EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №6(205)2025 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №6(205)2025

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
N. L. Peshin:
The evolution of sports law: between national traditions and global challenges
Interview with Nikolay Leonidovich Peshin, Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of Administrative law sub-faculty of the Faculty of Law of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GONCHAROVA Natalya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International and European law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEMP)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE MECHANISMS FOR RESOLVING INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES IN THE CONDITIONS OF A MULTIPOLAR WORLD AND DIGITALIZATION
The article explores universal and regional mechanisms for resolving international disputes of an institutional nature, as well as new opportunities to strengthen their role in the future. In the presented conclusion, the author comes to the conclusion about the positive dynamics of the development of BRICS, as a platform to achieve the goals of building a multipolar world, through the formation of the conditions for resolving disputes on the basis of the principles of equality and justice, where the Russian Federation and its actors are not discriminated. Digital tools in their essence should be considered as a guarantee of achieving the goal.
Keywords: BRICS, multipolar world, resolution of international disputes, international disputes, digital technologies, UN, universal mechanism, regional mechanism.
Article bibliography
1. Dorskaya A. A. Development of international justice as a way to overcome crisis phenomena in the international legal sphere: a retrospective analysis // Bulletin of Moscow City Pedagogical Univ. “Legal Sciences”. – 2025. – No. 1 (57).
2. Dorskaya A. A., Dorskiy A. Yu. Ways to overcome crisis phenomena in international law: an analysis of historical experience // Bulletin of Moscow City Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2024. – No. 2 (54).
3. “Digital” and artificial intelligence in the service of diplomacy / Ed. by E.S. Zinovieva. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.pureportal.spbu.ru/files/114642326/_.pdf (date of access: 06/08/2025).
4. Plyasova S. V., Kalinin A. R., Zelenkina E. V. BIGDATA as an object of assessment // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 1 (244). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bigdata-kak-obekt-otsenki (date of access: 06/08/2025).
5. Goncharova N. N. International Court of Justice: ways to improve its effectiveness: Abstract of dis. … Cand. of Law. – Kazan, 2007.
6. Chernova N. N. Prospects for Enhancement of the Role of the International Court of Justice: Granting the Right of Access to the Court to International Governmental and Some Non-Governmental Organizations // International Public and Private Law. – 2006. – No. 3.
7. Goncharova N. N. Dispute Resolution in International Public and International Private Law // Scientific Notes of the Kazan Branch of the Russian State University of Justice. – 2017. – Vol. 13.
8. Goncharova N. N., Dyatlova E. V. Model Similarity of International Integration Organizations on the Example of the WTO and the EAEU // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 7 (158).
9. Bikeev I. I., Klemin A. V., Goncharova N. N., Latypova E. Yu. BRICS: the Russian view: prolegomena to the scientific study of the BRICS phenomenon. – Kazan: Izdatelstvo “Poznanie”. – 2024.
10. Rozhkova M. Online arbitration, online dispute resolution and blockchain arbitration: new legal phenomena or varieties of existing ones? // Business and law. – 2018. – No. 5 (496).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
NIKIFOROVA Elena Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
HARMONIZATION OF LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AS A CONDITION FOR FOOD SECURITY OF THE EAEU COUNTRIES AND COUNTERING CORRUPTION
The article examines the state of modern legal support for the process of digitalization of the agro-industrial complex in the context of rapid changes occurring both within the country and in the international arena. Based on the analysis of regulatory and other acts, as well as other sources, a conclusion was made about the need to develop and adopt strategic planning acts, which should be aimed at the digitalization of agriculture, reflect the goals, objectives, directions and mechanisms of policy in this area. The paper emphasizes the need to harmonize legal regulation of digitalization of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member states as a condition for food security and combating corruption.
Keywords: harmonization, legal regulation, digitalization, food security of the EAEU countries, agro-industrial complex,combating corruption.
Article bibliography
1. Brinchuk M. M. Social state: ensuring environmental and food security // Environmental law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 2-6.
2. Voronina N. P. Agricultural cooperation in Asian countries: digital transformation of legal regulation and strategic planning in the context of global challenges // Jurist. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 34-42.
3. Kartasheva N. Digital transformation in agriculture. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cdto.ranepa.ru/sum-of-tech/materials/136 (date of access: 30.03.2024).
4. Ustimova S. A., Veriga D. A. Problems and prospects of digital land management // Civilist. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 21-25.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
CHERNYKH Irina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ANSHAKOVA Mariya Alexandrovna
magister student, (program “International protection of human rights”) of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
BULYCHEVA Viktoriya Gennadjevna
magister student, (program “International protection of human rights”) of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE EXERCISE OF STATE JURISDICTION IN CYBERSPACE
This article presents an analysis of contemporary international legal approaches to the establishment of state jurisdiction in the context of the digitalization of key spheres of public life and the rapid development of cyberspace. As technology evolves and information flows become increasingly globalized, the question of how jurisdiction applies in the Internet environment becomes ever more significant. The main objective of the article is to examine the legal foundations for establishing state jurisdiction in cyberspace and to identify the major legal challenges that arise in this regard. The research highlights key aspects that regulate the jurisdiction of states in cyberspace, including issues of legal personality and state responsibility for cyber activities. The study further emphasizes the dynamic and borderless nature of cyberspace, which challenges the traditional territorial principles of jurisdiction and requires a rethinking of international legal mechanisms for digital governance and human rights protection.
Keywords: cyberspace, digital space, digitalization, jurisdiction, state jurisdiction, cyber jurisdiction, cybersecurity, national security, human rights, International Human Rights Law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Lukashuk I. I. International legal personality of the state: The concept of the state in international law / Textbook, ed. Lukashuka I. I. / International law. M., 2005. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://be5.biz/pravo/m013/11.html
2. Moiseev A. A. Jurisdiction in international law: The concept and content of jurisdiction in international law / Textbook edited by Valeev R. N. // International law. M., 2010. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://be5.biz/pravo/m025/10.html
3. Tebenkova V. N. International legal principles for establishing the jurisdiction of states in cyberspace // Actual problems of Russian law. 2024. No. 5 (162). P. 181. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhdunarodno-pravovye-printsipy-ustanovleniya-yurisdiktsii-gosudarstv-v-kiberprostranstve
4. Arnell P. Extraterritorial Human Rights: A Tool for Poverty Reduction? // The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa. 2005. Vol. 38. No. 3. P. 407. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23252625
5. Azarova V. Illegal Territoriality in International Law: The Interaction and Enforcement of the Law of Belligerent Occupation through Other Territorial Regimes // Ph.D. Thesis in Law. Irish Center for Human Rights, National University of Ireland Galway. 2015. P. 281
6. Malanczuk P. Akehurst’s modern introduction to International Law // USA and Canada: Routledge Pub., 7th ed., 1997. Pp. 109-112
7. Norris E. F. Why the internet isn’t special: restoring predictability to personal jurisdiction // Arizona Law Review. 2011. Vol. 53:1013. pp. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arizonalawreview.org/pdf/53-3/53arizlrev1013.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
8. Oxman H. B. Jurisdiction of States // Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Amsterdam, 1992. Vol. 1. P. 55
9. Sachdeva A. International Jurisdiction in Cyberspace: A Comparative Perspective // Computers and Telecommunication Law Review. London. 2007. No. 8. P. 246. [Electronic resource]. – Access modeUPA: https://www.academia.edu/32328236/Cyberspace_Jurisdiction_Amit_Sachdeva

