EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №7(206)2025 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №7(206)2025

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
I. O. Antroptseva:
Legal business administration – a new way of legal education
Interview with Irina Olegovna Antroptseva, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of the professional retraining program «Legal Business Management» of the Higher School of Law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BURYANOV Sergey Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Scientific Director of the Global Law Forum
BURYANOV Maxim Sergeevich
master of law, postgraduate student, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Moscow City Pedagogical University; expert of the Youth Council under the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation
GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ORDER AND THE LAW OF FORCE. WHAT LED TO THE AGGRAVATION OF THE POWER GEOPOLITICAL CONFRONTATION IN THE MODERN WORLD AND IS THERE A PROSPECT OF EVOLVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE HUMAN-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT? PART 2.
The article examines the problems of globalization of the world order and the dominance of the law of force in modern international relations. The main trends and reasons for the aggravation of the power geopolitical confrontation in the context of modern global processes 4.0 are considered, and strategic directions for the development of international law for their settlement are determined. It is concluded that overcoming global challenges, including military ones, requires an evolutionary change in the paradigm of civilizational development from an unstable state-centric to a controlled human-oriented one. This requires significant reform of international law as a science, a system of principles and norms, as well as a set of academic disciplines. The need to reform universal international legal principles and norms in order to create conditions for the implementation of the principle of non-use of force or threat of force, taking into account the global processes and negative consequences of 4.0, based on a fundamentally new non-polar model of international relations is substantiated. In order to achieve global mutual respect, trust and cooperation, a transition is proposed from a legally incorrect and ineffective concept of religious freedom to an innovative concept of freedom of ideological choice, ensured by the ideological neutrality of states. It is concluded that in the medium and long term, the preservation and sustainable human-oriented development of human civilization will require a significant transformation of the world order through the development of global law, governance, education (including legal education), in turn based on the priority of digital human rights, embodied freedom, equality and justice in the context of global digital transformation.
Keywords: world order, global processes 4.0, digital transformation, global negative consequences of 4.0, international relations, geopolitical confrontation, international law, human rights, digital human rights, freedom of mental choice, mental neutrality of states, sustainable human-oriented development.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abanina E. N., Abashidze A. Kh., Abdraimov B. Zh., et al. Anthology of intereco-law. Study guide. – M.; Ufa, 2014. – 678 p.
2. Buryanov M. S. Prospects for the Development of Russian Statehood in the Context of Modern Global Processes and Challenges // Actual Problems of Global Studies: Russia in a Globalizing World. Collection of scientific papers of participants in the VI All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation. Edited by I. V. Ilyin. – M. 2019. – Pp. 67-73.
3. Buryanov M. S. Digital Human Rights in the Context of Global Processes: Theory and Practice of Implementation: monograph / Under the scientific ed. S. A. Buryanov. – M .: RUSAINS, 2024. – 148 p.
4. Buryanov S. A. The Significance and Prospects of Internationally Recognized Human Rights, Including Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion, in the Context of Globalization of Public Relations // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 12 (91). – P. 25-28.
5. Buryanov S. A. Xenophobia, intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Specialized information and analytical report for 2006 – the first half of 2007. – M., 2007. – 240 p.
6. Buryanov S. A. Universal international legal documents on freedom of conscience and protection from intolerance and discrimination: problems and development prospects // International protection of human rights and state sovereignty. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. – M., 2015. – P. 120-125.
7. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Human rights as a key factor inof sustainable managed development // The Age of Globalization. – 2022. – No. 4 (44). – P. 97-110. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2022.04.07
8. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S., Nikitaev D. M. The right to freedom of conscience in the context of global processes: theory and practice of implementation in the Russian Federation. (Master’s degree). Monograph. Under the scientific ed. S. A. Buryanov. – M .: Rusains, – 2020. – 236 p.
9. Buryanov S. A. Religion in elections in Russia. The factor of relations between the state and religious associations in the federal election cycle of 2003-2004. – M., 2005. – 200 p.
10. Ivaneev S. V. On the issue of the relationship between the secular and the religious in the system of modern education // Human capital. – 2014. – No. 7 (67). – P. 44-48.
11. Kartashkin V. A. The relationship between international and domestic law and their interaction // Modern law. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 114-120.
12. Kuksin I. N., Khoda V. D. Digitalization – a new reality in law and new threats // Theory of state and law. – 2020. – No. 4 (20). – P. 115-140.
13. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, state, law, XXI century. – M.: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.
14. Lukashuk I. I. International law. General part: textbook for students of law faculties and universities. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 415 p.
15. Lukashuk I. I. International law: special part: textbook for students of law faculties and universities. Lukashuk I. I. –M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 517 p.
16. Minchenko T. P. The problem of religious freedom: history and modernity. – Tomsk, 2009. – 186 p.
17. Mozgovoy S. A. Military-religious relations: methodological approaches to defining the concept // State, religion, Church in Russia and abroad. – 2001. – Vol. 19, No. 2. – P. 108-110.
18. Stefanovich D. V. Multidimensional field of technological confrontation // Russia in global politics. –2025. – Vol. 23, No. 1. – P. 10-23.
19. Farkhutdinov I. Z. American doctrine of a preemptive military strike (international legal aspects). – M., 2017. – 338 p.
20. Farkhutdinov I. Z. American doctrine of a preemptive strike from Monroe to Trump: international legal aspects. – M., 2018. – 419 p.
21. Farkhutdinov I. Z. International law in the context of globalization // Law and Politics. – 2003. – No. 8. – P. 141-149.
22. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Preventive self-defense in international law: application and abuse // Moscow journal of international law. – 2016. – No. 4 (104). – P. 97-124.
23. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of international law — from Westphal to Versailles: monograph. – M.: INFRA-M, 2024. – 446 p. – (Scientific thought). – DOI 10.12737/2135819.
