy Head of the Legal Department at FSAU Research Institute “Voskhod”
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PERSONAL DATA MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEMPORARY INFORMATION LANDSCAPE
The article provides a comprehensive study of the legal regime of personal data in the context of digital transformation of society. Modern theoretical aApproaches of leading domestic and foreign scientists to the regulation of personal data circulation are analyzed, and the main problems of legal provision of individual information security are identified. Special attention is paid to the methodological foundations and promising directions for improving the legal protection of personal data in the context of information technology development.
Keywords: personal data, legal regime, information security, data protection, digital rights, information law.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bachilo I. L. The place of information legislation in the legal system // The Eighth All-Russian Conference “Problems of Legislation in the Sphere of Informatization”. Materials. – Moscow, 2000. – November 21.
2. Bachilo I. L. Digitalization of Management and Economy – a National Task // State and Law. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 59-69. – EDN YPAXWH.
3. Gorodov O. A., Egorova M. A. Main directions of improving legal regulation in the sphere of digital economy in Russia // Law and digital economy. – 2018. – No. 1 (01). – P. 6-12. – DOI 10.17803/2618-8198.2018.01.1.006-012. – EDN XYPBHV.
4. Kopylov V. A., Fedotov M. A., Gavrilov O. A. [et al.]. Actual problems of information law // Works on intellectual property. – 2000. – Vol. 2, No. 1. – P. 4-45. – EDN SEJINH.
5. Rassolov I. M., Chubukova S. G., Mikurova I. V. Analysis of the possible application to the regulation of relations regarding genetic information of the institutions of personal data, personal privacy, medical confidentiality // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2020. – Vol. 73, No. 4 (161). – P. 143-151. – DOI 10.17803/17295920.2020.161.4.143-151. – EDN YVWTQY.
6. Tereshchenko L. K. Legal regime of information: specialty 12.00.14 “Administrative law; administrative process”: dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Law / Tereshchenko Lyudmila Konstantinovna. – Moscow, 2011. – 415 p. – EDN QFWDPX.
7. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data (General Data Protection Regulation) // Official Journal of the European Union. – 2016. – L 119. – Pр. 1-88.
8. Markina M. V., Berezina D. A. Information // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2015. – No. 10. – Pp. 21-27. – EDN VHEPEN.
9. Bachilo I. L. Information law: textbook for universities. – 5th ed., revised. and add. – Moscow: Publishing House Yurait, 2024. – 419 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-00608-7 // Educational platform Yurait [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/535437 (access date: 12/18/2024).

CIVIL LAW
DILINAER
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SMART CONTRACTS IN LITIGATION: BENEFITS AND RISKS
This article discusses issues related to the use of smart contracts in litigation, including the history of smart contracts, their characteristics, and the benefits and possible future challenges of using smart contracts in litigation. The article emphasizes the benefits of smart contracts, including the fact that smart contracts are unambiguous, reliable, automatically enforceable, and autonomous. The article argues that smart contracts can improve the efficiency of justice, which helps to increase trust between parties and reduce disputes. However, the article also mentions that there are limitations to the use of smart contracts in justice. Smart contracts pose challenges to traditional court procedures, arbitration, and mediation mechanisms. Smart contracts pose challenges for traditional civil court procedures and arbitration.
Keywords: smart contracts, blockchain, justice.
Article bibliography
1. Duan Dongsheng. On the Development Path of Digital Asset Generalization in China // Journal of Shantou University. – 2023. – No. 39 (1). – P. 10.
2. Wang Na. Practice and Understanding of Energy Blockchain Policy at Home and Abroad // Shanghai Energy Saving. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 506-513.
3. Wu E. Smart Contracts: A Basis for Autonomy through Contracts // Journal of Henan University of Finance, Economics and Law. – 2022. – No. 37 (05). – Art. 42-53.
4. Abdusattarov Humoyun. Fakhriddin Ugli. Blockchain and Smart Contracts in Contract Law // ORIENSS. – 2022. – No. Special Issue 4-2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/blokcheyn-i-smart-kontrakty-v-dogovornom-prave (date of access: 13.06.2024).
5. Xu Ke. Smart Contracts in the Decision-Making Process Crucifixion // Eastern Jurisprudence. – 2019. – No. 3. – Art. 44-45.
6. Yu Chengfeng. The death of law: the crisis of lawfunction in the era of artificial intelligence // Journal of East China University of Political Science and Law. – 2018. – No. 21 (2). – Pp. 5-10.
7. Rusakova E. P., Falkina G. Yu. Approaches to regulating smart contracts: the EU experience // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10 (185). – Pp. 47-51.
8. Grimmelmann James and Grimmelmann James. All Smart Contracts Are Ambiguous (January 14, 2019) // 2 Journal of Law and Innovation 1 (2019), Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper. – No. 19-20. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3315703.
9. Raskin Max.The Law and Legality of Smart Contracts (September 22, 2016). 1 Georgetown Law Technology Review. – 304 (2017). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959166 @@ [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2842258.
10. Cai Yibo. Study of the problem of compliance of smart contracts with the private law system // Eastern Law. – 2019. – No. 2. – Art. 68-81.
11. Kamalyan V. M. Technological and legal aspects of a smart contract // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2020. – No. 8 (72). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tehnologicheskiy-i-pravovoy-aspekty-smart-kontrakta (date of access: 02.06.2024).
12. Efimova L. G., Mikheeva I. E., Chub D. V. Comparative analysis of doctrinal concepts of legal regulation of smart contracts in Russia and foreign countries // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sravnitelnyy-analiz-doktrinalnyh-kontseptsiy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-smart-kontraktov-v-rossii-i-zarubezhnyh-stranah (date of access: 02.06.2024).

CIVIL LAW
IKONNIKOV Denis Romanovich
attorney at Versus Consulting Group, master’s degree in Civil Law, Family Law, St. Petersburg State University
CONVERSION OF TRANSACTIONS AS A SPECIAL MECHANISM OF RECOVERY OF INVALID TRANSACTIONS: HISTORICAL AND COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
The article analyzes the historical and legal analysis of the institution of conversion of transactions, starting from its origin and up to the present day. The main stages of development of the institution of conversion in the continental legal tradition are considered, as well as its reflection in modern legal orders of other countries. On the basis of comparative-legal analysis the peculiarities of the formation of the institution of conversion in German law, its role in ensuring the stability of civil circulation, as well as the key problems arising in its application are revealed. The author emphasizes the need to develop the institution of conversion in the domestic legal system, taking into account successful foreign experience and the needs of Russian judicial practice.
Keywords: Conversion, transformation, invalidity of transactions, historical and legal analysis, comparative legal method, civil turnover.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Díez Soto C. M., La conversión del contrato nulo: su configuración en el derecho comparado y su admisibilidad en el derecho español. – Barcelona: Bosch, 1994. – 215 p.
2. Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. – Oxford, 1996. – 1241 p.
3. Egorov A. V. Transformation (conversion) of a transaction: an urgent need for turnover // Civil law: modern problems of science, legislation, practice: Collection of articles for the anniversary of Doctor of Law, Professor Evgeny Alekseevich Sukhanov. – M.: Statut, 2018 – pp. 193-247.
4. Flume W. General Section of Civil Law: Band 2: The Law of Transaction. – Springer-Verlag. 1992. – 989 p.
5. Gambarov Yu. S. Course in civil law. Vol. 1: General Part. – St. Petersburg, 1911. – 781 p.
6. Novitsky I. B. Invalid transactions // Issues of Soviet civil law. Collection I / Ed. by prof. M. M. Agarkov. M.; L., – 1945. – P. 31-73.
7. Concept of improving the general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (draft) // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 6-101.

CIVIL LAW
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
BRYACHNEVA Olesya Pavlovna
student, Samara State University of Economics
MARAKHOVA Darya Yurjevna
student, Samara State University of Economics
PODSTRESHNY Pavel Vladimirovich
student, Samara State University of Economics
AN INNOVATIVE MEDIATOR MODEL IN NOTARY ACTIVITY
The article considers the practical necessity of introducing mediationprocedures into notarial activities. Due to the high level of conflict in society, it is important to use existing alternative ways of resolving legal disputes, however, when introducing mediation into such a structured system as a notary, you may encounter a number of problems. In the course of this study, problems that may arise when using this procedure in notarial activities have been identified, and ways to solve them have been proposed.
Keywords: mediation, notary, notary activity, mediation agreements, notary.
Article bibliography
1. Gushchina L. I., Rabota E. O. Experience of mediation in notarial activity of Germany and Russia // Essays on the latest cameralistics. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 33-36.
2. Efimova T. V. Mediation in notarial activity: theoretical and applied problems: specialty 5.1.3. “Private law (civilistic) sciences (legal sciences)”: Dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences; Ural State University of Economics named after V. F. Yakovlev. – Ekaterinburg, 2024. – P. 178.
3. Kokova D. A., Zumakulova Z. A., Karamurzova I. B. Prospects for strengthening the role of a notary in the mediation procedure: a comparative legal aspect // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 4 (220). – pp. 238-241.

CIVIL LAW
MAVLYANOVA Ekaterina Nurjevna
postgraduate Student, Institute of Law, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF OIL TRANSPORTATION BY PIPELINE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the specifics of the legal relations that arise during the transportation of oil and petroleum products through the pipeline system in the Russian Federation. The importance and relevance of the industry under study and its regulatory framework are emphasized. The author of the article examines and reveals the current features of legal regulation in the field of oil transportation by pipeline. The problems arising from the existing features of the regulatory legal framework are described, the need for their solution is noted, and ideas that can contribute to solving these problems are proposed. The author presents a general assessment of the state of the regulatory legal framework and suggests a comprehensive solution in the form of a Federal law designed to combine decentralized requirements and concepts into a single regulatory act.
Keywords: regulatory legal framework, regulatory legal acts, legal system, oil transportation, oil pipeline, pipeline transport.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bill No. 99045329-2 “On Main Pipeline Transport”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/99045329-2?ysclid=m65fk7hxbu309202947 (date accessed: 04.12.2024).
2. Sitnikov S. L. Civil regulation of oil transportation through the oil pipeline system. Actual problems of the relationship between property-law and obligatory-law relations. – M., 2007.
3. Civil law: textbook. Part two / Ed. A. P. Sergeev, Yu. K. Tolstoy. – M .: Prospect, 2001.
4. Korepanov K. V. Legal regulation of oil and gas transportation through main pipelines. – M., 2016.

CIVIL LAW
MATVEEV Konstantin Sergeevich
postgraduate student of State legal disciplines and digital law sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF MEDICAL ACTIVITY IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the analysis of the existing problems of legal regulation of medical activity in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of current legislation, judicial practice and doctrinal developments, conflicts and gaps in the legal field are identified that impede the effective functioning of the healthcare system and the protection of patients’ rights. The author offers specific recommendations on how to eliminate the identified shortcomings and improve the effectiveness of legal regulation of medical activities in Russia. The analysis is carried out using the methods of formal legal, comparative legal and system analysis.
Keywords: legal regulation, medical activity, responsibility of medical workers, protection of patients’ rights, law enforcement practice, medical ethics.
Article bibliography
1. Bazhenov A. M. Sociology of Health Care: a textbook and workshop for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 225 p.
2. Demidov N. V. Labor Law: a teaching aid for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 185 p.
3. StOlyarov S. A. Economics and Management in Healthcare: A Textbook for Secondary Vocational Education. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 383 p.
4. Shaidukova L. D. Social Policy of the Russian Federation: A Textbook for Universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2024. – 191 p.

CIVIL LAW
NOVOPARISHNA Natalya Nikolayevna
lecturer of Civil process law sub-faculty, Far-Eastern branch, Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Khabarovsk
GLUSHIN Dmitriy Yaroslavovich
student, Institute of Law, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
KANAKAEVA Karina Vladimirovna
student, Institute of Law, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk
EMPLOYMENT OF MIGRANTS IN KHABAROVSK. MAIN PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
The article is devoted to such labor institution as migrant employment in Khabarovsk. The authors have attempted to identify the prerequisites for introducing certain response measures towards migrants related to employment in Khabarovsk, to define the role for modern development of labor society. The formation of labor relations in Khabarovsk with migrants is considered and some law-application practices are investigated.
Keywords: employment, migrants, employment problems, prospects, work.
Article bibliography
1. Official website of the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for Khabarovsk Krai. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://27.мвд.рф/
2. Official website of the Office of the Federal State Statistics Service for Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://27.rosstat.gov.ru/?ysclid=m4te63ednj166699242.

CIVIL LAW
SERIKH Danil Naser
master of law, postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
PUBLIC-LAW ENTITIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN CORPORATE RELATIONS
The article examines the participation of public-law entities in corporate organizations, including mechanisms such as directive management and representation. Particular attention is given to regulatory issues, including motivation for dividend distribution, conflict of interest, and the qualifications of representatives. The article explores methods of acquiring participation rights in organizations, including general civil procedures and privatization processes. The author provides recommendations for improving legislation to enhance the transparency and efficiency of public-law entities’ involvement in corporate governance.
Keywords: public-law entities, corporate organizations, public-private partnership, directive management, privatization, corporate governance.
Article bibliography
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/05dff0319198/ (Accessed: 01.11.2024).
2. Federal Law of 26.12.1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint-Stock Companies”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_8743/ (Accessed: 15.11.2024).
3. Federal Law of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35155/ (Access date: 11/15/2024).
4. Federal Law of 12/21/2001 No. 1780-FZ “On the Privatization of State and Municipal Property”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35155/ (Access date: 11/15/2024).
5. Federal Law of 07/13/2015 No. 224-FZ “On Public-Private Partnership, Municipal-Private Partnership in the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_182660/ (Accessed: 11/15/2024).
6. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of 11/18/2003 No. 19 (as amended on 05/16/2014) “On Certain Issues of Application of the Federal Law “On Joint-Stock Companies” // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2004. No. 1.
7. Resolution of the Federal Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated 31.01.2001 No. KG-A40/74-01 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
8. Resolution of the FAS of the Ural District dated 03.02.2005 No. F09-90/05-GK // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
9. On the privatization of state property and on the basics of the privatization of municipal property in the Russian Federation: a review of the practice of resolving disputes related to the use of arbitrationcourts of the Federal Law of 21.02.2001 No. 60 // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 2001. No. 5.
10. Batseka V. P. Public-law entities as participants in a limited liability company // Alley of Science. 2022. No. 11. P. 993-996.
11. Ershova Yu. V., Pleshivtseva E. V. On the implementation of the legitimate interests of a public-law entity through its participation in business entities // The trend in the development of the economy, society and law in modern realities. Collection of articles of the I All-Russian Conference. Moscow, 2024. P. 106-109.
12. Koshkin A. A. Some issues of legal capacity and legal capacity of public-law entities as participants in entrepreneurial relations // Young scientist. 2021. No. 49 (391). P. 215-219.
13. Tolstova A. E. Grounds for the emergence of state rights to participate in corporations // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Law Academy. 2024. No. 2. P. 79-85.
14. Emrikh I. N. Public Law Entity as a Participant in Corporate Relations: A View from the Inside // Young Scientist. 2021. No. 53 (395). pp. 135-137.

CIVIL LAW
SIBILEV Ilya Andreevich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL FEATURES OF ASSIGNING THE RESULTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITY TO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
The article deals with the legal features of assigning the results of artificial intelligence activity to the public domain. The main positive and negative consequences of assigning the results of artificial intelligence activity to the objects of “public domain” category are studied. The analysis of potential risks of practical realization of the mentioned concept is carried out, as a result of which the author comes to the conclusion about the need for more precise, clear and substantive legal regulation in the Russian Federation of the issue of intellectual property rights to the results of artificial intelligence activity.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, legal regulation, intellectual property, civil law, copyright, public domain, author, user, developer.
Article bibliography
1. Agibalova E. N., Perekrestova E. A. Copyright of works created by artificial intelligence // Epoch of Science. – 2020. – No. 24. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravo-avtorstva-na-proizvedeniya-sozdannye-iskusstvennym-intellektom (date of access: 12.09.2024).
2. Bolotaeva O. S. Artificial intelligence and intellectual property law // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 10 (226). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-i-pravo-intellektualnoy-sobstvennosti (date of access: 11.09.2024).
3. Kalyatin V. O. Definition of the subject of rights to the results of intellectual activity created using artificial intelligence // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2022. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opredelenie-subekta-prav-na-rezultaty-intellektualnoy-deyatelnosti-sozdannye-s-ispolzovaniem-iskusstvennogo-intellekta (date of access: 10.09.2024).
4. Nazarov N. A. Recognition of authorship of the results of intellectual activity created by artificial intelligence // Intellectual Property. Copyright and Related Rights. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 53-62.
5. Sergeev A. V. Problems of protection of artificial intelligence from the point of view of civil legislation // Legal science. – 2022. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-ohrany-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-s-tochki-zreniya-grazhdanskogo-zakonodatelstva (date of access: 12.09.2024).

CIVIL LAW
TAGIROVA Reaganat Dzhabrailovna
magister student, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
APPEAL AGAINST NOTARIAL ACTIONS PERFORMED BY A NOTARY AND REFUSAL TO COMMIT THEM
The issues of appealing against notarial actions and refusal to commit them in court are of significant interest both for professionals involved in the field of notarization and for the scientific community. This article discusses the specifics of judicial review of cases on applications for notarial actions and refusal to commit them. The content of the legal framework, methodology, grounds and features of appealing against the actions of notaries improperly exercising their powers is presented. The procedure for appealing, the content of the complaint, the bodies and officials authorized to resolve complaints and appeals received by their department are presented. Problems have been identified in the category of cases under study, and ways to resolve them have been proposed.
Keywords: notary, notarial action, refusal, court, applicant, resolution.
Article bibliography
1. Zakharova A.K. Consideration of applications for the performance of notarial acts or refusal to perform them: current issues // Current issues of legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2021. – P. 50-54.
2. Igumenova Ya.D. Specifics of the choice of legal proceedings when considering cases on applications for notarial acts and refusal to perform them // Bulletin of science. – 2022. – No. 4 (49). – P. 74.
3. Mochalov S. V. Judicial consideration of cases on applications for notarial acts // Prospects for the development of science and education. – 2017. – P. 241-247.
4. Nebieridze D. N. The procedure for appealing a notary’s refusal to perform notarial acts // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – No. 3-3 (78). – P. 40-42.
5. Rakitina L. N. Determination of jurisdiction, venue and type of civil proceedings in cases on the actions of notaries // Notary. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 45-48.
6. Rakitina L. N. Procedural status of a notary in civil proceedings // Notary. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 12-15.

CIVIL LAW
FOKIN Anton Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGISLATIVE CHANGES IN THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES OF RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
With the adoption of the Federal Law No. 327-FZ of November 30, 2010, “On the Transfer of Religious Property in State or Municipal Ownership to Religious Organizations”, the conceptual framework of Russian legislation was enriched with the definition of religious property. Thus, this property, which includes cultural heritage sites, fell within the scope of Russian legislators, who were tasked with protecting unique objects valuable both in religious and cultural aspects. This article will review the legislative changes in the protection of cultural heritage sites of religious significance in the Russian Federation over the past ten years. This will help to better understand the nature of such property and its transferability.
Keywords: cultural heritage sites, cultural heritage sites of religious significance, religious property, religious organizations.
Bibliographical list
1. Federal Law No. 315-FZ of October 22, 2014, “On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On Cultural Heritage Sites (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation’ and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (as amended on December 21, 2021). [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_170104/>
2. Federal Law No. 327-FZ of November 30, 2010, “On the Transfer of Religious Property in State or Municipal Ownership to Religious Organizations” (as amended on June 22, 2024). [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_107378/>
3. Federal Law No. 76-FZ of March 30, 2016, “On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On the Introduction of Part One of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation’ and the Federal Law ‘On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations'”. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_195931/>
4. Letter of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of February 28, 2017, No. 49-01.1-39-NM. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_213514/>
5. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia No. 332 of August 13, 2018, “On Approval of the Code of Rules ‘Cultural Heritage Sites of Religious Significance. Fire Safety Reqirements’ (together with ‘SP 388.1311500.2018. Code of Rules. Cultural Heritage Sites of Religious Significance. Fire Safety Requirements’)”. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_311449/>
6. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1165 of September 5, 2019, “On Approval of the Requirements for Anti-Terrorist Security of Objects (Territories) of Religious Organizations and on Approval of the Safety Passport of Objects (Territories) of Religious Organizations.” [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_333212/>
7. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1828 of December 25, 2019 (as amended on August 31, 2024), “On the Features of the Participation of Volunteers (Volunteers) in the Work on the Preservation of Cultural Heritage Sites Included in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Sites (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, or Identified Cultural Heritage Sites” (as amended on August 31, 2024). [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_342379/>
8. Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia No. 774 of July 13, 2020, “On Approval of the Form of the Protection Obligation of the Owner or Other Legal Owner of a Cultural Heritage Site Included in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Sites (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, and the Procedure for Its Preparation and Approval.” [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_367842/>
9. Federal Law No. 407-FZ of October 20, 2022, “On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On Cultural Heritage Sites (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation'”. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_429414/>
10. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022, “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values.” [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_430906/>
11. Federal Law No. 398-FZ of July 31, 2023, “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Article 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_453254/30b3f8c55f65557c253227a65b908cc075ce114a/>
12. Federal Law No. 444-FZ of November 30, 2024, “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_491958/5bdc78bf7e3015a0ea0c0ea5bef708a6c79e2f0a/>
13. Federal Law No. 150-FZ of June 22, 2024, “On Amendments to Article 3 of the Federal Law ‘On the Transfer of Religious Property in State or Municipal Ownership to Religious Organizations'”. [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_479268/30b3f8c55f65557c253227a65b908cc075ce114a/>
14. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 2121 of November 26, 1994 (as amended on January 20, 1997), “On the Privatization in the Russian Federation of Immovable Monuments of History and Culture of Local Significance.” [Electronic resources]. – Access mode: <https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5066/>

CIVIL LAW
SHAKHVALIEVA Anav Muradovna
magister student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
OMAROVA Umupazil Avadzievna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE PRE-EMPTIVE RIGHT OF THE SURVIVING SPOUSE TO A MANDATORY SHARE IN THE INHERITANCE
In the article, the authors analyzed such a method of limiting inheritance rights and the principle of freedom of will as the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance in relation to the surviving spouse. The very concept of “limitation of inheritance rights” is under investigation, the genesis of the norm on the mandatory share in inheritance in Russian legislation is described. As a result of the study of the norms of inheritance legislation, the conclusion is discussed that it is necessary to reduce the number of subjects entitled to a mandatory share in the inheritance by excluding the indication from art. 1149 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation for the testator’s disabled dependents. The thesis also puts forward that when implementing the right of the surviving spouse to a mandatory share in the inheritance, a whole set of legal norms regulating not only hereditary legal relations, but also the regime of common property of spouses is involved.
Keywords: inheritance, inheritance by will, compulsory share in inheritance, premarital property, common property of spouses.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gribanov V. P. Limits of the implementation and protection of civil rights // Implementation and protection of civil rights. – M.: Statut, 2001. – 411 p.
2. Inheritance law: textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence” / [Yu. F. Bespalov et al.]; ed. J. F. Bespalova. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: UNITY-DANA, 2015. – 335 p.
3. Vavilin E. V. The principle of justice as a basis for the implementation of inheritance rights // Jurist. – 2007. – No. 1. – P. 30-31.
4. Oganesyan A. V. Compulsory share in inheritance as a restriction on freedom of testament // Naukosfera. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 302-305.
5. Lidzhieva S. G. Limitation, loss and restoration of inheritance rights under the civil legislation of the Russian Federation: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2019. – 194 p.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
Lawyer of the Leningrad regional bar association, branch of the Law Firm “Pelevin and Partners”
TYPES OF PLASTIC SURGERY FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING A PATIENT’S TAX DEDUCTION ACCORDING TO CODE 1
The article reveals the procedure and methods for obtaining tax social deductions for patients of plastic surgery clinics according to the 01 code. The procedure and conditions for obtaining social tax deductions are analyzed. The documents required for submission to the tax authority to confirm the right to deduction have been reviewed. The issues that arise when exercising the right to receive a deduction are outlined.
Keywords: plastic surgery, plastic surgery, treatment, deduction, tax deduction, tax authority.
Article bibliography
1. Aksenova A. A. Mechanism for obtaining a social deduction for treatment when calculating personal income tax // World of Science. – Issue 2. – 2014.
2. Dmitrieva O. V. Practical aspects of obtaining a social tax deduction for personal income tax for treatment // International accounting. – 2019. – Vol. 22, No. 4 (454).
3. Durov R. S., Varnakova E. V., Kobzev K. O., Kobzeva N. D. Implementation of a tax deduction refund after receiving a medical service // In the collection: SCIENCE AND EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND INNOVATIONS. collection of articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference. – Penza, 2020.
4. Polyakova M. A., Nosov A. V. Tax deductions: the essence and problems of their application // Accounting. Analysis. Audit. – 2022. – No. 5, Vol. 9.
5. Smirnova E. E. Taxation of personal income: prospects for improving social tax deductions // Bulletin of Adyghe State University. Series: Economics. – 2018. – No. 1 (215).
6. Soboleva M. E. Nomenclature of medical services and obtaining a social tax deduction // Alley of Science. – 2021. – Vol. 1, No. 8 (59).
7. Tatarov K. Yu. Tax deduction for treatment: modern presentation technologies // Financial Bulletin: Finance, taxes, insurance, accounting. – 2020. – No. 9.

CIVIL LAW
ALBOVA Ameli Yurjevna
student, Hero of the Russian Federation, General of the Army E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Fighting Service University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
ELMURZAEV Asoltan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, scientific supervisor, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Hero ofthe Russian Federation, General of the Army E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Fighting Service University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF INITIATING A CIVIL CASE
The article reveals the relevant topics devoted to the analysis of the initiation of a civil case in court as a stage of civil proceedings. The author also draws attention to the study of domestic legislation and the scientific works of the most prominent jurists in this field. The essence and legal significance of the initiation of a civil case as an independent stage of the process are considered. In conclusion, the conclusions are formed.
Keywords: civil procedure, civil proceedings, lawsuit, court, preparation, initiation of a civil case.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments of 04.10.2022) // Official Internet portal of legal information (www.pravo.gov.ru) dated October 6, 2022.
2. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation dated November 14, 2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on December 25, 2023, as amended on January 25, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, November 18, 2002, No. 46, Art. 4532.
3. Bortnikova N. A. Stage of initiation of a civil case // Scientific and practical legal journal Society. Law. Justice. – 2023. – No. 3 (60). – P. 9-18.
4. Novitsky V. A., Novitskaya L. Yu. Initiation of a civil case in court // Civil procedure: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Leningrad State University named after A. S. Pushkin, 2023. – P. 321-327.
5. Orlova I. V. On the issue of initiating proceedings in a case in civil proceedings // Actual problems of legal, economic and humanitarian sciences: Materials of the XIII International scientific and practical conference of faculty, graduate students, master’s students and students. In 2 parts, Minsk, April 20, 2023. – Minsk: Educational Institution “BIP – University of Law and Social and Information Technologies”, 2023. – P. 173-174.
6. Tarasenko D. V. Initiation of a civil case in court as a stage of civil proceedings // Socio-economic processes of modern society: theory and practice: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Cheboksary, December 21, 2022. – Cheboksary: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House” Sreda “, 2022. – P. 313-316.
7. Philip N. A. Implementation of principles at the stage of initiation of a civil case // Bulletin of scientific thought. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 130-135.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
VORONTSOVA Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan branch, Russian State University of Justice
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Faculty for Training Specialists for the Judiciary, Faculty of Law, Kazan branch, Russian State University of Justice
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JURISDICTION OF CIVIL CASES
The article is devoted to the institution of jurisdiction as the leading legal category of civil procedure. The prerequisites for the judicial reform, which introduced the new term “jurisdiction”, the need for these innovations and their importance for the judicial system are analyzed. The article analyzes the legal regulation of jurisdiction, regulatory sources. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the determination of a competent court with the necessary powers is one of the key aspects of ensuring the proper protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens. Jurisdiction is a fundamental procedural institution, on which the availability and effectiveness of judicial protection directly depends.
Keywords: jurisdiction, institution, category, court, system, competence, civil proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Efimova Yu. V. Changing the concept of jurisdiction in modern civil proceedings // Bulletin of the State Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 6 (131). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/izmenenie-ponyatiya-podsudnosti-v-sovremennom-grazhdanskom-sudoproizvodstve (date of access: 14.12.2024).

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
DEVLETMURZAEV Gadzhi Muradovich
magister student of the 2nd course, master’s program «Problems of Civil and Arbitration Procedural Law», Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KHAKACHIEV Karim Zakar’yaevich
magister student of the 2nd course, master’s program «Problems of Civil and Arbitration Procedural Law», Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
YUZBASHEVA Zenab Appasovna
senior lecturer of Civil and arbitration proceedingsral law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS OF LAWYER’S PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS WHEN COLLECTING OR PROVIDING EVIDENCE
The article is devoted to the problems of the lawyer’s participation in civil proceedings in the collection and provision of evidence. In the context of the modernization of the judicial system and the increasing role of human rights defenders in protecting the interests of the parties, the issue of the legal status of a lawyer in the evidentiary process is being updated. The authors analyze the existing legal norms governing the activities of a lawyer in the collection of evidence, as well as their legal and ethical boundaries. The main difficulties faced by lawyers are considered, including limited access to evidence, possible conflicts with judicial practice and legislation, as well as the role of lawyer investigation in civil proceedings. Special attention is paid to the issues of respect for the rights of the lawyer and the parties to the process during the collection of evidence, as well as the impact of advocacy on the effectiveness of the trial. The article also offers recommendations on improving the legal regulation of this area to improve the quality of justice in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: lawyer, civil process, evidence, collecting information, court hearing, legal norms.
Article bibliography
1. Yarkov V. V. The role of the court in establishing the circumstances of the case through the prism of A. T. Bonner’s research // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 54.
2. Merenkov I. V. Obtaining evidence at the request of the court and at the request of the lawyer in civil cases // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Law”. – 2023. – V. 20, No. 3. – P. 80.