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ABDYRAZAKOV Bayastan Tynchtykovich
adjunct of the 2nd years of study of Human rights and international law sub-faculty, Faculty of Training of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES OF OTHER CIS MEMBER STATES IN COUNTERING CROSS–BORDER CRIMES IN THE INFORMATION SPHERE
The article analyzes the issues of international cooperation between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and law enforcement agencies of other CIS member states. The article reveals the legal foundations of interstate cooperation between the CIS member states on countering cross-border crimes in the field of information technology, as well as on combating cybercrime. It is stated that, despite certain successes of the internal affairs of bodies of the CIS member states in combating cross–border crimes in the field of information technology and background phenomena, there has not yet been a decisive turning point in this area of cooperation. The importance of interdepartmental interaction of internal affairs bodies under the organizational leadership of the CIS law enforcement agency – the Ministry of Internal Affairs is being updated. The importance of increasing efforts towards international cooperation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic with law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation and other CIS member countries, improving the quality of countering cross-border crimes in the field of information technology by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and national internal Affairs bodies is highlighted.
Keywords: cross-border crimes, crimes in the field of information technology, cybercrime, CIS, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kyrgyz Republic.
Article bibliography
1. Agreement on cooperation of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in combating crimes in the field of information technology (Dushanbe, September 28, 2018). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cisatc.org/1289/9115/135/9126/9128/9034.
2. Agreement on cooperation of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in combating crimes in the sphere of computer information (Minsk, June 1, 2001). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cis.minsk.by/page/866/soglasenie-o-sotrudnicestve-gosudarstv-ucastnikov-sodruzestva-nezavisimyh-gosudarstv-v-borbe-s-prestupleniami-v-sfere-komputernoj-informacii.
3. Current cyber threats in the CIS countries 2023-2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ptsecurity.com/ru-ru/research/analytics/aktualnye-kiberugrozy-v-stranah-sng-2023-2024/.
4. Berdaliev K. Ch. The main directions of counteracting cybercrime with an extremist attitude in Kyrgyzstan // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 212-215.
5. A meeting of the heads of the units of the criminal block of the ministries of internal affairs of the CIS member states was held in Moscow. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/news/item/44230195/.
6. Information on the next meeting of the Council of Ministers of Internal Affairs of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States (August 9, 2024, Minsk). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://e-cis.info/cooperation/2836/120443/.
7. CIS Executive Committee: On current issues of countering new challenges and threats in the CIS space. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cis.minsk.by/news/27895/ob_aktualnyh_voprosah_protivodejstvija_novym_vyzovam_i_ugrozam_na_prostranstve_sng.
8. Lepeshkina O. I. International cooperation of the CIS states in combating cybercrime // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. – 2023. – No. 17 (4). – P. 82-91.
9. Manakhov A. V. Current issues of combating crime in the field of IT technologies // Bulletin of the KRU of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3 (57). – P. 76-80.
10. Tarasov D. S., Solodukhina E. A. Counteraction of the CIS member states to terrorism and extremism in the field of information technology // Post-Soviet studies. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 124-130.
11. Toroeva B. U., Saifutdinov T. I. Current state and prospects for the use of information technology in the investigation and solution of crimes // Science, new technologies and innovations of Kyrgyzstan. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 133-135.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GULYASHCHENKO Nadezhda Vladimirovna
adjunct 2nd year of study of Human rights and international law sub-faculty, Faculty of Training of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A STRATEGY FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO PREVENT AND COMBAT ILLEGAL MIGRATION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
The article analyzes the interaction of the Kyrgyz Republic with foreign countries in the direction of countering and preventing illegal migration. The necessity of interaction in such areas as improving the model and mechanism of personnel training for law enforcement and human rights; exchange of experience of international and domestic specialists in preventing and countering illegal migration as a crime with a transnational component is stated; to promote the development of scientific schools and stimulate scientific research on such issues in order to combat transnational crime and so on. The expediency of the adoption by the Kyrgyz Republic of a Strategy for international cooperation to prevent and combat illegal migration for the period 2025-2027 is being updated. The main categorical elements of the Strategy proposed for adoption are being developed: content, goals and objectives, projected stages of implementation. The expected result from the adoption and implementation of the Strategy is evaluated.
Keywords: illegal migration, international cooperation, international cooperation, Strategy, Kyrgyz Republic.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic of October 28, 2021 No. 127 (with amendments and additions as of August 7, 2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/112309/edition/2087/ru.
2. Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic of December 20, 2021 UP No. 570 “On the Concept of National Security of the Kyrgyz Republic” // Erkin-Too, 12/24/2021.
3. Akaev A. A., Togusakov O. A. State migration policy of Kyrgyzstan: directions and methods of implementation // Problems of Science. – 2020. – No. 11 (156). – P. 94-99.
4. Kyrgyzstan – situational report on migration (December 2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dtm.iom.int/reports/kyrgyzstan-situacionnyy-otchet-po-migracii-dekabr-2023.
5. The Ministry of Labor announced the number of quotas for attracting foreign workers. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.kg/2024/07/29/mintrud-objavil-kolichestvo-kvot-dlja-privlechenija-inostrannyh-rabochih/.
6. Since 2023, almost 30 thousand foreigners illegally staying in the country have been identified in Kyrgyzstan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rus.azattyk.org/a/32965194.html.
7. The Plan for conducting a regional operation to combat illegal migration in 2022 has been agreed upon. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://odkb-csto.org/news/news_odkb/soglasovan-plan-provedeniya-regionalnoy-operatsii-po-protivodeystviyu-nezakonnoy-migratsii-v-2022-go/#loaded.
8. National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Criminal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/13/.
9. National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. Labor force by territory. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://stat.gov.kg/en/opendata/category/4967/.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MELNIKOV Fedor Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMON EAEU MEDICINES MARKET
The article examines the legal features of the formation and development of the common market for medicinal products within the Eurasian Economic Union. It analyzes the EAEU and member states’ regulatory framework establishing unified rules for the circulation, registration, and quality control of pharmaceuticals, as well as explores prospects for improving the legal basis in light of the development of the pharmaceutical sector and the growing volume of interstate trade. The focus is on resolving conflicts arising from the harmonization of technical regulations and standards, supported by statistical data on the dynamics of medicinal product sales in EAEU member states.
Keywords: EAEU, medicinal products, legal regulation, registration, circulation of medicines, standards harmonization.
Article bibliography
1. Abashidze A.Kh., Malichenko V.S. Features of regulation of circulation of orphan drugs in different regions of the world. Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin University (MSAL). 2020. No. 5. P. 26-41. https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.69.5.026-041
2. Vorona A. A., Gubina M. A. Pharmaceutical market of the EAEU: trends and development prospects // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. 2022. No. 4. P. 43-54.
3. Golovin V.G., Golovina E. E. Interconnectedness of international entities as a factor in Eurasian development // Caspian region: politics, economics, culture. 2020. No. 2 (63). P. 67-75.
4. Pshebelskaya L. Yu., Lednitsky A. V. Modern transformations in the development of the global pharmaceutical market // Proceedings of BSTU. Series 5: Economics and Management. 2023. No. 2. P. 23-30.
5. Zaremba A. G., Rychikhina E. M. Correlation of the norms of national law and the law of the EAEU in the field of regulation of circulation of medicines before and after January 1, 2026 // Bulletin of the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medical Products. Regulatory studies and examination of medicines. 2023. No. 4. P. 586-600.
6. Dudan M.A., Chernetskaya Yu.G. Improving the development strategy of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic of Belarus // Bulletin of Polotsk State University. Series D. Economic and legal sciences. 2023. No. 1. P. 33-38.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
RYBAKOV Gleb Olegovich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN THE ARAB LEAGUE MEMBER STATES
The article raises the international legal problems of the realization of the right to life in the member States of the League of Arab States. The interpretation of the provisions enshrining this right in the Arab human rights system as a whole does not differ from approaches to its interpretation at the universal level. Despite this, it should be noted that the exercise of a person\’s right to life is directly related to the inadmissibility of the imposition of arbitrary death penalty, and the problem of the execution of such punishment is of particular interest from a human rights point of view. Thus, many States enforce death sentences, and some of them, for example, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, execute them against minors. The author of the article concludes that at present, the fulfillment by the Arab League Member States of obligations related to ensuring the right to life is insufficient and needs to be brought into line with international universal standards for the protection of human rights.
Keywords: the right to life, Arab League, Arab Charter on Human Rights; protection of human rights; death penalty, international law of Human Rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Abdalla I. A. Arab Charter of Human Rights // News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence. – 2000. – No. 1 (228). – P. 196-200.
2. Abashidze A. Kh., Mikheeva V. I., Solntsev A. M. Protection of Human Rights within the Framework of the League of Arab States // The Middle East and International Law: Collective Monograph. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 2019. – P. 179-190.
3. Ananidze F. R., Khussein A. K. The League of Arab States at the Crossroads of Times // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 4 (83). – P. 46-48.
4. Belobragina N. A., Morozova A. N. International Legal Standards for Ensuring and Protecting the Right to Life // Bulletin of the Tula State University. Economic and Legal Sciences. – 2013. – No. 2-2. – P. 83-91.
5. Duraev T. A., Tyumeneva N. V. Human Rights in International Islamic Documents // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2018. – No. 3 (122). – P. 73-80.
6. Ilyashevich M. V., Ananidze F. R., Banis P. A. The League of Arab States // The Middle East and International Law: Collective Monograph. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 2019. – P. 144-157.
7. Karkan A. M. A. Formation Trajectories, Current State and Development Problems of the Islamic System of Human Rights Protection in the Context of Regionalization of Human Rights Systems // Scientific Notes of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Legal Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 7, No. 2. – P. 3-13.
8. Kosolapov M. F. The right to life: the evolution of a universal international standard // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2018. – Vol. 4, No. 4. – P. 48-56.
9. Matuzov N. I. The right to life in light of Russian and international standards // News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence. – 1998. – No. 1 (220). – P. 198-212.
10. Molodtsova M. A. Activities of the League of Arab States in the field of maintaining international peace and security // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2002. – No. 2. – P. 127-142.
11. Nikodimov I. Yu. The Importance of Constitutional Restrictions on the Application of Death Penalty Mechanisms // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2019. – Vol. 9, No. 4-1. – P. 155-163.
12. Regional Systems for the Protection of Human Rights: a textbook for universities / Edited by A. Kh. Abashidze. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 434 p.
13. Strashun B. A. Constitutional Lawto life in the modern world // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 61-67.
14. Trifonov V. A., Metalnikov V. S. The right to life: concept and main problems of implementation // THEORIA: pedagogy, economics, law. – 2021. – No. 1 (2). – P. 70-79.
15. Khorev A. V. International legal standards for the protection of the right to life // Science. Society. State. – 2015. – Vol. 3, No. 4. – P. 42-52.
16. El Fegiery M. The Arab Charter on Human Rights and International Human Rights Standards // Al-Muntaqa: New Perspectives on Arab Studies. – 2024. – T. 7, No. 3. – P. 78-97.
17. Mao J., Gady A. A. A. Arab Charter on Human Rights & International Conventions // Beijing L. Rev. – 2021. – T. 12. – P. 425.
18. Rishmawi M. The Arab charter on human rights and the league of Arab states: an update // Human Rights Law Review. – 2010. – T. 10, No. 1. – P. 169-178.
19. Van Hüllen V. Just leave us alone: The Arab League and human rights // Governance transfer by regional organizations: Patching together a global script. – London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. – pp. 125-140.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DUBROVIN Mikhail Andreevich
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, A. G. and N. G. Stoletov Vladimir State University
RUSSIA AND THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCO: A STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF LEGAL REGULATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS
The article examines the specifics of interstate cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Morocco. The general geopolitical picture is studied, actualizing the search for areas of partnership, and discussing the prospects for regional cooperation within the Maghreb. The main focus of the research is on issues of legal regulation. , according to the author, the primary area of regulatory regulation is the issues of ensuring national interests, the consequence of which is compliance with the principle of equal strategic partnership. In the summary part of the article, special attention is paid to the inadmissibility of belittling the importance of protecting national interests in an interstate dialogue.
Keywords: legal regulation, national interests, Russia, Kingdom of Morocco, Maghreb.
Bibliographic list of articles:
1. Benner Erica Machiavelli\’s prince [Text]: a new reading / Erica Benner. Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 2013. 343 p.
2. Morgenthau Hans J. Politics among nations: The struggle for power a. peace/Hans J. Morgenthau. New York: Knopf, 1978. 650 p.
3. Vyazemsky K. Ya. Journey to Morocco // Scientific Archive of the Russian Geographical Society. Category 98. Manuscripts of works of members of the Geographical Society. Op. 1. L. 16.16.
4. Danzig B. M. Forgotten page from the history of Russian-Moroccan relations in the last quarter of the 18th century // Middle East. Moscow, 1976. Pp. 146-152.
5. Russia – Morocco: history of relations between the two countries in documents and materials (1777-1916) / Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Historical and Doc. Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; Auth. and compiled by N. P. Podgornova. M.: Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. 623 pp.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SERGEEVA Darya Sergeevna
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL APPEAL PROCEDURE IN THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT
The article is devoted to the issue of the emergence and development of the right to appeal using the examples of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the content and significance of the right to appeal across different historical periods, relating these findings to the contemporary context within international criminal law. The article concludes that the development of legal regulation in the implementation of this right has been inconsistent; however, it is unequivocally established as an inalienable human right that guarantees the fairness of judicial proceedings.
Keywords: human rights, right to appeal, legal systems, international criminal law, Rome law.
Article bibliography
1. Panokin A. M. Review of court decisions in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome // Actual problems of Russian law. 2016. No. 10 (71). P. 138-146.
2. Kudryavtseva T. V. People’s court in democratic Athens. St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2008. 464 p.
3. Panokin A. M. The emergence of the idea of reviewing court decisions in criminal cases and the first experiences of its implementation // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. 2020. No. 37. P. 93-107.
4. Kofanov L. L. Ancient Greek law and the laws of the XII tables: problems of borrowings and influence // Ancient law. Ivs antiqvvm. 2002. No. 1 (9). P. 38-50.
5. Azarevich D. I. Patricians andPlebeians in Rome: Historical and Legal Research. SPb.: Type. T-va “Public Benefit”, 1875. Vol. 2. 175, 21 p.
6. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Roman Antiquities. In 3 Volumes // Translation from Ancient Greek by I. L. Mayak. Moscow: Publishing House “Rubezhi XXI”. 2005. Vol. II. 272, [1] p.
7. Jones A. H. M. The Death of the Ancient World. [translated from English by T. V. Goryainova]. Rostov-on-Don, Moscow: Phoenix, Zeus. 1997. 569, [2] p.
8. Pokrovsky I. A. Lectures on the History of Roman Law. Moscow: Sklad. 3rd ed., 1907.
9. Vishnevsky G. A. The operation of the principle of res judicata as a necessary condition for ensuring justice // Modern law. 2013. No. 11. Pp. 76-83.
10. Aleksandar, V Gajić. Standards of Appellate Review in the International Administration of Criminal Justice // Serbian Political Thought. 2016. No. 1 (13). Pp. 93-137.
11. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/law/icc/rome_statute(r).pdf (date of access: 06.04.2025).
12. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, December 18, 2001 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/?ysclid=m95pwgef6l359415690 (date of access: 06.04.2025).
13. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, December 16, 1966. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml (date of access: 06.04.2025).
14. Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, May 25, 1993 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/law/icty/charter.shtml (date accessed: 06.04.2025).
15. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, August 8, 1945 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901737883?ysclid=m95q10wpdm540343172&section=text (date accessed: 06.04.2025).
16. Petrov A. V., Kudryavtseva A. V. History of the development of the institute of appeal // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. 2013. Vol. 13, No. 3. P. 15-20.
17. Mikhailova O. V. Comparative characteristics of the formation of the institute of appeal in the period of the 12th – first half of the 20th centuries on the example of Russia, France, England // Novelty. Experiment. Traditions (N.Ex.T). 2023. Volume 9. Issue 4 (24). P. 49-55.
18. Lukonina Yu. A. Reception of the Rome appellate proceedings in the legislation of foreign countries // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. Series “Law”. 2022. No. 1. P. 93-96.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
TITOVA Nataliya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
ON THE ISSUE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LEGAL RELATIONS AT THE PRESENT STAGE IN RUSSIA
The development of branches and institutions of Russian law in 2020-2025 took place in rather difficult political and economic conditions: the spread of coronavirus infection, severe sanctions pressure from the European Union and the United States, and a special military operation. Of course, these circumstances had a direct impact on both public and private legal relations, including those with foreign participation. The author of the article draws attention to the development of certain types of international private legal relations at the present stage in Russia. The scientific article pays special attention to the impact of digitalization processes on the formation of contractual structures in new conditions. The widespread use of “smart contracts”, including in relationships complicated by a foreign element, determines not only their correct qualifications, but also the appropriate legal regulation. One of the problems in the implementation of smart contracts is the lack of uniform legal regulation in the national law of states, which complicates the mechanism of their application in private international law. To solve this problem, it is proposed within the framework of cooperating countries to develop and adopt an international act regulating “smart contracts” and facilitating the practice of their implementation.
Keywords: legal relationship, private international law, private international legal relationship, digitalization process, artificial intelligence implementation, smart contract.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Halfina P. O. General doctrine of legal relations. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=188104 (date of access: 20.03.2025).
2. Byalt V. S., Chimarov S. Yu. On the issue of the concept and features of lawrelations // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 109-112.
3. Krivenkiy A. I. International Private Law. – M.: Publishing and Trading Corporation “Dashkov and Co.”, 2020. – 288 p.
4. Inshakova A. O. International Private Law: textbook and workshop for universities. – 2nd ed. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – 398 p.
5. Getman-Pavlova I. V. International Private Law: textbook for universities. – 7th ed. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 511 p.
6. Glukhova E. V. On the Impact of Information Technologies on Modern Law // Bulletin of Economics, Management and Law. – 2023. – No. 16. – P. 71-77.
7. Gubareva A. V. Problems of Choosing the Applicable Law to Smart Contracts in International Private Law // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/.
8. Sargsyan V. V. Automated contracts: concept, scope and types // Digital environment as a tool for modernization and innovative development: collection of articles from the international scientific and practical conference. – Ufa, 2023. – P. 58-60.
9. Chaiko AV Legal nature of smart contract // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Military Institute of the National Guard Troops. – 2020. – No. 3 (12). – P. 94-96.
10. Kokina UD Legal nature of smart contract // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2021. – No. 74. – P. 67-79.
11. Rozhkova M. Smart contract in contractual practice: program code and “digital superstructure” of a classic contract // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property Rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ipcmagazine.ru/ (date of access: 03/01/2025).
12. Smart contracts // State. Business. Technologies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/ (access date: 02/10/2025).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ALIEVA Zalina Rabadanovna
Bar Association No. 1 in Izberbash
ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Issues concerning criminal liability as a tool for implementing legal norms remain relevant today. The tasks facing criminal punishment are closely intertwined with the process of implementing criminal liability. It is critically important to understand the essence of the concept of criminal liability and its role in the legal structure. Therefore, an in-depth study of the theoretical principles of criminal liability becomes especially important, given the continuous transformations in legislation, the complexity of social relationships, the emergence of innovative types of crimes and the evolution of criminological science. The formation of the theory of criminal liability in Russian criminal law science began actively only in the second half of the 20th century. In scientific works preceding the revolution, the main attention was paid to the theory of punishment, its types and classification. Even in cases where scientists used the term “criminal liability”, they actually meant punishment as such.
Keywords: Criminal liability, theory, implementation of law, crime, punishment, meaning, theoretical research, law enforcement, tasks of criminal punishment.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Tagantsev N.S. Russian criminal law in 2 hours. Part 1. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2025. – 414 p. – (Anthology of Thoughts). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/565188 (date accessed: 13.04.2025).
2. Braynin Ya. M. Criminal liability and its basis in Soviet criminal law [Text]. – Moscow: Legal lit., 1963. – 275 p.
3. Martsev A. I. Crime: social and legal analysis: textbook. – Omsk: Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2012. – 75 p.
4. Shargorodsky M. D. Selected works / Comp. and preface: Volzhenkin B. V. – St. Petersburg: Legal. center Press, 2004. – 657 p.
5. Belyaev V. G. Basic issues of the doctrine of criminal liability // Scientific conference “Problems of Soviet criminal law in the period of extensive construction of communism” (May 14-17, 1963). – L., 1963. – P. 32-36.
6. Volzhenkin B. V. Social danger of the criminal and the basis of criminal liability // Jurisprudence. – L.: Publishing house of Leningrad. University, 1963. – No. 3. – P. 90-98.
7. Leykina N. S. Stages of implementation of criminal liability and the personality of the criminal // Scientific conference “Problems of Soviet criminal law in the period of extensive construction of communism” (May 14-17, 1963). – L., 1963. – P. 18-20.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
VOLODKIN Nikolay Dmitrievich
paraligal “Precedent Consulting”, Simferopol
MITKEVICH Viktoriya Nikolaevna
associate lawyer, “Nedelko & Partners”, Moscow
THEORETICAL, LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF APPLYING THE SUCCESS FEE IN THECONTEXT OF DE MOYENS AND DE RÉSULTAT
The article examines the theoretical, legal and practical aspects of the admissibility of success fees in contracts for the provision of legal services in the Russian legal system. The positions of the highest judicial authorities, including the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, are analyzed, as well as their arguments based on the principles of freedom of contract, constitutional guarantees of qualified legal assistance and the nature of de moyens and de résultat obligations. The evolution of legal regulation is considered, including changes in the Federal Law “On Advocacy and Advocacy in the Russian Federation”, which legalized the success fee within a limited framework. A comparative legal analysis is conducted with the German regulatory model, demonstrating that such conditions can increase the availability of legal aid. The authors conclude that the success fee does not contradict the nature of legal services, and its inclusion in the contract does not mean a substitution of the subject of the obligation, but only sets a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of services.
Keywords: success fee, legal services agreement, de moyens and de résultat obligations, freedom of contract, qualified legal assistance, judicial practice, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Vasiliev G. S., Rybalov A. O. Differences between contracts for work and purchase and sale: Discussing the problem // Jurisprudence. – 2005. – No. 1. – P. 69.
2. Pshenichnikov M. A. The place of the contract for the provision of services for a fee in the system of contractual types // Bulletin of civil law. – 2024. – No. 1. – V. 24.
3. Stepanov D. I. Services as an object of civil rights // Russian Justice. – 2000. – No. 2. – P. 183-184.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ZINKOV Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
MIKHAYLOV Vyacheslav Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Law Faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, lieutenant colonel of the internal service
ZANKIN Dmitriy Andreevich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study in the scientific specialty 5.1.2 Public and legal (state and legal) sciences, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD
Corruption is one of the most serious problems faced by States around the world. The Prosecutor\’s Office, as key institutions of the law enforcement and supervisory system, play an important role in combating this phenomenon. The problem of corruption policy also needs to be regulated at the highest level and it needs to be viewed from the perspective of cultural traditions. In this regard, certain standards of anti-corruption awareness have been formed in domestic law enforcement practice. This article will provide a comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in the Russian Federation and other countries.
Keywords: anti-corruption, anti-corruption policy, prosecutor\’s office, intolerance to corrupt behavior, government officials, legal awareness.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Corruption Perception Index 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.transparency.am/en/cpi (date of access: 04/07/2025).
2. On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 07.04.2025).
3. Zinkov E. N., Davletov R. R., Tsodokov P. A. Features of combating corruption in the civil service of the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 12 (199). – P. 167-168.
4. On combating corruption: Federal Law of 25.12.2008 No. 273-FZ (latest revision) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 04/07/2025).
5. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Order to Improve State Policy in the Field of Combating Corruption: Federal Law of 04/03/2017 No. 64-FZ (latest revision) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 04/07/2025).
6. Shorokhov V. E. World Practices for the Formation of an Anti-Corruption Education and Training System in the Context of Civil Society Development // Citizenssociety in Russia and abroad. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 11-14.
7. Kakitelashvili M. M. Conceptual approaches to organizing the activities of the prosecutor’s office in the fight against corruption in the countries of the world // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – 2022. – Vol. 9, No. 1. – P. 73-84.
8. Shorokhov V. E. Concept and main models of modern state anti-corruption policy // Russian Justice. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 2-4.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PANCHENKO Vladislav Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property; professor, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
LEGAL REGIME OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: A REALISTIC APPROACH
The need for a realistic (functional) approach to understanding the legal regime of intellectual property is substantiated, which takes into account not only the declared rules, but also the actual effectiveness of legal instruments, the interaction of the goals of the subjects (the state, copyright holders, users) and the influence of external factors. Using the concept of polymorphism of law, the study shows how the legal regime in the area under consideration is formed through the interaction of positive law, ideas of sovereign power, legal facts and real behavior.
Keywords: legal regime of intellectual property, realistic approach, sanctions, legal regime, nationalization, polymorphism of law, public interests.
Article bibliography
1. Panchenko V. Yu. Realistic approach to the concept of legal regime in Russian jurisprudence // Legal system in the Russian Federation: history, content, application of norms, problems, solutions: Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference, Perm, December 15, 2016. – Perm: Publishing house “Ot i Do”, 2016. – P. 108-111. – EDN ZUOTPB.
2. Syrykh V. M. Materialistic understanding of the essence of objective law and the mechanism of its manifestation in specific relations // The essence of law: a collection of articles for the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor M. I. Baitin. – Saratov: Saratov State Law Academy, 2022. – Pp. 228-259. – EDN HYOVSX.
3. Panchenko V. Yu. Polymorphism of law and the structure of legal life // Legal culture. – 2023. – No. 4 (55). – Pp. 5-14. – EDN SEFLTZ.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PISKUNOVA Olga Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
FORECASTING IN LAWMAKING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF LAWS
The article analyzes the institution of forecasting in legislative activity and emphasizes the importance of assessing the possible legal consequences of adopted laws. It also highlights the significance of forecasting tools for legislative activity, such as legal monitoring, expert review of draft regulations, and legal experiments. The article concludes that it is necessary to develop methodological recommendations to minimize the negative consequences of unsuccessful legislative formulations.
Keywords: legal forecasting, forecast, lawmaking, effectiveness of the law, criteria for legal consequences.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Agamirov K.V. Legal forecasting as a factor in improving the Russian legal system. dis. … doc. legal sciences. – M., 2020. – 593 p.
2. Baimakhanov M. T. On the role of monitoring in improving rule-making // Kazakhstan parliamentarism. – 2008. – No. 1 (1). – P. 53-57.
3. Pankratova M. E., Rasheva N. Yu., Ivashko G. V. Legal consciousness as an ideological source of law (prognostic function) // Modern law. – 2014. – No. 9. – P. 11-22.
4. Piskunova O. V. General social and special legal means of ensuring the implementation of legal norms // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series Economics. Management. Law. – 2019. – Vol. 19, Issue. 4. – P. 450-453.
5. Radchenko V. I., Ivanyuk O. A., Plyugina I. V., Tsirin A. M., Chernobel G. T. Practical aspects of forecasting legislation and the effectiveness of the application of predicted norms // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 8. – P. 3-14.
6. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Legal regulation: theory and practice. – M .: Formula of law, 2010 .– 398 p.
7. Torpudzhiyan H. A. Application of legal experiment in planning and forecasting law-making activity // Education and law. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 75-80.
8. Cherepanov V. A. On the draft federal law “On normative legal acts in the Russian Federation” // Journal of Russian Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 105-111.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DUSTOV Dalerdzhon Vokhidshoevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
CONSERVATIVE PRAGMATISM: THE BURGER COURT’S ROLE IN SHAPING MODERN PROPERTY RIGHTS STANDARDS
This article examines the activities of the Supreme Court of the USA during Warren Berger\’s tenure as chairman, with an emphasis on issues of legal regulation of private relationships. The analysis demonstrates that, while avoiding radical transformations, the court has formulated fundamental legal norms that remain relevant in current property proceedings. An important aspect of his work was to maintain a balance between protecting private interests and taking into account the needs of society. Thus, the Berger period had a significant impact on the American legal system, creating precedents that continue to influence judicial practice. It should be noted that his methodology reflects the achievement of a compromise between individual rights and public priorities. The analysis shows how court decisions in the Berger era regarding contract law, property, and sensitive obligations sought to resolve disputes fairly, taking into account both the interests of individuals and the public welfare.
Keywords: U.S. Supreme Court, Warren Burger, judicial regulation, private legal relations, legal principles, property disputes, balance of interests, judicial practice, public needs.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) // Justia U.S. Supreme Court. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/410/113/ (date of access: 05/16/2025).
2. Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982) // Justia U.S. Supreme Court. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/419/ (date of access: 05/16/2025).
3. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) // Justia U.S. Supreme Court. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/438/104/ (date of access: 05/16/2025).
4. Epstein, Richard A. “Takings and Torts”. In Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain. Harvard University Press, 1985. – R. 35-36 https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjghwth.7.
5. Kaiser Aetna v. United States, 444 U.S. 164 (1979) // Justia U.S. Supreme Court. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/444/164/ (access date: 05.16.2025).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KRYLOVA Yuliya Andreevna
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
COMPARATIVE RISK STUDIES: LEGAL, ECONOMIC, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Modern society at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries is characterized by the processes of rapid technological development and the increasing complexity of social ties, which inevitably leads to an increase of risk significance in human life, including the political, economic, and social spheres, law, culture, ecology, international relations, security, and others. This complexity gives rise to the new forms and scales of risks that permeate all spheres of life, from global financial markets to the everyday legal behavior of individuals. In response to this challenge, the scientific community has rightly turned to interdisciplinary research, recognizing that no single discipline, be it law, economics, or psychology, can provide an exhaustive explanation of the phenomenon of risk. This article is aimed at studying the nature of risk, the factors influencing its occurrence, as well as the ways and methods of its regulation, including an analysis of its legal, economic, and psychological components.
Keywords: risk in law, comparative studies, risk regulation, psychology of risks, personality, concept, legal behavior.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aznagulova G. M. Technogenic processes and trends in the transformation of state-legal identity of the individual // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – Vol. 26, No. 3. – P. 22-34.
2. Aznagulova G. M. Legal culture as a functional system // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – Vol. 28, No. 3. – P. 5-17.
3. Algin A. P. Innovation, initiative, risk. – L.: Lenizdat, 1987 – 64 p.
4. Arendachuk I. V. Systemic psychological analysis of professional activity risks // Scientific notes. – 2011. – Vol. 4, No. 2 (14). – P. 23-27.
5. Aryamov A. A. General theory of risk (legal, economic and psychological analysis). – M.: Russian Academy of Justice, 2009. – P. 172.
6. Beck. U. Risk Society. Towards Another Modernity. – 383 p.
7. Bratus. S. N. Legal Responsibility and Legality. – M., 1976. – P. 178.
8. ChapterZatova T. S. Modern trends in the development of law in the context of globalization. – 2015. – P. 207.
9. Gorlatov A. S., Bakueva M. G. Entrepreneurial risk: essence and methods of regulation // Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference “Sciences. Theory and Practice”. – Part 6. – Poznan, 2012. – P. 17-21.
10. Kiseleva I. A., Simonovich N. E. Decision-making under risk: psychological aspects // Financial analytics: problems and solutions. – 2014. – No. 18 (204). – P. 23-29.
11. Krylova Yu. A. “Risk in law” as a category of legal science // Theory of state and law. – 2023. – No. 3 (32). – P. 121-133.
12. Luhmann N. The concept of risk // Thesis. – 1994. – No. 5. – P. 135-160.
13. Malakhov V. P., Aznagulova G. M. The problem of legal understanding in the context of digital reality // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2021. – No. 2 (42). – P. 37-44.
14. Patrakov E. V. Psychological foundations for the analysis of organizational behavior risks // Azimuth of scientific research: pedagogy and psychology. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 4 (49). – P. 227-230.
15. Sidorova N. V. Decision making and emotional intelligence // Humanitarian scientific journal. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 77-81.
16. Sterlikova V. S. The principle of legal certainty in civil proceedings // State and legal studies. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 440-443.
17. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Risk in law: nature and causes // Law. Law and modern states. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 9-19.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
WU Rongrui
postgraduate student of Theory of law and state sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF GENDER EQUALITY
The article examines the problems of development of the categories of “sex” and “gender”, assesses their relationship in the context of the issue of formal and actual equality and discrimination from the point of view of theory of law. The author traces the evolution of the concepts of “equality” and “discrimination” in international and national legal documents and assesses the degree of their conceptualization. The author concludes that the concept of \”gender\” is an analytical tool for studying social differences between the sexes, their causes and their impact on social processes. This gives grounds to identify the structure of gender discrimination and assess the scope of this concept.
Keywords: sex, gender, discrimination, equality, gender discrimination, gender equality.
Article bibliography
1. Shilun Lv. Modern Western Schools of Jurisprudence. Encyclopedia of China. 1st edition. September. 2000.
2. Minghui Liu. Gender and Law. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2012.
3. Xiaoying W. Science, Culture and Gender – A Feminist Interpretation. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2000.
4. Fukuyama F. The Great Divide. human nature and the reproduction of social order. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2002.
5. Chirkin V. E. Constitutional law of foreign countries. Moscow, 2009.
6. Vezetiu V. V., Bura L. V. Gender socialization of the individual: theoretical aspect // Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2020. No. 67.
7. Kuramshev A. V. Gender socialization // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. Series: Social Sciences. 2004. No. 1.
8. Nersesyants V. S. Law as a necessary form of equality, freedom and justice // Socis. 2001. No. 10.
9. The happiness of marriage // Soviet Russia. 1985. August 7.
10. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/viendec93.shtml (accessed: 09.10.2024).
11. Civil Code of the PRC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail2.html?ZmY4MDgwODE3MjlkMWVmZTAxNzI5ZDUwYjVjNTAwYmY%3D (accessed: 10.10.2024).
12. Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests of the PRC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail2.html?ZmY4MDgxODE4NDEyNTcyMTAxODQyODE1MTJkZTBlZWM%3D (date accessed: 12.02.2025).
13. Labor Law of the PRC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail2.html?ZmY4MDgwODE2ZjEzNWY0NjAxNmYyMGYxNmVlMTE3Mzc%3D (date accessed: 12.02.2025).
14. Constitution of the PRC, Database of state laws and regulations. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/xf/htht/xf2.html (date of access: 12.02.2025).
15. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/raceconv.shtml (date of access: 09.10.2024).
16. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/pactpol.shtml (date of access: 09.10.2024).
17. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/cedaw.shtml (date of access: 09.10.2024).
18. Regulation on the promotion of gender equality in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://flk.npc.gov.cn/detail2.html?MmM5MGU1YmI2YTI5MWY4NjAxNmIxYjQ5MWQyYTE3YTk%3D (date of access: 12.02.2025).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
AZIZOVA Pascikhat Magomedovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, lecturer of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
MAGOMEDOVA Risalat Magdibegovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CATHEDRAL CODE OF 1649 IN RUSSIA: CONTENT AND ISSUES
The Cathedral Code of 1649 is one of the key normative acts of Russian history, which consolidated the basic principles of the social, political and legal structure of Russia in the 17th century. The article examines the prerequisites for the adoption of the Code, its structure, content and influence on the further development of Russian legislation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of enslavement of peasants, strengthening of autocracy and the role of the church in public administration. The consequences of the Code for various segments of the population and its significance for centralized governance are analyzed. The publication is based on historical sources and modern research, revealing the long-term trends laid down by this document.
Keywords: Cathedral Code of 1649, serfdom, autocracy, church administration, Russian legislation of the 17th century, social structure, legal system, historical development of Russia.
Article bibliographic list
1. Anisimov E. V. Russia in the 17th century: power and society. – Moscow: Aspect Press Publishing House, 2004. – P. 230.
2. Bakhrushin S. V. Essay on the history of the Russian peasantry. – Moscow: Nauka, 1967. – P. 390.
3. Veselovsky S. B. Research on the history of classes and estates of feudal Russia. – Moscow: Nauka, 2020. – P. 304.
4. Zimin A. A. Reforms of Ivan the Terrible. – Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1990. – P. 275.
5. Kamensky A. B. Cathedral Code of 1649 and its place in the Russian legal system // Questions of History. – 2001. – No. 8. – P. 120.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
ELCHANINOV Andrey Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, senior researcher, Scientific Research Institute of the FPS of Russia
FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF EXILE TO SIBERIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY
This article presents the historical and legal aspect of exile as a form of punishment in 17th-century Russia. Based on the analysis of the Council Code of 1649, the Code on the Exile of Korchemniks, and the Newly Proven Articles of 1669, the author concludes that in the first half of the 17th century, exile was used mainly against political and religious criminals to ensure greater security in the country, and in the second half of the 17th century, exile began to fulfill broader tasks of domestic politics. By increasing the use of this type of punishment, the Government seeks to promote the settlement and strengthening of the outskirts, the Russification of the newly annexed regions, and the provision of these territories with “working hands”. Exile outside of these special purposes was hardly practiced.
Keywords: types of punishment, exile, the Council Code, the Moscow state.
Article bibliographic list
1. Sergievsky N. D. Punishment in Russian law of the 17th century. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of A. F. Tsinzerling, 1887.
2. Feldstein G. Link. Essays on its genesis, meaning, history and current state. – Moscow, 1893.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
KICHA Mariya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE MODERN ROUND OF THE GOVERNMENT CRISIS IN ISRAEL: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
The article deals with topical problems of the state-legal structure of Israel. The author pays special attention to the events that took place in 2023 (primarily judicial reform, legislative problems, the constitutional crisis, as well as the composition and prospects of the functioning of the cabinet of ministers under the leadership of Benjamin Netanyahu). Also, as an important factor necessary for the deepest understanding of the topic, the fundamental problems underlying Zionism as a political and legal ideology and leading to the current antagonism in Israeli society and the state are considered.
Keywords: judicial reform, judicial discretion, Basic Law, protests, parliamentary elections, constitutional crisis, government.
Article bibliography
1. Kicha M. V. Democracy in Israel, problems and division of society, new policy in the region – interview // Eurasia Daily. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2023/07/08/demokratiya-v-izraile-problemy-i-raskol-obshchestva-novaya-politika-v-regione-intervyu (date of access: 09/01/2025).
2. Basic-Law: Human Dignity and Liberty // Knesset. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawLiberty.pdf (date of access: 09/01/2025).
3. The Inequality Report. The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel // Adalah. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/upfiles/2011/Adalah_The_Inequality_Report_March_2011.pdf (date of access: 09/01/2025).
4. Declaration of Independence (Israel) // Wikisource, the Free Library. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel) (date of access: 09/01/2025).
5. McCartney J. The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
6. Herzog Z. Deconstructing the Walls of Jericho: Biblical Myth and Archaeological Reality // Haaretz. October 29, 1999.
7. Segev T. One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2001.
8. The King-Crane Commission Report, August 28, 1919. World War I Document Archive. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://content.ecf.org.il/files/M00708_KingCraneReportTextEnglish.pdf (access date: 05/8/2025).
9. Palestine: Correspondence with the Palestine Arab delegation and the Zionist Organization. Presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty June, 1922. United Nations. The Question of Palestine. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196917/ (Accessed: 1.05.2025).
10. Thompson, G. Legacy of Empire. Britain, Zionism and the Creation of Israel. London: Saqi Books, 2019.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
TURAEVA Dagmara Salambekovna
assistant professor of Information law and jurisprudence sub-faculty, Institute of Digital Economics and Technological Entrepreneurship, Academician M. D. Millionshchikov Grozny State Petroleum Technical University
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC FUNCTION OF THE SOVIET STATE (1917 – 1953)
The article examines the features of the legal regulation of the demographic function of the Soviet state in the period from 1917 to 1953. Based on normative sources and law enforcement practice, the author identifies two stages of demographic policy implementation: emancipation-utopian (1917 – 1920s) and repressive-pronatalist (1930 – 1953). Key legislative acts concerning marriage, family, protection of motherhood and childhood, as well as regulation of migration and labor resources are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the ideological influence on the formation of demographic attitudes, as well as contradictions between stated goals and actual results. It is concluded that there is a purposeful state policy in the demographic sphere, adapting to the socio-economic and political realities of the period under review.
Keywords: The Soviet state, demographic function, legal regulation, family policy, fertility, migration, protection of motherhood and childhood, passport system.
Article bibliography
1. Volodina N. A. Formation of demographic policy in the Soviet state // Fundamental research. – 2014. – No. 3 (part 4). – P. 866-869.
2. Shapovalova Ya. A. State policy of the Soviet state regarding abortions in the 1920s – 1930s: from permission to a complete ban // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2011. – No. 1-2. – P. 96-99.
3. Trifonova (Kazaryan) K. V. State and legal regulation of migration activities in the Soviet period // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2019. – Vol. 5 (71). – P. 59-71.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
KICHA Mariya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State Universityy of Justice
THE ORIGINS OF THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL IDEOLOGY OF ZIONISM
The article examines the origins of the political and legal ideology of Zionism. The author pays special attention to the origin of this ideology, its key theoretical and practical contradictions, as well as a review of current thematic literature, which is practically not published in Russian. In addition, in order to better understand the topic, this article examines the ideology of proto-Zionism, which was formed long before the so-called political Zionism, and emphasizes the existence of Christian Zionism, which arose long before the much better known, specifically Jewish Zionist ideology.
Keywords: Zionism, Christian Zionism, law, Bible, Jewish state, Palestine, Arab-Israeli conflict.
Article bibliography
1. Dershowitz A. A Word in Defense of Israel. Moscow: Text, 2011.
2. Bard M. Myths and Facts. A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Moscow: Text, 2007.
3. Flappan, S. Zionism and the Palestinians. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
4. Kimmerling, B. Politicide: Sharon’s War Against the Palestinians. London: Verso, 2003.
5. Morris B. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
6. Shlaim A. Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
7. Segev T. The Seventh Million: Israelis and the Holocaust. New York: Hill and Wang, 1991.
8. Pappe I. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. London and New York: Oneworld, 2006.
9. Raz A. Loot: How Israel Stole Palestinian Property. London: Verso, 2024.
10. Hazkani S. Dear Palestine: A Social History of the 1948 War. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021.
11. Shapira A. History of Israel. From the Origins of the Zionist Movement to the Intifada of the Early 21st Century. Moscow: KoLibri, 2023.
12. Shapira A. Land and Power. The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.
13. Masalha N. Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of «Transfer» in Zionist Political Thought, 1882-1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992.
14. Khalidi R. Hundred Years\’ War on Palestine. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2021.
15. Khalidi W. All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992.
16. Abu Sitta S. Mapping My Return: A Palestinian Memoir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
17. Chomsky N. On Palestine. London: Penguin, 2015.
18. Kahane M. Never Again. 1988 (place of publication unknown).
19. Finkelstein N. The Holocaust Industry. Moscow: Russian Herald, 2002.
20. Sand Sh. Who and How Invented the Jewish People. M.: Eksmo, 2010.
21. Sand Sh. Who and How Invented the Land of Israel. M.: Eksmo, 2012.
22. Sand Sh. How and Why I Stopped Being a Jew. M.: Eksmo, 2013.
23. McCartney, J. The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. P. 10.
24. The Zionist version of Jewish history is enshrined in the Declaration of Independence of Israel (1948). The preamble and main part say that the Jewish state was proclaimed “by virtue of our natural and historical right.” See The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (1948). Wikisource. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel) (date of access: 01.05.2025).
25. Herzog Z. Deconstructing the Walls of Jericho: Biblical Myth and Archaeological Reality // Haaretz. October 29, 1999.
26. Segev T. One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2001.
27. The King-Crane Commission Report, August 28, 1919. World War I Document Archive. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://content.ecf.org.il/files/M00708_KingCraneReportTextEnglish.pdf (Accessed: 1.05.2025).
28. Palestine: Correspondence with the Palestine Arab delegation and the Zionist Organisation. Presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty June, 1922. United Nations. The Question of Palestine. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196917/ (Accessed: 1.05.2025).
29. Goldman N. The Jewish Paradox. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978.
30. Thompson G. Legacy of Empire. Britain, Zionism and the Creation of Israel. London: Saqi Books, 2019.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
LOTZ Andrey Timofeevich
postgraduate student of History of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
TRIARCHY IN UKRAINE: FORMATION OF NEW AUTHORITIES IN KIEV IN MARCH 1917
The article analyses the events related to the emergence of several centres of power in Ukraine in the first post-revolutionary month and their subsequent coexistence. The article presents archival materials, some of which were introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time, as well as periodicals and memoirs written by the participants. The author shows how the new regional powers, the main of which was the Executive Committee, were formed and the way they operated.
Keywords: February Revolution, Provisional Government, Executive Committee, Governorate Commissar, Soviets of Workers and Soldiers’ Deputies.
Article bibliographic list
1. Archive of the modern history of Russia. Series “Publications”. Vol. VII. Minutes of the meetings of the Provisional Government: March-October 1917. In 4 volumes. Volume 1. March-April 1917 / Federal archive. service of Russia, State Archives of the Russian Federation, volume editor B. F. Dodonov, compiled by E. D. Grin’ko, O. V. Lavinskaya. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2001. 448 p.
2. Mashkevich S. V. Kyiv 1917-1920. Volume 1. Farewell to the Empire / “OMIKO”, 2019. 425 p.
3. Kasparov A. A. Legal Nature of the Bourgeois Provisional Government of Russia (March 2 – October 25, 1917): dis. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.1; Lomonosov Moscow State University. M., 2024. 226 p.
4. Goldenweiser A. A. From Kyiv memoirs (1917-1921). Archive of the Russian Revolution, published by G. W. Gessen, vol. VI, Berlin, 1922, 367 pp.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
CHEREDNICHENKO Stanislav Romanovich
postgraduate student, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
TO THE QUESTION OF THE PROBLEM OF HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (END OF THE 18TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY)
The article presents an analysis of the historiography of the problem of legal organization of the penitentiary system in the Kingdom of Poland (late 18th – early 20th century). The concept of the penitentiary system is given, the chronology of the stages of historiography on the topic of the study is substantiated. A brief description of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods of the historiography of the problem of legal organization of the penitentiary system in the Kingdom of Poland (late 18th – early 20th century) is presented, based on foreign and domestic studies. A systematic approach to the study of the history of the penitentiary system in the Kingdom of Poland allowed the author to identify problems and propose solutions to this legal institution.
Keywords: penitentiary system, prison, Kingdom of Poland, historiography of the problem, historical and legal research.
Article bibliography
1. Borovsky M. O. History of the development of the penitentiary system in Poland // Yaroslavl pedagogical bulletin – 2010 – No. 4 – Volume II (Psychological and pedagogical sciences) – P. 11-18.
2. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M .: Azbukovnik, 1997. – 939 p., p. 819.
3. Dal V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: In 4 volumes. – Moscow: Russian Language, 1982. – Vol. 4. – 683 p.
4. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes. – Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1977. – Vol. 26.
5. Small Soviet Encyclopedia: In 10 volumes. – Moscow: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1960. – Vol. 9.
6. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes. – Moscow, 1940. – Vol. 47.
7. Kutrzeba S. Historia ustroju Polski w zarysie. – Warsaw: PWN, 1927. – S. 189.
8. Galkin-Vrasskoy M. N. Materials for the study of the prison issue. – St. Petersburg: type. II department of His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery, 1868. – 174 p.
9. Kutrzeba S. Historiа zrodel dawnego prawa polskiego. – Warsaw: Palestra, 1926. – S. 275.
10. Rafacz J. Dawne prawo sadowe polskie. – Warsaw: PWN, 1936. – S. 295.
11. Bardach J., Lesnodorski B., Kaczmarczyk Z. Historia рanstwа i prawa polskiego. – Warsaw: PWN, 1957. – S. 234.
12. Teplyashin P. V. European penitentiary systems (theoretical, applied and comparative legal research): author’s abstract. dis. for the academic degree of Doctor of Law: spec. 12.00.08 “Criminal law and criminology; penal law”. – Krasnoyarsk, 2019 – 20 p.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
GRIGORJEV Oleg Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Academician of the Academy of Military Sciences; professor of Philosophical and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Military Order of Zhukov Academy of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation
MILITARY COURTS IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF POST-REFORM RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the legal status of military courts in the legal system of post-reform Russia. A brief analysis of the judicial reform of 1864 and the Milyutin military reform is given. The idea is expressed that the military judicial reform of 1867 became a logical continuation of the judicial and military reforms carried out during this period. It is concluded that the Code of Military Regulations of the 1869 edition provided significant opportunities to improve the norms of military law for the Military Council, which had the right to amend the drafts of new legislative acts.
Keywords: Armed Forces of the Russian Empire, military court regulations, military prosecutor’s offices, military criminal proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Grigoriev O. V. Military justice of Emperor Nicholas I // Historical and socio-educational thought. – 2018. – Vol. 10, No. 2-2. – P. 78-85.
2. Milyutin D. A. Military reforms of Emperor Alexander II // Bulletin of Europe. – 1881. – No. 1. – P. 13-18.
3. Dobrovolsky A. M. Fundamentals of the organization of the central military administration in Russia. – St. Petersburg, 1901. – 419 p.
4. Baishev M. I. Military-judicial reform in Russia (60-70s of the XIX century). – Moscow, 1954. – 203 p.
5. Shagiev V. A. Military-judicial system of Russia in the second half of the 19th century (historical and legal research): author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Vladimir, 2007. – P. 10-11.
6. Military-judicial regulations (full edition), highest. approved May 15, 1867: With the inclusion of: 1. Order of the Minister of War of May 20, 1867 with rules for guidance in imposing punishments. 2. Regulations on disciplinary sanctions. 3. Highest approved opinions of the State Council, etc. – St. Petersburg, 1868. – Art. 1-4. (Hereinafter the Military Judicial Regulations. 1867.)
7. Military Judicial Regulations. – 1867. – Art. 28, 60, 1096, 1195, 1199.
8. Military Judicial Regulations. – 1867. – Art. 55-56, 59, 141-143, 146.
9. Laws and regulations. Code of military regulations of 1869. – Part 6: Military Criminal Regulations. Book 22-24. – St. Petersburg: State Type, 1879. – 267 p.
10. Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire: First Collection: from 1649 to December 12, 1825. – St. Petersburg: Type. II Sections of Own. E.I.V. Office, 1830. – T. 44. – No. 46611.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
MARKIN Anton Alexeevich
independent researcher, Moscow
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF (PRIVATE) WARFARE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: A STUDY BASED ON THE CUSTOMS OF BEAUVAISIS
The article is dedicated to the analysis of the legal regulation of feudal (so-called “private”) wars in the Middle Ages, using the Customs of Beauvaisis – a 13th-century collection of customary laws compiled by Philippe de Beaumanoir-as a case study. The research demonstrates that war in feudal society was not regarded as violent violence but rather as a legitimate means of resolving disputes between status-equal parties-primarily members of the aristocracy. Special attention is paid to the legal status of the participants in a conflict, the grounds for initiating a war, restrictive mechanisms, and methods of ending hostilities. The author critiques the application of modern concepts, such as “private war”, to the medieval context, emphasizing the need to interpret such phenomena within the framework of the legal and political thinking of that era. The analysis reveals that the emerging royal intervention in private conflicts reflects a broader process of power redistribution toward a centralized legal order.
Keywords: Customs of Beauvaisis, feudal law, private war, Middle Ages, legal regulation, monopoly on violence, feudal hierarchy, justice, state, politico-legal transformation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Coutumes de Beauvaisis. T. 1 / Philippe de Beaumanoir; texte critique publié avec une introduction, un glossaire et une table analytique, par Am. Salmon. Éditeur scientifique: Salmon, Amédée (1857-1920). A. Picard et fils (Paris). 1899-1900.
2. Coutumes de Beauvaisis. T. 2 / Philippe de Beaumanoir; texte critique publié avec une introduction, un glossaire et une table analytique, par Am. Salmon. Éditeur scientifique: Salmon, Amédée (1857-1920). A. Picard et fils (Paris). 1899-1900.
3. Howard Kaminsky. The noble feud in the later Middle Ages. The Past and Present Society. Oxford, 2002.
4. Justine Firnhaber-Baker. Seigneurial war and royal power in later medieval southern France // The Past and Present Society. No. 208. Oxford, 2010.
5. The Saint Louis Texts: Accompanying Primitive and Derived Texts. Volume 1 / With an Introduction and Notes, Published for the Society of French Histoire by Paul Viollet. Viollet Paul. 1881.
6. The Beauvaisis of Philippe de Beaumanoir / Translated by F. R. P. Akehurst. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.
7. Nazmutdinov B. V. Critical Concepts of the State and Their Significance for Russian Jurisprudence: Introduction to the Problematic // Lex Russica. 2020. No. 6 (163). P. 122-138.
8. Martin van Creveld. The Rise and Decline of the State / Translated from English. edited by Yu. Kuznetsov and A. Makeev. Moscow: IRISEN, 2006.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AGAFONOV Dmitriy Leonidovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ZINKOV Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
THE SPECIFICS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO EQUAL ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the features of the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens to equal access to civil service in public authorities in the Russian Federation. The legal significance of the right to equal access to occupying civil service positions for citizens of the Russian Federation is revealed. It is shown that in fact the right to equal access is revealed in two aspects: the absence of discrimination in entering the civil service and occupying a civil servant position only if there is the necessary level of professional competence. The need to improve the procedure and mechanisms for implementing competitive events in the selection of candidates for the position of civil servants is substantiated.
Keywords: civil service, discrimination, professional competence, competitive procedures, equal access.
Article bibliography
1. Presnyakov M. V. Constitutional regulation of access to the state civil service: implementation of the principles of equality and justice / Ed. G. N. Komkova. – Saratov, 2007. – Pp. 22-31.
2. Karev D. A. Constitutional principle of equality in official relations // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. – 2018. – No. 1. – Pp. 57-64.
3. Korobaynikova N. N. Problems of implementing the constitutional right of citizens to equal access to civil service // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 20 (362). – P. 343-346.
4. Zinkov E. N. Public-law direction of combating corruption in the civil service system // Russian science: current research and development: collection of scientific articles of the XVIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Samara, 10.24.2024 / Ed. board: E. A. Kandrashina, M. O. Suraeva (responsible editors) [et al.]; Samara State University of Economics. – Part 2. – Samara: SSEU Publishing House, 2024. – P. 171-174.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ALIEVA Zulfiya Ibragimovna
associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GASANOV Telman Anrievich
magister student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF YOUTH IN THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA
The modern Russian political system is facing the problem of reducing the electoral activity of young people. Despite the fact that young people make up a significant part of the electoral potential, their participation in elections remains at a low level. This is due to both objective reasons — distrust of political institutions, lack of motivation — and subjective ones — insufficient political socialization and low legal culture. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of youth political activity in the modern Russian electoral system and identify effective mechanisms for stimulating the participation of young citizens in elections.
Keywords: elections, electoral concept, democracy, principles, universal suffrage, legitimacy, electoral system.
Article bibliography
1. Gubanova A. S. Legal forms and methods of increasing the political activity of young people in Russia // School of Science. – 2021. – No. 5 (42). – P. 60-62.
2. Doroshina, A. V. Political activity of young people in Russia in comparison with the activity of young people in Poland, Germany and Italy // Sociological narrative 2020. Society in the era of turbulence: searches, threats and prospects: Collection of articles based on the materials of the XIX All-Russian scientific conference of students and postgraduates, Moscow, May 15, 2020 / General editor R. I. Anisimov. – Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. – P. 302-307.
3. Zverovshchikov R. V. Young people and their participation in elections: ways to increase the electoral activity of young voters // New legal bulletin. – 2019. – No. 3 (10).
4. Mochalin A. V. Evolution of electoral behavior in the process of socialization of young people in the Russian provinces // Sociodynamics. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 45-62.
5. Safonova A. S. Politiical activity of young people in the context of modernization of the political system of modern Russia // Questions of political science. – 2019. – Vol. 9, No. 3 (43). – P. 477-486.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GABIEVA Siyasat Magomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN COMBATING CORRUPTION
The article examines the role of civil society in combating corruption, problems and factors that can negatively affect the effectiveness of civil society in combating corruption. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to its practical application. Conclusions are made about the need to create a system of interaction between society and the state, namely, expanding the legal knowledge of citizens in this area, forming anti-corruption consciousness, applying anti-corruption prohibitions, creating new initiative groups.
Keywords: anti-corruption legislation, state apparatus, informing citizens, public control, non-governmental organizations.
Article bibliography
1. Barinov S. A., Ivliev P. V. Civil society and corruption: role and problems // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 3 (219). – P. 167-170.
2. Gumarov I. A., Konovalova P. O. The role of civil society in the fight against corruption. // Scientific notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – Vol. 7, No. 1 (13). – P. 47-50.
3. Kornilov A. R. Interaction of civil society institutions and the state in the fight against corruption // Elections: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 2 (60). – P. 57-63.
4. Kudryavtseva U. K. Interaction of government bodies with civil society institutions in the field of combating corruption in Russia // Skif. Issues of student science. – 2024. – No. 11 (99). – P. 40-48.
5. Rasheva N. Yu. Directions for improving the activities of civil society institutions in combating corruption // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2024. – Vol. 14, No. 7A. – P. 246-267.
6. Rylov D. A. Interaction of civil society and the state in the field of combating corruption // Social integration and development of ethnocultures in the Eurasian space. – 2019. – Vol. 1, No. 8. – P. 334-337.
7. Saetgaraev V. F., Pashin V. M. Improving the legal regulation of cooperation between internal affairs bodies and civil society institutions in the field of combating corruption // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – Vol. 14, No. 4 (54). – P. 48-56.
8. Frolova O. V., Frolov V. V. Problems of combating corruption in Russia // Legal reform. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 51-54.
9. Khabrieva T. Ya. Constitutionalism in Russia: 10 years of development // Constitution and legislation. – M., 2003.
10. Shebut Ya. A., Gabdulin S. S. Directions for combating corruption in the Russian Federation: problems and solutions // Bulletin of science. – 2024. – V. 4, No. 3 (72). – P. 194-201.
11. Shelskaya S. N. Prospects for neutralizing corruption in Russia // Professional legal education and science. – 2024. – No. 1 (13). – pp. 131-134.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
EREMINA Inna Stanislavovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENSURING PRIVACY IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
The article examines the legal regulation of the institution of personal data protection, which is one of the aspects of ensuring the constitutional right to privacy. The law-making initiatives to ensure the security of personal data of citizens of the Russian Federation are analyzed. Some aspects of the law enforcement activities of subjects of information legal relations are considered. The article uses the material previously published by the author to continue research on this issue.
Keywords: privacy, protection of personal data, collection, processing, storage and dissemination of information.
Article bibliography
1. Gnedkov A. V., Nishchik A. V. Features of the dissemination of personal data in the latest edition of the legislation on personal data // Scientific and methodological support for assessing the quality of education. – 2022. – No. 1 (15). – P. 49-52.
2. Eremina I. S., Tkacheva N. A., Rublev A. G. Constitutional law in questions and answers: a tutorial for students. – Simferopol: IT “ARIAL”, 2024. – 156 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
IBAEV Rustam Kamilovich
associate professor of Criminal law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY – THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE POWER
The Republic of Dagestan, which is a subject of the Russian Federation, has its own system of state authorities, formed in accordance with the principle of separation of powers. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan, State power in the Republic is exercised by the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The People\’s Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan, the Parliament of the Republic of Dagestan, is the legislative (representative) body of state power of the Republic and is the permanent supreme and only legislative body of the Republic of Dagestan. This body ensures the representation of the interests of the multinational people of Dagestan and carries out legislative regulation on the territory of the republic.
Keywords: Parliament, elections, formation, participation, law, representation, functions, power.
Article bibliographic list
1. Aliyev Sh. M. State power and local self-government in the Republic of Dagestan: theory and practice. – Makhachkala: DSU, 2022. – 264 p.
2. Gadzhiev G. A. Modern aspects of legal regulation of regional parliamentarism in Russia. – M .: Yurait, 2022. – 360 p.
3. Dzhafarov S. D. The system of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: comparative legal analysis. – M.: Norma, 2023. – 312 p.
4. Pashtov R. Kh. Parliament in the system of power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the experience of the regions of the North Caucasus. – Makhachkala: Lotos, 2021. – 195 p.
5. Government of the Republic of Dagestan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravitelstvo.e-dag.ru (date of access: 03/09/2025).
6. Saidov Z. A. Constitutional law of the Republic of Dagestan: textbook for universities. – Makhachkala: DSU Publishing House, 2023. – 425 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
LUGOVSKAYA Yuliya Evgenjevna
lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN CIVIL IDENTITY
The article examines the concept of the all-Russian civil identity and its consolidation in the regulatory legal framework of the Russian Federation. The norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation containing the basic principles of this concept are analyzed. It shows how the amendments made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 expand and strengthen the concept of the all-Russian civil identity. The author also substantiates the need to consolidate in the legal field a more unambiguous definition of the community behind the Russian state.
Keywords: all-Russian civic identity, self-awareness, Russian nation, traditional spiritual and moral values, continuity.
Article bibliography
1. Repnikova O. A., Borytko N. M. Formation of the phenomenon of “civil identity” in the pedagogical aspect: history and modernity // Artium Magister. 2023. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/stanovlenie-fenomena-grazhdanskaya-identichnost-v-pedagogicheskom-aspekte-istoriya-i-sovremennost (date of access: 19.04.2025).
2. Tsapko M. I., Valyarovskiy F. I., Maiboroda E. T. Language identity as a unifying identity: Linguistic, ethnopolitical and international legal aspects. DOI 10.20896/saci.v6i2.360. // Space and Culture. India. 2018. Vol. 6, No. 2. P. 121-128.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MALYY Alexander Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
NIGMETZYANOV Almaz Albertovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
THE MOTIVATIONAL COMPONENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS
The Constitution of the Russian Federation includes a significant number of norms, the content of which has features determined by the nature of the act itself, the technical and legal structure of the prescription, and the purpose laid down in the norm. Restrictive and prohibitive norms do not always entail adverse consequences due to their violation by the legal entity. The question arises, what is their impact on the choice of an action/omission option by the subject to whom the norm is addressed? The article examines a number of contained provisions in Article 97 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in terms of their content and the formation of a motive for personal behavior. Methods. A dialectical method was used to show the relationship between the purpose of normative regulation and the motivating component of a legal norm. The formal legal approach made it possible to focus on the specifics of the implementation of norms, taking into account the impact of its content on personal behavior. Results. The interrelationship of the motivational component of the norm and the effectiveness of its implementation is shown. When imposing binding or prohibiting norms, the establishment of liability measures makes it possible to strengthen its motivational component. On the contrary, the lack of necessary and sufficient measures of responsibility negate the motivational component of the norm and reduce its effectiveness.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, legal regulation, rule of law, motivation, positive behavior.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alekseev S.S. General permissions and general prohibitions in Soviet law. – M.: Legal Literature, 1989. – 286 p.
2. Bulakov O. N. The Bicameral Parliament of the Russian Federation. – SPb.: Legal Center Press Publishing House, 2003. – 753 p.
3. Maly A. F., Gmyrin M. A. Organization of the Regional Parliament. – Arkhangelsk: Arkhangelsk State Technical University, 2001. – 207 p.
4. Maly A. F. Organization of State Authorities of the Region as a Subject of the Russian Federation: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Severodvinsk. 2000. – 342 p.
5. Moskovkin L. V., Rykova E. B. On the Pedagogical Terms “Learning” and “Teaching” // Professorial Journal. Series: Russian Language and Literature. – 2020. – No. 3 (3). – P. 34-42.
6. Nigmetzyanov A. A. Motivational component of the award policy as a type of incentive legal policy // Scientific notes of Kazan University. Series: Humanities. – 2024. – V. 166, No. 6. – P. 57-71.
7. Chernov S. N. Constitutional and legal status of the Republic of Karelia. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Legal Center Press”, 2003. – 379 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
OBRAZTSOVA Anastasiya Igorevna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
EUTHANASIA IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: REASONS FOR PROHIBITION IN ACCORDANCE WITH LEGISLATION AND ETHICS, PROSPECTS FOR LEGAL CHANGES
The article discusses the reasons for the ban on euthanasia in the Russian Federation. It is analyzed that in addition to the lack of legislation in this area, there are many ethical, religious and moral contexts. The author also substantiates the possible prospect of legal changes, examines public opinion and the projected results.
Keywords: euthanasia, crime against life, ethics, morality.
Article bibliography
1. Avrunev E. I., Blokhin D. Yu. Geoinformation support for establishing the boundaries of an easement in a territorial entity // Inter Expo Geo-Siberia, 2019. – No. 2. – P. 3-11.
2. Baltin V. E., Orlova E. I. Determination of a proportionate fee for an easement of a land plot // Academy. – 2018. – P. 1-5.
3. Tsybulenko Z. I. Private easements in the legislation of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 2 (127). – pp. 130-142.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
OSADCHUK Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Crimean Law Institute (branch), University of the Prosecutor\’s Office of the Russian Federation, Simferopol
GENERAL THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS OF DEMOCRACY
The article analyzes the classifications of subjects of democracy. The relevance of the classification of subjects of democracy according to the legislation of the Russian Federation is due to the importance of improving theoretical and legal approaches to the concept and types of subjects of electoral power, electoral law, and the electoral process in the doctrine and legislation of Russia. Determining the legal status of subjects of democracy and forming proposals for its improvement is one of the important tasks of the modern science of constitutional law. The classification and establishment of the species diversity of subjects of democracy will allow for a more substantive analysis of their legal status, determine the specifics, problems, and promising areas for improving legal regulation.
Keywords: democracy, elections, electoral power, electoral law, electoral process, electoral legal relations, subjects of democracy, classification of subjects.
Article bibliography
1. Israelyan V. B. Features of judicial protection of citizens’ electoral rights in the Russian Federation: specialty 12.00.02 “Constitutional law; constitutional judicial process; municipal law”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2004. – 240 p.
2. Obukhovsky V. V. Constitutional foundations of electoral law in Russia as a driver of socio-economic development // Economy and entrepreneurship. – 2017. – No. 9-2 (86). – P. 865-871.
3. Soodonbekov A. A. On the issue of classification of subjects of the electoral process under the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 5 (221). – P. 136-139.
4. Shulepova A. V. Classification of subjects of electoral law: main approaches // Science in modern society: patterns and trends of development: collection of articles from the international scientific and practical conference: in 2 parts, Perm, February 25, 2017. Volume Part 2. – Perm: Limited Liability Company “Aeterna”, 2017. – P. 164-170.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TKACHEVA Olga Alexandrovna
lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RISKS AS AN ELEMENT OF THE LEGAL STRATEGY
The article examines the problem of determining the role of the innovative model of the economy in the context of constitutional and legal risks that pose a threat to human rights and some other foundations of the constitutional system. In this regard, the innovation process requires purposeful management, it cannot develop uncontrollably. Government policy in the innovation sphere should be limited not only to stimulating it, but also to trying to stop the negative consequences of innovative development.
Keywords: constitutional law, risk, innovation, innovation activity, strategy, human rights, information technology.
Article bibliography
1. Doroshenko E. N. Constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations: Diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.02. – M., 2004. – 191 p.
2. Bondar N. S. Economic constitutionalism in Russia. – M.: Norma, 2017. – 272 p.
3. Novikova A. E. Risk as an object of constitutional and legal science: monograph. – M.: YurVAK, 2019. – P. 28.
4. Sadovnikova G. D. Constitutionalization of the socio-economic sphere and human social well-being // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 30-34.
5. Gladkova T. S. Challenges to constitutional legal relations in the context of the transition of the Russian Federation to the digital economy (in the aspect of historical materialism) // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 42-46.
6. Romanovsky G. B., Romanovskaya O. V. On digital sovereignty // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 25-32
7. Avakyan S. A. Tasks of constitutional law in the aspect of protection (from) information // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 4.
8. Filipova I. A. Direct and representative democracy in the digital age // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 33.
9. Kravets I. A. Anthropological bioconstitutionalism and constitutional bioethics: prospects for the constitutionalization of biodiversity and the constitutional reform of 2020 // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 12.
10. Krylatova I. Yu. Constitutional category of personal dignity in the relationship between the moral foundations of bioethics and medicine // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 39
11. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A., Aleshkova I. A. The impact of scientific and technological progress in biotechnology on human rights and principles of law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 35-36.
12. Amelin R. V., Channov S. E. Evolution of law under the influence of digital technologies. – M.: Norma, 2023. – P. 77.
13. Chupilkina A. F., Economic constitutionalism, legal personality robots and some evolutionary issues of Russian and European legal consciousness // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 21.
14. Clause “m” of Art. 71 of the Constitution as amended by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation” dated March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ // Decree. Law.
15. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 10, 2019 No. 490 // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. October 14, 2019. No. 41. Art. 5700.
16. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of May 15, 2017 No. 20. Art. 2901
17. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2017 No. 208 “On the Strategy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030year» // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 15.05.2017. No. 20. Art. 2902.
18. Federal Law “On Energy Saving and on Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” dated 23.11.2009 No. 261-FZ (as amended on 13.06.2023) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. November 27. No. 226.
19. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kp.ru/daily/27565.5/4889263/ (date of access 22.05.2024).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AGAFONOV Dmitriy Leonidovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of study, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ZINKOV Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the constitutional and legal regulation of the institution of civil service in the Russian Federation. It reveals the legal significance of the civil service, which is a fundamental institution for the development of the state and subjects of the country, the achievement of its goals and objectives, as well as the achievement of national goals and strategies. The work analyzes the essence of the civil service, studies its main types and the definition of their significance, touches upon the principle of equal access of citizens to civil service. At the same time, domestic regulatory legal acts regulating the institution of civil service in the Russian Federation are studied.
Keywords: rank, special legal status, class rank, Constitution of the Russian Federation, civil service.
Article bibliographic list
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // SPS ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28399/?ysclid=m47dwh2nvj913680255/ (date of access: 21.05.2025).
2. Federal Law of 27.07.2004 No. 79-FZ “On the State Civil Service” // SPS ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_48601/?ysclid=may8i6ba32947816205 (date of access: 21.05.2025).
3. Federal Law of 27.05.2003 No. 58-FZ “On the Civil Service System in the Russian Federation” // SPS ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_42413/?ysclid=may7n5nhrq380082799 (date of access: 21.05.2025).
4. Koroleva S. V. Implementation of the principles of state civil service in the legal mechanism of public administration efficiency // Prologue: journal on law. – 2025. – No. 1 (45). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/realizatsiya-printsipov-gosudarstvennoy-grazhdanskoy-sluzhby-v-pravovom-mehanizme-effektivnosti-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya (date of access: 21.05.2025).
5. Zinkov E. N., Abdrakov A. K. Features of the legal status of a civil servant in the tax inspectorate // Problems and prospects for the development of the penal system of Russia at the present stage: materials of the All-Russian scientific conference of adjuncts, graduate students, cadets and students with international participation (April 24, 2020): in 3 parts. – Samara: Samara Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2020. – Part 3. – Pp. 3-6.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AKLANOV Andrey Arturovich
postgraduate student of the 4th year of correspondence studies, Saratov State Law Academy; Senior Prosecutor of the Department for Supervision of Criminal Procedure and operational investigative Activities of the Prosecutor\’s Office of the Republic of Mari El
LEGALITY AS A PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITY OF JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES
The article discusses the implementation of the principle of legality in the organization and activities of judicial authorities, as one of the most important and central principles in the activities of this branch of government. It clarifies the meaning of the term justice, as well as its relationship to the principle of legality. The aspects of the implementation of the principle of legality in the activities of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are considered in detail. The article examines the importance of the principle of constitutional legality in the activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: legality, courts, judicial power, justice, constitution.
Article bibliographic list
1. Artemova D. I. Legality – the main principle of constitutional proceedings // News of higher educational institutions. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 53-62.
2. Bonner A. T. Selected works on civil procedure. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg state University, 2005.
3. Vitruk N. V. Constitutional justice. Judicial and constitutional law and process. – M.: Jurist, 2005.
4. Danilyuk S. E. “Constitutional hermeneutics as the art of searching for socially creativeof the fundamental regulatory idea” // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 54-69.
5. Dikova I. V. The principle of legality as the basis of judicial power // Law and Right. – No. 3. – 2021. – P. 33-34.
6. Dikova I. V. Legality as a fundamental principle of judicial power // Legality and Law and Order. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 90-93.
7. Ermoshin G. T. The status of a judge in the Russian Federation. Problems of legal regulation // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 12.03.2025).
8. Savitsky V. M., Larin A. M., Melnikov A. A., Petrukhin I. L., et al. Constitutional foundations of justice in the USSR / Institute of State and Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. – M .: Nauka, 1981.
9. Kolesnikov E. V. Constitution of the Russian Federation and problems of the rule of law. // “Lawyer”. – 2024. – No. 6 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 12.03.2025)
10. Svyatogorova A. E. On the content of the concept of “Constitutional legality regime” in the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in modern Russia // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2017. – pp. 61-69.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ALIEVA Zulfiya Ibragimovna
associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GASANOV Telman Anrievich
magister student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE ROLE OF ELECTORAL LAW IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Electoral law in the Russian Federation is the most important element of a democratic state, ensuring the implementation of the principle of democracy. The article analyzes its role in the formation of government bodies, the protection of citizens’ rights and the development of the political system. The stages of the evolution of electoral legislation, its current state and development prospects are considered. Particular attention is paid to the influence of electoral law on political stability, civic activity and the legitimacy of power.
Keywords: electoral law, elections, democracy, democracy, Constitution of the Russian Federation, political system, electoral legislation, electronic voting.
Article bibliography
1. Barasheva E. V. The role of electoral law in Russia // The main directions of improving the national security system. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 120-124.
2. Belyaeva E. N. Actual problems of the modern electoral system // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 2 (240). – P. 102-103.
3. Levshtanova A. S. Guarantee of realization of political rights on the example of application of norms of electoral law // Actual problems of modern law: the ratio of public and private principles: Proceedings of the VII International scientific and practical conference (symposium) for young researchers, Krasnodar, November 23, 2022. – Krasnodar: Research Institute of Actual Problems of Modern Law, 2023. – P. 224-226.
4. Stepanenko A. S., Barasheva E. V., Shipitsyna P. A. History of development of the electoral process in Russia // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 192-195.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SERGEEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of Public law of Russia and foreign countries sub-faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
THE COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND PUBLIC OVERSIGHT ENTITIES: PARTNERSHIP IN ACTION
The article analyzes the legal framework, forms and prospects for interaction between the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation and public control entities. Based on the analysis of legislation, scientific literature and practice, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the legal framework to ensure more effective interaction between the institution of the Commissioner and public control entities in terms of regulating information exchange procedures, determining the procedure for making decisions and deadlines for their implementation.
Keywords: Commissioner for Human Rights, public control, interaction, legal regulation, human rights activities.
Article bibliography
1. Report on the state of civil society in the Russian Federation for 2024. – P. 120.
2. Report on the activities of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Russian Federation for 2024. – P. 504.
3. Report on the activities of the Human Rights Commissioner in the Republic of Mari El for 2024. – P.100.
4. Glushkova S.I., Palkina N.V. Public control in modern Russia: main directions and problems of development // Bulletin of the Humanitarian University. – 2020. – No. 2 (29). – P.85-97.
5. Goncharov V.V. Legal regulation andInstitute of Public Control: International and Foreign Experience // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 10 (107). – P. 155-171.
6. Goncharov V. V. Problems and Prospects of Interaction of Public Control Subjects with the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, the Commissioners under the President of the Russian Federation for Children’s Rights and for the Protection of Entrepreneurs’ Rights // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 2 (218). – P. 89-93.
7. Kazakov V. N., Evsikov K. S., Belyatkina K. A. Institute of Public Control in the Russian Federation as an Element of Civil Society // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and Legal Sciences. – 2017. – No. 3-2. – P. 22-30.
8. Komkova G. N., Berdnikova E. V. The content of the object and subject of public control in the Russian Federation: theoretical and legal issues // Russian law: education, practice, science. – 2019. – No. 4 (112). – P.11-19.
9. Kurilyuk Yu. E. Public control as a form of realizing the right of citizens to participate in the management of state affairs and prospects for changing its legal regulation // Education and Law. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 79-86.
10. Mikheeva T. N. Public control from the standpoint of the constitutional right of citizens to participate in the management of state affairs // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2018. – No. 10 (95).
11. Sattarov V. D. The main features of the implementation of public control in the penal system of the Russian Federation: problems and ways to overcome them // Bulletin of the criminal executive system. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 15-21.
12. Troitskaya T. V. Citizen of the Russian Federation – a subject of public control in Russia // Bulletin of the Saratov University. – 2020. – Vol. 20, Issue 4. – P. 464-468.
13. Yapryntsev I. M. The essence and concept of public control as a mechanism for citizen participation in the management of state affairs // State power and local self-government. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 27-31.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KOVBA Anastasiya Alexeevna
lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
CURRENT ISSUES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE POLICE TO COUNTERACT OFFENSES COMMITTED BY MINORS
The presented article discusses the main aspects of solving the problem of minors committing illegal acts. This issue has always occupied a central place in public discussion, since the successful education of young people and the ability to prevent their participation in crimes and violations of the law play a key role in ensuring the well-being of society as a whole. The study aims to identify problems and features in cooperation between the police, state and municipal authorities in preventing child homelessness, juvenile delinquency and crimes.
Keywords: juvenile offenders, crime prevention, administrative activities of the police.
Article bibliography
1. Beketov O. I. Administrative activities of internal affairs bodies. General part. – Moscow: TsOKR MVD of Russia, 2009. – P. 219-221.
2. Ziyadova D. Z. Internal affairs bodies as subjects of juvenile delinquency prevention: problems and some ways of improvement // Russian investigator. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 37-38.
3. Kamaeva Yu. V. Prevention of juvenile delinquency, preventive activities of juvenile departments of internal affairs bodies // Enigma. – 2019. – Vol. 1, No. 8-1. – P. 315-320.
4. Kondrat E. N. Prevention of delinquent behavior of minors. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2006. – P. 3-11.
5. Kataeva N. A. Social work in the microdistrict as a means of preventing deviant behavior of adolescents: dis. … candidate of ped. sciences. – M., 2016. – P. 85-91.
6. Temnikova O. N. Administrative and legal forms and methods of preventive activities of internal affairs bodies in relation to minors // Bulletin of the Ural Federal Law Institute. – 2018. – No. 1 (11). – P. 11-16.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SADKOVYY Ivan Alexandrovich
assistant legal adviser
KOSTYLEV Vladislav Viktorovich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
PUBLIC CONTROL (SUPERVISION) IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
The article analyzes the main stages of development of the public control (supervision) institution in the context of digital transformation, trends and problematic aspects of introducing digital technologies into control and supervisory activities based on the current legislation of the Russian Federation and the practice of its application. Various digital tools used by public authorities to improve the effectiveness of control (supervision) are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of specific mechanisms for its implementation in the digital environment, including automation of processes and creation of various information platforms. In conclusion, the fundamental inadmissibility of changing the essential characteristics of control (supervisory) activities of public authorities under the influence of digitalization is emphasized.
Keywords: digitalization, public power, public administration, public control (supervision), mechanism of public control (supervision).
Article bibliography
1. Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 14.03.2020 No. 1-FKZ “On improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – CLR RF). – 2020. – No. 11. – Art. 1416.
2. Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Public Authority in the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation” dated 21.12.2021 No. 414-FZ (latest revision) // SZ RF. – 2021 (Part 1). – No. 52. – Art. 8973.
3. Federal Law dated 08.12.2020 No. 394-FZ “On the State Council of the Russian Federation” // SZ RF. – 2020. – No. 50 (Part III). – Art. 803
4. Agamagomedova S. A. Public control and supervision in the economy: theoretical and legal justification // Bulletin of RUDN. – 2023. – Vol. 27, No. 2. – Pp. 421-438.
5. Rudenko A. V. Theoretical and practical aspects of improving public control (supervision) in the context of digital transformation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 3 (202). – Pp. 160-162.
6. Khabrieva T. Ya., Chernogor N. N. Law in the context of digital reality // Journal of Russian Law. – 2018. – No. 1. – Pp. 94–96.
7. Zubarev S. M., Sladkova A. V. On the concept and essence of digital control technologies in the sphere of public administration // Administrative law and process. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 53-59.
8. Kabitov P. P., Starodubova O. E. The Impact of Digitalization on the Implementation of Powers of Executive Authorities // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 113-126.
9. Martynov A. V. Current Issues of Using Artificial Intelligence in the Implementation of Control and Supervisory Activities of Executive Authorities // Bulletin of the Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 175-186.
10. Kostylev V. V., Vorochay K. E., Novikova M. R. Prospects for the implementation of state control and supervision in the context of digitalization // Legal activity in the context of digitalization: a collection of articles based on the results of the International scientific and practical conference, Simferopol, March 23, 2021 / Edited by E. V. Evsikova, V. S. Tikhomaeva. – Simferopol: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House Printing House” Arial “, 2021. – P. 270-275.
11. Shireeva E. V. Legal forms and methods of state control and supervision in the field of law enforcement and public safety in the context of digital transformation of executive authorities // Bulletin of VSU. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 350-360.
12. Evsikova, E. V. Public financial control in the context of digital transformation (theoretical and legal aspect) // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2023. – Vol. 9 (75), No. 3. – P. 224-236.
13. Tikhomirov Yu. A. [et al.]. Legal concept of robotization: monograph / Ed. Yu. A. Tikhomirov, S. B. Nanba. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2021. – P. 124.
14. Kostylev V. V. Organizational and legal problems of control and supervision in public administration // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74), No. 2. – P. 315-324.
15. Agamagomedova S. A. Digitalization of state control and supervision: administrative and procedural content // XII International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the memory of Yuri Markovich Kozlov on the topic: “Administrative and legal forms of implementation of executive power in the context of digitalization of public administration”: collection of works. – Moscow: Moscow State Law Academy, 2020. – P. 6-7.
16. Passport of the priority program “Reform of control and supervisory activities” (appendix to the minutes of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Strategic Development and Priority Projects of 21.12.2016 No. 12) (as amended on 30.05.2017). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_222109/?ysclid=m9yjv9avyu891810995 (date of access: 26.04.2025).
17. Comprehensive requirements for information systems ensuring the implementation of control and supervisory functions by executive authorities (Informatization standard for control and supervisory activities) (approved by the minutes of the meeting of the project committee dated 14.06.2017 No. 40 (6)). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_222111/ (date of access: 26.04.2025).
18. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 09.05.2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030” // SZ RF. – 2017. – No. 20. – Art. 2901.
19. Lyubchenko N. N. Digitalization of control and supervisory activities // “Digital and Law”: collection of scientific articles / Tyumen State University. – Tyumen, 2021. – P. 102.
20. Federal Law “On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation” dated July 31, 2020 No. 248-FZ (latest revision) // SZ RF. – 2020. – No. 31. – Art. 5007.
21. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 21, 2018 No. 482 On the state information system “Standard cloud solution for automation of control (supervisory) activities”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/71930758/ (date of access: 04/26/25).
22. Lyubchenko N.N. Digitalization of control and supervisory activities // “Digital and Law”: collection of scientific articles / Tyumen State University. – Tyumen, 2021. – P. 102.
23. Olkhovikova S. V. Digitalization of control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation // Strategies for the development of social communities, institutions and territories: materials of the IX International scientific and practical conference, Yekaterinburg, April 17-18, 2023: in 2 volumes. — Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2023. — V. 1. — P. 204-205.
24. Order of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2022 No. 999 “On approval of Methodological recommendations for the implementation of the state information system “Standard cloud solution for automation of control (supervisory) activities” in federal executive bodies and constituent entities of the Russian Federation” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/406859198/ (date accessed: 04/26/25).
25. Consolidated report on state control (supervision), municipal control in the Russian Federation for 2022 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://static.government.ru/media/files/nI8VlVPes5mi2qAmn2Vgwqrw1SGLhvDe.pdf (date accessed: 26.04.25).
26. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2023 No. 3745-r “On approval of the Concept for improving control (supervisory) activities until 2026 and the schedule for its implementation” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ttps://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/408171459/?ysclid=m9ynmfjux069288 0317 (date of access: 26.04.2025).
27. Buday S. N. Digitalization as a means of increasing the efficiency of control and supervisory activities // Actual problems of comparative law and legal linguistics: materials of the III International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, December 10-12, 2018. – Moscow: Moscow State Linguistic University, 2019. – P. 302.
28. Control and supervisory and permitting activities in the Russian Federation. Analytical report – 2024 [Text] / S. M. Plaksin (head of the writing team), I. A. Abuzyarova, D. R. Alimpeev, et al.; Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. – Moscow: Publ. HSE House, 2025. – P. 137.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SIDOROV Yakov Sergeevich
lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
ADMINISTRATIVE DETENTION AS A MEASURE TO ENSURE THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CASE OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSE RELATED TO FRIEND TRAFFICKING
The article examines the legal aspects of administrative detention in the Russian Federation, clarifies the specifics and rules governing this measure, and focuses on the problems associated with determining the state of intoxication and sobering up. Based on the provisions of article 27.5 of the Code of Administrative Offenses (Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation), the author analyzes how this measure can be improved to ensure the legality of proceedings in the case of an administrative offense related to drug trafficking. The key aspects of the work are the study of the state of intoxication and sobering up, due to the lack of their regulation in legal regulatory acts. The author points out the differences in the interpretation of intoxication, since different administrative offenses (for example, driving under the influence of drugs) require different conditions for its establishment. An important problem of the article is the possibility of unjustified restriction of citizens\’ rights due to the ambiguity in determining the state of sobering up. The author suggests an approach according to which sobering up should be considered as a state in which a person is able to exercise his rights and duties. The conclusion of the article contains a proposal to change the procedure for calculating the term of administrative detention in order to prevent unjustified restrictions on citizens’ rights.
Keywords: administrative detention, police, narcotic drugs, sobering up, calculus, restriction of freedom, measures to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses.
Article bibliography
1. Veselovskaya N. V. [et al.]. Drugs. Properties, action, pharmacokinetics, metabolism: a manual for employees of drug treatment hospitals, drug treatment centers, chemical-toxicological and forensic chemical laboratories. – M .: Narkonet, 2002. – 206 p.
2. Sidorov Ya. S. On the possibility of bringing drivers of vehicles who refused to undergo a medical examination for intoxication to administrative responsibility for illegal use of narcotic drugs // Administrative law and process. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 53-56.
3. Sidorov Ya. S. On the maximum possible term of administrative delivery // Young scientists in solving urgent security problems: collection of materials of the X All-Russian scientific and practical conference, May 28, 2021, Zheleznogorsk, May 28, 2021. – Zheleznogorsk: Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the GPS EMERCOM of Russia, 2021. – P. 18-20.
4. Sidorov Ya. S. Problems of application by police officers of measures to ensure proceedings in cases of administrative offenses related to illegal drug trafficking: report on research (conclusion). – Krasnoyarsk: SibYuI MIA of Russia, 2022. – 36 p.
5. Sokolov A. Yu. Measures to ensure proceedings on administrative offenses in the system of administrative coercion measures: diss. … doctor of law. – Saratov, 2013. – 535 p.
6. Tsukanov N. N. On objective imputation when applying Article 12.8 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 4 (37). – P. 114-122.
7. Tsukanov N. N. Intoxication as an administrative-legal category: a plurality of methods of ascertaining as a consequence of a diversity of content // Actual problems of combating crime: issues of theory and practice: materials of the XXI international scientific-practical conference: in 2 parts, Krasnoyarsk, April 5-6, 2018 / Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Volume Part 1. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2018. – P. 43-46.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
FARIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, North Caucasus branch, Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COURT FEES IN CIVIL AND ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
The article examines current trends in the establishment of court fees in civil and arbitration proceedings. Scientific approaches to the subject of court fees in civil and arbitration proceedings are analyzed. The article considers the reform of the legislation on taxes and fees regarding the establishment of court fees and assesses the reform of the legislation on taxes and fees. The analysis of the main points of view on the issue of increasing the amount of court fees, which are reflected in modern literature, is carried out.
Keywords: current trends, court fees, civil proceedings, arbitration proceedings, reform of legislation on taxes and fees.
Article bibliographic list
1. Akhlyustin S. I. Current issues of improving the judicial system of the Russian Federation // Innovations. Science. Education. 2021. No. 42.
2. Momotov V. V. Judicial reform of 2018 in the Russian Federation: concept, goals, content (part II) // Journal of Russian Law. 2019. No. 12.
3. Momotov V. V. Economic analysis of the institution of legal costs as a factor in the effectiveness of justice // Jurisprudence. 2024. Vol. 68. No. 3.
4. Petrovsky M. V. Certain aspects of increasing the efficiency of justice // Justice at the present stage. New challenges of the time. Collection of materials of the national scientific and practical conference / Ed. N. A. Kiseleva. Chita, 2022.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ZAKHAROV Ilya Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE RULEMAKING OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES
The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rulemaking of executive authorities in Russia. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the implementation of a high alert regime in the subjects of the Russian Federation and measures taken at the federal level. An analysis of Russian rulemaking shows that a significant body of legislation has been formed dedicated to countering the spread of the disease. At the same time, the powers of the executive bodies themselves have expanded significantly in connection with the pandemic. The vast majority of bodies used the powers already provided for long before the pandemic. Attention has been paid to maintaining a high alert regime in a number of regions, despite the removal of the pandemic status from COVID-19. In this regard, the question is raised about the expediency of maintaining a high alert regime.
Keywords: pandemic, covid-19, rulemaking, administrative regimes, high alert regime, emergency conditions
Article bibliography
1. Bogatyrev M. R. Organization of law-making activity in the Soviet state in emergency conditions (1917 – 1939): monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2024. – 152 p.
2. Varlamova N. V. Lockdown as a way to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 15-25.
3. Gaivoronskaya Ya. V., Miroshnichenko O. I., Shakirov S. Sh. Trends and lessons of anti-crisis legal regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 25, No. 2. – P. 634-662.
4. Ruvinsky R. Z. Lawmaking in emergency situations: problems and risks // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 22. – P. 236-238
5. Suslin E. V., Rybin D. V. Theory of State and Law [Electronic resource]: textbook / Ed. E. V. Suslin; SPbUA. – SPb .: ANO VO “SYuA”, 2018. – 244 p.
6. Khabibullina A. S. The Impact of Non-Working Days and Other Restrictive Measures on Labor Relations // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 267-272.
7. Chernogor N. N., Zaloilo M. V. Metamorphoses of Law and Challenges to Legal Science in the Context of the Coronavirus Pandemic // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 5-26.
8. Yalovenko T. V., Merzlikin R. A., Nikitina G. A. Lawmaking in a modern state // Proceedings of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. – 2022. – No. 3 (55). – P. 76-82.
9. Dysenhaus D. Schmitt vs Dicey: Are States of Emergency Inside or Outside the Legal Order // Cardoso Law Review. – 2006. – P. 2005-2040
10. Rossiser C. Constitution Dictatorship. Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies. – USA: Princeton University Press, 2009. – P. 288

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KUTS Stepan Olegovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, A. A. Khmyrov Law Faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
TOWARDS THE ISSUE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE SPHERE OF BIOBANKING
Author examines the impact of the international development of biobanking on the development of administrative and legal regulation of biobanks in Russia using the example of the pilot project of the World Health Organization “WHO Bio-Hub System”. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the development of national regulation cannot be eliminated from taking into account international standards for the handling of biomaterials and information about them. This could be explained by the need to ensure maximum mobility of samples and information about them both domestically (a network of biobanks in Russia) and internationally. The WHO Bio-Hub System is a unique and most effective mechanism that clearly demonstrates the importance of accelerating the exchange of such objects in order to counteract epidemics and pandemics as well as preserve and maintain the highest level of health for all mankind.
Keywords: World Health Organization, biobank, legal regulation, international and interstate cooperation, unification of requirements for handling biological samples.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Epifanova E. V. Specifics of administrative legal regulation of the export and import of medical goods, services and technologies // Administrative law and process. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 70-75.
2. Kuts S. O. Terminological problems of the concept of “biobank”: at the intersection of administrative law and medicine // Administrative law and process. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 77-80.
3. Luparev E. B. Legal regulation of the export of medical technologies: Russian and world experience // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 87-92.
4. Luparev E. B. Public law regulation of the export of medical services in Russia: statement of problems // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2020. – No. 2 (41). – P. 171-178.
5. Pashchenko I. Yu. Information as an object of public-legal regulation in the context of digitalization: 5.1.2 – Public-legal (state-legal) sciences: dissertation … candidate of legal sciencesx sciences; Kuban State University. – Krasnodar, 2022. – 300 p.
6. Luparev E. B., Epifanova E. V. Public medical law: a textbook; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kuban State University. – Krasnodar: Kuban State University. – 2021. – 191 pp.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LEKSASHOV Sergey Eduardovich
postgraduate student, Russian Customs Academy, Lyubertsy
MEANS OF AUTOMATIC RECORDING OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES AS AN OBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION
The article is devoted to the application of automated technical means in the field of customs control and the recording of administrative offenses. The article examines the legal aspects of the use of these technologies, their role in improving the objectivity, transparency and effectiveness of supervisory functions. The existing regulations, including the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 33n regulating the list of technical means of customs control, are analyzed and gaps in the regulation of automatic systems of registration of violations are revealed. Special attention is paid to the issues of scientific understanding of automated crime detection systems. The necessity of making changes to regulatory acts in order to introduce automated violation detection systems, such as number recognition systems, automatic scales, contactless measuring devices and risk analysis complexes, is substantiated.
Keywords: Customs, technical means, customs control, administrative offenses, customs law, administrative law.
Article bibliography
1. Kozlova E. M., Tsukanova N. E., Solodukhina O. I. Technical means of customs control: practice of application, import substitution program // Economy and Society. – 2016. – No. 10 (29). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tehnicheskie-sredstva-tamozhennogo-kontrolya-praktika-primeneniya-programma-importozamescheniya (date of access: 21.10.2024).
2. Bakanov K. S., Lyakhov P. V., Aisanov A. S., et al. Road traffic accidents in the Russian Federation for 2022: information and analytical review. – M .: Federal State Institution “National Center for Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2023. – 150 p.
3. Pankov N. S. Problems of using photo and video recording equipment for administrative offenses in the field of road traffic // Issues of Russian justice. – 2021. – No. 15. – P. 644-650.
4. Bondarenko A. O. Model of end-to-end customs control in the context of digital and service adaptation // Bulletin of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2022. – No. 1 (58). – P. 144-155.
5. Afonin D., Afonin P., Gamidullaev S. Basics of the application of technical means of customs control. – Litres, 2024.
6. Kuular E. M., Kuzhuget T. K. Features of the use of technical means of customs control (forensic aspects). – 2018.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SEIDOV Gamzat Zakirovich
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba People\’s Friendship University of Russia
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CYBERSECURITY AND INFORMATION SECURITY
The article examines the concept of “information security” and “cybersecurity” through the prism of the views of Russian and foreign scientists. A multifactorial analysis of their similarities and differences at the regulatory, scientific and law enforcement levels has been carried out. The inconsistency of the current state of information security related to conflicts of legislation, the introduction of artificial intelligence and problematic management systems is noted. The existing threats have been identified and fundamental approaches in this area have been identified. As a result of a structural study of the two concepts, based on the goals and objectives, directions and areas of implementation, the nature of the threat and protection, and the means of ensuring, their distinctive features were identified, which allowed us to conclude that cybersecurity is included as an integral part of the information security system and to propose measures to enhance its effectiveness.
Keywords: security, information, cyberspace, legislation, protection, threat, cybersecurity.
Article bibliography
1. Anikina N. A., Chuvashova Ya. A. Some aspects of information security and cybersecurity. Problem area // Scientific almanac. 2024. No. 1-3 (111). P. 24-27.
2. Aschepkova M. M., Maglinova T. G. What is digital security: review, types and application // Actual problems of international relations in the context of the formation of a multipolar world: collection of scientific articles, Kursk, December 15, 2023. Kursk: ZAO “UnivUniversity Book”, 2023. Pp. 13-16.
3. Balandin A. Yu. Cybersecurity and Information Security. Demarcation of Legal Categories // Legal Policy and Legal Life. 2023. No. 3. Pp. 260-270.
4. Borisenko A. V. The Concept of Cybersecurity. Cybersecurity of Government Agencies. // Actual Problems of Development of Economic, Financial and Credit Systems: Collection of Materials of the X Int. scientific and practical. conf. Belgorod, 2022. Pp. 297-299.
5. Vanichkina A. S. Conceptual Paradigm of Information Security Discourse // German Studies 2021: nove et nova: Proceedings of the IV International Scientific Conference, Moscow, November 10-12, 2021. M.: Moscow State Linguistic University, 2021. Pp. 209-213.
6. Gorlova V. V., Kuvaeva E. N. Cybersecurity and information security // In the collection: Actual issues of society, science and education. collection of articles of the IX International scientific and practical conference. Penza, 2023. Pp. 47-49.
7. Grishina N. V. Analysis of the practical use of the terms “information security” and “cybersecurity” // In the collection: Interaction of universities, scientific organizations and cultural institutions in the field of information protection and security technologies. Collection of articles based on the materials of the V International scientific conference dedicated to the memory of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor A. A. Tarasov and Doctor of Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher O. V. Kazarin. M., 2024. P. 128-131.
8. Ishcheynov V. Ya. Information security and information protection: textbook. manual. M.: Direct-Media, 2020. 271 p.
9. Kozlova N. Sh., Dovgal V. A. Cybersecurity: similarities and differences // Bulletin of ASU. 2021. Issue. 3 (286). P. 90-91.
10. Korovina Ya. E., Kochetkov I. A., Mitryasov A. S. Features of the use of the term “information security” and “cybersecurity” // In the collection: Capabilities and security of artificial intelligence technologies. Proceedings of the XV International scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists “Information technologies in science, business and education. Capabilities and security of artificial intelligence technologies”. M., 2025. P. 92-97.
11. Craigen D., Diakun-Thibault N., Purce R. Definition of cybersecurity // Review of technological innovation management. 2014. No. 4 (10). P. 13-21.
12. Kuts D. V., Vinogradova N. S., Tretyak N. V. The concept of state information security and the main directions of its provision // Bulletin of the Ural Federal District. 2016. No. 3 (21). P. 56-61.
13. Lavrukhin V. A. Information security and cybersecurity in the context of modern challenges: relevance, similarities, differences // Man and education. 2024. No. 1 (78). P. 123-131.
14. Nechay A. A. Cybersecurity and information security: essence, content and difference of concepts // In the collection: XXIV Tsarskoye Selo Readings. 75th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Under the general editorship of S. G. Eremeev. 2020. P. 229-232.
15. Petukhov A., Pravikov D. The state of information security in the country (according to the reports of the NTI “Energinet” cybersecurity competence center // Releyshchik. 2022. No. 2 (43). P. 50-52.
16. Pravikov D. I., Petukhov A. V. Cybersecurity as a new information direction in the field of information security // Bulletin of modern digital technologies. 2019. No. 1. P. 17-23.
17. Puchkov O. A. Distinction between the concepts of “information security” and “cybersecurity” in the legislation of the Russian Federation, doctrine and legal practice” // Law and state: theory and practice. 2019. No. 5 (173). P. 66-69.
18. Articles V. Yu., Tinkov V. A. Information security of distributed information systems // Information society. 1997. No. 1. P. 68-71.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
VARLAMOVA Svetlana Nikolaevna
lecturer of Arbitration process, advocacy and notariat sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
ON SOME ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PROCEDURE FOR ADMITTING A CITIZEN TO AN INPATIENT EMERGENCY CARE FACILITY INTENDED FOR INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM PAINFUL DISORDERS, TRANSFERRING, OR TEMPORARILY LEAVING IT
The article is devoted to some issues of legal regulation of the specifics of a citizen\’s stay in a stationary social service organization intended for persons suffering from mental disorders in light of the amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation \”On Psychiatric Care and Guarantees of Citizens\’ Rights in Its Provision\” that came into force on September 1, 2024. Using the example of a citizen\’s admission to a psychoneurological boarding school, transfer, temporary departure and discharge from it, the author sees the presence of a discretionary nature of the powers of officials to implement restrictive measures in relation to a citizen staying in the specified organization. The author believes that the existing legislative structure seems to be flawless. Some issues related to the stay ofa citizen in a psychoneurological boarding school should be resolved in the order of administrative proceedings when implementing the mechanism of judicial sanctioning of a measure of public coercion in order to ensure proper correlation with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and to level out situations of illegal, unreasonable and disproportionate restriction of the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens staying in inpatient social service organizations intended for persons suffering from mental disorders.
Keywords: inpatient social service organization, psychoneurological boarding school, rights and freedoms, discretionary powers, sanction, administrative proceedings, judicial sanctioning.
Article bibliography
1. Kalyuzhny A. N. Discretionary powers of officials in the implementation of imperative constitutional provisions on health protection and personal freedom // Medical law. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 14-17.
2. Kozlov S. I., Gaubrich N. Yu., Yalamov A. S., Mirzayan E. I., Gerasimova E. V. Justification of the methodology for assessing the possibility of independent living of citizens suffering from mental disorders living in a neuropsychiatric boarding school // Social aspects of population health. – 2019. – No. 5 (65). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1101/30/lang,ru/ (access date: 07/01/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
VARLAMOVA Svetlana Nikolaevna
lecturer of Arbitration process, advocacy and notariat sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
ON THE ISSUE OF CREATING ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROMISING DIRECTION OF REFORMING THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of creating administrative courts in the context of a promising direction for reforming the judicial system of Russia. It has been established that attempts to establish specialized courts in the country to consider cases arising from public legal relations have been made repeatedly. The author sees that in light of the modernization of judicial activity and the existing trend towards transforming the justice system, the creation of administrative courts is conceptually necessary, doctrinally justified and adequately correlates with the provisions of the Federal Constitutional Law \”On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation\”. Due to the existing specificity of administrative cases, the activities of administrative courts will contribute not only to improving the quality of justice, but also directly to the effectiveness of public administration. Considering the different opinions of representatives of the scientific community on the topic of the study, the author draws special attention to the conceptual positions of supporters of the creation of administrative courts and highlights the models of reforming the justice system proposed by them. Agreeing with the opinions of individual researchers, the author comes to the conclusion that at present the preferred option for the creation of administrative courts in Russia is their establishment in the system of courts of general jurisdiction with the prospect of further separation.
Keywords: judicial system, administrative proceedings, judicial panel, specialized court, administrative court, Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Lebedev V. From the idea of judicial norm control to administrative proceedings // Russian Justice. – 2000. – No. 9. – P. 2-4.
2. Varlamova S. N. Judicial sanctioning of public coercion measures in administrative proceedings of the Russian Federation // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 377-380.
3. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Administrative law and process. – M.: Yurin – formcenter, 2001. – 652 p.
4. Grachev N.I., Kolomeitseva A.G. Administrative court in the context of judicial reform // Legal Concept. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 122-128.
5. Popova Yu. A. Administrative proceedings in the system of courts of general jurisdiction // State and Law. – 2019. – No. 2 (67). – P. 56-60.
6. Starilov Yu. N. From administrative justice to administrative proceedings. – Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. University, 2003. – 144 p.
7. Starilov Yu.N. Administrative proceedings in the Russian Federation: development of theory and formation of administrative-procedural legislation. – Voronezh: Publishing House of Voronezh State University, 2013. – 1060 p.
8. Mikhailov S.M. Creation of administrative courts in Russia as a possible direction of transformation of justice // Bulletin of the University named after O.E. Kutafin. – 2025. – No. 2 (126). – P. 43-49.