24. Chumakov A. N. Globalization and digitalization: social consequences of cumulative interaction // Questions of philosophy. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 36-46.
25. Buryanov M. Global digital human rights in the implementation of the Global Digital Compact. – Kindle Edition. 2024. – 491 p.
26. Kennedy Paul M. Preparing for the Twenty-first Century. – New York: Random House. – 1993. – 428 rub.
27. Farkhutdinov I. The Mysterious and Obvious in American Diplomacy: From Monroe to Trump. – Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2020. – 533 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BAKLAZHKOV Igor Anatoljevich
lawyer, postgraduate student, Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia
TOURISM OR MIGRATION: BOUNDARIES BETWEEN SHORT-TERM VISIT AND LONG-TERM MOBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
This article explores the legal ambiguity surrounding the boundary between tourism and migration in the context of international law. Special attention is given to the challenges of transforming a visa status from short-term to long-term residence, a situation increasingly common due to the growth of cross-border mobility. The author examines international legal frameworks, analyzes foreign practices (including those of the United States, the EU, Germany, Australia, and South Korea), and identifies legal risks associated with changing the declared purpose of stay without leaving the host country. The article proposes regulatory improvements such as formal recognition of tourist migration, the introduction of a transitional visa status, and the development of a model agreement to harmonize international approaches. The paper addresses existing legal gaps and outlines specific proposals for adapting international migration law to evolving mobility patterns.
Keywords: tourist migration, visa regime, international migration law, visa policy, migration status.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abashidze A. Kh., Alisievich E. S., Belousova A. A. [etc.]. Human rights and challenges of the 21st century / 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 2020. – 412 p.
2. Andrichenko L. V., Dutov P. O., Emelyanov A. S. [et al.]. Migration legal policy of Russia: trends and development paths. – M.: Scientific-INFRA-M Publishing Center, 2024. – 288 p.
3. Dutov P. O. Constitutional and legal regulation of external labor migration. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2022. – 176 p.
4. Dutov P. O. Implementation of the right to work in organized forms by foreign citizens: monograph. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2024. – 184 p.
5. Egorova E. N. Migration policy of integration associations. – M.: MGIMO MID of Russia, 2024. – 215 p.
6. Ivanov D. V., Egorova E. N., Aliyev D. M., Levina M. M. International legal policy of the European Union in the field of forced and labor migration: a tutorial. – M.: Prospect, 2024. – 312 p.
7. Kiseleva E. V. International legal regulation of migration / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait, 2024. – 241 p.
8. Prudnikov A. S., Mayurov N. P., Eriashvili N. D. [et al.]. Offenses in the field of migration. Classification. Evidence. Production / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Unity-Dana, 2021. – 160 p.
9. Saifullina I. P., Abashidze A. Kh., Alekseeva M. M. [et al.]. International migration law. – M.: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikotya, 2024. – 228 p.
10. Suvorova V. A. Political and legal support for compliance with the rights of forced migrants: the relationship between international and Russian norms. – M.: State University of Management, 2021. – 107 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
NOVIKOV Bogdan Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia; assistant to the deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the VII convocation
CRYPTOCURRENCIES AS A MODERN CHALLENGE FACING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF COMBATING MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING
In the article, the author examines cryptocurrencies as a new challenge for international legal cooperation in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The relevance of the topic is due to the rapid growth of the cryptocurrency market and its active use in illegal activities, including laundering of criminal proceeds and financing of terrorist organizations. Based on the conducted research and analysis of international legal norms and legislation of foreign countries, the author identified the imperfections of the current legal norms and proposed specific measures to improve the legal regulation of cryptocurrency turnover, including harmonization of legislation, strengthening international cooperation and the introduction of modern transaction monitoring technologies.
Keywords: cryptocurrencies, money laundering, terrorist financing, international legal cooperation, digital currency, blockchain.
Article bibliography
1. Sedova V. A. Combating money laundering and terrorist financing caused by the development of the cryptocurrency market // XV All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists “YOUNG RUSSIA”. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 1-7
2. LaBianca O., Nugent T. Cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and the future of financial services. Journal of Financial Services Research. – 2018. – No. 53 (3). – R. 231-234. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10693-018-0304-4 (date of access: 31.01.2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SOLOVJEVA Anna Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of Human rights and international law sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF THE PRACTICE OF THE UN COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE ON COMMUNICATIONS (COMPLAINTS) CONCERNING THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Despite the absolute prohibition of torture, enshrined in key international treaties, the problem of their use remains one of the most acute. The ineradicable nature of the practice of torture is a serious challenge to modern international human rights law, and in this regard, there is a need for a critical understanding of existing problems in this area. The article analyzes the decisions of the UN Committee against Torture on individual communications (complaints) against the Russian Federation related to violations of the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Based on the analysis of the cases, the actions of the national authorities have been identified as violations of human rights by the UN Committee against Torture.
Keywords: human rights, international human rights protection, torture, UN Convention against Torture, intergovernmental human rights bodies, treaty bodies, UN Committee against Torture.
Article bibliography
1. Danelyan A. A. UN Convention against Torture: Rethinking Achievements and Looking to the Future // Electronic online publication “International Legal Courier”. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 76-78.
2. Zimnenko B. L. On the importance of the practice of international treaty bodies of the UN for the courts of the Russian Federation // Justice. – 2023. – Vol. 5, No. 1. – P. 54-90.
3. Konnov V. A. Problems of functioning of interstate human rights bodies in the context of geopolitical changes // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 145-148.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
PIKALOV Pavel Alexandrovich
postgraduate student (scientific specialty: international law sciences) of Organization of combating economic crimes sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF CYBERBULLYING UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In the context of the digital transformation of the modern economy and society, there is a significant increase in cybercrime, in particular fraud using information and communication technologies. The lack of a unified systematization of the types of cyberbullying makes it difficult to effectively counter this type of crime. The purpose of this study is to develop a scientifically based classification of cyberbullying based on the current legislation of the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are expected to be solved: analysis of the regulatory framework, study of existing approaches to the systematization of cybercrimes and identification of key criteria for their classification. The research involved formal legal, comparative legal and systematic methodological approaches. A comprehensive analysis of judicial practice and statistical data accumulated by law enforcement agencies has been carried out.