SOCIAL SECURITY LAW
ARSENJEVA Galina Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
KHRAMOVA Irina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and legal regulation of innovation activity sub-faculty, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
SOCIAL PROTECTION OF LARGE FAMILIES IN THE ASTRAKHAN REGION: INNOVATIONS AND LEGISLATIVE RECONSTRUCTIONS
The article is devoted to the characteristics of regional legislation (Astrakhan region), fixing possible measures of social support for large families. The analysis was carried out taking into account the novelties of 2024, which consolidated the terminology of a large family in legal structures, identifying factors that make it possible to consolidate this status and use the positive effect for its bearers in the Astrakhan region. The main trends in the provision of social benefits to large families are identified, the shortcomings of regional legislation are identified and conceptual variations are proposed for reconstructing the approach to the functioning of the mechanism of social protection of large families.
Keywords: large family, social protection, legislation of the Astrakhan region, needy citizens, social benefits, assistance to large families.
Article bibliography
1. Law of the Astrakhan Region of 12.12.2016 No. 85/2016-OZ “On measures of social support and social assistance to certain categories of citizens in the Astrakhan Region” (as amended on 08.07.2024). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/444886974 (date of access: 03.10.2024).
2. Resolution of the Government of the Astrakhan Region dated 03.08.2017 No. 260-P “On certain measures of social support for large families in the Astrakhan Region” (as amended on 28.12.2023) // Electronic fund of legal and regulatory documents. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/450291429 (date accessed: 03.10.2024).
3. Resolution of the Government of the Astrakhan Region dated 09.28.2017 No. 367-P “On the Procedure for Payment of Remuneration Due to Foster Parents When Transferring Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care to a Foster Family” (as amended on 12.28.2023) // Electronic Fund of Legal and Regulatory-Technical Documents. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/450355874 (date of access: 03.10.2024).
4. Resolution of the Government of the Astrakhan Region dated 26.12.2023 No. 803-P “On the procedure and conditions for the appointment and payment of social assistance in the form of cash payments.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/407055931 (date of access: 03.10.2024).
5. Report on best practices for supporting large families in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation / Moscow. ANO “Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects.” – 2022. – 84 p.
6. Kacassation ruling of the Fourth Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated September 13, 2023 No. 88-23425/2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: October 3, 2024).
7. Cassation ruling of the Fourth Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated December 5, 2023 in case No. 88a-39722/2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: July 27, 2024).
8. Decision of the Privolzhsky District Court of the Astrakhan Region dated June 16, 2021 in case No. 2-472/2021. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/ (date of access: 03.10.2024).
9. Official website of the Ministry of Social Development and Labor of the Astrakhan Region. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minsoctrud.astrobl.ru/activity/socialnaya-podderzhka-mnogodetnykh-semey (date of access: 03.10.2024).
10. Official website of the Federal State Statistics Service. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/ (date accessed: 03.10.2024).

FAMILY LAW
KAYTMESOVA Milana Vyacheslavovna
student, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
PCHEGATLUK Bella Aubovna
student, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
KUDRYAVTSEVA Larisa Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, specialist in the field of international private and family law, associate professor of International private and business law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University
PROBLEMS OF ALIMONY OBLIGATIONS OF PARENTS AND CHILDREN: PRIVATE LAW AND PUBLIC LAW ASPECTS
This article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of alimony relations, the methods used to implement legal regulation of these relations, the dynamics of the development of legal regulation. The purpose of legal regulation of alimony obligations is to ensure the rights of the child to receive maintenance. Currently, the existing regulations do not allow this goal to be fully achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the main directions for improving the legislation, which will allow achieving the goals of legal regulation.
Keywords: alimony obligations of parents and children, balance of interests of participants in alimony relations, development of legislation on alimony obligations.
Article bibliography
1. Agamirov K. V. Social sphere as an object of legal regulation and legal forecasting // Lex Russica. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 106-124.
2. Valov K. V. Institute of administrative prejudice in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. Problematic issues of the application of Articles 5.35.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and ways to solve them // Practice of enforcement proceedings. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 32-47.
3. Velichkova O. I. Transformation of property of spouses: theoretical aspects and realities of judicial practice // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 24-27.
4. Ksenofontova D. S. Legal guarantees in the field of alimony: monograph. – M., 2018.
5. Levshin E. M., Ivanova L. N. Moral and legal norms in the collection of child support: features of family and legal dialectics in Russia // Family and housing law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 8-11.
6. Mikryukov V. A. On the inadmissibility of the analogy of the law in the mechanism for limiting the rights of adoptive parents // Family and housing law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 11-14.
7. Nizamieva O. N., Ksenofontova D. S. Responsibility for failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of alimony obligations: the search for effective mechanisms to ensure alimony rights // Family and housing law. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 10-14.
8. Pyankova A. F. Balance of interests in alimony legal relations // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 77-87.
9. Savelyeva N. M. Protection of the rights of the debtor in the alimony obligation of parents and children // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 72-77.
10. Tolstova I. A., Matveyev P. A. Substantive and procedural problems of forced collection of alimony from parents for the maintenance of minor children // Family and housing law. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 27-29.

FINANCIAL LAW
DMITRIEV Ivan Nikolaevich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
HISTORY OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE PRC
The article discusses the history of the establishment and development of financial and legal regulation of import substitution in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It analyzes the evolution of legislation and financial mechanisms aimed at supporting domestic production and reducing dependence on imports. The model of import substitution applied in the PRC is examined. Particular attention is given to key stages of reform, starting from the Great Leap Forward era and ending in the first half of the 1990s.
Keywords: import substitution, financial and legal regulation, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Legislation, customs duties, Big leap, reforms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Li L., Vinten G. An overview of the experiences of Chinese industrialization strategies and development // Managerial Auditing Journal. – 1997. – 12 (4/5). – No. 183-191.
2. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), N. World Investment Report 2012: Towards a new generation of investment policies. – Geneva: United Nations, 2013.
3. Vasilyeva L. V. Foreign experience of import substitution: trends in government regulation // Russia: trends and prospects for development. – 2016. – No. 11-3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-opyt-importozamescheniya-tendentsii-gosudarstvennogo-regulirovaniya (date of access: 20.10.2024).
4. Rumyantseva E. E., Kuleshov N. S. The Big Leap Forward // The Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version (2016). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/1877262 (date accessed: 22.09.2024).
5. Formation of the People’s Republic of China: documents and materials. – M., 1950. – P. 44.
6. Boldyrev B. G. Finances of the People’s Republic of China. – M., 1953. – P. 87-88
7. Bulletin of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China of January 18, 1958 – No. 3. – P. 76.
8. Lin Justin Yifu. Demystification of the Chinese Economy: [translated from English] / Justin Yifu Lin; [Foundation. “Liberal. mission”]. – Moscow: Mysl, 2013. – 378 p.: ill.; 150 p. У9(5)/Л590 Ч/з2 Г2013-21232.
9. Schram R. S. Mao Zedong a hundred years on: The legacy of a ruler // The China Quarterly. – 1994. – 137. – 125-143.
10. Zhuzhun Ding, Kovalev M. M. Chinese economic reforms: experience, possibilities of application in Belarus. – Minsk: BSU, 2002. – 227 p.
11. Law on “Joint Stock Enterprises of Chinese and Foreign Capital” (1979). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://chinalawinfo.ru/ (date of access: 20.10.2024).
12. Law of the PRC on Foreign Capital Enterprises. (1986). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://chinalawinfo.ru/ (date of access: 20.10.2024).
13. Law “On the People’s Bank of China”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://russian.china.org.cn/ (date of access: 20.10.2024).
14. Regulation “On Customs Tariffs of the People’s Republic of China”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://russian.china.org.cn/ (date of access: 20.10.2024).
15. Law of the PRC “On Commercial Banks”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://russian.china.org.cn/ (date of access: 10.20.2024).

FINANCIAL LAW
SINELNIKOVA Evelina Andreevna
magister student of the 1st course, Faculty of Investigation of Financial and Economic Offenses, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
QUALIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION AND FORWARDING CONTRACTS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGES TO ARTICLE 164 OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION’S TAX CODE: LEGAL AND TAX ASPECTS OF PROVIDING RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK FOR INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
The article is devoted to the study of changes in the tax legislation of the Russian Federation in the context of the application of the 0% VAT rate on services related to international transportation, freight forwarding and provision of railway rolling stock. The issues of qualification of contracts are considered through the prism of legal concepts on the nature of contractual obligations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the contracts of the legal nature of freight forwarding, transportation and their differentiation in law enforcement practice. The problem of unification of approaches to the qualification of contracts in the context of changes in Article 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as their impact on the tax obligations of the parties, is raised.
Keywords: value added tax (VAT) 0%, international transportation, freight forwarding agreement, transportation agreement, agreement for the provision of services for the provision of rolling stock, legal nature of agreements, tax obligations, qualification of agreements, Article 164 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (TC RF), tax risks, documentary evidence, tax legislation, mixed agreements, law enforcement practice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Official Rosstat statistics for 2021. Main indicators of transport activitiesity in Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Publ_TR_2021.pdf.
2. Official website of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Bulletins for 2023–2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mintrans.gov.ru/ministry/results/180/documents.
3. Federal Law of 22.04.2024 No. 92-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) “On Amendments to Articles 164 and 165 of Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_475059/ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 18. – Art. 2405.
4. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two)” of 08/05/2000 No. 117-FZ (as amended on 08/08/2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 10/01/2024). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28165/35cc6698564adc4507baa31c9cfdbb4f2516d068/ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of 2000 – No. 32. – Art. 3340.
5. Malko A. V. Benefits, Privileges and Immunities in Law. Theory of State and Law. – M.: Lawyer, 2006.
6. Metelyova Yu. A. Legal regulation of transport expedition. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoe-regulirovanie-transportnoy-ekspeditsii/viewer. Russia and the international legal space. – P. 65 – 76.
7. Kokin A. S., Levikov G. A. International transport expedition. – M., 2005. – P. 81-97 @@ Nesterchuk Yu. Transport expedition agreement // EJ-Lawyer. – 2006. – No. 14 @@ Morozov S. Yu. On the issue of the relationship between transport expedition and cargo transportation agreements // Transport law. – 2003. – No. 2.
8. Decision of the Arbitration Court of the Samara Region dated 13.02.2024 in case No. A55-33580/2022 on the collection of a fine in accordance with the UZhT, expenses for paying the state fee – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15NceoKqrxV_04yb-RhDunKxiTRK2Mvk7.
9. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the North-West District dated 15.02.2024 in case No. A05-4660/2023 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15NceoKqrxV_04yb-RhDunKxiTRK2Mvk7.
10. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Volga District dated 08.02.2024 No. F06-10979/2023 in case No. A55-34147/2022 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15NceoKqrxV_04yb-RhDunKxiTRK2Mvk7?dmr=1&ec=wgc-drive-globalnav-goto.

FINANCIAL LAW
ELYAKOV Alexander Lvovich
Senior lecturer, Institute of Finance and Economics, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK GOVERNING STATE SUPPORT FOR PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORTATION IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)
This article analyzes the legislative framework governing state support for passenger air transportation in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In 2022, the program of state subsidies for air transportation to the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was expanded. Funding for the program was increased more than tenfold and amounted to 600 million rubles. The expansion of the program also implies subsidizing without age restrictions, increasing the seat quota to 9-10 in one direction and establishing a year-round subsidy period. State support for regional and local air transportation solves a number of important strategic tasks: ensures transport accessibility of remote settlements, which contributes to their economic development and improves the quality of life of the population; contributes to the growth of aviation mobility of Russian citizens.
Keywords: Regulatory framework, state support, transport accessibility, analysis, air transportation, passengers, Arctic regions, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
Article bibliography
1. Air Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 60-FZ: [adopted by the State Duma on February 19, 1997]: (with amendments and additions). – Access from the reference and legal system Garant. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10200300/ (date of access: 09/15/2024). – Text: electronic.
2. Federal Law “On State Regulation of Aviation Development” dated 01/08/1998 No. 10-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_17410/ (date of access: 17.07.2024). Text: electronic.
3. Federal Law “On State Guarantees and Compensations for Persons Working and Living in the Regions of the Far North and Equivalent Localities” dated 19.02.1993. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_1786/ (date of access: 26.07.2024). Text: electronic.
4. Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and Ensuring National Securitysafety for the period up to 2035 / Approved. by the President of the Russian Federation dated 10/26/2020 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/74810556/ (date of access: 10/29/2024). Text: electronic.
5. Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 (approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 22, 2008 No. 1734-r). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mintrans.gov.ru/documents/3/1009 (date of access: 08/10/2024). Text: electronic.
6. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 13.05.2019 No. 220 “On Amendments to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 2 May 2014 No. 296 “On the Land Territories of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44231 (date of access: 01.09.2024). Text: electronic.
7. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 13.07.2021 No. 1172 (as amended on 26.07.2023) “On approval of the Rules for the provision of subsidies from the federal budget to air transport organizations for the implementation of air transportation of passengers along socially significant routes of the Far Eastern Federal District”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://promote.budget.gov.ru/m-data/document/bc4a9bf7-6d25-4436-8417-86b01ed1eb0f.pdf (date of access: 10/29/2024). Text: electronic.
8. Federal Air Transport Agency: official website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://favt.gov.ru (date of access: 09/10/2024). – Text: electronic.
9. On the state program of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) “Development of the transport complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”: Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated 06/18/2022 No. 473. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sakha.gov.ru/uploads/.pdf (date of access: 09/29/2024). Text: electronic.
10. Order of the Ministry of Transport and Road Facilities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated June 2, 2021 N OD-212 “On approval of the rules for providing subsidies from the state budget of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to air transport organizations for financial support and reimbursement of costs when performing air transportation of passengers in inter-municipal traffic during the period of restrictive conditions in connection with the reconstruction (construction) of runways at airports of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/574774248 (date of access: 06/29/2024). Text: electronic.
11. Order of the Ministry of Transport and Road Facilities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated June 2, 2021 N OD-213 “On approval of the Rules for providing subsidies from the state budget of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) to air transport organizations to compensate for lost income due to state regulation of tariffs for air transportation of passengers along socially significant routes of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/26778198/ (date of access: 13.07.2024). Text: electronic.
12. Order of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) dated April 5, 2019 No. 364-r “On the concept of development of small aviation and general aviation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/553261633 (date of access: 13.08.2024). Text: electronic.
13. Polar Airlines JSC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://polar.aero (date of access: 10.09.2024)
14. Bulavenko O. A., Selivanova V. S. Status and development prospects of regional aviation in the Far Eastern Federal District. – Text: electronic // Scientific notes of Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University. – 2018. – Vol. 2, No. 3 (35). – P. 100-102. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36324942 (date accessed: 26.10.2024).
15. Gorshkova I. V., Klochkov V. V. Problems of managing the development of small aviation and air transport in sparsely populated regions of Russia. – Text: electronic // Regional Economics: Theory and Practice. – 2014. – No. 47 (374). – P. 36-51. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_22629055_44153420.pdf (date accessed: 26.10.2024).
16. Annual reporting of JSC Polar Airlines for 2021-2023.
17. Elyakova I. D., Barakhova V. V. Actual problems of small aviation development in the Arctic regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). – Text: electronic // Economy and management. – 2014. – No. 1 (99). – P. 18-21. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_21248158_87307717.pdf (date accessed: 26.10.2024).

TAX LAW
GAZIMAGOMEDOVA Madina Batalovna
student of the 4th course full-time education, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ALIEVA Elmira Bashirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative, financial and customsoms law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
TAX LIABILITY AND WAYS TO ENSURE IT
The article examines the concept of tax liability and ways to ensure it in the Russian tax legislation. The main ways of ensuring the fulfillment of tax obligations are considered, such as property pledge, surety, suspension of account transactions, bank guarantee and seizure of property. The legal norms established by Chapter 11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, including articles 72, 73, 74 regulating the pledge of property, sureties and other measures, are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the importance of ways to ensure tax obligations in order to strengthen tax discipline and prevent tax evasion.
Keywords: tax liability, tax legislation, pledge of property, surety, tax control, bank guarantee, seizure of property, suspension of operations on accounts.
Article bibliography
1. Anisimov S. V. Tax liability and tax obligation: problems of theory and legal consolidation // Development of science and practice in a globally changing world under risk conditions: collection of materials of the XVII International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, March 30, 2023. – Moscow: Alef, 2023. – P. 110-112.
2. Golenev V. V. Actual tax liability and tax benefit in connection with the introduction of Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: analysis of the enforcement approaches of arbitration courts // Legal science. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 34-42.
3. Droval D. S. On the content of tax liability in the theory of tax law // Actual problems of administrative, financial and information law: Materials of the VI All-Russian Conference, Stavropol, September 23-24, 2019. – Stavropol: Limited Liability Company “Stavropol Publishing House “Paragraph”, 2019. – P. 116-119.
4. Kamenkov V. S. Tax liability or tax obligation in Belarus, the Union State, the EAEU? National and integration aspects // Problems of management (Minsk). – 2020. – No. 1 (75). – P. 91-98.
5. Plotnikova V. V. Obligation of tax authorities to notify the taxpayer of the fact of overpaid tax // International & Domestic Law: Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Conference on National and International Law, Yekaterinburg, December 17, 2021 – 17 2022 / Responsible for the release A. V. Galiulina. – Yekaterinburg: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ural State Law University”, 2022. – P. 539-542.
6. Yadrikhinsky S. A. Proper fulfillment of tax liability as a legitimate interest of the taxpayer // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. – 2020. – Vol. 17, No. 3. – P. 36-46.

TAX LAW
KHAMIDULLIN Timur Raphaelevich
master student of the 2nd course, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
PECULIARITIES OF THE “LOOK-THROUGH” APPROACH IN THE TAX CONCEPT OF A PERSON HAVING A BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP TO INCOME
The article discusses the prerequisites for an enshrinement of the look-though approach to the taxation of the Russian-sourced income. Through the prism of analysis of formal-legal aspects, as well as judicial and administrative practice, the author identifies the issues that arise in the practical application of the look-through approach as well as offers ways to resolve them.
Keywords: tax concept of a person having a beneficial ownership to income, look-through approach, double tax avoidance agreements, withholding taxation of the Russian-sourced income.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Demin A.V., Nikolaev A.V. Holdings in the “eye of the needle” of the beneficial owner concept // Taxes. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 3-6.
2. Krokhina Yu. A. Implementation of the concept of a beneficial owner for the purpose of bringing to justice for tax evasion // Taxes. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 38-42.
3. Timofeeva L. E. On the actual right to income for the purpose of applying international treaties of the Russian Federation // Income tax: accounting of income and expenses. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 51-60.

BUSINESS LAW
GALISHIN Radik Rushanovich
postgraduate student of Business and energy law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
AN INVESTMENT AGREEMENT CONCLUDED WITH THE HELP OF AN INVESTMENT PLATFORM: THE LEGAL NATURE AND FEATURES
This article is devoted to issues related to investing using a relatively new tool for the Russian legal and economic field of the “investment platform”. As part of the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the operators of the investment platform, various agreements can be concluded between investors, recipients and the operator of the investment platform itself, but the main contractual structure is an investment agreement. The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop and apply alternative financing of business relations in Russia in the context of the growing economic crisis. In many ways, investment platforms and investment agreements can stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses, the development of which has been one of the development vectors of recent years.
Keywords: investments, investment agreement, investment platform, recipient, investor, operator of the investment platform, risk.
Article bibliography
1. Kalyaev I. The washing machine effect // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2019. – No. 251.
2. Savelyev A. I. Electronic commerce in Russia and abroad: legal regulation. – M.: Statut, 2014. – P. 78.
3. Saveliev A. I. Contract Law 2.0: “Smart” Contracts as the Beginning of the End of Classical Contract Law // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 32-60.
4. Zavertyaev A. A. Features of Investment Agreements Concluded Using Investment Platforms // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 27-31.

LAND LAW
SAUSHKINA Inna Vladimirovna
magister student of the Graduate School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, associate professor of the Graduate School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
DISPUTES RELATED TO THE DETERMINATION OF TARIFFS FOR HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES FOR PEASANT (FARMER) FARMS
The article examines legal disputes about tariffs for farms. At present, there is no formed position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on this category of legal disputes. The topic of the article is relevant because contradictory judicial practice can contribute to negative consequences for agriculture. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified judicial practice in this category of cases.
Keywords: agricultural land, farm, regulated prices (tariffs), energy consumption goals, judicial practice.
Article bibliography
1. Dolinskaya V. V. Peasant (farm) household as a specialized organizational and legal form of agribusiness // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 13-20.
2. Melnikov N. N. Problems of identification of the subject of law in the consideration of disputes involving peasant (farm) households // SPS ConsultantPlus. 2010.
3. Rybakov V. A., Egorova M. A., Avdonina O. G. Organizational relations in a peasant (farm) enterprise without the status of a legal entity // Civil law. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 27-31.

INFORMATION LAW
DAVUDOVA Saida Yamudinovna
associate professor of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
RAGIMHANOVA Kamilla Tagirovna
senior lecturer of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE LEGAL BASIS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN EDUCATION
The purpose of the scientific article is to substantiate the directions of improving legal regulation on artificial intelligence in the educational process. In this regard, the article identifies the main acts that regulate artificial intelligence, identifies areas of use of artificial intelligence in education, as well as emerging problems in this regard. As conclusions, proposals are formulated to improve the legal framework in the field of artificial intelligence, which could be reflected in the current legislation. In this regard, the findings may be of interest for scientific, law enforcement and legislative purposes.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, smart assistants, robotic systems, neural network, educational process.
Article bibliography
1. Neznamov A. V. Legal aspects of the implementation of the National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2030 // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). 2019. No. 12 (64). P. 82-88.
2. Bekirov S. N. Fundamentals of legislation and state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of digitalization and use of artificial intelligence inhigher education // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2022. No. 77-1. P. 58-61.
3. Beketova V. A. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence systems // Man. Sign. Technology: Collection of articles of the I Interdisciplinary Youth Forum with international participation, Samara, December 11, 2020 / Chief Editor N. A. Razveykina. Samara: Samara Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. P. 21-26.
4. Promising directions of legal regulation of artificial intelligence: monograph / Ed. A. V. Minbaleev. Saratov: Amirit, 2023. 442 p.
5. Amirov R. A., Bilalova U. M. Prospects for the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in higher education // Management consulting. 2020. No. 3. P. 80-88.

INFORMATION LAW
MOKRETSOV Yuriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, senior lecturer, associate professor, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the FPS of Russia
DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF EXECUTION OF CRIMINAL PENALTIES: THE MAIN ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT
Currently, digitalization is becoming an integral part of various fields of activity, including the penal enforcement system. The creation of a digital profile of a proud person allows you to analyze information about his personality and behavior during the period of serving his sentence. In this article, we will consider the possibilities and prospects of using the digital profile of a convicted person in the criminal justice system, as well as the main aspects of digitalization of public administration in the field of execution of criminal penalties and prospects for its development, which would open up new opportunities for developing effective strategies to improve the regulatory framework of the criminal justice system. To improve the legislation of the Federal Penitentiary Service, it is proposed to supplement and identify new areas of the Federal Penitentiary Service’s departmental digital transformation program.
Keywords: digitalization, information society, digital ecosystem of the information security system, departmental program of digital transformation.
Article bibliography
1. Kryukova D. Yu., Mokretsov Yu. V. Actual problems of legal regulation of circulation and protection of personal data in Russia // Bulletin of the Institute: Crime, Punishment, Correction. – 2017. – No. 2 (38). – pp. 34-38.

INFORMATION LAW
SITNIKOV Maksim Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Volgograd State University, assistant of Theory of law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Volgograd Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
AZOVTSEV Mark Anatoljevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
ETHICAL REGULATION OF THE AREA OF METAVERSES
The era of digital technologies makes scientists think about the safety of their creation and use. Since legal mechanisms often act as an unjustified barrier to the development of technological progress, attention is drawn to the ethical regulation of the digital sphere. In modern realities, the most innovative innovation technological that requires legal understanding is the metaverse – a virtual world that imitates physical reality. Due to the presence of significant opportunities from the use of metaverses in various spheres of society and the state, this work emphasizes the need to develop universal ethical standards in the field of metaverses.
Keywords: metaverse, metaverse security, metaverse ethics, metaverse regulation, metaverse development, metaverse threats, metaverse law, digital law, virtual reality.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gurov O. N. Metaverses for humans or humans for metaverses // Artificial societies. – 2022. – V. 17, No. 1.
2. Zhukov V. A. Law and Ethics of the Metauniverse // Law. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 148-164.
3. Kutsenko E. S., Ostashchenko T. V., Boos V. O. Metauniverses for City Management: Global Model and Its Prospects in Moscow // Information Society. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 62-83.
4. Makukhin P. G. The Idea of the “Metauniverse” (“Mira”) by I. S. Shklovsky as a Productive Option for Explaining the Patterns Fixed by the Concept of the “Anthropic Cosmological Principle” // Veles. – 2016. – No. 4-1 (34). – P. 94-99.
5. Mukhametov D. R. Metauniverses in urban management: possibilities and areas of implementation // Economy, entrepreneurship and law. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 10. – P. 4005-4018.
6. Sitnikov M. S. Law and metauniversesnnaya: some issues of theory and practice // Digital law. – Digital law. – 2023. – Vol. 4, No. 3. P. 51-71.
7. Fedorchenko S. N. The offensive of the metaverse: the possibilities and limitations of digital technologies in mitigating the risks of Nazism // Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University. Series: History and political sciences. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 21-38.
8. Buhalis D., Leung D., Lin M. Metaverse as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing // Tourism Management. – 2023. – Vol. 97. – P. 104724.
9. Inceoglu M. M., Ciloglugil B. Use of Metaverse in education // International conference on computational science and its applications. – Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. – R. 171-184.
10. Kostenko O. et al. Genesis of legal regulation of the web and the model of the electronic jurisdiction of the metaverse // Bratislava Law Review. – 2022. – T. 6, No. 2. – P. 21-36.
11. Tabassum A., Elmahjub E., Qadir J. Ethics and Regulation in the Metaverse: Risks, Current Approaches, and Way Forward // Understanding the Metaverse: Applications, Challenges, and the Future. – 2024. – R. 265-290.
12. Wang Y. et al. A survey on metaverse: Fundamentals, security, and privacy // IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. – 2022. – T. 25, No. 1. – R. 319-352.

INFORMATION LAW
DAVUDOVA Saida Yamudinovna
associate professor of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
RAGIMHANOVA Kamilla Tagirovna
senior lecturer of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
EMIRKULIEV Arslanbeg Zaurovich
magister student of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE
The relevance of the topic is related to the growth of requests for the need to increase productivity, due to information technology, proper coordination of the prosecutor’s office’s activities based on the collected and processed information as a result of analytical work. The Prosecutor’s Office in Russia acts on behalf of the Russian Federation as the only federal central body overseeing compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the enforcement of laws implemented on the territory of the Russian Federation. With the development of digital technologies, the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation is faced with the need to adapt its working methods and switch to digital platforms. This change requires a new approach to information security. Thus, there is an increasing need for changes not only in the technical sphere, but also in the development of a new legal framework capable of regulating the digital activities of the prosecutor’s office. Taking into account the identified practical difficulties and legal problems within the framework of this issue, ways to resolve practical difficulties and directions for improving the current legislation taking into account existing legal gaps are proposed. It seems that the formulated conclusions and proposals can be used for scientific, law enforcement and legislative purposes.
Keywords: information technology, digitalization, prosecutor’s office, information sphere, legal framework.
Article bibliography
1. Barchukov V.K. Information support, artificial intelligence, law enforcement activity / Under the general editorship of S.V. Rastoropov. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center, 2022. – 272 p.
2. Myshko F. G., Kudryashov E. Yu. Key aspects of the development of the electronic document management system in the prosecutor’s offices of the Russian Federation // Civil service and personnel. – 2019. – No. 1.
3. Kapinus O. S. Digitalization of the activities of the prosecutor’s office: present and future // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 4 (66). – P. 5-10.
4. Kebekov T. M. Use of modern information technologies in organizing work in the Volga Transport Prosecutor’s Office // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 3 (65).
5. Kutukov S. A., Smirnov S. N. Organizational and legal problems of information interaction of the Federal Penitentiary Service with other law enforcement agencies to combat crime // Man: crime and punishment. – 2014. – No. 4 (87).

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
KODOLOVA Alena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior research, Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Centre for Environmental Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences
NORMATIVE-LEGAL REGULATION OF TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION MONITORING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
The purpose of this article is to determine the completeness and sufficiency of legal and regulatory framework in the field of transboundary pollution monitoring in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The following conclusions were made based on the results of the study: regulatory legal acts of Russia and Belarus in the field of environmental monitoring do not take into account the specifics of transboundary pollution monitoring and have gaps and contradictions related to the regulation of the considered relations by different branches of legislation, the lack of a single regulatory act on the implementation of environmental monitoring. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, on the contrary, transboundary pollution monitoring is an independent area of environmental monitoring.
Keywords: transboundary pollution monitoring, environmental monitoring, CIS member states.
Article bibliography
1. Makhkambaev S. D. International legal regulation of cooperation of states on the use of transboundary water resources in the Central Asian region: specialty 12.00.10 “International law; European law”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2011. – 28 p.
2. Boklan D. S. International legal regime for the use and protection of natural resources of the Caspian Sea // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2013. – No. 1 (56). – P. 62-68.
3. Guseinov T. Actual issues of international legal protection of the atmosphere // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2009. – No. 2 (9). – P. 40-56.
4. Skripnik I. I. On the issue of Eurasian transboundary natural objects and their international legal regime // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2013. – No. 1 (56). – P. 59-61.
5. Krasnova I. O. Sovereignty of Russia on transboundary rivers // Environmental law. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 25-31.
6. Kodolova A. V. Legal regulation of rational use and protection of transboundary waters in the CIS: international and domestic aspects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2014. – No. 4 (71). – pp. 60-64.

ECOLOGICAL LAW
BALABKIN Dmitriy Alexeevich
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic-Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ABROSIMOV Ilya Sergeevich
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic-Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
MARTINCHUK Nikita Alexandrovich
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic-Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
The article discusses issues related to the concept of specially protected natural territories, their features and main features, as well as the specifics of their classification. The authors analyzed both normative sources and the opinions of various scientists on these issues. It is concluded that specially protected natural areas are a complex (primarily natural) object, endowed, due to its importance, with a special legal regime that allows flexible regulation of public relations associated with lands of this category
Keywords: land law, ecology, specially protected natural areas, regulatory legal acts.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Luneva E.V. System of restrictions on civil rights to land plots in specially protected natural areas // VEPS. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 144-148.
2. Reimers N. F. Nature management: dictionary-reference book. – M., 1990. – 637 p.
3. Semin P. O. Categories of specially protected natural areas established by laws of constituent entities of Russia: statistical and legal analysis // Jurisprudence. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 714-734.
4. Sivkov D. E. The concept of specially protected territories and objects // ATPS. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 67-69.