MUNICIPAL LAW
PRIVALOVA Ekaterina Alexeevna
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Mari State University
PUBLIC CHAMBERS OF MUNICIPALITIES: NEW TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
The article is devoted to the activities of public chambers (councils) of municipalities and their role in the implementation of municipal public control. The normative legal acts regulating the legal status of municipal public chambers (councils), their composition and formation procedure are analyzed. The importance of the activities of public chambers (councils) and their significant contribution to the development of local self-government is noted. The article examines the problems of formation of public chambers (councils) of municipalities that arise in law enforcement practice. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the actual problems of the activities of municipal public chambers (councils).Based on the results of the study, proposals are being formulated to amend Federal Law No. 33-FZ of 03.20.2025.
Keywords: citizen, municipality, public chamber, public council, subject of public control, legal status, openness, democratic institute.
Article bibliography
1. Mikheeva T. N., Mikheev D. S. Some reflections on the 20th anniversary of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. – 2023. – Vol. 23, Issue. 4. – P. 439-445
2. Antonova N. A. Public chambers of municipalities and their role in the development of local self-government // Mari Legal Bulletin. – 2016. – No. 4 (19). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obschestvennye-palaty-munitsipalnyh-obrazovaniy-i-ih-rol-v-razvitii-mestnogo-samoupravleniya (date accessed: 07/08/2025).
3. Goncharov V. V. Control and audit bodies and public chambers (councils) of municipalities in Russia: current problems and prospects for interaction (public law analysis) // Municipal service: legal issues. – 2024. – No. 04.
4. Kokotova M. A. On the interpretation of the legislative concept of public control in the activities of individual local public chambers (councils) // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2025. – Vol. 20, No. 1 (170). – P. 38-47.
5. Mikheev D. S. Institute of public control over local government bodies in Russia: genesis and development trends // Scientific notes of Kazan University. Humanities. – 2011. – Vol. 153, Book. 4. – P. 69-76.
6. Mikheeva T. N. On the issue of public chambers of municipalities // Russian Journal of Economics and Law. – 2015. – No. 1 (33). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-obschestvennyh-palatah-munitsipalnyh-obrazovaniy (date accessed: 07/08/2025).
7. Safin D. A. Interaction of public chambers of municipalities and public chambers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – Vol. 12, No. 1. – Pp. 28-33.
8. Shishkin S. I., Safin D. A. The place of the public chamber of a municipality in various models of local self-government // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 4 (91). – Pp. 34-40.
9. On the state of public councils under regional and municipal authorities: Special report of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation. – M.: OP RF, 2024. – 92 p.
10. Report on the activities of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Mari El for 2022-2024. Electronic resource. Official website of the Public Chamber of the Republic of Mari El. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://oprme.rg12.ru/doc-detail.htm?page_id=10 (date of access: 07/08/2025).

CIVIL LAW
BURLOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
RESTRICTION OF A CITIZEN\’S LEGAL CAPACITY: ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
In civil law, a person\’s legal capacity is one of the historical early legal constructs that have their own characteristics and features, so a clear regulation and specification of the features of this element allow individuals, that is, subjects of civil circulation, to fully realize their rights, while satisfying their needs, as well as protecting their interests. The article examines that a citizen whose legal capacity has been limited by a court decision remains a subject of civil law relations, but the implementation of his legal capacity to perform legally significant actions is not regulated by law in some cases and requires legislative regulation.
Keywords: legal capacity, guardian, consent, individual, civil law transactions, legislation, property rights, liability, civil circulation.
Article bibliography
1. Mikheeva L. Yu. Guardianship and trusteeship: Theory and practice / Ed. by Doctor of Law, Professor N. P. Manankova. – “WoltersKluwer”, 2004. – P. 136.
2. Federal Law of 08.08.2001 No. 129-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) “On state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs” // Consultant Plus: comp. reference legal system. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru.
3. Chefranova E. A. Marriage contract: limits of discretion of the parties in determining contractual terms // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 52.

CIVIL LAW
VLADIMIROVA Oksana Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
SHIGAPOV Ramis Rishatovich
cadet, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
The article examines the specifics of legal regulation of consumer protection in the digital environment. Particular attention is paid to distance trading, digital subscriptions and digital banking services. Existing legislative gaps are analyzed and ways to improve legal regulation are proposed, taking into account the growing popularity of digital services.
Keywords: consumer protection, digital environment, distance trading, digital subscriptions, legal regulation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights.
Article bibliography
1. Astakhova I. Yu., Fedorov A. G. Distance sale and purchase agreement: current issues and features of legal regulation // Current issues of combating crime. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 7-10.
2. Gramatchikov V. A. Digital subscriptions: ensuring transparency and protection of consumer rights in the online environment // Issues of Russian justice. – 2024. – No. 31. – P. 82-91.
3. Sluka E. S. Civil protection of transactions concluded using the Internet // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2021. – No. 11-4. – P. 144-149.
4. Shulga A. K. Sources of legal regulation of consumer protection in the Russian Federation: general characteristics // Society and Law. – 2018. – No. 2 (64). – pp. 148-154.

CIVIL LAW
LYSENKO Nelly Alexeevna
master in Law, senior lecturer of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
GARANINA Anna Andreevna
lecturer of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
WAYS TO PROTECT COPYRIGHTS: CURRENT ISSUES, JUDICIAL PRACTICE
The article identifies the main groups of problems related to copyright protection. It reflects the role of the criteria of protectability of a work – creative nature and objective form – for the possibility of protecting the author’s rights. Based on judicial practice, the signs of creative nature and objective form of a work are identified.
Keyword: copyright, exclusive rights, copyright protection, protectability of a work, recognition of rights, compensation for moral damage.
Article bibliography
1. Bakhtiozina A. I., Belozerova E. O. Objective form of a work: can aroma be an object of copyright? // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property. 2024. No. 44. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ipcmagazine.ru/articles/1744321/ (date accessed: 11.05.2025).
2. Vitko V. S. Signs of the concept of “objective form” // Modern science: current problems of theory and practice. Series: economics and law. 2019. No. 9.
3. Kopylov A. Yu. Main qualification features of a work as an object of copyright // Issues of Russian and international law. 2019. Vol. 9. No. 10A.
4. Kopylov A. Yu. Creativity as a condition for the protectability of a work // Property relations in the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 12 (219).
5. Kositsky A. I. Creativity as a criterion for the protectability of copyright objects: independent creation and creative nature. Level of creative character // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property. 2023. No. 42. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ipcmagazine.ru/articles/1729309/ (date of access: 11.05.2025).
6. Rozhkova M. A. 5 features (criteria of protectability) of works of literature and art, enshrined in current legislation // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property Rights, 2024. No. 43. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ipcmagazine.ru/articles/1729314/ (date of access: 10.05.2025).
7. Starovoitova A.S. Recognition of the right as a way to protect personal non-property rights to the results of intellectual activity // Protection of private rights: problems of theory and practice. Materials of the VIII annual international scientific and practical conference. Irkutsk: Baikal State University, 2020.

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
STOROZHENKO Olga Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Security in the digital world sub-faculty, N. E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University
ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF COMMERCIAL DESIGNATIONS USED FOR THE INDIVIDUALIZATION OF ENTERPRISES AS PROPERTY COMPLEXES IN THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT
The article is devoted to the legal aspects of providing legal protection to commercial designs in the online environment. The authors analyzed approaches to the legal protection of commercial designs in the civil law of Russia and foreign countries. Problematic aspects of providing legal protection to this object when it is used in an online environment have been identified. The main problem is seen in the legislative formulation of the concept of “enterprise” as a property complex and its classification as immovable property. This approach prevents the granting of legal protection to commercial designs in relation to enterprises that do not include real estate in their composition. The authors propose to distinguish two types of enterprises that include real estate and that do not include real estate, including enterprises whose property complex is formed by property rights. Based on this, it is proposed to change approaches to the formation of legal norms that ensure the protection of commercial designations in the online environment.
Keywords: commercial designation, property complex, enterprise, security capability, online environment, amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, legal protection.
Article bibliography
1. Burobina E. V. Some aspects of civil law protection of rights to means of individualization under the legislation of China // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Rights. 2014. No. 3. P. 42-47.
2. Gerasimova K. S. Problems of determining the moment of emergence of rights to a commercial designation // Verb of justice. 2019. No. 3 (21). P. 83-84.
3. Kat Z. R. Exclusive rights to a commercial designation abroad // Gaps in Russian legislation. 2013. No. 2. P. 59-61.
4. Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Concluded in Paris on 20.03.1883) (as amended on 02.10.1979). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=5111&cacheid=124988D2CEE0E61BC2B2F9AB1EDC7030&mode=splus&rnd=FAy7VpUt81Dscuz7#jNraVpUyilcBYkbp (Accessed: 15.05.2025).
5. Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (Signed in Stockholm on 14.07.1967). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=5059&cacheid=3DE93ABE9726F14DBB5790CB082FC885&mode=splus&rnd=FAy7VpUt81Dscuz7#s2UcVpUhwSaF7my5
6. Resolution of the Presidium of the Intellectual Property Court dated 10.02.2023 No. С01-2555/2022 in case No. СIP-501/2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=SIP&n=106473&cacheid=A33139F9023A96232202255FEA98EFE3&mode=splus&rnd=QizQEQ#wrM8VpUOyuuQpECp
7. Decision of the Intellectual Property Court of July 13, 2018 in case No. SIP-297/2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=SIP&n=41163&cacheid=B75728812D34B9D654E42617270064C4&mode=splus&rnd=FAy7VpUt81Dscuz7#0GZaVpU4RAKJRng4 (Accessed: 15.05.2025).
8. Rozhkova M. A., Yorsh A. V. Enterprise as a business: current issues of determining the composition of the property complex and the use of a commercial designation // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property Rights. 2024. No. 3 (45). P. 86-98.
9. Sorokolat D. A. Virtual enterprises: properties, features of creation, organizational structure // Modern scientific research and innovation. 2025. No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2025/06/103478 (date of access: 05/22/2025).

CIVIL LAW
ENIKEEV Oleg Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in medical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan; associate professor of Financial and administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE EVOLUTION OF REGULATION OF BIOBANKS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The work examines the history of regulatory regulation of banking activities in the Russian Federation. The publication examines the gaps and prospects of regulatory regulation of biobanking in historical retrospect. The paper highlights the fragmented regulation of banking activities at the subordinate level and the lack of fundamentality in the regulation of biobanks, depending on their industry and target orientation. The above opens up a window of opportunity for the legislator to more clearly regulate this area of legal relations in order to develop the biotechnological infrastructure of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: biobank, history, legal regulation, biomedical law.
Article bibliography
1. Bragina E. Yu., Buikin S. V., Puzyrev V. P. Biological banks: problems and prospects of their use in studies of genetic aspects of complex human diseases // Medical Genetics. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 20-26. 2. Imaeva Yu. B. On some problems of interaction with crime in the banking sector // Works of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. – 2015. – No. 3 (27). – P. 73-75. 3. Imekova M. P. Biobank as an object of rights // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 54-65. 4. Mokhov A. A. Biobanking – a new direction of economic activity // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 33-40. 5. Khusainova R. I., Minniakhmetov I. R., Akhtyamova E. V., Alsynbaeva E. M., Sultanova R. I. Legal problems of the use of genetic information obtained during prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnostics in the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 10 (149). – pp. 163-166.

CIVIL LAW
EPIFANTSEVA Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Justice, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
SOKOLOVA Tatyana Alexandrovna
senior legal adviser, Artemida LLC
PROBLEMS OF APPLYING THE DEPOSIT AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT AT AUCTION
The article discusses the use of a deposit during the conclusion of an auction contract. The main focus is on the practical application of the makings in law enforcement practice. The factors that make it difficult to use the deposit have been identified. It was noted that during the bidding process, organizers are required to pay increased attention to the form and content of the deposit agreement. The problem of the participation of a third party as a depositor is also considered. As a result, it was determined that the application of a deposit is a complex process that ensures the reliability of fulfilling obligations and protecting the interests of the parties within the framework of binding legal relations.
Keywords: deposit, advance payment, conclusion of an auction agreement, recognition of the auction as invalid.
Article bibliography
1. Staritsyn I. A. On the issue of civil liability of the arbitration manager for the actions (inactions) of third parties in a bankruptcy case // Baikal Research Journal. – 2019. – T. 10, No. 1. – P. 16-16.

CIVIL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Management and public administration sub-faculty, Penza State University
DIVEEVA Oksana Vladimirovna
student of the 2nd course, Penza State University; independent researcher
KOSOVA Kseniya Romanovna
student of the 2nd course, Penza State University; independent researcher
LEGAL AND MANAGERIAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING THE PROTECTION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS IN THE PROVISION OF SERVICES AIMED AT THE FORMATION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
The article is devoted to the study of a topical issue – ensuring the protection of consumer rights in the sphere of rendering services aimed at the formation of a healthy lifestyle. The fundamentals of legal regulation are analyzed, and the most relevant and effective management measures to ensure the protection of consumer rights in the field of healthy lifestyle formation are substantiated. It is concluded that the development and implementation of state actions aimed at protecting consumer rights in the process of forming a healthy lifestyle is one of the strategically important tasks associated with the progressive development of the Russian state.
Keywords: ensuring consumer protection, regulatory legal acts, healthy lifestyle, management decisions, quality of life.
Article bibliography
1. Bogdan V. V. The principle of informing as a necessary component of the implementation of citizens’ rights to health protection in the provision of paid medical services // Legal and socio-economic problems of modern Russia: theory and practice: collection of articles from the V International scientific and practical conference, Penza, October 24, 2016. – Penza: Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2016. – P. 18-23.
2. Vorotylkina I. M., Bazhenova N. G., Bazhenov R. I. Modern trends in a healthy lifestyle of students // World of science. Sociology, philology, cultural studies. – 2022. – Vol. 13, No. 4. – P. 1-15.
3. Kuzemkin N. A. Protection of consumer rights in the field of services and work under the law of the Russian Federation // Interactive science. – 2022. – No. 11 (76). – P. 65-68.

CIVIL LAW
IONTSEV Mikhail Anatoljevich
Head of the Legal Support Center for Digitalization in the Financial Market (as an Office) of the Legal Department of the Bank of Russia; associate professor of Legal support of market economy sub-faculty, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; Ph.D., lecturer researcher of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; Bank of Russia, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL PROPERTY AND DECENTRALIZED FINANCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PRIVATE LAW
The concept of digital property is currently more than a controversial category, and is often heavily criticized, while studies of issues related to the possibility of its allocation as an independent class of objects of civil rights are not currently carried out. Given that economic functions and activities in the decentralized finance market and in traditional financial markets are similar, many existing international rules and standards, as well as regulatory systems in a particular jurisdiction, are applicable to products, services, activities in decentralized finance. At the same time, this concept has not yet been conceptualized within the framework of domestic civilistics. The article offers an overview of the positions of domestic civilists, as well as a comparative review of the positions of the law and order of the United States and a number of European states related to the possibility of defining the concepts of digital property and decentralized finance from the point of view of private law.
Keywords: digital property, decentralized finance, digital currency, digital rights, information systems based on distributed registry technology.
Article bibliography
1. Park Y. Y. Legal Issues in Designing DeFi Regulation // Journal of East Asia & International Law. – 2023. – Vol. 16, No. 2.
2. Gavrin D. A. Features of foreclosure on cryptocurrencies in insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings // Russian law: education, practice, science. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 35-44.
3. Egorova M. A., Kozhevina O. V. The place of cryptocurrency in the system of civil rights objects // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 81-91.
4. Brovkina N. E. Credit market vs. decentralized finance: integration opportunities // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 46-52.
5. Lorenz G. Regulating Decentralized Financial Technology: A Qualitative Study on the Challenges of Regulating DeFi with a Focus on Embedded Supervision // Stan. J. Blockchain L. & Pol\’y. – 2024. – T. 7. – P. 136.
6. Şoiman F., Dumas J. G., Jimenez-Garces S. What drives DeFi market returns? // Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. – 2023. – T. 85. – P. 101786.
7. Ferroni F. How interconnected are cryptocurrencies and what does this mean for risk measurement? // Chicago Fed Letter NO. – 2022. – T. 466. – P. 2022.
8. Carter N., Jeng L. DeFi protocol risks: The paradox of DeFi // Regtech, suptech and beyond: innovation and technology in financial services” riskbooks–forthcoming Q. – 2021. – T. 3.
9. Carapella F. et al. Decentralized finance (DeFi): transformative potential and associated risks // FRB Atlanta Policy Hub Paper. – 2022. – No. 2022-14.
10. Liu Y., Tsyvinski A., Wu X. Common risk factors in cryptocurrency // The Journal of Finance. – 2022. – T. 77, No. 2. – P. 1133-1177.
11. Zetzsche D. A., Arner D. W., Buckley R. P. Decentralized finance // Journal of Financial Regulation. – 2020. – T. 6, No. 2. – P. 172-203.
12. Bodo B., De Filippi P. Trust in context: the impact of regulation on blockchain and DeFi // Regulation & Governance. – 2022.
13. Huang R. H., Yang D., Loo F. F. Y. The development and regulation of cryptoassets: Hong Kong experiences and a comparative analysis // European Business Organization Law Review. – 2020. – Vol. 2, No. 2. – P. 319-347.
14. Wronka C. Crypto-asset regulatory landscape: a comparative analysis of the crypto-asset regulation in the UK and Germany // Journal of Asset Management. – 2024. – Vol. 25, No. 4. – P. 417-426.
15. Girich M. G., Ermokhin I. S., Levashenko A. D. Comparative analysis of the legal regulation of digital financial assets in Russia and other countries // Bulletin of international organizations. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 4. – P. 176-192.
16. Sukhanov E. A. On the civil law nature of “digital property” // Bulletin of civil law. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 7-29.
17. Chigileychik A. V. Virtual property as an object of civil legal relations // Actual problems of civil law. – 2023. – No. 1 (21). – P. 108.
18. Petrakov N. A. The concept of digital property as an object of civil rights // Civilist. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 62-69.
19. Sazhenov A. V. Cryptocurrencies: dematerialization of the category of things in civil law // Law. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 106-121.
20. Saveliev A. I. Cryptocurrencies in the system of objects of civil rights // Law. – 2017. – No. 8. – P. 136-153.
21. Rozhkova M. A. Property rights to new intangible objects in the system of absolute rights // Law of the digital economy – 2020 (16): Yearbook-anthology / Director and scientific editor M. A. Rozhkova. – M .: OOO “Izdatelstvo \”Statut\””, 2020. – P. 17-18.
22. Çağlayan Aksoy P. The applicability of property law rules for crypto assets: considerations from civil law and common law perspectives // Law, Innovation and Technology. – 2023. – Vol. 15, No. 1. – P. 185-221.
23. Zilioli C. Crypto-assets: legal characterisation and challenges under private law //European law review. – 2020. – T. 46. – P. 251-266.
24. Lehmann M. Who owns bitcoin? Private law facing the blockchain // Minn. JL Sci. & Tech. – 2019. – T. 21. – P. 93.
25. Müller L., Reutlinger M., Kaiser P.J.A. Entwicklungen in der Regulierung von virtuellen Währungen in der Schweiz und der Europäischen Union // EuZ. – 2018. – P. 80.
26. Huber M. F., Guler S., Dumont J. By the same token, Steuerliche Grundfragen im Rahmen von Initial Coin Offerings // StR. – 2018. – P. 292.
27. Seiler B., Seiler D. Sind Kryptowährungen wie Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH) und Ripple (XRP) als Sachen im Sinne des ZGB zu behandeln? // Sui-generis. – 2018. – P. 149.
28. Layr A. K., Marxer M. Rechtsnatur und Übertragung von “Token” aus liechtensteinischer Perspektive // LJZ. – 2019. – P. 11.
29. Piller F. Virtuelle Währungen – Reale Rechtsprobleme? Eine zivil- und vollstreckungsrechtliche Untersuchung aus der Sicht der Bitcoin-Nutzer // AJP. – 2017. – P. 1426.
30. Enz B. V. Die zivilrechtliche Einordnung von Zahlungs-Token wie dem Bitcoin als “Registerwertdaten” und deren Aussonderbarkeit im Konkurs de lege lata und de lege ferenda // SJZ. – 2020. – P. 291 (zit. Bitcoin).
31. Weber R. H., Baisch R. DLT-basierte Finanzprodukte // SZW. – 2021. – P. 683 ff.
32. Schmid A., Schmidt K. J., Zech H. Rechte an Daten – zum Stand der Diskussion // Sic! – 2018. – P. 627.
33. Layr A. K. Tokenization of Assets: Security Tokens in Liechtenstein and Switzerland // MLR. – 2021. – P. 45.
34. Poelzig D., Kläsener M. Phänomenologie und zivilrechtliche Einordnung von Kryptowährungen und anderen Kryptowerten // ZVglRWiss. – 2023. – P. 252.
35. Temurziev R. B. Dispositiveness in property rights: an open list explicitly and implicitly // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 146-197.
36. Nefedyev E. A. Textbook of Russian civil procedure. 3rd ed. – M., 1900. – 403 p.
37. Malyshev K. I. Course of civil procedure: in 3 volumes. Vol. 1. – St. Petersburg, 1875. – 454 p.
38. Krasavchikov O. A. Categories of civil law science: Selected works: in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. – M.: Statut; SPS \”ConsultantPlus\”, 2005. – 492 p.
39. Gubin E. P. Economic activity, economic rights and their protection in the context of the relationship between law and economics // Business law. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 3-10.
40. Pashkovskaya I. V. Decentralized finance and prospects for creating a two-circuit economy // Financial markets and banks. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 78-85.
41. Brovkina N. E. Credit market vs. decentralized finance: integration opportunities // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 46-52.
42. Fedotov I. Investment consulting as a new type of professional activity in the securities market // Legal work incredit institution. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 18-29.
43. Sukhanov E. A. Assignment (Chapter 49) // Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part Two. Commentary text. Alphabetical subject index. – M., 1996. – P. 511 et seq.

CIVIL LAW
IBRAGIMOVA Nazima Shafievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
PRUTSKOY Mark Andreevich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol; independent researcher
ZAIKIN Vladislav Vladimirovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF DETERMINING THE CANDIDATE FOR TRUSTEE OF INHERITED PROPERTY
The article analyzes a number of topical issues related to the personality of the trustee of inherited property, namely, those related to the selection of the trustee candidate and the requirements imposed on him. The authors note that the purpose of establishing a trust management of inherited property is its effective and professional management. To achieve this goal, substantiated proposals are made to improve the legislation regulating the procedure for determining the candidacy of the trustee, aimed at ensuring the timeliness of making the appropriate decision and concluding a trust management agreement for inherited property exclusively with a person who has professional skills and experience in managing in the field of entrepreneurial activity.
Keywords: trust management, inherited property, heirs, trustee, selection of candidate, requirements.
Article bibliographic list
1. Benevolenskaya Z. E. Trust management of property in the sphere of entrepreneurship. – M., 2018. – P. 112.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) dated 01/26/1996 No. 14-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 01/29/1996. – No. 5. – Art. 410.
3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part three) of 26.11.2001 No. 146-FZ// Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 233. – 28.11.2001.
4. Definition of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 07.07.2015 No. 78-KG15-7.

CIVIL LAW
KICHENINA Viktoriya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs, V. B. Bobkov St. Petersburg branch, Russian Customs Academy
MERKULOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, V. B. Bobkov St. Petersburg branch, Russian Customs Academy
THE ROLE OF CASCADE AND SANCTIONS CLAUSES IN CONCLUDING FOREIGN TRADE AGREEMENTS UNDER SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS
The article examines the impact of international sanctions on commercial arbitration, as well as established practices and approaches to the formation of arbitration agreements under sanctions pressure. The existing conditions require contracting parties to develop more sophisticated and thoughtful mechanisms to minimize risks and maintain legal order in business practices. The article analyzes the work of the RAA Arbitration Association, which identified key aspects affecting arbitration practice, including the need to include sanctions clauses in contracts, which allows the parties to predict the consequences of imposing sanctions and avoid legal uncertainties. An important aspect of the study is the need to fix clear conditions in contracts and the sequence of actions of the parties, which they undertake to implement in the event of sanctions. This includes agreeing on the procedure for notification of the imposition of sanctions, determining the circumstances of force majeure and the possibility of changing the terms of the contract. Cascading arbitration clauses are also being considered, which may provide additional guarantees in an uncertain environment, but in practice their enforcement may be difficult. The article focuses on the need for an individual approach to each contract, depending on the specifics of the legal relationship. Examples of judicial practice are given that demonstrate how Russian courts react to sanctions and how precedents are formed that affect the further development of arbitration legislation.
Keywords: arbitration agreement, reservations, sanctions, court, enforceability, restrictions, foreign trade agreement
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Pshenichnaya N. Yu. Modernization of international commercial agreements in modern conditions // Eurasian Advocacy. 2024. No. 1 (66). P. 120.

CIVIL LAW
MAZANAEV Murad Shabanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KAZIAKHMEDOV Rustam Robertovich
magister student of the 2nd course under the program “Actual problems of civil law”, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
This article analyzes problematic issues of civil liability for breach of contractual obligations. The significance of this study is manifested in its comprehensive approach to the study of the institution of liability for breach of contractual obligations at the present stage. The lease agreement, which is just such an agreement, is described. Special attention is paid to the systematization and analysis of scientists’ opinions concerning the development of this institute, which makes it possible to identify key trends and discussion issues faced by researchers in this area. The novelty of the study lies in the formulation, justification and solution of problems on the development of proposals to improve the current legislation in the framework of bringing to responsibility for violations, non-fulfillment of certain types of civil law contracts.
Keywords: contractual obligation, tort, forms of liability, damages, indemnification, lease agreement.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseeva Yu. V. Features of civil liability for committing land offenses // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. 2023. No. 7-2 (82). P. 92-95.
2. Aidarova N. G., Gurdzibeev G. S. Compensation for damages as a universal way to protect violated civil rights // Young scientist. 2023. No. 1 (448). P. 143-144.
3. Rent: commentary to Articles 606-625 and 650-655 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic publication] / Ed. A. G. Karapetyan. Moscow: M-Logos, 2023. 564 p.
4. Komarova A. V. Compensation for damages as a way to protect civil rights // Scientific Leader. 2023. No. 10 (108). P. 37-39.
5. Mayorova M. Yu. The concept of damages and their classification in the civil law of the Russian Federation // Young scientist. 2021. No. 18 (360). P. 429-432.
6. Ratushnyak O. A. Contractual regulation of liability for breach of obligations // In the collection: Youth and systemic modernization of the country. Kursk, 2022. P. 424-427.
7. Smakov V. M. The concept of losses: deconstruction of their definition as a measure of liability // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. 2022. No. 4. P. 84-96.
8. Tananykin S. S., Boer A. L. Some features of the qualification of a lease agreement as a civil law contract // Flagship of Science. 2023. No. 11 (11). P. 707-711.
9. Firyulina T. Yu., Pinaev A. V. Compensation for damages as a way to protect civil rights // Bulletin of the Academy of Management and Production. 2024. No. 4-2. P. 1042-1048.

CIVIL LAW
MALINOVA Anna Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University
THE EXPRESSION “RULES INSTEAD OF LAWS” IN RUSSIAN VOCABULARY AS A RESULT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE MEANINGS OF THE WORD “RULE” IN WESTERN LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Many Western countries today do not live by the norms of international law, but by the rules established by these countries themselves. The modern political, diplomatic, legal, and economic reality is literally saturated with facts of illegal sanctions, asset freezes, property seizures, and other illegal actions by the United States and a number of other Western countries against Russia and other independent states, as well as legal entities and individuals of these states for non-compliance with these rules. Russian Russian law The article reveals the history of the appearance in the Russian legal vocabulary of the expression \”rules instead of laws\”, which was first used by the great Russian teacher K. D. Ushinsky. In this regard, his views on desk and civil law are analyzed from legal works little known to modern jurists, created by him in the first years after progressing from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. His speech \”On camerol education\” at the solemn meeting of the Demidovsky Lyceum is briefly reviewed. Special attention is paid to Ushinsky\’s insightful conclusion that convenient rules took the place of laws in the German cameralistics of that time. Ushinsky\’s analysis of German desk law clearly shows that the current use by Western countries of \”rules convenient for them\” instead of laws is by no means a modern Western \”invention\”, but an ever—evolving process, the foundation of which was laid by Western philosophical, political and legal thought many decades ago. In this regard, the views of some prominent Western scientists who justify the alleged legitimate use of such \”rules\” are considered.
Keywords: law, civil law, contract law, desk law, law, interest, personality, rules, rules instead of law, K. D. Ushinsky, Demidovsky Law Lyceum.
Article bibliography
1. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical works. Part I. – Moscow: Gnosis Publishing House, 1994. – 612 p.
2. Durkheim E. On the division of social labor. Method of sociology / Translated from French. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 575 p.
3. Alekseeva O. G., Zaets L. V., Zvyagintseva L. M., et al. Commentary on the Family Code of the Russian Federation (educational and practical) / Under the general editorship of S. A. Stepanov. – M.: Prospect, 2018. – 352 p.
4. Lavrov S. On law, rights and rules // Russia in global politics. – 2021. – No. 4 (110). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/o-prave-pravah-i-pravilah/ (date of access 04/26/2023).
5. McKim Donald K. Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms / Trans. from English. – M.: Respublika, 2004. – 503 p.
6. Malinova A. G. Balance of interests and its “hypostases” in jurisprudence // Russian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 21-44.
7. Malinova A. G. Are legal definitions of the concepts of “interest” and “legitimate interest” possible? // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 8 (147). – P. 84-85.
8. Malinova A. G. Interest and need: a critical look at their identification in domestic jurisprudence // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2020. – Vol. 73, No. 10 (167). – P. 91-105.
9. Malinova A. G. Public interests: history, theory and arguments against the use of this term in domestic legislation // Russian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 65-84.
10. Malinova A. G. Juridization of the concept of “quality of life” in disputes over compensation for moral damage // Russian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 73-79.
11. Medynsky E. N. Fundamentals of the pedagogical system of K. D. Ushinsky // Ushinsky K. D. Collected Works. In 11 volumes: Vol. 1. Early works and articles. 1848-1856. – M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, 1948. – P. 24-40.
12. Skripilev E. A. Ushinsky K. D. // Anthology of world legal thought. In 5 volumes: Volume 4. Russia: XI-XIX centuries. – M.: Mysl, 1999. – P. 560-561.
13. Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 volumes / Ed. A. P. Evgenyeva. – M.: Russian language, 1981. – Volume 4. – 794 p.
14. Ushinsky K. D. Lectures at the Yaroslavl Lyceum (1846-1848) // Ushinsky K. D. Collected Works. In 11 volumes. Volume 1. Early works and articles. 1848-1856. – M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, 1948. – P. 51-120.
15. Ushinsky K. D. On office education (Speech at the ceremonial meeting of the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum on September 18, 1848) // Ushinsky K. D. Collected Works. In 11 volumes: Volume 1. Early works and articles. 1848-1856. – M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, 1948. – P. 121-249.
16. Ushinsky K. D. Letters on the education of the heir to the Russian throne // Ushinsky K. D. Russian school / Comp., preface, comment. V. O. Gusakova / Ed. O. A. Platonov. – M.: Institute of Russian Civilization, 2015. – P. 185-220.

CIVIL LAW
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
GERUS Kirill Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CREDIT RELATIONS
At the current stage of the development of property rights, one of the most relevant topics is the loan agreement and its relationship to other loan obligations. Many subjects of civil turnover, such as those engaged in entrepreneurial activities, periodically experience the need for additional financing or certain property. Consumers are also experiencing a need for additional funds. In addition, there are difficulties in determining the ability of citizens to use a particular instrument in credit relations and determining the content of the contract concluded by the parties in the credit sphere. These circumstances require further research in the field of transit agreements and loan agreements in the Russian Federation. In the course of the work carried out, an analysis of civil studies in the field of loan and credit relations in the Russian Federation was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors came to the conclusion that it is necessary to further improve the legal regulation of the legalization of credit relations in the Russian Federation. In particular, it is necessary to legally exclude from the subjects. Which must conclude a real loan to entrepreneurs and settle loan agreements secured by securities in art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and in art. 808 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation fixthe rules on the contents of receipts and notarization of loans in excess of 100,000 rubles.
Keywords: loan, loan, form of contract, individual entrepreneur, receipt.
Article bibliographic list
1. Masalimova A. A. Loan agreement: changes in the current legislation of the Russian Federation // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 10 (161). – P. 186-187.
2. Gavrilova A. V. Legal regulation and features of a consensual loan agreement // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 47 (389). – P. 168-171.
3. Startseva S. V. Interest under a commercial loan agreement // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V.N. Tatishchev. – 2016. – V. 1, No. 2. – P. 154-162.
4. Startseva S. V. On the delimitation and relationship of contracts mediating loan and credit relations // Theory and practice of social development. – 2023. – No. 6 (182). – P. 274-279.
5. Tran T. T. Corruption in the private sector in the criminal law of the Russian Federation and experience for Vietnam // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 10 (161). – P. 295-298.
6. Shiryaeva A. I., Nikitina A. A., Deltsova N. V. On the possibility of using securities as the subject of a loan agreement: theoretical and legal aspect // Forum of young scientists. – 2018. – No. 4 (20). – P. 1568-1574.
7. Pavlodsky E. A. REPO – civil law contract // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 3. – P. 46-52.
8. Karimov A. F., Firsova N. V. Loan agreement: some problems of legal regulation // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2020. – pp. 149-151 p.

CIVIL LAW
MKHITARYAN Anna Gagikovna
junior researcher of the Department of Private Law, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE JUDICIAL FORM OF CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTION
The introduction of information technologies in judicial activity, their impact on the process of administration of justice requires theoretical understanding of the ongoing changes from the point of view of the need to maintain the appropriate level of procedural guarantees of the rights of participants in legal proceedings. The article analyzes the degree of information technologies influence on the process of administration of justice, highlights the directions of digitalization. The author concludes that the possibility of remote implementation of certain procedural actions should be accompanied by the simultaneous preservation of the possibility of their realization in traditional forms, and the transfer of judicial functions to artificial intelligence is impossible at this stage.
Keywords: digitalization, justice, judicial form of civil rights protection, artificial intelligence, procedural guarantees.
Article bibliography
1. Argunov A. V. Will artificial intelligence judge? // Bulletin of civil procedure. 2018. No. 5.
2. Branovitsky K. L., Yarkov V. V. Possible directions of transformation of the civil process in the context of digitalization and pandemic: predictive justice // Law and digital economy. 2021. No. 4.
3. Vereshchagin A., Rumak V. The Supreme Court should not be engaged in correcting judicial errors, but in developing legal positions [Interview with T.K. Andreeva] // Law. 2021. No. 7.
4. Gromoshina N.A. Order proceedings in civil proceedings: a look through the last decades // Russian proceduralists on law, law and judicial practice: on the 20th anniversary of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: monograph / D.B. Abushenko, M.A. Aliyeskerov, T.K. Andreeva et al.; ed. V.V. Molchanov. Moscow: Statut, 2023.
5. Zhuykov V.M. The role of the court in reconciling the parties in civil cases // Russian judge. 2019. No. 9.
6. Zhuykov V. M. Judicial reform: problems of access to justice. Moscow: Statut, 2006.
7. Sakhnova T. V. On artificial intelligence and its natural limits in the civil process (dedicated to Professor A. T. Bonner) // Bulletin of civil procedure. 2022. No. 4.
8. Smagina E. S., Frolova E. Yu. Optimization of the stage of preparing cases for trial in the civil process using artificial intelligence // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). 2025. No. 2.
9. Stepanov O. A., Pechegin D. A., Dyakonova M. O. On the issue of digitalization of judicial activity // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2021. No. 5.
10. Tikhomirov Yu. A., Nanba S. B. Legal concept of robotization: monograph. M., 2019.
11. Digital technologies in civil and administrative proceedings: practice, analytics, prospects / Ed. E. G. Streltsova. M., 2022.

CIVIL LAW
PATANA Sergey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Samara State Economic University
THE PROBLEM OF QUALIFYING THE NATURE OF THE PENALTY WHEN COLLECTING DAMAGES FROM THE CARRIER FOR LATE DELIVERY OF GOODS: ISSUES OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE
In this article, the author analyzes issues arising in judicial practice and the theory of civil law, and concerning the study of whether the penalty for late delivery of goods is exceptional or punitive. In essence, the penalty provided for in Article 34 of the UAT is punitive in nature. Despite a number of rulings issued by the Supreme Court, the practice of lower courts, based on the Decision of the Supreme Court of 2018, continues to satisfy claims against carriers, including both fines and penalties. At the same time, penalties are usually reduced by the courts to the maximum amount of the cost of cargo delivery services, despite the presence in the terms of the contract of carriage of an increased penalty for delay, exceeding either the full cost of the service or exceeding the 9% barrier.
Keywords: business activity, contract of carriage, liability to the carrier, penalty.
Article bibliography
1. Voytul A. V. On liability for late fulfillment of obligations for the carriage of goods by road. // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ob-otvetstvennosti-za-prosrochku-ispolneniya-obyazatelstv-po-avtomobilnoy-perevozke-gruza/viewer.
2. Russian civil law. – Vol. 2 / Ed. Sukhanov E. A. – Moscow, 2011. – P. 725.
3. Demchenko M. V. Actual issues of civil liability of the carrier for failure to preserve cargo and delay in its delivery in direct mixed traffic // Bulletin of the Financial University. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 106. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-grazhdansko-pravovoy-otvetstvennosti-perevozchika-za-nesohrannost-gruza-i-prosrochku-ego-dostavki-pri-perevozke-v/viewer.

CIVIL LAW
SLINKOVA Anna Romanovna
Counsellor of the Legal Work Department of the State Housing and Construction Supervision Service of the Irkutsk Region
ZAKHAROVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
JUDICIAL RULE-MAKING IN RUSSIAN COURT PROCEEDINGS
The present work is devoted to the analysis and role of judicial practice of the courts of the Russian Federation. The authors focus on the role of the courts in rule-making. The article analyzes the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and concludes that it is not a subject of rule-making. However, at the same time, one cannot ignore the normativity of the provisions of some of the acts, which, for example, prohibit the application or cancellation of existing norms. Based on the analyzed material, the authors conclude that here is judicial rule-making at the current stage of development of the Russian legal system.
Keywords: Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, judicial rule-making, rule-making, normative legal act, judicial acts, judicial practice.
Article bibliography
1. Ostapovich I. Yu. Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the development of law // Bulletin of SUSU. – 2023. – No. 3.

CIVIL LAW
FILATOV Dmitriy Olegovich
Director of the Legal Agency “Pravozaschitnik”
GOREMYKIN Denis Yurjevich
Junior researcher of the Foundation for Assistance to Science and Education in the Field of Law Enforcement “University”, St. Petersburg, member of the All-Russian Public Organization “Association of Law Enforcement Agencies and Special Services of the Russian Federation”
THE DEMAND FOR BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURES FOR INDIVIDUALS IN RUSSIA: LEGAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS
The article considers the issues of accessibility and demand for the procedure of bankruptcy of individuals among citizens of the Russian Federation, the article analyzes the statistics of applications with applications on initiation of judicial and extrajudicial bankruptcy procedures. The article considers the main reasons why citizens, who meet the necessary criteria, may refuse to apply to the court. Analyzes both obvious and implicit problems of the current legislation in the area insolvency of individuals. It considers the problem of excessive requirements for recognizing the application for bankruptcy of a citizen is justified. Possible ways of solving the problems including both possible adjustments legislation, as well as a campaign to informing citizens are proposed.
Keywords: bankruptcy of individuals, out-of-court bankruptcy, debt forgiveness, enforcement proceedings, debt burden, overcrediting, social stigmatization.
Article bibliography
1. Barkatunov V. F. Bankruptcy of individuals and social responsibility of credit institutions // Politics, Economics and Innovations. – 2006. – No. 3 (5). – P. 3
2. Zolotov A. V., Pyltsov K. A., Bekkalieva N. K. Expenses for carrying out procedures applied in bankruptcy cases: problems and practices. // Digital science. -2020. – No. 10 – P. 31-32.
3. Tedeev Kh. S., Temirova A. A., Lolaeva A. S. The concept of bankruptcy (insolvency) of citizens // Scientific research and innovation. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 201.
4. Analysis of trends in the retail lending segment based on credit bureau data // Bank of Russia. – 2023. – P. 3-9.
5. Final report on the results of the activities of the FSSP of Russia in 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fssp.gov.ru/deals/otchet_doklad_9/itogovyj-doklad-o-rezultatah-deyatelnost_2024
6. Grigoriev A. Yu. Bankruptcy of individuals in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2022. – No. 12-6 (135). – P. 133.
7. Gerusova S. Yu. Implementation of the right to apply to the arbitration court with an application for declaring a citizen bankrupt // Legal research. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 10.
8. Romanov V. A. Problems of liability in bankruptcy cases // Perm legal almanac. – 2024. – P. 351.
9. Garifullina E. R. Credit history of an individual. Civil and legal assessment // Ural journal of legal research. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 490.
10. Statistical bulletin of the Federal resource on bankruptcy // Federal resource. – 2023. – P. 11-16.
11. Emelyanova Ya. A., Shumov P. V. Is it easy to be insolvent? Procedural aspects of the institution of bankruptcy of individuals // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2019. – No. 7, Vol. 5. – P. 490.

CIVIL LAW
SHAKHMILOVA Madina Gadzhimagomedovna
student of the of the magistracy program «Actual problems of civil law», Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GUSEYNOVA Larisa Vagidovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
NOVATION: LEGAL FEATURES AND PROBLEMS
The article discusses the features of novation as the way to terminate obligations. The current position of the novation in the system of civil law of Russian Federation and the main problems, associated with it, are shown. The author also substantiates the need to develop and fix rules (recommendations) legal regulation of the named element of the legal system. The article examines the main features of innovation that distinguish it within the system of civil law. Special attention is paid to judicial practice related to this legal phenomenon. In detail, the study investigates the signs by which judges may mistakenly interpret the novation as another method for terminating obligations.
Keywords: termination of obligations, agreement, court practice, replacing an obligation, Civil Code.
Article bibliography
1. Dernburg G. Pandects: Law of Obligations: a textbook // Third Russian edition. Vol. 3. – M., 1907. – 177 p.
2. Kanaev A. V. Credit obligations in the system of Roman private law // Finance and Credit. – 2007. – No. 13 (253). – P. 70-80.
3. Zhukov E. N., Kireeva E. V. Novation of obligation: ambiguity of theory and judicial practice // Scientific journal of the Research Institute of History, Economics and Law and the Kuban Bar Association of the Bar Association of the Krasnodar Territory, “Law and Practice” – M .: Research Institute of Economic Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – 148 p.
4. Romanko E. A. Novation in Russian contract law // Education and Law – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 47-52.
5. Tsygankov A. Yu., Merezhkina M. S., Petrenko D. N. Judicial view of innovation: features of legal regulation // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 2. – 153 p.
6. Karapetyan A. G. Contractual and obligatory law (general part): article-by-article commentary to Art. 307-453 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Responsible. editor Karapetyan. A. G. – M .: Publishing center: “Logos”, 2017. – 873 p.
7. Nazarenko V. A. Issues of legal regulation of novation as a way of terminating obligations under civil law // Word in science. – 2021. – No. 2. – 54 p.
8. Podgorbunskaya N. O. Legal nature of novation as a way of terminating obligations // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. – 2018. – No. 2. – 93 p.

CIVIL LAW
SHVARTS Larisa Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and labor law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
THE CUSTOMER\’S RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS: ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE
The article examines the customer\’s reciprocal obligations in construction contracts under Russian law. It analyzes their legal nature, scope, and significance for proper contract performance. Special attention is given to challenges in holding the customer liable for non-performance, including inconsistent court rulings. The author critically assesses the prevailing judicial approach, which exempts the customer from liability in the absence of written notice from the contractor, and proposes alternative safeguards for contractors’ rights. The forms of the customer’s liability (penalties, damages) and risks of unilateral contract termination are explored. The study provides practical recommendations for construction project participants to mitigate legal risks.
Keywords: construction contract, reciprocal obligations, customer’s liability, judicial practice, Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil law: textbook: in 3 volumes. Vol. 1 / Ed. A. P. Sergeev. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 1040 p.
2. Dzhauba I. V. Features of consideration of disputes arising from a construction contract // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 64-67.
3. Ziganshin R. R. Counter-performance of obligations and terms in a construction contract // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2019. – No. 49-6. – P. 35-37.
4. Tkachev V. N., Novikov S. N. Some aspects of civil liability of subjects of a construction contract // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 93-96.
5. Frolovskaya Yu. I. Civil liability for breach of obligations to perform construction work: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2006. – 175 p.