Keywords: cyberbullying, digital crimes, information technology, crime systematization, criminal law, cybercrime, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Morozov S. L. Theft using electronic payment systems (regional judicial and investigative practice) // Russian justice. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 66-79.
2. Yani P. S. Fraud using electronic means of payment / P. S. Yani // Legality. – 2019. – No. 5 (1015). – P. 25-28.
3. Polstovalov O. V., Galyautdinov R. R. Organized forms of online fraud: types of fraud in the field of computer information and the use of high technologies and the features of their commission // Legal research. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 21-34.
4. Barokko L. A. On the issue of the features of fraud committed using information and telecommunication technologies under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 1.
5. Russkevich E. A. Competition of criminal law norms in qualifying thefts from the victim’s bank account, as well as in relation to electronic money // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 4 (72). – pp. 29-33.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
EVMENCHIKOVA Оlga Alexeevna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Minsk, Belarusian State University, Republic of Belarus
ON THE STATUS OF THE STATE AS A SUBJECT OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS)
The article deals with the current problems of determining the status of the Republic of Belarus as a subject of private international law. Taking into account the legal status of the state as a party to private law relations, special features are highlighted in the conflict-of-laws regulation of such relations, as well as in the enforcement of foreign court decisions and arbitrations against state. According to the results of an analysis of doctrinal approaches and legislation of the Republic of Belarus regulating state participation in private relations, complicated by a foreign element, the key features of such relations have been highlighted and directions for improving the legislation have been proposed.
Keywords: investment contract, conflict of laws immunity of the state, concession contract, public order, applicable law, jurisdictional immunity of the state.
Article bibliographic list
1. Boguslavsky M. M. International private law / 7th ed., revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Norma: Infra-M, 2016. – 671 p.
2. Usenkov I. A. Stabilization clause as a legal means and technique of legal technique // Advances In law studies. – 2022. – Vol. 10, No. 2. – P. 11-15. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://naukaru.ru/ru/nauka/article/50724/view (date of access: 20.07.2025).
3. Karabelnikov B. R. Enforcement and contestation of decisions of international commercial arbitrations. Commentary on the New York Convention of 1958 and Chapters 30 and 31 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation 2002 years / 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Statute, 2008. – 606 p.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
ZYATNIN Roman Albertovich
Head of Arbitration Practice, RZ Consulting Company, Moscow
CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF MULTIMODAL MEDIATION: MATRIX OF NATIONAL LEGAL TRADITION FACTORS (ADAPTATION MODEL FOR BRICS COUNTRIES)
The article is devoted to the development of innovative legal mechanisms for adapting multimodal mediation to the specifics of the legal traditions of the BRICS states. The author substantiates the need to create multicultural legal matrices that take into account the ethical and procedural features of national legal systems. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of existing approaches to mediation in the BRICS countries, identification of key factors of cross-cultural adaptation and development of an innovative model of legal regulation. A system of ethical principles and procedural mechanisms is proposed to ensure the effective functioning of multimodal mediation in conditions of legal pluralism.
Keywords: multimodal mediation, BRICS, legal matrices, cross-cultural adaptation, ethical principles, legal pluralism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Belikova K. M., Akhmadova M. A. Mediation in South Africa = Mediation in the Republic of South Africa: modernity and prospects // Russian Judge. 2015. No. 5. P. 26-29.
2. Bykova AI Foreign experience of legal regulation of the mediation procedure // Domestic jurisprudence. 2019. No. 2 (34). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyi-opyt-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-protsedury-mediatsii (date of access: 03/15/2025).
3. Vershinina TV Language picture of the world // StudNet. 2022. No. 7. P. 7904-7909.
4. Grin EA, Kobylinskaya SV Foreign and domestic experience of using the mediation procedure and prospects for its application: monograph. Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2019. 69 p.
5. Gulmetova A. R., Dzhumagishieva Z. A. Development of the Institute of Mediation in the World // Young Scientist. 2021. No. 50 (392). P. 187-188.
6. Zhomartkyzy M. Mediation and the Role of Third Parties in Conflict Resolution in the Middle East. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ejournal.vfu.bg/pdfs/Мария%20Жомарткызи,%20Mediation%20and%20the%20role%20of%20third%20parties%20in%20resolving%20conflicts%20in%20the%20countries%20of%20the%20Middle%20East.pdf (date of access: 22.03.2025).
7. Zyatnin R. A. Legal nature of multimodal mediation in resolving complex corporate conflicts // Issues of Russian and International Law. 2024. Vol. 14, No. 9A. P. 290-314.
8. Zyatnin R. A. Development of the concept of multimodal mediation: a new paradigm of alternative settlement of legal conflicts // Bulletin of science. 2024. No. 10 (79), Volume 4. P. 332-346. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vesnik-nauki.rf/article/18088 (date of access: 10.04.2025).
9. Illyuk P. A. Avig-avig in the legal system of Indonesia // Russian law: education, practice, science. 2024. No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/avig-avig-v-pravovoy-sisteme-indonezii (date of access: 03.04.2025).
10. Karpova A. A., Ivanova E. N. Mediation in Russia and China // International journal “Bulletin of Mediation”. 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik-mediatsii.ru/2024/06/11/mediaciya-v-rossii-i-kitae/ (date of access: 28.03.2025).
11. Korosteleva Yu. A., Simonovsky D. A. Legal regulation of mediation in China: a brief overview // MNIZH. 2023. No. 6 (132). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoe-regulirovanie-mediatsii-v-kitae-kratkiy-obzor (date of access: 18.03.2025).