CRIMINAL LAW
ABBASOV Ulvi Mehdi oglu
expert instructor in the educational process, Institute of Law and Human Rights, Baku, Azerbaijan
THE COMMITTED CRIME AS THE MAIN CRITERION OF THE PUBLIC DANGER OF THE CRIMINAL’S PERSONALITY IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF AZERBAIJAN
Theoretical and logical approaches to determining the essence of social danger of a crime are revealed, the objectification of this criminal-legal category is carried out by identifying a system of verified factors. It is emphasized that the social danger of a crime and the personality of the offender are interrelated. On the one hand, the social danger of a crime expresses the social danger of the offender, and on the other hand, the latter somehow reflects the degree of social danger of the crime. It is noted that taking into account the personality of the perpetrator of a crime is of fundamental importance for the implementation of lawmaking and law enforcement. The division of acts prohibited by law into crimes and administrative offenses depends on the degree of social danger of the committed act, the amount of material damage and other circumstances. Attention is drawn to the fact that the social danger of the personality of the perpetrator of a crime is measured not only by the degree, but also by its nature. It is concluded that the social danger of a crime can be investigated primarily by the object of the act, is also determined by the harm caused by the crime, depends on such features as motive and purpose.
Keywords: social danger, crime, personality of the criminal, crimes and administrative offenses, criminal liability, nature and degree of social danger of the crime.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ragimov I.M. Philosophy of crime and punishment. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Legal Center”, 2015. – 288 p.
2. Zaplatynskyi V. The new concept of the most general term “danger” // Bezpečnosť, extrémizmus, terorizmus 2012: Medzinárodná vedecká konferencia: Zbornik prednášok: 13-14 December 2012. – Podhájska, Slovenská republika. 1.vyd. – 1.vyd. – Podhájska: EEDA Východoeurópska agentúra pre rozvoj, 2013. – P. 267-278.
3. Minkovsky G. M. Personality of the criminal and methods of its study // Issues of Soviet criminology: Proceedings of a scientific conference. – M., 1976. – P. 35-60.
4. Beccaria C. On crimes and punishments / Comp. and foreword. V. S. Ovchinsky. – M.: INFRA-M, 2024. – 184 p.
5. Prokhorov V. S. Concept of crime and classification of crimes // Criminal law of Russia. General part: textbook / Ed. V. V. Lukyanov, V. S. Prokhorov, V. F. Shchepelkov. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2013. – 596 p.
6. Shapiro S. P. Collaring the crime, not the criminal: reconsidering the concept of white-collar crime // American Sociological Review. – 1990. – Vol. 55, No. 3. – Pp. 346-365.
7. Innes M., Fielding N., Cope N. The appliance of science? The theory and practice of crime intelligence analysis // The British Journal of Criminology. – 2005. – Vol. 45, Iss. 1. – Pp. 39-57.
8. Hamdorf K. The concept of a joint criminal enterprise and domestic modes of liability for parties to a crime: a comparison of German and English law // Journal of International Criminal Justice. – 2007. – Vol. 5, No. 1. – Pp. 208-210.
9. Millie A. Anti-social behaviour, behavioural expectations and an urban aesthetic // British Journal of Criminology. – 2008. – Vol. 48, № 3. – Pp. 379-394.
10. Naumov A. V. Russian criminal law. General part: course of lectures. – M.: BEK, 1996. – 560 p.
11. Kuznetsova N. F. Crime and criminality // Selected works. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2003. – 834 p.
12. Maltsev V. V. Socially dangerous behavior in criminal law: monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2014. – 646 p.
13. Mitskevich A. V. The role of legal education in the prevention of offenses. – M.: Legal lit., 1985. – 238 p.
14. Shishov O. F. On the distinction between crimes and administrative offenses in Soviet law // Soviet state and law. – 1961. – No. 6. – P. 62-65.
15. Smirnov A. M. Reflection of the social danger of an act in Russian criminal legislation // Science diary. – 2018. – No. 10 (22). – P. 60-65.
16. Prokhorov V. S. The concept of crime and classification of crimes // Criminal law of Russia. General part: textbook / Ed. V. V. Lukyanova, V. S. Prokhorova, V. F. Shchepelkova. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University, 2013. – 596 p.
17. Khmelevskaya T. A. Legislative gradation of criminal-unlawful acts based on the sign of social danger // Works of the Orenburg Institute (branch) of the Moscow State Law Academy. – 2018. – No. 37. – P. 139-143.
18. Petrushenkov A. N. Problems of the implementation of the social danger of a crime in the special part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Gaps in the Russian legislatureYes. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 75-83.

CRIMINAL LAW
ABYZOVA Evgeniya Raviljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
SANAKOEVA Emina Bayramovna
cadet, Faculty of Police Training for Public Order Units, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, ordinary police officer
PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF CRIMINAL LEGISLATION ON RESPONSIBILITY FOR TAKING BRIBES
The article describes the current problems of qualification of official crimes related to bribery, and also examines the current criminal legislation aimed at combating corruption. An important issue in the analysis of the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and affecting the details of criminal liability for bribery is the differentiation of bribery with related crimes. Special attention is paid to crimes whose share among corruption-related crimes is overwhelming. These include, in particular, art. 290 “Receiving a bribe”, art. 291 “Giving a bribe”, art. 204 “Commercial bribery” of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Attention is also paid to relatively new types of crimes that criminalize corruption-related crimes, namely Articles 291.1 “Mediation in bribery”, Articles 291.2 “Petty bribery”, 204.1 “Mediation in commercial bribery” and 204.2 “Petty
Keywords: corruption crime, official crimes, bribery, commercial bribery, abuse of official authority, abuse of official authority, receiving a bribe.
Article bibliography
1. Glukhov E. A., Koryakin V. M., Zorina E. A. Prevention of corruption-related crimes: monograph. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Military Institute of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2014. – P. 68.
2. The state of crime. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://x№–b1aew.x№–p1ai/reports.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 16.10.2009 No. 19 (as amended on 11.06.2020) “On judicial practice in cases of abuse of office and exceeding official powers” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
4. Arkhipova A. N. Distinction between bribery and related offenses // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 22 (260). – P. 272.
5. Pakhomov A. V. Problems of distinguishing between mediation in bribery and related offenses // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 12 (302). – P. 199.
6. Menshchikov N. S. Distinction between mediation in bribery and other crimes // Combating offenses in the economic sphere: legal, procedural and forensic problems. Collection of materials of the international scientific and practical conference. – Novosibirsk-Novokuznetsk, 2022. – P. 153.
7. Akhmedzhanov T. G. Actual problems of limiting bribe-taking from fraud // Bulletin of the National Institute of Business. – 2020. – No. 39. – P. 14.
8. Kolotukhina Yu. V. Criteria for distinguishing bribe-taking from fraud using official position // Alley of Science. – 2021. – Vol. 1, No. 10 (61). – P. 87.
9. Kulikov A. V., Pertsev D. V. Problematic issues of distinguishing between bribery and provocation of a bribe as related crimes // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 48.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEVA Madina Nizamovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
NAMETOV Fazil Daglarovich
magister student of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
The article raises the problem of combating transnational organized crime and the need for joint efforts of states in this direction. The stages of cooperation between states in order to combat organized crime are analyzed. The need for unification of international criminal legislation, building a more effective system of interaction between law enforcement agencies of states is substantiated. A legal assessment of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of November 15, 2000 is given. It is concluded that countries that are members of international organizations create a broad regulatory framework that regulates the most important aspects of combating crimes.
Keywords: transnational organized crime, combating, cooperation, globalization, unification, international criminal legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Abramova A. A. Interaction of the preliminary investigation bodies of the Russian Federation with international bodies and organizations in the investigation of crimes on the financing of terrorism // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 57.
2. Astakhova E. A. Legal policy of the Russian Federation in the field of combating transnational crime // Legal policy and legal life. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 52.
3. Dmitriev N. A., Goricheva V. L. Problems of the relationship between the norms of international criminal law and Russian criminal law // Law and Law. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 122.
4. Kushnirenko S. P. New form of international cooperation in criminal proceedings // Scientific school of criminal procedure and forensic science of the St. Petersburg State University: Criminal justice of the 21st century (on the 15th anniversary of the practice of applying the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation): materials of the International scientific conference (June 23-24, 2017, St. Petersburg). – St. Petersburg, 2018. – P. 321.
5. Tretyakov G. M. “Counteracting the legalization (“laundering”) of funds obtained by criminal means: the main areas of international cooperation” // Bulletin of the Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Series 4. // Jurisprudence. – 2017. – Vol. 7. – No. 6. – P. 73.
6. Khatsuk Zh. V. Cooperation of states in the field of combating economic crime // Prospects for the development of legal and state institutions: materials of the International scientific conference (May 15, 2020, Kursk). – Kursk, 2020. – P. 318.
7. Khatsuk Zh. V. Cooperation of states in the field of combating economic crime // Prospects for the development of legal and state institutions: materials of the International scientific conference (May 15, 2020, Kursk). – Kursk, 2020. – P. 323.
8. Shalagin A. E., Grebenkin M. Yu. International cooperation in the field of combating crime at the present stage // Scientific notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – Vol. 5, No. 2 (10). – P. 260.

CRIMINAL LAW
EFREMOVA Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
TOPICAL ISSUES OF CRIME PREVENTION RELATED TO THE THEFT OF OTHER PEOPLE’S PROPERTY
To date, almost half of all registered crimes are theft of other people’s property. These crimes are committed in various forms from theft to robbery. There is a growing trend in some types of crimes related to the crime of other people’s property. In particular, a significant increase is noted among crimes related to fraudulent activities. In connection with the above, it is necessary to develop an integrated approach and effective measures of various types (legal, organizational, technical, etc.) in preventing this type of crime.
Keywords: theft of property, theft, fraud, robbery, robbery, crime prevention, crimes against property, crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Aksenov V. A. Current state and features of preventing fraud committed using information and communication technologies // Criminological journal. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 9-13.
2. Amshokov A. Kh., Gusev A. S. Modern Russian measures to prevent fraud // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 150-151.
3. Bogdanov A. A. Prevention and warning of financial fraud in modern Russia // StudArctic Forum. – 2023. – Vol. 8, No. 1. – P. 83-90.
4. Sycheva A. V., Domovets S. S. On some methods of committing remote fraud in modern conditions and methods of preventing them // Jurist-Pravoved. – Rostov-on-Don, 2023. – No. 2. – P. 174–181.
5. Chichina Yu. M. Prevention of crimes related to theft of someone else’s property. In the collection: Actual issues of society, economics and law. Materials of the XXI All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Rostov-on-Don, 2023. – pp. 93-96.

CRIMINAL LAW
ZAIDOVA Manarsha Usmakhanovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
The article deals with the wide scale of those socially dangerous acts that encroach on the environment, on its rational use. The concept of environmental crimes, their types, and the legal regulation of environmental crimes are given. It also reveals the criminal law characteristics of environmental crimes, lists the types of sanctions for committing environmental crimes.
Keywords: environmental crimes, environment, atmospheric air, imprisonment, water pollution, illegal deforestation, environmental law and order, environmental safety.
Article bibliography
1. “The Constitution of the Russian Federation” (adopted by nationwide vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the nationwide vote on 01.07.2020).
2. “The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 02.10.2024).
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 19.04.2017 No. 176 “On the Strategy for Environmental Security of the Russian Federation through 2025”.

CRIMINAL LAW
OSADCHAYA Natalya Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, Russian State University of Justice
AYRIYAN Olga Armenovna
magister student of the 3rd course, Rostov branch, Russian State University of Justice
THE PROBLEMS OF THE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS RELATED TO THE LABOR IMPACT ON THE CONVICT IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article examines the practice of applying punishments related to labor impact on convicts: compulsory, correctional and forced labor. In the article, the authors attempt to analyze the essence and content of mandatory, correctional and compulsory punishments, to consider the legislative regulation of the appointment and execution of these measures, as well as to assess the current state of the institution of alternative punishments. The article analyzes statistical data, materials of judicial practice, as well as relevant legal and other literature related to the application of these types of punishments. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the appointment of these types of punishments, as well as materials from court cases, the problems of further improving the application of these types of punishments are considered.
Keywords: compulsory labor, correctional labor, forced labor, punishment, labor impact.
Article bibliography
1. Ramazanov A. Zh. Punishments not related to deprivation of liberty, and the practice of their application: abstract of dis. … candidate of law / Institute of International Law and Economics named after A. S. Griboyedov. Moscow, 2002.
2. Lopotenko Yu. Yu. Actual problems of execution of punishment in the form of compulsory work // Society: politics, economics, law. 2018. No. 1.
3. Osadchaya N. G. Compulsory work as a new type of punishment in Russian criminal legislation: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. Rostov-on-Don, 1999.
4. Isakova T. I. On some problems of execution and serving of punishment in the form of compulsory work // Bulletin of science. 2024. No. 3 (72). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-nekotoryh-problemah-ispolneniya-i-otbyvaniya-nakazaniya-v-vide-obyazatelnyh-rabot (date of access: 07/08/2024).
5. Kombarov R. V. Problems of implementing criminal punishment in the form of forced labor // Ius publicum et privatum: online scientific and practical journal of private and public law. 2021. No. 4 (14). P. 54.

CRIMINAL LAW
OTINOVA Sofya Alexandrovna
cadet of the 5th course, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
UNTEROV Vladimir Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY PERSONS WHO HAVE COMMITTED TAX CRIMES
The article examines the specifics of criminal liability for violation of the legislation on taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The author examines the elements of crimes for tax crimes, in particular, it is noted that both taxpayers (individuals and officials) and other participants in tax legal relations (for example, tax agents, representatives of banks and other credit organizations) can be brought to criminal responsibility. Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that criminal liability occupies a special place in the system of types of legal liability for tax crimes. It is applied in cases where taxpayers and tax agents, through their illegal actions, cause significant damage to the state, endangering its financial activities in terms of forming the budget system of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: tax crimes, taxpayer, tax evasion, criminal liability, tax agent.
Article bibliography
1. Data on the punishment imposed under articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Home. Statistical data: official website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudstat.ru (date of access 09/16/2024).
2. Zagorodnev Yu. A. OFeatures of financial liability of credit institutions for violations in banking activities // Bulletin of the Saratov University. – 2021. – No. 219. – P. 99.
3. Kurbatov A. Ya. Banking law of Russia: a textbook for bachelor’s and master’s degrees. – 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: ID Yurait, 2021. – P. 504.

CRIMINAL LAW
NESTEROVA Svetlana Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Russian State University of Justice
ON THE ISSUE OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CREDIT CRIMES
This article analyzes the problems of implementing criminal liability for credit crimes provided for in Articles 176, 177, 159.1, 285.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author, characterizing the objective and subjective signs of these crimes, points out the serious shortcomings of the current criminal legislation in the field of lending. In particular, incorrect determination of the time of occurrence of a socially dangerous consequence, a narrow range of subjects subject to criminal liability for illegally obtaining a loan under Part 1 of Article 176 of the Criminal Code, difficulties in identifying victims, problems of differentiation with fraud in the field of lending, misuse of budgetary funds, causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust, lack of a single As a result, the accumulated law enforcement practice contributes to the emergence of a huge number of errors in subsequent law enforcement. In conclusion, the author formulates visible solutions to the problems analyzed above.
Keywords: credit crimes, major damage, the moment of termination, misuse of state budget funds, fraud in the field of lending, creditor, forgery of documents, debtor, crimes in the field of economic activity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Voldimarova N. G. Problems of establishing criminal liability for crimes in the field of lending // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2019. – No. 34.
2. Klepitsky I. A. New economic criminal law: monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2025. – P. 577.
3. Novoselova S. S. Actual problems of qualification of the crime provided for by Art. 176 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Problems of realization of human and civil rights in the context of modern social transformations. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the memory of Professor F. M. Rudinsky. Under the general editorship of prof. D. A. Pashentsev, N. M. Ladnushkina. – Saratov, 2022. – P. 399-402.
4. Portal of legal statistics of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://crimestat.ru.
5. Portal of judicial statistics. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.xn—-7sbqk8achja.xn--p1ai/stats/ug/t/14/s/17?ysclid=lkwlp2ojhe655507216 ndex.ru.

CRIMINAL LAW
POPOVA Anastasiya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Human resources and personnel management in law enforcement agencies sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
MIKHAYLENKO Svetlana Vladimirovna
senior researcher of the Scientific Research Department, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
MIKHAYLOV Nikolay Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Human resources and personnel management in law enforcement agencies sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
THE CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE OF THE DEFINITION OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN MODERN CRIMINAL LAW
The topic of the article is relevant due to the fact that the issue of drug addiction in society remains acute. The unlimited possibilities of Internet resources make it possible to make the process of selling narcotic substances more perfect. These and other factors indicate a special public danger of drug crime on the Internet and predetermines the need to increase the activity of law enforcement agencies in this area. The article discusses the definitions of crimes in the field of illicit trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic substances It is emphasized that all drug–related crimes are united by one common subject – narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues.
Keywords: crimes, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bessmeltsev M.R., Vedernikov M.K. Problems of juvenile crime in the sphere of drug trafficking and its prevention // Modern science, society and education2. Klimenko S. A. Illegal drug trafficking in criminal law // Strategic directions for combating crime at the national and transnational levels: a collection of scientific papers. – Khanty-Mansiysk: Yugra State University, 2022. – P. 360.
3. Chirkov D. K. The dark side of the Internet: the global market for illegal drug distribution // Drug Control. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 37. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2021 No. 2117 “On the procedure for submitting information on activities related to the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as on the cultivation of plants containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or their precursors, and registration of transactions related to the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as a result of which the quantity and state of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances change, and recognizing as invalid certain acts and individual provisions of certain acts of the Government of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 49. – Art. 8303.
4. Kalinina E. R. Illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs in the Russian Federation: status and trends // Economy, management, law: current issues and development vectors: collection of articles from a scientific and practical conference. – Petrozavodsk: International Center for Scientific Partnership “New Science”, 2023. – P. 37.
5. Yakovlev V. G. Counteracting crimes in the field of illegal drug trafficking // Theoretical and practical foundations of scientific progress in modern society: a collection of articles from a scientific and practical conference. – Ufa: Omega Science, 2023. – P. 69.
6. Knyazeva E. V., Maim M. E., Kairudinov D. F. Legal and socio-cultural aspects of illegal trafficking in narcotic or psychotropic substances in Russia // Problems of Economics and Management: socio-cultural, legal and organizational aspects: a collection of articles. – Kemerovo: Publishing house of Kuzbass State Technical University, 2020. – P. 201.

CRIMINAL LAW
SHAPOVALENKO Ekaterina Sergeevna
Chief Physician, LLC “Golovin Clinic”
YAKUNIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Public Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPULSORY MEDICAL MEASURES
The aim of this study is to examine society’s evaluation of the effectiveness of compulsory medical measures. The relevance of this topic is high due to the growing distrust among victims, individuals are subject to compulsory measures, as well as their relatives and legal representatives, regarding the fairness of such measures. In their opinion, these measures fail to achieve their intended goals and objectives. Appeals and cassation complaints regarding court rulings on the application, modification, or extension of compulsory medical measures, along with motions for repeated forensic psychiatric examinations, indicate a lack of trust in healthcare and law enforcement agencies. Compulsory measures may be perceived by victims as a way for offenders to evade fair punishment, while offenders themselves may view them as a violation of their rights to freedom and bodily integrity. In practice, judges strictly adhere to the legal framework when assigning, applying, extending, modifying, or terminating compulsory medical measures, taking into account the findings of forensic psychiatric examinations. However, the secrecy surrounding the forensic psychiatric examination process, the blurred boundaries between normality and pathology in psychology, as well as between nosological forms of mental disorders, raise doubts in society about the objectivity and accuracy of medical commission findings. Furthermore, completed treatment does not guarantee the absence of future exacerbations and, therefore, does not eliminate the risk of new socially dangerous acts, both in the near and distant future. These facts call into question the effectiveness of compulsory medical measures as a tool for improving the condition of individuals requiring them, as well as their preventive function in averting future crimes.
Keywords: compulsory medical measures, forensic psychiatric examination, court ruling, appeal, cassation complaint, effectiveness
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Lazarev A. Ya., Kostyukova N. R. Mental disorders and offenses. – M.: Publishing house, 2019. – 150 p.
2. Lukyanenko A. A. Statistical indicators of the use of compulsory medical measures in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2024. – No. 48. – P. 120-135.
3. Molotova L. P. Problems of compliance with patients’ rights in the context of the application of coercive measures // Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference on Psychiatry and Human Rights. – M., 2023. – P. 88-93.
4. Nikolaeva T. A. Analysis of the role of forensic examination in the process of applying PMM // Scientific Bulletin of Jurisprudence. – 2021. – Vol. 8, No. 4. – P. 88-94.
5. Pak M. A., Popova A. A., Astapova V. O., Savicheva M. A. Correlation between mental disorders and the nature of OOD // Current scientific research: materials of the XVII International scientific conference. Penza, [date of the conference] // Science and education. – Penza: MCNS “Science and Education”, 2024. – P. 247.
6. Petrov V. I. Compulsory medical measures: legal analysis and practice of application // Bulletin of Law. – 2021. – T. 15, No. 6. – P. 48-55.

CRIMINAL LAW
DZHAFAROVA Marina Elchinovna
bachelor’s degree student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE LOCATION OF DIGITAL OFFENSES: ANALYSIS OF REGULATIONS
The work is devoted to the study of certain understanding of the location of digital crimes using examples of digital fraud and extremism. The issue of cross-border digital crimes, the application of the principle of extraterritoriality to them, and the determination of the jurisdiction to impose punishment are considered. A contradiction has been established between the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice. The opinions of scientists and international experience are considered. As a result of the study, the authors propose a way to improve the existing regulatory framework in the field of digital crimes, changing it to more effectively protect the interests of the Russian Federation, including in the international arena.
Keywords: digital law, digital crime, cybercrime, location of the crime, fraud in relation to non-cash funds, extremism in the digital environment, cross-border crimes, extraterritoriality.
Article bibliography
1. Arkhipov A. Problems of determining the location of fraud in relation to non-cash funds // Criminal law. – 2016. – No. 3.
2. Borovikov V. B., Smerdov A. A. Criminal law. General part: textbook for secondary vocational education / Edited by VB Borovikov. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2023. – 265 p. – (Vocational education). – P. 63.
3. Ivanova LV, Perezhogina GV Digital space as a place of crime in the context of global restrictions. – DOI 10.21684/2411-7897-2020-6-4-155-171. – EDN PLNNQW // Bulletin of Tyumen State University. Socio-economic and legal research. – 2020. – V. 6, No. 4 (24). – P. 156-171.
4. Lebedeva AA Features of the investigation of cybercrimes // Business Security. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 48-56.
5. Pavlyuchenko Yu. V. The place of the crime and the moment of its completion in cases of fraud in relation to non-cash funds // Criminal law. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 69-78.
6. Rasulov R. V. Some controversial issues of determining the place of the crime // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 179.

CRIMINAL LAW
DROZDOV Ilya Sergeyevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ISSUES OF COUNTERING CRIMES MOTIVATED BY RELIGIOUS HATRED
The article is devoted to the issues of state regulation of manifestations of hatred and enmity on the grounds of religion, which increasingly arises in the public space. The author draws conclusions about the need for further modernization of Russian legislation, as well as the need to clearly define the scope of its application. The article considers the question of whether it is possible to commit offenses motivated by religious hatred or enmity in relations between representatives of the same religion. The article presents proposals on supplementing criminal legislation in the sphere of combating extremism with new qualified corpus delicti, derived on the basis of comparison of domestic criminal legislation with the legislation of foreign countries. It also analyzes doctrinal definitions of religious extremism and proposes its own concept of religious extremism.
Keywords: criminal legislation, law enforcement, extremist offenses, incitement to hatred or enmity, religious extremism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Akhromeeva Yu. V. Sociocultural foundations of religious extremism / Abstract of thesis. dis. …cand. Philosopher Sciences: 09.00.13. — Voronezh: VGASU, 2009. – 19 p.
2. Beshukova Z. M. The mechanism of thelegal counteraction to extremist activity: content, structure, main directions of optimization: dis. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.08 – Krasnodar, 2020 – 632 p.
3. Zabarchuk E. L. Religious extremism as one of the threats to the security of Russian statehood // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 6. – P. 3-10.
4. Kozhukhovsky E. S. Religious extremism as a legal definition // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2018. – No. 3 (159). – P. 138-143.
5. Kochoi S. M. On counteracting extremism // Criminal law. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 103-106.
6. Kochoi R. S. Counteracting transnational crime of terrorist organizations: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.4. – M., 2024. – 222 p.
7. Mikhailov V. S. Counteracting manifestations of religious extremism in places of deprivation of liberty // Bulletin of SYUI. – 2019. – P. 64-73.
8. Pluzhnikov E. N. The concept of interreligious extremism and its manifestations in modern Russia // Bulletin of RUDN, Political Science series. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 71-78.
9. Sergun E. P. Extremism in Russian criminal law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Tambov, 2009. – 25 p.
10. Yakhyaev M. Ya. Religious and political extremism: essence, causes, forms of manifestation, ways of overcoming: scientific monograph. – M.: Parnas, 2011. – 295 p.
11. Circular on judicial consideration of crimes committed on the basis of religious affiliation or non-affiliation, in a separatist context or when the principle of secularism is under attack. 04/29/2024.
12. Attack in Bordeaux: the attacker received refugee status in France. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.lefigaro.fr/bordeaux/bordeaux-l-assaillant-au-couteau-aurait-traite-ses-victimes-de-mecreants-avant-de-les-poignarder-20240411 (date of access: 22.08.2024).

CRIMINAL LAW
ZHAROV Konstantin Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University
CRIMINAL ENCROACHMENTS ON FOREST RESOURCES: CRIMINAL-LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION
The problem of criminal encroachments on forest resources remains relevant, since existing mechanisms are often insufficiently effective. The article examines criminal encroachments on forest resources that are significant for modern Russian society and provides them with a criminal-legal characteristic, identifying problems in the qualification of these crimes. The author concludes that the consequences of these criminal acts are manifested in the scale of defoliation, which leads to a reduction in forest cover. To solve this problem, a systematic approach is needed, including increased control over forest use, forest restoration work, as well as the involvement of highly qualified forestry specialists, and the use of modern technologies. In addition, it is necessary to combine the efforts of the state, business and the public, which will preserve the wealth of Russian forests for future generations.
Keywords: forest resources, woody plants, ecosystem, elements of crime, criminalization, natural environment, illegal logging, destruction or damage of woody plants, theft.
Article bibliography
1. Vinokurov V.N., Fedorova E.A. Object of crime: issues of competition of criminal law norms and a set of crimes // Modern law. 2019. No. 3. P. 106-112 and others.
2. Zhevlakov E.N. Environmental crimes and environmental crime. M.: Belye Alvy, 1996. Pp. 18-31.
3. Zvereva A. I. Environmental crimes that encroach on the safety of water bodies: characteristics and distinctions from related torts: monograph / Ed. by Yu. V. Gracheva. M.: Prospect, 2019. 200 p.
4. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (article by article) / K. A. Barysheva, Yu. V. Gracheva, R. O. Dolotov et al.; edited by G. A. Esakov. 9th ed., revised and enlarged. M.: Prospect, 2021. 816 p.
5. Konforkin I. A. Criminal liability for illegal logging of forest stands: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences. M., 2009. 23 p.
6. Kudryavtsev V. N. General theory of qualification of crimes. M.: Jurist, 2001. P. 5.
7. Criminal law of the Russian Federation. Special part: textbook. / Ed. B. V. Zravosmyslov. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. M., 2000. P. 115.

CRIMINAL LAW
KUCHERUK Oleg Vasiljevich
adjunct of Criminal and penal enforcement law sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia, major of police
THE SYSTEM OF CRIMES RELATED TO THE MOVEMENT OF ILLEGALLY OBTAINED FINANCIAL ASSETS OUTSIDE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines various theoretical and legislative approaches to the definition of a system of crimes related to themovement of illegally obtained financial assets outside the Russian Federation. Based on the results of the generalization of modern legislative approaches, analysis of trends in the vectors and content of the criminal policy of the state, taking into account the positions of modern research scientists and the results of the author’s research, a system of crimes under consideration has been formed and its significance in the context of law enforcement activities has been substantiated.
Keywords: material reserves, international character, national interests, non-residents, resources, crime system, criminal liability, financial assets, economic security, state jurisdiction.
Article bibliography
1. Baibarin A. A., Grebenkov A. A., Sheveleva S. V. Criminal law of Russia. General part: study guide / Ed. A. A. Grebenkov; South-West State University. – Kursk, 2017. – 429 p.
2. Varlamova N. V. Russian Theory of Law in Search of a Paradigm // Journal of Russian Law. – No. 12 (156). – 2009. – P. 68-84.
3. Veklenko V. V. [et al.] Criminal Law. General Part: Textbook for Universities / Under the general editorship of V. V. Veklenko. 3rd ed. – Moscow: Yurait, 2022. – 512 p.
4. Kiryanova K. Yu. Paradigmatic Basis of Lawmaking // Legal Sciences: Problems and Prospects: Proceedings of the VIII Int. scientific conf. (Kazan, April 2019). – Kazan, 2019. – P. 2-5.
5. Pozdyshev R. S. Features of the investigation of crimes related to the illegal withdrawal of capital abroad (Articles 193 and 193.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – No. 4. – 2021. – P. 233-239.
6. Rastoropova O. V. Humanization of criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of economic activity // Man: crime and punishment. – No. 3 (90). – 2015. – P. 112-116.
7. Sudenko V. E. Criminal law. General part: lectures / Ed. N. A. Dukhno. – M.: MIIT Law Institute, 2016. –197 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
SOLOGUB Valeriya Alexeevna
postgraduate student, F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University
IDENTIFICATION OF THE POTENTIAL DANGER OF PERSONS SUFFERING FROM MENTAL DISORDERS IN ORDER TO PREVENT THEM FROM COMMITTING A CRIME
The article examines the concept of aggression and its connection with violent crimes. The data on the current state of violent crimes against the person committed by persons with mental disorders are presented. Special attention is paid to the unfavorable trends of violent crime, contributing to the increase in social tension, causing citizens to feel insecure. A draft law is being investigated that allows Interior Ministry employees to receive information in medical institutions about mentally ill people who pose a danger. The conclusion is made about the possibility of further changes in these measures of procedural coercion and their improvement.
Keywords: aggression, mental disorders, personal safety, a person with mental disorders.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation: with amendments approved by the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020: adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2021. – 89 p.
2. Baran R., Richardson D. Aggression. – St. Petersburg, 1997. – P. 149.
3. Filimonov V. D. Social danger of the personality of certain categories of criminals and its criminal-legal significance. – Tomsk, 1973. – P. 86.
4. Makushkina O. A. Risk assessment of socially dangerous behavior of persons with mental disorders // Social and clinical psychiatry. – 2017. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otsenka-riska-obschestvenno-opasnogo-povedeniya-lits-s-psihicheskimi-rasstroystvami (date of access: 08/27/2024).