CIVIL RIGHT
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
REDUCTION OF THE PENALTY IN CIVIL CASES ARISING FROM A DISPUTE BETWEEN A PATIENT AND A PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC (ARTICLE 333 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, RESOLUTION OF THE PLENUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NO. 17 OF 06/28/2012, PARAGRAPH 34; RESOLUTION OF THE PLENUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF MARCH 24, 2016 No. 7)
The article reveals the nature of the penalty, the grounds for reducing its size by a court in civil cases arising from a dispute between a patient and a plastic surgery clinic. The value of the penalty in cases involving consumers is justified. Attention is drawn to the inadmissibility of arbitrary reduction of the penalty by the court. The provisions on the penalty in German legislation are investigated.
Keywords: penalty, reduction, reduction, consumer, court, clinic, contract, obligation, responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Andrianov N. Penalty: proportionality to consequences // EZh-Yurist. – 2014. – No. 45. – P. 12-13.
2. Zhestovskaya D. A. Reduction of the penalty under Art. 333 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the concept of unfair contractual terms // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 190-206.
3. Zaykov D. E. Collection of penalties and abuse of rights: problems of correlation and interpretation // Russian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 64-73.
4. Zaykov D. E. Reduction of statutory penalties: legal regulation and practice of application // Russian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 65-72.
5. Manokhin O. G. Features of the application of the provisions of Art. 333 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in determining the amount of judicial penalties // Civil Law. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 43-45.
6. Penalty: what is it, what is it for and how to apply it // SPS ConsultantPlus.
7. Osipov M. Yu. Problems of reducing penalties by Russian courts // Current problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 116-122.
8. Svirin Yu. A. Legitimacy of reducing penalties by the court // Modern law. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 74-78.

CIVIL LAW
BURLOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF CONFIRMING A TRANSACTION BY CONCLUSIVE ACTIONS
Current legislation defines conclusive actions as one of the possible forms of expressing will. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that a transaction that can be concluded orally is also considered concluded when the person\’s behavior clearly indicates their will to conclude the transaction. The article examines that conclusive actions confirming a transaction are understood as behavior from which the person\’s will to conclude the transaction is evident, and the basis for this is that the person\’s behavior is inextricably linked to their will.
Keywords: transaction, conclusive actions, silence, oral form of transaction, expression of will, individual, legal entity, written form, silence, contract.
Article bibliography
1. Gorbanev K. S. Conclusive actions in the modern civil law of the Russian Federation // Collection of selected articles of the scientific session of TUSUR. – 2019. – No. 1-2. – P. 198-200.
2. Chernova E. R., Malinovsky D. V. Conclusive actions as one of the acts of applying legal norms // Integration of sciences. – 2018. – No. 4 (19). – P. 309.
3. Zeller A. I. On some features of the practice of accepting an offer by conclusive actions // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Law. – 2019. – Vol. 4, No. 2. – P. 96-101.
4. Bannikov A. V., Mkrtchyan A. D. Some aspects of the transfer of property when concluding real contracts. Conclusive actions // In the collection: Legal science in the 21st century: current problems and prospects for their solutions. A collection of scientific articles based on the results of the round table No. 9 with all-Russian and international participation. UKK “Actual knowledge”; Association “Union of educational institutions”. – Shakhty, 2021. – P. 110-112.
5. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 27, 2017 No. 22 “On certain issues of consideration by the courts of disputes on payment for utilities and residential premises occupied by citizens in an apartment building under a social tenancy agreement or owned by them” // Consultant Plus: comp. reference legal system. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru.

CIVIL LAW
VORONOV Alexander Vadimovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia; Legal Adviser, PIK-SZ PJSC
PROTECTION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALISATION: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION IN THE EAEU COUNTRIES.
This paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the institution of consumer protection in the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), namely the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. The paper will analyse the legislation of the EAEU member countries in order to identify effective mechanisms of consumer protection in the digital environment, as well as the formation of recommendations to improve the current legislation.
Keywords: consumer protection, EAEU, comparative analysis, legislation, consumer rights, protection mechanisms.
Article bibliography
1. Belikova K. M., Badayeva N. V., Akhmadova M. A. Some legal aspects of consumer protection in the EAEU countries // International research journal. 2016.
2. Aksyonov V. A., Odintsov S. V. Legal nature of marketplaces // Bulletin of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. 2024. No. 1. P. 5-21.
3. Plechakov D. V. Protection of consumer rights in the sale of goods in the EAEU countries // Issues of modern jurisprudence: Coll. art. on materials. LXVI international. scientific-practical. conf. Novosibirsk: SibAK, 2016. No. 10 (60). P. 18-24.

CIVIL LAW
DOSAEVA Alsu Osmanovna
competitor of Ph.D. in Law, A. S. Griboedov Moscow University
ABOUT THE LEGAL NATURE OF PERSONAL DATA AND THEIR PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF OBJECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article examines the legal nature of personal data, identifies the essential and functional features of this legal phenomenon, including those that arose as a result of the emergence of information technologies for data processing. Personal data has not only a personal aspect, but also an informational aspect, the importance of which is increasing for participants of the information society. The author comes to the conclusion that personal data has actually acquired the characteristics of an independent object of civil rights and suggests designating it as such in the civil legislation of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: legal nature, personal data, object of civil rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Dozortsev V. A. Intellectual property rights: Concept. System. Codification tasks: collection of articles – Moscow: Statut.2003.
2. Duraev T. A., Tyumeneva N. V. Legal nature as a category of jurisprudence // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2022. – No. 6 (149). – P. 15-22.
3. Kamyshansky V. P., Korshunov N. M., Ivanov V. I. Civil law. In 2 parts: Part 1: textbook. – Moscow: Unity, 2012. – 543 p.
4. Lapach V. A. System of objects of civil rights. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
5. Lopatin V. N. Information law: textbook. – 3rd ed., amended and supplemented. – M .: Prospect, 2021. – 656 p.
6. Magomedova O. S., Koval A. A., Levashenko A. D. Data trading: different approaches, one reality // Bulletin of RUDN University. – 2020. – Vol. 24, No. 4. – Pp. 1005-1023.
7. Malyugin S. V. Category “legal nature”: concept, determinants, main characteristics and approaches to definition // Russian Law Journal. – 2016. – No. 3 (108). – Pp. 46-58.
8. Nesterov A. V. Legal category of intangible (existing) goods and their systematization // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – Pp. 19-30.
9. Nokhrina M. L. Concept and characteristics of intangible assets: legislation and civilistic science // Jurisprudence. – 2013. – No. 5 (310). – P. 143-160.
10. Chegovadze L. A. Objects of civil rights and the new version of Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, “Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice”, No. 10, October 2014 [Electronic resource] // SPS Garant.
11. Tukhvatulina A. G. Information as an object of civil rights // Bulletin of young scientists and specialists of Samara University. – 2020. – No. 2 (17). – P. 245-250.
12. Jurcys, Paul and Donewald, Christopher and Fenwick, Mark and Lampinen, Markus and Smaliukas, Andrius, Ownership of User-Held Data: Why Property Law Is the Right Approach (October 1, 2020). Harvard Journal of Law and Technology Digest, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3711017.

CIVIL LAW
EPIFANTSEVA Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Justice, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
INDIVIDUAL PROBLEMS OF COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE
The article examines the key problems of law enforcement practice related to compensation for moral damage in the light of Resolution No. 33 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated November 15, 2022. Special attention is paid to the issues of proving moral suffering, including the difficulty of confirming non-material harm in conditions where the courts de facto require the submission of documentary and other evidence. The author raises the problem of contradictory approaches to assessing the criterion of reasonableness and fairness in determining the amount of compensation, and also criticizes the dependence of the amount of compensation on socio-economic factors such as income and region of residence. It is proposed to establish a minimum standard of compensation regardless of the financial situation of the victim, as well as to abandon excessive formalism in proving subjective suffering.
Keywords: compensation for moral harm, moral suffering, proof of non-material harm, reasonableness and justice, Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 33.
Article bibliography
1. Belonogova I. N. Unclear and controversial issues in the application of the rules governing relations on compensation for moral damage // The criminal-executive system: realities and development prospects. – Pskov, 2021. – P. 35-39.
2. Vinichenko Yu. V. Civil circulation: methodological foundations of civilistic research. – Irkutsk: Publishing house of BSUEL, 2014. – 166 p.
3. Shevchenko A. V. Some aspects of the genesis of evaluative categories // Baikal Research Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 15, No. 1. – P. 270-275.

CIVIL LAW
MAZANAEV Murad Shabanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MAGOMEDOV Rasul Magomedkamilovich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
CONDITIONS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF CIVIL LIABILITY IN NEGOTIATION RELATIONS
The case law of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (2019 – 2021) establishes four conditions of liability for bad faith negotiations: deviation from the standard of good faith, documented preparatory costs, causation and presumption of guilt of the entrepreneur. Only actual costs are compensated (\”negative interest\”); lost profits are reimbursed only in the case of proven refusal of an alternative contract. It is proposed to legislatively classify bad faith actions and introduce contractual break up fees to balance risks.
Keywords: civil liability; pre-contractual negotiations; Article 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation; good faith; negative interest; lost profit; causal relationship; presumption of guilt; break-up fee; entrepreneurial risk; Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; compensation of expenses.
Article bibliography
1. Baranov P. P. Pre-contractual liability: Russian and German approaches. – M .: Prospect, 2022. – 144 p.
2. Egorova M. A. Violation of the principle of good faith in negotiations // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 60-73.
3. Sarbash S. V. Pre-contractual liability of the parties: theory and judicial practice. – M.: Statut, 2024. – 232 p.
4. Terekhova N. V. Good faith of the parties at the stage of concluding an agreement: monograph. – M.: Yurait, 2021. – 208 p.
5. Travin D. P. Responsibility for termination of negotiations without good reason // Bulletin of civil process. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 22-39.
6. Cherednikova O. A. Culpa incontrahendo and digital negotiation platforms // Russian yearbook of civil and arbitration process. – 2020. – P. 147-160.
7. Shagieva N. G. Pre-contractual relations in civil law: domestic and foreign experience. – Kazan: Kazan. un t, 2021. – 160 p.
8. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 15.07.2021 No. 305-ES21-12634 in case No. A40-184731/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
9. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 17.02.2021 No. 305-ES20-22001 in case No. A41-104406/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
10. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 16.11.2020 No. 305-ES20-16289 in case No. A40-183818/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
11. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 17.02.2021 No. 305-ES20-22001 in case No. A41-104406/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
12. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 16.11.2020 No. 305-ES20-16289 in case No. A40-183818/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
13. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 17.02.2021 No. 305-ES20-22001 in case No. A41-104406/2019 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
14. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Court of the Russian Federation of 10.10.2019 No. 305-ES19-9298 in case No. A40-163389/2017 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
12. Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 18.06.2019 No. 305-ES19-3389 in case No. A40-172490/2017 // Judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

CIVIL LAW
SVETLICHNY Artur Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE FAIRNESS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN DIRECT MIXED COMMUNICATION
On September 1, 2025, Federal Law No. 288-FZ \”On Direct Mixed Transportation\” comes into force, regulating the legal framework for transportation using various modes of transport. The law eliminates the fragmentation of legal regulation, previously based on individual transport charters, and introduces unified approaches to the liability of participants in the transportation process. The article pays special attention to the analysis of Article 4 of the Law, which enshrines the two-tier structure of the agreement on the organization of transportation and the contract of transportation, as well as the mechanism of equal liability of the parties when it is impossible to establish a specific stage of the offense. The author considers the fairness of such a mechanism in the context of philosophy and legal theory, including the concepts of Aristotle and John Rawls, as well as the normative reflection of the principle of justice in Russian legislation. The concept of \”fair civil liability\” is introduced as based on the balance of interests and objective differences between the participants in the transportation. Based on the analysis, criteria for assessing fairness are proposed: the difference in the level of resources, investments, profitability and market position of the parties to the agreement. The article substantiates the need for flexible regulation and calls for the development of mechanisms that take into account the real inequality of subjects of the transportation process in order to achieve legal and social justice.
Keywords: multimodal transportation, civil liability, justice, principle of equal responsibility.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bogdanov E. G. Justice as the main principle of civil liability in Russian and foreign law. – M.: Prospect, 2013. – 232 p.
2. Kalashnikov B. N. Liberal Theories of Justice and Political Practice of Russia. – Veliky Novgorod: Novgorod State University, 2004. – 260 p.
3. Kanarsh G. Yu. Social Justice: Philosophical Concepts and the Russian Situation. – M.: Moscow University for the Humanities Publishing House, 2011. – 236 p.
4. Rawls D. Theory of Justice. – M.: LKI Publishing House, 2009. – 536 p.

CIVIL LAW
KHASHAGULGOV Ibragim Tarkhanovich
postgraduate student, Russian StateAcademy of Intellectual Property
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE DATABASE PRODUCER AND OTHER SUBJECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON DATABASES
The article examines the features of various subjects of intellectual property rights to databases. The author examines the legal status of a database manufacturer through the prism of other subjects, focusing on the related rights of such a subject. The purpose of the study is to formulate provisions for a clear and unambiguous interpretation, for which both general scientific and private law methods are used. Attention is drawn to the legal norms governing the activities of authors, manufacturers, and persons who organized the creation of a database as a complex object of intellectual property rights. For the latter category of subjects, a new term is introduced that reflects the essence, but is not misleading. An assessment is given to the formulations of “creative” and “non-creative” databases. The author also draws attention to the fact that the existing problems at the time of writing the article were not sufficiently developed: the author analyzes the opinions of scientists about these problems and offers fresh ways to solve them, which reflects the novelty of the study. The discussion concerns key institutions in the intellectual property law system, the article presents an up-to-date view of the current state of law, and the proposed measures allow us to model the trends of potential development of various intellectual property objects in the future.
Keywords: database, related rights, exclusive right, database manufacturer, database customer, complex intellectual property object.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part four) dated December 18, 2006 No. 230-FZ (as amended on July 22, 2024) // “Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation.” – 12/25/2006. – No. 52 (1 part). – Art. 5496.
2. What is digitalization, and what areas of life will it affect. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://center2m.ru/digitalization-technologies (date of access: 10.05.2025).
3. Tilova M. A. Problems of protection and protection of intellectual rights to databases in the context of the development of digital technologies // Theory and practice of modern legal science. Materials of the IX All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – St. Petersburg, 2022. – P. 264-270.
4. Matveev A. G. Intellectual rights related to copyright: a tutorial. – Ufa: Aeterna, 2019. – 126 p.
5. Ambaryan A. G. Complex objects of copyright // Intellectual property. Copyright and Related Rights. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 7-14.
6. Inyushkin A. A. Civil-legal regime of databases. Dissertation for the degree of Cand. of Law. – Samara, 2018. – 221 p.
7. Inyushkin A. A. Plurality of subjects of intellectual property rights to databases as a feature of their legal regime // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 109-111.
8. Database as an object of intellectual property rights: what is missing in regulation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/story/241830/ (date accessed: 10.05.2025).
9. Kuznetsov S. A. Large explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gramota.ru/poisk?query=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80&mode=slovari&dicts[]=42 (date accessed: 10.05.2025).
10. State registration of a program for electronic computers or a database. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rospatent.gov.ru/ru/stateservices/gosudarstvennaya-registraciya-programmy-dlya-elektronnyh-vychislitelnyh-mashin-ili-bazy-dannyh-i-vydacha-svidetelstv-o-gosudarstvennoy-registracii-programmy-dlya-elektronnyh-vychislitelnyh-mashin-ili-bazy-dannyh-ih-dublikatov (date of access: 10.05.2025).

CIVIL LAW
TULUPOVA Elena Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GANIEVA Irina Ruslanovna
administrator of the Law Clinic, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ROLE OF LEGAL CLINICS IN PROVIDING FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING LAWYERS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE LEGAL CLINIC OF THE UUST INSTITUTE OF LAW)
The article analyzes the role of law clinics in providing free legal assistance and training lawyers. As an example, the authors refer to the experience of the law clinic at the Institute of Law of the University of Law and Technology, highlighting the interesting positive aspects of its work. The article argues that today, law clinics are not just training grounds, but full-fledged training centers. The role of law clinics in the education of future lawyers cannot be overstated, as internships in law clinics provide a powerful tool for developing the competencies and professional development of future lawyers. The authors also formulate a proposal for amending the current legislation to increase the interest of law students in participating in legal clinics.
Keywords: legal clinic, legal assistance, free legal aid, legal training.
Article bibliography
1. Graduation qualification work (project type) by I. R. Ganieva “The role of legal clinics in providing free legal assistance and training lawyers.” Supervisor Tulupova E. O. – Ufa, 2025. – 58 p.
2. Gavrilova-Petrova L. A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of legal clinics // The role of the Legal Clinic in the system of providing free legal aid: Collection of articles of the Interuniversity round table on April 3, 2023 – St. Petersburg: North-West branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice”, 2023. – P. 30-34.
3. Gutnikov A. B. Legal clinics – a means of training a new generation of client-oriented and socially responsible lawyers // Problems of organization and functioning of legal clinics in Russia: Collection of reports of the Second annual all-Russian conference on May 13-15, 2011 – Moscow: Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 2011. – P. 7-9.
4. Kudin V. A. Legal clinic as a factor in improving the quality of legal education // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 4 (64). – P. 7-10.
5. Makhmutova A. Z. Development of a legal position as an analytical skill of a legal clinic consultant // The role of the Legal Clinic in the system of providing free legal aid: Collection of articles of the Interuniversity round table on April 3, 2023 – St. Petersburg: North-West branch of the Russian State University of Justice, 2023. – P. 42-48.
6. Usacheva E. A. Programs for training clinical students: a comparative analysis // The role of the Legal Clinic in the system of providing free legal aid: Collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference on November 22, 2024 – St. Petersburg: North-West branch of the Russian State University of Justice, 2025. – P. 6-11.
7. Legal clinics in Russia. Handbook. – M., 2002. – 432 p.
8. Gabovich A. A. Legal clinic in the system of providing free legal aid and the formation of the civic position of future lawyers (on the example of the activities of the Legal Clinic of the Russian State University of Economics (RINH)) // The role of the Legal Clinic in the system of providing free legal aid: Collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference on November 22, 2024 – St. Petersburg: North-West branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State University of Justice”, 2025. – P. 98-103.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE CAUSED AS A RESULT OF IMPROPER PROVISION OF MEDICAL CARE TO A PATIENT IN A PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC (PARAGRAPH 48 OF RESOLUTION NO. 33 OF THE PLENUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DATED NOVEMBER 15, 2022)
The article examines the concept and essence of moral harm. The right of the patient to demand compensation from the medical organization for moral damage caused by improper provision of medical care is disclosed. The criteria for assessing the amount of compensation for moral damage caused as a result of improper medical care to a patient in a plastic surgery clinic are considered. The existing problems of recovery of moral damage preventing the receipt of fair compensation are analyzed. Proposals have been made to establish a system of \”average\” (presumptive) moral harm\” with the allocation of the minimum and maximum amount of compensation for moral harm for each of these rights (benefits), as well as, to compensate for damage caused by poor-quality treatment, medical errors, to create a Medical Treatment Risk Fund in Russia.
Keywords: moral damage, compensation, suffering, the amount of compensation, the court.
Article bibliography
1. Burganov R. S. Practice of considering claims for compensation for moral damage // Criminal procedure. – 2016. – No. 9 (141).
2. Vetrov D. M., Reshetnikova Yu. Yu. Problems of determining the amount of monetary compensation for moral damage in the provision of medical services of inadequate quality // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. Series: Law. – 2023. – No. 1, Volume 8.
3. Lepikhina A. V. Problems of compensation for moral damage in the provision of high-quality medical services // Prospects for the development of science in the modern world. – 2018.
4. Taktaev I. A. Compensation to citizens for property and moral damage // Legislation. – 2018. – No. 3.
5. Mazaev D. V. Image protectioncitizen on the Internet // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2016. – No. 6 (113).
6. Matveev G. On the grounds of civil liability. – M.: Juridical lit. – 1970.
7. Suslikov V. N., Filimonova A. A. Problems of compensation for moral damage in cases of harm to the life and health of citizens // Socio-economic research, humanitarian sciences and jurisprudence: theory and practice. – 2016. – No. 7.
8. Erdelevsky A. M. Compensation for moral damage. – M.: R. Valent, 2007.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SAGITOVA Evgeniya Valerjevna
senior lecturer of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan branch, M. V. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), Kazan branch, M. V. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; independent researcher
FEATURES OF TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the features of territorial jurisdiction, which is one of the most important institutions of civil procedure. The types of this type of jurisdiction are analyzed, namely: general, alternative, exclusive, case-related and contractual, as well as the problems of their definition and application. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that due protection of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests can be guaranteed only with the correct determination of the court competent to consider a particular dispute. Thus, the rules of jurisdiction form one of the key institutions through which the constitutional right of citizens, enshrined in article 47 of the Basic Law, is guaranteed.
Keywords: court, civil proceedings, territorial jurisdiction, types of jurisdiction, rules of jurisdiction.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bryk A. V. Problems of the relationship between types of territorial jurisdiction in civil proceedings. – Text: direct // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 25 (420). – P. 75-76. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/420/93572/ (date of access: 21.03.2025).
2. Knyazkin S. I., Mironov M. A. The relationship between types of territorial jurisdiction in civil proceedings // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 1 (205). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sootnoshenie-vidov-territorialnoy-podsudnosti-v-grazhdanskom-protsesse (date of access: 19.07.2025).
3. Korshakova K. V., Shkurai T. A. Institute of jurisdiction of civil cases: current state and problems // Law and practice. – 2021. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/institut-podsudnosti-grazhdanskih-del-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-problemy (date of access: 19.07.2025).
4. Loshkarev A. V., Mikhailova A. D. Problems of determining generic and territorial jurisdiction // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2022. – No. 5-3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-opredeleniya-rodovoy-i-territorialnoy-podsudnosti (date of access: 07/19/2025).

CIVIL PROCEDURE
SAFONOVA Elizaveta Alexeevna
student, Hero of the Russian Federation, General of the Army E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Fighting Service University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia; independent researcher
ELMURZAEV Asoltan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, scientific supervisor, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation, General of the Army E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Fighting Service University of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia
JURISDICTION OF CIVIL CASES TO MAGISTRATES
This article examines the main issues and problems related to the institute of jurisdiction of civil cases by the magistrate\’s court. The work reveals the concept of jurisdiction, the rules for determining the range of cases related to the jurisdiction of a magistrate, and analyzes possible solutions to problems in this area. The author analyzes the order and claim proceedings of civil cases related to the competence of magistrates. The article examines the generally accepted features in civil procedural law that cases under the jurisdiction of magistrates have. Attention is focused on the need to supplement the legislation. Improvement by provisions that ensure the consolidation of clear, detailed and complete features that contribute to the delimitation of jurisdiction between courts.
Keywords: magistrates\’ court, jurisdiction, civil cases, delimitation of jurisdiction, trial
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 18.11.2002. – No. 46. – Art. 4532.
2. Federal Law of 17.12.1998 No. 188-FZ \”On Justices of the Peace in the Russian Federation\” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 242, 22.12.1998.
2. Absalyamova A. M. The Problem of Jurisdiction of Civil Cases by Justices of the Peace and Ways to Solve It // Herald of Science. – 2023. – Vol. 5, No. 6 (63). – P. 132-135.
3. Kuznetsova V. V., Vershinina G. I. Certain aspects of the institute of jurisdiction of civil cases by a justice of the peace // Institutions and mechanisms of innovative development: world experience and Russian practice: collection of articles of the 14th International scientific and practical conference, Kursk, October 24, 2024. – Kursk: ZAO “Universitetskaya kniga”, 2024. – Pp. 357-361.
4. Moroz O. V. On the issue of jurisdiction of civil cases by justices of the peace / O. V. Moroz // Actual problems of civil law and procedure: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Omsk, May 01, 2020. – Omsk: Private educational institution of higher education “Siberian Law University”, 2021. – Pp. 68-71.
5. Nesterov V. M. Changing the jurisdiction of justices of the peace in civil cases // Justice of the peace. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 32-37.
6. Petrosyan A. S. Problems of jurisdiction of civil cases by justices of the peace // Modern Science. – 2023. – No. 10-1. – P. 21-24.
7. Postovalova E. V. Some issues of jurisdiction of civil cases by a justice of the peace // Issues of judicial activity and law enforcement in modern conditions: a collection of articles based on the results of the II International scientific and practical conference: in 2 volumes, Simferopol, March 31, 2023. T. 2. – Simferopol: Limited Liability Company “Publishing House Printing House” Arial “, 2023. – Pp. 331-338.
8. Sattorov S. S. U. Jurisdiction of civil cases to justices of the peace // Law and state history and modernity, development prospects: collection of works based on the results of the scientific and practical seminar Republic of Bashkortostan, Sterlitamak, June 22, 2021. Volume: issue 4. – Sterlitamak: Bashkir State University, 2021. – Pp. 161-164.
9. Yarukhina M. R. On the need to develop generic jurisdiction of justices of the peace in civil cases // Issues of Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 27. – P. 578-583.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
STARTSEVA Svetlana Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
INDIVIDUAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS OF ESTABLISHING PATERNITY IN COURT
The relationship between parents and children is considered to be the most important aspect of family and legal relations. This aspect is especially important in the context of establishing the origin of children, for the subsequent emergence of rights and obligations for parents. The relevance of this topic has not weakened over the years due to the fact that every year there are legal disputes over the establishment of paternity and subsequent alimony obligations that arise when a father lives separately from his children. It is also worth noting that the relevance of establishing paternity is caused by the norms of legislation that govern these controversial relationships. In the course of the work carried out, scientific research on the issue of establishing paternity in court was analyzed and a systematic analysis of legislation was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the author came to the conclusion that it is necessary, firstly, to legislate the term paternity by proposing its author\’s definition, secondly, to lower the age for the child\’s right to establish paternity to 14 years, and thirdly, to legislate a ban on filing a claim for alimony and establishing paternity if the surrogate refused to transfer the child in accordance with the mother contract, as well as when the deliberately motherly used the biomaterial of the deceased man.
Keywords: parents, children, paternity, establishment of paternity, alimony, surrogate mother, lawsuit.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Petrova E. V. The essence and features of the legal nature of the concept of paternity // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2020. – No. 13. – P. 376-383.
2. Onishchenko I. S., Fedorova A. V. Actual issues of legal regulation of paternity establishment in the Russian Federation // Online scientific and practical journal of private and public law. – 2024. – No. 1 (25). – P. 163-168.
3. Kuleeva I. Yu. Specifics of proof in cases of establishing paternity // Modern law. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 65-69.
4. Kuznetsova I. Yu. Establishment of paternity in court // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2016. – No. 3 (110). – P. 73-76.
5. Yafizova E. N. Private law protection of family rights under the legislation of the Russian Federation: diss. …Cand. of Law. – Ulyanovsk, 2020. – 214 p.
6. Kalinina E. V., Khimyak K. S. Methods and features of establishing and challenging maternity and paternity in court // StudNet. – 2020. – V. 3. – No. 8. – P. 690-697.
7. Vanyaeva E. V., Lipatova T. B. Theoretical aspects of judicial proceedings in cases of establishing paternity // Proceedings of the LX International scientific and practical conference “Theoretical aspects of jurisprudence and issues of law enforcement”, 2022. – P. 32-35.
8. Filatov M. A. Resolving issues of establishing paternity and maternity in family law // Proceedings of the XI annual International scientific and practical conference “Protection of private rights: problems of theory and practice”, 2023. – P. 257-266.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
LYAMPORT Alexander Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Law Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CLASSIFICATION OF POWERS OF ARBITRATORS
The present study considers the inherent, discretionary and implied powers of arbitrators. In particular, the discretionary powers of the arbitral tribunal derive from the quasi-judicial (or jurisdictional) role of arbitrators, which is to control the arbitration procedure. The exercise of discretion by an arbitral tribunal is addressed in the report of the International Law Association\’s Committee of the International Commercial Arbitration. This article analyzes the peculiarities of the correlation between the above powers of arbitrators and makes initial attempts to establish its differentiation criteria. The author draws attention to the fact that, given the lack of clear criteria for distinguishing between these categories, international and, above all, domestic arbitrators are forced to intuitively use their own powers, which entails significant problems, especially in disputes involving sanction-designated persons.
Keywords: discretionary powers, inherent powers, powers of arbitrators, composition of arbitration.
Article bibliography
1. Grebelsky A.V. Commentary on the Recommendations on the Inherent and Implied Powers of International Arbitral Tribunals: approved by the Resolution of the International Law Association in Johannesburg in 2016 // Commercial Arbitration, 2021. – No. 2. – P. 190-202.
2. Brown C. “Inherent Powers in International Adjudication”, in C. P. R. Romano, K. J. Alter and Y. Shany, The Oxford Handbook of International Adjudication. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. – Pp. 829-841.
3. Carlevaris A. Inherent Powers of Arbitrators and Interim Measures // Inherent Powers of Arbitrators / F. Ferrari, F. Rosenfeld. – Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration and Commercial Law, 2019. – Chapter 2. – Pp. 59-86.
4. Castagna S. Inherent and Implied Powers of International Arbitral Tribunals: Characteristics and Limits / M. O’Reilly // Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management, 2016. – No. 4. – Pr. 409-414.
5. Gaeta P. “Inherent Powers of International Courts and Tribunals,” in L. C. Vohrah et al. (eds.), Man’s Inhumanity to Man: Essays on International Law in Honor of Antonio Cassese, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2003. – pp. 353-358.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
KHUSNUTDINOVA Aida Albertovna
student, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
GERMANOVA Elena Georgievna
senior lecturer of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE PROSECUTOR AND THE RETURN OF THE STATEMENT OF CLAIM: CONFLICTS AND GAPS IN THE CIVIL PROCEDURE LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA
The article examines the legal conflicts that arise when applying Article 135 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation to claims filed by the prosecutor. The specifics of the prosecutor\’s procedural status are analyzed, the inconsistency of individual grounds for the return of statements to his public-legal function is emphasized, and the need for legislative clarifications is pointed out. Particular attention is paid to the gaps in the regulation of the pre-trial procedure and the proposal to eliminate it. Based on a comprehensive analysis, proposals are formulated to improve procedural rules, taking into account the human rights role of the prosecutor\’s office.
Keywords: return of the statement of claim, prosecutor, pre-trial settlement procedure, procedural conflicts.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Afanasyev S. F., Borisova L. V., Gabov A. V. et al. Civil process: textbook / Ed. A. V. Gabova, V. G. Golubtsova, S. Zh. Solovykh; IGP RAS, Belgorod State University, Perm State National Research University. – Moscow: Statut, 2024. – 748 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2197152 (date of access: 17.04.2025).
2. Alekhina S. A., Blazheev V. V. et al. Civil procedural law: textbook / Ed. M. S. Shakaryan. – M .: TK Velbi, Prospect Publishing House, 2004. – 584 p.

ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
ARTEMOVA Yuliya Sergeevna
lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Voronezh State University; lawyer
SEPARATE JUDICIAL PROCEDURES IN THE CONTEXT OF COURT’S FUNCTION OF ASSISTANCE REGARDING ARBITRATION
The article examines the features of the procedural consolidation of two areas of assistance of the State Court in relation to arbitration (arbitration proceedings): adoption of interim measures on application by a party to the arbitration proceedings, as well as evidence at the request of the arbitral tribunal. It is noted that these areas of state assistance are located in the general part of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, which makes the presence of a number of procedural features of these areas of state assistance. The article uses a substantive and formal approach to justify the need for assistance in taking interim measures and obtaining evidence not to categories of cases, but to separate judicial procedures.
Keywords: arbitration, function of court assistance regarding arbitration, order interim measures, obtaining evidence, judicial procedures.
Article bibliography
1. Abushenko D. B. Competition of judicial procedures: concept, types, general methodology for resolving conflicts // Russian proceduralists on law, law and judicial practice: on the 20th anniversary of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: monograph / Ed. V. V. Molchanov. – M.: Statut, 2023. – P. 41-59.
2. Baulin O. V. Judicial procedures in the civil process: legislative regulation and law enforcement practice // Russian proceduralists on law, law and judicial practice: on the 20th anniversary of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: monograph / Ed. V. V. Molchanov. – M.: Statut, 2023. – P. 129-130.
3. Gorshenev V. M. The nature and purpose of the procedural form in Soviet law: Problems of the procedural form in legal science and practice // Bulletin of the Yaroslavl University: Problems of the procedural form in legal science and practice. Thematic collection. – Yaroslavl: Publishing house of the Yaroslavl. University, 1972. – No. 4. – P. 3-23.
4. Degtyarev S. L. Implementation of judicial power in civil proceedings: theoretical and applied problems: diss. … doctor of law. – Ekaterinburg, 2008. – P. 379-380.
5. Muradyan E. M. Judicial law. – St. Petersburg: Legal center Press, 2007. – P. 541-569.
6. Rassakhatskaya N. A. Civil procedural form: Textbook. – Saratov: SGAP, 1998. – P. 34.
7. Sakhnova T. V. “Incomplete” judicial procedures in modern civilistic process // Bulletin of civil process. – 2021. – No. 4 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
8. Sakhnova T. V. Procedurality of the civilistic process: methodology of the future // Bulletin of the civil process. – 2012. – No. 1 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
9. Sakhnova T. V. Judicial procedures (on the future of civilistic progress) // Arbitration and civil process. – M.: Lawyer, 2009. – No. 2. – P. 9-13.

ARBITRATION PROCESS
ERMAKOV Kirill Sergeevich
graduate student of Samara State University of Economics
SKACHKOVA Olga Sergeevna
Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil and Arbitration Procedure at Samara State University of Economics
THE POPULARITY OF CLASS ACTION LAWSUITS IN RUSSIA: TRENDS AND PROSPECTS
The article considers such a procedural tool for the protection of collective interests as a class action, analyzes some indicators of the effectiveness of such claims. Currently, the scientific community is actively developing and researching various models for building a group procedural form of protection of violated rights of both an indefinite circle of persons and the collective interest of a group of persons. Attention should be paid to an urgent problem – the lack of definition of the concept of “collective interest” in the legislation, as a result of which this definition is replaced by the following: group and public interest. Numerous gaps and conflicts in arbitration proceedings also determine the relevance of the study.
Keywords: collective protection of rights, class action, access to justice of a group of persons, public interest, protection of interests of an indefinite circle of persons.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Erokhova M. “Indirect, group and collective claims in corporate disputes” // Pravo.ru: legislation, judicial system, news and analytics. All about the legal market. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/story/218543/ (date of access: 18.05.2025).
2. Rozhkova M. A. And again about class and indirect claims // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 5. – P. 19-36. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rozhkova.com/pdf/AR75.pdf (date of access: 18.05.2025).
3. Istomin V. G. Class actions in cases on the protection of competition in the USA and Great Britain and the prospects for their development in Russia // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 9. – P. 174–186.
4. Gorlach A. B. Analysis of the Institute of Class Action in the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 49 (339). – P. 217-220. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/339/76065/ (date of access: 05/27/2025).
5. Maggs P. B. Unconscionability of the Arbitration Clause under United States Law // Bulletin of International Commercial Arbitration. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 167-181.
6. Sheikin A. proposed to simplify the institute of class actions // Parliamentary newspaper. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.pnp.ru (date of access: 05/27/2025).

ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
KULIK Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South-Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
ANALYSIS OF SOME FEATURES OF THE CONSIDERATION OF CASES ON CHALLENGING A NORMATIVE ACT IN ARBITRATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
Over the long period of their existence, procedural branches of law in the Russian Federation have formed unified approaches that allow ensuring equal opportunities for access to judicial protection for citizens and legal entities, as well as public entities that act in a dual legal status in the process, ensuring both public interests, which is more characteristic of them, or their own interests, acting as subjects of legal relations on an equal basis with citizens and legal entities. In the first case, their participation in the procedural legal relationship is realized through the entry into the process of the relevant state authorities, local governments and their officials, whose powers include the protection of the relevant group of public interests. In the second case, the same entities participate already ensuring the needs of the authorities themselves. However, in both cases, the legislator tried to level out significant differences in the procedural capabilities of public entities and other participants in procedural legal relations, providing procedural guarantees to the latter for the implementation of the principle of equality of all before the law and the court. In the current procedural codes of the civil-law procedural family, one can find the corresponding chapters, where the legislator tried to formulate unified approaches to the protection of the rights of citizens and organizations in homogeneous legal relations. At the same time, some norms differ, which raises questions regarding the equality of judicial protection.
Keywords: proceedings on cases arising from public and other legal relations; Intellectual Property Court; Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; competence; jurisdiction; normative legal act; contestation.
Article bibliography
1. Darkina M. M. Problems of protecting the rights of entrepreneurs in the Intellectual Property Court // Journal of Entrepreneurial and Corporate Law. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 18-22.
2. Ermakov E. Yu. Legal consequences of judicial normative review require further improvement / E. Yu. Ermakov // Russian judge. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 30-35.
3. Mikhailov S. M., Mikhailov L. Possession of special knowledge as a guarantee of independence of judges of the Intellectual Property Court // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2015. – No. 5. – P. 173.
4. Intellectual Property Court in the system of state authorities of the Russian Federation: monograph / Ed. I. A. Bliznetsa, L. A. Novoselova. – M.: Prospekt, 2019.

LABOR LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE PROBLEM OF LABOR RELATIONS MIMICRY: LEGAL QUALIFICATIONS AND THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN CIVIL LAW AND LABOR STRUCTURES
The article examines the legal qualification of labor relations when including contracts with individuals applying the special tax regime “professional income tax” (PIT). According to the author, the study of law enforcement practice shows that controversial issues of the legal qualiThe fication of an employment contract have acquired special importance and require legislative resolution. The article examines the practice of replacing labor relations with civil law structures through the institution of self-employment.
Keywords: employment relationship; employment contract; legal qualification of an employment relationship, contract for the provision of paid services; judicial protection of labor rights.
Article bibliography
1. Orlovsky Yu. P. Legal regulation of labor relations in modern conditions // Business and Law. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 48.
2. Labor law: national and international dimension: monograph / Ed. S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. – M.: Norma, 2022. – Vol. 2. – P. 271.
3. Bondarenko E. N., Gerasimova E. S., Golovina S. Yu., et al. International labor standards and Russian labor law: prospects for coordination: monograph / Ed. S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. – M.: NORMA, INFRA-M, 2016. – 256 p.
4. Antonova N. V., Kamenskaya S. V., Korshunova T. Yu., et al. Judicial practice and development of labor and social security legislation: scientific and practical manual / Ed. T. Yu. Korshunova. – M.: CONTRACT, 2024. – 248 p.
5. Mikhailenko Yu. A., Prasolova I. A. Assessment by courts of legal and economic dependence in recognizing relations as labor relations // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 9-13.
6. Linets A. A. Characteristics of individual features of labor relations in the context of the development of gig employment // Bulletin of the Voronezh State University. – 2021. – No. 4 (47). – P. 291.
7. Beketova N. A. Grounds for recognizing an agreement with a self-employed person as an employment contract: what the courts and regulatory authorities take into account // HR practitioner. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 126-138.
8. Wikipedia. Labor relations in China. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China.

LABOR LAW
KONOVALCHUK Marina Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF ACCOUNTING FOR THE OFFICIAL TIME OF EMPLOYEES OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM WHO ARE EMPLOYED ON WEEKENDS AND HOLIDAYS, WORKING ON A SHIFT SCHEDULE
The article discusses issues related to the legal regulation of the work of employees of the penal correction system, emphasizes the need for a clearer and fairer approach to accounting for their official time and the right to rest for prison staff performing shift duties, and the procedure for their involvement in work on weekends and holidays. Legal conflicts have been identified and ways to resolve them have been proposed. The author draws attention to the shortcomings of the regulation of the procedure for keeping records of official time, since it does not apply to all official time and does not fully take into account shift work, which makes it difficult to calculate during the calendar year, and also does not detail the provision of additional rest days when working on weekends or holidays.
Keywords: office time, UIS employee, time accounting, shift schedule, work schedule.
Article bibliography
1. Akhmetshin R. A. Features of accounting for the working hours of employees of internal affairs bodies when they perform their official duties in excess of the duration of working hours established by law, at night, on weekends and non-working holidays // Actual problems of the state and society in the field of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 41-48.
2. Bogadurov R.N. Afanesyan K.K. Legal means of protecting the labor rights of police officers when performing official duties in excess of the established duration of weekly working hours // Actual problems of economics, sociology and law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 23-26.

FINANCIAL LAW
ATAEVA Naida Magomedrasulovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KHADISOV Zakir Magomedovich
magister student of the 2nd course of the full-time education, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF MONETARY CIRCULATION IN RUSSIA
The article discusses the current problems of cash circulation in the Russian Federation in the context of the digitalization of the economy. Special attention is paid to the role of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in regulating cash turnover and managing the money supply. The analysis of statistical data reflecting the steady growth of the volume of cash in circulation, despite the governmentpolicy to reduce it, is carried out. The main social and economic reasons for maintaining a high level of cash use by the population are highlighted. The risks and costs associated with cash circulation are disclosed, including counterfeiting of banknotes, shadow turnover and high costs of securing cash. The need for comprehensive measures to increase the transparency and efficiency of cash turnover was emphasized. The conclusion is made about the importance of a balanced approach to cash management in modern conditions.
Keywords: cash flow, Central Bank, money supply, shadow economy, money counterfeiting, financial security, digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Afanasyeva T. A. Problems and trends of money circulation in Russia // System management. – 2012. – No. 1 (14). – P. 45.
2. Vasyanina E. L. Mechanism of regulation of money circulation (legal issues) // Issues of Economics and Law. – 2024. – No. 188. – P. 9-13.
3. Vakulina G. A. On the issue of digital financial assets // Business and Law. – 2024. – No. 1 (564). – P. 58-68.
4. Gorodnova N. V. Introduction of the digital ruble in Russia: prospects for use in e-commerce and the fight against the shadow economy // Shadow economy. – 2024. – Vol. 8, No. 1. – P. 11-32.
5. Dzakhov T. A. Problems of money circulation in the Russian Federation // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2019. – No. 56-5. – P. 20-23.
6. Zatsepin A. L. On money circulation in Russia as a fundamental factor in managing the socio-economic reproduction of society // Actual issues of economics: collection of articles of the IX International scientific and practical conference, Penza, December 20, 2021. – Penza, 2021. – P. 153-159.
7. Korsakova I. V., Khramova A. V. Problems of money circulation in the modern national economy // Bulletin of the educational consortium Central Russian University. – 2018. – No. 11. – P. 119-123.
8. Kuhn H., Klimenko T. M. Methods and strategies for managing financial flows in order to optimize processes and increase efficiency at public sector enterprises of the Russian Federation // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 181-184.
9. Neguch R. A., Platonova Yu. Yu. Actual problems of money circulation in Russia // Modern financial and credit system: problems and prospects: materials of the International correspondence scientific and practical conference, Krasnodar, May 15, 2017. – Krasnodar, 2017. – P. 433-436.
10. Romanov P. K. The problem of internal circulation of foreign coins in Russia in the 30s of the XIX century // Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. – 2024. – T. 23, No. 8. – P. 57-68.

FINANCIAL LAW
BORTNIKOV Sergey Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
EVPRYNTSEV Igor Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND PRUDENCE OF THE TAXPAYER AND THEIR ROLE IN THE APPLICATION OF TAX RECONSTRUCTION
The paper examines the concepts of good faith and prudence in tax law relations. The peculiarity of the implementation of the principle of good faith in accordance with tax legislation is determined by the virtue of the introduction of Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the consolidation at the legislative level of the norm on the application of tax reconstruction. The article examines the doctrine of \”due diligence\” and its use, taking into account changes in tax legislation.
Keywords: tax reconstruction, the actual amount of the tax liability, the taxpayer, the tax authority, the calculation method.
Article bibliography
1. Napso M. B. Establishing the fact of good faith of the taxpayer: on the issue of consequences // Taxes. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 15-18.
2. Guseva T. A. Tax planning in entrepreneurial activity: legal regulation: monograph / Edited by N. I. Khimicheva. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2007. – 413 p.
3. Izyumova D. A., Koryakova E. A. The concept of abuse of rights in Russian tax law // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 18. – P. 581-586.
4. On the practice of applying Article 54.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: Letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 10.03.2021 No. BV-4-7/3060@ // Reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 16.01.2025).

FINANCIAL LAW
KHADISOV Zakir Magomedovich
magister student of the 2nd course of full-time education, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
ATAEVA Naida Magomedrasulovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ANALYSIS OF MODERN MONETARY CIRCULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
The article considers the features of the transformation of monetary circulation in the Russian Federation in the context of active digitalization of the economy. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of the digital ruble as an innovative payment instrument, as well as its impact on the structure of the payment system. The advantages and potential risks of the digital ruble are analyzed, including reduced transaction costs, increased transparency of operations and cybersecurity threats. Changes in consumer behavior and preferences of citizens associated with an increase in the share of non-cash payments are considered. The consequences of digitalization for the banking sector are reflected, including the risks of reduced liquidity and changes in business models. The need to improve the regulatory framework and ensure the protection of the rights of participants in digital financial turnover is emphasized. A conclusion is made about the key role of digitalization in the modernization of the financial system of Russia and the creation of a sovereign payment infrastructure.
Keywords: money circulation, digitalization, digital ruble, payment system, non-cash payments, Central Bank, financial stability.
Article bibliography
1. Dzakhov T. A. Problems of money circulation in the Russian Federation // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2019. – No. 56-5. – P. 20-23.
2. Zatsepin A. L. On money circulation in Russia as a fundamental factor in managing the socio-economic reproduction of society // Actual issues of economics: collection of articles of the IX International scientific and practical conference. – Penza, December 20, 2021 2021. – P. 153-159.
3. Korsakova I. V. Problems of money circulation in the modern national economy // Bulletin of the educational consortium Central Russian University. – 2018. – No. 11. – P. 119-123.
4. Martynenko N. N., Lyalkova M. S. Digital ruble as a consequence of digitalization of the economy and problems of its use under sanctions // Financial markets and banks. – 2024. – No. 12. – P. 318-322.
5. Melnikova N. S. Analysis of modern money circulation of the Russian Federation in the context of digitalization // Society and knowledge economy, capital management: digital knowledge economy: materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference, Krasnodar, May 27-28, 2022 – Krasnodar, 2022. – P. 100-104.
6. Miroshnik S. V. Transformation of money forms in the era of digitalization // Justice. – 2024. – Vol. 6, No. 2. – P. 46-56.
7. Neguch R. A. Actual problems of money circulation in Russia // Modern financial and credit system: problems and prospects: materials of the international correspondence scientific and practical conference, Krasnodar, May 15, 2017. – Krasnodar, 2017. – P. 433-436.
8. Niyazbekova Sh. U. Carrying out operations with the digital yuan of the People’s Bank of China in the context of increasing competition between banks // Bulletin of the Siberian Institute of Business and Information Technology. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 2. – P. 111-119.
9. Radionova I. V. Innovative business model for improving cash circulation in the Russian Federation based on the development of SMS companies // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2024. – No. 6 (65). – P. 990-996.
10. Shevchenko E. A. Legal nature of cash, non-cash, digital money // Student Bulletin. – 2024. – No. 44-9 (330). – pp. 36-38.

FINANCIAL LAW
SHVACHKIN Ilya Evgenjevich
specialist of the Compliance Monitoring Department of VTB Bank (PJSC)
THE LIMITS OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF CROWDFUNDING FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY: PROBLEM STATEMENT
The paper attempts to consider the essential characteristics that expose the limits of financial and legal regulation of financial crowdfunding technology. The natural expansion of the subject area of financial law creates the need to clarify the limits of regulation of public relations regarding the application and use of financial technologies in financial law. The subject area of financial and legal regulation of financial technologies by means and methods of financial law is being clarified.
Keywords: demarcation of the subject area of financial law, financial and legal regulation of the application and use of financial technologies, crowdfunding, limits of financial and legal regulation, balance of public and private interests.
Article bibliographic list
1. Zaitseva E. S. Establishing the limits of legal regulation. – M .: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2024. – P. 78.
2. Proshunin M. M., Shvachkin I. E. Some theoretical and legal issues of the formation of behavioralsupervision in the financial market of Russia and the EAEU // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 26: State audit. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 68-77.
3. Sayapin S. P. Civil regulation of investment relations using digital platforms: dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2024. – P. 55.
4. Sitnik A. A. Legal regulation of the use of digital technologies in financial law. – Tula: Publishing house of Tula State University, 2023. – P. 27.
5. Financial law at the turn of eras: monograph / Ed. I. I. Kucherov. – M.: Prospekt, 2024. – P. 186.
6. Crijns J., Haentjens M., Haentjens R. The Enforcement of EU Financial law. – Oxford, OX2 9PH, UK, 2023. – P. 91.

TAX LAW
KOVALISHINA Kseniya Viktorovna
independent researcher, Simferopol
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TAX CONTROL IN MODERN REALITIES
This article discusses the problems that arise in the implementation of tax control in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to identifying the shortcomings of the tax control mechanism and their impact on the effectiveness of fiscal policy implemented in the state. Based on the analysis of current legislation and the positions of scientists, the author has made specific proposals to improve the legal regulation of tax control in Russia, aimed at increasing its effectiveness in modern conditions. In particular, it is proposed to develop and adopt a federal law «On State Financial Control in the Russian Federation».
Keywords: state financial control, tax control, forms of tax control, tax monitoring, pre-verification analysis.
Article bibliography
1. Pepeliaev S. G. Tax monitoring: agitation for happiness // Tax expert. – 2025. – No. 4 (256). – P. 4-10.
2. Lysenko E. A., Ovcharova E. V. The influence of digital technologies on the development of forms and methods of tax control // Tax expert. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 11-19.
3. Ovcharova E., Tasalov K., Osina D. Tax Compliance in the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America: Forcing and Encouraging Lawful Conduct of Taxpayers // Russian Law Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 7, No. 1. – Pр. 4-54.

TAX LAW
SULEYMANOV Rustam Mahmad ogly
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ON THE ISSUE OF LEGALIZING NON-VERIFICATION TAX CONTROL AS A MECHANISM FOR RESOLVING TAX DISPUTES
The subject of this study is to identify the problems of existing approaches to the introduction of alternative forms of tax dispute resolution. Based on the results of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the current regulatory regulation and the emerging law enforcement practice make it possible to fine-tune the tax administration mechanism by legalizing non-verification tax control as a mechanism for resolving tax disputes. Taking into account the above, it is planned to amend the legislation on taxes and fees, the law on tax authorities, which will provide an opportunity to conclude tax agreements at the stage preceding the tax audit, pre-trial and judicial appeals.
Keywords: tax legal relations, tax dispute, conflict, disagreement, pre-trial appeal, tax audit, non-audit tax control, tax administration, tax agreement, mediation.
Article bibliography
1. Arakelova M. V. Alternative forms of pre-trial settlement of disputes arising from tax legal relations: diss. … can. jurid. sciences. – M., 2017. – P. 282.
2. Ovsyannikov S. V. Tax disputes in arbitration court (general characteristics) // Journal “Jurisprudence”. – 1996. – № 3. – P. 145-146.
3. Larina N. V. Tax disputes: theoretical aspects // Tax disputes: theory and practice. – 2004. – № 7. – P. 12-15.
4. Yakushev R. V. Information systems of tax authorities as a tool for preventing and resolving tax disputes // Financial law. – 2024. – № 10. – P. 16-21.
5. Semenov V. S. Russia in the network of conflict: between explosion and consent // SOCIS. – 1993. – № 7. – P. 73.
6. Kudryavtsev V. N. Legal conflict. – M.: State and Law. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 310.
7. Gurvich M. A. The right to sue // Academician Publishing House. Sciences of the USSR. – M., 1949. – P. 216.