12. Lipka D. V. Mediation in foreign countries // Law and Management. 2023. No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mediatsiya-v-zarubezhnyh-stranah (date accessed: 05.04.2025).
13. Majorina M. V., Nikishin V. D. Legal innovation as a synthesis of analytical, prognostic and project activities. LegalOps and IT competencies of a lawyer // Actual problems of Russian law. 2025. Vol. 20, No. 4. Pp. 24-33.
14. Pelenitsyna M. V., Bekirova A. T. The main problems of development and ways of resolving conciliation procedures in Russian civil and arbitration proceedings // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. 2023. Vol. 9 (75), No. 3. P. 382-387.
15. Ponomareva O. S. The Role of the Western and African Models of Mediation in Dispute Resolution in the Republic of South Africa // Gaps in Russian Legislation. 2016. No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-zapadnoy-i-afrikanskoy-modeley-mediatsii-v-razreshenii-sporov-v-yuzhno-afrikanskoy-respublike (date of access: 04/25/2025).
16. Sukhanov E. A. Development of the Institute of Mediation in the Russianavoporyadke // Journal of Russian Law. 2024. No. 1. P. 5-17. DOI: 10.61205/jrp.2024.1.1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://istina.msu.ru/publications/article/628507844/ (date of access: 12.04.2025).
17. Kholoimova A. S. Mediation in concluding a plea bargain in criminal proceedings in India // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mediatsiya-pri-zaklyuchenii-sdelki-o-priznanii-viny-v-ugolovnom-protsesse-indii (date of access: 03/30/2025).
18. Atmaja G. M. W. The Drafting of Awig-Awig in Bali Traditional Villages: Understanding Form and Content // International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. 2020. Vol. 13, No. 12. P. 390-404.
19. Budiasa I. W., Ambarawati I. G. A. A. Community Based Agro-Tourism as An Innovative Integrated Farming System Development Model Towards Sustainable Agriculture and Tourism in Bali // Journal of the International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences. 2014. Vol. 20, No. 1. P. 29-40.
20. Dewi A. A. M. A. T., Windia W. P., Dewi A. A. I. A. A. et al. Sanctions for Violations of the Marriage Process in Awig-Awig in the Village: What Is the Role of Customary Village // International Journal of Law, Justice and Jurisprudence. 2024. No. 4. P. 92-96.
21. Fan K. Beyond law and politics: an empirical study of judicial mediation in China // Journal of International Dispute Settlement. 2023. Vol. 14, Issue 1. P. 47-75. DOI: 10.1093/jnlids/idac027.
22. Green J. Green\’s Dictionary of Slang. 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://greensdictofslang.com/ (date of access: 03/08/2025).
23. Kumar N. The Competition Law Institutions in the BRICS Countries Need Better Enforcement Mechanisms // BRICS Law Journal. 2025. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 115-139. DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2025-12-1-115-139.
24. Mitryakova E., Boniface A. Legal Regulations of Surrogate Motherhood in Russia and South Africa: Similarities and Differences // BRICS Law Journal. 2025. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 20-39. DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2025-12-1-20-39.
25. Podshivalov T. Contesting the Registration of Real Estate Rights in BRICS and the Laws of Other Countries // BRICS Law Journal. 2025. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 56-79. DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2025-12-1-56-79.
26. Schneebaum S. M. The Goals of Legal Education: A U.S. Practitioner\’s Perspective // BRICS Law Journal. 2025. Vol. 12, No. 1. P. 5-19. DOI: 10.21684/2412-2343-2025-12-1-5-19.
27. Wadhawan A. An Analysis of the Plea Bargaining Mechanism in India: The Past, Present and The Future // Law Audience Journal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: an-analysis-of-the-plea-bargaining-mechanism-in-india-the-past-present-and-the-future.pdf (access date: 04/17/2025).
28. Zyatnin R. A. The legal nature of multimodal mediation in resolving complex corporate conflicts // Questions rossiiskogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2024. No. 14 (9A). P. 290-314.
29. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prsin-dia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_(Second)_Sanhita_2023.pdf (accessed: 08.05.2025).
30. Court-Annexed Mediation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.justice.gov.za/mediation/mediation.html (accessed: 02.05.2025).
31. Institute of Mediation in Civil Procedure of Brazil. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339136953_Institut_mediacii_v_grazdanskom_processe_Brazilii (date of access: 20.04.2025).
32. International Bar Association. The mediation agreement in Brazil and its essential requirements. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ibanet.org/article/90750472-5198-4900-9E2F-063150D5768A (date of access: 14.03.2025).
33. Kluwer Mediation Blog. Let Mediation Be Mediation: Conciliation Versus Mediation in Brazil. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mediationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/12/14/let-mediation-be-mediation-conciliation-versus-mediation-in-brazil/ (date of access: 07.05.2025).
34. Lexology. A structured guide to mediation law and practice in Brazil. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=5139a3bb-afc0-4844-b265-3819c059ab47 (date of access: 27.03.2025).
35. Mediation in NYC. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.nyc.gov/site/cchr/enforcement/mediation.page (Accessed: 11.04.2025).
36. Mediation Rules in South Africa: Where are we now? [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://fairpractice.co.za/mediation-rules-in-south-africa-where-are-we-now/ (Accessed: 19.03.2025).
37. Mediation Rules in South Africa: Where are we now? [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://labourguide.co.za/misconduct/ccma/mediation-rules-in-south-africa-where-are-we-now (Accessed: 02.04.2025).
38. SwissCam Brasil. Mediation in Brazil // Legal framework and procedural developments. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://swisscam.com.br/en/publicacao/doing-business-in-brazil/34-mediation-in-brazil/ (date of access: 26.03.2025).
39. The Future of Mediation in China: Synergy between Litigation and Mediation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/a/the-future-of-mediation-in-china-synergy-between-litigation-and-mediation (date of access: 09.05.2025).