CRIMINAL LAW
HUSSEIN Anmar Talal Hussein
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
AL-ZYARAH Bahauldeen Faaiz Sahib
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL AND LEGAL PROTECTION OF MINORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
This paper examines the issue of protecting the rights of minors in Iraq against the backdrop of conflict and economic hardship. It discusses the shortcomings of the existing legislation, including corruption and lack of resources, as well as the need for reforms to improve the legal framework. It emphasizes the importance of cooperation with international organizations and NGOs to create a safeenvironment, as well as a comprehensive approach to addressing the socio-economic factors that exacerbate children’s vulnerability.
Keywords: protection of the rights of minors, Iraq, criminal law, socio-economic factors, corruption, legislative reform, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (ngos), safe environment, child vulnerability.
Article bibliography
1. Hiba Tamer Mahmud. Acquisition of mother’s citizenship: a comparative study of international conventions and Iraqi law // International Scientific Research Journal. 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iusrj.org
2. Charity Butcher, Deniz Gumustekin. Building peace in Iraq: a proposal for holding peacebuilding workshops // Journal of Conflict Management. 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://jocm.net/v7/no.1/v7n1_Butcher.pdf
3. Meray Sadek. Young “terrorists” or young innocents? Exploring Canadian public policy and practice in the abandonment, repatriation and integration of children born to ISIS // York University. 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstream/10315/39065/2/Sadek_Meray_A_2021_Masters.pdf
4. Fionnuala Ní Aoláin. Position of the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism on the human rights of adolescents/minors detained in north-east Syria. 2021 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/UNSRCT_Position_human-rights-of-boys-adolescents-2021_final.pdf
5. Jamal Mohammed Amin Hussein, Abdulwahed Jalal Nori. Exploring the Importance of Civil Society in Empowering Youth in the Context of Iraqi Kurdistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: 2024, http://irep.iium.edu.my/107485/1/PiCCWED17__030_021_mC2ip6lei7%5B1%5D.pdf
6. Meray Sadek. Young “Terrorists” or Young Innocents? Exploring Canadian Public Policy and Practice Regarding the Abandonment, Repatriation, and Integration of Children Born from ISIS. York University, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/bitstream/10315/39065/2/Sadek_Meray_A_2021_Masters.pdf
7. Mohammed Abdulmohsin Saadon Al-Mahtomi, Khalid K. D. Almamouri, Adel Kadhem Saud, Ibrahim Hamid Mehsun. Negotiating the Right to Defense of a Minor Accused During a Trial under Iraqi Law // International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.ijicc.net
8. Jehat Abdullah Mirhan, Kalash Hussein Mohammed Al Hamid. Protecting Victims of Human Trafficking through Humanitarian Response: The Case of Yazidi Women Survivors of ISIS Captivity // Afr. J. Bio. Sc. 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.9.2024.3488-3510
9. Stefan Manevski, Berna Dzemajli, Danijela Matorcevic, Pavle Jevdic, Predrag Tomasevich, Marko Paunovic, Evangelija (Ilija) Pazarzi, Cedo Velasevic. Handbook on Preventing and Countering Radicalization Among Young People in Europe. Outreach Hannover e.V., Germany, 2023 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://outofthebox-international.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/O1_EN_Handbook_YWantiRadical.pdf
10. Mira Hassan El Ajami. Prosecuting ISIS at the International Criminal Court. Lebanese University, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dspa.ul.edu.lb/static/uploads/files/master-thesis/2023/m-004-2023.pdf
11. Jehat Abdullah Mirhan, Kalash Hussein Mohammed Al Hamid. Protecting Victims of Human Trafficking through Humanitarian Response: The Case of Yazidi Women Survivors of ISIS Captivity // African Journal of Bio Sciences. 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.9.2024.3488-3510
12. Dr. Chrissy Gayle. National Child Protection System and Alternative Child Care in Jordan. SOS Children’s Villages, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/getmedia/b516f1d8-4150-47f8-a2a2-b4b1ace9fed5/Jordan-Final-Report-Child-Protection-System.pdf
13. Malik Al-Jabori. Partnerships: Their Importance in Iraq’s Development. University of Hull, 2023 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/4443581/Malik%20Al%20Jabori%20dissertation.pdf
14. Jihad Maalouf. The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law. Lebanese University, 2022 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dspa.ul.edu.lb/static/uploads/files/master-thesis/2022/m-070-12-2022.pdf
15. Carolyn Margie Sayege. Patriotic Ayatollahs. Cornell University Press, 2018-04-15. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=qdQ6DwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_api
16. Iraq Study Group (USA), James Addison Baker,Lee H. Hamilton. Report of the Iraq Study Group. Vintage, 2006-12-06. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://books.google.com/books?id=3TfBJTY96L4C&dq=Criminal+law+protection+of+minors+in+Iraq+challenges+significance+of+research+solutions&hl=&source=gbs_api
17. National Intelligence Council. “Global Trends 2040”. Cosimo Reports, 2021-03. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://books.google.com/books?id=eNCNzgEACAAJ&dq=Criminal+law+protection+of+minors+in+Iraq+social+and+economic+factors+influencing+youth+vulnerability+challenges+and+solutions&hl=&source=gbs_api
18. United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, International Bar Association. “Human Rights in the Administration of Justice.” New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2003-12-01. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://books.google.com/books?id=bD-eRFjTPzAC&dq=Criminal+law+reforms+for+the+protection+of+minors+in+Iraq+challenges+and+solutions&hl=&source=gbs_api
19. David L. Carter, Ph.D. David L. Carter, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services. “Law Enforcement Intelligence.” Createspace Independent Pub, 19.06.2012. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://books.google.com/books?id=_phRLwEACAAJ&dq=Criminal+law+protection+minors+Iraq+training+resources+law+enforcement+judicial+system+challenges+solutions&hl=&source=gbs_api

CRIMINAL LAW
HUYNH Huu Tinh
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia; senior lecturer, People’s Security University, Ministry of Public Security, Vietnam
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION CRIMES IN JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES
The article mentions the current state of corruption crimes and positions in justice, points out limitations and difficulties in the provisions of criminal legislation, as well as in the application of legislation to combat corruption and official crimes. The author analyzes the unreasonable points and points out the reasons from both objective and subjective, on that basis, the author proposes practical solutions to resolve these shortcomings. With the current situation of corruption and position crimes in general, corruption and position crimes in judicial activities in particular, which are increasingly complicated, there is a need for specialized solutions from law enforcement agencies to combat and prevent this crime effectively in Vietnam. The solutions proposed by the author are based on the practical data of law enforcement agencies in Vietnam.
Keywords: corruption crimes, official crimes, justice, law enforcement agencies.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2015
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2015
3. Report of the Supreme People’s Prosecutor’s Office on the Crime Situation in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BUFETOVA Maryam Shamilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and prosecutorial supervision sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
GRACHEV Alexey Dmitrievich
assistant lawyer, Irkutsk Regional Bar Association Version, Irkutsk
PROBLEMS OF JUDICIAL DISCRETION IN THE TERMINATION OF A CRIMINAL CASE OR CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN CONNECTION WITH THE APPLICATION OF A COURT FINE
Within the framework of this article, the problems of judicial discretion in the termination of a criminal case in connection with the application of a court fine have been analyzed and identified. The relevance of the study is related to the fact that the rules on the application of this ground for termination of a criminal case are not clearly formulated, they have evaluative concepts, and the boundaries of judicial discretion are not clearly defined. The novelty of the study: the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of the issues of judicial discretion in the termination of a criminal case in connection with the application of a court fine. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of the institute and propose their solution. The results of the study were achieved through the use of such methods as analysis and synthesis, formal legal, and the method of interpretation. As a result, the authors concluded that judicial discretion in the application of a judicial fine, as well as in determining its size, is exceptional, practically unlimited. Moreover, the rules on the implementation of a judicial fine and the corresponding termination of a criminal case are applied even in cases where their application is questionable from the point of view of achieving the goals and objectives of criminal proceedings. Conclusions: the authors propose to limit judicial discretion by introducing a minimum amount of a court fine, as well as obtaining the mandatory consent of the victim to terminate the criminal case on this basis.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, termination of a criminal case, termination of criminal prosecution, judicial fine, amount of a judicial fine, judicial discretion, discretionary powers of the court.
Article bibliography
1. Kirillova N. P., Kamatesov P. A. Procedural problems of release from criminal liability with the imposition of a judicial fine at the stage of preliminary investigation. – EDN QOPCFM // Siberian criminal procedural and criminalistic readings. – 2021. – No. 2 (32). – P. 34-43.
2. Skhakumidova D. A. Implementation of the principle of the presumption of innocence in the termination of a criminal case (criminal prosecution) on non-rehabilitating grounds. – EDN QVZBXK // Scientific support for the agro-industrial complex: Collection of articles based on the materials of the 76th scientific and practical conference of students on the results of R&D for 2020. In 3 parts, Krasnodar, March 10-30, 2021 / Responsible for the issue A. G. Koshchaev. Volume Part 3. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2021. – P. 461-463.
3. Plesneva L. P., Unzhakova S. V. Some aspects of the theory and practice of applying a judicial fine in criminal proceedings. – EDN RHJHMU // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2019. – No. 4 (26). – P. 159-168.
4. Mazyuk R. V. Judicial fine as an alternative to a sentence in criminal proceedings. – EDN YRYBRL // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2017. – No. 2 (16). – P. 23-35.
5. Kalugin A. G. On the issue of the merits and defects of the legal design of the new grounds for termination of criminal prosecution – with the appointment of a judicial fine. – EDN ZWBOHF // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2017. – No. 3 (17). – P. 83-90.
6. Kolpakova L. A., Lazareva L. V. Issues of judicial discretion in imposing certain types of punishment not related to the isolation of convicts from society. – DOI 10.46741/2713-2811.2022.17.2.007 // Ius publicum et privatum: online scientific and practical journal of private and public law. – 2022. – No. 2 (17). – P. 66-74.
7. Borovskikh R. N. Judicial fine as a criminal-law measure: goals and grounds for appointment. – DOI 10.53993/2078-3914/2022/2(51)/13-19 // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2022. – No. 2 (51). – pp. 13-19.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ZAGORSKIY Gennadiy Iljich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of N. V. Radutnaya Criminal process law sub-faculty, Russian State University of Justice, honored lawyer of the RSFSR, honored scientist of the RF
PRIVATE RULING (RESOLUTION) OF THE COURT
The article examines the legal regulation of the issue of private rulings (resolutions) by courts during criminal proceedings. It is noted that the current criminal procedure law does not set the court the task of preventing and eradicating crimes, while the issue of a private ruling (order) is its right, not its obligation. Along with this, the insufficiently clear regulation of the procedural order, the grounds for issuing private rulings (resolutions) and the range of circumstances subject to proof are highlighted. It is substantiated that these shortcomings are the reason for the small number of these decisions in judicial practice.
Keywords: reasons and conditions, circumstances, right, duty, proof, clarification.
Article bibliography
1. Zagorsky G. I., Kachalov V. I. Procedural (judicial) acts in criminal proceedings: a teaching aid for universities. – M .: RAP, 2014. – 192 p.
2. Zagorsky G. I. Actual problems of judicial proceedings in criminal cases: a teaching aid. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Prospect, 2019. – 359 p.
3. Zagorsky G. I., Khatuayeva V. V. Actual problems of the theory and practice of criminal procedure. Lecture course. General part. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 136 p.
4. Kudryavtseva E. P. Drawing up procedural documents during consideration of criminal cases by the court of first instance: a tutorial. – M.: Russian Academy of Justice, 2014. – 364 p.
5. Mayorova L. V. Private definitions in criminal proceedings: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Leningrad, 1983. – 221 p.
6. Tuzov N. A. Motivation and prejudice of judicial acts. – M.: Russian Academy of Justice, 2006. – 152 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KAZMIROV Maksim Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Civil, administrative and criminal process sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, Judge of the Irkutsk Regional Court in honorary retirement
THE LEGAL STATUS OF AN EXPERT, SPECIALIST IN THE NORMS OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, REGULATING THE USE OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE – THE RESULTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF LEGISLATION
This article is a continuation of the study of the history of the emergence of such evidence as a specialist’s opinion and testimony in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation, the history of the emergence of such a procedural participant as a “specialist” in criminal proceedings.
This article assesses the changes in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation made in 2013 regarding the legal status of a specialist, regarding the essential features of such evidence as a specialist’s opinion, and substantiates the inconsistency and illogicality of these legislative decisions.
As a result of the analysis of legislative changes in this part, the author continues to identify the reasons for the emergence of a number of practical and theoretical problems, in particular those related to the use of special knowledge in the process of criminal proceedings without conducting research, problems related to the use of special knowledge in assessing the validity of an expert’s opinion, and suggests ways to solve these problems.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, special knowledge, process of proof, specialist, specialist opinion, specialist testimony.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kazmirov M. A. “Historical and legal analysis of the legal status of an expert, specialist and legal norms regulating the use of special knowledge in the criminal procedure legislation of the RSFSR” // Verb of Justice. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 7-15
2. Kazmirov M. A. Historical and legal analysis of the legal status of an expert, specialist and legal norms regulating the use of special knowledge in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 325-327
3. Kazmirov M. A. Historical and legal analysis of changes made in the period from 2003 to 2013 to the norms of the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the use of special knowledge in criminal proceedings // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 366-369
4. Dyakonova O. G., Expert review of the forensic examination report: concept, essence, regulatory framework // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 84-97.
5. Antonov O. Yu., Problems of using special knowledge in criminal proceedings and ways to solve them // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 149-157.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KORNAKOVA Svetlana Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
CHIGRINA Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
VERIFICATION BY THE PROSECUTOR OF THE MATERIALS OF THE CRIMINAL CASE RECEIVED WITH THE INDICTMENT
The article discusses issues related to ensuring the rule of law when the prosecutor checks the materials of a criminal case received with an indictment. The points to which the prosecutor should pay attention are consistently specified in order to ensure the completeness and comprehensiveness of the audit. It is concluded that the correct outcome of its consideration in court depends on the quality of the study of the materials of the criminal case, it is the prosecutor at this stage who can influence the outcome of the preliminary investigation, evaluate the entire complex of investigative measures carried out and compliance with the requirements of the law of the evidence available in the case.
Keywords: legality; prosecutorial supervision, prosecutor, end of the preliminary investigation, indictment.
Article bibliography
1. Islamova E. R. On the issue of the relationship between the procedural powers of the prosecutor and the head of the investigative body // Baikal Research Journal. – 2016. – No. 2.
2. Kochetkova I. V., Osipova M. A. Crimes committed by employees of collection agencies against debtors and their relatives: some aspects of the forensic characteristics // Academic Law Journal. – 2022. – V. 23, No. 4 (90). – P. 459-466.
3. Samoylova Zh. V. Features of a civil claim in criminal proceedings in Russia and abroad.foreign countries // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2014. – No. 2 (6). – pp. 138-145.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MATYUNIN Oleg Valerjevich
lawyer, managing partner of the Moscow law office “Matyunins and Partners”, Head of the reception principle of the Commissioner for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs in Moscow on issues of development and consequences in the field of economic activity, postgraduate student, State University for the Humanities
PROCEDURAL FEATURES OF COMBATING TAX CRIMES IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN COMPARISON WITH RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: FROM REGULATION TO CONCEPT
This article examines the regulatory and legal specifics of combat tax crimes in one of the largest countries in Western Europe – the Federal Republic of Germany. The scientific results are obtained on the basis of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization, comparison using formal-legal and comparative-legal research methods. Based on the analysis of current sources of tax, criminal and criminal-procedural law and scientific publications on the topic, the author examines the existing system of bodies in Germany that detect and investigate tax crimes, as well as the procedural order of their work, which differs significantly from the Russian order. The author examines the powers of the tax authorities of the FRG to investigate tax crimes, including the range of entities that have the right to initiate criminal prosecution. The article shows the features of interaction between the tax authority and the prosecutor’s office, the range of persons entitled to defend in a criminal case, the grounds for refusing criminal prosecution and other characteristics of the criminal process for this category of cases. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the most noticeable, in his opinion, distinctive features of criminal proceedings in cases of tax crimes in Germany, including the ability of the tax authority to functionally become an investigative body, completely replacing it in the process before the transfer of the criminal case to court. The author also touches upon the conceptual problems of Russian criminal procedure that have not been resolved during its reform, including the problem of the legal status of participants in criminal proceedings, in connection with which, relying on the example of Germany, he raises questions about the future legal status of tax authorities in criminal proceedings in Russia.
Keywords: tax crimes in Germany, liability for tax crimes in Germany, criminal proceedings in Germany, investigation of tax crimes in Germany, powers of tax authorities in Germany, tax criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Stoyko N. G. Criminal Procedures of England and Wales, Germany, France and Russia: General Statement of Questions for Comparison // News of Higher Educational Institutions. Jurisprudence. – 2004. – No. 6 (257). – P. 96-107. EDN: RMGBHZ.
2. Zazulin A. I. Criminal Procedure of Germany in the Context of National and International Trends in the Digitalization of Law: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2022 .– 256 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://litgid.com/ (date accessed: 08/05/2024). EDN: ZUZRRE.
3. Kuznetsova N. N. Criminal Prosecution under the Legislation of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany: Comparative Legal Study: Dis. … Cand. of Law. Sciences. – Moscow, 2023 .– 264 p. EDN: OVOJPH.
4. Lukichev B. A., Alekseev S. G. Comparative legal analysis of regulations governing the production of forensic examination and the procedural status of knowledgeable persons in criminal proceedings in Russia and Germany // Nomothetika: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2020. – Vol. 45, No. 3. – P. 516-526. EDN: OSCAXN.
5. Trofimik A. G. Appeal and cassation proceedings in criminal proceedings in Germany: a brief analytical review / Scientific School of Criminal Procedure and Forensic Science of St. Petersburg State University. Proceedings of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference. – M., 2024. – P. 195-212. EDN: TKKOXB.
6. Sedelkina V. V. Criminal Procedure Features of the Fight against Tax Crimes in Germany // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2019. – No. 2 (75). – P. 98-103. EDN: PVGPLM.
7. Criminal Procedure of Russia and European Countries: A Comparative Legal Study / Under the general and scientific editorship of Shcherba S. P. – M., 2023. – 280 p. Access mode: https://litgid.com/ (date accessed: 06.08.2024). EDN: SOZDUR.
8. Criminal Procedure of European States / Under the editorship of Samarin V. I., Lutsik V. V. – M., 2019. – 752 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://litgid.com/. Date of access: 06.08.2024. EDN: QYZZWP.
9. Vaskevich K. Legal regulation of responsibilityfor violations of tax legislation in Germany // Public Service. – 2015. – No. 2 (94). – P. 96-99. EDN: TPTIMB.
10. Krokhina Yu. A. Actual problems of lawyer participation in the production of seizure in tax proceedings // Advocate practice. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 3-8. EDN: WQZZMF.
11. Popova I. P. Purpose of criminal proceedings and the category of “interest” // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2019. – Vol. 5, No. 2. – P. 93-101. DOI: 10.18287/2542-047X-2019-5-2-93-101. EDN: MZNNBJ.
12. Lyakhov Yu. A. There is no fair trial without establishing the truth // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 135-138. DOI: 10.22394/2074-7306-2023-1-4- 135-138. EDN: KLURHK.
13. Volodina L. M. Criminal proceedings: problems of legal regulation // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2023. – Vol. 18, No. 4. – P. 187-206. DOI: 10.35427/2073-4522-2023-18-4-volodina. EDN: UJPIXI.
14. Sharipova A. R. Prejudice in the mechanism of convergence of procedural branches (on the example of criminal proceedings on tax crimes) // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2021. – No. 1 (138). – P. 161-167. DOI: 10.24412/2227-7315-2021-1-161-167. EDN: RCFOQF
15. Zhilkin M. G., Zaitsev O. A., Rakhmadzhonzoda R. R. Review of the international scientific and practical conference “Problems of Combating Crime in Eurasia” // Union of Criminologists and Criminologists. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 129-138. DOI 10.31085/2310-8681-2024-2-200-129-138. EDN: FFIBLQ.
16. Avdeeva E. V. Organization of protection of rights of business entities during investigation of crimes: monograph. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2023. – 228 p. EDN: PGQXDW.
17. Volynskaya O. V., Semenkova E. V. Participation of a notary in criminal proceedings / Criminal proceedings: current state and development strategy: XIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference, November 30, 2023: collection of scientific papers / [compiled by P. O. Panfilov]. – M .: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2024. – P. 65-69. EDN: BEVUPR.
18. Kleshchina E. N., Krylova D. S. Procedural status of the applicant for a crime in Russian criminal proceedings: main problems and issues of optimization of legal regulation // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 237-241. DOI: 10.24412/2312-0444-2024-1-237-241. EDN: RZDCDH.
19. Kamchatov K. V. Applied problems of establishing the nature and extent of harm caused by a crime / Criminal proceedings: current state and development strategy: XIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference, November 30, 2023: collection of scientific papers / [compiled by P. O. Panfilov]. – M.: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2024. – P. 94-97. EDN: BEVUPR.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
OSTAPENKO Maxim Vitaljevich
postgraduate student of Judicial activity and criminal process sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg, attorney of the Bar Association of St. Petersburg
THE JUDGE’S INNER CONVICTION IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
The article examines the essence of a judge’s inner conviction as a key element in the process of evaluating evidence in criminal proceedings. It analyzes its legal, psychological, and methodological aspects, stages of formation, and the influence of negative factors. The relationship between inner conviction and judicial discretion, as well as their significance for ensuring objectivity and fairness in justice, is substantiated.
Keywords: judicial discretion, inner conviction, evaluation of evidence, criminal procedure.
Article bibliography
1. Ozhegov S. I. Material from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Version 10326782, saved at 16:02 UTC August 4, 2008 / Authors of Wikipedia // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. – Electronic data. – San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2008. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=10326782.
2. Zinatullin Z. Z., Egorova T. Z., Zinatullin T. Z. Criminal procedural proof: Conceptual foundations. – Izhevsk, 2002.
3. Gromov N. A., Zaitseva S. A. Evaluation of evidence in criminal proceedings. – M., 2002.
4. Lazareva V. A. Problems of proof in modern criminal proceedings in Russia. – Samara: Samara University, 2007.
5. Mashinnikova N. O. Discretion of the court in considering criminal cases with the consent of the accused with the charges brought: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences; Ulyanovsk State University. – Ulyanovsk, 2021.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ODINAZODA Isfandiyor Akhmad
Ph.D. in Law, Academy of the MIA of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan, doctoral student of Criminal process sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REGULATION AND PRACTICE OF USING THE RESULTS OF OPERATIONAL SEARCH ACTIVITIES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the legal regulation and practice of using the results of operational-search activities in the criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. The relationship between operational-search and criminal-procedural activities is considered in the aspect of using the results of operational-search activities. Gaps in the legislation are identified and recommendations are formulated to improve the regulatory framework in the field using the results of operational-search activities in pre-trial proceedings in Tajikistan.
Keywords: operational-search activity, pre-trial proceedings, criminal process, use of results, Republic of Tajikistan, legislation, evidence, legal regulation, investigative practice.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Tajikistan dated December 3, 2009 No. 564 (as amended and supplemented as of January 3, 2024) // Akhbori Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2009. No. 12. 816 p.
2. Law of the Republic of Tajikistan dated March 25, 2011 No. 687 “On operational-search activities” (as amended and supplemented as of July 18, 2017) // Akhbori Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2011. No. 3. 155 p.
3. Dolya E. A. Formation of evidence based on the results of operational-search activities. Moscow: Prospect, 2017. 285 p.
4. Ushakov D. N. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Vol. 4. P. – Yashchurny / D. N. Ushakov; editor-in-chief B. M. Volin, D. N. Ushakov; compilers V. V. Vinogradov, G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin [et al.]; edited by D. N. Ushakov. Moscow: State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1940. 1500 p.
5. The Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Editor-in-Chief S. A. Kuznetsov. – St. Petersburg: Norint, 2000. – 1536 p. – ISBN 5-7711-0015-3.
6. Efremova T. F. New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Explanatory and Word-Formation // Efremova.info: [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.efremova.info/ (date of access: 09/10/2024).
7. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. – 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged. Moscow: AZЪ, 1995. 928 p. – ISBN 5-85632-008-8.
8. Zazhitsky V. I. Results of operational-search activity in criminal proceedings. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2006. P. 112.
9. Khaidarov A. Kh. Problems of using the results of operational-search activities in the criminal process of the Republic of Tajikistan // Bulletin of the Tajik National University. 2018. No. 2. P. 234-240.
10. Rahimzoda R. Kh. Operational-search policy to ensure economic security of the Republic of Tajikistan: problems of theory, methodology and practice (historical, legal and general theoretical analysis): dis. … doctor of law: 12.00.01. Dushanbe, 2018. 582 p.
11. Rahmadzhonzoda R. R., Alizoda P. Kh., Tajali D. A. Theoretical model of criminal procedure legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Dushanbe: “ER-graf”, 2019. 236 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
RADCHENKO Elena Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, chief researcher of the Department for the Study of Problems of Management and Reform of the Penal System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penal System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN THE PENAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: PROBLEMS OF ETHICS AND INTEGRITY
The article examines the issues of the evolution of artificial intelligence in scientific research, educational processes for employees of the penitentiary system, as well as problems of ethics and integrity arising from the integration of artificial intelligence into the educational and scientific environment. Artificial intelligence, according to the authors, has become an indispensable tool for researchers, accelerating discoveries and optimizing processes. In reviewing domestic and foreign information, the regulatory framework, and foreign experience, the authors identified the most common and key problems of ethics and integrity.
During the consideration of the topic, the authors pay special attention to reliable ethical management, cooperation between stakeholders, continuous education of employees of the penitentiary system and those sentenced to imprisonment. The article also highlights the importance of maintaining ethics and integrity in the implementation of artificial intelligence to ensure that its development benefits humanity.
Keywords: digitalization, personality, ethics, algorithm, technology, artificial intelligence, penal system.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Wasserman J. A., & Wald H. S. (2024). Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and bioethics in clinical medicine. In Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Radiation Oncology (pp. 29-39). Elsevier.
2. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated February 26, 2019 No. 124 “On approval of the procedure for calculating the standard costs of ensuring the functions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia and federal state institutions of the penal system of the Russian Federation in terms of material and technical support for educational work” // Consultant Plus.
3. Radchenko E. P., Strogovich Yu. N. On supplementing the standards of the material base for organizing educational work with employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation // Competitiveness in the global world: economics, science, technology. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 170-174.
4. Kozin M. N., Radchenko E. P. Assessment of economic digitalization indicators as a driver of technological development and strategic support of the country’s national interests // Competitiveness in the global world: economics, science, technology. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 218-222.
5. McDougall C., & Pearson D. A. S. (2020). The effect of digital technology on prisoner behavior and reoffending: a natural stepped wedge design Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(13), The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance 455–482. 978-3-319-78441-0, 978-3-319-78440.
6. Radchenko E. P., Pyrchenko G. S. Digitalization in the educational space of law enforcement agencies // Anthropocogy. – M.: FKU Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – No. 1 (5). – P. 35-40.
7. Zorina N. S. On the relationship between the concepts of “crimes in the field of computer information”, “computer crime” and “cybercrime” // Current issues of improving the training system for employees of the penal system using information computer technologies: collection of materials from a scientific and practical seminar, Vologda, October 28, 2021 / Federal Penitentiary Service, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics. – Vologda: Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2022. – P. 110-114.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
ROSHKA Mikhail Yakovlevich
senior lecturer of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
THE FORMATION OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF CRIME AS A DIRECTION FOR THE STUDY OF THE CAUSAL COMPLEX OF CRIME
In the article, the author examines the stages of the formation of the geography of crime as a separate area of research of the causal complex of crime in domestic and foreign criminology in various historical periods. The author points out that territorial differences in crime, significant differentiation of the level and state of crime in certain regions have led to the emergence of the geography of crime. Studies of crime problems confirm that without identifying socio-economic characteristics, without taking into account geographical factors, it is impossible to determine the regional specifics of the criminal situation. Crime as a social component acts in close interrelation and interdependence with demographic and socio-economic processes. The author draws attention to the fact that the study of the geography of crime for criminology is of particular importance in analyzing the causes of crime and its changes, in developing optimal and effective measures to combat it in relation to the individual.
Keywords: geography, crime, criminology, sociology, causes and conditions of crime, crime factors.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Badov A.D. Geography of crime in Russia in the post-Soviet period: dis. … doc. geographer. Sci. Vladikavkaz, 2015. P. 34-35.
2. Litvyak L. G., Pavlenko O. A. Geography (territorial differences) of crime // New University. 2023. No. 5 (51). P. 21-23.
3. Budanov S. A., Demidova O. V., Karpov A. A., Lelekov V. A. Actual problems of criminology: part 1: textbook. Voronezh: Voronezh Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2019. P. 89.
4. Bakharev D. V. On the issue of the subject and content of the geography of crime as one of the areas of study of the causal complex of crime // Criminological journal of the Baikal stateo University of Economics and Law. 2022. No. 2. P. 32.
5. Kuzovatova K. P., Barbaryan A. A., Vishnevetskaya I. N. Some problems of the geography of crime on the territory of the Russian Federation // Young scientist. 2022. No. 47 (181). P. 121-122.
6. Starkov O. V. Criminology: General, Special and Special Parts: textbook. St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2021. P. 361.
7. Badov A. D. Geography of crime in Russia: changes over the post-Soviet period // Bulletin of Moscow University. 2021. No. 2. P. 64.
8. Kulagin A. V. Territorial differentiation of crime in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the example of the Samara Region: dis. … Cand. Geogr. sciences. Samara, 2015. P. 52.
9. Nadbitov A. S. Regional crime and some aspects of its study // Current issues of legal sciences: materials of the International scientific conference. Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomolets, 2021. P. 105.
10. Criminology: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence” / G. A. Avanesov [et al.]; edited by G. A. Avanesov. Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2022. P. 406.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SAMSONOV Viktor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Organization of judicial activities and law enforcement sub-faculty, East-Siberian branch, Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
ON THE ADVISABILITY OF LEGISLATING THE MANDATORY PARTICIPATION OF A SPECIALIST IN THE SEIZURE OF ELECTRONIC DATA CARRIERS AND COPYING INFORMATION FROM THEM IN THE COURSE OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
In the article the authors turn to the analysis of the requirement of mandatory participation of a specialist during the seizure of electronic data carriers and copying of information from them during the production of investigative actions, enshrined in the criminal procedural legislation. The authors investigate the essence of the declared legislative decision, its positive and negative aspects, as well as further prospects of this legislative provision. According to the results of the study, the authors came to the conclusion about the partial expediency of mandatory participation of a specialist in the seizure of electronic media and copying of information from them in the course of investigative actions. The authors also make proposals to improve the studied norm, which will help, on the one hand, to optimize the process of seizure of electronic media and copying of information from them in the course of investigative actions, and on the other hand – to avoid unnecessary formalism and red tape in the investigation.
Keywords: seizure, electronic media, copying of information, production of investigative actions, specialist, expert, forensic tactics, criminal procedure.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kolycheva A. N. General aspects of seizure of electronic information media // Law and Law. – 2022. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obschie-aspekty-izyatiya-elektronnyh-nositeley-informatsii (date of access: 06.12.2024).
2. Ezeibe P. E. Criminal procedural regulation of seizure of electronic storage media // Legal science. – 2024. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ugolovno-protsessualnoe-regulirovanie-izyatiya-elektronnyh-nositeley-informatsii (date of access: 06.12.2024).
3. Prokopenko A. N., Strakhov A. A. Legal grounds for obtaining electronic evidence through inspection and seizure of electronic storage media // Bulletin of the BelUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-osnovaniya-polucheniya-elektronnyh-dokazatelstv-posredstvom-osmotra-i-izyatiya-elektronnyh-nositeley (date of access: 06.12.2024).
4. Makarova Yu. V. Criminal procedure regulation of the seizure of electronic media and copying of information contained on them // Archivarius. – 2022. – No. 1 (64). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ugolovno-protsessualnoe-regulirovanie-izyatiya-elektronnyh-nositeley-i-kopirovaniya-soderzhascheysya-na-nih-informatsii (date of access: 06.12.2024).
5. Kornaukhov M. V., Ignatov D. Yu. Tactical features of preparation for seizure of electronic storage media during a search (seizure) // Scientific component. – 2022. – No. 4 (16). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/takticheskie-osobennosti-podgotovki-k-izyatiyu-elektronnyh-nositeley-informatsii-v-hode-proizvodstva-obyska-vyemki (date of access: 06.12.2024).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
TAILOVA Aisha Gabibovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), branch in Makhachkala
MURTAZALIEV Magomed Abdullaevich
magister student of the 2nd course, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), branch in Makhachkala
GLOBAL STANDARDS FOR THE VERIFICATION AND REVIEW OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES AS THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL FOR ENSURING JUSTICE AND PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
The article analyzes the world standards for the verification and review of judicial decisions in criminal cases. According to the authors, global standards for the verification and review of judicial decisions in criminal cases play a key role in ensuring fairness and legality in criminal proceedings. They are aimed at protecting the rights of convicts, eliminating judicial errors and increasing public confidence in the judicial system. These standards are based on the basic principles of international law, including the unchangeable right to a fair trial, which is enshrined in international treaties and covenants. One of the important aspects of international standards is ensuring the right to appeal. Appeal procedures allow convicts to appeal against the decisions of the courts of first instance, to check their validity and legality. The UN Human Rights Committee, in its general comments, has repeatedly stressed the need to provide effective remedies, including the possibility of reviewing the case in a higher court. It is important to note that such reviews should not be formal, but substantive, ensuring a full consideration of all arguments and evidence presented by the parties. Thus, international standards for the verification and review of judicial decisions in criminal cases are aimed at ensuring comprehensive justice and protection of human rights.
Keywords: international standards, administration of justice, Russian criminal procedure, ensuring the rights of the accused.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kovler A. I. International principles of an independent judiciary. On the problem of studying the standards of fair justice in the light of judicial independence // International justice. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 44
2. Kolobkova L. V. Establishing the truth in adversarial proceedings as a necessary prerequisite for a successful fight against corruption // Russian justice. – 2014. – No. 8. – P. 87
3. Commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of its application / Under the general editorship of V. A. Tumanov, L. M. Entin. – Moscow, 2002. – 334 p.
4. Lazarev V. V., Fursov D. A. Justification of the idea of implementing court decisions in legislative acts // Journal of Russian Law. – 2014. – No. 11. – P. 23.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
TARASENKO Darya Viktorovna
postgraduate student, Law of Faculty, St. Petersburg State University, lawyer of the St. Petersburg Bar Association “Pan and Paper”
ON THE ISSUE OF THE PARTIES TO THE INVESTIGATIVE ACTION
In the article, the author examines the issue of the signs of an investigative action, which in the author’s concept are called “parties”. The author raises the question of whether it is necessary to consolidate the legal definition of the concept of “investigative action” in the criminal procedure legislation. The author develops four necessary sides of the investigative action: cognitive, certifying, compulsory security and law enforcement. The author recognizes the law enforcement side as the main side, which involves the implementation and protection of guarantees of the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. Analyzing the content of the four developed sides, the author concludes that the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation does not need to legally consolidate the concept under study, however, each investigative action can be recognized as such only if there are these four sides.
Keywords: investigative action, criminal procedural activity, criminal proceedings, evidence, proof.
Article bibliography
1. Belkin A. R. Theory of proof in criminal proceedings. – M .: Norma, 2005. – 184 p.
2. Bykhovsky I. E. Development of procedural regulation of investigative actions // Soviet state and law. – 1972. – No. 4. – P. 107-110.
3. Gerasimov I. F. The system of procedural actions of the investigator // Investigative actions (forensic and procedural aspects): inter-university. collection of scientific papers / Ed. I. F. Gerasimov. – Sverdlovsk: Sverdlovsk. legal institute, 1983. – P. 3-7.
4. Golovko L. V. Course of criminal procedure. – M.: Statut, 2025. – 1041 p.
5. Gulyaev A. P. Investigator in criminal proceedings. – M.: Legal literature, 1981. – 192 p.
6. Zhogin N. V. Theory of evidence in Soviet criminal proceedings. – M.: Legal. lit., 1973. – 736 p.
7. Kol’din V. Ya., Polevoy N. S. Informational proprocesses and structures in forensic science. – M.: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1985. – 134 p.
8. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1997. – 944 p.
9. Rossinsky S. B. Investigative actions. – M.: Norma, 2018. – P. 240.
10. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure: Procedure for proceedings in criminal cases under Soviet criminal procedural law. – M.: Nauka, 1970. – 468 p.
11. Sheifer S. A. Investigative actions. Grounds, procedural order and evidentiary value. – Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. – 184 p.
12. Sheifer S. A. Investigative actions. System and procedural form. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2001. – 208 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
TRUSHKOV Ivan Igorevich
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
SUKHANOVA Darya Igorevna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
KUTDUSOVA Anastasiya Valerjevna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article is devoted to the study of the features of the legal regulation of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings. With the digitalization of society, electronic evidence is playing an increasingly important role in establishing the factual circumstances of criminal cases, but its legal status in Russia remains insufficiently developed. The concept and types of electronic evidence are considered, their legal nature is analyzed in the context of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the issues of obtaining, verifying and evaluating electronic data using procedural rules and expert methods. A comparative analysis of the Russian and international experience in regulating electronic evidence, including the legal systems of the United States, the European Union, and the provisions of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, is presented.
Keywords: electronic evidence, criminal proceedings, legal status, admissibility of evidence, digitalization, expertise, international law, Budapest Convention, procedural legislation, comparative analysis.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Larichev V. D. Electronic evidence in criminal proceedings: theory and practice. – M.: Jurist, 2019. – 256 p.
2. Zinchenko S. V. Admissibility of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings // Russian Justice. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 20-25.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2015 No. 41 “On the court verdict” // SZ RF. – 2015. – No. 27.
4. Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 901. Requirement of Authentication or Identification // Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.law.cornell.edu (date of access: 09.12.2024).
5. Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention). – Council of Europe. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention (date of access: 09.12.2024).
6. Gercke M. Understanding Cybercrime: Phenomena, Challenges and Legal Response. – ITU Publications, 2020. – 482 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SHAPOVALOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Novosibirsk
NON-TRADITIONAL METHODS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES
This paper analyzes the non-traditional methods used in the investigation of crimes. Since the investigation of a criminal case is a creative process, an experienced investigator in his work uses all the possibilities not prohibited by law to establish the truth and expose the criminal. The author discusses what non-traditional methods can be applied.
Keywords: investigation, investigative actions, traces, evidence, crimes, investigator, non-traditional methods of investigation.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
AL KHAZRAJI Hasanin Fakhri Ab
postgraduate student of Criminal law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
MEASURES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL COERCION IN RUSSIA AND IRAQ: CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION
The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of legal regulations concerning measures of criminal procedural coercion in two legal systems – Russia and Iraq. The study examines key concepts concerning measures of coercion, their purposes and functions in criminal proceedings.
Comparative characteristics allow us to identify both similarities and differences in approaches to ensuring law and order and protecting the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. The article also touches upon the issues of legality and proportionality of the measures applied, as well as the influence of international standards on the formation of criminal procedural norms in Russia and Iraq.
Keywords: measures of coercion, preventive measures, criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Criminal Procedure Code of Republic of Iraq. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/irq/1971/criminal_procedure_code_23_of_1971_html/Iraq_Criminal_Procedure_Code.pdf.
2. Vershinina S. I. On the legal nature, concept and system of criminal procedural coercion // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 5 (233). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-yuridicheskoy-prirode-ponyatii-i-sisteme-ugolovno-protsessualnogo-prinuzhdeniya (date of access: 11/12/2024).
3. Vyatchinina M. P. Actual problems of judicial protection in the application of preventive measures in the form of bail and house arrest” // Materials of the All-Russian interdepartmental scientific and practical conference. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 16-17
4. Grabyev V. A. Some problematic issues in the selection of preventive measures // Actual problems of criminal proceedings. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 49-53.
5. Kovalev V. M. Problems of criminal procedural liability // Problems of legal liability and improvement of legislation in light of the new Constitution of the USSR. – Ryazan, 1979.
6. Mikheev D. S., Fayzrakhmanov N. F. Prospects for the development of Russian criminal and criminal procedural legislation (results of the All-Russian scientific and practical round table with international participation) // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (57). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/perspektivy-razvitiya-rossiyskogo-ugolovnogo-i-ugolovno-protsessualnogo-zakonodatelstva-itogi-vserossiyskogo-nauchno-prakticheskogo.
7. Criminal law of Russia. General and special parts: Textbook / Gracheva Yu. V., Chuchaev A. I. – Moscow: Contract, NITs INFRA-M, 2017. – 384 p.
8. Criminal law of Russia: special part [Text]: teaching aid for students – Tambov: TSU Publishing House, 2011.
9. Criminal procedure system of Iraq: monograph / Abdulkarim Fakil Abdulbasit A, P. A. Gusenova, A. D. Nazarov, N. G. Stoyko; scientific. head of the authors’ collective N. G. Stoyko. – Krasnoyarsk: Sib. federal. university, 2022. – 152 p.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
ELISEEVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel Training, Academy of the FPS of Russia
MONITORING OF PERSONS RELEASED FROM PUNISHMENT DUE TO ILLNESS
In the article, the author examines some organizational and legal aspects of monitoring persons released from serving sentences of imprisonment due to illness. The necessity of expanding the tasks of the Federal Penitentiary Service, as well as legislative regulation of the subject of control and the mechanism of its implementation is substantiated. As a result of the research, possible ways of improving domestic criminal and penal enforcement legislation are proposed in terms of endowing the penal enforcement inspectorate with functions to monitor persons released from punishment due to illness.
Keywords: release from punishment, serious illness, control, penal enforcement inspection, convicted person.
Article bibliography
1. Klipov S. A. Monitoring persons released from correctional institutions: specialty 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; criminal-executive law”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2012. – 240 p.
2. Rybakov A. A. Monitoring persons released on parole from serving a sentence: specialty 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; criminal-executive law”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Vladimir, 2015. – 173 p.
3. Lavrentiev V. Yu. On the issue of the legal nature of parole // Man: crime and punishment. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 55-56.