TAX LAW
KOVALISHINA Kseniya Viktorovna
independent researcher, Simferopol
TAX CONTROL: CONCEPT AND ESSENCE
The current state of development of the system of state financial control, including tax control and its elements, and their legal regulation is imperfect and needs a deep theoretical rethink. The issues of improving tax control are particularly relevant in connection with the rapid development of technologies and their widespread adoption, which, on the one hand, implies an increase in the effectiveness of public administration in this area, and on the other hand, leads to abuse, which necessitates the search for new forms and methods of control in order to prevent abuse by regulatory authorities.
Keywords: state financial control, tax control.
Article bibliography
1. Chaba Silovic. On the origin of taxation: the ancient roots of tax systems / Translation from English and scientific editing – S. G. Pepeliaev. – Moscow: Statut, 2024.
2. Gracheva E. Yu. Problems of legal regulation of state financial control: dis. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.12. – Moscow, 2000. – 378 p.
3. Evsikova E. V. Public financial control in the context of digital transformation (theoretical and legal aspect) // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – Pp. 224-236.
4. Krokhina Yu. A. Financial law of Russia: textbook. – 6th ed., revised. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. – 568 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2155009 (date of access: 12.07.2025).
5. Ovcharova E. V. Financial control in the Russian Federation: study guide. – Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2019. – 224 p.
6. Financial law: textbook / Ed. N. I. Khimicheva, E. V. Pokachalova. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. – 800 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2162889 (date of access: 04.24.2025).

BUDGET LAW
KOZMINYKH Mariya Mikhaylovna
postgraduate student of Business and financial law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF EXTRA-BUDGETARY FUNDS BY STATE-OWNED INSTITUTIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of extra-budgetary funds by state-owned institutions and the problems that arise during their implementation. Due to the fact that the revenues received by state-owned institutions from business activities are directed to the relevant budgets, state-owned institutions face difficulties in securing additional financial resources. At the same time, improper or inefficient use of funds that are not included in the budget can lead to missing out on resources and losses for both the institution and the state as a whole. Uncertainty and lack of transparency in the use of extra-budgetary funds can lead to financial mismanagement and distrust among stakeholders. Public organizations must comply with legal requirements when using extra-budgetary funds, which can pose challenges in obtaining additional financial resources.
Keywords: state institution, extra-budgetary funds, public institutions, budget, sources of financing.
Article bibliography
1. Avramchikova N. T., Erygina L. V. State and municipal finances: a textbook for universities / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 142 p.
2. Berikova N. B., Pavlova N. Ts., Mandzhieva D. V. Current state and assessment of the current practice of authorizing expenses of state-owned institutions // Economic policy and financial resources. – 2023. – No. 2 (4). – P. 90-104.
3. Maslova T. S., Zhuravleva T. A. State-owned institutions: budget accounting and reporting: textbook / Ed. T. S. Maslova. – Moscow: Magistr: INFRA-M, 2023. – 648 p.
4. Salchak Ch. Sh., Salchak A. A. Financial and legal status of state-owned institutions in the Russian Federation // Economy and Society. – 2022. – No. 1 (92)-2. – pp. 203-206.

BUSINESS LAW
SHPANAGEL Fedor Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATED INSTITUTE OF RUSSIAN LAW
The article substantiates the complex nature of the institution of employment of citizens, traditionally considered in the legal sciences in the framework of research on labor legislation and social security law. A comparative analysis of the definitions of employment contained in employment legislation throughout the post-socialist period of Russian history is carried out, and the more complete and detailed nature of the current norm, the definition of employment, is noted. The author examined in detail the definition of employment, fixed in the Federal Law of 2023, and gave a detailed description of each sign of employment. The article critically evaluates the legal definition of illegal employment due to its limitation only to cases of violation of the procedure for registration of labor relations.
Keywords: activity, employment, labor activity, illegal employment, complex.
Article bibliography
1. Govorova N. V. Non-traditional employment in the post-industrial era // Scientific and analytical bulletin of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 117-119.
2. Egorova E. N. Approaches of the International Labor Organization to the issue of legal regulation of non-standard forms of employment // Legal science. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 88-91.
3. Mises von L. Human activity: a treatise on economic theory. – M.: Izdatelstvo Socium, 2024. – P. 1001.
4. Pavlovskaya O. Yu. Employment as a legal category in the domestic doctrine: classics and modernity // State and Law. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 90-99.
5. Platform employment: definition and regulation / Auth. collective: O. V. Sinyavskaya, S. S. Biryukova, A. P. Aptekar, E. S. Gorvat, N. B. Grishchenko, T. B. Gudkova, D. E. Kareva; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Institute of Social Policy. – M.: HSE University, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://clck.ru/ehwZ8 (access date: 04/17/2025).

BUSINESS LAW
BOCHKAREV Daniil Vyacheslavovich
postgraduate student of Business and corporate law sub-faculty, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; lawyer of Rosseti CIUS EES Company
PUBLIC CONTRACT CONCLUDED BY ACCESSION: THE FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION WAYS TO OF THE PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF WEAK PARTY
The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the mechanism of protection of the weaker party in the contractual structure combining the features of a public contract and a contract of adhesion. The search for the most effective means of protection of the weak party to a contractual obligation remains one of the urgent problems faced by law enforcement authorities. The researcher has determined that the subject composition of relations built on the signs of a mixed construction determines the set of ways and means of protection of civil rights established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. With the help of comparative-legal, historical-legal, formal-legal methods, the author comes to the conclusion about the special legal regime of protection of the weaker party with priority application of means of protection enshrined in Article 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, noting the key role of the court as a law enforcer in terms of fair assessment of the actual circumstances of the dispute, for the purposes of real balance of rights and legitimate interests of the parties to the obligation.
Keywords: public agreement, accession agreement, consumer, unfair contractual terms, ways to protect civil rights, invalidity, balance of rights and legitimate interests.
Article bibliography
1. Bayramkulov A.K., Belyaeva O.A., Gromov A.A. et al. Contract law (general part): article-by-article commentary to Articles 420 – 453 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – M.: M-Logos, 2020. – 1425 p. // SPS Consultant Plus.
2. V. K. Andreev. Contracts in entrepreneurial activity // Russian justice. – 1995. – No. 4. – P. 12.
3. A. G. Karapetyan, A. I. Saveliev. Freedom of contract and its limits: in 2 volumes. Volume 2. Limits of freedom to determine the terms of a contract in foreign and Russian law. – M., 2012. // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
4. B. M. Seynaroev. The relationship between a public contract and an accession contract / “Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation”. – 1999. – No. 10 // SPS Consultant Plus.
5. Klein N. I. The principle of freedom of contract and the grounds for its restriction in entrepreneurial activity // Journal of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 1 // SPS Consultant Plus.
6. Tsyplenkova A. V. The accession agreement as a special category of civil law: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2003. – P. 33.
7. Alekseev S. S. Theory of Law / 2nd ed., suppl., revised. – M.: Bek, 1995. – P. 243.
8. Rozhkova M. A. Means and methods of legal protection of the parties to a commercial dispute. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. // SPS Consultant Plus.
9. Efimov AV Legal status of consumers in the context of differentiation of legal regulation of public relations // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 70-83.
10. Sinitsyn SA Protection of the interests of the weaker party to the contract: exception from the principle of relativity of contractual obligations as a manifestation of the trend of socialization in the development of modern civil legislation / Advocate. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 14-21.
11. Tserkovnikov MA On special protection of the weaker party in the accession agreement // Law. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 42-27.
12. Amangeldy A. A., Belov V. A., Bogustov A. A. et al. Freedom of contract: collection of articles / Rep. ed. M. A. Rozhkova. – M.: Statut, 2016. // SPS Consultant Plus.
13. Zweigert K., Koetz H. Middle: in 2 volumes. – Vol. 2. – Trans. from Germ. – M.: International. Relations, 1998. – Pp. 32-38.
14. Civil, commercial and family law of capitalist countries: Collection of normative acts. Law of obligations. Textbook. Manual / Ed. by V. K. Puchinsky, M. I. Kulagin. – M.: Publishing house of UDN, 1989. – Pp. 33-41.
15. Schapp Jan. The system of German civil law: textbook / Trans. from Germ. S. V. Korolev. – M.: International. relations, 2006. – P. 291.
16. Khorosheva N. V. Public energy supply contract: problems when concluding by accession // Civil law. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 17-20.
17. Idrysheva S. K. Correlation of the contract for the provision of educational services in the field of higher education and the principle of freedom of contract in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan // Legal education and science. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 11-14.

BUSINESS LAW
PATANA Sergey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student
MEDENTSEVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Samara State Economic University
SOME ISSUES OF THE CARRIER\’S LIABILITY FOR LOSS, SHORTAGE (DAMAGE), DAMAGE TO CARGO DURING ITS DELIVERY BY ROAD
In this article, the author analyzes the issues that arise in the judicial practice of the courts of appeal and cassation when holding a carrier liable on the grounds of loss, shortage and damage to cargo. Incorrect law enforcement will lead to an increase in the number of lawsuits in which the carrier will try to recover damages from the person responsible for the accident, as a result of which the carrier has incurred such damages in the form of the cost of the recovered damage for the cargo. However, the carrier is not deprived of the right to prove that it took all possible measures to avoid the accident and mitigate its consequences by minimizing the damage to the cargo.
Keywords: business activity, contract of carriage, liability to the carrier.
Article bibliography
1. Makhiboroda M.N. Theoretical foundations of civil liability for breach of obligations during transportation // Public service and personnel. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 133. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoreticheskie-osnovy-grazhdansko-pravovoy-otvetstvennosti-za-narushenie-obyazatelstv-pri-perevozke/viewer.
2. Bazhanov P. V. Contract of carriage and transport expedition: main legal positions of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 06/26/2018 No. 26 of 08/06/2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/expert_opinion/75776/;

ENTREPRENEURSHIP LAW
SHPANAGEL Fyodor Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF TOURIST ACTIVITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The author analyzes the definition of the concept of “tourism”, critically assessing its legal definition as a one-sided initial concept of tourist law, and argues his position. The article examines the diversity of types of tourism, provides a comparative analysis of legal and doctrinal classifications of tourism, and draws attention to the legal consolidation of a wide variety of not types of tourism, but types of tourist services. Noting the use of both public and private law norms by the legislator in regulating domestic tourism, the author does not agree with concerns that the dominance of private law norms may lead to a decrease in the quality of tourist services and consumer protection. It is necessary to harmonize these types of legal norms, especially at the stage of their enforcement, including for the implementation of their preventive capabilities. When analyzing the sources of international law, the author, in addition to declarations on tourism, also examines the recommendation standards increasingly applied by our country and other states.
Keywords: the concept of tourism, types of tourism, legal regulation, norms of public law, norms of private law, consumers of tourist services.
Article bibliography
1. Amirkhanova E. A. Administrative and legal regulation in the field of tourism: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Chelyabinsk, 2014. – P. 25.
2. Marchenkova L. M., Skvortsova N. A., Makarova T. N. Legal regulation of tourist activity in Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 6 (169). – P. 449-451.
3. Sergienko S. Yu. Actual problems of legal regulation of tourism in the Russian Federation // Economy and Law. Current state and development prospects: Collection of articles of the XII International Scientificpractical conference. – Petrozavodsk, 2024. – P. 71-76.
4. Fedoseeva N. N. International legal regulation of tourism // Actual problems of social communication: Materials of the first international scientific and practical conference. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R. E. Alekseev, 2019. – P. 98-100.
5. Shevchenko O. A., Morozov P. E. Actual problems of legal regulation of domestic and inbound tourism. – M .: Prospect, 2024. – P. 112.
6. Bujdosó Z., Vasvári M. Basis of Heritagization and Cultural Tourism Development // Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. – 188. – 14 May. – 2015.
7. Groulx M., Wigglesworth J. Not for all: Barriers to universal accessibility in nature-based tourism and recreation spaces across British Columbia, Canada // Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. – September. – 2023.

CORPORATE LAW
VESELSKIY Viktor Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics; master\’s degree in the field of “Financial Lawyer”, St. Petersburg State University
IMPROVING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE SECURITIES MARKET AS A TOOL FOR THE PROTECTION OF INVESTORS\’ RIGHTS, THE PROSPECTS OF APPLYING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE\’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of improving corporate governance in the Russian securities market in the conditions of transformation of its structure after 2022. With the departure of non-resident institutional investors, retail investors have become the key participants of the securities market. As a solution, we suggest adapting Chinese experience, where the dominance of retail investors and high concentration of shares are similar to Russian realities. The central element of the PRC model is the institution of share ownership by the China Investor Service Center, which represents the interests of minority shareholders through participation in shareholder meetings, sending recommendations to companies, and initiating class actions.
Keywords: corporate governance, minority shareholders, retail investors, China Investor Service Center for Securities, investor protection, securities market.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Karapetov A. G. Economic analysis of law. – M.: Statute, 2016. – 528 p.
2. Firth M, Lin C, Wong S M L, et al. Hello, is anybody there? Corporate accessibility for outside shareholders as a signal of agency problems // Review of Accounting Studies. – 2019. – No. 24. – P. 1317-1358.
3. Guo Li. Investor Protection Institute as an Active Shareholder: An Analysis Based on the Case of the Investor Protection Center // Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 8. – P. 157.
4. Kong Dongming, Liu Shasha, Li Wenjing, and others. Is Indifference Rational? Small and Medium-Sized Shareholder Participation, Corporate Governance, and Investor Protection // China Economic Quarterly. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 1-28.
5. Liu Sijia. Retail Investor Behavior in China’s Financial Market: Modern Approaches to Sociological Research // Society. Environment. Development (Terra Humana). – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 23-28.
6. Liang Shanshan. Shareholder Voting Rights: The Nexus Between Company Ownership and Company Control // China Law Review. – 2005. – No. 3. – P. 114.
7. Xin Yu, Huang Xinyi, Ji Beibei. The Practice of Investor Protection by Non-Profit Organizations and Shareholder Litigation in China – A Case Study Based on Materials from the Investment Service Center Providing Support in Securities Litigation // The World of Management. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 69-87.
8. He Huihua, Fan Junxiong. The Influence of Minority Shareholders on Management: Evidence from Financial Statement Restatement // The World of Management. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 176-194.
9. Chen Yunseng, Yuan Wei, Li Zhe. Study of the efficiency of exercising rights by controlling minority shareholders: based on empirical data from the Center for Investment Services// The World of Management. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 142-158.

LAND LAW
KARAGADYAN Vladimir Davidovich
postgraduate student of Environmental and land law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF RESTRICTIONS ON LAND PLOTS IN ZONES WITH SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF USE
The article examines the development of the economy, production and technology as key factors in the emergence of new land-legal structures and the transformation of existing ones. The article analyzes the legal category of “zones with special conditions for the use of territories” in Russia, its history and current state. The article also touches upon the issues of the socio-economic approach to land use and the legal assessment of this resource by the state in a specific historical period. The lack of uniformity in the application of the categories of «zones with special conditions for the use of territories» and «zones with special conditions for the use of land» in the current legislation has been revealed. The author conducted a review of legislative innovations in the context of their impact on the legal regulation of land plots in the relevant zones, and drew conclusions.
Keywords: land plot, restriction of rights, restriction of rights to a land plot, zone with special conditions of use, land plots within zones with special conditions of use
Article bibliographic list
1. Boltanova E. S. Restriction of rights in connection with the establishment of a zone with special conditions of use // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 5 (212). – P. 55.
2. Vasyuchkova O. A., Karyaka A. M. Restrictions on land rights within the boundaries with special conditions for the use of territories: issues of practical and theoretical understanding // Jurist. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 62-66.
3. Gorbachev A. N. On the issue of the formation in Russian legislation of the institution of zones with special conditions for the use of territories // Actual problems of law. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 43-49.
4. Zemlyakova G. L. Maintenance of the state real estate cadastre as a function of public administration in the field of land use and protection: monograph. – Moscow: RIOR: INFRA-M, 2013. – P. 103.
5. Galinovskaya E. A., Boltanova E. S., Volkov G. A. [et al.]. Zones with special conditions for the use of territories (problems of establishing and observing the legal regime): scientific and practical manual / Ed. E. A. Galinovskaya. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2020. – P. 22.
6. Mityakina N. M. Some issues of limiting rights to land // Legal technique. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 558-560.
7. Okmyanskaya V. M., Bogdanova O. V. On the issue of zones with special conditions for the use of territories // Stolypin Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 664-665.
8. Savelyeva E. A. Legal regulation of zoning of territories: dis. Cand. Sc. (Law) – Moscow, 2015. – P. 129.
9. Revyakin A. P. Restrictions on rights to land plots in the public interest: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – St. Petersburg, 2019. – P. 35-55.

ECOLOGICAL LAW
ALEXANDROV Alexander Alexandrovich
magister student of the 2nd course of the program “Legal Regulation in the Sphere of Energy and Natural Resources” of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Science, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University; associate professor of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Science, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE REGIONAL WASTE CADASTER OF SAINT-PETERSBURG: CURRENT CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
The article is devoted to the study of problems in the sphere of production and consumption waste accounting, as well as legal regulation of the regional waste cadaster of Saint-Petersburg. The article analyzes the difficulties faced by business entities when submitting data to the regional waste cadaster, as well as the problem of lack of unified standards and requirements for their maintenance. The results of the research are proposals for improving the legislation, the implementation of which will improve the transparency and efficiency of the waste accounting system in Saint Petersburg.
Keywords: regional waste cadaster, production and consumption waste, anthropogenic impact, waste accounting.
Article bibliography
1. Vitkovskaya Ya. V., Prokhorov I. O. Regional waste cadastres – a necessity or a burden? // Ecology of production. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 60-69.
2. Tikhonova Zh. S. Directions for improving the methods of managing environmental activities in the field of industrial waste management in the region // Bulletin of transport information. – 2021. – No. 12 (318). – P. 13-27.
3. Endeko A. I. Submission of information to the regional waste cadastre // Production ecology. – 2021. – No. 8 (205). – P. 50-61.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
BOCHKAREV Daniil Andreevich
lecturer of Land and environmental law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGICAL CULTURE IN DOMESTIC LEGISLATION, CONSIDERING THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The article examines some trends in the development of the Institute of Ecological Culture, taking into account the Concept of sustainable development. The connection of ecological culture and environmental education with the Goals of sustainable development is being established. In order to develop proposals to improve the effectiveness of the environmental education system, the experience of the model educational legislation of the CIS countries has been studied. The existing problems of the current environmental legislation are identified and the need for adopting amendments and additions to legal norms in this area has been proven.
Keywords: ecological culture, ecological education, sustainable development.
Article bibliography
1. “Our Common Future” – Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/ga/documents/gakey.shtml (date of access: 05.03.2025).
2. Dzybova S. G., Mamisheva Z. A., Chebotareva I. Yu. The role of the concept of sustainable development in the legal modernization of the Russian Federation // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2024. – No. 14. – P. 33-41.
3. Law and social development: monograph / Ed. by A. V. Gabov, N. V. Putilo. – M.: Infra-M, 2015. – 272 p.
4. UN General Assembly Resolution. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. September 29, 2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ares70d1_ru.pdf (accessed: 03/16/2025).
5. Vygotsky L. S. Psychology of child development. – M.: Smysl. Eksmo, 2004. – 512 p.
6. The concept of environmental education in the general education system. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.edu.gov.ru/document/3da3f2dbd81de632a44729cf4fc40ea9/?ysclid=m8eg815j9x891327641 (date of access: 03/16/2025).

ECOLOGICAL LAW
GERSHINKOVA Dinara Alexandrovna
competitor, Faculty of Law, F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University
ON LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE FIELD OF CARBON REGULATION IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the measures of legal liability associated with greenhouse gas emissions at the example of legislation in the field of greenhouse gas emissions control, environmental protection and energy conservationtion. It is concluded that legal (administrative) liability is established for minor violations related to formal requirements for carbon reporting and the reflection of various indicators of greenhouse gas emissions in energy saving programs. While more important mandatory standards directly aimed at reducing emissions, expressed in emission targets (including quotas), are not provided by legal liability measures.
Keywords: legal responsibility, administrative responsibility, greenhouse gases, limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, quotas, energy conservation, Sakhalin experiment.
Article bibliography
1. Khlyudeneva N. I. Assessment of the effectiveness of the application of environmental and legal restrictions on economic activity in Russia // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – Vol. 25, No. 4. – P. 157-172.
2. Novikova E. V. Legislation on the protection of atmospheric air in the system of regulatory legal acts on limiting greenhouse gas emissions // Environmental law. – 2023. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
MOKRETSOV Yuriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, senior lecturer, associate professor, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the FPS of Russia
STARTSEV Daniil Alexandrovich
master, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the FPS of Russia
MODERN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN INSTITUTIONS OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA
The article discusses issues of environmental safety that are of particular relevance to institutions and bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, which are also nature users and have a significant impact on sustainable development and environmental protection. The features of the implementation of state functions for the control and supervision of compliance with environmental legislation in the Russian penal system are described. The problems of the process of ensuring environmental safety in institutions and bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia are analyzed. The directions of improving the state environmental policy in institutions and bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia are proposed, including by solving the identified problems.
Keywords: environmental safety, environmental management, sustainable development, digitalization, correctional institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Zaslavskaya N. M. Legal foundations of state environmental management in a digital society: methods of legal regulation // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 89-108.

CRIMINAL LAW
AGAEV Renat Muradovich
deputy chief of the Russian Guard Directorate for Tver Oblast for military-political (political) work
SPECIFIC SIGNS OF A CRIME UNDER ARTICLE 207.3 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article provides a detailed analysis of the specific features of the crime provided for in Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The main focus is on the characteristics and peculiarities of crimes related to the public dissemination of deliberately false information about the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the troops of the national guard of the Russian Federation. The author considers such aspects as the public nature of the dissemination of information, the deliberate falsity of information and its presentation under the guise of reliable data. The importance of accurately identifying the signs of a crime is emphasized in order to ensure the legality and validity of decisions to initiate criminal proceedings.
Keywords: specific signs of a crime under Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the public nature of the information disseminated the deliberate falsity of the disseminated information, dissemination of false information under the guise of reliable data, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the troops of the national guard of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Main statistical indicators of the state of criminal records in Russia for 2022 and 2023 // Official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation [Electronic source]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru.
2. Yavich L. S. General Theory of Law. – Leningrad, 1976. – Page 151.
3. Proshlyakov A. D. Problems of Application of the Norms of Chapter 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Russian Law Journal. – 2007. – No. 1 (53). – Page 128.
4. Criminal Law. General Part. – Moscow, 1997. – Page 114.
5. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federations. – Rostov-on-Don, 1996. – P. 46.
6. Pirogovsky I. G. Grounds for initiating a criminal case in the criminal procedural law of Russia (information approach): monograph / Under the general editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor I. A. Antonov. – M .: KNORUS, 2021. – P. 23.
7. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on October 2, 2024). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
8. Federal Law of December 25, 2023 No. 64-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “Garant.Ru”

CRIMINAL LAW
GADZHIEVA Aysha Ansarovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, senior researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Economics and Law, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
ZALIBEKOV Ramazan Pakhrudinovich
magister student of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
COUNTERING SYSTEMIC CORRUPTION AND CORRUPTION CRIMES: A REGIONAL ASPECT
The article studies the problems of countering corruption and corruption crime with a focus on regional peculiarities of its manifestation. The authors systematize the picture of corruption crimes in the Russian Federation and in its separate district (the North Caucasian Federal District), indicate corruption trends characteristic of the subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District, identify regional factors that hinder and complicate the fight against corruption. The article also emphasizes the need for a systemic understanding of corruption, which determines the implementation of systemic (comprehensive) anti-corruption measures in the region. The article develops and proposes measures to counteract crime, the application of which can significantly increase its effectiveness. Taking into account the positive experience of the Soviet era and the experience of Singapore, the authors conclude that it is necessary to include independent people’s commissions in control and oversight activities.
Keywords: corruption, corruption crime, regional corruption, systemic corruption, counteraction to corruption, comprehensive counteraction.
Article bibliography
1. Bersey D. D., Gulakova V. Yu. Digital technologies and their use in the field of combating corruption in public authorities // Basis. – 2023. – No. 2 (14). – P. 68-71.
2. Desnitskaya M. A., Grebenkin F. B. Latent corruption: state and methods of combating it // Internauka. – 2022. – No. 14-4 (237). – P. 63-65
3. Oblogin S. Yu. Singapore anti-corruption policy as the most successful model of combating corruption // Economy and society. – 2018. – No. 1 (44). – P. 591-594.
4. Shcherbatykh S. V., Alontseva D. V. Corruption as a systemic phenomenon: theoretical and legal research // Bulletin of the South-West State University. – 2018. – Vol. 8, No. 3 (28). – pp. 48-57.

CRIMINAL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Nadezhda Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Penza State University
BOYKO Kristina Dmitrievna
executive secretary of the Railway Local branch of the Penza regional branch of the United Russia Party
ECONOMIC CRIMES AS A THREAT TO THE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY AND REGIONS
The article examines the phenomenon of economic crime in the issue of ensuring the economic security of the country. There has been an increase in economic crime in certain regions of Russia, and some of the causes of this phenomenon have been identified. The official statistics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation on various categories of economic crimes are analyzed. Measures and key directions for improving the system of countering and minimizing crimes in the economic sphere are proposed. It is concluded that reducing the number of economic crimes can contribute to improving the economic security of the regions and the country as a whole.
Keywords: economic crimes, economic security, national security, counteraction, crime, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Bostanova P. I., Lepshokova R. R. Modern methods of counteracting economic crimes // EGI. – 2023. – No. 6 (50). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-metody-protivodeystviya-ekonomicheskim-prestupleniyam (date of access: 10.03.2025).
2. Vasiliev E. A., Dyachenko N. N. Trends in the development of economic crime and features of the fight against it in modern Russia // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4 – (60). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tendentsii-razvitiya-ekonomicheskoy-prestupnosti-i-osobennosti-borby-s-ney-v-sovremennoy-rossii (date of access: 10.03.2025).
3. Maksurov A. A. Financial and economic crimes: issues of harmonization of concepts // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2023. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/finansovo-ekonomicheskie-prestupleniya-voprosy-soglasovaniya-ponyatiy (date of access: 10.03.2025).
4. Khlystunov S. Yu., Ignatenko M. S. Economic crime in the public administration system: specificity and impact on security // Central Russian Bulletin of Social Sciences. – 2023. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ekonomicheskaya-prestupnost-v-sisteme-gosudarstvennogo-upravleniya-spetsifika-i-vliyanie-na-bezopasnost (date of access: 03/10/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
EFREMOVA Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
FEATURES OF SOCIO-CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN CRIME
Crime as a negative social phenomenon has a number of characteristics not only of a quantitative and qualitative nature. An important place in the analysis of modern crime is occupied by its socio-criminological characteristics. It shows trends in crime at various levels of society\’s organization and makes it possible to identify effective measures in the field of combat, preventing and suppressing crime at these levels. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of the socio-criminological characteristics of modern crime (2022 – 2024). Special attention is paid to such types of crime as juvenile delinquency, gang crime, etc. Preventive measures are formulated for each type of crime under study.
Keywords: crime, social profile, characteristics of crime, juvenile delinquency, criminality of previous convictions, stratification.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Egoryshev S.V., Divaeva I.R. Main characteristics of the social portrait of modern crime // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 287-294.
2. Ivanov S. I. Certain aspects of prevention and detection of crimes committed by minors // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2024. – Vol. 10 (76), No. 1. – P. 284-290.
3. Kleymanov M. S. Criminal communities (criminal organizations) in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China: counteraction and preventive measures // Russia and China: problems of strategic interaction: collection of the Eastern Center. – 2024. – No. 27. – P. 76-79.
4. Medvedeva D. D. Involvement of minors in the criminal environment as a criminal law category: issues of theory and practice // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – No. 2 (41). – P. 186- 193.
5. Cherednichenko E. E. Organized crime today // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 7. – P. 147-151.
6. Cherednichenko E. E. Juvenile delinquency: criminological aspect // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 2. – P. 117-122.
7. Shaykhlislamov E. R., Konnov A. A. Social portrait of crime as a way to prevent and combat it // E-Scio. – 2021. – No. 3 (54). – P. 491-496.
8. Eriashvili N. D., Larionova L. I. Prospects for the Development of the System for Preventing Organized Crime in the Russian Economy // Law and Right. – 2024. – No. 10. – P. 272-277.

CRIMINAL LAW
IDRISOVA Aida Dzhupalaevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer of Economics and general education disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University (branch) in Izberbash
TAILOVA Aisha Gabibovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University (branch) in Izberbash
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF PAROLE IN RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
The article examines the history of the formation and development of the institution of parole in Russian legislation. The stages of the formation of parole are analyzed from the pre-revolutionary period, when there were only individual measures to mitigate the fate of convicts, to the Soviet period, when parole became an important tool for the re-education of criminals. Special attention is paid to the current period of reform of criminal legislation and the system of execution of punishments, during which the criteria for the application of parole were clarified, the list of crimes for which it canbe applied was expanded, and an institute for monitoring the behavior of parolees was introduced. The article highlights the importance of parole as a means of stimulating the law-abiding behavior of convicts and their re-socialization. It is concluded that it is necessary to further improve the institution of parole in order to increase its effectiveness and reduce recidivism.
Keywords: conditional early release, history, formation, development, Russian legislation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Charter on exiles of 1822 Russia. Laws and regulations. Institution for the management of Siberian provinces. – St. Petersburg: Senate, type., 1822. – P. 214. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/59200.
2. Seredkin S. A. History of the development of administrative supervision of the police in Russia // The world of science and education. – 2019. – No. 3 (15). – P. 9-15.

CRIMINAL LAW
KOKOREVA Lyubov Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Moscow Regional Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
KOKOREV Roman Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Deputy Head of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Moscow Regional Branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SOLDATKIN Vladislav Sergeevich
lecturer of Criminal process law and criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE DIFFICULTIES OF PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH 1 OF PART 3 OF ARTICLE 86 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE BY DEFENDERS
The article is devoted to the study of problems arising in the implementation of the norms of paragraph 1 of part 3 of Article 86 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation concerning the rights of a defender to collect evidence by obtaining objects, documents and other information. The authors consider the difficulties of law enforcement practice in the exercise by the defender of his powers to collect evidence, analyze judicial practice and the opinions of scientists. According to the authors, the existence of various approaches is due to insufficient legal regulation of the method of evidence collection by the defense attorney. The article is aimed at legal practitioners, lawyers and researchers interested in issues of evidentiary law and law practice.
Keywords: the powers of the defender, methods of collecting evidence, obtaining objects, documents and other information.
Article bibliographic list
1. 19.07.19. Methodological recommendations on attorney investigation. Website of the Bar Association of the Novosibirsk Region. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ka-advocat.ru/19-07-19-methodical-recommendations-ob-advok/ (date of access: 25.05.2025).
2. Methodological recommendations for the implementation of the rights of an attorney. Bar Association of the Khabarovsk Territory. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://advokatdv.ru/node/188 (date accessed: 25.05.2025).
3. Methodological recommendations for the implementation of the rights of a lawyer, provided for in paragraph 2 of part 1 of Art. 53, part 3 of Art. 86 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 3 of Art. 6 of the Federal Law “On Advocacy and the Bar in the Russian Federation” / Approved by the decision of the Council of the Federal Chamber of Lawyers of the Russian Federation dated April 22, 2004 (minutes No. 5). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/methodical-recommendations-on-realization-of-the-rights-of-a-lawyer-under-paragraph-2-of-part-1-of-a/ (date of access: 05/25/2025).
4. Appellate ruling of the Krasnodar Regional Court No. 22-7198/2020 dated November 26, 2020 in criminal case No. 1-3/2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/JiATQualZYgP/?regular-txt=+the+court+considered+it+possible+to+satisfy+the+motion+of+the+defense+on+attachment&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=&=1748249168032&snippet_pos=4572#snippet (date of access: 05/29/2025).
5. Verdict of the Oktyabrsky District Court of Omsk No. 1-11/2017 1-312/2016 of November 7, 2017 in criminal case No. 1-11/2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/w9FpoHXmMHNT/?regular-txt=+the+court+considered+it+possible+to+satisfy+the+motion+of+the+defense+on+attachment&regular-case_doc=&regular-lawchunkinfo=&regular-date_from=&regular-date_to=&regular-workflow_stage=&regular-area=&regular-court=&regular-judge=&_=1748249168032&snippet_pos=26616#snippet (date of access: 05/29/2025).
6. Stupin A. O., Tkachenko E. V. Problems of independent activity of the defense attorney in collecting evidence in criminal proceedings // Scientific leader. – 2022. – No. 22 (67). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scilead.ru/article/2396-problemi-samostoyatelnoj-deyatelnosti-advokat (date of access: 19.05.2025).
7. Filipenko Yu. A. Justification of the need for a defense attorney to grant the right to collect evidence in a criminal case // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 46 (441). – P. 367-369.
8. Egorov N. N. On the issue of collecting evidence by a defense attorney at the preliminary investigation stage // Law and order. Theoretical and practical issues. – 2018. – P. 29-33.
9. Ragulin A. V. Regulation of the rights of a defense attorney to question persons with their consent and present objects and documents // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2013. – No. 1 (2). – P. 50-52. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reglamentatsiya-prav-advokata-zaschitnika-na-opros-lits-s-ih-soglasiya-i-predstavlenie-predmetov-i-dokumentov/viewer (date of access: 19.05.2025).
10. Nabatov M. B. Implementation of the right to defense in criminal proceedings in the context of the use of digital technologies: diss. … Cand. of Law. Sciences. – M., 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.dissercat.com/content/realizatsiya-prava-na-zashchitu-v-ugolovnom-protsesse-v-usloviyakh-primeneniya-tsifrovykh (date of access: 19.05.2025).
11. Khaidarov A. A. Using the capabilities of social networks and mobile devices for lawyers to protect the rights and legitimate interests of suspects (accused) and for prosecutors to identify violations in criminal cases // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 179-187. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolzovanie-vozmozhnostey-sotsialnyh-setey-i-mobilnyh-ustroystv-dlya-zaschity-advokatami-prav-i-zakonnyh-interesov-podozrevaemyh/viewer (date of access: 19.05.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
KOROTKIKH Natalya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
FORCED LABOR IN RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of forced labor (prinuditel\’nyye labor) in the Russian Federation as an alternative form of criminal punishment not involving imprisonment. The author examines the historical context of this institution, tracing its origins to the Soviet era in 1917, when forced labor was used for economic purposes and the rehabilitation of offenders. Special attention is given to the 2011 reform, which introduced forced labor into the penal system to humanize criminal law and reduce the burden on correctional facilities. The study analyzes statistical data on the application of forced labor since 2017, when courts began actively imposing this form of punishment. Despite the growing number of convicts, the author identifies key issues in legal regulation, such as the non-autonomous nature of forced labor—it can only be applied as an alternative to imprisonment and only when explicitly specified in the relevant Criminal Code article. This significantly limits its use and creates inconsistencies in judicial practice. The author also addresses challenges in the enforcement of this punishment, including insufficient regulation of labor organization for convicts, their right to medical care, and safety in correctional centers. The effectiveness of forced labor in achieving rehabilitation and reducing recidivism is critically assessed. Based on the findings, the article proposes legislative improvements, such as removing forced labor from sanctions that do not include imprisonment or a comprehensive reform of this institution. The study is valuable for specialists in criminal law, criminology, and legal practice, as well as anyone interested in the humanization of the penal system.
Keywords: criminal punishment, forced labor, imprisonment, crime , convict, correctional centers, humanization of criminal law, penitentiary system, re-socialization, effectiveness of punishment, reform.
Article bibliography
1. Antonov T. G. Problems of legal regulation of the application of coercive measures to those sentenced to forced labor // Bulletin of the Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2019. – No. 4 (35). – P. 5-8.
2. Blagov E. V. Forced labor // Criminal law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 15-18.
3. Bonta J., Burgon G., Ragge T., Scott T. L., Yessin A. K. and Lee J. Study of the effectiveness of supervision of probationers: the impact of different aspects of supervision // Journal of Rehabilitation of Offenders. – 2008. – No. 47 (1-2). – P. 132-155.
4. Grushin F. V., Lyadov E. V. Criminal punishment in the form of forced labor: legal regulation of appointment and execution. – Ryazan: IP Konyakhin A. V., 2021. – 138 p.
5. Kombarov R. V. Problems of implementation of criminal punishment in the form of forcedof works // Ius publicum et privatum: online scientific and practical journal of private and public law. – 2021. – No. 4 (14). – P. 59-63.
6. Markuntsov S. A. On some problems of the appointment and execution of forced labor // IV International Penitentiary Forum “Crime, Punishment, Correction”: materials of the International scientific and practical conferences and round tables, for the 140th anniversary of the penal system of Russia and the 85th anniversary of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, in 10 volumes, Ryazan, November 20-22, 2019. Vol. 3. – Ryazan: Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2019. – P. 196-200.
7. Nepomnyashchaya T. V. Problems of the appointment of forced labor // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 2018. – No. 3 (56). – P. 148-152.
8. Nechaeva E. V. Prospects for the Transformation of Punishment in the Form of Forced Labor // Criminal Executive Law. – 2018. – Vol. 13 (1-4), No. 1. – P. 45-49.
9. Pertli L. F. Forced labor and its execution in Russia and foreign countries // Organization of the execution of criminal punishment in the form of forced labor. – M.: Ryazan, 2012. – P. 25-33.
10. Safin L. R. Historical essay on the legal regulation of punishments not related to isolation from society under the criminal law of Russia // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2023. – Issue 1 (59). – P. 142-158.
11. Criminal-executive law of Russia: Theory. Legislation. International standards. Domestic practice of the late XIX – early XX centuries. – M.: NORMA, M.: INFRA-M, 2002. – 720 p.
12. Criminal-executive law of Russia: textbook / Ed. V. I. Seliverstov. – 8th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Norma, 2019. – 432 p.
13. Frase R. S. Sentencing Guidelines: Structural Reform or Just “Punishment”? // William Mitchell Law Review. – 2011. – No. 37 (4). – P. 1234-1278.
14. Khimedenova D. N. Appointment and execution of punishment in the form of forced labor: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Kursk, 2023. – 26 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
KRASKOVSKIY Yan Eduardovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Penza State University
FIRSAKOV Andrey Alexeevich
student of the 3rd course, Institute of Law, Penza State University
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE INSTITUTE OF PARDON IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ANALYSIS AND SOLUTIONS
This article is devoted to the analysis and identification of urgent problems related to the institution of pardon. Despite the fact that this institution has existed for a long time and it may seem that all problematic issues have been successfully resolved by the legislator, a detailed examination allows us to draw a different conclusion. Currently, there are a number of problems related to the functioning of the pardon commission, as well as the procedure for applying for clemency.
Keywords: pardon, petition for pardon, legality, pardon commission, legal technique.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gurbanov K. V., Malinkina E. V. The problem of implementing the institution of pardon // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 28 (370). – P. 97-99.
2. Skopintseva V. V. Necessary conditions for considering a petition for pardon // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – P. 75-84.
3. Kolchina E. S. Actual problems of implementing the right to pardon // Alley of Science. – 2021. – P. 448-449.
4. Seliverstov V. I. Pardon in the Russian Federation: novelties of 2020 and their impact on the expansion of pardon practice // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2022. – No. 475. – P. 222-228.
5. Podolskaya A. A. History of the emergence and development of the institution of amnesty and pardon // Forum of young scientists. – 2018. – No. 12-3 (28). – P. 819-825.
6. Skopintseva V. V., Ponomarev S. N. Institute of pardon in the execution of criminal punishment: issues of theory and practice // Criminal-executive law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 280-286.

CRIMINAL LAW
NUIKIN Sergey Yurjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences associate professor of International and public law sub-faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
IVANOVA Olesya Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
KHMELEVA Zlatoslava Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ILLEGAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
In this publication, the authors consider problematic aspects of the legislative regulation of criminal liability for illegal entrepreneurship in the context of recent amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Judicial practice shows thatbusiness entities and other economic activities often deliberately ignore the requirements of legal norms. The article notes that the establishment of criminal liability under Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation pursues a strategically important goal: to prevent the transformation of legal economic activity into the shadow economy through the use of criminal law preventive mechanisms. A comprehensive study of legislative material and judicial and investigative practice allowed the authors to identify and formulate a number of critical comments on the legislative structure of Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the improvement of law enforcement practice.
Keywords: illegal entrepreneurship, criminal liability, corpus delicti, investigation.
Article bibliography
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One (with amendments and additions): Federal Law of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
2. Federal Law of 08.08.2001 No. 129-FZ (with amendments and additions) “On state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 33 (Part I). – Art. 3431.
3. Federal Law of 04.05.2011 No. 99-FZ (with amendments and additions) “On licensing of certain types of activities” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 19. – Art. 2716.
4. Federal Law of 01.07.2011 No. 170-FZ “On Technical Inspection of Vehicles and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 27. – Art. 3881.
5. Federal Law of 28.12.2013 No. 412-FZ (with amendments and additions) “On Accreditation in the National Accreditation System” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 6977.
6. Federal Law of 27.11.2018 No. 422-FZ “On Conducting an Experiment to Establish a Special Tax Regime “Tax on Professional Income” (with Amendments and Supplements) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 49 (Part I). – Art. 7494.
7. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 18.11. 2024 No. 23 “On Judicial Practice in Cases of Illegal Entrepreneurship” // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – January, 2005. – No. 1.
8. Shadow Sector of the Economy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://credinform.ru/ru-RU/Publications/Herald/d0821c203454 (date of visit: 11/12/2024).
9. Federal Law of 04/06/2024 No. 79-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 15. – Art. 1972.
10. Inogamova-Khegay L. V. Improvement of criminal law norms on economic crimes // Criminal law. – 2001. – No. 1.
11. Rarog A. I. Discretion of the law enforcement officer in qualifying crimes // Criminal law. – 2000. – No. 1. – P. 558.
12. Kolesnikov P. M. Investigation of illegal entrepreneurship: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09 / Rus. customs. acad. – M., 2006. – P. 24.
13. Talan M. V. Crimes in the sphere of economic activity (Issues of theory, legislative regulation and judicial practice): dis. … doctor of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Kazan, 2002. – P. 145.
14. Tonkiy E. S. Organization and algorithmization of the investigation of illegal entrepreneurship: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.12 / Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin. – M., 2016. – P. 197.
15. Criminal law. Special part: textbook / Ed. by V. N. Petrashev. – M., 1999. – P. 227.
16. Verdict of the Chernozemelsky District Court of the Republic of Kalmykia in case No. 1-32 / 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/arbitral/doc/ja0y0CJSB6xh/ (date of visit: 01.04.2025).
17. Verdict of the Kamyzyak District Court of the Astrakhan Region No. 1-168 / 2017 1-2 / 2018 dated 02.21.2018 in case No. 1-168 / 2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://sudact.ru/regular/doc/hoV2YSyv4wlT/7regulartxt=&regularcase_doc=& (date of visit: 04/01/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
PAPIKYAN Danis Gevorgievich
magister student of the 1st course, master\’s program “Lawyer in the field of criminal proceedings”, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology; independent researcher
KHALIULLIN Timur Marselevich
magister student of the 1st course, master\’s program “Lawyer in the field of criminal proceedings”, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology; independent researcher
GALYAUTDINOV Ruslan Radikovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE SPHEREOF CAR BURGLARY: TRENDS AND COUNTERACTION
The article examines current issues of organized crime related to car robberies. It analyzes the trends of this phenomenon in Russia and abroad, identifies the main methods and strategies of criminal groups used to commit robberies. It examines the factors contributing to the growth of this type of crime, including economic and social aspects. The article also presents the state of law enforcement activities to counter organized criminal groups, and describes successful practices and measures aimed at preventing car robberies. In conclusion, the article summarizes the results and develops recommendations for improving the system of combating this form of crime.
Keywords: organized crime, law enforcement agencies, car transport, robberies, counteraction, crime.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 28.05.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 17.06.1996. – N 25. – Art. 2954.
2. Alferov V. Yu., Grishin A. I., Ilyin N. I. Legal Foundations of Operational-Investigative Activities. Study Guide / Ed. by prof. V.V. Stepanov. – 3rd ed. Saratov Socio-Economic Institute (branch) of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. – Saratov, 2020. – 296 p.
3. Buz S. A., Magomedov M. K. Theft of cars. Problems of criminal-legal regulation and law enforcement practice: monograph. – Krasnodar, 2022. – P. 24.
4. Vyunnik D. Yu. Organization of the work of investigative-operational groups in the investigation of car thefts // Problems of legality. – 2024. – No. 113.
5. Galyautdinov R. R. On the admissibility of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings // Student South Ural forensic readings: materials of the International scientific conference. – Ufa: RIC BashSU, 2017. – P. 44-48.
5. Gorbunov A. N. The main areas of activity of operational units of internal affairs bodies in solving thefts and hijackings of vehicles // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4 (14).
6. Gordeev S. G., Ermakov M. M. The state of solving thefts of motor vehicles // Actual problems of combating crimes and other offenses. – 2023. – No. 11-1.

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
ALIMONY EVASION: SOME ISSUES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
The issues of providing for minor children have always been relevant, and in the context of implementing policies to improve the demographic situation in our country, they have become particularly relevant. The criminal law means of preventing such crimes as non-payment of funds for the maintenance of children, in the light of the current state of the legislative establishment of punishment and the practice of its application, need to determine the directions for their improvement. The article, based on official judicial statistics, found that the number of convicts under Part 1 of art. 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in Russia has reached the level that they are in third place after those who commit theft and drug trafficking. At the same time, one in three of those regrets of non-payment of alimony for the maintenance of their children is the child\’s mother. The vast majority of those admired under Part 1 of Article 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation had previous criminal records. Taking into account the peculiarities of the current situation with non-payment of funds for the maintenance of children, the authors formulate possible directions for improving the effectiveness of both general and special prevention of such crimes.
Keywords: crime, punishment, alimony, child support, malicious evasion, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Bagautdinov F.N., Mingalimova M.F. Current issues of bringing parents to criminal liability for non-payment of funds for the maintenance of minor children // Russian judge. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 38-43.
2. Skripchenko N.Yu. Explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on cases of crimes related to non-payment of funds for the maintenance of children or incapacitated parents (Article 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Magistrate. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 21-25.
3. Judicial statistics data // Official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cdep.ru (yesand accessed: 05.05.2025).
4. How do they fight against non-payers of alimony in different countries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://24.kz/ru/news/in-the-world/584359-kak-boryutsya-s-neplatelshchikami-alimentov-v-raznykh-stranakh (date of access: 05.05.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
SHASTINA Angelika Razmikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of National security law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
LEGAL MEASURES TO COUNTER CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVING CRYPTOCURRENCY (EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA)
The development of technology and the transition of economic activity to the Internet have had a significant impact on the emergence of new criminal schemes. Cryptocurrency markets, which are not sufficiently regulated by Russian law, have become a potentially attractive place for fraudulent schemes to take place, and the fact that the circulation of cryptocurrency is objectively associated with financial risks plays into the hands of criminals. Due to these factors, it becomes difficult to prove the fact of criminal actions and to hold the perpetrators accountable. The paper examines the positive experience of the Republic of Korea in the field of legal regulation of the circulation of digital assets, which is aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of their owners. The author concludes that in the near future, the Russian legal system should take similar steps to regulate relations arising in the field of cryptocurrency circulation, which are aimed at preventing criminal attacks on the digital assets of Russian citizens.
Keywords: cryptocurrency, digital assets, crime prevention, foreign experience, Republic of Korea.
Article bibliography
1. Vedernikov A. V. Legal aspects of digital currency circulation // Baikal Research Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 14, No. 3. – P. 1281-1289.
2. Dorofeeva V. V., Kaverzina L. A., Zhmurov D. V. [et al.]. Cryptocurrencies: legal and criminal-shadow aspects of circulation // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 13, No. 6. – P. 884-894.
3. Savelyeva M. V. On the formation of a mechanism for legal regulation of relations related to cryptoassets in the era of global digitalization // Academic Law Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 23, No. 1 (87). – P. 78-86.