40. International Commercial Mediation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://uncitral.un.org/ru/texts/mediation (date of access: 04/21/2025).

EUROPEAN LAW
VOITURET Jade Delmire
postgraduate student of International Law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia
THE FRENCH MODEL OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
This article traces the global diffusion and assimilation of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, right after its adoption in 1789 up to the 19th century, with some moderns’ insights. It does so first through its influence on Enlightenment-era intellectuals and revolutionary movements across Europe and Latin America, then in colonial and postcolonial contexts. It highlights how the Declaration shaped constitutional texts in South America, inspired by Haiti’s anti-slavery constitution, and echoed in India’s and Vietnam’s paths to independence. The study also addresses France’s dual role in promoting human rights – as a liberating model and as an imperial power. The article critically examines the tension between France’s proclaimed humanist ideals and its colonial practices, revealing how cultural diplomacy and legal soft power were wielded to assert influence.
Keywords: Human rights, Universality, Constitutionalising, Revolution, Constitution, self-determination, civilizing mission.
Bibliographical references
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13. Baggio A-M. La double idée de fraternité – comme héritage de la tradition et comme projet de transformation – et la fondation des droits de l’homme dans le contexte colonial, in Droits de l’homme et colonies: de la mission de civilization au droit à l’autodétermination, Presses Universitaires d’Aix-Marseille, 2017, p. 107.
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31. See, for example Report of the Commission on Human Rights to the 2nd Session of the Economic and Social Council, 21 May 1946, E/38/Rev. 1.
32. IOF, Resolution portant adoption du budget et fixation des contributions statutaires de l’OIF au titre du quadriennum 2024-2027, Yaoundé, 4-5 November 2023, available at: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/R%C3%A9solution%20portant%20adoption%20du%20budget%20et%20fixation%20des%20contributions%20statutaires%202024-2027.pdf
33. Declaration de M. Nicolas Sarkozy, Président de la République, sur l\’action de la France et de l\’ONU en faveur de la paix dans le monde, à New York le 25 September 2007, availabla at: https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/167860-declaration-de-m-nicolas-sarkozy-president-de-la-republique-sur-lact; Speech of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, H.E. Mr. Dominique de Villepin, 24 mars 2003: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ohchr.org/fr/statements/2009/10/default-title-35

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BAIDAROVA Marina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice sub-faculty, Penza State University
FOMIN Vladimir Vladimirovich
student of group 21uu1, Penza State University
LEGAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSIONER IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The dynamic development of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the diversity of social relations and the subjects involved in them, as well as the intensity and complexity of social ties, require human rights institutions, including the human rights activities of the Human Rights Commissioner (hereinafter referred to as the Commissioner), to generate and apply advanced legal technologies aimed at fully restoring the violated rights and legitimate interests of individuals. A general theoretical understanding of the essence of the legal technology of the Human Rights Commissioner, the model stages of the legal technology of the Human Rights Commissioner, and its component structure will allow us to fully assess the uniqueness of the available resources of this official and, in the future, to prepare proposals for improving the existing legal means, which are currently effective tools for additional state protection of human rights and freedoms. In turn, the individual-based technological approach in the context of the Human Rights Office\’s human rights practice demonstrates an enhanced and well-defined human rights trajectory for each individual case and situation, as well as the development of a differentiated and flexible approach to resolving the specific life issue faced by the person seeking legal assistance. The significance of the study of legal technologies in the activities of the Human Rights Office is largely seen in the fact that, in its most general form, the technology under consideration is an intensively developing practice-oriented system that combines legal means, practices, and methods, as well as other legal techniques and measures, in order to achieve the necessary results in the professional activities of the Human Rights Office.
Keywords: legal technology, professional activities, Human Rights Commissioner, legal means, resource capabilities, and human rights mechanism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Baydarova M. A. Analysis of legally significant consequences in legal relations // Eurasian Legal Journal. 2024. No. 6 (193). P. 63-67. DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2024-6-193-63-67
2. Baydarova M. A., Fomin V. V. Technologies of legal education of youth, implemented by the institute of Commissioners for Human Rights in the Russian Federation // Gaps in Russian legislation. 2025. No. 7.
3. Baydarova, M. A., Fomin, V. V. Legally significant consequences in the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights: theoretical and practical aspects // Eurasian Law Journal. 2025. No. 4 (203). P. 69-72. DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2025-4-203-69-72
4. Berezina E. A. Legal technologies and implementation of the idea of the rule of law // The rule of law: theory and practice. 2020. No. 3 (61). P. 126-137. DOI: 10.33184/pravgos-2020.3.14
5. Vikulenko K. V. Authorized to protect: effective human rights practices and technologies in the activities of human rights commissioners in the Russian Federation / Human Rights Commissioner in the Perm Territory. Compiled by K. V. Vikulenko, edited by P. V. Mikov. Perm, 2020. 320 p.
6. Golovanev, I. V. Administrative and legal means of forming the legal order in the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms // Administrative law and process. 2007. No. 4. Pp. 6-9.
7. Grib V. V., Panchenko V. Yu. Theory of state and law: course of lectures / Ed. V. V. Grib, V. Yu. Panchenko. Moscow: Prospect, 2023. 656 p.
8. Dudko I. G. Institute of Human Rights Commissioners in Russia: conceptual foundations and evolution // Constitutional and municipal law. 2024. No. 10. Pp. 11-18. – DOI 10.18572/1812-3767-2024-10-11-18.
9. Zemskova A. I. On the Essence of the Human Rights Function of the State // Society and Law. 2009. No. 3 (25). P. 21-27.
10. Kartashov V. N. Legal Technology or Legal Technique? Some Methodological Aspects of the Research // Legal Technique. 2007. No. 1. P. 16-24.