CRIMINALISTICS
VERESHCHAGINA Gloriya Petrovna
magister student of the 1st course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
VLEZKO Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
PALAZIN Sergey Arturovich
magister student of the 1st course, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
PROBLEMS OF CORPSE EXAMINATION, EXHUMATION AND EXAMINATION
The purpose of this study is to analyze the procedure for the examination of a corpse, exhumation and examination, the problems of legal regulation of the production of these investigative actions in order to develop proposals for improving the current procedural legislation. The object of the study is the activity of persons authorized by law to carry out these investigative actions. The subject of the study was the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and other laws regulating the activities of the analyzed investigative actions. The procedural and tactical features of the corpse examination, exhumation and examination are considered. The article analyzes the legal status of an expert, specialist, doctor as participants in the examination of a corpse, special attention is paid to the study of the procedure for obtaining the consent of relatives for exhumation.
Keywords: examination of a corpse, examination, exhumation, investigative actions, scene of the incident, production tactics, corpse, burial, specialist, forensic medical expert.
Article bibliography
1. Zelensky V. D., Kuemzhieva S. A., Vlezko D. A. [et al.]. Investigation of murders. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2019. – P. 134.
2. Forensic medicine: General and special parts: Textbook. – M.: Eksmo, 2006. – P. 211.
3. Semenov E. A. Participation of a specialist in the examination of a corpse: ways to improve legislation // Forensic expert. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 97.
4. Legal status and legal regulation of the participation of a specialist in criminal proceedings: theoretical, procedural and organizational aspects – M. MGIMO-University, 2020. – P. 67.
5. Semenov E. A. On the participation of persons with special knowledge in criminal proceedings in Russia // Ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the activities of inquiry and preliminary investigation bodies. Collection of articles. – 2018. – Oryui of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V.V. Lukyanov. – P. 133.
6. Vlezko D. A. On methods of overcoming counteraction to investigation // Modern problems of domestic forensic science and prospects for its development: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (with international participation) dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Department of Forensic Science / Ed. G. M. Meretukov. – Krasnodar:Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2019. – P. 232.
7. Ivensky A. I. On the problems of regulating exhumation // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. – 2022. – No. 5 (51). – P. 24.
8. Didenko N. S., Kolbasina E. E. Procedural problems of conducting an examination as an investigative action // UP. – 2019. – No. 1 (88). – P. 25.

CRIMINALISTICS
DOMOVETS Svetlana Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistic sub-faculty, Educational and Scientific Complex on the Preliminary Investigation in the Department of Interior Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE METHOD OF COMMITTING A CRIME AS AN ELEMENT OF THE FORENSIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY COMMITTED IN THE FIELD OF EXPRESS DELIVERY OF GOODS AND CARGO THROUGHOUT RUSSIA AND THE WORLD
The article attempts to consider some ways of theft of goods in the field of express delivery, committed by representatives of the courier and outsourcing services. The author emphasizes that the method of committing a crime is the most important element of the forensic characteristics of a crime, which is why it is important for the investigator and the operational officer to have a clear idea of how the above-mentioned crimes are committed. The quality of the investigation directly depends on understanding this. The article reveals the problems of identifying and investigating theft in the field of express delivery of goods and cargo. The author proposes an algorithm for the actions of the investigator at the initial stage of the investigation.
Keywords: method of committing a crime, theft, forensic characteristics, cargo, goods, courier, cash, cash desk.
Article bibliography
1. Kuranova E. D. On the Basic Provisions of the Methodology of Investigating Certain Types of Crime // Issues of Criminalistics. – 1962. – No. 6-7. – P. 165-166.
2. Ermolovich V. F. Forensic Characteristics of Crime. – Minsk: “Amalfeya”, 2001. – P. 54-55.
3. Domovets S. S. On the specifics of committing and identifying thefts of other people’s property in the express delivery sector // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1 (64). – pp. 65-69.

CRIMINALISTICS
KABAKOVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
lecturer of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
LITVINOV Roman Viktorovich
lecturer of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
PECULIARITIES OF INCIDENT SCENE EXAMINATION RELATED TO EXPLOSIONS IN PREMISES
The examination of indoor explosion scenes represents one of the most complex and demanding tasks in forensics and investigative practice. Explosions inside buildings pose challenges for experts, requiring comprehensive analysis and the application of specialized techniques. Not only the identification of the immediate causes and factors of the explosion, but also the safety of further actions of investigators and rescue services depend on the speed and accuracy of initial examinations. The importance of a proper inspection of the scene of the accident in the future allows to restore the chain of events, identify the perpetrators and prevent possible recurrence of tragedies. This article will discuss the key aspects and characteristic features of accident scene examination related to explosions in confined spaces, including methods of documentation, techniques for collecting physical evidence, as well as the main difficulties encountered by specialists at such sites.
Keywords: peculiarities of investigation, indoor explosions, explosives, scene examination.
Article bibliography
1. Kolotushkin S. M. Explosive devices and traces of their use: textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Forensic examination”; Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Volgograd Academy. – Volgograd: Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004. – 295 p. – ISBN 5-7899-0318-5 – P. 196-198.
2. Zubenko E. V., Chukhrai S. V. Participation of an explosive expert in the inspection of the scene of crimes related to the use of explosives and explosive devices: an applied aspect (based on the materials of Primorsky Krai) // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2017. – No. 1 (1). – P. 30-39.
3. Kabakova E. S., Dolgushina L. V. Detection of traces of an explosion at the scene of a crimeessions // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 1 (188). – P. 383-384.
4. Kabakova E. S., Litvinov R. V. Investigation of crimes committed with the use of explosive devices and explosive substances // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (189). – P. 371-372.
5. Dolgushina L. V., Appointment and conduct of explosive examination in solving crimes related to the use of explosives and explosive devices // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 6 (193). – P. 393-394/

CRIMINALISTICS
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
RYNDA Evgeniy Pavlovich
student, Samara State University of Economics
SERGUNOV Egor Alexeevich
student, Samara State University of Economics
SHEKHANSKIKH Danila Nikolaevich
student, Samara State University of Economics
FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL FORENSIC EXPERT INSTITUTIONS: CURRENT PROBLEMS
Expert opinions are one of the most important sources of evidentiary law and influence the objective and comprehensive consideration of cases by the courts. Since expert activity is of high importance, the article examines the actual problems that non-governmental expert institutions face in the implementation of expert activities. The practical significance of this study is due to the search for solutions to the identified problems in order to further improve the institute of forensic examination.
Keywords: forensic examination, expert activity, expert opinion, non-governmental expert organizations, expert research, evidence, experts.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vershitskaya G. V., Ivankina T. V. Some issues of legal regulation of the activities of non-governmental expert institutions // Modern problems of criminalistics and forensic examination. – Saratov: Publishing house “Saratovsky Istochnik”, 2020. – P. 16-20.
2. Zamaraeva N. A., Salnikov V. P. Problems of conducting examination in non-governmental expert organizations // Legal technique. – 2022. – No. 16. – P. 427-431.
3. Tsvetnikova V. S. Problems of legislative regulation and directions for improving the work of non-governmental forensic organizations // Health is the basis of human potential: problems and ways to solve them. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 1733-1741.
4. Chernyavskaya M. S. Directions for improving the activities of non-governmental forensic organizations // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 2 (111). – P. 150-158.

CRIMINALISTICS
MOZHAEVA Irina Pavlovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Organization of activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Center for Command and Staff Exercises, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
LONSCHAKOVA Angella Rashitovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
THE ROLE OF GENERAL AND PARTICULAR FORENSIC EXAMINATION THEORIES AND TEACHINGS IN THE FORMATION OF FORENSIC SUPPORT OF CRIME PREVENTION
The article is based on the analysis of certain key provisions of the general theory of forensic examination and private expert theories and teachings: 1) attention is drawn to the contribution of the general theory of forensic examination and private expert theories and teachings to the formation of the theoretical foundations of criminalistic crime prevention; 2) a perspective of problems, ideas, concepts, and worldview positions that ensure the continuous process of formation and development of the theory of criminalistic crime prevention is presented; 3) it is emphasized that the controversial and problematic issues raised and solved in the general theory of forensic examination and private expert theories and teachings are a fertile seed for modern researchers and a guideline for future scientific and applied innovations. The authors have expressed an idea related to understanding the importance of the general theory of forensic expert science and private expert theories and teachings in the formation of forensic crime prevention. The successful integration of certain conceptual aspects of the general theory of forensic expert science and private expert theories and teachings depends on a scientific and theoretical understanding of the main problems, contradictions, gaps lying in the plane of interdisciplinary synchronization and integration, individual problems of embedded (integrable) elements. The author investigates the prerequisites for the development of a modern model of crimealistic crime prevention, based on general and private forensic theories and teachings, corresponding to the realities of today.
Keywords: general theory of forensic examination, private forensic theories and teachings, private forensic theory, crime prevention, forensic support, integration of achievements of general and private forensic theories and teachings, possibilities of forensic information for the purpose of crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Averianova T. V. Forensic examination. Course of general theory. Moscow: Norma, 2009. 480 p.
2. Aliyev I. A. Problems of expert prevention. Baku. 1991. 311 p.
3. Aminev F. G. Forensic activity in the Russian Federation (modern problems and ways to solve them): dis. … doc. jurid. sciences. Rostov-on-Don, 2016. 482 p.
4. Antonyan Yu. M., Guldan V. V. Criminal pathopsychology. Moscow: Nauka, 1991. 248 p.
5. Bulygina V. G. Psychological concept of prevention of socially dangerous actions of persons with severe mental disorders: diss. … doctor of psychological sciences. Moscow, 2015. 394 p.
6. Vekhov V. B. Fundamentals of forensic science on the study of computer information and means of its processing: monograph. Volgograd: Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008. 401 p.
7. Vinberg A. I., Malakhovskaya N. T. Forensic expertology (general theoretical problems of forensic examinations): textbook. Volgograd: Volgograd Higher School of Criminal Law, 1979. 183 p.
8. Igoshev K. E. On the socio-psychological characteristics of the typology of the personality of a youth criminal // Works of the Gorky Higher School of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Issue 2. Issues of criminology, criminal law and criminal procedure: thematic collection. Gorky, 1974. Pp. 3-21.
9. Kolmakov V. P. Identification actions of the investigator. Moscow: Legal Literature, 1977. 111 p.
10. Korukhov Yu. G. Forensic diagnostics in the investigation of crimes: a scientific and practical manual. M.: NORMA-INFRA, 1998. 288 p.
11. Lonshchakova A. R. Theoretical and methodological foundations of forensic support for crime prevention in the context of digital transformation of society // Eurasian Law Journal. 2024. No. 2 (189). P. 375-377.
12. Mailis N. P. Using the processes of integration and differentiation of knowledge in forensic examination when solving identification and diagnostic problems // Bulletin of Economic Security. 2022. No. 1. P. 130-133.
13. Makarenko I. A. Personality of a minor accused as an object of forensic research. M.: Yurlitinform, 2006. 352 p.
14. Mozhaeva I. P. Forensic doctrine on the organization of crime investigation: dis. … doc. jurid. sciences. M., 2015. 750 p.
15. Rossinskaya E. R., Galyashina E. I., Zinin A. M. Theory of forensic examination: textbook. M.: Norma, 2009. 384 p.
16. Rybnikov V. Yu., Bulygina V. G. Psychological prevention of socially dangerous actions of persons with severe mental disorders: monograph. M.: Sprinter, 2015. 285 p.
17. Certificate of state registration of computer program No. 2024666388 Russian Federation. Crime prevention: No. 2024665707: declared. 02.07.2024: publ. 12.07.2024 / A. R. Lonshchakova, I. P. Mozhaeva, A. A. Lonshchakov.
18. Certificate of state registration of computer program No. 2024684347 Russian Federation. Automated neural forensic intelligent support: No. 2024683582: declared. 26.09.2024: published. 16.10.2024 / A. R. Lonshchakova, A. A. Lonshchakov, I. P. Mozhaeva.
19. Smirnova S. A. Forensic examination at the turn of the 21st century. Status, development, problems. 2nd ed., revised. and add. SPb.: Piter, 2004. 875 p.
20. Theory of information and computer support for forensic activity: monograph / Ed. by E. R. Rossinskaya. M., 2022. 256 p.
21. Friedman I. Ya. Forensic examination and issues of preventing certain types of crimes: diss. … Doctor of Law. M., 1973. 408 p.
22. Khalikov A. N. The function of crime prevention in the investigation of criminal cases against minors // The rule of law: theory and practice. 2024. No. 2 (76). pp. 96-102.

CRIMINALISTICS
NAZARKIN Evgeniy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
NOVIKOVA Lyudmila Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor, Criminology sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University the MIA of Russia
FEATURES OF THE TACTICS OF INTERROGATION OF THE ACCUSED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING ISOLATION FROM SOCIETY
This article examines the specifics of the tactics of preparing and conducting interrogation of the accused during the investigation of a crime related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in a penitentiary institution of the Russian penal system. Specific tactical features and techniques at the stage of preparation, conduct and consolidation of the interrogation of the accused are considered and proposed.
Keywords: narcotic drug, crime, interrogation, accused, investigator, feature, tactical device, penitentiary institution.
Article bibliography
1. Investigation of crimes committed in the bodies and institutions of the penal system: a practical guide for investigators, law enforcement officers and operational staff of the penal system / Ed. by D.Sc. (Law), prof., Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation E.P. Ishchenko, Ph.D. (Law), associate professor O.A. Belov. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2013. – 376 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
NAMSARAEV Anchig Chingizovich
adjunct, 3rd Faculty of Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Staff, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
OPERATIONAL AND INVESTIGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF APARTMENT THEFTS
The article analyzes the state of the struggle of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation against thefts committed with illegal entry into housing, provides elements of operational investigative characteristics of apartment thefts, and the criminal-legal aspect of the crimes under consideration. The organization of operational investigative activities of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation is considered. The concepts of crime characteristics, methods of committing burglaries are indicated. The stages of criminal actions of apartment thieves are considered. The features characterizing the process of selling stolen property, as well as the patterns studied by the theory of operational investigative activities, are given.
Keywords: thefts committed with illegal entry into a dwelling, operational search characteristics, methods of committing thefts from dwellings.
Article bibliography
1. Goryainov K.K., Ovchinsky V.S. Theory of operational-search activity / Study guide. Moscow, 2018. P. 210-224.
2. Ivanov S.N., Bataev I.A. Operational-search and forensic support for the investigation of thefts from apartments / Study guide. Izhevsk, 1998. P. 80.
3. Morozov A. V., Pozdnyakov A. N. Current state of the fight against apartment burglaries in Russia committed by members of organized criminal structures // Law and Right. 2020. No. 8. P. 136-141.
4. Namsaraev A. Ch. Current issues of solving thefts committed with illegal entry into a home // Law and Right. 2024. No. 3. P. 278-281.
5. Pozdnyakov A. N. Theory of operational-search activities and private (special) theories // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 3 (55). pp. 57-64.

CRIMINALISTICS
POPOV Vladimir Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Criminology sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
RUDAVIN Alexander Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
VLADIMIROV Denis Mikhaylovich
lecturer of Criminology sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
THE GROUNDS FOR THE APPOINTMENT AND PRODUCTION OF A FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIC EXAMINATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES
This paper considers the possibility of appointment and production of forensic psychiatric examinations at the stage of preliminary investigation, as well as before the initiation of criminal proceedings. The list of grounds for the appointment of a forensic psychiatric examination by an investigator in relation to a suspect (accused) is given. Some errors and difficulties arising in the formulation of questions put forward for resolution by experts in the area designated by the object of research are analyzed.
Keywords: grounds for the appointment of an examination, forensic psychiatric examination, insanity, expert, mental state, special knowledge.
Article bibliographic list
1. Vladimirov D. M. Criminal-legal means of counteracting extremist crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet // Criminological journal. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 40-45
2. Isaenko V. N. Proper subject of examination in criminal proceedings // Legality. 2022. – No. 5. – P. 46-51.
3. Rokhlin V. I., Belousova S. V. On the issue of reasons and grounds for the appointment and conduct of forensic psychiatric examination in criminal cases // Russian investigator. – 2012. – No. 9. – P. 10-12.
4. Tactics of appointing forensic examinations and preparing materials for expert research: a tutorial / [V. A. Popov et al.; head of the team V. A. Popov]. – Ryazan: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2024. – 178 p.
5. Eriashvili N. D., Radchenko T. V., Ivanova Yu. A. On the issue of the admissibility of appointing a forensic psychiatric examination at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Criminological Journal, 2020. – No. 3. – P. 34-36.
6. Ertel L. A., Didenko E. S. Problems of appointing and producing a forensic psychiatric examination in criminal proceedings // Best scientific article 2017: collection of articles of the XIII International scientific and practical competition: in 2 parts. – 2017. – P. 171-173.

CRIMINALISTICS
SYROMLYA Larisa Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Prosecutorial supervision of law enforcement in operational investigative activities and prosecutor’s participation in criminal proceedings sub-faculty, Far Eastern Law Institute (branch), University of Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Vladivostok
CRIMINALISTIC PREVENTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES RELATED TO ILLEGAL EXTRACTION (FISHING) OF AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREA OF THE FAR EASTERN MARINE RESERVE
The article considers a criminalistic model of prevention (investigative and expert) of environmental crimes related to illegal extraction (fishing) of aquatic biological resources in the specially protected natural area “Far Eastern Marine Reserve”. The author notes that the criminalistic prevention of environmental crimes should be actively carried out not only in a procedural, but also in a non-procedural form. Based on the comprehensive research conducted by the author on the problems of these environmental crimes, a criminalistic basis has been laid in the concept for the preparation of law enforcement materials for the population. The author also substantiates the need to develop expert preventive recommendations and their mandatory implementation by the investigator and officials.
Keywords: criminalistic prevention, environmental crimes, illegal fishing of aquatic biological resources, specially protected natural area.
Article bibliography
1. Aliyev I. A. Problems of expert prevention. – Baku: Azerneshr, 1991. – 311 p.
2. Vyatkin A. N. Forensic prevention of environmental crimes // Actual problems of criminal procedure and forensic science: Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Irkutsk, February 16, 2024. – Irkutsk: All-Russian State University of Justice, 2024. – P. 40-45.
3. A briefing on new opportunities and methods for using space imaging was held in Vladivostok. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wood.ru/ru/lonewsid-24479.html (accessed: 12.01.2025).
4. Kotsyuba A. E., Vesnina S. N., Neustroeva A. V., L. B. Syromlya [and others]. Features of conducting an investigative inspection when a corpse is found at facilities related to water transport. – Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far Eastern Federal University, 2018. – 112 p.
5. Polstovalov O. V. “Environmental forensics” as an applied project in criminal proceedings and in various areas of law enforcement // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2018. – No. 3 (53). – P. 148-154.
6. “SMART System – questions and answers”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://anowcs.ru/sistema-smart-voprosy-i-otvety (date of access: 10.01.2025).
7. Syromlya L. B., Retyunskaya V. V. Features of the inspection of the scene of the crimes related to the illegal catch of aquatic biological resources. On the example of the Far Eastern region // Public service and personnel. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 153-157.
8. Syromlya L. B. Features of the inspection of the scene of the incident during the illegal fishing of trepang in a specially protected natural area – the Far Eastern Marine Reserve // Actual problems of counteracting the illegal extraction and circulation of aquatic bioresources in the Far Eastern region: Collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian round table, Vladivostok, October 13, 2022 / Editor-in-chief L. B. Syromlya. RUS: Far Eastern Law Institute (branch) “University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”, 2023. – P. 144-148.