CRIMINAL LAW
KHUSAINOV Ramil Ravilovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Operational-investigative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
DAYANOV Irik Saifuranovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Computer science and information security sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PREVENTION OF CRIME AMONG PARTICIPANTS IN THE SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION
The article discusses the issues of prevention among participants in a special military operation – convicts who voluntarily served in volunteer groups on a contract basis. A conditional classification of participants in a special military operation was carried out, measures were proposed to organize general and individual prevention. The necessity of using mass media in preventive work is justified. The stages of individual preventive work are given, their characteristics are given. Attention is focused on the special role of operational-search prevention.
Keywords: special military operation, combatants, general prevention, individual prevention, internal affairs agencies.
Article bibliography
1. Khusainov R. R., Dayanov I. S. Crime prevention as one of the areas of ensuring children’s safety // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 340-343.
2. Theory of operational-search activities: textbook / Ed. K. Goryainov, V. S. Ovchinsky, G. K. Sinilov. – 5th ed. corrected. and add. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2024. – 795 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
CHEREMNOVA Natalya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
ARKHIPTSEV Ivan Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF SENTENCING MINORS WHO HAVE COMMITTED MINOR OR MODERATE CRIMES
The article examines the specifics of sentencing minors who have committed minor or moderate crimes in the context of Russian criminal legislation. The objectives of punishment provided for juvenile offenders and the factors influencing the choice of the type and amount of punishment are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the use of coercive measures of educational influence and alternative types of punishments aimed at the re-socialization of minors. The article discusses in detail the provisions of Chapter 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, regulating the specifics of criminal liability and punishment of minors. The types of punishments provided for minors are analyzed. Special attention is paid to restriction and deprivation of liberty, which are imposed only in extreme cases. The article reflects the existing debate in the scientific community regarding the recognition of a minor as a mitigating circumstance, presents various points of view and arguments in favor of the need to take this factor into account when sentencing as an indicator of insufficient social and mental maturity of a minor who has committed a crime. In general, the article is a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of criminal responsibility and punishment of minors in Russia. The importance of an individual approach and the priority of rehabilitation in the process of holding adolescents accountable for crimes committed is highlighted.
Keywords: individualization of punishment, crime, juvenile delinquency, compulsory measures of educational influence, criminal responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Dyadyun K. V. Implementation of the principle of humanism in legislative and law enforcement activities // Russian Law Journal. – 2013. – No. 1.- P. 28-38.
2. Kraskovsky Ya. E., Bordacheva K. V. Problems of applying various types of criminal punishment to persons under the age of majority // Science. Society. State. – 2019. – No. 3 (27). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-primeneniya-razlichnyh-vidov-ugolovnyh-nakazaniy-k-litsam-ne-dostigshim-sovershennoletiya (date of access: 08.05.2025).
3. Pikin I. V., Tarakanov I. A., Pichugin S. A. Features of criminal liability and punishment of minors // Crimean Scientific Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-ugolovnoy-otvetstvennosti-i-nakazaniya-nesovershennoletnih-2 (date of access: 08.05.2025).
4. Stepashin V. M. Features of sentencing minors // Bulletin of Omsk State University. – 2009. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-naznacheniya-nakazaniya-nesovershennoletnim (date of access: 08.05.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
TSOI Bronislav Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
GILYAZOV Ruslan Relifovich
senior lecturer of Criminology sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
MAKOVSKAYA Natalya Nikolaevna
Deputy Head of the Investigation Department of the OMVD of Russia for the city of Megion, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra
PECULIARITIES OF THE APPOINTMENT OF PUNISHMENTS NOT RELATED TO DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY IN THE CRIMINAL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article considers non-custodial punishments as an important element of the criminal law of the Russian Federation, ensuring the individualization of punishment and reducing financial and social costs. The authors emphasize the need for a thorough analysis of the circumstances of the case, the identity of the perpetrator and the potential effectiveness of such punishments. Special attention is paid to the procedure for the appointment and execution of punishments, regulated by the general part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Penal Enforcement Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the analysis of judicial practice. The fine is considered in detail as one of the most common types of non-custodial punishments, with an emphasis on its effectiveness in economic crimes and corruption offenses. The article also touches upon the problem of non-payment of fines and the ineffectiveness of existing enforcement mechanisms, especially in relation to persons who do not have a stable income or property. As a promising solution, it is proposed to promote the employment of unemployed convicts as a tool for public rehabilitation and enforcement of penalties in the form of fines.
Keywords: punishment, sentencing, judicial practice, correction of the convicted person, crime prevention, alternative punishments.
Article bibliography
1. Engibaryan M. A. The concept of criminal punishment not associated with deprivation of liberty // Innovative science. – 2016. – No. 3-2 (15). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-ugolovnogo-nakazaniya-ne-svyazannogo-s-lisheniem-svobody (date of access: 11.05.2025).
2. Motovilov A. A. Features of imposing a fine for crimes under Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and problems of collecting fines from the guilty // Skif. – 2023. – No. 10 (86). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-nalozheniya-shtrafa-za-prestupleniya-predusmotrennye-st-159-uk-rf-i-problemy-vzyskaniya-shtrafov-s-vinovnyh (date of access: 11.05.2025).
3. Nasirov N. I. Fine as a type of criminal punishment: criminal-legal and criminal-executive aspects // Criminal-executive law. – 2014. – No. 1 (17). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/shtraf-kak-vid-ugolovnogo-nakazaniya-ugolovno-pravovye-i-ugolovno-ispolnitelnye-aspekty (date of access: 11.05.2025).
4. Utkin V. A. Paradoxes of a fine // Criminal justice. – 2014. – No. 2 (4). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/paradoksy-shtrafa (date of access: 12.05.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
GADZHIEVA Aysha Ansarovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, senior researcher, Scientific Research Institute of Economics and Law, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
DZHAFAROV Ansar Dzhafarovich
magister student of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
DISCUSSION PROBLEMS OF THE GENERAL CONCEPT OF THE CORPUS DELICTI IN CRIMINAL-LEGAL DOCTRINE
In this study, the authors raise issues related to the concept of the general corpus delicti of a crime, raise the question of the need for its legislative definition. Revealing the difficulties caused by the absence of the concept of “corpus delicti” in the criminal law, the authors emphasize the freedom of defining the boundaries of new crimes, complication of their constructions, blurring of their boundaries, which makes it difficult to apply the new corpus delicti in practice. In addition, the normative consolidation of the concept of the corpus delicti has a procedural aspect, predetermines the need for the correct establishment of the grounds for termination of criminal proceedings in judicial practice.
Keywords: corpus delicti, general corpus delicti, elements of corpus delicti, problems of corpus delicti, normative definition of corpus delicti.
Article bibliography
1. Galiakbarov R. R. History of the emergence and formation of the doctrine of the corpus delicti in foreign criminal law // Society and Law. – 2019. – No. 3 (69). – P. 37-44.
2. Gontar I. Ya. Crime and elements of a crime as phenomena and concepts in criminal law: issues of theory and lawmaking. – Vladivostok: Publishing house of the Far Eastern. University; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Publishing center OOO “Tip. SETO-ST”, 1997. – P. 193 p.
3. Lobodina Yu. A. Significance for law enforcement practice of dividing the elements of crimes by the features of their design: material, formal and truncated // Sustainable development of science and education. – 2018. – No. 11. – P. 158-164.
4. Lopashenko N. A. Reflections on criminal law. Principles of criminal legislation. Criminal law. Crime, misdemeanor and corpus delicti: Principles of criminal legislation. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2020 .– 440 p.
5. Krylova N. E., Kuznetsova N. F., Tyazhkova I. M. Criminal law course. General part. T. 1. The doctrine of crime. Textbook for universities. – M .: Zertsalo-M, 2002 .– 624 p.
6. Komyagin R. A. Corpus delicti: theoretical modeling of the concept, structure and relationship with the crime. Diss. … Cand. of Law, Saratov. – 2022 .– 255 p.
7. Rastoropov S. V. Definition of the general concept of the corpus delicti in the field of computer information in the context of the analysis of the current criminal legislation // Bulletin of the Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2010. – No. 9. – P. 97-104.
8. Russkevich E. A. Criminal law and “digital crime”: problems and solutions: monograph. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: INFRA-M, 2022. – 351 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
IVLEVA Lidiya Nikolaevna
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel Training, V. Ya. Kikot’ Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, senior lieutenant of police
PROSTITUTION AS A CRIMINALIZING SIGN OF A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS ACT, PROVIDED BY ART. 241 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: APPROACHES TO DEFINITION AND PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION
In this article, the author examines the problem of identifying the content and essential characteristics of the basic concept of prostitution as a condition of public danger of an act aimed at its organization. Attention is drawn to the fact that, firstly, the concept of prostitution is currently absent at the regulatory and legal level, and, secondly, unfortunately, it does not imply the desired uniformity in legal doctrine. To clarify the situation, it seems advisable to offer an author’s view of the concept of prostitution and, thereby, clarify the grounds for criminalizing the corpus delicti provided for in Article 241 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: prostitution, organization of prostitution, Article 241 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, public morality.
Article bibliography
1. Aliyev V. M. Social and legal features of crime related to prostitution // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 236-240.
2. Alikhadzhieva I. S. Prostitution as a social phenomenon and object of legal regulation: monograph / Ed. Dr. of Law. sciences, prof. N. A. Lopashenko. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2018 .– 354 p.
3. Arslanbekova R. A. Involvement in prostitution and organization of prostitution: Criminal-legal and criminological problems. Dissertation. candidate of legal sciences. – Makhachkala, 2004 .– 192 p.
4. Demchuk S. D. Prostitution as a criminogenic social deviation // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2016 .– No. 4 (38). – P. 82-91.
5. Ignatov A. N., Dyachenko A. P. Responsibility for prostitution and offenses directly related to it // Soviet state and law. – 1990 .– No. 8. – P. 61-70.
6. Kurilova E. N. Prostitution as a socio-legal phenomenon and factors contributing to the sexual exploitation of minors // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 4 (68). – P. 117-120.
7. Lopashenko N. A. Reflections on criminal law. Principles of criminal legislation. Criminal law. Crime, misdemeanor and corpus delicti. Author’s course. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2019 .– 440 p.
8. Nurmukhametova A. M. Criminal liability for crimes related to prostitution and their prevention: diss. Cand. of Law. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2012. – 35 p.
9. Petryanina O. A. Prostitution as a sphere of the shadow economy: criminal-legal analysis, qualifications, causes and prevention: author’s abstract. dissertation. candidate of legal sciences. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2013. – 30 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
KAMENDANOVA Mariya Stepanovna
postgraduate student of Criminal process law and criminalistics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch), University of Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation
ABOUT SOME FEATURES OF THE METHOD OF CASH SMUGGLING
The article is devoted to the study of the criminalistic features of the methods of smuggling cash and (or) monetary instruments. Based on the study of judicial and investigative practice, the dominant method of the investigative type of smuggling is undeclaring. Special attention is paid to the concealment of payment means from customs control as a form of non-declaration. The author proposes a classification of methods of illegal movement of cash and (or) monetary instruments across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union. The research results are aimed at systematizing criminalistic knowledge and improving the practice of investigating crimes under art. 2001 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: cash, monetary instruments, smuggling, non-declaration, concealment from customs control, method of crime.
Article bibliography
1. Zainullina Z. F. Criminal-legal counteraction to smuggling of cash, monetary instruments, alcoholic beverages and tobacco products: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2018. – 165 p.
2. Markovsky M. S. Criminal-legal means of counteracting smuggling of cash and (or) monetary instruments: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2018. – 193 p.
3. Sukhov A. O. Method of committing smuggling of cash and (or) monetary instruments as an element of forensic characteristics // Bulletin of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 141-146.

CRIMINAL LAW
KOSHKIN Artem Vyacheslavovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON LIABILITY FOR FRAUD COMMITTED USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
The article examines the process of formation of the legislative concept of digital fraud or fraud committed using information and telecommunication networks in domestic sources of law. Historical stages of development of legislative thought on the issue of criminal liability for unqualified fraud with subsequent development and emergence of new methods of its commission are highlighted. Some problems faced by the law enforcement officer in the course of qualification of certain types of fraud using information technologies are separately noted.
Keywords: Fraud, information and telecommunication networks, \”Internet\”, digital crime, computer information, qualification of crimes, digital technologies.
Article bibliography
1. Anikevich D. S. Legal measures to combat cybercrime (Russian investigator. – 2024. – No. 8) Access from the reference – legal system “ConsultantPlus” – Text: electronic.
2. Kobleva M. M., Pateeva D. R. Normal functioning of computer networks as an additional object of computer fraud (Justice of the Peace. – 2022. – No. 7) Access from the reference. – legal system “ConsultantPlus” – Text: electronic.
3. Kuznetsova M. D. Development of Soviet criminal legislation on liability for fraud in receiving payments. – Text: direct // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 – P. 191.
4. Kharina E. A. Some aspects of the qualification of fraud in the field of computer information (Russian investigator. – 2022. – No. 6) Access from the reference – legal system “ConsultantPlus” – Text: electronic.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BILYAEV Vladimir Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
GUTNIK Oksana Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
RUDIK Mikhail Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF FIXING THE CONCEPT OF ‘ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE’ IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
The article analyzes the issues of scientific definition of the concept ‘Artificial Intelligence’ in the context of prospects of legal regulation of application of technologies with the same name in criminal proceedings. The article states the impossibility of fixing the concept of ‘artificial intelligence’ in criminal procedural legal terminology due to its conditionality and non-compliance with the criteria of scientificity. The possibility of normative-legal regulation of relations associated with the use of specific software technologies in criminal procedure taking into account the narrow specificity of their application is considered.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, criminal proceedings, artificial intelligence technologies, term, concept, programme, normative-legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Litvin I. I. On the issue of the legal capacity of artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings // ADVANCES IN LAW STUDIES. – 2022. – Vol. 10, No. 2. – P. 26-30.
2. Novikova K. S. Artificial intelligence as an element of electronic justice: smart solution and electronic scales of justice // Education and Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 240-244.
3. Tsvetkov Yu. A. Artificial intelligence in justice // Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 91 – 107.
4. Morhat P. M. On the issue of defining the concept of artificial intelligence // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 12 (165). – P. 27-31.
5. Golovin B. N., Kobrin R. Yu. Linguistic foundations of the doctrine of terms: textbook. manual. – M .: Higher school, 1987. – 105 p.
6. Kvitko I. S. Term in a scientific document. – Lvov: Vishcha school, 1976. – 125 p.
7. Strozhok E.V. Term, concept and meaning // Omsk Scientific Bulletin (Philological Sciences). – 2011. – No. 1 (95). – P. 79.
8. Morozova L. A. Terminology: Fundamentals and methods. – M.: GNO “Prometheus” MPGU, 2004. – 143 p.
9. Serebrennikov B. A. [etc.]. The role of the human factor in language: Language and the picture of the world. – M.: Nauka, 1988. – 216 p.
10. Averbukh K. Ya. General theory of the term. – Ivanovo, 2004. – 252 p.
11. Superanskaya A. V., Podolskaya N. V., Vasilyeva N. V. General terminology: Theoretical issues. – M.: Nauka, 1989. – 246 p.
12. Bilyaev V. A. On the issue of using artificial intelligence technologies in proving criminal cases // Strategies for countering crime in a changing reality. Collection of materials of the I International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the reunification of Crimea with the Russian Federation (May 24, 2024): collection of articles / Ed. N. A. Kraynova. – M.: RUSAINS, 2024. – 156 p.
13. Tolstykh V. A. Requirements for legal terminology: formal-logical and socio-cultural justification // Legal technique. – 2016. – No. 10. – P. 303.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ERMAKOV Sergey Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International and public law sub-faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
ZARIPOV Renat Ravilevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Head of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE USE OF VIDEO CONFERENCING IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACTIVITIES OF THE COURTS, THE MIA AND THE FPS OF RUSSIA
The article examines the issues of practical application of videoconferencing in criminal procedure activities. The authors examine the areas of use of video conferencing, examples of their use in practical activities, and propose measures to improve legislation in terms of expanding the possibilities of using video conferencing. The article concludes that it is necessary to expand videoconferencing for the performance of other investigative actions, in addition to those specified in Article 189.1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, as well as to take measures to provide technical equipment to law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: videoconferencing, investigative actions, procedural actions, interrogation, confrontation, identification parade, detention, court hearing, execution of the sentence.
Article bibliography
1. Astafieva A. A. Problems of using videoconferencing at the judicial stages of criminal proceedings // Prospects for the state and legal development of Russia in the 21st century: Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and theoretical conference of cadets and students of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, students of humanitarian universities, adjuncts, postgraduate students and applicants, Rostov-on-Don, April 19, 2017. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2017. – P. 570-573.
2. Bufetova M. Sh., Kobzar D. N. Use of video conferencing systems in criminal proceedings: prospects for changing legislation // Advocate practice. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 14-18.
3. Zaitsev O. A. Features of criminal procedural evidence in the context of digitalization // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 93-112.
4. Mironov A. N., Mironova Yu. V. Use of video conferencing systems in judicial activity // Russian judge. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 22-26.
5. Rules for conducting meetings of lawyers with clients in pre-trial detention centers via videoconferencing have been published. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advokatymoscow.ru/press/news/14124/ (date of access: 11.04.2025).
6. Ramaldanov H. H. Digital evidence obtained through the use of videoconferencing systems // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 124-131.
7. Russian spelling dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed. by V. V. Lopatin, O. E. Ivanova. 4th ed., corrected. and add. – M., 2012.
8. Semenkova E. V. Videoconferencing as a way to optimize pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases // Current issues of investigating crimes in the field of computer information or using computer technologies in the context of digitalization of the economy and public administration. Proceedings of the Interuniversity Round Table (November 28, 2024): collection of articles / Coll. authors; edited by A. A. Fatyanov, D. A. Grigoriev. – M.: RUSAINS, 2025. – P. 116.
9. Stelmakh V. Yu. Procedure for conducting investigative actions via videoconferencing // Russian judge. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 25-29.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
LATYPOV Vadim Sagityanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
GALLYAMOV Bulat Azamatovich
student, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia; independent researcher
OLD PROCEDURAL FORMS AND NEW DIGITAL REALITIES IN MODERN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL THEORY OF EVIDENCE
The paper considers the problem of the lack of a concept and definition of the place of digital evidence in the modern criminal process of the Russian Federation. The authors analyze the problems of their classification, admissibility and authenticity, and point out that the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation does not have an independent status for electronic evidence, which makes it difficult to formalize and attach it. The necessity of legislative consolidation of the concept of digital evidence, as well as procedures for their collection, recording and verification is substantiated. Proposals have been formulated to improve the criminal procedure regulation, taking into account technological changes and the tasks of ensuring fair justice.
Keywords: digital evidence; electronic evidence; criminal procedure; electronic legal proceedings; admissibility of evidence; digitalization; electronic documents.
Article bibliography
1. Gavrilov B. Ya. Problems of using digital traces in evidence in criminal cases // Law and digitalization. – 2024. – Vol. 2, No. 1. – P. 43-49.
2. Zuev S. V., Ovsyannikov D. V. Copying electronic information in the theory and practice of criminal proceedings // Bulletin of Samara State University. – 2014. – No. 11-2 (122). – P. 168-173.
3. Zuev S. V. Conceptual apparatus in digital criminal procedure // Criminal policy in the context of digital transformation: collection of articles from the materials of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Kazan, April 18-19, 2024. – Kazan: Otechestvo, 2024. – P. 115-122.
4. Zuev S. V., Zazulin A. I. Digital Criminal Procedure Code: a new concept of legal development // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (40). – P. 67-77.
5. Kolganov I. V. Digitalization of criminal procedure: problems of legislative regulation // Law and order. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 59-63.
6. Oblakov A. A. Digital evidence in criminal proceedings: problems of collection and evaluation // Law and power. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 155-159.
7. Sitdikov V. R. Technological and regulatory aspects of the use of digital evidence in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 67-73.
8. Smirnov A. V. Electronic evidence in criminal proceedings: current problems and ways to solve them // Criminal proceedings. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 15-22.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
LITICHEVSKIY Boris Vladimirovich
master of science in Jurisprudence and History; Investigator of the Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Petrogradsky District of St. Petersburg
KOLESNIKOVA Marianna Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil process law sub-faculty, North-West branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, St. Petersburg
ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE OBSERVANCE OF LAWS BY PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION BODIES IN THE SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET PERIOD: PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT
The article analyzes the history of the formation and development of the prosecutor\’s office as a body overseeing the application of legislation in all spheres of life, including the system of pre-trial investigation bodies. According to the results of the analysis of the historical stages in the process of the establishment and development of the prosecutor\’s office, including during the period of the reform of the law enforcement system in 2007-2015, the preliminary investigation authorities received a certain autonomous status. This reform contributed to the growth of the state apparatus, thereby increasing the burden on the state budget due to the need to create its own Investigative Committee expert service and procedural control departments.
Keywords: Prosecutor\’s Office of the Russian Federation, preliminary investigation bodies, investigative bodies, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, prosecutor\’s supervision.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of 17.01.1992 No. 2202-1 (as amended on 03.02.2025) “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation // Reference and legal system “Garant”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://clck.ru/3MAUtY (date accessed: 12.05.2025).
2. Grishko L. E., Nechaev V. V. Preliminary investigation bodies in the criminal procedure system: legal foundations, structural analysis and features of functioning // Law and Right. – 2021. – No. 12. – P. 143-147.
3. Rokityansky S. G. The place of the prosecutor’s office in the state mechanism of the Russian Federation: theoretical, historical and normative aspects // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 80-102.
4. Litichevsky B. V. Extraordinary courts in the mechanism of the Russian state // Law and justice in the modern world: a collection of scientific articles by young researchers of the XI All-Russian student scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and applicants (for the 25th anniversary of the Russian State University of Justice and the 20th anniversary of the North-West branch of the Russian State University of Justice). – St. Petersburg: Center for Scientific and Information Technologies “Asterion”, 2023. – P. 1628-1632.
5. Syrova V. A. Features of the formation of investigative bodies in Russia in the period from 1860 to 1917: the institution of judicial investigators // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 340-343.
6. Zvyagintsev L. M. Organization of the investigative apparatus in the RSFSR in 1922-1928: search for an optimal model // Historical and legal problems:new perspective. – 2019. No. 2. – P. 72-79.
7. Spiridonova A. A. Prosecutor’s supervision: concept, current problems of implementation of prosecutorial supervision // Bulletin of science. – 2024. – No. 12 (81). – P. 873-877.
8. David R. The main legal systems of our time / Transl. from French. And introductory article by V. A. Tumanov. – Moscow: Progress, 1988. – 496 p.
9. On the Criminal Procedure Code: Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1922 // SU RSFSR. – 1922. – No. 20-21. – Art. 230.
10. On approval of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR: Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of February 15, 1923 // SU RSFSR. – 1923. – No. 7. – Art. 106.
11. History of the legislation of the USSR and the RSFSR on criminal procedure and the organization of the court and prosecutor’s office, 1917-1954. Collection of documents / Comp.: L. N. Gusev, edited by: S. A. Golunsky. – Moscow: Gosyurizdat, 1955. – 635 p.
12. Regulations on the prosecutor’s office of the USSR: Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR No. 84, Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR No. 2621 of December 17, 1933 // SZ USSR. – 1934. – No. 1. – Art. 2.
13. On the USSR Prosecutor’s Office: USSR Law of November 30, 1979 No. 1162-X // Vedomosti of the USSR Supreme Soviet. – 1979. – No. 49. – Art. 843.
14. Zhukov G.K. The Role of the Prosecutor in the Sphere of Criminal Prosecution in the Soviet Period (1960-1980) // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 31-53.
15. Litichevsky B.V. From the CIS to the EAEU: Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Space in the Period 1991-2015 // Proceedings of the XII Eurasian Scientific Forum: a collection of scientific articles from the materials of the XII Eurasian Scientific Forum. – SPb.: ANO VO “University under the Interparliamentary Assembly of the Eurasian Economic Community”, 2020. – P. 96-105.
16. Tarasov A. A. The problem of conceptual unity of changes in criminal procedure legislation // Legal technique. – 2023. – No. 17. – P. 477-479.
17. Popova T. Yu. Changing the balance of powers of the prosecutor and the head of the investigative body // Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 200-203.
18. Blinova-Sychkar I.V., Dmitrienko S.A., Kravtsova O.V. Changes in legislation (period from 2007 to 2017) on the participation of the prosecutor in pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case // Problems in Russian legislation. – 2017. – No. 7. – P. 209-212.
19. Emelyanova D.A., Sinkin K.A. Powers of the prosecutor in exercising supervision over the bodies carrying out inquiry, and their implementation at the stage of preliminary investigation // Russian-Asian Legal Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 4-9.
20. Chernysheva Yu.A., Kostrub E.I. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of legislation by the bodies of inquiry and preliminary investigation // Journal of Legal Research. – 2020. – V. 5, No. 2. – P. 134-136.
21. On the organization of procedural control in the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation: Appendix. Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation dated January 9, 2017 No. 2 // Reference and legal system “Garant”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://clck.ru/3MAUs8 (date of access: 12.05.2025).
22. Makarenko I. A., Eksarkhopulo A. A. On the issue of legalizing the leading role of the investigation in organizing and conducting forensic examinations // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 152-157.
23. Federal Law of December 28, 2010 No. 403-FZ “On the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation” // Reference and legal system “Garant”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://clck.ru/3MAUrr (date of access: 12.05.2025).
24. Federal Law of May 31, 2001 No. 73-FZ “On state forensic activity in the Russian Federation” // Reference and legal system “Garant”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://clck.ru/3MAUrD (date of access: 05/12/2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PETRAKOV Sergey Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Investigative activities management sub-faculty (Higher Academic Courses), Faculty of Advanced Studies, St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee
CHASOVNIKOVA Olga Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the EMERCOM of Russia
SMOLYAKOV Anatoliy Antonovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of General legal disciplines sub-faculty, Leningrad regional branch, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
CURRENT ISSUES OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
The article examines the key issues affecting the effectiveness of crime detection in the modern law enforcement system. The analysis of crime detection rates is carried out. In particular, the factors that reduce the effectiveness of operational investigative measures are being investigated, including shortcomings in the organization of work, insufficient resources and gaps in legislation. The main reasons for the low efficiency of crime investigation have been studied. Special attention is paid to the impact of corruption and other forms of abuse of office on the process of solving crimes.
Keywords: crime, criminal prosecution, criminal process, efficiency, analysis.
Article bibliography
1. Karleba V. A., Svetacheva E. E. Actual problems of the institution of criminal prosecution in the Russian criminal process, – Text: electronic // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2021. – No. 4-2. – P. 85-88. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-problemy-instituta-ugolovnogo-presledovaniya-v-rossiyskom-ugolovnom-protsesse (date of access: 03/09/2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MASLENNIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
DANILOVA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the norms of the criminal procedure law and the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The main constitutional provisions fixed in the norms of criminal procedure legislation are considered. The article reveals the significance of the application of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in criminal proceedings. The analysis of the practical activity of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the interpretation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in criminal proceedings is carried out. The basic rights and obligations of participants in criminal proceedings, enshrined in the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as their protection, are considered. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main document of Russia and is the guarantor of ensuring the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, including those involved in criminal proceedings. The analysis of the activities of the preliminary investigation bodies has been carried out, in which the relevant officials strictly comply with the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which do not contradict the provisions of the Constitution.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, criminal procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure, Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutionalism, preliminary investigation, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Shadrin V. S. Constitutionalization of Russian criminal proceedings: concept, forms, problems and significance // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 2 (72). – P. 105-111.
2. Fedorov I. Z. Constitutional foundations of the principles of criminal proceedings in Russia // Bulletin of the Russian University of Cooperation. – 2012. – No. 2 (8). – pp. 81-84.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MILIKOVA Anna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACTS AND JUDICIAL ACTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
This article discusses problematic issues related to the allocation of criminal procedural acts from the total number of procedural documents. Both the theoretical and practical relevance of the issues under consideration is noted. The author defines judicial acts as one of the types of criminal procedural acts. There is a discussion about the relationship and allocation of types of criminal procedural acts. A parallel is drawn between judicial acts in criminal proceedings and criminal procedural acts. Their definition, essence and meaning are noted, which formed the content of this study.
Keywords: criminal process, criminal procedure act, judicial acts, procedural documents, procedural decisions.
Article bibliography
1. Denisov E. A. The concept of “investigative documents”: a comparative legal analysis of the law, science and practice // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 96-97.
2. Dikarev I. S. Procedural acts of pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases // Criminal procedural acts in the context of modern problems of criminal proceedings: a collection of scientific papers based on the results of the All-Russian round table, Volgograd, April 16-17, 2019 / Ed. I. S. Dikarev, N. A. Solovieva. – Volgograd: Volgogradskith State University, 2019. – P. 25-29.
3. Zagorsky G. I., Kachalov V. I. Procedural (judicial) acts in criminal proceedings: a textbook for universities. – Moscow: Russian State University of Justice, 2014. – 192 p.
4. Kostennikov M. V., Kurakin A. V., Pavlyuk A. V. On the issue of the concept and methods of public administration in administrative law // Administrative and municipal law. – 2013. – No. 5 (65). – P. 430-439.
5. Meretukov G. M. Legal nature and types of decisions of the court of first instance in Russian criminal proceedings // Scientific journal of KubSAU. – 2012. – No. 76. – P. 1124-1149.
6. Milikova AV, Rossinsky SB Criminal procedural acts of preliminary investigation bodies. – Moscow: Yurltinform Publishing House, 2021. – 160 p.
7. Terekhin VA, Semikin DS Judicial acts and their role in the implementation of legal policy // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2012. – No. 10. – P. 73-80.
8. Tuzov NA Types and functions of judicial acts // Russian justice. – 2009. – No. 8 (40). – P. 4-9.
9. Criminal procedural acts: textbook for universities / Ed. G. V. Starodubova. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 445 p. // Yurait Educational Platform. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/563843/p.35 (accessed: 04/27/2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SMOLINA Maria Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Taurida Academy Institute, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
EMELYANOV Ilya Alexeevich
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Law, Taurida Academy Institute, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF CRIMINAL-LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF CAPTAINS OF SEA AND RIVER VESSELS, AS WELL AS LEADERS OF GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION PARTIES AND WINTERING SITES
This article examines the issue of criminal-legal qualification of captains of sea and river vessels, as well as leaders of geological exploration parties and wintering facilities. It describes the paradox caused by the fact that captains of vessels and leaders of geological exploration parties and wintering facilities are authorized, in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, to carry out urgent investigative actions, without having the proper legal qualifications and even specialized legal education. But despite this, they are given such an opportunity. It describes the source that they are guided by when it is necessary to carry out appropriate actions, and also designates the procedure in which the necessary investigative actions should be carried out on a vessel or wintering facility.
Keywords: Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, urgent investigative actions, captains of sea and river vessels, leaders of geological exploration parties and wintering facilities, legal qualification.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 23.11.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 25.09.2024) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 04.08.2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 12.10.2023) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation of 30.04.1999 No. 81-FZ (as amended on 22.06.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.09.2024) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Inland Water Transport Code of the Russian Federation of 07.03.2001 No. 24-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.09.2024) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KHUPSERGENOV Khachim Mukhamedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Advocacy sub-faculty, Faculty of International Law, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; lawyer, member of the Moscow Law Center Bar Association
EFFICIENCY OF JUSTICE: ENSURING REASONABLE TIME LIMITS FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CRIMINAL CASES
The article examines the problem of unreasonably long criminal proceedings in the domestic criminal process. The author analyzes the practice of the judicial authorities of the Russian Federation in cases of awarding compensation for violations of the right to judicial proceedings within a reasonable time. There are high satisfaction rates for administrative claims for compensation, which indicates that there is a problem. The main reasons for the lengthy investigation and court proceedings are also indicated, including the lack of deadlines, the possibility of arbitrary extension of time limits and the lack of objective control over the activities of law enforcement agencies. It is proposed to pay attention to «bureaucratization» and «self-insurance» in investigative actions as one of the reasons for the long duration of criminal proceedings. The existing criminal procedural form of proceedings is criticized and the lack of effectiveness of Article 6.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in regulating reasonable time limits is pointed out.
Keywords: unreasonable duration, criminal proceedings, reasonable time, judicial proceedings, compensation, violation of deadlines, investigation, judicial proceedings, criminal procedure law.
Article bibliography
1. Ashirbekova M. T., Kudin F. M. “Reasonable time” as an evaluative concept in criminal procedural law // Criminal proceedings. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 21-25.
2. Bagmet A. M., Khmeleva A. V., Sankov V. I. “Unreasonable” terms of preliminary investigation // Russian Justice. – 2018. – No. 8. – P. 31-33; No. 9. – P. 23-26.
3. Bykov V. New law on a reasonable time frame for criminal proceedings // Legality. – 2010. – No. 11. – P. 23-29.
4. Vilkova T. Yu. Circumstances taken into account when assessing a reasonable time frame for criminal proceedings // Russian Judge. – 2014. – No. 9. – P. 21-24
5. Case “Burdov v. Russian Federation” (No. 2) (complaint No. 33509/04) [Electronic resource]: Judgment of the ECHR of 15.01.2009. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Derishev Yu. V., Andriyenko Yu. A. Speed and reasonable time of criminal pre-trial proceedings: problems of correlation // Russian investigator. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 30-34.
7. Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation I. V. Krasnov at the meeting of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on April 23, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://epp.ge№proc.gov.ru/web/gprf/mass-media/№ews?item=61267146.
8. Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yu. Ya. Chaika at the meeting of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on April 18, 2018 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ge№proc.gov.ru/smi/№ews/ge№proc/№ews-1366820/.
9. Report of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Yu. Ya. Chaika at the meeting of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on April 10, 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://procrf.ru/News/734623-doklad-generalnogo-prokurora-rf.html.
10. Zatsepina M. N. Reasonable time limit for legal proceedings in criminal proceedings in Russia: concept, content, legal means of implementation: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – M., 2016. – 249 p.
11. Kushnerev V. I. Implementation of the principle of a reasonable time limit for criminal proceedings in the rules governing procedural deadlines in pre-trial proceedings: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – M., 2019. – 224 p.
12. Makarov L. Implementation of the provisions of international law on the reasonableness of the term of criminal proceedings in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: nuances of theory and practice // Criminal Law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 90-96.
13. Malofeev I. V. Reasonable time as a principle of criminal proceedings: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – M., 2014. – 217 p.
14. Markovicheva E. V. Application of the concept of “reasonable time” in Russian criminal proceedings // Judge. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 50-52.
15. Makhmutov M. V. Reasonable time – a principle of criminal proceedings? // Legality. – 2016. – No. 9. – P. 54-56.
16. On the recovery of compensation for violation of the right of the victim in a criminal case (Article 266 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) to legal proceedings within a reasonable time [Electronic resource]: Decision of the St. Petersburg City Court of 06.02.2017 in case No. 3a-30/2017. The document was not published. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
17. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 25.01.2018 in case No. AKPI17-1079 [Electronic resource]: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
18. Trubchik I.S., Bykov A.V. Practical issues of implementing the right to legal proceedings within a reasonable time // Russian investigator. – 2017. – No. 10. – P. 22-25.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SMOLYAKOV Anatoliy Antonovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of General legal disciplines sub-faculty, Leningrad regional branch, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
SHUNK Viktoriya Eduardovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
CHASOVNIKOVA Olga Georgievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg University of the EMERCOM of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE LEGAL BASIS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE USE OF SEARCHES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the systems from legal bases and limitations of the use of search in criminal proceedings. Within the framework of this issue, the importance of observing the rights and legitimate interests of participants in criminal proceedings is emphasized. It is shown that in order to improve procedural legal relations, it is necessary to pay attention to key procedural investigative measures that are aimed at establishing the truth during criminal proceedings. The authors also substantiate the need to develop and implement technological solutions in order to prevent falsification and ensure transparency in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: search, criminal proceedings, observance of rights and legitimate interests, investigative measures, technological solution.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Makevnin A.I. Criminal procedural participation of a defense lawyer in investigative actions and the problem of forming evidence // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 367-372.
2. Tkacheva E. S. Criteria for choosing a procedural order for limiting the constitutional rights of an individual in pre-trial proceedings // Bulletin of the Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (55). – P. 137-143.
3. Dobrolyanina O. V. Legal regulation of certain investigative actions in relation to judges // Ex jure. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 85-94.
4. Kudryavtsev V. L. Judicial review in accordance with Part 5 of Article 165 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: certain problems of theory and law enforcement // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2024. – No. 3 (68). – pp. 42-48.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
TARASOV Alexey Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Professional activities of employees of public order protection units sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
GUSEVA Svetlana Dmitrievna
Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE IDENTITIES OF SUSPECTS AND ACCUSED PERSONS AS A BASIS FOR PROPER MAINTENANCE OF THE DETENTION REGIME
Within the framework of this article, the personalities of suspects and accused persons in custody are studied, methods of psychological analysis are touched upon, which make it possible to identify individual characteristics of prisoners, such as a tendency to aggression, suicidal behavior, destructive actions and other forms of deviant behavior. Attention is paid to the development of recommendations for the prevention of conflicts within institutions of the penal system and the creation of conditions conducive to the resocialization of convicts. The legal aspects of the interaction of correctional officers with prisoners and modern approaches to ensuring security in places of detention were touched upon.
Keywords: personality, suspect, accused, pre-trial detention center, temporary containment cell, emergency prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Vozgrin I. A. Course in criminalistics. – St. Petersburg, 1998. – P. 116-117.
2. Nikishkin N. M., Sigacheva A. K. Social attitudes of the personality of suspects and accused // Social relations. – 2020. – No. 2 (33). – P. 47-53.
3. Volkov V. N. Legal psychology. – M., 2015. – 422 p.
4. Razumova E. M. Psychological defenses and personality traits of suspects and accused men placed in a pre-trial detention center // Man: crime and punishment. – 2023. – Vol. 31, No. 4. – P. 656-667.
4. Krotova D. N. On the issue of self-actualization of the personality of suspects and accused in conditions of detention in a pre-trial detention center // The criminal-executive system at the present stage, taking into account the implementation of the Concept for the development of the criminal-executive system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030: a collection of abstracts of speeches and reports of participants in the International scientific and practical conference on the problems of execution of criminal penalties, Ryazan, November 17-18, 2022. T. 2. – Ryazan: Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2022. – P. 212-214.
5. Nikishkin N. M., Sigacheva A. K. Social attitudes of the personality of suspects and accused // Social relations. – 2020. – No. 2 (33). – P. 47-53.
6. Vikdorova E. A., Oglezneva A. V. Study of thinking in persons suspected, accused of committing crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual // Bulletin of the Tomsk Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2019. – No. 2 (2). – P. 102-107.
7. Dyachkova Yu. E. Social and psychological adaptation of the personality of juvenile suspects, accused and convicted, with different attitudes towards the criminal subculture // Psychology and Law. – 2018. – Vol. 8, No. 2. – P. 113-125.
8. Afinogentova E. V. Features of the investigator’s study of the personality of juvenile suspects, accused, victimssingers and witnesses // Proceedings of the XXIV scientific and practical conference of young scientists, graduate students and students of the National Research Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev: conference materials. In 3 parts, Saransk, May 19-21, 2021 / Comp. A. V. Stolyarov, responsible for the release P. V. Senin. Part 3. – Saransk: Mordovian State University named after N. P. Ogarev, 2021. – P. 552-557.
9. Streltsova E. V. Program for studying the personality of juvenile suspects, accused // Psychology and pedagogy: methods and problems of practical application. – 2011. – No. 20. – P. 151-157.
10 Mangir A. V. The Importance of Studying the Personality of a Minor Suspect (Accused) in Preparation for Interrogation // Collection of Materials of Criminalistic Readings. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 42-44.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KHABAROVA Elena Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Tyumen State University
BONDARENKO Nikita Andreevich
magister student of the 2nd course in the field of «Jurisprudence», Tyumen State University; independent researcher
Computer information on electronic storage medium: new type of evidence in the Russian criminal procedure?
Currently, information technologies are actively and continuously developing and spreading. This fact has had an impact on the crime rate. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, more than 1.9 million crimes were reported in Russia in 2024, with approximately 40% of these crimes involving the use of information and telecommunication technologies. It is also worth noting that new objects in both the physical and digital worlds are emerging that can be used in criminal activities or contain information necessary for criminal investigations. The purpose of this study is to prove the independence of computer information on electronic media as evidence in Russian criminal proceedings.
Keywords: computer information, electronic storage medium, digital data, evidence, criminal procedure.
Article bibliography
1. Bobrov V.K., Alontseva E.Yu., Andreev A.V. Electronic storage medium in criminal proceedings: concept and classification // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 25-30.
2. Vasilkov E.D. Electronic storage media in criminal proceedings // StudNet. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 1825-1833.
3. Zigura N.A., Kudryavtseva A.V. Computer information as a type of evidence in criminal proceedings in Russia. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2011. – 176 p.
4. Zuev S. V. Electronic evidence in criminal proceedings: concept and meaning // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 46-51.
5. Konovalov S. G. Use of digital data stored in a telephone in criminal proceedings: pressing issues and ways to solve them // Law. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 128-138.
6. Khoryakov S. N. Place and role of material evidence in the process of proof // Russian investigator. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 48-50.
7. Shigurov A. V. The concept of electronic information carriers and electronic traces in Russian criminal proceedings // Social norms and practices. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 45-52.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
DEKHERT Andrey Andreevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Volgograd State University
JUDICIAL FEE AS A NECESSARY MEASURE TO COMBAT UNJUSTIFIED REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL PROTECTION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article discusses the need to introduce judicial fees in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that in order to ensure the procedural economy of the criminal process, it is necessary to collect a court fee in favor of the federal budget when submitting applications to the court of private prosecution and when filing a complaint to higher authorities for review of the decision of the court of the first instance.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, procedural economy, unjustified treatment, court fees, procedural costs.
Article bibliography
1. Bazhanov S. V. The cost of the criminal process: diss. … Doctor of Law. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2002.
2. Butov V. N. Criminal procedure of Austria. – Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk Publishing House. University, 1988.
3. Golovenkov P., Spitsa N. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany – Strafprozessordnung (StPO): scientific and practical commentary with comments and translation of the text – Potsdam: Universitätsverlag Potsdam, 2012.
4. Golovko L. V. Criminal Procedure Code of France. – Moscow: Publishing House of the Law College of Moscow State University, 1996.
5. Demidov V. N. Criminal proceedings and material costs:dis. … cand. sciences (law). – Kazan, 1995.
6. Emelyanov K. N. Procedural costs in Russian criminal proceedings: dis. … cand. sciences (law). – Tyumen, 2009.
7. Zagoruiko I. Yu. Legal nature of legal costs in civil proceedings // Man, society, technology: issues of interaction in the modern world. – 2022. – P. 10-14.
8. Kogamov M. Ch. Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. General and Special Parts // Zheti zhargy. – 2008.
9. Korkunov N. M. Russian state law. Vol. 2. Special part. – St. Petersburg, 1909.
10. Russian Truth / Acad. sciences of the USSR, Institute of History; under the general editorship of B. D. Grekov; Introduction: V. P. Lyubimov Texts, 1940.
11. Russian legislation of the 10th – 20th centuries. In nine volumes. Vol. 8. Judicial reform / Under the general editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor O. I. Chistyakov. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1991.
12. Judicial statutes of November 20, 1864 with a statement of the reasoning on which they are based, published by the state chancery. Second supplemented edition. Part two. – St. Petersburg, 1867.
13. Sharipova A. R. Criminal procedural costs and legal expenses in civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings: applicable analogies // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 2.
14. Shmotin K. S. Court costs in civil proceedings: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2018.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KHUPSERGENOV Khachim Mukhamedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Advocacy sub-faculty, Faculty of International Law, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; lawyer, member of the Moscow Law Center Bar Association
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DISCRETIONARY CRIMINAL PROSECUTION: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
The article examines the principle of discretionary criminal prosecution, its implementation in domestic and foreign criminal proceedings. Special attention is paid to the need for legislative consolidation of this principle in the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes various approaches to determining the content of the expediency principle that exists in the science of criminal procedure law, and suggests their own definition of this principle. The article also discusses the complexities and contradictions associated with the implementation of discretionary criminal prosecution, and highlights the importance of differentiating criminal prosecution to ensure its humanity and fairness.
Keywords: discretionary criminal prosecution, the principle of discretion, criminal prosecution, expediency, termination of criminal proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Andrusenko S. P. Anti-corruption examination in Russian criminal justice // Journal of Russian law. – 2013. – No. 4.
2. Afanasyev A. Yu. Corruption risks of criminal procedural evidence law. – M., 2017.
3. Golovko L. V. Alternatives to criminal prosecution in modern law. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
4. Gulieva N. I. Problems of implementing the principle of discretionary criminal prosecution in Russian and foreign criminal proceedings: diss. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Rostov-on-Don, 2004.
5. Kuvaldina Yu. V. Compromise as a way to resolve criminal-legal conflicts in Russia. – Moscow, 2016.
6. Kucherov G. N. Discretionary model of legal regulation of termination of criminal case and criminal prosecution // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 11.
7. Lupinskaya P. A. Decisions in criminal proceedings: theory, legislation and practice. – M., 2006.
8. Lyublinsky P. I. Grounds for judicial discretion in criminal cases // Ministry of Justice. – 1904. – No. 10.
9. Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 24.03.1998 in the case of “Olssons v. Sweden (No. 1)” (complaint No. 10465/83) // Precedents of the European Court of Human Rights. – 2017. – No. 11.
10. Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 26.04.1979 “\”The Sunday Times\” v. the United Kingdom” (complaint No. 6538/74) [Russian. (extract), English] // European Court of Human Rights: selected decisions. – M.: Norma, 2000. – V. 1.
11. Collection of documents of the Council of Europe in the field of human rights protection and crime control. – M., 1998.
12. Sluchevsky V.K. Textbook of Russian criminal procedure. Judicial system-Legal proceedings. – St. Petersburg, 1913.
13. Lavnov M.A. Institute of termination of criminal case in the system of criminal procedural law and law enforcement practice: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.09. – Saratov, 2015.
14. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 04.06.2007 No. 519-O-O “On the refusal to accept for consideration the request of the Leninsky District Court of the city of Makhachkala to verify the constitutionality of Article 25 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
15. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 27.06.2013 No. 19 “On the application by the courts of legislation regulating the grounds and procedure for exemption from criminal liability.” [Electronic resource] // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – 2013. – No. 8. – Access mode: access from the reference-legal system “ConsultantPlus”.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SMOLINA Mariya Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Taurida Academy Institute, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
SAKSONOV Danil Romanovich
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Law, Taurida Academy Institute, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF USING DETENTION DURING THE OPERATIONAL SEARCH ACTIVITIES “TEST PURCHASE”
This paper examines the legal aspects of the interaction between the institution of detention and the conduct of operational search activities \”test purchase\”, focusing on the need for detention after conducting operational search activities if there are sufficient grounds to believe that there are no moreaccomplices, the supply channels for items prohibited for circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation have been established, criminal connections between individuals have been recorded, there is no need for a thorough examination of the video recording to establish the event and the composition of the crime
Keywords: detention, test purchase, narcotics, criminal event.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law “On operational-search activities” of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174 FZ (as amended on 20.03.2025) // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Review of judicial practice in criminal cases on crimes related to illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic, potent and toxic substances// Approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 27, 2012 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Grinenko A. V. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: article-by-article scientific and practical commentary: textbook. – 4th ed., revised. and add. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2025. – 1088 p.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
BORODIN Andrey Evgenjevich
senior lecturer of Regime organization sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, University of the FPS of Russia
ON SOME ISSUES OF THE USE OF INTEGRATED SECURITY SYSTEMS IN INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENAL SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article considers an important stage in the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation. Integrated security systems are defined. Implementation and development of subsystems of integrated safety systems and their modern differences from previous subsystems. Communication between server equipment and peripheral devices via fiber optic communication lines. Connection of different security detectors to controllers via RS-485 interface. Use of biometric data of the user, IP-video cameras, IP-telephony as an identifier. Introduction of conference operation algorithms, listening to subscribers, disconnecting the necessary subscriber during his conversation, recording and subsequent listening to all conversations with a reflection of the time of the conversations and the subscribers who made them. Global changes and modernization of subsystems to integrated security systems, which allows for more reliable protection of penitentiary system institutions and significantly increase the responsiveness of security department employees.
Keywords: UIS, integrated security system, technical means, security alarm system, access control, security television, operational dispatch communication, loudspeaker communication.
Article bibliography
1. Order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated June 17, 2013 No. 94 “On Amendments to the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated September 4, 2006 No. 279 “On Approval of the Instructions for Equipping Penitentiary System Facilities with Engineering and Technical Means of Security and Supervision.”
2. Aliev A. I., Stepanov L. V. Modern Integrated Security Systems in Institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. In the collection: Technology and safety of penal system facilities: collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference. Voronezh, 2023. pp. 4-6.
3. Denisyev S. A, Mashkin S. G., Shevchenko E. Ya. Certain issues of development and implementation of integrated security systems at penal system facilities // Agrarian land law. 2023. No. 2 (218). pp. 139-141.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
STEPANENKO Yuriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, lieutenant colonel of police
BOROVIKOV Roman Pavlovich
student, Irkutsk National Research Technical University; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF USING PAROLE AS A TYPE OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
The article analyzes the problems of password provided for by the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. The history of the development and current application of the institution of parole in Russia is analyzed, and the main shortcomings are identified. The issues of socialization of convicts released from serving a criminal sentence are considered, the main goal of which is to prevent the growth of recidivism of persons released from places of isolation from society. The authors of the article analyze the problem of civil society\’s attitude toward individuals who have been granted early release from punishment and propose ways to resolve the identified shortcomings.
Keywords: parole, crime, places of imprisonment, conditions ofisolation of the convicted person from society, recidivism, correction of convicted persons, criminal punishment.
Article bibliography
1. Stepanenko Yu. S. Problems of social adaptation of persons released from criminal punishment // Glagoliy sudstva. – 2020. – No. 1 (23). – P. 28-29.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/ (date of access: 24.05.2025). – Text: electronic.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 02.05.2025) – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ (date of access: 24.05.2025). – Text: electronic.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
USTINOV Andrey Nikolaevich
Chief Сonsultant of the Department for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms in Criminal Proceedings and in Places of Forced Detention of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Irkutsk Region
YAKIMOVA Ekaterina Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
POSSIBILITIES OF CHANGING THE REGIME OF SERVING THE SENTENCE AND THE CONDITIONS OF DETENTION IN THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION: SOVIET AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE
According to the general conviction, the penal system of modern Russia is based on more humane principles than the Soviet one. At the same time, on a number of fundamental issues, the Soviet experience in organizing the serving of sentences was more thoughtful in terms of the measures used to influence the convicts and their humanity. In particular, the change in the regime of serving the sentence and the conditions of detention in the correctional institution was built on the basis of judicial control over the deterioration of the situation of the convict. In the modern Penal Code of the Russian Federation, a change in the conditions of detention can be applied without a court decision. A change in conditions entails, in fact, a change in the regime of serving sentences, although formally the regime does not change. It was concluded that it is advisable to adjust the approach established in the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to use the approach set out in the Correctional Labor Code of the RSFSR, when only ordinary conditions of detention corresponding to a specific regime of detention and facilitated (improved) conditions are established, which are used as a measure to encourage positively proven convicts.
Keywords: soviet legislation, regime, conditions of detention, serving a sentence, judicial control.
Biographical list of articles
1. Korotkikh N. N. Taking into account the personality of a person convicted of multiple crimes during parole // Criminological journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law. – 2015. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – P. 440-446. 2. Plokhova V. I. Theory of activity: psychological and legal aspects // Criminological journal of the Baikal state university of economics and law. – 2013. – No. 4. – P. 18-24. 3. Sergeevnin V. A., Avdeev V. A., Avdeeva O. A. Harmonization of criminal-legal policy of Russia in the sphere of appointment and execution of punishment // Criminological journal of the Baikal state university of economics and law. – 2015. – Vol. 9, No. 1. – P. 78-93.

CRIMINALISTICS
BUGERA Mikhail Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
TRETYAKOV Yuriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Volgograd State University
FEATURES OF TACTICS OF INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES OF THEFT OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
The article examines the tactics of conducting individual investigative actions within the framework of initiated criminal cases related to theft of mobile communication devices. The authors analyze in sufficient detail the features of the tactical approach to the investigation of such cases, paying special attention to all stages of collecting evidence and establishing the circumstances of the crime. The authors analyzed modern trends in the development of tactics for investigating crimes of theft of mobile communication devices, taking into account the improvement of technologies and changes in the methods of committing such crimes. They came to the conclusion that awareness of the unique aspects of the tactics of conducting individual investigative actions in the context of criminal cases related to theft of mobile communication devices is a key component for achieving effective results in their investigation. Key words: investigative actions, smartphones, mobile communications, theft, mobile phones.
Keywords: investigative actions, smartphones, mobile communications, theft, mobile phones.
Article bibliography
1. Galyautdinov R. F., Chembarisov T. I. Statistics and methods of combating crimes in the field of theft of cell phones // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 8 (159). – P. 223-224.
2. Ganina A. A. Actual problems of obtaining information from mobile operators during the investigation of thefts of mobile communications // Actual problems of criminal law and procedure, criminal-executive law and forensics: materials of the VIII scientific. – practical. conf. (Saransk, March 29, 2019) / Ed. board: G. P. Kuleshova [et al.]. – Saransk, 2019. – P. 65-69.
3. Makogon I. V., Kosareva L. V. Problems arising during the investigation of thefts of cellular communications and ways to solve them // Modern problems of law, economics and management. – 2016. – No. 2 (3). – P. 176-180.
4. Maksimovich A. B. Issues of improving the methodology for investigating thefts of cellular communications // Modern development of criminalistics and forensic examination as the implementation of the ideas of R. S. Belkin: materials of the Int. scientific-practical. conf. “On the 95th anniversary of the scientist, teacher, publicist” (Moscow, November 22-23, 2017). – Moscow: RG-Press, 2018. – P. 499-501.
5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mvdmedia.ru/news/official/mvd-rossii-publikuet-statisticheskuyu-informatsiyu-o-sostoyanii-prestupnosti-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii2024/.