11. Moskalkova T. N. On Improving the Legislative Support for the Activities of Human Rights Commissioners in the Subjects of the Russian Federation // Constitutional and Municipal Law. 2018. No. 1. P. 4-7.
12. Fomin V. V. Report on the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Penza Region in 2024. Penza: IP Simanova E. A., 2025. 122 p.
13. Khabrieva T. Ya. Modern legal technologies in the theory and practice of lawmaking and law enforcement // The effectiveness of legislation and modern legal technologies: Materials of the meeting of the III International School-Workshop of Young Lawyers, Moscow, May 29-31, 2008 / Editor-in-chief T. Ya. Khabrieva. Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law, 2009. Pp. 3-11.
14. Khabrieva T. Ya., Vlasenko N. A. Legal technique: textbook / Ed. T. Ya. Khabrieva, N. A, Vlasenco. M.: Eksmo, 2009. 271 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
VLASOVA Elena Lvovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
SAMOYLOVA Zhanna Vladimirovna
PhD. In Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of State Law and National Security, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE INSTITUTE OF PERSONAL DATA AS AN ELEMENT OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
The Institute of Personal Data is closely connected with the formation of constitutional rights and freedoms of an individual, primarily the right to privacy. The article examines the features of the Institute of Personal Data, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about the dual position of this Institute in the legal system, which combines elements of both the sub-branch of information law and the element of the legal status of an individual. The article clearly defines the author’s position, confirming the difference between these concepts, structuring conclusions are made that the institute of personal data is simultaneously: a sub-branch of information law – as a system of norms regulating the circulation of restricted access information, as well as an element of the legal status of an individual – through the protection of constitutional rights to privacy and confidentiality.
Keywords: personal data, legal status of an individual, public relations, sub-institution, information law, personal rights and freedoms of a person, restricted access information.
Article bibliography
1. Gorodov O. A. Digital law as a sub-branch of information law // Law and digital economy. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 36-43.
2. Kucherenko A. V. Legal regulation of personal data in the Russian Federation: abstract of the dissertation. candidate of legal sciences. – Chelyabinsk, 2010. – 22 p.
3. Ruzanova V. D. Legislation in the field of personal data as an institution of information legislation // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2019. – Vol. 5, No. 2. – P. 15-22.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
GORBUNOV Maksim Dmitrievich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CRISIS OF THE LIBERAL-LEGAL MODEL OF STATEHOOD
The article provides a critical analysis of the liberal legal theoretical model of the state. It is debated that liberal legal thought has come a long way in its development from the concept of the state as a “night watchman” to the assertion of an understanding of the state as a legal order, most fully expressed in liberal democracy. At the same time, the theory\’s claims to universality today do not correspond to real political and legal practice, which demonstrates the growing effectiveness of alternative models of statehood. As a result, a crisis of the model and its inability to respond to the crises of the modern world order are stated.
Keywords: legal understanding, constitutionalism, liberalism, natural law, rule of law, human rights, sovereignty, state.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. MacCormick N. Institutions of Law: An Essay in Legal Theory. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. – 317 p.
2. MacCormick N. Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Nation in the European Commonwealth. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. – 222 p.
3. MacCormick N. Rhetoric and the Rule of Law: A Theory of Legal Reasoning. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. – 287 p.
4. Lifanov S. S. The crisis of liberal democracy in the mirror of Western political studies: statement of the problem // Discourse-Pi. – 2020. – No. 1 (38). – P. 60-77.
5. Lukarevskaya E. V. Finalist theories. Concepts of ideology of the last quarter of the twentieth century // Politics and society. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 1-7.
6. Morozov I. L. “Closed society and its friends”: the survival strategy of Russian civilization in the context of global turbulence // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 15-20.
7. Petrenko A. A. Legal ideas of classical liberalism in the context of the discussion on the relationship between the rights of the first and second generations // Philosophy of Law. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 109-114.
8. Rusakova O. F., Khmelinin A. A. Global strategy of neoliberal transformations: a critical analysis // Discourse-Pi. – 2015. – No. 2 (12). – P. 91-101.
9. Seleznev P. Political ideology of innovation: the choice of the West and the choice of the East // Power. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 23-28.
10. Tanchev E.The Social State (Welfare State) in Modern Constitutionalism // Comparative Constitutional Review. – 2007. – No. 4 (61). – P. 60-67.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ZINKOV Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
ZANKIN Dmitriy Andreevich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course in the scientific specialty 5.1.2 Public and legal (state and legal) sciences, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
PARTICIPATION OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY
Over the past decades, corruption has remained one of the most dangerous problems facing our State. Therefore, in order to overcome corruption manifestations, the fight and counteraction to these phenomena is entrusted to certain authorized subjects of anti-corruption activities, one of which includes the prosecutor\’s office. Participation in the mechanism of the Prosecutor’s Office’s anti-corruption policy presupposes the practical implementation of the regulatory framework that is designed to regulate the processes of combating corruption by the control and supervisory authorities engaged in anti-corruption activities, based on the methods used by these authorized bodies in the process of combating corruption. This article will analyze the involvement of the Prosecutor’s Office in the implementation of anti-corruption policy in the Russian Federation.
Keywords: anti-corruption, anti-corruption policy, prosecutor’s office, control and supervisory authorities, civil servants, the public.
Article bibliographic list
1. Kozlov T. L., Iliy S. K. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of laws on state and municipal service, combating corruption // Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 2 (38). – P. 33-36.
2. Kochoi S. M. Criminal-legal counteraction to corruption: gaps in legislation // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 88-94.