CRIMINALISTICS
FIRSOV Gennadiy Vitaljevich
lecturer of Document research sub-faculty, Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert and Criminalistic Activity, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
SOME ASPECTS OF FORENSIC DIAGNOSTICS OF DETERMINING THE PRESCRIPTION OF HANDWRITTEN TEXT
The article discusses issues related to the current state and prospects for the development of forensic diagnostics for determining the prescription of a manuscript. The author identifies a number of diagnostic patterns that may indicate the individual nature of the temporal variability of handwriting, which, in turn, may serve as the basis for one of the tasks of forensic handwriting diagnostics – establishing the relative prescription of handwritten text.
Keywords: handwriting, forensic diagnostics, diagnostic studies, handwriting.
Article bibliography
1. Arotsker L. E. The subject of non-identification studies in forensic handwriting science // Criminalistics and forensic examination. – 1970. – Issue. 7. – P. 141-149.
2. Bobovkin M. V. On the systematization of diagnostic tasks of forensic handwriting examination” // Forensic examination. – 2013. – No. 3 (35). – P. 26-31.
3. Gulina E. G. Methodology for establishing the time of signature in a document using forensic handwriting examination methods: Tutorial. – M.: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2012.
4. Zhizhina M. V. Forensic examination of documents in arbitration proceedings: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2003.
5. Handwriting analysis and handwriting examination: textbook / Ed. V. V. Seregin. – Volgograd: VA MVD of Russia, 2007.
6. Orlova V. F. Forensic handwriting diagnostics: a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions. – M.: UNITY-DANA: Law and Right, 2006.
7. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseyev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. – M.: Sov. Encycl., 1983. – P. 540.

CRIMINOLOGY
DALGATOVA Zaira Magomedovna
magister student, North Caucasus Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
GITINOVA Madina Makhmudovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala
ON THE ISSUE OF THE STATE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Juvenile crime is a pressing problem for Russia, as for many other countries. The statistical data presented in the work demonstrates a decrease in the total number of crimes committed by minors in recent years. However, the problem remains significant due to global crime. Juvenile delinquency has its own characteristics, such as involvement in crimes against the environment and often committing crimes in the street environment. This may be related to socio-economic and family factors that influence adolescents. The increase in crime committed in groups highlights the importance of collective behavior among juveniles, which may indicate the influence of peers and group pressure. A link can also be noted between juvenile delinquency and female crime, indicating that family and social conditions that influence criminal behavior may be similar in these groups.
Keywords: juvenile delinquency, criminological analysis, crime structure, juvenile delinquency prevention, crime trends.
Article bibliography
1. Babayev M. M., Kruter M. S. Youth crime. – M., 2006. – P. 56.
2. Bilevich I. V. Concept and types of juvenile crime // Alley of science. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 912-913.
3. Bozhovich L. I. Personality and its formation in childhood. – M.: Education, 2008. – P. 258.
4. Maltseva L. V. Juvenile delinquency and its prevention // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 104.
5. The state of crime in the Russian Federation according to the data of the main information and analytical center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in the period 2020-2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/56672721/ (date of access: 10/12/2024).
6. The state of crime in the Russian Federation according to the data of the main information and analytical center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in 2010. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/reports (date accessed: 12.10.2024).
7. FSIN of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.archive.org/web/20221217184624/https://fsin.gov.ru/statistics/
8. Criminal record status in the Russian Federation. Data of the Judicial Department of the Russian Federation for 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.archive.org/web/20200722133641/ @@ [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79.

CRIMINOLOGY
KORYAGINA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Justice, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
CURRENT TRENDS IN PREVENTING ILLEGAL MIGRATION IN THE FOCUS OF RUSSIA’S MIGRATION POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The article notes that the changes currently taking place in the structure of migration processes are primarily associated with the transformation of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral needs of society, which determined the dynamism of legal regulation in this area. It should be noted that at the moment, the strategic documents that form the basis of migration policy aimed at ensuring migration security in Russia are not without drawbacks, especially with regard to the problems of illegal migration. In this regard, the “Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025” is particularly relevant, which has undergone significant changes in 2024. Measures to counter illegal migration, consolidation and synchronization of departmental structures in the unified register of foreign citizens (using the digital profile of a foreign citizen) are proposed. It seems that the problems of countering illegal migration cannot be considered in isolation from other aspects of regulating migration processes, only taking into account an integrated approach at the interstate level: international cooperation, the introduction and development of digital technologies, the establishment of both administrative and criminal liability, it is possible to approach its solution.
Keywords: migration security, foreign citizens, especially serious crimes, criminal liability, inevitability of punishment, digital profile of a foreign citizen.
Article bibliography
1. Buchakov S. A. Illegal external migration in Russia: Criminological situation and counteraction policy: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Omsk, 2019. – P. 131-133.
2. Kapinus O. S. Scientific and methodological approaches to the activities of public authorities to combat illegal migration on the territory of the Russian Federation // Criminological Journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law. – 2015. – Vol. 9. (No. 4). – P. 704-711.
3. Grebenyuk A. A. The need of the Russian economy for foreign labor resources in the context of the introduction of new technologies // Economy of the region. – 2020. – Vol. 16, Issue 2. – P. 507-521.
4. Pugachev I. A. Ethnocultural adaptation of foreign students to living and studying conditions in Russia // RUDN University Bulletin, series Russian and foreign languages and methods of their teaching. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 21-26.
5. Shumenko M. A. Specifics of Migrants’ Entry into a New Culture // Humanitarian and Social Sciences. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 23-31.
6. Smirnova I. G. The Roads We Choose (instead of a Preface) // Siberian Criminal Procedure and Forensic Readings. – 2014. – No. 2 (6). – P. 6-7.
7. Khrystyuk A. A, Asatryan H. A. Historical, Economic, Social and Legal Determination of Criminalization of an Act Using Electronic Payment Methods // Baikal Research Journal. – 2024. – V. 14, No. 1. – P. 310-320.

CRIMINOLOGY
MAGOMEDOVA Arapat Isaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, North Caucasus Institute, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), branch in Makhachkala
SALIMKHANOV Abubakar Kurbanovich
magister student of the 2nd course North Caucasus Institute, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), branch in Makhachkala
DETERMINANTS AND MOTIVATIONS THAT DETERMINE THE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS
The criminal behavior of law enforcement officers is a complex phenomenon caused by a variety of determinants. First, it is necessary to consider socio-economic factors such as wage levels, lack of resources and lack of social support. These aspects can lead to stress and frustration, which, in turn, can contribute to making illegal decisions. Secondly, personal and psychological motives play an important role. Some law enforcement officers may have predispositions to corruption or other antisocial activities based on their life experience or moral values. The role of the group in which they function is also important – pressure from colleagues can force them to break the law in order to meet expectations. In addition, the internal control system and crime prevention measures within the bodies themselves also affect the crime rate among employees. The presence of transparent mechanisms and strict compliance with ethical standards can significantly reduce the risk of offenses. Thus, conditioning the criminal behavior of law enforcement officers requires an integrated approach that takes into account many factors.
Keywords: crimes, law enforcement officers, causes of crime, identity of a law enforcementofficer, warning system.
Article bibliography
1. Varygin A. N. Crime of employees of internal affairs bodies as a criminological phenomenon // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 105-111.
2. Samovichev E. G. On the methodology of criminogenetic analysis // The personality of the criminal: methods of study and problems of influence. Collection of articles. – M .: Norma, 2008. – P. 26.
3. Kleymenov M. P. The problem of corruption among employees of the criminal police service // Crime in Russia and the fight against it: regional aspect. – M., 2003. – P. 14.

CRIMINOLOGY
NAZAROV Komron Pirakhmadovich
adjunct, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
THE CURRENT STATE OF CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION: A REGIONAL ASPECT
The article examines the regional aspects of criminal victimization and its current state. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that there is a tendency to increase the victimization of society, as well as the presence of a significant number of unaccounted victims. In this context, the author points out the need to improve the systems of accounting and analysis of information related to victims of crime.
Keywords: crime, victimity, victimization, victimization factors, crime victim.
Article bibliography
1. Vishnevetsky K. V. Criminogenic victimization of social groups in modern society: Diss. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2008. – P. 175.
2. Frank L. V. Crime victim and problems of development of domestic victimology. – Dushanbe: Irfon, 1977. – P. 107-108.
3. Rivman D. V. Criminal victimology. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2002. – P. 76-79.
4. Rivman D. V. Victimological factors and crime prevention. – L., 1975. – P. 24-25.
5. Rivman D. V., Ustinov V. S. Victimology. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press Publishing House, 2000. – P. 51.
6. Zadorozhny V. I. Victimological crime prevention: organizational, managerial and legal aspects: monograph. – Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2005. – P. 90.
7. Private criminology / Ed. D. A. Shestakov. – SPb.: R. Aslanov Publishing House “Legal Center Press”, 2007. – P. 739.
8. Tulyakov V. A. Victimology: social and criminological problems. – Odessa: Legal Literature, 2000. – P. 212.
9. Mayorov A. A. Modern analysis of victimization in society (on the example of the Ural Federal District) // Victimology. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 59-69.

CRIMINOLOGY
CHEREPNENKO Elena Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
GAYSIN Albert Amirahovich
cadet, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
CARELESS CRIMINALITY: THE CONCEPT AND INDIVIDUAL CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES
In the article, the authors point out that reckless criminality is a complex generalizing concept that combines socially dangerous acts provided for by criminal law, committed through negligence and encroaching on various types of public relations. Reckless criminality is an important component of the overall crime picture, which has its own characteristics depending on the sphere of activity of the subject of the crime and manifests itself in a disregard for safety rules, which leads to public danger and subsequent negative consequences. It is indicated that negligence is less common and dangerous compared to intent. The severity of the coming socially dangerous consequences is reflected in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contains many norms on reckless crimes. Various approaches to the classification of reckless crimes, as well as objective and subjective factors determining negligence, are considered.
Keywords: careless criminality, negligence, frivolity, causes of careless criminality, characteristics of careless criminals, prevention of careless crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Odintsova L. N. Criminological characteristics of crimes committed through negligence: a tutorial. – Novokuznetsk: FKOU VO Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2019. – 60 p.
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (as amended on 02.10.2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/
3. Luneev V. V. Course of world and Russian criminology in 2 volumes. Volume 1. General part in 3 books. Book 2: textbook for universities. – Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2024. – 302 p.
4. Voronin Yu. A. Introduction to criminology. Lecture course. – M .: Flinta, 2018. – 897 p.
5. Judicial statistics in form No. 10-a “Report on the number of persons convicted of all types of crimes under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation”. Official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/
6. Criminology. Lecture course / Edited by V. N. Burlakov, S. F. Milyukov, S. A. Sidorov, L. I. Spiridonov. – St. Petersburg: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2018. – P. 124.
7. Bezborodov D. A. Negligent multi-subject crimes: concept and qualification: study guide. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2019. – P. 25.
8. Afanasyeva O. R., Goncharova M. V. Criminological portrait of the criminal’s personality // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Jurisprudence. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 45.
9. Filippova E. O. Counteraction to crime // Scientific and methodological electronic journal “Concept”. – 2020. – T. 15. – P. 226.

CRIMINOLOGY
FYODOROV Evgeniy Alexeevich
postgraduate student, Penza State University
CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PERSONALITY OF THE CRIMINAL, ENCROACHING ON THE ESTABLISHED PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING, EXAMINING AND PRESERVING EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
This paper is an analysis of criminological signs of the personality of criminals who committed crimes against justice, encroaching on the established procedure for obtaining, examining and preserving evidence in criminal cases, highlighting both theoretical and practical aspects of this issue. The paper considers the varieties of signs of criminals’ personality, their definitions and peculiarities. The author also investigates the issue based on real experience, namely on the conducted questionnaire survey of the persons in question.
Keywords: justice, crimes against justice, criminal identity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Yashin A. V. Criminological analysis of crimes against justice // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2020. – No. 4 (81). – P. 66-70.
2. Sakharov A. B. On the Personality of the Criminal and the Causes of Crime in the USSR. – Moscow: MVSh MVD USSR, 1961. – P. 36.
3. Antonyan Yu. M., Kudryavtsev V. N., Eminov V. E. The Personality of the Criminal. – P. 16.
4. Luneev V. V. Course of world and Russian criminology: textbook. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1. – M.: Publishing house Yurait, 2012. – P. 617-619.
5. Avanesov G. A. Criminology: textbook. – M., 1984. – P. 262.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
TSARKOVA Evgeniya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ON THE USE OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ANALYZING THE CRIMINOGENIC SITUATION IN PLACES WHERE THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ARE LOCATED
The study presents an approach to assessing the level of crime on the basis of socio-demographic characteristics of regions. The system of quantitative indicators used to determine the level of criminogenic situation in the regions of the Russian Federation is considered. Special attention is paid to the confirmation of the relationship between socio-economic indicators and the level of recidivism. Promising directions of domestic research in the field of predictive analytics of regional crime on the basis of modern information technologies are identified, the issues of creating decision support systems and their implementation in the activities of the Penal System of the Russian Federation at the stage of transition to data-based management are highlighted.
Keywords: security, criminological forecasting, crime, machine learning, artificial intelligence, Penal System of Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Zorina N. S. Factors of crime in the field of computer technologies // 25-year experience of applying the Criminal and Criminal-Executive Codes of the Russian Federation: problems and development prospects: Collection of materials of the round table within the framework of the XII Perm Congress of Legal Scientists, Perm, October 29, 2022. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – P. 45-47.
2. Zorina N. S. The concept of crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies // Bulletin of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia: Scientific and practical publication. Issue 5. – Tver: Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – P. 34-37.
3. Dremlyuga R. I., Reshetnikov V. V. Legal aspects of the use of predictive analytics in law enforcement // Asia-Pacific region: economics, politics, law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 133-144.
4. Tsarkova E. G. Development of machine learning models to identify cyberattacks on departmental information resources // Scientific and technical bulletin of the Volga region. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 410-413.
5. Bennett M. L., Chan J. Algorithmic prediction in policing: Assumptions, evaluation, and accountability / Policing and Society. – 2016. – R. 806-822.
6. Tsarkova E. G., Zorina N. S. On the issue of preventing crime among minors // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8 (195). – pp. 457-459.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
BUKHTIYAROV Roman Vladimirovich
student, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE STATE TRAFFIC INSPECTORATE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The author of the article analyzes the activities of the State Traffic Inspectorate to prevent road accidents and reduce the severity of their consequences. Along with the positive results of the work, the author examines problematic aspects in the implementation of the powers of traffic police officers in their activities. The factors influencing work efficiency, shortcomings in legislation, organizational and other issues are analyzed.
Keywords: State Traffic Inspectorate, road safety, traffic accident, state policy, integrated approach.
Article bibliography
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2024 No. 309 “On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the future up to 2036”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/73986.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 15, 1998 No. 711 (as amended on February 11, 2023) “On additional measures to ensure road safety” (together with the “Regulations on the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/63728.
3. Review of road accidents in the Russian Federation for 9 months of 2024.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--90aga7a7b.xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/news/item/56870672.
4. Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 248-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024) “On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation”.
5. Federal Law of August 8, 2024 No. 285-FZ “On Amendments to the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses”.
6. Federal Law of December 26, 2024 No. 490-FZ “On Amendments to the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses”
7. Zhbanova S. A. Problems of Application of Certain Measures ensuring proceedings on administrative offenses in the field of road safety // Scientific Bulletin of the Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 76-85.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
ILJINA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law enforcement sub-faculty, Penza State University
NESTERENKO Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Penza branch, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management (PKU)
SOCIO-CULTURAL, SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PROBLEMS OF COUNTERING TERRORISM IN RUSSIA AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Russia is one of the countries that has fully felt the weight of the terrorist threat. Unfortunately, the terrorist threat for us is not a turned page: in recent years, the problem of crimes in the sphere of terrorism has literally worsened before our eyes in Russia, terrorist acts committed on the territory of the Russian Federation by the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) and the special services of Ukraine and Western countries pose a particular danger. Whatever the motives of terrorist criminals, whoever is behind them, one thing is important: their crimes became possible, among other things, due to gaps in the system of law enforcement practice to combat terrorism and extremism, as well as insufficient consideration of socio-psychological and cultural factors. It is important to systematize the existing experience, develop new perspectives and proposals in this area.
Keywords: terrorism, terrorist threat, counteraction, law enforcement, social factors, cultural factors.
Article bibliography
1. Borisov S. V. Crimes of an extremist orientation: problems of legislation, theory and practice: Monograph. – M.: International Law Institute, 2019. – 210 p.
2.Verenich I. G. Counteraction to terrorism in the information space // Public and municipal administration. Scientific notes. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 293-296.
3. Kravtsov D. Yu. Practice of counteracting extremism in different countries // NB: Administrative law and administration practice. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 22-28.
4. Mashekuasheva M. Kh. On the issue of providing assistance to bodies engaged in the fight against terrorist crimes // Law and management. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 212-214.
5. Svechnikov N. I. Interaction of internal affairs bodies with religious associations in the field of counteracting religious extremism // Bulletin of the Penza State University. – 2020. – No. 4 (32). – P. 63-71.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
TSARKOVA Evgeniya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT DIALOGUE SYSTEMS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONS OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA
The aim of the research is to consider the aspects of creation and application of dialogue assistants (chatbots) in the educational process of educational organizations of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, as well as in the practical activity of employees of departmental research organizations. The technologies of creating chatbots and peculiarities of filling knowledge bases used in them are considered. A wide range of directions of chatbots application is given, including organization and holding of scientific and representative events, creation of surveys, providing access to educational and methodical materials. Special attention is paid to the issues of using dialog assistants in the formation of individual educational trajectories of cadets of departmental universities, as well as employees studying under programs of additional professional education.
Keywords: educational process, e-learning, information technologies, distance education technologies, software, artificial intelligence, dialog assistant, chatbot, Penal System of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Bodrov E. N. On the issue of applying the competence-based approach in the professional training of technical specialists for the digital transformation of public administration // Security. Management. Artificial Intelligence. – 2022. – Vol. 3, No. 3 (3). – P. 45-50.
2. Zorina N. S., Tsarkova E. G. Offenses on the Internet: classification, emerging risks and prevention measures // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 6 (193). – P. 313-314.
3. Ivanova AV, Kuzmenko AA, Filippov RA Study of methods for processing text information and review of stages of creating an artificial intelligence model when creating chatbots // Automation and modeling in design and management. – 2021. – No. 2 (12). – P. 19-23.
4. Tsarkova EG E-learning as a modern format of educational activities // Applied Psychology and Pedagogy. – 2022.- Vol. 7, No. 1. – P. 39-50.
5. Krivko VE Prospects for the use of open source analytical platforms in digital transformation activities of government bodies // Security. Management. Artificial Intelligence. – 2023. – Vol. 2, No. 2 (2). – P. 10-15.
6. Bodrov E. N. Artificial intelligence and professional education: application prospects // Security. Management. Artificial intelligence. – 2022. – Vol. 4, No. 4 (4). – P. 43-48.
7. Tsarkova E. G. On the issue of using intelligent dialog assistants in the implementation of special-purpose software // Security. Management. Artificial intelligence. – 2022. – Vol. 3, No. 3 (3). – pp. 10-17.

SAFETY AND LAW
ALEKSEEV Yuriy Grigorjevich
senior lecturer of Special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
NASYROV Ramil Rasilevich
lecturer of the Cycle of professional serviceand physical training, Ufa School for Training Dog Handlers of the MIA of Russia, major of police
INJURIES IN PHYSICAL TRAINING CLASSES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND WAYS OF PREVENTION
The article highlights the relevance of the topic of injuries in physical training classes among students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It is noted that the level of injuries in these classes is high, in connection with which the author proposes to analyze the main causes of injuries and propose preventive measures to reduce the number of injuries received in physical training classes. In conclusion, it is emphasized that comprehensive efforts of the teaching staff and the students themselves are necessary for the prevention of injuries.
Keywords: injury, injury, physical training, injury prevention, safety measures.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Eremin R. V. Safety engineering as a direction for injury prevention and personal safety in physical training classes // Personal autonomy. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 34-37.
2. Pryakhin A. S. Measures to prevent injuries in physical training and combat wrestling classes // Best scientific article 2019: collection of articles of the XXXI International. scientific research competition. – Penza: Science and Education, 2019. – P. 234-237.
3. Aseev S. V. The problem of injuries to students of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in physical training classes // Bulletin of Tula State University. Physical Education. Sport. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 3-9.

SECURITY AND LAW
TROFIMTSEVA Svetlana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Security and information technologies sub-faculty, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”
FEATURES OF CRIMINALIZATION OF UNLAWFUL INFLUENCE ON THE FUNCTIONING OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES IN THE NATIONAL LAW OF CERTAIN FOREIGN STATES
The article provides a comparative analysis of the features of the objective side of cybercrimes aimed at disrupting the operation of information or telecommunications systems of critical infrastructure facilities in Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Finland, France, Germany, and Sweden. It is noted that the criminal legislation of these states criminalizes both the impact on computer information of critical infrastructure facilities (which is similar to the disposition of Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and, which is not typical for the criminal law of the Russian Federation, the impact on the IT system or telecommunications system of a critical infrastructure facility that causes harm to the facility and entails damage to national, economic, public security and public order. It is noted that in the criminal laws of these states, the relevant articles form qualified additional crimes. It is proposed to supplement parts 1-3 of Article 274.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation taking into account foreign experience in order to increase the effectiveness of criminal-legal protection of critical infrastructure facilities and ensure public safety.
Keywords: cybercrime, critical infrastructure, critical information infrastructure, computer information, crimes against the functioning of computer systems of critical infrastructure facilities.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. UN. Security Council Resolution S/RES/2341. Adopted by the Security Council at the 7882nd meeting on 13.02.2017 // Official UN website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n17/038/61/pdf/n1703861.pdf?token=l2m6JBwp8kZKOJWsTT&fe=true (date accessed: 02.08.2024).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
BABICHEV Sergey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of General pedagogy sub-faculty, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
MITYUKOV Evgeniy Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of General pedagogy sub-faculty, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, lecturer, Military Training Center, Higher School of Economics Research University
SINYAZHNIKOV Dmitry Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of the police sub-faculty, Moscow regional branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
KOPTSOV Sergey Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, senior lecturer of Information security sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AUTHOR’S SYSTEM OF A. A. KADOCHNIKOV ON THE EDUCATION OF CADETS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the problem of education and professional training of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The main approaches, principles and methods of educating the personality of a cadet underlying the author’s system of A. A. Kadochnikov are considered, the brief results of an empirical study within the framework of the influence of the author’s system of A. A. Kadochnikov on the education of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are highlighted.
Keywords: the author’s system of education, the educational process, the educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the cadet, the cadet team, the trinity of forces: spiritual, physical, intellectual.
Article bibliography
1. Kadochnikov A. A. Russian hand-to-hand combat. Scientific foundations. – M.: Graal, 2003. – 288 p.
2. Kadochnikov A. A. Russian hand-to-hand combat according to the survival system. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003. – 237 p.
3. Kadochnikov A. A. Russian martial art. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007. – 318 p.
4. Makhinin A. N. Identity trend in modern society: methodology of latent changes // Bereginya. 777. Sova: Society. Politics. Economy. – 2019. – No. 2-3 (41-42). – P. 247-256. Scientific and pedagogical schools of Russia in the context of the Russian world and education: collective monograph / Scientific. Ed. E. P. Belozertsev. – M .: ARIO-XXI, 2017. – 591 p.
5. Suvorov A. V. Science of winning. – M.: Eksmo, 2014. – 320 p.
6. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated February 2, 2024 No. 44 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing the training of personnel to fill positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”.
7. Regulations on the research work of cadets, students and adjuncts of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Lugansk branch of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
YUSUPOVA Olga Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
A COMPETENCE-BASED APPROACH TO TRAINING CADETS OF EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA IN THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS
The article discusses the application of a competence-based approach in fire training classes in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia when teaching cadets how to handle weapons, which is focused not only on the development of educational material by cadets, but also on the transformation of acquired knowledge into personal experience through analysis, practical activities and special forms of training that allow the formation of necessary professional competencies in an employee law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, police officers, fire training, competencies, competence approach, formation of graduates’ readiness for the effective use of weapons in operational situations.
Article bibliography
1. Fire training: textbook / Under the general editorship of V. I. Tretyakov [authors V. A. Toropov et al.]. – 3rd ed., corrected and enlarged. – Volgograd: VA MVD of Russia, 2009. – 516 p.
2. Skvortsov D. E. Formation of shooting skills from service weapons when detaining armed criminals among cadets of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of ped. sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2006. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.dissercat.com/content/formirovanie-navykov-strelby-iz-tabelnogo-oruzhiya-pri-zaderzhanii-vooruzhennykh-prestupniko (date of access: 08.11. 2024).

HUMAN RIGHTS
PONOMARENKO Anatoliy Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ACCOUNTING FOR PART-TIME WORK IN THE PENSION PROVISION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL
The article considers the possibility of increasing the pension provision of military personnel performing their official duties at their main duty station and working part-time. According to the author, the Russian Federation as a social state must create all conditions for the implementation of pension rights within the framework of the appropriate organizational and legal forms of pension provision. Based on an analysis of current legislation, proposals are made to improve the social protection of militarypensioners.
Keywords: pension provision for military personnel, part-time work, social protection of military pensioners, retirement pension, insurance pension, insurance part of the insurance pension.
Article bibliography
1. Potapova N. D., Kudashkin A. V., Potapov A. V. On the issue of pension provision for military personnel taking into account the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Scientific and practical journal “Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review” / “Military Legal Review Theory and Practice”. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 58.

STATE AND LAW
RYZHENKOV Ruslan Andreevich
postgraduate student, A. S. Griboedov Moscow University
LAW AND COERCION: THE ROLE OF STATE INFLUENCE IN ENSURING LAW ORDER
The study is devoted to the analysis of the institution of state coercion as the main mechanism for implementing legal norms. The author argues that legal norms remain only declarative in the absence of a compulsory mechanism to ensure their implementation. Despite numerous works devoted to state coercion within certain branches of law, there are not enough studies that consider it comprehensively as an independent legal category in the context of the general theory of law. The author sets himself the task of analyzing modern approaches to understanding state coercion, its place and role in the system of legal regulation.
Keywords: state coercion, legal mechanism, coercive measures, legitimacy of coercion, repressive functions, preventive influence, state power, physical and mental influence, regulatory function, security function.
Article bibliography
1. Maslov I. A. State coercion and state violence in modern political and legal doctrine // Legal Thought. – 2019. – No. 4-5. – P. 33-40.
2. Makareiko N. V. State coercion: problems of theory and practice of implementation. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2015. – 360 p.
3. Nietzsche F. Human, All Too Human. – SPb.: Azbuka, 2014. – 384 p.
4. Kozulin A. I. Legal coercion (legal principles of state coercion in Soviet society): dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Sverdlovsk, 1986. – 167 p.
5. Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 (with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru/ (date of access: 10/30/2024).
6. Kozhevnikov S. N. State coercion: essential aspects // Social and political sciences. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 71-74.
7. Petrazhitsky L. I. Theory of Law and State in Connection with the Theory of Morality in 2 Parts. Part 1. – M.: Yurait, 2024. – 237 p.