CRIMINALISTICS
GALYAUTDINOV Rushan Radikovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GALIULLINA Adeliya Rinatovna
student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GALIULLIN Danil Rinatovich
student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ABUSE OF OFFICIAL POWERS AND EXCESS OF OFFICIAL POWERS: CRIMINAL LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALIFICATION PROBLEMS
The scientific article examines the main problems of qualification of abuse and excess of official powers with related elements of crime. The work reveals the main problematic aspects of qualification through the analysis of the material of judicial practice, and also reveals the issue of the use of an official’s position when committing individual criminal acts, and provides a description of the main element of the elements of crime. The article examines the relevant theoretical aspects of qualification of abuse of official powers and excess of official powers, as well as existing problems of qualification practice. These circumstances explain the relevance of the chosen topic for the study.
Keywords: abuse, official powers, crime, executive, motive, self-interest, intent, responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Galyautdinov R. R. Directions of counteraction to preliminary investigation of official violent crimes and situational techniques of their neutralization and overcoming // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 2 (153). – P. 348-351.
2. Galyautdinov R. R. Trace picture of official violent crimes: on the issue of trace classification // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 5 (156). – P. 371-373.
3. Galyautdinov R. R. Problematic issues of tactics of conducting a pre-investigation check during the investigation of official violent crimes // International Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 57-59.
4. Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. // “Federal State Institution Main Information and Analytical Center”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://d-russia.ru/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/mvd_22_11_.pdf (date accessed: 17.04.2025).
5. Criminal law of Russia. Special part. Textbook / Ed. by V. N. Burlakov, V. V. Lukyanov, V. F. Shchepelkov. – 2nd ed. Revised. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg state university: 2024. – 765 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
GARBOUZ Grigoriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk; retired judge of the Kezhemsky Federal Court of Krasnoyarsk Region
REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES DETECTION METHODS IN THE FOCUS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
The article is addressed to the problems of enviral crime detection via modern technical developments. The main emphasis is placed on remote methods of detection of crimes that are being committed in the ecological sphere. The author identifies some aspects of the necessity of using such methods as: satellite monitoring, airborne laser scanning, photogrammetry, absorption spectroscopy, gamma radiation measurement. In conjunction with the analysis of positive experience of using valuable methods of environmental crime scene evidence fixation the scientific hypothesis of implementation of other modern technology remote methods of crime detection into forensic science is put forward. The author describes a positive influence of remote methods of crime detection that can be rather useful in achieving procedural goals of crime investigation that are enshrined in Criminal Procedure Code of Russia. A predictive conclusion about the possibility of improvement of forensic methods of crime investigation through the implementation of modern remote methods that assist in detecting crimes is made.
Keywords: forensic science, methods of crime investigation, ecological crimes, satellite monitoring, photogrammetry, remote gas analyzer, absorption spectroscopy method, gamma radiation measurement.
Article bibliography
1. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: concept, genesis and prospects // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 25, No. 4. – P. 735-749.
2. Garbuz G. S. Actual problems of applying the photogrammetry method in the investigation of crimes committed in the environmental sphere // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 2 (201). – P. 396-397.
3. Garbuz G. S. Some aspects of the application of the absorption spectroscopy method in the investigation of environmental crimes // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 5 (204). – P. 422-424.
4. Remote monitoring of forests for 8 months of 2024: the area of illegal logging decreased by 36% in 42 regions of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosleshoz.gov.ru/news/federal/distantsionnyy-monitoring-lesov-za-8-mesyatsev-2024-goda-ploshchad-nezakonnoy-rubki-umenshilas-na-36-v-42-regionakh-rossii-n11167/?ysclid=md451is8yo894792269 (date of access: 15.07.2025).
5. Zhevlakov E. N. Environmental and alternative environmental crimes committed using the media, electronic or information and telecommunication systems // Criminal law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 32-38.
6. Kaliberda I. V., Bryukhan F. F. Remote measurements of radiation contamination of territories using an unmanned dosimetric complex // Bulletin of MGSU. – 2012. – No. 4. – P. 186–194.
7. Komarov I. M. Conflict situations in the process of investigating crimes // Legislation. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 72-76.
8. Brief characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – May 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/reports/item/66517593/ (date accessed: 15.07.2025).
9. Methodical instructions for performing laboratory work on the course “Physicochemical methods of analysis” for masters studying in the program “Technology of materials of modern energy” and for students studying in the specialty 240601 “Chemical technology of materials of modern energy” / Comp. Amelina G. N., Egorov N. B., Shagalov V. V. – Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2012. – 20 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
DUDAREV Vitaliy Anatoljevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines, theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
REASONS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING LIES OF MINORS AND UNDERAGE PERSONS DURING INTERROGATION
This article examines the signs, causes of children\’s lies, as well as methods of detecting them, aimed at identifying them. The content of the concept of lies is revealed. Common motives for lies of minors and underage people are given. Attention is paid to the three-stage structure of deception. Particular attention is paid to such elements of children’s lies as external signs of lying in a child; reasons why children most often lie; methods for identifying children’s lies.
Keywords: children, children’s lies, deception, minors, underage persons, detection of children’s lies, reasons and methods of children’s lies, testimony, interrogation.
Article bibliography
1. Bertovsky L. V. The art of interrogation: monograph. – M .: Prospect, 2025. – 320 p.
2. Dubrovsky D. I. Deception. Philosophical and psychological analysis. – M.: Publishing house REY, 1994. – 117 p.
3. Dudarev V. A. Methodology for assessing the validity of statements of minors when receiving false and true information from them // Bulletin of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federationerations. – 2024. – № 2. – P. 156-162.
4. Merlin V. S. Psychology of individuality. – M. – Voronezh, 1996. – 448 p.
5. Smelser N. Sociology. – M.: Phoenix, 1994. – 688 p.
6. Wyman J. M., Giles G. Lies and deception: dangers for affiliation // Prospects of social psychology / Translated from English. – M., Eksmo, 2001. – P. 363-364.
7. Fry O. Lies. Three ways to detect. How to read a liar’s mind, how to deceive a lie detector. – St. Petersburg, 2006. – 284 p.
8. Ekman P. Why Do Children Lie? – SPb.: Piter, 2017. – 240 p.
9. Ekman P. The Psychology of Lying. Lie to Me If You Can. – SPb.; Piter, 2016. – 384 p.
10. T. J. Berndt. Developmtntal Changes in Conformity to Peers and Parents Developmtntal Psychology 15 (1979).

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN MICROBIOME TO SOLVE FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS: THE MICROBIOME OF THE SKIN; THE MICROBIOME OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
The article analyzes the concept and properties of the human microbiome (microbiome signature) as an object of forensic research (a potential basis for biometric identification technology), taking into account its microbiological origin and complex structure. In order to confirm the forensic identification of the significance of the human microbiome, the author presents the results of international scientific studies of such significant components of it as the microbiomes of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Taking into account the importance of studying the biological component of the method for understanding the existence and substantiation of the practical possibility of effective and reliable forensic identification of a person, the author examines and analyzes modern methods (and their empirical results) for studying the human microbiome signature. The article substantiates the possibility and expediency of adapting specialized scientific achievements to solve criminalistic problems in the interests of criminal justice.
Keywords: forensic identification, crime detection and investigation, human microbiome, microbiome signature, skin microbiome, gastrointestinal tract microbiome.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kelly B. J. et al. Composition and dynamics of the respiratory tract microbiome in intubated patients // Microbiome. – 2016. – Vol. 4. – P. 7.
2. Dickson R. P., Erb-Downward J. R. & Huffnagle G. B. Towards an ecology of the lung: new conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis // Hie Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. – 2019. – Vol. 2, No. 3. – P. 238-246.
3. Olszak T. et al. Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2017. – Vol. 336, No. 6080. – P. 489-493.
4. Biesbroek G. et al. The impact of breastfeeding on nasopharyngeal microbial communities in infants // American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 190, No. 3. – P. 298-308.
5. Suarez G. et al Molecular Characterization of a Functional Type VI Secretion System from a Clinical Isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila // Microbial pathogenesis. – 2020. – Vol. 44, No. 4. – P. 344-361.
6. Donia M. S. et al, A systematic analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters in the human microbiome reveals a common family of antibiotics / II Cell. – 2019. – Vol. 158, No. 6. – P. 1402-1414.
7. Taur Y. et al. Intestinal domination and the risk ofbacteremia in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation // Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. – 2020. – Vol. 85, No. 7. – P. 905-914.
8. Rea M.C. et al. Effect of broad- and narrow-spectrum antimicrobials on Clostridium difficile and microbial diversity in a model of the distal colon // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2019. – Vol. lOSSuppl 1. – P. 4639-4644.
9. Goldenberg R. L., Hauth J. C. 8c Andrews W. W. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 542, No. 20. – P. 1500-1507.
10. Wylie K. M., Weinstock G. M., Storch G. A. Emerging view of the human virome // Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. – 2012. – Vol. 160, No. 4. – P. 283-290.
11. Wang H. et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae caused different microbial structure and correlation network in lung microbiota // Journal of Thoracic Disease. – 2016. – Vol. 8, No. 6. – P. 1316-1322.
12. Lawley T. D. et al. Targeted restoration of the intestinal microbiota with a simple, defined bacteriotherapy resolves relapsing Clostridium difficile disease in mice / II PLoS pathogens. – 2012. – Vol. 8, No. 10. – P. E1002995.
13. Kutseva A. A. On the possibility of identifying a person by analyzing the human skin microbiome // Issues of expertise and quality of medical care. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 21-25.

CRIMINALISTICS
MAKARIMOV Eduard Alikovich
assistant of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law of the M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
MASS MURDERS IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINALISTIC RESEARCH
The article is devoted to the study of mass murders in educational organizations from the perspective of forensic science. The general term of mass murder is formulated and its essential characteristics are briefly analyzed. The place of mass murders within the system of related categories (“shooting”, “targeted violence”, “amok”, “Columbine”) is determined. It is noted that mass murders in educational organizations are a phenomenon characterized by a number of specific features that allow them to be considered as an object of forensic investigation, while options for criminal law qualification may vary.
Keywords: mass murders, mass murders in educational organizations, forensic methodology of investigation, school shooting, Columbine.
Article bibliography
1. Antonyan Yu. M. Typology of murder // Society and Law. – 2021. – No. 3 (77). – P. 7-13
2. Kaplan G., Sadok B. Clinical Psychiatry / Translated from English by V. B. Strelets. T. 1. – M.: Medicine, 1994. – 670 p.
3. Kochoi S. M., Trapaidze K. Z. Armed attacks and murders in educational organizations: criminal-legal and criminological assessment // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2022. – T. 13, Issue. 4. – P. 910-926.
4. Maksimova N. G. Subcultural foundations of school shooting // Vectors of well-being: economy and society. – 2023. – No. 2 (49). – P. 131-146.
5. Obraztsov V. A., Bogomolova S. N. Forensic psychology. – M.: Unity-Dana. Law and Right, 2002. – 448 p.
6. Silantyev R. A., Golubin R. V., Dunaeva N. I., Zamyshevskaya E. A., Strekalova S. A., Kasimova L. N., Sudyin S. A. Who are the Columbiners and how to recognize them: a methodological guide. – Nizhny Novgorod. Government of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, 2022. – 70 p.
7. Auxemery Y. The mass murderer history: Modern classifications, sociodemographic and psychopathological characteristics, suicidal dimensions, and media contagion of mass murders // Comprehensive Psychiatry. – 2015. – Vol. 56. – Pp. 149-154
8. Bondü R. School Shootings in Germany. Internationaler Vergleich, Warnsignale, Risikofaktoren, Entwicklungsverläufe: Dissertation / Freie Universität Berlin. – 2012. – 558 p.
9. Burgess A.W. Mass, spree and serial homicide // In: Douglas J., Burgess A. W., Burgess A. G., et al., editors. Crime classification manual. – San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006. – 572 p.
10. Dietz P. Mass, serial and sensational homicides // Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. – 1986. – Vol. 62, No. 5. – Pp. 477-491
11. Hagan R.H., Podlogar M.C., Joiner T.E. Murder-suicide: bridging the gap between mass murder, amok, and suicide // Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research. – 2015. – Vol. 7, Iss. 3. – Pp. 179-186
12. Holmes R., Holmes S. Serial murder: 2nd ed. – Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1998. – 187 p.
13. Sell M. Anatomie des Amoklaufs. Malaiischer Mĕngamok und School Shooting. – Springer VS Wiesbaden, 2018. – 251 p.
14. Threat assessment in schools: a guide to managing threatening situations and to creating safe school climates. – United States Secret Service and United States Department of Education. – Washington, 2002. – 99 p.
15. Grinenko U. B. The problem of school shooting in the educational environment // Psychological research. – 2021. – Vol. 14, No. 80. – P. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://psystudy.ru/index.php/num/2021v14n80/1952-grinenko80.html (date of access: 04/22/2025)

CRIMINALISTICS
MAKOGON Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Preliminary Investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and methodological complex for the preliminary investigation in the DIA, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
FEDOTOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Senior Inspector for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Saratov Region, 2nd year student in the field of Law 40.04.01, Faculty of Distance Learning, Retraining and Advanced Training, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
IGNATOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
THE ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS OF THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION BODIES TO RETURN FUNDS STOLEN FROM CITIZENS\’ BANK ACCOUNTS USING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Investigative authorities, in their practical activities related to the investigation of crimes, often encounter situations where the accused are unwilling to voluntarily repay the damage caused by their criminal actions. In this regard, both the state\’s economy and citizens suffer enormous damage, which cannot always be compensated during the preliminary investigation for various reasons. Crimes in the field of IT technologies occupy a dominant place in terms of the scale of harm. This article proposes an algorithm for officials to return funds stolen from citizens’ bank accounts using information and telecommunication technologies to improve the efficiency of their activities in this area.
Keywords: information and telecommunication technologies, bank account, investigator, money, mobile operator, pre-investigation check, theft.
Article bibliography
1. Ivanov D. A., Filatova I. V., Mironov A. L. Current issues of improving the efficiency of ensuring compensation for harm caused by a crime in the context of studying law enforcement practice and current legislation // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2020. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-povysheniya-effektivnosti-obespecheniya-vozmescheniya-vreda-prichinennogo-prestupleniem-v-kontekste-izucheniya (date of access: 01/27/2025).
2. Biryukov S. Yu., Skorikov D. G., Zakatov A. A. The Importance of Speech Culture in the Work of an Investigator // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 3 (46). – pp. 116-121.

CRIMINALISTICS
PRIKHODKO Vitaliy Viacheslavovich
senior lecturer, Institute of High-Tech Law, Social and Humanitarian Sciences, National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”
FORENSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES AGAINST SEXUAL INTEGRITY, COMMITTED USING THE INTERNET
The article presents the main elements of the forensic characteristics of crimes against sexual integrity committed on the Internet, the identity of the criminals and the characteristics of the victims, methods of committing crimes, features of investigative work with traces, and analyzes the comparison of the crimes in question with other crimes against sexual integrity. The author provides examples of forensic investigative practice in relation to the peculiarities of the forensic characteristics of the crimes under consideration.
Keywords: sexual crimes, depraved acts, coercion, forensic characteristics, methods, concealment, identity of the criminal, remote crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Ishchenko E. P., Filippov A. G. Forensic Science. – Moscow: Higher Education, 2007. – P. 359.
2. Criminal Case No. 1-28/2023. Archive of the Zelenograd District Court of Moscow.
3. Criminal Case No. 1-257/2023. Archive of the Zelenogradsky District Court of Moscow.
4. Criminal case No. 1-27/2023. Archive of the Zelenogradsky District Court of Moscow.
5. Criminal cases No. 1-117/2016 and No. 1-272/2017. Archive of the Zelenogradsky District Court of Moscow.
6. Criminal cases No. 1-450/23 and No. 1-122/2022. Archive of the Zelenogradsky District Court of Moscow.
7. Criminal case No. 1-27/2021. Archive of the Zelenograd District Court of Moscow.
8. Efremova T. F. understands the concept of “motive” as a word of Greek origin as a motivating reason, basis, pretext for something. Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/efremova/187810 (date of access: 04/21/2025).
9. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation No. 63-FZ of 06/13/1996 Part 2 of Art. 24. [Electronic resource] // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
10. Criminal case No. 1-317/2018. Archive of the Zelenograd District Court of Moscow.

CRIMINALISTICS
VASILJEV Dmitriy Vladimirovich
senior lecturer, Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
BUGERA Mikhail Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
SHAMSHINA Olga Sergeevna
senior lecturer, Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE SPECIFICS OF CRIMINAL CASES ON THE FACTS OF THEFT OF OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS
Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide specifics or “features” in criminal cases, however, they occur in almost every case. In this regard, in practice, the stage of excitation of criminal case has its own characteristics, expressed by: 1) the most frequent, typical for this type of crime, the reasons for institution of a criminal case from among those listed in article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 2) the degree of sufficiency of information received from the message about the crime, the totality of the details and information obtained at verification. In this sense, the features of excitation of criminal cases on the facts of theft of oil and oil products are derived from the characteristics of this type of crime. Theft from oil pipelines committed by an organized group, always technologically and organizationally well prepared, criminals are qualified and have specialized skills, tend to have a «cover», the investigation falls under strong corruption pressure.
Keywords: criminal case, oil theft, theft of oil products, preliminary examination.
Article bibliography
1. Burtsev A. V. Some features of initiating a criminal case based on the results of operational-search activities // Bulletin of the BelYuI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 1. – P.81-84.
2. Aleksandrov A. S., Grachev S. A. Stage of initiating a criminal case: liquidate, cannot be left // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2015. – No. 1 (31).
3. Parfenov D. R. Theft of oil from pipelines has assumed the scale of a national threat. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.promweekly.ru/vazn-toplivo.php.
4. Bulatetskiy A. S. Detention of a suspect at the scene of theft of oil and oil products from pipelines// News of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2014. – No. 3-2.

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
HUMAN MICROBIOME PROFILE AS AN OBJECT OF FORENSIC RESEARCH: MICROBIOME SIGNATURE; BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE METHOD; MODERN RESEARCH METHODS
The article analyzes the concept and properties of the human microbiome profile as an object of forensic research. In order to confirm the forensic identification of significance of the human microbiome, the author presents the results of specialized international scientific research related to the biological justification of the method, and identifies the most significant research centers and programs in the relevant field. The author examines and analyzes modern methods of studying the microbiome profile, human microbiome signature, using innovative achievements in the fields of microbiology, mathematical models and algorithms, analysis and processing of extensive arrays of microbiological and phylogenetic data. In addition, the author provides an analysis of scientific information on the creation and regular replenishment of microbiomic electronic databases, archives of biological samples, which currently allows us to realize the empirical potential of the method in the areas of microbiomic registration of persons and the production of specialized forensic examinations. The article substantiates the possibility of adapting scientific achievements in the field under study to solve forensic identification problems in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of criminal proceedings.
Keywords: forensic identification, crime detection and investigation, microbial profile, microbiome signature, biological basis and modern methods of microbiome research.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Xiao L. et al. High-fat feeding rather than obesity drives taxonomical and functional changes in the gut microbiota in mice // Microbiome. – 2017. – Vol. 5.
2. Blanton L.V. et al. Gut bacteria that rescue growth impairments transmitted by immature microbiota from undernourished children // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2016. – Vol. 351, No. 6275.
3. Schroeder B. O. et al. Bifidobacteria or Fiber Protects against Diet-Induced Microbiota-Mediated Colonic Mucus Deterioration I B.O. Schroeder et al. // Cell Host & Microbe. – 2018. – Vol. 23, No. 1. – P. 27-40.
4. Koenig, J. E. et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2016. – Vol. 108, Suppl 1. – P. 4578-4585.
5. Ben-Neriah Y. & Schmidt-Supprian, M. Epithelial NF-kappaB maintains host gut microflora homeostasis // Nature Immunology. – 2017. – Vol. 8, No. 5. – P. 479-481.
6. Sanchez-Ramirez C. et al. Long-term use of selective digestive decontamination in an ICU highly endemic for bacterial resistance // Critical Care (London, England). – 2018. – Vol. 22, No. 1. – P. 141.
7. Vetizou M. et al. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota / It Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2015. – Vol. 350, No. 6264. – P. 4379-4384.
8. Ichinohe T. et al. Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2011. – Vol. 108, No. 13. – P. 5354-5359.
9. Dominguez-Bello M. G. et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2010. – Vol. 107, No. 26. – P. 11971-11975.
10. McDonald L. C. et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2015. – Vol. 353, No. 23. – P. 3733-3741.
11. Stecher B. The Roles of Inflammation, Nutrient Availability and the Commensal Microbiota in Enteric Pathogen Infection / B. Stecher. – 2018. – P. 17.
12. Kutseva A. A. On the possibility of identifying a person by analyzing the human skin microbiome // Issues of expertise and quality of medical care. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 21-25.
13. Khaitovich A. B. Microbiome and its impact on human health // Crimean Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. – 2019. – T. 9, No. 1. – P. 61-66.

CRIMINALISTICS
SHAROVA Irina Sergeevna
lecturer of Criminal-legal disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
MEDVEDCHUK Anna Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Criminal-legal disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
KORCHIK Dmitriy Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Criminal-legal disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
DOCUMENTATION OF CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMES. USE OF SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE
The existence of corruption in the modern world and the fight against this phenomenon is one of the most pressing issues. The article is devoted to the role, significance and use of specialized knowledge in the investigation of crimes and documentation of corruption-related crimes. In view of the fact that many elements of crimes are characterized by the non-obviousness of the conditions under which they are prepared and committed, information obtained as a result of using specialized knowledge allows it to be brought out of a latent state, included in the system of evidence in a criminal case, as information about specific circumstances with a high degree of objectivity.
Keywords: corruption, corruption-related crimes; forms of corruption, types of corruption, causes of corruption, corruption methods, examinations, documentation of criminal acts.
Article bibliographic list
1. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 25.12.2008 No. 273-FZ “On Combating Corruption” (as amended and supplemented). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ttps://base.garant.ru/12164203/?ysclid=m8ipnnv9x2808214340 (date of access: 23.03.2025).
2. Kulikov A. V., Kulikov N. A. Features of documenting bribery // Bulletin of the Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 1 (35). – P. 44-49.
3. Bezuglova N.V. The essence of financial and analytical expertise, its purpose and objectives // Economy and entrepreneurship: theory and practice: collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference, Penza, March 25, 2020. – Penza: “Science and Education” (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2020. – Pp. 122-125.
4. Chervyakov M.E. Criminal procedural and tactical aspects of preparation for conducting a fingerprint examination // Modern technologies in jurisprudence: application of special knowledge: materials of the regional (interuniversity) scientific and practical conference, Krasnoyarsk November 18, 2021. – Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 2021. – Pp. 116-126.
5. Fundamentals of the fight against corruption / Ed. S. V. Maksimova. – M., 1999.
6. Volzhsky B. V. Corruption. – SPb.: SPbYuI, 1998.
7. Grib V. G., Oks P. E. Counteraction of corruption. – M., 2011.
8. On operational and investigative activities. Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ (as amended on 06.02.2016) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1955. – No. 33.
9. Federal Law of 31 May 2001 No. 73-FZ “On State Forensic Activity in the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented). [Electronic resource]. – Access modeupa: https://base.garant.ru/12123142/?ysclid=lx1qyz4hzm611591521 (date of access: 23.03.2025).
10. Kulikov A. V., Polischuk A. N. Features of the methodology for documenting bribery // Bulletin of Tula State University. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 18-23.

CRIMINALISTICS
SHOGENOV Zaur Arturovich
lecturer of Organization of Law enforcement activities sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
PERSONAL SEARCH AS A MEASURE OF PROCEDURAL SUPPORT AND EVIDENCE DURING THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
The article considers a personal search as a measure of procedural evidence in criminal and administrative proceedings. Problematic aspects of law enforcement practice are highlighted, as well as recommendations for improving legislation and law enforcement. Personal search is one of the most demanded procedural actions used by law enforcement officers in various legal fields. The application of this procedural action causes a lot of disputes between the participants in the proceedings, including from those persons against whom the measures of legal restriction were applied. After all, according to administrative legislation, the inspection acts as a measure of administrative coercion and has a dual nature. On the one hand, it is a control and preventive measure, and on the other hand, it is a measure to ensure evidence in cases of administrative offenses.
Keywords: personal search, procedural evidence, criminal proceedings, administrative offense, evidence, personal rights.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses dated December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Federal Law “On Operational Investigative Activities” of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Klyuev K. A., Nikiforov M. V. Specifics of personal search, search of things as a security measure in proceedings on administrative offenses // Bulletin of Science. – 2024. – No. 4 (73), Vol. 4. – P. 181-187.
5. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2021 No. 2637-O “On refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Komarov S.A. regarding the violation of his constitutional rights by the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 48 of the Federal Law “On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances” and Article 27.7 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/403274237/.

CRIMINALISTICS
KHALIULLINA Aigul Faatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa State University of Science and Technology
ON THE QUESTION OF LEGAL EXPERTISE AND OPINIONS OF SPECIALISTS
The article reveals the main approaches to understanding the concept of special “legal” knowledge. It analyzes the shortcomings of the current legislation, which lead to the fact that persons conducting preliminary investigation and justice are faced with the need to contact knowledgeable persons in the field of law. Whether this is good or not, permissible or unacceptable is revealed in the main content of the article. Objective: to consider and substantiate the significance, expediency of the participation of persons with special knowledge in the field of law during the investigation of crimes. Methods: provisions of materialistic dialectics, theory of knowledge and general theory of forensic science. In the course of the study, general scientific and specific scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, scientific forecast, description, formal-legal, comparative-legal and statistical methods. Results: the study allowed to develop a system of forensically significant features that determine the choice of special legal knowledge when investigating crimes, which will help to orient persons conducting preliminary investigations in various investigative situations.
Keywords: legal expertise, special knowledge, expert, specialist, form of using special knowledge, method of committing a crime, knowledgeable persons.
Article bibliography
1. Belkin R. S. Course of criminalistics. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. Forensic tools, techniques and recommendations. – Moscow: Jurist, 1997. – P. 117.
2. Vladimirov L. E. The doctrine of criminal evidence. – Tula: Autograph,2000. – P. 319.
3. Danevsky V. P. Our Preliminary Investigation: Its Shortcomings and Reform. – Kyiv, 2003. – P. 70.
4. Rossinskaya E. R. Commentary on the Federal Law “On State Forensic Activity in the Russian Federation”. – M.: Law and Law; Yurait-Inzat, 2002. – P. 26.
5. Statkus V. F. On Legal Expertise and “Second-Class” Lawyers // Russian Justice. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 47.
6. Tarasov A. A. Expert and Specialist in Criminal Procedure in Russia. – M.: Prospect, 2017. – P. 28.
7. Eksarkhopulo A. A. Special knowledge in criminal proceedings and its non-traditional forms. – In the publ.: Bulletin of criminalistics / Responsible. editor A. G. Filippov. Issue. 2. – M.: Spakr, 2001. – P. 26.

CRIMINOLOGY
NEDBAILOV Pavel Andreevich
lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
ALEXEEV Vsevolod Olegovich
master of laws, independent researcher
SPECIFICS OF ESTABLISHING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP IN CRIMES COMMITTED IN COMPLICITY
The article examines the specifics of establishing a cause-and-effect relationship in crimes committed in complexity. The authors conclude that a causal relationship must be established between the act of the perpetrator of the crime (or at least one of the co-perpetrators) and the criminal result. Between the actions of other accomplices and the criminal result, the presence of a determining connection is sufficient.
Keywords: cause-and-effect relationship, complicity in a crime, co-perpetration.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev P. V., Panin A. V. Philosophy: Textbook. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: TK Velbi, Prospect Publishing House, 2003. – 608 p.
2. Esakov G. A. Causal relationship in complex situations: criminal law science and judicial practice // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 81-102.
3. Zimireva L. A. Causal Relationship in Crimes against Life: Dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2016. – 228 p.
4. Kovalev M. I. Complicity in a Crime. – Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of Ural State Law Academy, 1999. – 204 p.
5. Kuznetsova N. F. Problems of Crime Qualification: Lectures on the Special Course “Fundamentals of Crime Qualification” / Scientific ed. and foreword by V. N. Kudryavtseva. – Moscow: Gorodets, 2007. – 336 p.
6. Malinin V. B. Causal Relationship in Criminal Law: Theoretical and Practical Issues: Dis. … Doctor of Law. sciences: 12.00.08. – St. Petersburg, 1999. – 409 p.
7. Criminal law. General part: textbook / Ed. by A. N. Tarbagaev. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 448 p.
8. Shesler A. V. Features of causation in case of complicity in a crime // Criminal justice. – 2022. – No. 19. – P. 33-38.

CRIMINOLOGY
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
COUNTERING SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES
Based on official judicial statistics, the article found that over the past twenty years, starting in 2005 up to 2024, the most people were sad of sabotage and other crimes related to sabotage activities (73%). Possible directions for improving measures to prevent such socially dangerous acts are being investigated. Special attention is paid to the criminal law means of countering sabotage and other crimes related to sabotage activities. Taking into account the fact that 71% of all persons convicted of sabotage in 2024 are between the ages of 16 and 24, and 29% are students, the authors propose measures to prevent such crimes among adolescents and young people.
Keywords: crime, sabotage, sabotage activities, punishment, condition, dynamics, minors.
Article bibliography
1. Pikina T. V. Criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal saboteur // Bulletin of Military Law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 82-87.
2. The number of terrorism cases in Russia increased by 40% in 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.rambler.ru/politics/54215181/?utm_content=news_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink (date of access: 04/28/2025).
3. Judicial statistics data // Official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cdep.ru/index.php?id=79&item=8946http://www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=79 (date of access: 04/28/2025).
4. Chuklina E. Yu. Disadvantages of the legislative design of the norm provided foroh Art. 281.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Assistance to sabotage activities” // Bulletin of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 14-25.
5. Ivantsov S. V., Borisov S. V. Actual issues of criminal-legal counteraction to sabotage activities // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 78-84.
6. The Cabinet of Ministers supported the bill on criminal punishment for sabotage from the age of 14. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/20202853 (date accessed: 28.04.2025).
7. Ivanova L. V. Criminal-legal counteraction to sabotage activities // Novelties of the legislation of the criminal cycle and their reflection in criminal-legal sciences: materials of the International scientific and practical round table, Tyumen, February 28, 2023. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University, 2023. – P. 51-55.
8. Berkovich O. E., Matreshina E. B., Solomskaya Ya. A. Problems of organizing the prevention of recruitment of minors into sabotage and reconnaissance groups and terrorist organizations // Legal Psychology. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 27-31.
9. Methodological recommendations for organizing individual preventive work with persons susceptible to the ideological influence of international terrorist organizations, Ukrainian neo-Nazi structures and other destructive movements. – Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, 2024. – 28 p.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
KARPUSHKIN Alexey Valentinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
THE PROCEDURE FOR CHALLENGING A JUDGE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EVERYONE\’S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
The right of everyone to a fair trial is ensured by a number of mechanisms, one of which is the institution of challenging a judge who has an interest in the outcome of the case. The article examines the arguments for and against the existing procedure for challenging a judge hearing a case alone, as well as the dependence of the right to a fair trial by the court on this procedure, on the basis of which it is concluded that the current procedural legislation contains certain internal contradictions that affect the implementation of everyone’s right to a fair trial.
Keywords: recusal of a judge, fair trial, justice, trial, human rights.
Article bibliography
1. Sidorkin S. V. Recusal of a judge in arbitration proceedings: a step forward or an element of uniformity? // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 16-20.
2. Romanova E. D. Resolving the issue of recusal of a judge in arbitration proceedings: problems and innovations // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 115-119.
3. Ryabtseva E. V. Problems of legal regulation of the institute of recusal of a judge in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of VUiT. – 2021. – No. 4 (100). – P. 105-110.
4. Topchiev A. A., Krasilnikov A. V. On the issue of the procedure for recusal of judges in criminal proceedings in Russia // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 252-256.
5. Kireeva E. A., Nurbalaeva A. M. Institute of recusals of a judge in the aspect of the implementation of the principle of justice in the civil process // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 144-148.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
DENISOV Dmitriy Valerjevich
postgraduate student in the field of Law studies, Volgograd State University
THE REFORM OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA IN 2011, THE RESULTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LEVEL OF OBSERVANCE AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
By 2009, the negative situation in the law enforcement system as a whole, and in particular in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (hereinafter the Ministry of Internal Affairs), required the country\’s leadership to make drastic decisions in reviewing the entire structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This was due to a well-founded negative reaction in society to the activities of individual police officers, which generated public distrust of the Interior Ministry system as a whole, and as a result, the internal crisis in the Interior Ministry, as well as criminal remnants of the 90s, made themselves felt. This situation \”cast a shadow\” over the entire executive branch of government, and the rest (legislative and judicial) branches of government experienced a negative reaction from society, which was called into question the principles of democracy in Russia. This correlation is due to the fact that the Ministry of Internal Affairs has always been the closest authority to the people, and in the eyes of ordinary people sometimes had almost all the full power. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 12/24/2009 No. 1468 “On measure”es to improve the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation” (hereinafter referred to as the Presidential Decree), it was decided that it was necessary to make changes to the structure, activities, and personnel potential of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which ultimately should have affected the quality of work and the positive dynamics in reducing the crime situation in the country, and as a result, to increase the level of public confidence in the Interior Ministry. This year, the announced reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs turned 15 years old. A lot of work has been done to achieve positive results, as evidenced by the performance indicators declared in the department itself at the annual expanded meeting of the board of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in 2024, as well as the positive dynamics of public opinion polls on the results of police activities during the reform. At the same time, law enforcement officials do not deny the existence of a number of problems in the Ministry of Internal Affairs affecting the observance of human rights, the main ones of which are the increase in crimes committed with the help of IT technologies, migration crime, extremism, personnel policy, which indicates shortcomings and omissions in these areas of activity.
Keywords: Police, reform, human and civil rights and freedoms, public opinion, assessment of activities, crimes, extremism, terrorism, corruption, information and telecommunication network Internet, personnel policy.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of February 7, 2011 “On Police”. Information and legal support “Garant”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/12182530 (date accessed: 12/18/2021).
2. Article by Minister of Internal Affairs Rashid Nurgaliev on the draft Federal Law “On Police” // Protection and Security Magazine. 2010. No. 3 (54). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15230976 (date accessed: 02/04/2023)
3. Trebenok A. A. “Reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 2009-2011: ideas and some results.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28092669 (date accessed: 04.02.2023).
4. Yadov V. A. Strategy of sociological research. Study guide. M., 2009. S. 201.
5. Demidov N. N., Zueva O. V. Reforming the Internal Affairs Directorate in Russia through the eyes of the population of Volgograd (based on the materials of a regional sociological study). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21205596 (date accessed: 04.02.2023).
6. Journal of national interests: priorities and security. 2011. Vol. 7. No. 35. P. 2-10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=16755845 (date of access: 04.02.2023).
7. Results of sociological surveys. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mvd.ru/publicopinion. (date of access: 20.11.2021).
8. Official network resources of the President of Russia. Expanded meeting of the board of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/76408
9. Newspaper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. 2025. Issue No. 2. Art. The situation is stable. P. 1.
10. Newspaper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. 2025. Issue No. 8. Art. Responsible approach. P. 2.
11. Federal Law of 08.08.2024 No. 260-FZ. On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation.
12. Newspaper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. 2025. Issue No. 8. Art. Comprehensive security measures. P. 3.
13. Fontanka.ru. Kolokoltsev: the shortage of personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Russia exceeds 150 thousand people. St. Petersburg online publication. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fontanka.ru/2024/05/14/73575668/?ysclid=m10enp7s4z713058214 (date of access: 13.09.2024).
14. Timko S. A. Results of the police reform: a view from the inside // Bulletin of the Moscow State Law Academy. 2023. Vol. 76. No. 2 (195) February. P. 145-157.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
GODOVNIKOVA Alla Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law
FILATOV Vladimir Vladimirovich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
DOLGIKH Dmitriy Yurjevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
TACTICAL TRAINING IN THE BODIES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS: FROM RESPONDING TO THREATS TO PROTECTING PUBLIC ORDER
The article is devoted to the analysis of the importance and methods of tactical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies (IAB). In the face of modern threats such as terrorism and organized crime, it is becoming a critically important that law enforcement agencies have high-level tactical skills to ensure public safety. The paper examines various approaches to tactical training, such as scenario training, shooting practice and communication skills, and highlights the importance of legislative and ethical aspects in the activities of employees. The article also analyzes the existing problems in the field of tactical training and the prospects for their solution. A discussion of various examples of situations in which police officers use tactical skills helps to highlight the practical significance of training and improve interaction with the public.
Keywords: tactical training, law enforcement agencies, public order, scenario training, shooting practice, use of force, ethics of communication, modern threats, human rights, psychology.
Article bibliography
1. Elistarov D. V. Features of tactical and special training for employees of internal affairs bodies in modern conditions // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social sciences. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 126-134.
2. Bordachev A. Yu. On the issue of special training of cadets of students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – P. 25-28.
3. Bordachev A. Yu. Assistance of modern technologies in tactical and special training of police officers // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – P. 55-57.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
GUSHCHIN Dmitriy Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
MANSUROVA Zilya Rakhimlanovna
Ph.D. in medical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Pedagogy and psychology in the activities of police officers sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
LESHCHEV Alexander Igorevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL READINESS OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO PERFORM OPERATIONAL AND OFFICIAL TASKS IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
This scientific article is devoted to the urgent problem of forming the psychological readiness of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation (IAB) to perform operational and official tasks in special conditions, such as counter-terrorism operations, suppression of mass riots and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations. It is noted that, despite a significant amount of research in the field under consideration, a number of issues remain insufficiently developed, in particular, the factors determining the formation of psychological readiness of police officers to perform operative tasks in special conditions, the risk specifics of their psychological training in conditions of increased and uncertainty, methods for assessing and developing psychological stability as well as strategies for preventing occupational deformity and emotional burnout. The article examines individual psychological (motivation, personal qualities, professional knowledge and skills, experience, health status) and organizational factors (quality of personnel selection, training system, organization of official activities, moral and material incentives, psychological support) that influence the formation of psychological readiness. The importance of early training of employees for actions in extreme situations is emphasized in order to ensure high operational and combat readiness.
Keywords: psychological readiness, police officers, special conditions, stress tolerance, psychological preparation, adaptation.
Article bibliography
1. Kovin A. N. Formation of psychological readiness of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation to perform operational and service tasks in special conditions // Bulletin of TSU. – 2023. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formirovanie-psihologicheskoy-gotovnosti-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-rossiyskoy-federatsii-k-vypolneniyu-operativno (date of access: 05/28/2025).
2. Rusetskaya D. V. Use of psychophysical training in the framework of moral and psychological training of employees of internal affairs bodies // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolzovanie-psihofizicheskogo-treninga-v-ramkah-moralno-psihologicheskoy-podgotovki-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del (date of access: 05/28/2025).
3. Sadekov R. R. Pedagogical conditions for training employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russiaand to actions in special conditions // Police activity. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pedagogicheskie-usloviya-podgotovki-sotrudnikov-mvd-rossii-k-deystviyam-v-osobyh-usloviyah (date of access: 05/28/2025).
4. Chunosov M. A. Components of professional readiness of employees of internal affairs bodies to perform official tasks in extreme situations // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2021. – No. 3-1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/komponenty-professionalnoy-gotovnosti-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-k-vypolneniyu-sluzhebnyh-zadach-v-ekstremalnyh-situatsiyah (date of access: 05/28/2025).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
PETROV Pavel Sergeevich
lecturer of Fire and tactical-special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
KARPUSHKIN Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Fire and tactical-special training sub-faculty, Bryansk branch, V. V. Lukyanov Oryol Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MASEICHUK Yuriy Maratovich
senior lecturer of Organization of Educational and Methodological Work of the Training Center (branch), Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
FUNDAMENTALS OF SHOOTING TECHNIQUES: TEACHING JUNIOR CADETS USING THE MAKAROV PISTOL AS AN EXAMPLE
This article discusses the basics of shooting techniques, with an emphasis on teaching junior cadets using the Makarov pistol (PM) as an example. The Makarov pistol, which is a symbol of Russian weapons, is widely used in educational institutions to develop basic skills in handling firearms. The article describes the key aspects of training: from theoretical basics such as safety rules and pistol design to practical exercises aimed at developing accuracy and confidence in shooting. Special attention is paid to methodological approaches that effectively transfer knowledge and skills to cadets. The purpose of this work is to create an integrated approach to shooting training that will provide cadets with the necessary training to further master the more complex aspects of firearms handling.
Keywords: Makarov pistol, fire training, shooting technique, cadet training, firearms.
Article bibliography
1. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated February 2, 2024 No. 44 “On approval of the Procedure for organizing the training of personnel to fill positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/408598469/?ysclid=mcrwqu88a195363554.
2. Petrov P. S., Cherneykin P. P., Arkhipov S. N. Problems of training employees of internal affairs bodies in practical skills of handling firearms. Methodology for forming employees’ readiness to use service weapons // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 2 (189). – pp. 411-412.

SAFETY AND LAW
KOLOKOLOVA Marina Vladislavovna
postgraduate student of Economic and financial investigations sub-faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CURRENT ISSUES OF COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE SPHERE OF COUNTERING THE FINANCING ACTIVITIES AS A THREAT TO THE SECURITY OF STATES
Extremism is transnational in nature: financing, recruitment, expansion of the network of extremist organizations – all this requires consolidated cooperation of all states to counteract extremist manifestations. In the conditions of political destabilization, sanctions pressure on Russia, suspension of Russia’s membership in the FATF, with the emergence of new methods and opportunities for financing extremist organizations, there is an objective need to consider new alliances for cooperation in the region with extremism and its financing, the development of new consolidated approaches to the exchange of information, suppression and determination of flows of funds in order to achieve the general security of the state.
Keywords: extremism, extremist activity, financing of extremist activity, international cooperation, EAG, state security, countering extremism.
Article bibliography
1. XVI International Economic Forum of Russia and OIC countries “Russia – Islamic World: KazanForum 2025, May 13-18, 2025.
2. Arab Convention on Combating Terrorism / Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. International Public Law. Collection of documents. Part II. M.: “Prospect”, 2006.
3. Ivanov P. I., Belyaeva T. N. On the issue of improving the system of counteracting the financing of extremist activities // Works of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2017. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.CyberLeninka.ru (date of access: 01.02.2025).
4. Brief summary of the results of the first round of ML/FT risk assessment in the Eurasian region (assessment of observed ML/FT mechanisms (methods)). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eurasiangroup.org/ru/eag-typology-projects (date of access: 02.04.2025).
5. Magomedova S. O. The Russian Federation is an observer state in the organization of Islamic cooperation: role and prospects // Ethnosociety and interethnic culture. 2023. No. 179.
6. Melkumyan K. S. Effectiveness of FATF-style regional groups (FSRBs), using the example of the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) // ANI: Economics and Management. 2017. No. 2 (19).
7. Melkumyan K. S. Effectiveness of FATF-style regional groups (FSRBs), using the example of the Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) // ANI: Economics and Management. 2017. No. 2 (19).
8. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated April 1, 2014 No. 199 “On approval of the Instructions on the procedure for conducting a public operational-search measure by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation to inspect premises, buildings, structures, areas and vehicles” // SPS ConsultantPlus (date of access: 01.02.2025).
9. Sizov A. A., Shakhbazov R. F. Features of criminal law and procedure in Islamic states: monograph. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2016. 168 p.
10. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2024 No. 1124 “On approval of the Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2024. No. 53. Art. 8669
11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation. 2021. No. 27. 5351.
12. Federal Law “On Operational-Investigative Activities” of August 12, 1995 No. 144-FZ // Collection of Legislation. 1995. No. 33.
13. Shegabudinov R. Sh. “Actual Problems of Counteracting the Financing of Terrorism and Extremism” // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2014. No. 8.

SAFETY AND LAW
MINYASHEVA Gulnara Ibragimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Operational-investigative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
CERTAIN ISSUES OF COUNTERING CRIMES COMMITTED IN THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is an important sector of the economy. In the context of a special military operation, one of the priorities of law enforcement agencies is to counter budget embezzlement in the defense industry, as well as the suppression of corruption-related crimes in this area. The article discusses some problems related to crimes in the military-industrial complex. The problems that arise when solving crimes in the field of defense industry are primarily due to the organized nature of their commission, the legalization of proceeds from crime, as well as corruption.
Keywords: military-industrial complex, corruption, economic security, defense, state defense order.
Article bibliography
1. Ivanov P. I., Annikov A. V. Operational-search activities of internal affairs agencies to combat economic and corruption crimes in the sphere of procurement for the needs of the defense-industrial complex: monograph. – Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2021. – P. 172.
2. Iskaliyev R. G. et al. Priority areas of operational and service activities of the economic security and anti-corruption units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: scientific and methodological manual – Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – P. 143.

SECURITY AND LAW
OVCHINNIKOV Oleg Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior researcher, Center for Security Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
FEATURES OF THE MODERN PARADIGM OF PUBLIC SECURITY IN ENSURING AND PROTECTING THE NATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The present study consists of an analysis of modern approaches to the category of public safety, as well as scientific views on the practical implementation of its provision, which makes it possible to substantiate existing shortcomings from various positions, as well as to find trends in the development of the main directions in this area. Considering public security as a social nature, we determine its dependence on the social structure and the state-legal regime of any state. Based on this, we come to the conclusion that ensuring public safety in one way or another is a fundamental factor in every civilized country. In this regard, public safety is defined as the main priority in protecting Russia’s national interests.
Keywords: security, public safety, national security, national priorities, ensuring public safety.
Article bibliography
1. Basova Yu. Yu. Theoretical aspects and legal approaches to defining the concept of public safety. // Gaps in Russian legislation. 2016. No. 8. Pp. 61-66.
2. Voronov A. M. Problems of the theory and practice of ensuring public safety of the Russian Federation: monograph / Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, State Institution “All-Russian Scientific Research Institute”. Moscow: VNII MVD of Russia, 2006 (M .: UOP RIO VNII MVD of Russia). 222 p.
3. Girko S. I. Is the extension of the Concept of Public Safety in the Russian Federation justified? // State and Law: Theory and Practice. 2019. No. 2. P. 6-14.
4. Girko S. I., Sandugei A. N., Zubova M. V. Public Security in the System of Strategic National Priorities (Theoretical and Methodological Analysis) // Scientific Portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 1 (65). P. 34-44.
5. Zyryanov S. M. Public Security Regime. // Bulletin of Economic Security. 2016. No. 3. P. 34-41.
6. Iroshnikov D. V. Legal Policy of the Russian Federation in the Sphere of State Security (Theoretical Aspect): Dis. … Cand. of Law. Sciences. Tambov, 2011.
7. Iroshnikov D. V. State Security of the Russian Federation: Concept and Content // Legal Science. 2011. No. 2.
8. Kardashova I. B. Fundamentals of the Theory of National Security: Textbook for Universities / 3rd ed. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. 334 p.
9. Tikhalyova E. Yu. State and Public Security as Strategic National Priorities: Current State // Bulletin of Surgut State University. 2024. No. 4, T. 12. P. 143-154.

SAFETY AND LAW
NUKHOV Radmir Rafisovich
senior lecturer of Special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
KORSAKOV Yuriy Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
BUTURLAKIN Denis Viktorovich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
FIRE TRAINING AND LEGAL NORMS: EFFECTIVE METHODS OF ENSURING SAFETY
The article discusses the key aspects and methods of fire training for employees of the internal affairs bodies (IAB). The relevance of this topic is explained by the growing threats to security in modern society, which requires law enforcement officers to have a high level of training and professionalism in accordance with the requirements and norms of legislation. In particular, the article mentions the regulatory framework governing fire training, including the Federal Law “On Police” and internal orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which define the standards and procedures necessary to ensure the effective work of employees. The article also presents the main methods of fire training, including theoretical classes and practical training, as well as current trends such as the use of simulators and virtual reality technologies. Attention is drawn to the current problems and challenges faced by fire training in modern conditions, including insufficient funding and psychological barriers of employees.
Keywords: fire training, law enforcement officers, security, methods and approaches, tactical training, psychology, stressful situations, modern technologies, simulators, physical training.
Article bibliography
1. Gibadullina, M. V. Application of innovative technologies in fire training // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – Vol. 1, No. 10. – P. 67.
2. Safronov A. Yu. On the issue of theoretical knowledge on fire training // E-Scio. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 45-58.
3. Antipova E. V. Features of physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies in modern conditions // Theory and practice of physical education. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 85-87.
4. Petrov V. S. Psychology of stressful situations in the work of law enforcement officers // Journal of Criminology. – 2022. – Vol. 15, No. 1. – P. 34-40.
5. Konovalov I. V. The role of technology in fire training // Bulletin of law enforcement agencies. – 2023. – Vol. 18, No. 3. – P. 112-119.
6. Sergeeva M. N. Tactics and strategy in fire training: a new word in employee training // Psychology and security. – 2023. – T. 8, No. 2. – P. 67-77.

SAFETY AND LAW
TSYKORA Anna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Economic security, accounting and law sub-faculty, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don
SAZANOVA Ekaterina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sciences sub-faculty, Southern University (Institute of Business Management and Law), Rostov-on-Don
ARZUMANYAN Andrey Arsentjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Southern University (Institute of Business Management and Law), Rostov-on-Don
A COMPLEX OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES AIMED AT REDUCING THE LEVEL OF EXTREMIST AND TERRORIST THREATS, CARRIED OUT BY THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES
The article is devoted to the study of a complex of measures of preventive work of law enforcement agencies, contributing to the reduction of factors of the spread of the ideology of extremism and terrorism. The authors consider the work with persons susceptible to the influence of radical ideologies, make proposals for improving state measures to eliminate existing conditions and factors. The object of analysis is also the statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Proposals are made for improving the law enforcement system on the Internet, taking into account freedom of speech and religion.
Keywords: extremist activity, ideology of terrorism, preventive measures, general and private prevention, anti-popularization of radical movements.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
GALSTYAN Anait Khachaturovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, specialist in the field of “Civil Law”, associate professor of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Rostov branch, A. F. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
The article presents an analysis of the most important regulatory legal acts that underlie the provision of inclusive education for individuals with disabilities. It notes the consistent interpretation of the provisions of Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. It explains the relationship between the legal positions of the differences Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in interpreting the above-mentioned provision: they are united by the idea of the need to implement the right to education regardless of the between students, including those related to their health. The system of federal regulatory legal acts in the field of inclusive education and the relationship between them are disclosed. A conclusion is formulated about the consistent qualitative development of regulatory regulation of inclusive education, raising the level of legal technology. Measures are proposed related to ensuring the implementation of the requirements provided for by regulatory legal acts by the heads of educational organizations. The possibility of participation of the prosecutor\’s office in explaining these requirements is noted. It is proposed to provide information on the regulatory acts themselves and the procedure for their implementation when improving the skills of both heads of educational organizations and teaching staff. The above measures will contribute to ensuring inclusive education for individuals with disabilities and increase the level of protection of their rights.
Keywords: inclusive education, general education, social rights, right to education, students with disabilities.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Astashkina E. N. Prosecutor’s supervision as a guarantee of the implementation of the constitutional right to education // Bulletin of the State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 1 (150).
2. Katz A. M. Inclusive education: comments on the law on education // Public education. – 2014. – No. 5 (1438).
3. Kuzmicheva T. V., Afon’kina Yu. A., Morozova D. A. New paradigm for advanced training of teachers: individualization in inclusive education // Concept. – 2021. – No. 12.
4. Orkina K. A. Actual problems of protecting the rights of minors to education by the prosecutor // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 6 (119).
5. Pluzhnikova E. A., Tersakova A. A. Modern problems of education of persons with disabilities in Russia // Economy and Society. – 2022. – No. 10-1 (101).
6. Erkina L. P. Problems of realization of the constitutional right to education of children with disabilities in the Russian Federation // Ogarev-Online. – 2018. – No. 12 (117).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation»
THE ESSENCE OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF JUVENILE CONVICTS IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The article examines the role of patriotic education in the rehabilitation system of juvenile convicts in the context of globalization, digitalization and social transformation. The article analyzes the key methods, problems and effectiveness of programs aimed at the formation of civic identity and legal awareness among adolescents in correctional institutions. Special attention is paid to ethical dilemmas and practical recommendations, including the integration of historical and cultural modules into educational programs and the use of digital formats. The social, psychological, institutional and cultural aspects influencing the formation of civic identity and legal awareness are considered. Based on the theoretical analysis, recommendations are proposed in the form of methods of art therapy with juvenile convicts. The author comes to the conclusion that patriotic education, focused on civic values, contributes to the positive socialization of adolescents, but requires a systematic approach and interdisciplinary interaction.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, educational colonies, patriotic education, juvenile convicts, recidivism, civil identity, social adaptation, personality of a minor, penitentiary system, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, correction, re-socialization.
Article bibliography
1. Anderson B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. – Verso, 1983.
2. Erikson E. Childhood and Society. – Moscow: Piter, 2019. – 448 p.
3. Zorina N. S. Family dysfunction as a factor in juvenile delinquency // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 1 (217). – P. 188-189.
4. Zautorova E. V. Use of art pedagogy methods in educational work with juvenile convicts: Methodological recommendations for employees of correctional colonies. – Vologda, 2004. – 58 p.
5. Becker-Glosh V., Bülow E. Art therapy in the Alixeaner Psychiatric Hospital of Münster // Healing art. – 1999. – No. 1. – P. 42-58.
6. Ivliev P. V., Zorina N. S. Features of patriotic education of juvenile convicts in penitentiary institutions of the Russian Federation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 11 (239). – pp. 426-428.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
KURGINYANTS Nikolay Vadimovich
lecturer of Special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PETROV Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
SILANTJEV Alexander Vyacheslavovich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE LEGAL BASIS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS STAFF
The article discusses the importance of physical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies (IAB) as a key element of their successful and effective service within the framework of existing legal norms and standards governing the activities of law enforcement agencies. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the regulatory framework, including the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated February 2, 2024 No. 44 “On Approval of the Procedure for organizing personnel training to fill positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”, which defines the requirements for physical fitness, the procedure for conducting training and evaluating results. The importance of physical endurance, strength, dexterity and stress tolerance is emphasized for performing official tasks in conditions of modern challenges and in strict accordance with legal requirements. The structure of physical training, methods and approaches to its organization are described, as well as examples of physical training adapted for police officers, taking into account their legal duties and responsibilities. The methods of assessing the results of physical training are considered, which makes it possible to determine the level of readiness of employees to perform their official duties in accordance with established legal standards. The article emphasizes that investments in physical training based on compliance with legal norms have a significant impact on the safety and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, helping to strengthening public confidence and ensuring the rule of law in the performance of official duties.
Keywords: physical training, law enforcement officers, service effectiveness, psychological stability, endurance, strength training, evaluation of results, specialized training, regulatory and legal regulation, legal standards, legal responsibility.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ivanov D.V., Gimazova Yu.V.The effectiveness of legislation on the organization of fire and physical training of police officers in the Russian Federation // Management. – 2023. – P. 126-134.
2. Kardanov A. A. Physical training as one of the basic elements of effective professional activity of employees of the internal affairs bodies // Law and management. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 45-58.
3. Afov A. Kh. Physical training as one of the levers for increasing the effectiveness of professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies // Journal of applied research. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 12-17.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
PANKIN Andrey Mikhaylovich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
OKHLYUEV Evgeniy Viktorovich
associate professor of Physical culture, health improvement and sports sub-faculty, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa
ORLOV Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor senior coach of the Federation of hand-to-hand combat of the Omsk region
PALCHUK Zinaida Yurjevna
senior lecturer of Physical education sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE LEGAL STATUS AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL TRAINING ELEMENTS IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
Currently, in the Russian Federation, in the field of sports and physical culture, the legal aspects of physical education and upbringing in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are being noted. Physical training classes occupy one of the main places of physical activity not only at the Russian, but also at the international level. The exercise of physical abilities, access to physical education and sports guarantees the improvement and development of physical qualities of each person. The concepts of “physical training” and “physical culture” include such definitions as “sport”, “physical education”, and “physical education”. In this context, the authors have attempted to explain the importance of preparing teachers for physical training classes in order to improve the pedagogical skills and level of students in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Based on pedagogical experience, it is necessary to adopt the experience of the most experienced teachers who possess professional physical skills, as well as sports skills, and participate in professional sports competitions at various levels. In the methodological training of the teaching staff, it is necessary to take into account the essence of the conduct, the principle of teaching combat techniques of wrestling, teaching methods, sequence and density of classes, prevention and correction of errors.
Keywords: physical training, combat fighting techniques, pedagogical competencies, methodological recommendations, organizational techniques, methodological techniques.
Article bibliography
1. Lukyanov A. B., Lukyanov B. G., Stepanov V. S. [et al.]. Analysis of the organization of the educational and training process of physical education classes at the university // Actual problems of physical education, sports and tourism: materials of the XVI International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ufa State Agrarian University”, Ufa, May 26-27, 2022. – Ufa: Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 2022. – P. 137-141.
2. Babin AV Innovative methods of teaching the discipline “Physical Fitness” in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Physical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation: collection of scientific articles of the All-Russian competition, Volgograd, July 01-30, 2022 / Editorial board: R. V. Kamnev, O. S. Panova, D. G. Ovechkin [et al.]. Volume Issue 4. – Volgograd: Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2022. – P. 11-17.
3. Lukyanov BG Orientations of the population towards a healthy lifestyle: socio-philosophical analysis // Society, law, statehood: retrospective and prospect. – 2024. – No. 3 (19). – P. 117-124.
4. Gabdrashitova K. I., Yakushev E. V., Ivaschenko N. Yu. Fundamentals of physical training in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 7 (182). – pp. 446-448.