3. Kovtun A. V. Problems of counteracting corruption in the Russian Federation // Internauka. – 2022. – No. 29 (252).
4. Bastrykin A. I. Legal problems of the fight against corruption // Russian investigator. – 2017. – No. 24. – P. 6-10.
5. Prokhozhev N. A. Activities of the prosecutor’s office to combat corruption in criminal proceedings as a means of ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens // Transformation of methods of environmental protection, nature management and safe life of the population of Russia and friendly foreign countries in modern conditions: materials of the X International scientific and practical conference of teachers, practitioners, students, master’s students, postgraduates. – Saratov, 2023. – P. 226-228.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KICHA Mariya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
LEGAL AND POLITICAL ROOTS OF ISRAEL\’S ONGOING GOVERNMENTAL CRISIS
The study explores present-day challenges facing Israel\’s governmental and legal framework. Particular focus is given to 2023 developments—most notably the judicial overhaul, legislative disputes, the constitutional impasse, and the makeup and future performance of the Netanyahu-led cabinet. Furthermore, the publication dissects the legal essence of the proposed, partially enacted court reform and pinpoints several core inconsistencies embedded within Israel’s administrative, legislative, and jurisprudential architecture.
Keywords: reform of the judiciary, judicial latitude, Basic Law, demonstrations, parliamentary ballot, constitutional deadlock, administration.
Article bibliography
1. Kicha M. V. Israel’s democracy: challenges, societal rifts, and a new regional policy — interview. Eurasia Daily. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2023/07/08/demokratiya-v-izraile-problemy-i-raskol-obshchestva-novaya-politika-v-regione-intervyu (date of access: 09/01/2025).
2. Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty. Knesset. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawLiberty.pdf (date of access: 09/01/2025).
3. The Inequality Report: Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: ttps://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/upfiles/2011/Adalah_The_Inequality_Report_March_2011.pdf (date of access: 01.09.2025).
4. Declaration of Independence (Israel). Wikisource: the Free Library. Available at: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel) (date of access: 01.09.2025).
5. Barak A. Judicial discretion. – M.: Norma, 1999. – 376 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ORLOV Dmitriy Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, doctoral student of the Research Department, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
COST OF HOLDING A REFERENDUM: PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS
The relevance of the research topic is caused by a general interest in existing problems regarding the assessment of costs that occur in regulatory legal regulation. An analysis of the legislation on fixing costs, the mechanism for calculating costs in the preparation and conduct of a referendum, and the identification of gaps in these aspects will complement the understanding of the need for changes to existing rules, help to better understand the expediency of this form of lawmaking, and establish more reasonable criteria for the possibility of initiating a referendum and issues to be put to a referendum. The author analyzes the legislation in order to determine the costs that may occur during the referendum, determines the costs that remain unaccounted for, identifies problems that contribute to the increase in the cost of procedures, and makes recommendations for further improvement of the situation.
Keywords: referendums, nationwide voting, legal technology, legislative regulation, electronic voting, cost of legal regulation, expenses, expression of the will of citizens.
Article bibliography
1. Golovin A. G. On the essence of the right to participate in a referendum in the context of the delegation of power by the people // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 10 (143). – P. 90-101.
2. Buchakova M. A. Referendum and plebiscite as forms of direct democracy // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 2016. – No. 1 (46). – P. 47-53.
3. Filipova I. A. Constitutional and legal regulation of referendum in the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. candidate of legal sciences. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2000. – 26 p.
4. Krylov B. S. Institute of referendum in Russia and abroad // Russian Law Journal. – 2009. – No. 4 (67). – P. 95-101.
5. Orlov D. V. On the essence and concept of a normative legal text // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (49). – P. 45-51.
6. Trusov N. A. Referendum as an instrument of dialogue between the people and the authorities // People and power: interaction in history and modernity: scientific yearbook of the faculty of law of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. – T. 3. – Nizhny Novgorod: OOO “Rastr”, 2016. – P. 178-189.
7. Fomicheva O. A. Referendum as a stage of the legislative process and a form of recognition of the people as “legislators” // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 3-6.
8. Kuryachaya M. M. Citizen, society, state, innovation: modern mechanisms of interaction: monograph / Ed. S. A. Avakyan. – Krasnodar: Enlightenment-South, 2017. – 167 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ORLOVA Svetlana Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
ON THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF FICTIONAL LEGAL NORMS
The article deals with causes of fictitiousness of general legal norms. The difference between fictitious legal norms and legal fictions is explained. The basis of the research is analysis of doctrinal sources and law-enforcement practice. The results confirm a possibility of existence of fictitious general legal norms in legal normative acts of different levels. It may be in the cause of intention of law-making subjects not to realize such norms practically. Fictive general legal norms are legally valid abstract statements which do not effect on regulated social relations.
Keywords: legal fiction, fictive legal norm, “dead” legal norms.
Article bibliographic list
1. Berdyaev N. The Fate of Russia. – M., 1918 (reprint: M, 1990).
2. Boshno S. V. Legal norm: concepts, properties, classification and structure // Law and modern states. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 49-60.
3. Goyman V. I. Effect of law: (Methodological analysis): author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of law. sciences. – M., 1992.
4. Gorshenev V. M. Atypical normative prescriptions in law // Soviet state and law. – 1978. – No. 3. – P. 113-118.
5. Dostoevsky F. M. Research and reflections. – M., 1983.
6. Epifanov I. O. The principle of direct action of the Constitution of Russia as its most important normative-regulatoryulative property // Law and Politics. – 2015. – No. 6 (186). – P. 748-753.
7. Ilyin I. A. Our tasks. – M., 2008. – Vol. 1.
8. History of the Great Victory. In 3 volumes. Volume 1. The Eve of the Tragedy / edited by A. V. Torkunov; compiled by M. A. Muntyan; Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. – M.: MGIMO University, 2020. – 663 p.
9. Ishigilov I. L. The concept of legal fictions // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2007. – No. 1 (36). – P. 3-7.
10. Kalinina E. A. Declarative norms of law: general theoretical review // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 136-141.