LANGUAGE AND LAW
LATYPOVA Elvira Rashitovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
SATLYKOV Fedor Ramilevich
student, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
EFREMOV Mikhail Vladimirovich
student, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
ACTIVE LISTENING IN COMMUNICATION
This article explores the concept of active listening in the context of interpersonal communications and its importance for effective communication. Active listening was originally introduced as a psychotherapeutic technique by Carl Rogers and Richard Farson in 1957, is now recognized as a key skill in a variety of fields, including business, education and counseling. Authors analyze the main components of active listening – attention, empathy and confirmation, and examine their impact on the quality of communication. Drawing on current research, including the work of Johnson and colleagues (2022), it demonstrated how developing active listening skills improves mutual understanding, resolves conflict, and improves the overall effectiveness of communication processes. The article highlights the need to integrate active listening practices into professional training and suggests methods for developing and improving them.
Keywords: relationships, benefits, skill development, practice, communication.
Article bibliography
1. Dobson Andrew Why are we talking about listening? // Philosophical and literary journal “Logos”. – 2015. – No. 6 (108).
2. Latypova E. R. The relevance of intercultural communications for modern society: conference proceedings // Society, pedagogy, psychology: topicale research: materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conf. with international participation – Cheboksary: ”Laru-taru” (“Wednesday”) surche publishing house, 2021. – Pp. 10-11.
3. Latypova E. R., Kuznetsova A. V. Communication as communication. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 51 (446). – Pp. 197-199.
4. Morokhova O. A., Anosov V. A. Culture of communication as a factor in success in professional activity. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 19 (257). – Pp. 406-408.
5. Motovilova A. D., Merker A. A., Nizhelskaya Yu. A. Intercultural communications: theory and practice // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – No. 5 (62).
6. Narolina V. I. Intercultural communicative competence as an integrative ability of intercultural communication of a specialist [Electronic resource] // Psychological science and education psyedu.ru. – 2010. – Vol. 2, No. 2.
7. Sadokhin A. P. Intercultural communication // textbook. manual. – Moscow: Alfa-M; INFRA-M, 2004. – P. 288. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://library.navoiy-uni.uz/files/a.p.sadoxin.%20mejkulturnaya%20komunikasiya.pdf (date of access: 04.06.2024).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
AKHONOVA Gulnara Kentibayevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, senior lecturer, Makhambet Utemisov West Kazakhstan University
UTESHEVA Saida Mamayevna
master of economics, senior lecturer, Makhambet Utemisov West Kazakhstan University
EGZALIEVA Assel Bolatkalievna
master of economics, senior lecturer, Makhambet Utemisov West Kazakhstan University
ALTAYAKOVA Saltanat Nurgalievna
lecturer, Makhambet Utemisov West Kazakhstan University, Kazakhstan
DETERMINING THE STRUCTURE OF INVESTMENT PROCESS IN KAZAKHSTAN
This article is devoted to modern issues and problems of the formation and implementation of the investment policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as an analysis of the dynamics of the share of investments by industry and the main macroeconomic indicators of the country’s investment activity.
A comparative analysis of data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as National Investment Strategies of Kazakhstan in recent years, has been carried out. The authors provide recommendations for attracting potential investors to the Kazakh market.
Currently, it is impossible to underestimate the role of investments in the modern global economy, because they are the instrument of influence that allows them to have a significant impact on the pace, dynamics and change in the sectoral structure of the national economy.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of the implementation of Kazakhstan’s investment policy, which in turn is related to the analysis of the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators, their effectiveness, logical and scientific validity.
The article actively uses official statistical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Keywords: Investment policy, GDP dynamics, investment structure, investment strategy, Republic of Kazakhstan.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Investment Policy Center / International Investment Navigator. agreements – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/countries/107/kazakhstan.
2. Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 15, 2022 No. 482. “On approval of the Concept of Investment Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2026”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2200000482.
3. Report of the Eurasian Economic Commission “On the state of the business and investment climate in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/files/dobd/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%2040723.pdf.
4. Pros and risks: why Kazakhstan still remains a favorite in attracting foreign investment / 12:06, May 17, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.zakon.kz.
5. Invest in Kazakhstan / National Digital Investment Platform. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: invest.gov.kz.
6. Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/economy/national-accounts/dynamic-tables/
7. On maintaining the base rate at 14.25%. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nationalbank.kz/ru/news/press-relizy/17062.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GADZHIEV Gadzhi Gadzhiibragimovich
Ph.D. in economical scienceces, associate professor, Head of Economics and information technologies sub-faculty, Dagestan Institute for the Humanities, Makhachkala
ALBORIEVA Sultanat Nurutdinovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Economics and information technologies sub-faculty, Dagestan Institute for the Humanities, Makhachkala, associate professor of “Accounting-2”, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
DZHABRAILOVA Albina Omarilaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Economics and information technologies sub-faculty, Dagestan Institute for the Humanities, Makhachkala, associate professor of Philosophy and humanities sub-faculty, Dagestan State Medical Uni-versity, Makhachkala
INCREASING THE ROLE OF DEPRECIATION AS A SOURCE OF REPRODUCTION OF FIXED CAPITAL IN AGRICULTURE
This article analyzes the importance of depreciation for the restoration of fixed assets used in agriculture in the modern economy, and also emphasizes the need to improve the meth-ods of its accrual. The stages at which depreciation is reflected in production costs and re-turn processes after the stage of product sales are considered. The disadvantages arising from the application of the existing mechanism for transferring part of the cost of fixed as-sets to production costs are also revealed. Methodological approaches to the active accrual of depreciation are presented, aimed at matching its calculations with the actual physical wear and productivity of fixed assets in the production sector. Recommendations are also proposed for the creation of a new method for estimating the amount of depreciation, which will allow more efficient management of the depreciation process.
Keywords: fixed assets, depreciation, methods of calculating depreciation charges, physical depreciation, restoration of the value of labor assets, labor productivity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alieva N. M., Orudzheva L. Sh., Orudzheva Z. A. The role of depreciation in the reproduction of fixed capital of agricultural organizations // Actual problems and priority areas of development of the agrarian economic system: aspects, mechanisms, prospects: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Makhachkala, December 02, 2020. – Makhachkala: B. i., 2021. – P. 17-26. – EDN GDQPKN.
2. Alborieva S. N., Akhmadov H. T. Directions for increasing the role of depreciation as a source of reproduction of fixed capital in agriculture // Highly effective scientific and technological developments in the field of production, processing and storage of agricultural products (within the framework of the implementation of the Priority – 2030 program): Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the III international scientific and practical conference, Makhachkala, February 21, 2024. – Makhachkala: Dagestan State Agrarian University named after M. M. Dzhambulatov, 2024. – P. 659-665. – EDN YMYGWB.
3. Denisov N. A. Valuation of fixed assets: fair and liquidation value of fixed assets // Economy, management and digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex − 2022: Collection of papers dedicated to the International Scientific Student Forum dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Economics and Management of the Agro-industrial Complex of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, November 17-18, 2022. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Megapolis”, 2022. – P. 335-337. – EDN FXMOVK.
4. Ishchenko O. V., Aksenova Zh. A., Gubanova V. P. Features of accrual of depreciation of fixed assets based on FSBU 6/2020 // Natural Sciences and Humanities Research. – 2022. – No. 40 (2). – P. 380-385.
5. Yusufov AM, Orudzheva ZA, Yusufova AN Improving the methodology for calculating depreciation charges for fixed assets of agricultural organizations // Accounting in agriculture. – 2024. – No. 1. – P.30-42.
6. Yusufov AM, Ismailov MI, Orudzheva ZA On increasing the role of depreciation in the reproduction of fixed capital of agricultural organizations // Accounting in agriculture. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 17-24.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GVOZD Alina Alexandrovna
student of the 3rd course of Management sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
BEREZHNYKH Mariya Valerjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Head of Management sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
TRANSFORMATION OF ENTERPRISES CONSIDERING THE ESG AGENDA
The article explores the relevance of integrating ESG principles (environmental, social responsibility, and corporate governance) into the management processes of modern enterprises. It highlights how the ESG approach has become a key elementof strategic planning in both corporate and public sectors. The discussion focuses on the impact of ESG factors on a company’s investment appeal, its ability to address global challenges, and its efforts to build trust with stakeholders. The article also emphasizes the benefits of adopting ESG standards, including reducing carbon footprints, improving working conditions, ensuring process transparency, and minimizing risks. It underscores that the transformation of enterprises considering the ESG agenda creates opportunities for gaining competitive advantages and setting new standards for sustainable development.
Keywords: ESG, sustainable development, environmental responsibility, social responsibility, corporate governance, investment appeal, enterprise transformation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Afanasyev M. P., Shash N. N. ESG transformation in the corporate sector: systematization of the global approach // Forecasting problems. – 2022. – No. 6 (195). – P. 185-197.
2. Gapon M. N., Baranova I. V. Risk management in the ESG transformation of enterprises of the Russian agro-industrial complex // Economy, entrepreneurship and law. – 2022. – No. 12.12. – P. 3361-3378.
3. Danilova O. V., Belyaeva I. V., Kosorukova I. V. Competitive advantages of Russia’s spatial development in the context of the ESG agenda and property transformation // Modern competition. – 2022. – No. 16.6. – P. 75-89.
4. Demidenko D. S., Malevskaya-Malevich E. D., Kudryashov V. S., Babkin I. A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of enterprises based on the ESG concept // π-Economy. – 2022. – No. 15 (4). – P. 82-95.
5. Nadezhda N. S. ESG transformation of Russian companies in the interests of sustainable development // Economy. Taxes. Law. – 2023. – No. 16. – 3. – P. 57-65.
6. Popova E. V. Transformation of business models of enterprises taking into account ESG requirements // Actual problems of humanitarian sciences. – 2022. – P. 212-217.
7. “Integrated annual report for 2023 of PJSC Sovcombank”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sovcombank.ru/document/13970.
8. “Sustainable development report of PJSC Polyus for 2023”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sustainability.polyus.com/upload/files/otchet-ob-ustoychivom-razvitii-za-2023-god.pdf.
9. “ESG and sustainable development of Sberbank PJSC”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sberbank.com/ru/sustainability.
10. “Support for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. ESG ratings and initiatives of Norilsk Nickel PJSC”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nornickel.ru/sustainability/sdg-support/
11. “Sustainable Development Report of Lukoil PJSC for 2023”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lukoil.ru/Sustainability/SustainabilityReport.
12. “ESG and sustainable development of MTS PJSC”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ar2023.mts.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mts-ar2023-rus-ch5.pdf.
13. “RUSAL Sustainable Development Report for 2023”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rusal.ru/upload/iblock/81c/jmw2orm6nv62fn8y6yzqkudk64vqvgqa/RUSAL_SR_2023_RU.pdf.
14. “ROSNEFT PJSC Sustainable Development Report for 2023”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rosneft.ru/upload/site1/document_file/Rosneft_CSR_2023_RUS.pdf.
15. “Priorities in the field of sustainable development of PJSC RusHydro”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rushydro.ru/sustainable_development/aims/prioritety-v-oblasti-ustoychivogo-razvitiya/
16. “Official website of PJSC ALROSA. Sustainable development”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://alrosa.ru/sustainable-development/

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
EVDOKIMENKO Sofya Sergeevna
student of the 3rd course of Management sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
BEREZHNYKH Mariya Valerjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Head of Management sub-faculty, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT MODELS OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
The article examines the concept of creative industry, models of its development in various countries, identifies measures to support and develop creative industries in different countries, and systematizes the directions of development of creative industries in the Russian Federation.
Today, the creative industries market is gradually expanding the scale of its activities, receiving more and more support and development from government agencies, local governments and private investors. The flow of creative initiatives is becoming wider, the number of talented people ready to work on their ideas and contribute to public life is increasing. The choice of ways and means to support creative industries, as well as the creation of attractive conditions for their development is an important task for the economy of any country.
Keywords: creative industry, development models, government support, creative potential, glocalization, GDP.
Article bibliography
1. Maltseva E. S. Creative industry in the Russian economy // Business and design review. – 2021. – No. 1 (21). – P. 1.
2. Abankina T. V., Matskevich A. V., Romanova V. V. Creative industries in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic // Economy. Taxes. Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 38-51.
3. Creative industries in Russia: trends and development prospects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.hse.ru/data/2021/07/11/1434062388/CI_1.pdf (date accessed: 16.01.2025).
4. Syso A. A. The contribution of creative industries to the country’s economy in various states // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 11 (458). – P. 116-118.
5. Blagova I. Yu. Foreign experience in the development of creative industries // Agency for Advanced Scientific Research. – 2020. – P. 45-48.
6. Breakthrough sphere of the creative economy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kazpravda.kz/n/proryvnaya-sfera-kreativnoy-ekonomiki/ (date of access: 17.01.2025).
7. Creative economy in Europe: 5 steps to take off. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.culturepartnership.eu/article/creative-economy-steps-to-rise (date of access: 23.01.2025).
8. Baykova E. R. Experience of developing creative industries abroad // Economy and management: scientific and practical journal. – 2022. – No. 1 (163). – P. 11-17.
9. Creative industries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://assets.kept.ru/upload/pdf/2022/11/ru-creative-industries-kept-survey.pdf (date accessed: 17.01.2025).
10. Loguntsova I. V. Features of China’s creative economy // Public administration. Electronic Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 98. – P. 21-30.
11. IQ card index: creative economy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://issek.hse.ru/news/468966991.html (date accessed: 17.01.2025).
12. From “made in China” to “created in China”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://issek.hse.ru/news/791075231.html, (date of access: 17.01.2025).
13. What are creative industries? [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/innovation/5dd54dbf9a79471180f57ce7?from=copy (date of access: 17.01.2025).
14. Khvorostyanaya A. S. Strategizing national brands of the youth innovation ecosystem of the creative economy (the experience of South Korea) // Management Consulting. – 2023. – No. 3 (171). – P. 46-56.
15. Contrast with Russia: How South Korea is becoming a world center of contemporary art. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/Yud777LG7RD1_aSb (date of access: 17.01.2025).
16. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 20.09.2021 No. 2613-r “Concept for the development of creative industries and mechanisms for implementing their state support in large and largest urban agglomerations until 2030”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://static.government.ru (date of access: 21.01.2025).
17. The government approved the Concept for the development of creative industries until 2030. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://u.university/blog/pravitelstvo-utverdilo-kontseptsiyu-razvitiya-kreativnykh-industriy-do-2030-goda/ (date of access: 21.01.2025).
18. Measures to support creative industries in the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/956686e34fb83db6dd1b8c5822b5900b/Mery_podderzhki_kreativnyh_industrij_v_Rossijskoj %20Federacii.pdf (date of access: 21.01.2025).
29. How creative industries influence the development of Russian regions. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/social/cmrm/64d4cfee9a79470ed4fa36ea?from=copy (date accessed: 22.01.2025).
20. Tatarova S. P., Korotkov E. S. Assessment of the state of creative industries and the search for tools to improve their functioning // Modern management technologies. – 2023. – No. 4 (104). – P. 127-144.
21. Temnova D. I., Cheshuina E. Yu. Creative industries: trends and market // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2021. – No. 12-4 (63). – P. 55-57.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
POBEGAEV Nikita Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
TIKHIY Vladimir Ivanovich
Ph.D. in geographical sciences, associate professor, Head of Geography, ecology and general biology sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
RURAL TERRITORIES OF THE REGION: POPULATION DYNAMICS AND FEATURES OF SETTLEMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE OREL REGION)
This article analyzes the change in the number and characteristics of the settlement of the rural population in the Orel region. The ongoing research deepens the understanding of the mechanisms and factors influencing demographic processes in rural areas of the region, as well as identifies possible problems and difficulties faced by rural areas. The results of such an analysis can contribute to the development of adequate and effective strategies to improve the demographic situation in rural areas, including the introduction of appropriate programs and support measures.
Keywords: Orel region, rural areas, population dynamics, settlement.
Article bibliography
1. Golub L. A. Socio-economic statistics: a tutorial for universities. – Moscow: VLADOS, 2017. – 272 p.
2. Donichev O. A., Grachev S. A., Barashkova O. V. Innovative aspects of activating the socio-economic development of regions // Regional Economy: Theory and Practice. – 2010. – No. 12. – P. 12-19.
3. Morozova N. I. Planning the development of territorial socio-economic systems based on the criterion of quality of life of the population // Regional Economy: Theory and Practice. – 2011. – No. 32215. – P.52-59.
4. Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2022: stat. collection / Rosstat. – M., 2022.
5. Fayzullin F. S., Shagieva L. A. Social potential of the region as an object of sociological analysis // Bulletin of VEGU. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 118-124.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
RADCHENKO Elena Pavlovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, chief researcher of the Department for the Study of Problems of Management and Reform of the Penal System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penal System of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
BAZHANOV Sergey Andreevich
leading researcher, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and organization of the execution of Sentences in the Penal System of the Federal Penitentiary Institution “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service” of Russia
THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
The article discusses the use of information technology in institutions and bodies of the penal enforcement system to improve the efficiency of official activities and improve the quality of security in institutions. Innovative technologies can automate a wide range of key procedures, from camera searches to indoor security checks. This reduces the burden on staff and can prevent unnecessary disagreements between employees and convicts. It is necessary to study and analyze how to combine all these technologies and processes so that employees and relevant authorities can access accurate information if necessary. The solution to this problem will provide real-time general prison intelligence and the means to take effective measures, both manual and automated. It also means that institutions and bodies of the penal system can flexibly scale their solution, integrating technologies to meet specific needs at a pace and budget appropriate for each case. Thus, technical tools help the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia to enter the era of increased security and more effective management.
Keywords: security, budget, employees, convict, information technology, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, penal enforcement system.
Article bibliography
1. Russkevich E. A. Criminal punishment and digital technology: bifurcation point. – (Strengthening the rule of law and combating crime). – Text: direct // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 77-84. – Bibliography: P. 83-84 (11 titles). – ISSN 1026-9452.
2. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 29, 2021 No. 1138-r “On approval of the Concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation until 2030” // SPS Consultant Plus.
3. Keld Hyldig. The Pagan-Christian Admixture in Romeo Castellucci’s Oedipus the Tyrant. New Theatre Quarterly 33(2). May 2017: Pp. 99-112
4. Kaluzhina M. A. Information and analyticalth support of operational-search activities in the penal system: theoretical aspects: monograph; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kuban State University. – Krasnodar: Kuban State University, 2019. – 213 p.: 21 cm .; ISBN 978-5-8209-1647-2
5. The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance 455-482. 978-3-319-78441-0, 978-3-319-78440
6. Tsarkova E. G. Aspects of the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the professional education of employees of the penal system of the Russian Federation // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 592-594.
7. Polyakova A. and Meserole S. Exporting Digital Authoritarianism: Russian and Chinese Models. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/FP_20190827_digital_authorarianism_polykova_meserole.pdf (as of July 27, 2024)