STATE AND LAW
VENINA Olga Alexeevna
senior inspector of the group of social work with convicts and penitentiary probation of the Federal Penitentiary Institution IK-3 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Vladimir region, Vladimir
TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS OF INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES OF THE CRIMINAL EXECUTIVE SYSTEM FOR TRAINING PROBATION SERVICES State personnel policy is a fundamental element of the overall strategy of the state, which in turn covers a whole range of goals, principles, methodologies and standards. First of all, government agencies use various methods to find and attract specialists who are in demand in various spheres of society, depending on the current historical conditions. Personnel management in the penitentiary system is a whole complex of organizational and technical measures aimed at effectively solving personnel issues in institutions and bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. In the context of the introduction of the Institute of probation in the domestic state and its bodies, it is necessary to provide appropriate personnel who will have high professional skills, knowledge and abilities that will fully achieve the main task – the fight against recidivism.
Keywords: penal policy, probation, penitentiary probation, penal system, resocialization, social work.
Article bibliography
1. Skiba A.P., Maloletkina N.S. The draft law “On Probation in the Russian Federation”: some aspects of discussion in 2021-2022 // Criminal-executive law. – 2022. – V. 17 (1-4), No. 2. – P. 176-194.
2. On the resocialization, social adaptation and social rehabilitation of persons subject to probation in accordance with the Federal Law of 06.02.2023 No. 10-FZ “On Probation in the Russian Federation”: order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of 29.11.2023 No. 350 // Official Internet portal of legal information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 10.06.2025).
3. Criminal-executive law: textbook for universities. 2nd ed., revised. and add. / Ed. A. S. Mikhlin. – M.: Higher education, 2008. – P. 12-44.
4. Ministry of Justice of Russia: mechanisms for implementing probation measures. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/events/49833/ (date of access: 10.06.2025).

STATE AND LAW
OLKHOV Nikita Sergeevich
magister student of the 1st course in the direction of «Social Work», Ufa University of Science and Technology
ABRAROVA Zinira Foatovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social work sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ABRAROV Ilmir Ildarovich
student, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa
INTERACTION OF FAMILY, SOCIETY, STATE IN MODERN RUSSIA
The article examines current aspects of interaction between family, society and the state in modern socio-economic conditions of Russia. It also analyzes existing mechanisms for supporting families, their effectiveness and impact on the demographic situation in the country, and pays attention to the study of the role of public institutions in the formation of family values and state family policy. In modern Russian society, issues of interaction between family, public institutions and the state are of particular relevance. They are fundamental institutions that shape personality and ensure sustainable development of society. For centuries, these institutions have worked in close cooperation, reproducing the conditions of existence of society.
Keywords: family, public policy, public institutions, social support, demography, family values.
Article bibliographic list
1. Antonov AI, Medkov VM Sociology of the family. – M .: Moscow State University Publishing House: Publishing House of the International University of Business and Management (“Karič Brothers”), 1996. – 304 p. (date of access: 21.04.2025).
2. Neff MI, Tseiko LM Change and modernization of the institution of the family in the Russian state. Modern family relations // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 3 (66). – P. 368-370. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/young/archive/66/3509/ (date of access: 21.04.2025).
3. Pianov AI Family and the state: social and legal aspect // Philosophy of law. – 2009. – No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/semya-i-gosudarstvo-sotsialno-pravovoy-aspekt (date of access: 26.04.2025).
4. Shevchenko MA Facets of interaction between family, society, state in modern Russia // XX International Conference in memory of Professor L.N. Kogan “Culture, personality, society in the modern world: methodology, experience of empirical research”, March 16-18, 2017, Yekaterinburg. – Yekaterinburg: UrFU, 2017. – P. 1394-1400. (date of access: 26.04.2025).
5. Balditsyna E. I. Family and state in the social space of modern Russia: abstract of dis. … Cand. Philosophical Sciences: 09.00.11 / North Caucasus State Tech. Univ. – Stavropol, 2005. – 27 p. (date of access: 26.04.2025).

STATE AND LAW
MANUKOV Tigran Martinovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RULE OF LAW AND THE POLITICAL REGIME
The article is devoted to the study of the main aspects of the relationship between legality and political regime. This issue is considered through the prism of the definition of the concepts of legality and political regime. Attention is drawn to the fact that legality, being a guarantor of compliance with the rule of law, acts as a direct component of the political regime, without which the implementation of the latter is very difficult. The author concludes that these institutions cannot exist separately, they complement each other and ensure the functioning of each.
Keywords: legality, political regime, democracy, norms of law, public administration.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abuzyarova N. A., Vsotskaya G. A., Sereda E. V. The concept and mechanism of ensuring the rule of law // Theory of State and Law. – 2023. – No. 1 (30). – P. 12-23.
2. Karimova LD Political regime as an element of the political form of the state: concept and types // Actual issues of development of social sciences and jurisprudence. Collection of articles of the International scientific and practical conference. – Petrozavodsk, 2022. – P. 60-63.
3. Pavlova MI Concept and types of political regimes // Law and society: history, problems, prospects. Materials of the XXVII interregional scientific and practical conference of students and graduate students. – Krasnoyarsk, 2024. – P. 77-79.
4. Stulikova NV Principle of legality: concept and content // Science of the XXI century: actual directions of development. – 2023. – No. 2-2. – P. 480-483.
5. Skripko A. S. Legality. Concept and forms of implementation // Almanac of the lecture hall. May legal readings on the Yenisei. Collection of materials from round tables of students. Issue 11. – Krasnoyarsk, 2023. – P. 130-135.
6. Fedorov N. N. On the concept and types of political regimes // Actual problems of the state and society in the field of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen (dedicated to the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights). Collection of materials of the International Conference. – Ufa, 2022. – P. 330-334.

STATE AND LAW
MITRYASOVA Angelina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University
DIGITAL HUMAN RIGHTS: TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
The article examines the formation and development of digital human rights as a new generation of rights adapted to the digital environment. The approaches to understanding digital rights in Russian legislation and legal doctrine are analyzed, including their narrow (sectoral) and broad (constitutional) interpretation. Special attention is paid to digital rights at work, their characteristics and interrelation with traditional labor rights. The study is based on an analysis of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, labor legislation, as well as the positions of leading legal scholars. It is emphasized that digital rights do not create fundamentally new values, but expand the possibilities of realizing traditional rights in the context of digitalization. The necessity of further development of the legal regulation of digital rights, taking into account the specifics of labor relations and technological changes, is substantiated.
Keywords: digital rights, constitutional rights in the field of labor, digital labor rights.
Article bibliography
1. Varlamova N. V. Digital rights – a new generation of human rights? // Works of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2019 – No. 4. – P. 9-47.
2. Zorkin V. D. Law in the digital world. Reflections on the sidelines of the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – Stolichnyy vypusk. – 2018. – No. 115.
3. Kartskhia A. A. Digital rights and law enforcement // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 43-48.
4. Leskina E. I. Issues of digitalization in the sphere of labor // Law and digital economy. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 17-21.
5. Nevinsky V. V. “Digital rights” of a person: essence, system, meaning // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 26-32.
6. Nosova Yu. B. Remote work: achievements and imperfections of modern labor legislation // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky Legal sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74), No. 3. – P. 133-142.
7. Chesalina O. V. Amendments to the Legislation on Remote Work: A Comparative Legal Analysis // Current Issues of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 99. – P. 99-114.
8. Chesalina O. V. On the Legal Nature of the Right to Disconnect // Labor Law in Russia and Abroad. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 57-60.

STATE AND LAW
MULLAGALIEV Niyaz Irekovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, University of Management “TISBI”
ON THE ISSUE OF IMPLEMENTING STATE POLICY IN THE SPHERE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes the main directions and features of the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports in Russia. The issues of the formation of sports infrastructure, financing of sports, ensuring the safety and health of participants, as well as legal regulation and ethics of sports activities are considered. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of national and international law in the sports sphere, the problem of \”re-registered\” athletes and conflicts of labor legislation when transferring athletes between clubs. The author emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to improving legislation in order to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement and protect the interests of all subjects of sports relations.
Keywords: physical education, sports, legal regulation, health, local acts, transfer, public policy, labor relations
Article bibliography
1. Mullagaliev N. I., Kulakov M. P. Creation of a unified electronic database of athletes as a way to combat “re-registered” athletes // Sphere of Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 16-18.
2. Bezruchko E. V. Causing harm to health during sports: issues of criminal-legal assessment // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 34-36.
3. Vinokurov V. N. Legal assessment of harm caused to a person with his consent and criteria for recognizing this act as non-criminal // Modern law. – 2013. – No. 12. – P. 142.
4. Baibekov R. R. Corporate acts of sports organizations and local regulations: concept, features and relationship // Economics and law – 2021. – No. 5 (140). – P. 134-141.
5. Vaskevich V. P. Legal regime of professional activity of an athlete: civilistic study of dis. … doctor of law. – Kazan, 2022. – 585 p.

STATE AND LAW
SIMONENKO Alexey Yurjevich
postgraduate student, G. B. Mirzoev Russian University of Advocacy and Notary; senior partner of the Moscow bar association “Arbat”
THE MODERN CONCEPT OF FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC LEGAL ENTITIES FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF ESTABLISHED ORGANIZATIONS
The article proposes a conceptually new theoretical and sectoral model of legal responsibility of public legal entities for the effectiveness of the financial activities of established organizations (unitary institutions, autonomous institutions, and budgetary institutions). The author analyzes the current legal regulation, identifies gaps, and proposes doctrinally justified innovations in legislation, including public monitoring of financial stability, subsidiary liability for systematic losses, and financial standards. Special attention is paid to the combination of budgetary, financial, and civil law mechanisms in the public law context. The article contains specific proposals for improving legislation based on the principles of efficiency, transparency, and prevention.
Keywords: public legal entities, unitary institutions, autonomous institutions, budgetary institutions, financial responsibility of the public legal entities.
Article bibliography
1. Sharygina A. A., Grounds and conditions for the liability of public legal entities for contractual obligations // Forum of young scientists. – 2022. – P. 147.
2. Yagovkina V. A. Liability of public legal entities for the debts of state and municipal institutions at the expense of budgets // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – P. 37.

HUMAN RIGHTS
SHULUS Alexey Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of History of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
INTERPRETATION ISSUES OF THE SECOND AMENDMENT TO THE US CONSTITUTION IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT IN THE EARLY 20S OF THE 21ST CENTURY
In the article, the author examines the peculiarities of the interpretation of the Second Amendment to the US Constitution by the US Supreme Court in the early 20s of the 21st century. A backstory that explains the problem of deploying a fundamentally new approach to the examination of relevant cases by the highest court in the US is provided. The issues of the latter are studied, especially in terms of methods used to determine the constitutionality of laws. The author examines general and specific features of the established precedents. Their influence on case law of lower courts is shown. In addition, some issues related to the social consequences of the above-mentioned decisions are touched upon. Furthermore, the author reflects justices’ concurrences and dissents with their reasoning.
Keywords: Second Amendment, judicial precedent, US Supreme Court, gun rights, the right to keep and bear arms.
Article bibliography
1. U.S. Constitution. Am. 2.
2. Kryzanek M., Karreth A.K. The 25 Issues that Shape American Politics: Debates, Differences, and Divisions. Taylor & Francis. 2017. 420 p.
3. The Rule of Law and the Rule of Law: Problems of Theory and Practice: Proceedings of the X International Scientific and Practical Conference. Moscow: Russian State University of Printing Arts, 2016. 872 p.
4. Shulus A. A. Interpretation of the Second Amendment to the US Constitution in the Practice of the US Supreme Court // Eurasian Law Journal. 2019. No. 2 (129). P. 116-119.
5. Firearms control regulations act of 1975, Council act No. 1-142.
6. 554 U.S. 570 District of Columbia v. Heller (2008).
7. Bill of Rights [Text] / Boris Palant. Moscow: Mysl, 2019. 247 p.
8. 561 U.S. 742 McDonald v. Chicago (2010).
9. Shaman J. M. Constitutional Interpretation: Illusion and Reality. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000. 288 p.
10. Snow N. Intellectual Property and Immorality: Against Protecting Harmful Creations of the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. 337 p.
11. CA2 Case 15-638 New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. City of New York (2018).
12. Case 18-280 New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. City of New York, New York (2020).
13.597 U.S. New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen (2022).
14. NY Penal Law. § 400.00.
15. DeArment R. K. Gunfighter in Gotham: Bat Masterson\’s New York City Years. University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. 304 p.
16. CA2 Case 19-156 New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Beach (2020).
17. Supreme Court of the United States. No. 20-843. NYSPRA v. Bruen. Oral arguments. November 3, 2021. Washington, DC. 122 p.
18. New Histories of Gun Rights and Regulation: Essays on the Place of Guns in American Law and Societyty (Eds. D. A. H. Miller, J. D. Charles, J. Blocher). Oxford University Press, 2023. 304 p.
19. Nicola F. G., Frankenberg G. Comparative Law: Introduction to a Critical Practice. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. 2024. 256 p.
20. Spitzer R. Guns across America: Reconciling Gun Rules and Rights. Oxford University Press, 2015. 272 p.
21.5 La. Ann. 489, 52 Am. Dec. 599 State v. Chandler (1850)
22. 12 Ky. (2 Litt.) 90 Bliss v. Commonwealth (1822)
23. 1 Ga. 243 Nunn v. State (1846)
24. Concealed Carry Permit Holders Across the United States. Report from the Crime Prevention Research Center. July 9, 2014.
25. In 2023, Gun Violence Trended Down Across the Country. 01/31/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/in-2023-gun-violence-trended-down-across-the-country/ (date of access: 02.13.2025).
26. Jay J., Allen K. Curbing the Epidemic of Community Firearm Violence after the Bruen Decision. J Law Med Ethics. 2023. No. 51(1). pp. 77-82.
27. Vicens L., Levander S. The Bruen majority ignores decisions empirical effects. 07/08/2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/07/the-bruen-majority-ignores-decisions-empirical-effects/ (access date: 01/29/2025).
28. CA4 Case 12-1437 Woollard v. Gallagher (2013)
29. Howard Schweber. SCOTUS 2024. Springer Nature. 2024. 162 p.
30. Meetze D. US appeals court again finds Pennsylvania statutes restricting youth gun possession unconstitutional. 01/15/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.jurist.org/news/2025/01/us-appeals-court-upholds-decision-finding-pennsylvania-statutes-restricting-youth-gun-possession-unconstitutional/ (date of access: 02/17/2025).
31. Chung A. US Supreme Court won\’t save Minnesota age restriction on carrying guns. 04/21/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-supreme-court-wont-save-minnesota-age-restriction-carrying-guns-2025-04-21/ (date accessed: 02/04/2025).
32. Chung A. US Supreme Court declines to block Illinois assault rifle ban. 12/14/2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-supreme-court-declines-block-illinois-assault-rifle-ban-2023-12-14/ (access date: 02/05/2025).
33.602 U.S. 680 United States v. Rahimi (2024)
34. 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(8)
35. CA5 Case 21-11001 United States v. Rahimi (2023)
36. Elizabeth L. Intimate Partner Violence: Enduring Abuse and Twenty-First-Century Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2024. 210 p.
37. Second Amendment. Supreme Court Seems Likely to Uphold Law Disarming Domestic Abusers. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/11/07/us/supreme-court-guns-domestic-violence (accessed 02/03/2025)
38. Smith Z., Stimson C. D. Rogue Prosecutors: How Radical Soros Lawyers Are Destroying America’s Communities. Bombardier Books. 2023. 240 p.
39. Rantz J. What’s Killing America: Inside the Radical Left’s Tragic Destruction of Our Cities. Hachette Nashville. 2023. 256 p.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
CHUMLYAKOV Kirill Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of Transport and technological systems sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
CHUMLYAKOVA Darya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Economics and production organization sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
PREREQUISITES FOR GLOBAL INTEGRATION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIAN STRATEGIC MACROREGION
The article reveals the objective prerequisites for the global integration of the Russian macroregion – the Ural Federal District, including within the borders of Western Siberia, the infrastructure of which is a multi-sectoral system in terms of the totality of economic ties of industrial complexes, production and regional transport infrastructures, which together integrate the macroregion with other macroregions of Russia and countries. Particular attention is paid to the development of the transport infrastructure of the macroregion, including that of international importance.
Keywords: international transport corridors, integration, international transport infrastructure, fuel and energy complex, Western Siberia.
Article bibliography
1. Andreeva E. L., Tarasov A. G., Ratner A. V. Problems and prospects for the development of foreign economic activity of the Arctic region of the Urals (on the example of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) // Russian Foreign Trade Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 41-42.
2. Brekhuntsov A. M., Nesterov I. I., Nechiporuk L. A. Resource potential of Western Siberia as a basis for the development of the Russian fuel and energy complex in the 21st century // Mineral resources of Russia. Economy and management. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 10-15. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.ipgg.sbras.ru/ru/science/publications/publ-resursnyy-potentsial-zapadnoy-sibiri-kak-osnova-11015-2019 (date of access: 03/26/2025).
3. Macheret D. A. Construction of railways: the eastern vector // World of transport. – 2013. – No. 2 (46). – P. 86-89.
4. On the Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030. Official website of JSC Russian Railways. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://company.rzd.ru/ru/9353/page/105104?id=155&ysclid=m8ybp07rs1302274962 (date accessed: 01.04.2025).
5. Positioning of the region in the system of new formats of international economic integration / Coll. monograph: Ed. by D.Sc. (Econ.), prof. E. L. Andreeva; D.Sc. (Econ.), prof. A. G. Shelomentsev. – Ekaterinburg: Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2016. – P. 7-9.
6. Rezer S. M., Prokofieva T. A., Goncharenko S. S. International transport corridors: problems of formation and development. – M.: VINITI RAS, 2010. – 311 p.
7. Russia in figures 2020: Brief stat. collection // Rosstat. – M., 2020. – 550 p.
8. Stepanov E. A. Comparative advantages of the Ural Federal District in the global economy // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2017. – No. 14 (410), Issue. 59. – P. 55-56.
9. Chumlyakov K. S. Transport corridors of Russia in global economic integration. – Tyumen: TOGIRRO, 2016. – 184 p.
10. Chumlyakov K. S., Chumlyakova D. V. Development of the trunk pipeline system in the space of infrastructure development of Western Siberia // Transport of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 5 (60). – P. 18-22.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAZURINA Elena Nikolaevna
Ph.D., associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Volga branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod
VASILJEV Alexey Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Volga branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Nizhny Novgorod
SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A TOOL FOR FORMING TRADITIONAL VALUES
This article examines the evolution of communication methods in human history, addresses the main issues associated with the use of social networks, and predicts the gradual transformation of a digitalized liberalized society into a digitalized traditional one. Changes related to the process of information consumption and analysis are noted. Cognitive dysfunctions caused by the information and digital environment are indicated. The article is based on statistical data obtained in the course of independent sociological research.
Keywords: traditional values, digitalization, social network.
Article bibliographic list
1. Afanasyev A. A. Basics of survival on the network. – Yaroslavl: Filigree, 2023. – P. 135.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZUEVA Elizaveta Konstantinovna
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
SMOLNOV Albert Ruslanovich
student of Logic, philosophy and methodology of sciences sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University; independent researcher.
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL SOCIALIZATION OF CULTURE ON MODERN SOCIETY
The article considers the urgent issue of the rapid development of digital technologies and their integration into everyday life, digital socialization is becoming an integral part of traditional forms of interaction and information exchange. An assessment of the need to rethink existing approaches to socialization is carried out. Digitalization gives rise to new phenomena that require careful assessment and determination of their value context. One of the most significant consequences of this process was the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of Data Science, which combines statistics, computer science and various subject areas to extract knowledge from large volumes of data. This article is aimed at analyzing the impact of digital socialization of modern culture, as well as assessing the role of data science in the formation of new cultural paradigms. We seek to identify key aspects that will help understand how digitalization transforms social relations and what challenges modern society faces in the context of this transformation.
Keywords: digitalization, digital culture, data science, modern information, philosophical analysis, innovation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Budanov V. G. New digital techno-structure of life – prospects and risks of transformations of the anthroposphere // Philosophical Sciences. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 47-55.
2. Dobrinskaya D. E. Sociological understanding of the Internet: theoretical approaches to network research // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 21-37.
3. The concept and essence of digitalization of the education system. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-suschnost-tsifrovizatsii-sistemy-obrazovaniya (accessed: 01.03.2025).
4. Digitalization of education in Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/a/144216 (accessed: 05.03.2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KULESHOV Valeriy Ermolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Military-political work in the troops (forces) sub-faculty, S. O. Makarov Pacific Higher Naval School, Vladivostok
MIKHAYLOV Dmitriy Vyacheslavovich
lecturer of Military-political work in the troops (forces) sub-faculty, S. O. Makarov Pacific Higher Naval School, Vladivostok
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC IN THE DUTY OF A PROFESSIONAL SOLDIER
The authors show that the duty of a professional soldier places demands on the individual, which he must meet on the battlefield. The most important of these are: voluntary acceptance by the serviceman of special moral and legal requirements of society and the state for the armed defense of the country\’s interests; the need for creative social management and constant work with people, the presence of the pedagogical qualities necessary for this; readiness to risk life (the ability to overcome the fear of death) and moral responsibility associated with the need to send people into battle. The combination of these traits turns the individual into a reliable defender of the Motherland.
Keywords: warrior, professional duty, meaning of life; morality, education, upbringing, patriotism.
Article bibliography
1. Hegel G.V.F. Philosophy of Law. – M.: Mysl, 1990. – 524 p.
2. Goncharuk D. Soros Foundation May Become Undesirable // Parliamentary Newspaper. – 2015. – June 4.
3. Camus A. Rebellious Man. – M.: Politizdat, 1990. – 415 p.
4. Classical Confucianism: in 2 volumes. – St. Petersburg: Neva Publishing House, 2000. – Vol. 2. – 384 p.
5. Lermontov M. Yu. Selected Works. – M.: Fiction, 1977. – 136 p.
6. Maryukha V. General Rokhlin // Red Star. – 1995. – January 13.
7. Plato. State // Works: in 3 volumes – M.: Mysl, 1970. – T. 3. – 345 pp.
8. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes – M.: Russian language, 1987. – T. 3. – 752 pp.
9. Sorokin P. A. War and militarization of society // Public textbook of sociology. Articles from different years. – M.: Nauka, 1994. – P. 356-367.
10. Spinoza B. Ethics proven in geometric order // Spinoza B. Favorites. – Mn.: Potpourri, 1999. – P. 313-590.
11. Chuikov A. Ribbons of Academician Sergeev // Arguments of the week. – 2021. – November 10.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MINAKOV Ilya Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, assistant of Social and political communications sub-faculty, Institute of Oil and Gas Business, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University
PUSHKAREVA Marina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Higher School of Philosophy and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ULTIMATE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIOCULTURAL MEMORY
The article examines the last or ultimate foundations of sociocultural memory, the understanding of which is key for a deeper analysis of social and cultural development. Sociocultural memory in this regard is not limited to its cultural and social components, but involves considering the pulsation of a “transcendental subject”, which is a richer subject than a purely epistemological subject, since it includes cultural, communicative functions and socially means a kind of generic social consciousness. The interests and motives of sociocultural activity are at the foundation of culture. A person is called upon to work creatively, and this work itself is carried out according to the laws of beauty and acts as the ultimate foundation of sociocultural memory.
Keywords: sociocultural memory, self-awareness, creativity, «transcendental subject», ultimate foundations of culture, sociocultural impulses of memory
Article bibliography
1. Bloch E. Tübingen Introduction to Philosophy / Translated from German by T. Yu. Bystrova, S. E. Vershinina, D. I. Kriushova. – Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House, University, 1997. – 400 p.
2. Itkulova L. A. Lukyanov A. V. Pushkareva M. A. Cultural impulses in the context of ethnocultural archetypes in the worldview of the people // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 48-55.
3. Itkulova L. A. Worldview of the Bashkir ethnos: philosophical and anthropological analysis: monograph. – Ufa:RIC BashSU, 2021. – 222 p.
4. Itkulova L. A., Valiullina Z. R., Pushkareva M. A. Ultimate foundations of thinking and culture // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8 (195). – P. 523-525.
5. Kant I. Critique of practical reason // Works in 6 volumes. – Vol. 4. – Part 1. – M .: Mysl, 1965. – P. 312-501.
6. Lukyanov A. V. Absolute and spiritual essence of the “I”: on the issue of reconstructing Fichte’s theory of “push” // Philosophy and religion in history and modernity: materials of a scientific conference / Ed. A. F. Kudryashev. – Ufa: Bashkir University Press, 2002. – P. 148-152.
7. Marx K. Marx to Pavel Vasilyevich Annenkov, December 28, 1846 // Marx K., Engels F. Works. – 2nd ed. – Vol. 27. – M.: Gospolitizdat, 1962. – P. 401-412.
8. Fischer K. Hegel. His Life, Works, and Scholars. – First Half-Volume. – M.-L.: State Socio-Economic Publishing House, 1933. – 611 p.
9. Schelling F.W.J. The System of World Epochs: The Munich Lectures of 1827-1828 as Recorded by Ernst Laso. – Tomsk: Publishing House “Aquarius”, 1999. – 320 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MURZAEV Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of English for humanities sub-faculty, N. I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University
PEDAGOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND ANTHROPOLOGY: VALUE-SEMANTIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
The article explores pedagogy as an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of the philosophy of culture and anthropology in the context of digital transformation of modern society. Particular attention is paid to changes in the value-semantic foundations of the educational process caused by the introduction of digital technologies that transform the cultural and anthropological parameters of the subject of education. Changes in the perception of knowledge, identity and communication of students, as well as the emergence of new educational formats in the digital environment are analyzed. The challenges of preserving the humanitarian core of education – dialogicity, personal value, cultural continuity in the context of digitalization are considered. A philosophical and anthropological approach is proposed for understanding these transformations, ensuring the preservation of the value content of education and the formation of a holistic, responsible personality capable of critical thinking and conscious interaction with the digital world, supporting spiritual development.
Keywords: philosophy of culture, pedagogy, digital transformation, educational anthropology, values, identity, digitalization, humanitarian knowledge.
Article bibliography
1. Pankratova L. E. Pedagogical anthropology: analysis of the main trends of the first quarter of the 21st century // Russian pedagogical anthropology. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 111-120.
2. Bourdieu P., Passron J.-C. Reproduction: elements of the theory of the education system / Translated from French by I. V. Bondarenko. – M.: Academicheskiy proekt, 2007. – 456 p.
3. Mamardashvili M.K. Cartesian reflections. – M.: Progress, 1993. – 352 p.
4. Philosophical and anthropological aspects of pedagogy // Bulletin of the Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University. – 2021. – Vol. 6, No. 3. – Pp. 45-52. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik.yspu.org/releases/pedagoka_i_psichologiy/6_3/ (date of access: 05/29/2025).
5. Bibler V.S. From science teaching to the logic of culture: two philosophical introductions to the 21st century. – M.: Progress, 1991. – 412 p.
6. Philosophy of education and modern pedagogical anthropology // CyberLeninka. – 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/filosofiya-obrazovaniya-i-sovremennaya-pedagogicheskaya-antropologiya (date of access: 05/29/2025).
7. Online education (Russian market) // TAdviser. – 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Article:Online-education_(market_of_Russia) (date of access: 05/29/2025).
8. Kirgintseva N. The online education market in Russia in 2023 – review, forecast // MTS Link. – 2023. – December 21. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mts-link.ru/blog/rynok-onlajn-obrazovaniya-v-rossii/ (date of access: 05/29/2025).
9. EdTech market in Russia: trends for 2024 // Atlanteans. – 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://atlanty.ru/media/rynok-edtech/ (date of access: 05/29/2025).
10. Online education market in Russia: main trends of the edtech market in 2023 // Sber. – 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sber.pro/publication/neiro-mikro-i-laifstail-trendi-rossiiskogo-onlain-obrazovaniya/ (date of access: 05/29/2025).
11. The higher online education market in 2024 grew by 36% // RBC Trends. – 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/education/676437649a79478a21d74da1 (date of access: 05/29/2025).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
OYSUNGUROV Ibragim Magomedovich
senior lecturer of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Khasavyurt
SYNERGY OF CIVILIZATIONAL AND FORMATIONAL APPROACHES IN POLITICAL AND LEGAL CONCEPTS OF MODERNITY
The subject of the article is the study of the problem of the relationship between two, perhaps, the most famous approaches to the typology of state and legal systems – civilizational and formational. The transformation of the vectors of political and cultural interaction of Russia in the global world, which has emerged in recent years, actualizes the study of the experience of the so-called “submarginal” civilizations – those cultural and historical communities that were formed on the border of “civilizational fault lines”. The key conclusion of the article is related to the postulation of the author\’s approach that the basis of the typology of the state should be the study of the relationship between the narratives of tradition and the socio-economic conditions of the formation of a particular civilization.
Keywords: formation, civilization, state, law, phenomenon, science, approach, typology, theory, culture, synthesis.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Anderson P. Transitions from antiquity to feudalism. – M.: Publishing house “Territory of the Future”, 2007. – P. 31.
2. Anderson P. Genealogy of the absolutist state. – M.: Publishing house “Territory of the Future”, 2010. – P. 21.
3. Gagen S. Ya. Byzantine legal consciousness of the 4th – 15th centuries. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2012. – P. 91.
4. Gumilev L. N. The End and the Beginning Again. – M.: Iris-Press, 2012. – P. 139.
5. Dyakonov M. A. Essays on the social and state system of Ancient Rus’. – SPb.: Nauka, 2005. – P. 147.
6. Losev A. F. History of ancient aesthetics. Early classics. – Kharkov: Folio, 2000. – P. 109.
7. Marx K., Engels F. Works. In 39 Vol. Vol. 29. – Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1954. – P. 63.
8. Pavlov-Silvansky N. P. Feudalism in Russia. – Moscow: Nauka, 1988. – P. 19.
9. Petrushevsky D. M. Essays on the History of Medieval Society and State. – St. Petersburg: Humanitarian Academy, 2003. – P. 177.
10. Skabalanovich N. A. The Byzantine State and Church in the 11th Century. – St. Petersburg: Oleg Abyshko Publishing House, 2010. – P. 11.
11. Toynbee A. Civilization before the Court of History // Theory of State and Law: Reader. In 2 Vols. Vol. 1. State / Comp. M. N. Marchenko. – Moscow: Gorodets, 2004. – P. 537.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
RAHKONEN Marina Evgenjevna
senior lecturer, customs affairs sub-faculty, Faculty of Security and Customs, North-West Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg. Petersburg
ALIENATION OF THE PERSONALITY IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT AS A NEW TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER
The article offers a philosophical interpretation of the phenomenon of personality alienation in the context of digital transformation. Drawing on classical and contemporary theories of alienation (Hegel, Marx, Fromm, Bauman, Beck), it identifies new technologically mediated forms of estrangement–digital autism, flickering identity, and the erosion of subjectivity. Special emphasis is placed on the ontological status of the digital environment as a technological order that regulates behavior and models the structure of the Self. The article argues that digital alienation is not an external deviation but a systemic feature of digital society. Tradition is examined as an ontological response to the fragmentation of subjectivity. The author suggests that cultural continuity and philosophical traditionalism may offer a path toward restoring personal integrity in a digitally disintegrated world.
Keywords: digital alienation, technorder, subjectivity, flickering identity, digital autism.
Article bibliography
1. Arpentyeva M. R. The phenomenon of digital homelessness // Bulletin of the Saratov Regional Institute for Education Development. 2017. No. 2 (10). P. 37-40.
2. Arpentyeva M. R. Digital nomadism and identity // Digital nomadism as a global and Siberian trend. Collection of materials from the III International transdisciplinary scientific and practical WEB-conference. 2017. P. 24-30.
3. Bauman Z. Liquid modernity / Transl. from English. P. Kondratyev. SPb.: Piter, 2008. 240 p.
4. Beck U. Risk Society: Towards Another Modernity / Translated from German by V. Sedelnik. Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2000. 384 p.
5. Castells M. The Power of Communication / Translated from English by O. I. Shkaratan. Moscow: Publishing House of the State University Higher School of Economics, 2016. 384 p.
6. Kitaeva M. P. Digital Alienation of the Individual inmodern society // Language and personality: socio-cultural and psychological transformations. Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference. Moscow, 2023. Pp. 62-64.
7. Oleynik O. V. Personality development in the era of digital alienation // Language and personality: socio-cultural and psychological transformations. Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference. Moscow, 2023. Pp. 88-92.
8. Tarasov O. I. Reception of the ideas of Russian conservatism of the last third of the 19th – first half of the 20th centuries in modern Russian philosophy: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of philosophical sciences. Moscow, 2015. 22 p.
9. Fortunatov A. N. Digital crowd and digital hedonism: post-being of the information society // Philosophy and Humanities in the Information Society. 2019. No. 4 (26). P. 44-52.
10. Fromm E. To Have or to Be? / Translated from English by V. N. Lisichkin. Moscow: AST, 2023. 320 p.
11. Habermas J. Theory of Communicative Action: Vol. 1. Rationalization of Action and Rationality of Society. / Translated from German by A. Oleynikova. Moscow: Nauka, 2000. 464 p.
12. Chernavin Yu. A. Communicative Status of the Individual in a Digital Society // Digital Sociology. 2022. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 33-42.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FILIPPOVA Irina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Economics and production organization sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
THE VALUE OF MARRIAGE FOR MODERN YOUTH
The article provides statistical data, research results conducted by VTsIOM, as well as the results of a survey of university students, which allow us to identify the attitude of young people towards the value of marriage. It is shown that the philosophy of the value of marriage for modern young people is a compromise between traditional ideas about family, which are reinforced by legal union, and new trends of the time, such as cohabitation before official marriage, postponing marriage until a later age, marrying someone of a different nationality or religion, and others.
Keywords: institution of marriage, youth, philosophy of marriage value, modern marriage, new forms of marriage.
Article bibliography
1. Vasilyeva O. S., Khomyakova Yu. Yu. A study of modern youth’s ideas about alternative forms of marriage // North Caucasian Psychological Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 5-11.
2. VTsIOM: official website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/otnoshenie-k-brakam-i-razvodam-monitoring (date of access: 10.03.2025).
3. Women and men of Russia: Statistical digest / Rosstat; compiled by S. M. Okladnikov. – Moscow: Rosstat, 2024. – 176 p.
4. Official website of the Federal State Statistics Service: website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru.ru/? %2F (date of access: 09.03.2025).
5. Ustinova O. V. Cohabitation as an alternative to registered marriages in modern Russia: trends and factors. // Sociology. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 222-231.
6. VTsIOM: official website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wciom.ru/expertise/ljudi-budushchego-cennosti-i-orientiry-sovremennoi-rossiiskoi-molodezhi (date of access: 10.03.2025).
7. Interethnic marriages and the specifics of assimilation in Russia. – Intracity municipal formation of the city of federal significance St. Petersburg: municipal district No. 21: official website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://okrug21.ru/ (date of access: 05.07.2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHUDINA-SHMIDT Natalya Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanitarian and social-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
ATIK Anisa Akhmedovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of History and philosophy sub-faculty, Humanitarian and Pedagogical Academy (branch), V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Yalta
FORMATION OF EXTREME PERSONALITY BY MUSIC OF MODERN SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE
The article examines music as one of the most significant factors influencing a person and his psyche. It is capable of influencing mood, perception of information, and sometimes even human behavior and attitude to social phenomena. In this article, the authors examine the influence of music on the psycho-emotional state of an extreme personality and on his behavior. The authors come to the conclusion that a certain type of music, within the framework of this study, it acquires the status of extreme and acts as an external condition for the formation of an extreme personality, in any social form of its manifestation.
Keywords: music, extreme personality, influence, extremality behavior.
Article bibliography
1. Alaverdyan A. A. Song forms as a means of influencing the formation of public opinion // MNIZH. – 2021. – No. 12-5 (114). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pesennye-formy-kak-sredstvo-vliyaniya-na-formirovanie-obschestvennogo-mneniya (date of access: 02/15/2025).
2. Atik A. A. The influence of modern music on the formation of personality // Tavrichesky studios No. 31 / State budgetary educational institution of higher education “Crimean University of Culture, Arts and Tourism”. – Simferopol: OOO “Antikva”, 2022. – P. 3-8.
3. Grishina G. A. Sociocultural significance of music for young people // Bulletin of science. – 2024. – No. 12 (81). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sotsiokulturnoe-znachenie-muzyki-dlya-molodezhi (date of access: 11.03.2025).
4. Drozdova I. A. Khaikina Yu. V., Popova K. M. The influence of music on the emotional state of a person // The Newman in Foreign policy. – 2022. – No. 68 (112). – P. 45-49.
5. Kalinnikova M. V., Karelin The role of musical culture in the formation of value attitudes of young people // Bulletin of the Saratov University. – 2015. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-muzykalnoy-kultury-v-formirovanii-tsennostnyh-ustanovok-molodezhi (date of access: 04/15/2025).
6. Kiseleva A. K. The concept of “social behavior”: theoretical aspects: collection of conference papers // Social and pedagogical issues of education and upbringing: materials of the All-Russian scientific – practical. conf. with international. part. (Cheboksary, April 15, 2021) / Editorial board: Zh. V. Murzina [et al.]. – Cheboksary: ID “Sreda”, 2021. – P. 21-25.
7. Semenova S. N., Semenova A. N., Savran A. I., Stafeeva D. A. The influence of musical genres on people’s emotions // Psychology. Historical and critical reviews and modern research. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 4A. – P. 121-128.
8. Chudina N. V. Homo extremalit – a man of the XXI century // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2014. – No. 1-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/homo-extremality-chelovek-xxi-veka (date of access: 03/15/2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOSHMAN Nikolay Alnatoljevich
competitor of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTERPRETATION IN G. ROTH\’S NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
The article is devoted to the study of Gerhard Roth\’s neurobiological constructivism – a philosophical concept that synthesizes the achievements of neurobiology, cognitive psychology and philosophy to explain the nature of cognition and the construction of reality. The author examines key aspects of Roth\’s theory, such as the self-referentiality of the brain and the division into objective reality and subjective reality. Special attention is paid to the parallels between the functioning of the human brain and artificial intelligence. Roth’s concept opens new perspectives for interdisciplinary dialogue between philosophy, neurobiology, and AI research, emphasizing the complexity and autonomy of both biological and artificial systems.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, Roth, constructivism, neurobiology, philosophical anthropology, self-referentiality.
Article bibliography
1. Belyaev D. A. Explication of artificial intelligence in the optics of post-human transformations: philosophical conceptualization // Traditions and innovations in the space of modern culture. – Lipetsk: LSPU named after P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2024. – P. 60-65.
2. Belyaev D. A. The Future of Man in the Prospect of Technoanthropological Convergences. – M.: INFRA-M, 2023. – 217 p.
3. Knyazeva E. N. Epistemological constructivism // Philosophy of Science. Issue. 12: Phenomenon of consciousness. – M.: IF RAS, 2006. – Pp. 133-154.
4. Nikitin A. E. Epistemology of artificial intelligence: dis. … Cand. Philosophical Sciences. – Cherepovets, 2007. – 163 p.
5. Tsokolov S. A. Discourse of radical constructivism. Traditions of skepticism in modern philosophy and theory of knowledge. – Munich: Phren, 2000. – 333 p.
6. Tsokolov S. A. Constructivist discourse as a philosophical and methodological basis for studying the cognitive functions of the brain (Gerhard Roth’s neurobiological constructivism) // Achievements of science, technology and culture. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scorcher.ru/journal/art/radikal_konstrukt_rot.php.
7. Chernikova I. V., Chernikova D. V. Constructivist schemes in the modern theory of knowledge. Evolutionary constructivism // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2018. – No. 42. – P. 14-34.
8. Yanchenko A. A. Ideas of neurobiological constructivism in the theory of artificial intelligence // Artificial intelligence: philosophy, methodology, innovation. – M.: Rdio and Communication, 2013. – pp. 88-92.
9. Hassabis D., Kumaran D., Summerfield C., Botvinick M. Neuroscience-Inspired Artificial Intelligence // Neuron. 2017. – Vol. 95. – P. 245-258.
10. Roth G. Das Gehirn und seine Wirklichkeit. – Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997. – 410 p.
11. Roth G. Gehirn und Selbstorganisation // Selbstorganisation: Aspekte einer wissenschaftlichen Revolution. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden. – 1992. – P. 167-180.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KUSTOV Sergey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg
FROM SENSORY DATA TO CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES: THE IMPACT OF SELLARS\’ CRITIQUE OF THE “MYTH OF THE GIVEN” ON THE DESIGN OF NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES
This paper examines the impact of Wilfrid Sellars\’ critique of the “myth of the given” on the design of neural network architectures, demonstrating the relevance of philosophical analysis for overcoming the limitations of modern machine learning. The relevance of the work is due to the fundamental problems of neural networks – dependence on data volumes, weak adaptation to context, and reproduction of hidden biases. These limitations are rooted in the traditional approach that treats sensory data as a “neutral” input signal, which is similar to the empirical concept of “immediate givenness” rejected by Sellars. The methodology includes a philosophical analysis of Sellars\’ critique, a comparison of it with the principles of machine learning, as well as a study of specific architectures (GPT, Vision Transformers) and methods (Dropout, Adversarial Training). The results show that the rejection of “data neutrality” in favor of pre-trained embeddings, the hierarchy of conceptual layers, and fallibilist techniques reflect Sellars’s key theses: 1) data are conceptually mediated, 2) knowledge is dynamic and subject to revision, 3) “raw” signals are inseparable from interpretation systems. In computer vision, the evolution from AlexNet to Vision Transformers illustrates the transition from “passive” pixel processing to active meaning construction, which corresponds to the idea of hierarchical conceptualization. The need for the integration of symbolic and connectionist approaches is noted, as well as the development of architectures capable of reflecting on their own epistemic foundations to reduce ethical risks.
Keywords: critique of the “myth of givenness”, neural network architectures, conceptual structures, machine learning, hybrid AI models, fallibilism, epistemology.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. deVries W. A. Sellars and the Myth of the given // Just the Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Arguments in Western Philosophy. – 2011. – P. 188-192.
2. Perminov V. Ya. The Problem of Apriority of Euclidean Geometry from Kant to Dingler // Metaphysics. – 2019. – No. 1 (31). – P. 47-52.
3. Loginov E. V. Does Criticism of the Myth of the Given Threaten Realism with Respect to Phenomenal Consciousness? // Science, Technology, and Values in an Unstable World: Collection of Scientific Articles from the IV Congress of the Russian Society for the History and Philosophy of Science. – Moscow, 2024. – P. 576-578.
4. Sellars W. Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind // Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. – 1956. – No. 1. – P. 253-329.
5. Sellars W. Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, 1997. – 192 p.
6. Rosenberg J. F. Wilfrid sellars: Fusing the images. – OUP Oxford, 2007. – 170 p.
7. Brandom R. B. From empiricism to expressivism: Brandom reads Sellars. – Harvard University Press, 2015. – 304 p.
8. McDowell J. Having the world in view: Essays on Kant, Hegel, and Sellars. – Harvard University Press, 2013. – 159 p.
9. Galukhin A. V. Critique of Internalist Fundamentalism in the Theory of Justification: Sellars’ Dilemma – BonJour’s Solution // Context and Reflection: Philosophy of the World and Man. – 2020. – No. 2A. – P. 37-56.
10. BonJour L. The structure of empirical knowledge. – Harvard University Press, 1985. – 258 p.
11. DeVries W. A., Triplett T., Sellars W. Knowledge, Mind, and the Given: Reading Wilfrid Sellars\’s «Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind», Including the Complete Text of Sellars\’s Essay. – Hackett Publishing, 2000. – 200 p.
12. O’Shea J. R. What is the myth of the given? // Synthese. – 2021. – No. 3. – P.10543-10567.
13. Zarębski T. Sellars and Lewis on the given and empirical knowledge // Pragmatism in transition: Contemporary perspectives on CI Lewis. – 2017. – P. 199-217.
14. Radford A. et al. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners // OpenAI blog. – 2019. – No. 8. – 9 p.
15. Bengio Y. et al. Deep learning. – Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT press, 2017. – T. 1. – P. 23-24.
16. Iandola F. N. et al. SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and< 0.5 MB model size //arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.07360. 2016.
17. Barbu T., Bejinariu S. I. CNN-based Moving Vehicle Recognition using GMM-based Foreground Modeling, Level-set based Segmentation and Kalman Filter-based Tracking // 2024 International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA). IEEE, 2024. – P. 1-6.
18. Srivastava N. et al. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting // The journal of machine learning research. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 1929-1958.
19. Goodfellow I. et al. Generative adversarial nets // Advances in neural information processing systems. – 2014. – T. 27. – 9 p.
20. Brown T. et al. Language models are few-shot learners // Advances in neural information processing systems. – 2020. – T. 33. – P. 1877-1901.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KUCHIN Alexandr Vasiljevich
competitor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty, Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University
LEGAL INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The article analyzes the reasons for the spread and strengthening of the legal influence of international non-governmental organizations (hereinafter referred to as NGOs), based on the study of the nature of various legal doctrines. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the modern legal conditions were formed at the junction of the legal doctrines of natural and positive law in the period after the Second World War. At the same time it is emphasized that the first organization with an international and non-governmental, originated in the mid-nineteenth century, identified the causes of the conditions of formation of NGOs and their development in the post-war period. The article also assesses the extent of the negative impact of the NGO on the rights of the individual and society as a set of people, as well as on the sovereignty of the state as a social institution.
Keywords: international non-governmental organizations, legal influence, natural law, positive law, legal doctrine.
Article bibliography
1. Gogiberidze G. M. Dialogue of Cultures. – Moscow: Nauka, 2003. – 184 p.
2. Muravsky V. A. Actual law: origin, essence, sources, relationship with the law. – Yekaterinburg: Humanitarian University, 2004. – 443 p.
3. Trubetskoy E. N. Lectures on the Encyclopedia of Law. – M.: Printing House of the Imperial Moscow University, 1909. – 226 p.
4. TASS. “UN Secretary General: Sovereignty of States Should Not Impede the Protection of Human Rights.” [Electronic resource], February 3, 2016.
5. Vasak K. Human Rights: A Thirty-Year Struggle: the Sustained Efforts to Give Force of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights // UNESCO Courier. 1977. – Nov. 22 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHIRKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
assistant of Oriental languages and cultures sub-faculty, Pyatigorsk State University
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS OF TRANSMITTING VALUES THROUGH TRADITION IN CHINESE SOCIETY
The article analyzes the sociocultural factors of transmitting values through tradition in Chinese society. Objective: theoretical and methodological analysis of sociocultural factors of transmitting values through tradition in Chinese society in the context of the global world. Objectives: to describe the ethical and philosophical foundations, traditions and values of the national culture of China; to reveal approaches to the study of traditions as a mechanism for transmitting values; to identify sociocultural factors of transmitting values through tradition in Chinese society. It is concluded that traditional values based on the ideas of Confucianism and legalists contribute to the stability and sustainability of Chinese society. The transmission of traditions and values is ensured by the communicative function of culture. Sociocultural factors of transmitting values through tradition in Chinese society are the features of social communications and linguistic and communicative behavior, family values, customs and rituals, social practices that are common in modern Chinese society and have their origins in the traditions of the past.
Keywords: Chinese society, culture, cultural values, traditions, self-identification, social communications, Confucian ideas.
Article bibliography
1. Avkhodeeva E. A. Preservation of national and cultural identity in the context of an open cultural space: on the example of China: abstract of dis. … candidate of philosophical sciences: 24.00.01. – Volgograd, 2016. – 27 p.
2. Benoit A. Tradition and conservative thought. – M.: Totenburg, 2017. – 186 p.
3. Kaira Yu. V., Liu Junjie. The communicative role of traditional values in supportingsocial stability of Chinese society // Communicology. – 2023. – Vol. 11, No. 3. – P. 111-121.
4. Liu Zuoyuan. Traditional system of values in the state ideology of the PRC // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2022. – Vol. 11, No. 2A. – P. 199-204.
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INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL

International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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