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
TINYAKOVA Viktoriya Ivanovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, Head of Business management and service technologies sub-faculty, Russian Biotechnology University
KORCHAGIN Eduard Rashitovich
postgraduate student, G. V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
INTRA-COMPANY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A MODERN TREND FOR COMPLEX ECONOMIC STRUCTURES (USING THE EXAMPLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS)
The article presents the author’s characteristic of the main prerequisites for the emergence of intra-company entrepreneurship operating within the framework of a higher educational institution; the systematization of the main elements of intra-company entrepreneurship of the university is carried out. The entrepreneurial spirit, which has a special value in a society in which private initiative is important, is defined as a key element of intra-company entrepreneurship.
Keywords: intra-internship, internal entrepreneurship, university, higher education.
Article bibliography
1. Macrae N. The Coming Entrepreneurial Revolution: A Survey // The Economist. – 1976. – Vol. 25. – P. 41-65.
2. Nikitin A. P. Entrepreneurial spirit in the university environment // Bulletin of Kharkiv State University named after N. F. Katanov. – 2018. – No. 25. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/predprinimatelskiy-duh-v-universitetskoy-srede.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
FILIPPOVA Ekaterina Sergeevna
student of the bachelor’s degree program in the direction of training “Management”, Ufa University of Science and Technology
STARIKOVA Darya Dmitrievna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, assistant of English and intercultural communication sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE SOCIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MODERNIZATION OF LEARNING FOR GENERATION Z
This paper attempts to substantiate the sociological significance of the modernization of the educational process for representatives of Generation Z in order to ensure the most effective assimilation of the lecture course for modern students. The main characteristics of the generation are given, and recommendations for drawing up an educational course plan are developed.
Keywords: generation Z, lecture course, educational process, digitalization, “clip thinking.”
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Isaeva M. Generations of crisis and rise in the theory of W. Strauss and N. Howe // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 290-295.
2. Dutko Yu. A. Generation Z: basic concepts, characteristics and modern research // Problems of modern education. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 28-37.
3. Pecheneva T. A. Students of generation Z – how to understand and how to teach? // Modern innovations. – 2020. – No. 1 (35). – P. 54-56.
4. Sklyar M. A., Kudryavtseva K. V. Digitalization: main directions, advantages and risks // Economic revival of Russia. – 2019. – No. 3 (61). – P. 103-114.
5. Bogatyreva M. R., Bikmetov E. Yu., Filippova E. S., Melnikova A. S. Review of approaches to assessing human capital in conditions of economic uncertainty // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10 (185). – P. 317-320.
6. Alekseeva A. Z., Solomonova G. S., Aetdinova R. R. Gamification in education // Bulletin of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Philosophy. – 2021. – No. 4 (24). – P. 5-10.
7. Kulakova A. B. Generation Z: theoretical aspect // Issues of territorial development. – 2018. – No. 2 (42). – P. 1-9.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
FIRSOVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in eeconomic sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Marketing and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
FEATURES OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
The study presents the basic principles and requirements for building a management system for regional economic development, as well as the results of a study of socio-economic indicators of the development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which determine the need to determine modern priorities and conditions of regional economic policy.
Keywords: region, socio-economic development, regional economic management, regional differentiation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Buresh O. V., Pryadkina N. N., Iskhakova A. F. Management of regional development. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_19025174_88821084.pdf.
2. Forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2036. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/a5f3add5deab665b344b47a8786dc902/prognoz2036.pdf.
3. Efficiency of the Russian economy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/11186.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHEPKASOVA Anastasiya Olegovna
postgraduate student, School of State Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS IN INTERNATIONAL TAX LAW: NEW CHALLENGES OF DIGITAL AGE
The development of digital technologies significantly affects the traditional principles and standards of international taxation. The purpose of this study is to identify key trends in the changing principle of fairness in international tax law. Due to its multidimensional nature, the transformation of the principle of fairness is revealed in completely different directions and issues. Thus, in order to achieve fair taxation, it is necessary to pay special attention to the development of the theoretical concept of “digital residency” of taxpayers and the practical implementation of the taxation model in a market jurisdiction. The income rights of multinational digital corporations should be distributed in favor of the jurisdictions where the consumers of their digital services are located. Fairness in modern international tax law consists in speeding up the processes of tax administration without violating the confidentiality of taxpayers, as well as in maximizing the automation of the process of collecting and exchanging information between jurisdictions.
Keywords: principle of fairness, international tax law, digitalization, digital nomads, income tax, international taxation.
Article bibliography
1. Andrianova N. G. Deoffshorization as an institution of financial law: main trends in formation and development: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2022.
2. Anisina K. T., Badmaev B. G., Bit-Shabo I. V., et al. Financial law in the context of the development of the digital economy: monograph / Ed. I. A. Tsindeliani. – M.: Prospect, 2019.
3. Gidirim V. A. Fundamentals of international corporate taxation. – “Author”, 2016, 794 p. – ISBN 978-5-9908572-2-3.
4. Demin A. V. On the issue of general principles of taxation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2002. – No. 4.
5. Kelina S. G., Kudryavtsev V. N. Principles of Soviet criminal law. – M.: Science, 1988.
6. Martyshin O. V. Justice and Law // Law and Politics. – 2000. – No. 12.
7. Mileshenko I. P. Application of the principles of residency and source of income to the taxation of e-commerce // Jurist. – 2007. – No. 10.
8. Nersesyants V. S. Philosophy of law: textbook. 2nd ed. revised and enlarged. – M .: Norma, 2008.
9. Ryabova E. V. Remote work and // Tax expert. – 2021. – No. 12.
10. Ryabova E. V. Digital migration of individuals: legal issues of international taxation // Migration law. – 2021. – No. 2.
11. Smirnov D. A. Principles of Russian tax law: concept, formation, implementation: monograph / Ed. by doc. jurid. sciences, prof. N. N. Khimicheva – M.: Yurlitinform, 2011.
12. Stepnov I. M., Kovalchuk Yu. A. Digital challenges and tax fairness // Digital law. – 2020. – Vol. 1, No. 1.
13. Chepkasova A. O. The principle of fairness in taxation of digital nomads // Issues of Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 27.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHISTYAKOV Ilya Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of World economics sub-faculty, Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia
INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE BRICS AUTOMOTIVE MARKET: PROSPECTS FOR COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
The article examines the impact of Industry 4.0 on the developmentof the automotive market in the BRICS countries. The author analyzes the main trends of the modern system of international economic relations, examines the proportions of the automotive market and the prospects for cooperation between the BRICS countries in the context of the implementation of Industry 4.0 elements. Based on the analysis of the level of implementation and planning in the field of digitalization of the economy of the most developed BRICS countries, a conclusion is made that there are concrete prospects for cooperation in the innovation sphere. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for achieving a high level of technological sovereignty of the BRICS member countries, as well as to the possibilities of using the advantages of the association for joint development and strengthening their positions on the world stage.
Keywords: Industry 4.0, BRICS, digitalization, regionalization, de-globalization, automotive market
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Akhmetova G. Z. Clusters as a form of innovatization of capital structures of local economic systems // PSE. 2014. No. 4. P. 237-241.
2. Bulatov A. S., Galishcheva N. V., Maksakova M. A. New trends in economic globalization / Ed. A. S. Bulatov, N. V. Galishcheva, M. A. Maksakova. Moscow: Aspect press, 2023. 505 p.
3. Vasiliev A. N. Asian model of “industry 4.0” // Economy. Sociology. Law. 2021. No. 2 (22). P. 9-17.
4. Ganskaya K. V. Washington consensus: development for whom? // Original research (ORIS). 2020. No. 12. Pp. 210-228.
5. Goncharov AI, Goncharova MV Main directions and principles of application of technologies 4.0 by foreign trade companies of the EAEU and BRICS jurisdictions // Legal Concept. 2022. No. 1. Pp. 99-109.
6. Kolodko GV Neoliberalism and the global economic crisis // Finance: Theory and Practice. 2009. No. 6. Pp. 5-11.
7. Matyushok VM Krasavina VA New trends in the global economy (part 2) // FES. Series “Innovative Economy: Human Dimension”. 2016. No. 11. Pp. 5-13.
8. Semenova A. N. The Role of Russia and BRICS in Ensuring International Information Security in the Context of Industry 4.0 // Russia in the Global World: New Challenges and Opportunities: Proceedings of the VII International Student Scientific Conference, St. Petersburg, March 29, 2019. St. Petersburg: OOO “Skifiya-print”, 2019. Pp. 277-288.
9. Chistyakov I. A. Deglobalization of the Automobile Market: Challenges and Development Prospects // Financial Markets and Banks. 2023. No. 8. Pp. 28-34.
10. Gomathi A. Industry4.0 – SAMARTH Udyog Bharat 4.0. // NGM College Weekly Academic Forum. Session 38. August 2023. P. 1-27.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GITINOVA Madinat Makhmudovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia) in Makhachkala
IRISBIEV Vahid Khamidovich
magister student, North Caucasus Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia) in Makhachkala
PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS ABOUT JUSTICE
This work is a review of historical ideas about justice as one of the fundamental social values. The analysis covers philosophical concepts of justice dating back to antiquity. The text examines the views of such thinkers as Aristotle (his definition of justice as “equal for equals, unequal for unequals” and its dependence on context), Socrates (the connection of justice with the virtue of a citizen and the inner moral nature of a person), as well as the Roman jurists Ulpian and Cicero (the relationship between law and justice, justice as the basis of the rule of law). The work demonstrates the evolution of the understanding of justice, from the concept of natural justice, universal for all people, to its multidimensional modern interpretation, including social, economic, legal and environmental justice.
Keywords: justice, philosophy, social justice, economic justice, legal justice, Aristotle, Cicero, Socrates.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aristotle. Athenian polity. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/t.htm?a=1443001000 (date of access: 12.10.2024).
2. Buchilo N. F., Isaev I. A. History and philosophy of science: textbook. manual. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 432 p.
3. Digests of Justinian. 2nd ed., corr. T. 1. Book. I-IV. Statute. – Moscow, 2008. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/ius/i.htm?a=3300101001.
4. Kanarsh G. Yu. Social justice. Philosophical concepts and the Russian situation: monograph. – Moscow: Moscow University for the Humanities, 2011. – 236 p. — ISBN 978-5-98079-689-1. — Text: electronic // Digital educationaly IPR SMART resource: [website]. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iprbookshop.ru/8618.html (accessed: 21.11.2024).
5. Xenophon. Memories of Socrates. Book IV. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/t.htm?a=1348105400.
6. Marcus Tullius Cicero. Philosophical treatises. On the laws. Book I. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/t.htm?a=1414880001.
7. Pokrovsky I. A. History of Roman Law. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1524230041#:~:text8
8. Pribytkova E. A. Moral dimension of law in the interpretation of Vl. Solovyov // Proceedings of the international. scientific. conf. “Moral foundations of the theory of state and law” / Ed. O. V. Martyshin. – Moscow: Moscow State Law Academy, 2005. – 328 p.
9. Samsonova T. N. Justice of equality and equality of justice: monograph. – Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1996. – 136 p. – ISBN 5-211-02613-6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.iprbookshop.ru/13190.html (access date: 11/21/2024).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ZYATEV Herman, priest
Priest, Cleric of the Holy Trinity Convent of Murom of the Russian Orthodox Church, master of Theology
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES FACING THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH TODAY
The presented article examines the key problems and challenges facing the church (Orthodox) enlightenment in Russia today. The purpose of the study is to analyze the main problems and challenges of the development of the educational ministry of the Russian Church in modern conditions. This article is based on the synthesis of methods from different disciplines, in particular, pedagogy, sociology, history, theology, religious studies, philosophy. The basis of this research is the principle of scientific and academic objectivity, which implies the rejection of a biased attitude to the issue under consideration. In the process of writing the work, a comprehensive and systematic approach was also used to reveal the main problems and challenges of the development of the educational activities of the Church. Among the main problems and challenges faced by the Church in the field of education, the following were highlighted: excessive bureaucratization and, in some cases, commercialization of education; insufficient level of interaction between theological educational institutions and secular educational structures (including in the field of digitalization of educational activities); insufficient number of competent church specialists, teachers and missionaries; annual reduction of candidates for admission to theological schools, consistent removal from the traditional system of spiritual education in the context of its optimization and accreditation processes. The digital environment today permeates all spheres of society, actively integrating into the field of education. The modern generation can be considered as a generation of a digital lifestyle, therefore, the digitalization of culture and, in particular, education is the reality that today must be accepted by the state, the Church and society. Digital culture implies not only the use of appropriate innovative technologies, but also represents a whole system of relationships, including social ones.
Keywords: Church, theology, educational activities, education, pedagogy, digitalization, theological school.
Article bibliography
1. Antonov K. Theology is the science of the church as a certain factual reality…” (interview) // State, religion, church in Russia and abroad. Moscow, 2016. No. 3. P. 200-204.
2. Ershov B. A. Educational role of the Russian Orthodox Church in modern Russia // Bulletin of the Voronezh State Technical University. Voronezh, 2013. Vol. 19, No. 3 (1). Pp. 138-151.
3. Ivanov D. V. Virtualization of Society. SPb.: Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2000. 96 p.
4. Kachala T. V. Using Websites in Organizing Educational Activities of Orthodox Parishes // Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities. Series 4: Pedagogy. Psychology. Moscow: PSTGU, 2010. No. 17. Pp. 77-81.
5. Organization of Educational Activities in the Parishes of the Moscow Diocese (methodological guidelines). Vidnoe: Moscow Patriarchate Publishing House, 2012. Page 33.
6. P’yanykh E. P. Russian Orthodox Church Today: Challenges and Responses // Bulletin of the Ural State University of Railway Engineering. 2012. No. 4 (16). Pages 53-66
7. Radchenko K. N. Interaction of the Russian Orthodox Church and the State in the Sphere of Implementation of Its Social Function // Gaps in Russian Legislation. Law Journal. Moscow, 2011. No. 1. Pages 47-49.
8. Shakhnovich M. M., Shmonin D. V. Theology and Religious Studies in themodern Russia: practice of educational activities // Bulletin of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy. St. Petersburg, 2013. No. 14. P. 253-255.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KLIMOV Sergey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Philosophy, sociology and history sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
LEONOVA Anna Olegovna
postgraduate student of Philosophy, sociology and history sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
DETERMINANTS OF CAREER SELF-DETERMINATION IN MODERN SOCIAL REALITY
The article analyzes the key determinants of career self-determination in the context of modern social dynamics. It considers the influence of internal and external factors on the professional trajectory, including digitalization, globalization, level of education, social environment and economic situation. The practical significance of the study lies in its potential for developing scientifically based strategies for professional development and adaptation to changing conditions of the labor market.
Keywords: career self-determination, professional growth, career determinants, social adaptation, labor market.
Article bibliography
1. Balog M. M., Demidova S. E., Troyan V. V. The impact of digitalization of the economy on the labor market // ETAP. – 2021. – No. 5.
2. Botkova V. K., Grigorieva E. I. The essence and specificity of career self-determination of student youth // Bulletin of TSU. – 2017. – No. 3 (167).
3. Golubeva E. A., Korzhova N. G. The problem of determination of professional self-determination of an individual in psychology. — Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 23 (313). – P. 546-549.
4. Gorbacheva N. B. Young people’s view of professional choice and demand for professions in the labor market // KNZh. – 2015. – No. 3 (12).
5. Dolgushina T. N., Yurevich S. N. Professional self-determination as a component of professional development of an individual // Scientific support for the system of advanced training of personnel. – 2013. – No. 3-4 (16).
6. Evdokimova M. V. Career orientations of modern youth // Economy and society. – 2016. – No. 10 (29).
7. Karmazina N. V., Shushara T. V., Koval T. V. Professional self-determination: history of the issue // Humanities. – 2016. – No. 2 (34).
8. Klimov E. A. Psychology of professional self-determination. – M.: Academy, 2004. – 304 p.
9. Larina G. N. The structure of professional self-determination of modern youth // Scientific notes. Electronic scientific journal of Kursk State University. – 2023. – No. 1 (65). – P. 276-279.
10. Mareev S. N., Mareeva E. V. History of philosophy (general course): Textbook. – M.: Academicheskiy Proekt, 2003. – 880 p. — (“Gauudeamus”).
11. Markin V. N. Determinants of the formation of an individual career strategy // Social Psychology and Society. – 2011. – Vol. 2, No. 4. – P. 27-49.
12. Maslova S. Yu. Socio-cultural determinants of the phenomenon of professional career // MNIZH. – 2014. – No. 10-3 (29).
13. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. – M., 2000. – 328 p.
14. Rybakov M. S. Legal regulation of labor in the context of digital reality: the main trends in the development of legislation. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 1 (448). – P. 188-194.
15. Sidorova D. G., Orel A. A. The main factors influencing career development and career advancement // APRIORI. Series: Humanities. – 2014. – No. 2.
16. Staursky E. S., Staursky S. S. Trends in the development of the Russian labor market // Bulletin of the University “Cluster”. – 2022. – No. 1 (1).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOCHESOKOV Robert Khazhismelovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy sub-faculty, H. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
BIZHEVA Agnessa Petrovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, senior lecturer of Philosophy sub-faculty, H. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
KULTURBAEVA Lyubov Machrailovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, senior lecturer of Philosophy sub-faculty, H. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
B. YELTSIN: LOGIC OF EVOLUTION OF HIS POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
The article is devoted to the study of the logic of evolution of B. N. Yeltsin’s political leadership. It is emphasized that for an objective assessment of the effectiveness of Yeltsin’s political leadership, it is necessary to consider the fundamental difference between the two stages of his activity. At the first stage – before the collapse of the USSR – B. Yeltsin appears as an effective politician-technologist who managed to successfully fit into the political elite, and subsequently become a national leader. This was facilitated by such qualities as executive abilities, effective leadership of the region, highly developed intuition, the image of a decisive politician, the image of an irreconcilable fighter against the System. However, at the second stage – after the collapse of the USSR – faced with fundamental, strategic challenges in the form of the need for self-determination of the new Russian state and its integration into the international political system, Yeltsin was unable to prove himself to be an effective politician-strategist.
Keywords: political leadership, B. N. Yeltsin, political elites, politician-strategist, politician-technologist.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gorbachev M. S. Life and reforms. – In two books. – M.: Publishing house “Novosti”, 1995. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: //libcat.ru/knigi/dokumentalnye-knigi-i-memuary/201977 (date of access: 15.03.2023).
2. Yeltsin B. N. Notes of the President. – M.: Ogonyok, 1994. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: //dl.booksee.org›genesis…Elcin]_Zapiski_prezidenta… (date of access: 01.03.2023).
3. Yeltsin B. Confession on a given topic. – Nalchik: People’s Library, 1990.
4. Zemtsov I. G. The Collapse of an Era. In 2 books. Book Two. Gorbachev: A Throw Across the Abyss. – M.: Nauka, 1999.
5. Colton T. Yeltsin. – M.: Kolibri, 2013. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: //libking.ru›Documentary books›Biographies and Memoirs (date of access: 01.03.2023).
6. Kochesokov R. Kh. Limits of Democracy and the Process of Democratization in Russia. – Nalchik: Kabardino-Balkarian University. 2007. – 225 p.
7. Kochesokov R. Kh., Bizheva A. P., Kulturbaeva L. M. Logic of the Evolution of Political Elites // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1 (176). – P. 476-477.
8. Kochesokov R. Kh., Bizheva A. P., Kulturbaeva L. M. Typology of political elites // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3 (178). – P. 485-489.
9. Ligachev E. K. “My prophecy came true”: What the “enemy of perestroika” Yegor Ligachev said about Yeltsin, Gorbachev and the end of the USSR. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: // www. kp.ru›Politics› Politics: AT THE TOP (date accessed: 01.03.2023).
10. Man of change. A study of the political biography of B. N. Yeltsin. – M.: New Chronograph, 2011. – 540 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KUTALADZE Dmitriy
lecturer of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
TUARMENSKAYA Angela Valerjevna
associate professor, Institute of Foreign Languages, Ryazan State University
THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN THE CIVILIZATION OF MESOPOTAMIA
The article examines the reforms of the ruler Lagash Urukagina in the light of the fight against abuses by government officials. The social coloring of the world’s first reforms car-ried out in the 24th century BC in Mesopotamia was noted by the overwhelming majority of domestic and foreign scientists. However, while analyzing the class essence of the changes that took place in Ancient Lagash, not all researchers noticed the anti-corruption orientation of these transformations. It was in the post-Soviet period of the development of historical science, when it became possible to go beyond the traditional Marxist analysis, that we can consider the reforms of Urukagina from a broad point of view of building a model of the state of Eastern civilization. In a narrow sense, the political and socio-economic transformations considered in the article allow us to analyze the oldest manifestations of corruption, as well as to discuss the conceptual role of the state in the fight against this social evil.
Keywords: Mesopotamia, corruption, reforms, Urukagina.
Article bibliographic list
1. Avdiev V. I. History of the Ancient East. – L.: Gospolitizdat, 1953. – 753 p.
2. Bottero J., Edzart D. O., Falkenstein A., Vercoutter J. Early civilizations of the Middle East. History of the emergence and development of the most ancient states on earth / Translated from English by A. B. Davydova, S. V. Ivanov. – M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2016. – 447 p.
3. Glukhova A. A., Nevzorova A. S., Tuarmensky A. V. Study of students’ attitudes towards the problem of corruption // Student scientific search – science and education of the XXI century: materials of the XII International student scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, April 24, 2020. – Ryazan, 2020.
4. Dyakonov I. M. Social and state system of ancient Mesopotamia. Shumer. – M.: Nauka, 1959. – 308 p.
5. Dyakonov I. M. Reforms of Urukagina in Lagash // Bulletin of ancient history. – 1951. – No. 1 (35). – P. 15-32.
6. Ru J. Great civilizations of Mesopotamia. Ancient Mesopotamia: the kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria. 2700-100 BC. / Translated from English by A. B. Davydova. – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2019 .– 448 p.
7. Struve V. V. The State of Lagash. The Struggle for the Expansion of Civil Law in Lagash in the 25th-26th Centuries BC. – M .: Publishing House of Eastern Literature, 1961 .– 104 p.
8. Struve V. V. The Main Milestones of the War of Urukagina and Lugalzaggisi // Bulletin of Ancient History. – 1958 .– No. 4. – P. 3-13.
9. Suroven D. A. History of the State and Law of Foreign Countries. The Ancient World: A Textbook and Workshop for Universities – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – 757 p.
10. Tuarmensky V. V., Pechersky D. V., Vezlomtsev V. E. Understanding the Phenomenon of Corruption: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis. – Kursk: ZAO “Universitetskaya Kniga”, 2024. – 175 p.
11. Tuarmensky, V. V., Tuarmensky A. V., Kulikova E. I. Awareness of Corruption // Modern Approaches to the Transformation of Concepts of State Regulation and Management in Socio-Economic Systems: A Collection of Scientific Papers of the 9th International Scientific and Practical Conference, Kursk, February 20-21, 2020. Volume 2. – Kursk: Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Kursk branch, 2020. – P. 183-186.
12. Benjamin R. Foster. Social Reform in Mesopotamia // Social Justice in the Ancient World. – K. Irani and M. Silver eds., 1995. – P. 169.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
LUSTIN Yuriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
MAN AND PUBLIC POLICY: SOCIAL FORMATS OF DEMOCRATIC INTERACTION
In the context of civilizational ideals, the political strategy of the state has a human-oriented character, the fundamentality of which is determined by the social structure, the high level of development of self-valuable forms of democracy. State policy, regardless of its ideological orientation, inevitably affects all spheres of citizens’ life. The development of a democratic society and a full-fledged statehood is impossible without proper human participation in the affairs of society and the ideology of the state. The multidimensional content of public opinion, the activity or passivity of citizens, their political involvement in targeted social development programs directly affects the content and effectiveness of decisions taken at the state and regional levels. The social prospects of a multipolar world, the rapid development of digital technologies, the dynamic growth of ethnic and national conflicts, and the catastrophic state of the environment significantly strengthen this interdependence, which requires an ideologically mature person to take a more conscious and responsible approach to participating in the political eventfulness of a democratic society. The central problem of this work is to determine the essential role of a person in the formation, adjustment of public policy, optimization of ways of positive influence of citizens on its implementation, taking into account modern realities.
Keywords: public policy, democracy, political status, person.
Article bibliography
1. Bredikhin A. V. Frontier factors in the formation of identities (on the example of the Don Cossacks) // Issues of national and federal relations. – 2021. – Vol. 11, No. 5 (74). – P. 1462-1466.
2. Zhuravskaya A. O. The process of social manipulation: structure, factors and technologies // Arkhon. – 2024. – No. 2 (41). – P. 57-61.
3. Kail Ya. Ya. The quality of public and municipal services as an important factor in improving the standard of living of the Russian population // Regional Economy: Theory and Practice. – 2011. – No. 26. – P. 51-58.
4. Lustin Yu. M. Political consciousness of the individual and ideological reflection: dialectical concept // VSU Bulletin. series: philosophy. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 77-81.
5. Peregrimova Yu. P. Subjects of manipulative influence: analysis of various categories // Arkhon. – 2024. – No. 3 (42). – P. 53-57.
6. Prokudina AV Methods of manipulative influence on public consciousness in the context of the information society // Arkhont. – 2024. – No. 3 (42). – P. 49-52.
7. The Gap of Hegemony: A New Study of the Construction of International Order and the System of Global Governance in the New Era / Under the general editorship of Candidate of Historical Sciences Bredikhin AV – M .: ANO CEMI, 2023. – 126 p.
8. Modern Sociology: A Textbook for Universities (for the direction of training 39.04.01 “SOCIOLOGY”, level of higher education: Master’s degree) / Under the general editorship of Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor N. G. Osipova. – M.: ANO CEMI, 2023. – 293 p.
9. Ebzeev B. S. Personality and the state in Russia: mutual responsibility and constitutional duties. – M.: Norma, 2007. – 384 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PUGIN Vladislav Borisovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk
ANALYSIS OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES, ASSESSMENT SPECIFICS AND THE CURRENT STATE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN RUSSIA
The paper considers theoretical approaches to understanding and assessing the quality of life of the population in Russia, and analyzes the current state of this phenomenon. The issue of the content and structure of the concept of quality of life remains a subject of debate. Concepts of quality of life mostly focus on social and psychological mechanisms that influence real life satisfaction, including cognitive and affective components. The review of existing literature allows to identify key indicators of the quality of life and their role in assessing the effectiveness of socio-economic transformations, as well as in determining the level of social stability in the country. The relevance of the study of the quality of life as an important factor in the strategic development of Russian society is emphasized.
Keywords: quality of life, sustainable development, socio-economic development, welfare, human capital, health care.
Article bibliography
1. Ageyev K. E., Syroizhko V. V. Modern aspects of state policy to improve the quality of life of the population of Russia // Region: systems, economy, management. – 2023. – No. 2 (60). – P. 94-99.
2. Voskanyan M., Khurshudyan S. Concentration of capital in the global economy as a factor in the uneven distribution of income // Modern world economy. – 2023. – V. 1, No. 2.
3. Kamchybekov TK, Oruntaeva AN Scientific and theoretical foundations of the concept of the standard and quality of life of the population // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 10-1 (116). – P. 182-185.
4. Kobylina EV, Karamysheva EP Causes and consequences of uneven income distribution in the Russian Federation // Formation of legal, socio-economic and spiritual-moral aspects of youth education in the context of innovative development of the country. – 2019. – P. 89-92.
5. Colin KK Quality of life and social efficiency of the digital economy / Knowledge civilization: Russian realities: Proceedings of the Nineteenth Int. sci. conf., Moscow, April 20-21, 2018. In 2 parts. – M .: RosNOU, 2018. – Part 1. – Pp. 36-55.
6. Konovalova AV, Minenkova VV Theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the concepts of “standard of living”, “quality of life” and “well-being” // Economics of sustainable development. – 2019. – No. 2. – Pp. 51-54.
7. Kuznetsova LM, Pilyugina PM Human development index as the main strategic tool of the human development concept // Economic environment. – 2019. – No. 2. – Pp. 54-60.
8. Lebedenko VS et al. Theoretical foundations for studying the standard and quality of life of the population // Economy and business: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 5-2 (99). – P. 72-76.
9. Leontiev D. A. Quality of life and well-being: objective, subjective and subjective aspects // Psychological journal. – 2020. – Vol. 41, No. 6. – P. 86-95.
10. Maksimov A. M. et al. Problematic issues of the methodology for assessing the social well-being of the population in modern Russia // Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. – 2022. – Vol. 15, No. 2. – P. 138-155.
11. Manaeva I. V. Quality of life in Russian regions: empirical analysis // Problems of territorial development. – 2023. – V. 27, No. 4. – P. 71-92.
12. Moiseeva L. I. Dynamics of income differentiation of the population of Russia // Colloquium-journal. – 2020. – No. 1-8 (53). – P. 138.
13. Nekhoda E. V., Roshchina I. V., Pak V. D. Quality of life: measurement problems // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Economics. – 2018. – No. 43. – P. 107-125.
14. Rossoshansky A. I. Quality of life of the population: assessment issues and improvement tools: monograph / Under the scientific supervision of A. A. Shabunova. – Vologda: FGBUN VolNC RAS, 2019. – 143 p.
15. Savchenko T. N., Golovina G. M. Subjective quality of life: approaches, assessment methods, applied research. Monograph. – M., 2006.
16. Smagin I. I. Components and criteria for assessing the level of well-being: methodological aspect // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. – 2013. – No. 7 (053). – P. 142-146.
17. Talalushkina Yu. N. UN experience in studying the quality of life of the population // Economic journal. – 2013. – Vol. 31, No. 3. – P. 46-53.
18. Tarkhanova N. A., Norkina T. P. Methodological approaches to assessing quality of life management // Economy of construction and urban economy. – 2023. – Vol. 19, No. 1. – P. 35-42.
19. Trotsuk I. V., Koroleva K. I. Subjective well-being – quality of life or happiness? // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 57-62.
20. Yablonskaya A. E., Krylova A. A. Current level and quality of life of the population of Russia: analysis and assessment // Statistics – the main information resource withmodern society. – 2023. – P. 384-390.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SOBKO Ruslan Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Privolzhie branch, Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod
SPIRIN Vasiliy Konstantinovich
magister of philosophy, lecturer, Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, Nizhny Novgorod
TRETYAKOV Ilya Sergeevich
bachelor of theology, master of religious studies, lecturer, Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, Nizhny Novgorod
LINGUISTIC IDENTITY IN THE CONTEXT OF GEOPOLITICS: AN INTELLECTUAL COMMODITY OR A WAY OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION
The article examines the problem of linguistic and national identity from the point of view of historical, social and linguistic perspectives in relation to modern geopolitical events. Some states – Germany, France – have taken the path of forced creation of national languages, others – Russia, the USA – use the national language as a kind of status quo, others – Israel, Iceland – recreate the language and use linguistic enthusiasm. However, in the modern context, national identity can also be one of the types of intellectual “goods” along with the identities of brand adherents or the identity of the so-called gender identity.
Keywords: linguistic identity, national identity, multi-identity, revitalization, language enthusiasm.
Article bibliography
1. Sobko R. V. Law and legality in the context of the development of Russian society and the formation of a national idea // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1 (61). – P. 195-197.
2. Maltsev K. G. Nation, people, population: the “national” political form of civil society // Social and political sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 1. – P. 99-110.
3. Hough S. Übermensch or Untermensch: an Existential Critique of Heidegger’s ‘Overman’. SOPHIA 62, 327-339 (2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-023-00948-1 (date accessed: 01.07.2024).
4. Nguyen K. What’s in a Natio. Negotiating Ethnic Identity in the Roman Empire // Roman Identity. Between Ideal and Performance. Brepols Publishers, 2023. 402 p. (Antiquité et sciences humaines). R. 371-393.
5. Sobko R. V., Vasilievich S. R. Theology of war in the East and West: Byzantium and Judea: prayers and context // Works of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary. – 2021. – No. 19. – P. 211-228.
6. Anderson B. R. O. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin a spread of nationalism. – London: Verso, 1983. – 160 p.
7. Higonnet P.L.-R. The politics of linguistic terrorism and grammatical hegemony during the French Revolution∗ // Social History. – 1980. – Vol. 5, Iss. 1. – P. 41-69.
8. Milchina V. A. Sentimental nationalism and diverse Russification: (round table “Nationalism in Imperial Russia: ideological models and discursive practices”, RSUH, June 24, 2002) // Ab Imperio. – 2002. – T. 2002, No. 2. – P. 533-545.
9. Leal A. Towards a multilingual modus operandi in the European Union // Just. Journal of Language Rights & Minorities, Revista de Drets Lingüístics i Minories. – 2023. – V. 2, No. 1. – R. 149-176.
10. Vorokhobov AV, Belova EE, Vorokhobov AV [et al.]. Features of the formation of the national language // Kazan science. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 181-183. EDN VMCKCW.
11. Vorokhobov AV Language picture of the world: the problem of definition and analysis // Scientific discussion: issues of philology and methods of teaching foreign languages: Collection of articles based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Nizhny Novgorod, April 04-05, 2024. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after K. Minin, 2024. – P. 19-24. EDN XTKSPU.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SUDAKOVA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Economics and management sub-faculty Privolzhie State Transport University, Samara
ZOLOTOV Maxim Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Organization of combating economic crimes sub-faculty Institute of Law, Samara State Economic University
CONSUMER CULTURE AND CORRUPTION: THE LEGAL NATURE OF ADDICTION
The article reveals the legal nature of corruption, its impact on the social institutions of society, as well as the role of politicians and legal institutions of the country, its economic and structural policies. The nature and manifestations of signs of a relatively high level of consumption and corruption consequences are revealed in ensuring their interdependence. The mechanism of “conspicuous consumption” and its role in the formation of corruptbehavior is considered. A direct relationship between the consumption of Veblen’s goods, corrupt behavior and demonstrative corruption is stated. Some recommendations are given to reduce the level of corruption.
Keywords: corruption, consumer culture, causes of corruption, corruption risks, fight against corruption.
Article bibliography
1. Thorstein Veblen. The Theory of Leisure Class, An Economic Study of Institutions, 1899. Thorstein Veblen: The Theory of Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. — Translation from English. Introductory article by Candidate of Economic Sciences S. G. Sorokina. General editorship by Doctor of Economic Sciences V. V. Motylev. – M., 1984. // Electronic publication: Center for Humanitarian Technologies. — 10/05/2012. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gtmarket.ru/library/basis/5890/5895.
2. Bronner, F., & de Hoog, R. (2018). Conspicuous consumption and the rising importance of experiential purchases // International Journal of Market Research. – No. 60 (1). – P. 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785317744667.
3. Odintsova E. A., Petrova E. I. From the ideology of consumerism to the ideology of the Renaissance // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 5 (192). – P. 570-572.
4. Olha Maletova, Maryna Utkina. Interaction and collision of moral and legal norms in the process of anti-corruption measures implementation: natural and actual aspects // Foresight: International Journal of Business Economy and Soc, December 2024 DOI 10.1108/fs-09-2023-0186.
5. Louridas P, Spinellis D. Conspicuous corruption: Evidence at a country level. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 1;16(9).
6. The role of corruption in consumer culture / E. Sergushina, O. Kabanov, A. Ustyuzhina [et al.] // E3S Web of Conferences: International Scientific and Practical Conference “Development and Modern Problems of Aquaculture” (AQUACULTURE 2022), Divnomorskoe village, Krasnodar region, Russia, September 26 – 02.2022.
7. Vladislav Burmakin & Marianna Dudareva & Andrey Egorov & Valentina Latysheva & Svetlana Salimova, 2021. “The cross-impact of corruption and consumer culture” // Journal of Financial Crime, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. – Vol. 29(4). – P. 1155-1171, October.
8. Gokcekus, O., & Suzuki, Y. (2014). Is there a Corruption-effect on Conspicuous Consumption? // Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research. – No. 8 (3). – R. 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973801014531135.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
FURMAN Felix Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation, St. Petersburg
POLITICAL AND LEGAL VIEWS OF PETER LAVROV
The article analyzes the political and legal views of Pyotr Lavrov, one of the leading thinkers of Russian social thought of the 19th century. Particular attention is paid to his criticism of autocracy, class inequality and the lack of political freedoms. Lavrov’s proposals for the creation of a democratic state and his idea of a peasant community as a model of a fair social structure are considered. Lavrov’s dynamic approach to law, based on its adaptation to the interests of the majority and the principles of social justice, is also revealed.
Keywords: Pyotr Lavrov, political and legal views, autocracy, peasant community, democratic state, social justice, dynamic law, class inequality.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Zenkovsky V.V. History of Russian philosophy. – M.: Academic project: Raritet, 2001. – 880 p.
2. Lavrov P. L. Populists – propagandists. 1873-1878 – L., 1925. – 285 p.
3. Lavrov P. L. Philosophy and sociology. – M., 1965. – 1456 p.
4. Mishineva A.K. Fundamental principles of anthropologism by P.L. Lavrov // Bulletin of MSTU. 2008. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovopolagayuschie-printsipy-antropologizma-p-l-lavrova (date of access: 27.11.2024).
5. Mishineva A.K. The concepts of “equality” and “justice” as the basis of social relations in the socio-philosophical views of P.L. Lavrov // Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University. – 2014. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatiya-ravnopravie-i-spravedlivost-kak-osnova-obschestvennyh-otnosheniy-v-sotsialno-filosofskih-vozzreniyah-p-l-lavrova (date of access: 27.11.2024).
6. Mishneva A. K. Fundamental principles of anthropologism of P. L. Lavrov // Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University. Transactions of the Murmansk State Technical University. – 2008. – V. 11, No. 4. – P. 676-680.
7. Sayapin V. O. Personal principle in the socio-philosophical interpretation of the ideologists of the Russian populistestva // Manuscript. 2019. No. 10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/lichnostnoe-nachalo-v-sotsialno-filosofskoy-interpretatsii-ideologov-russkogo-narodnichestva (date of access: 11/27/2024).
8. Yudin A. I. P. L. Lavrov on the problem: intelligentsia and the people, intelligentsia and power // Bulletin of TSU. – 2012. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/p-l-lavrov-o-probleme-intelligentsiya-i-narod-intelligentsiya-i-vlast (date of access: 27.11.2024).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHIROKORAD Ilya Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Philosophy sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
ON THE QUESTION OF ECONOMIC NATIONALISM BY S. YU. WITTE: AN AXIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The purpose of the study is to reveal the axiological aspects of the philosophy of economics of the Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire Sergei Yulievich Witte (1849-1915). The study was conducted using hermeneutical and comparative methods. The article reveals the influence of the ideas of the German economist Friedrich List on the axiological basis of Witte’s economic decisions. The reasons for S.Y. Witte’s negative attitude to the doctrine of free trade are under investigation. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the value foundations of the idea of economic nationalism by S.Y. Witte in protectionist politics.
Keywords: Witte, values, nationalism, free trade, Friedrich List, economic values.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Witte S. Yu. On Nationalism. National Economy and Friedrich List. 2nd edition. St. Petersburg, 1912. 75 p.
2. Witte S. Yu. National Economy and Friedrich List. 1st edition. Kyiv: Printing House “Kyiv. words”, 1889. 59 p.
3. Fadeeva V. A. National system of political economy: [translated from German] / Friedrich List. On Nationalism. National Economy and Friedrich List / Count S. Yu. Witte. Explanatory Tariff, or Research on the Development of Russian Industry in Connection with Its General Customs Tariff of 1891 / D. I. Mendeleyev. Moscow: Evropa, 2005. 382 p.
4. List F. National system of political economy. Translated from German edited by K. V. Trubnikov with his introduction, notes and biographies. essay by Fr. List. SPb.: Publishing house A. E. Mertens, 1891, 452 p.
5. Bobrova I. V. Policy of attracting foreign entrepreneurial capital of S. Yu. Witte in Anglo-American historiography // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series History. International relations. 2023. Issue 2. Pp. 159-166.
6. Barsukova S. Yu. Conditions of effective protectionism. Reflections of S. Yu. Witte and D. I. Mendeleev // All-Russian economic journal ECO, 2011. Pp. 157-171.
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PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KOZHANOVA Elizaveta Albertovna
postgraduate student of Philosophy, economics and law sub-faculty, Faculty of History, V. P. Astafjev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University
THE PROBLEM OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SYSTEM OF PARLIAMENTARISM AND POLITICAL ELITES ON THE EXAMPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN
The article delves into the intricate relationship and interplay between political elites and the system of parliamentarism, employing the case study of Great Britain as a cradle of classical parliamentary tradition. Through this analysis, the author traces the evolution of this socio-political dynamic, highlighting how it evolved under the influence of privileged classes. Initially, the system of representation emerged as a response to the demands of these privileged groups. However, as political elites gained increasing influence, they shaped the trajectory of this system’s development, leading it through several stages. The absence of effective checks and balances, particularly in the 18th century, resulted in the concentration of power within parliament. It is only through the introduction of universal suffrage that the system of representation can truly foster the effective functioning of democratic institutions. This change not only ensures greater inclusivity but also serves as a safeguard against the potential abuse of power by political elites, fostering a more balanced and accountable system of governance. In light of the fact that political elites constitute an political autonomous force with the potential to defy democratic tenets, it becomes imperative to uphold the principle of separation of powers, ensuring that no single branch of government, including the legislative branch, is granted undue dominance within the state. Moreover, it is crucial to establish a system that holds political leaders accountable to the electorate.
Keywords: parliamentarism, elites, system of representation, democracy, monarchy, legitimacy, popular sovereignty
Article bibliography
1. Bentley M. Politics without democracy: Great Britain, 1815-1914. Perception and Preoccupation in British Government. – New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1985. – 446 p.
2. Garrard J. Democratisation in Britain: Elites, civil society and reform since 1800. – London: Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2002. – 317 p.
3. Przeworski A. Democracy and the market. Political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Trans. from English / Ed. by prof. Bazhanоv V.A. – M.: “Russian Political Encyclopedia” (ROSSPEN), 2000. – 320 p.
4. Putnam R. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy / trans. from English by A. Zakharova. – M.: Ad. Marginem, 1996. – 287 p.
5. Kochesokov R.Kh., Bizheva A.P., Kulturbaeva L.M. Typology of Political Elites // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3 (178). – P. 485-489.
6. Khachaturyan N.A. Power and Society in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. – M.: Nauka, 2008. – 313 p.
7. Maddicott J. R. The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.  526 p.
8. Maddicott J. R. The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.  526 p.
9. Aizenshtadt M. P. Power and Society in Britain 1750-1850. – Moscow: IVI RAS, 2009. – 398 p.
10. Peers, Politics, and Power: The House of Lords, 1603-1911. / Edited by Jones C., Jones D. L. – London: The Hambledon Press, 1986. – 557 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PRIMAK Artem Vitaljevich
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
VAKULENKO Anastasiya Olegovna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
GUBINA Anna Olegovna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
KOMAROV Alexander Mikhaylovich
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
BAZHENOVA Zlata Sergeevna
student, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
ETHICS AND MORALITY IN CONFLICTOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF VIOLENT CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND APPROACHES TO PEACEMAKING
The article is devotedto the study of ethical and moral aspects in conflictology, especially in the context of violent conflict resolution and approaches to peacemaking. The foundation philosophicals underlying conflict interaction are considered, as well as ethical principles that influence decision-making in peacekeeping missions. The article analyzes the concepts of nonviolence, justice and responsibility, which play a key role in the conflict resolution process. Special attention is paid to various models of peacemaking, such as humanitarian interventions, restoration of peace and reconciliation, as well as the ethical dilemmas that arise during their implementation. The use of philosophical theories such as utilitarianism, deontology, and the theory of justice allows for a deeper understanding of the moral challenges faced by peacemakers.
Keywords: ethics, morality, conflictology, philosophy of conflict, peacemaking, violent conflicts, justice, nonviolence, humanitarian interventions, reconciliation.
Accessory bibliography
1. Bendersky V. V. Problems of Peacekeeping: Theory and Practice. – M.: Nauka, 2004. – 352 p.
2. Galperin I. Ya. Ethics and Politics: Foundations of the Philosophy of Law. – M.: Jurist, 2010. – 412 p.
3. Krause K. Peacekeeping in International Relations. – St. Petersburg: INFRA-M, 2002. – 384 p.
4. Hehir A. The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention: A Critical Overview // International Affairs. – 2008. – Vol. 84, No. 6. – P. 1125-1140.
5. Finnemore M. The purpose of intervention: changing beliefs about the use of force. — Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003. — 288 p.
6. Bellamy A. J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. — Malden: Polity, 2009. — 312 p.

BOOK REVIEW
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA / ED. DOCTOR OF LAW, PROF. P. N. BIRYUKOV. – M.: YURLITINFORM, 2025. – 176 pp.”
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA / ED. BY PH.D. IN LAW. P. N. BIRYUKOVA. – M.: YURLITINFORM, 2025. – 176 P.”

REVIEW
KRIVCHUN Natalia Arkadjevna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, Tyumen Industrial University
UMANSKAYA Olga Leonidovna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, Tyumen Industrial University
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF IDENTITY IN THE REALITIES OF THE MODERN WORLD
At the end of September 2024, the international scientific and practical conference “Problems of identity in the realities of the modern world: an interdisciplinary approach” was held in St. Petersburg. During the conference, foreign and Russian sociologists, lawyers, political scientists, psychologists presented the results of their research in various fields of scientific knowledge. The conference was dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Department of Sociology of the St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University) (hereinafter SPbSTI (TU)).
Keywords: social processes, identity, civic identity, socio-cultural transformations, information war, socio-economic and political changes

INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL

International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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