11. Kamensky A. “Under the canopy of Catherine …”. – St. Petersburg, 1992.
12. Kozhevnikov V. V. On the definitional norms of Russian law // Modern law. – 2013. – No. 6. – P. 12-18.
13. Kropachev N. M. Mechanism of criminal-law regulation: author’s abstract. dis. … doctor of law. – St. Petersburg, 2000.
14. Krokhalev S. V. Category of public order in international civil proceedings. Comparative study based on the legal systems of Russia and France: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2005.
15. Kuznetsova O. A. Defects of the legal norm: diagnostics and prevention // Journal of Russian law. – 2005. – No. 3. – P. 127-133.
16. Kursova O. A. Fictions in Russian law: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – N. Novgorod, 2000.
17. Kursova O. A. Functions of legal fictions: on the issue of using legal fiction as a legal sanction in labor law // Problems of legal liability: history and modernity / Ed. G. N. Chebotarev. – Tyumen, 2004. – P. 229-233.
18. Kursova O. A. Legal fictions of modern Russian law: essence, types, problems of action // Problems of legal technique: collection of articles / Ed. V. M. Baranov. – N. Novgorod, 2000.
19. Malyugin S. V. Normative generalizations in the legal system: concept, basic search parameters, varieties and functional significance // Legal paradigm. – 2019. – V. 18, No. 4. – P. 67-74.
20. Nikatishina N. A. Fictions in Law // Proceedings of the XXXVIII International Scientific Student Conference “Student and Scientific and Technological Progress” April 10-14, 2000.
21. On Understanding Soviet Law: “Round Table” // Soviet State and Law. – 1979. – No. 8. – P. 48-77.
22. Prudnikov M. N. History of the State and Law of Foreign Countries: Textbook for Bachelors – 6th ed., revised. and additional – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2013.
23. Radishchev A. N. Selected Works. – M.-L., 1949.
24. Sadikova D. R. Reflection of political ideas of Ch. L. Montesquieu in the “Instruction” of Catherine II (based on pre-revolutionary domestic historiography) // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2014. – No. 12 (341). History. Issue. 60. – P. 102-108.
25. Ufimtseva E. V. Branch formation in modern Russian law (doctrinal foundations and criteria): author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2017.
26. Cherdantsev A. F. Logical and linguistic phenomena in jurisprudence: monograph. – M.: Norma: Infra-M, 2012.
27. Shafirov V. M. The norm of law and normative generalizations // Legal problems of strengthening Russian statehood: collection of articles edited by M. M. Zhuravlev, A. M. Barnashov, V. M. Zuev. – Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House, 2011. – P. 5-7.
28. Shustov A. N. “Freedom, equality, brotherhood” (from the history of Russian socio-political vocabulary) // Russian speech. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 96-101.
29. Eman I. E. From liberal Italy to fascist Italy. Institutional crisis of the Italian state: events and concepts // Social and humanitarian sciences. Domestic and foreign literature. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 86-104.
30. Sechi S. Il regime di guerra 1915-1918 e i prodromi dello stato fascista su alcuni recenti studi // Rivista storica italiana. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 323-339.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PETROVA Viktoriya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law, State University of Education
GARYUK Elizaveta Sergeevna
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Law, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); independent researcher
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN JUSTICE: ACTUAL ISSUES AND PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION
This study focuses on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the administration of justice. It explores the specific features of implementing digital technologies in the legal field, as well as the ethical and legal challenges associated with their use. The authors delve into the concept of artificial intelligence, its various types, and their potential applications in social life and legal practice. Starting with an analysis of the concept of \”intelligence\” ingeneral, the authors examine its different types and their potential integration into the justice system. By the meaning and content of this concept, the study explores its significance in society and identifies the ethical and legal boundaries of its use. By analyzing the Russian national strategy for artificial intelligence, the authors draw attention to its potential and role in the implementation of justice. They also highlight the challenges and controversies associated with the integration of artificial intelligence into the judicial system. The purpose of this study is to explore the current issues and prospects for using AI in the justice system. The object of the study is the implementation of justice, and the subject is the inclusion of AI in the justice system.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, justice system, judicial activities, ethical issues, legal proceedings, digitalization, and smart solutions.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Apostolova N. N. Digital justice // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. 2022. No. 1. P. 130-135. https://doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-1-130-135
2. Ivanova A. P. Artificial Intelligence in the Administration of Justice: New Opportunities and New Problems: (Review) // Social and Humanitarian Sciences. Domestic and Foreign Literature: IAZH. Ser. 4: State and Law. 2022. No. 3. P. 89-98.
3. Makutchev A. V. Modern Possibilities and Limits of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in the Justice System // Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2022. No. 8 (141). S. 47-58.
4. Momotov V. V. Artificial intelligence in legal proceedings: status, prospects of use // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University, 2021. S. 41-43.
5. Stepanov O. A., Basangov D. A. On the prospects of the influence of artificial intelligence on legal proceedings // Vestn. Tom. state University. 2022. No. 475. S. 229-237.
6. Tsvetkov Yu. A. Artificial intelligence in justice // Law. 2021. No. 4. S. 54-60.
7. Shireeva E. V. Legal basis for the application and practice of introducing artificial intelligence in the implementation of judicial review // Law and Order. 2021. No. 3. P. 32-34.
8. Shundikov K. V. Artificial intelligence in Russian justice: state and prospects // Education and Law. 2023. No. 8. P. 315-321.
9. European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and their Environment (CEPEJ(2018)14) // Adopted in Strasbourg on 03.12.2018 – 04.12.2018 at the 31st Plenary Session of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
10. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 10.10.2019 No. 490 (as amended on 15.02.2024) “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation” (together with the “National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence for the Period up to 2030”) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 14.10.2019. No. 41. Art. 5700.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
TKACHENKO Anna Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
THE ROLE OF FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL CONCEPTS IN ENSURING THE STABILITY OF PROFESSIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS
The article examines the importance of fundamental legal concepts for the formation and maintenance of sustainable professional standards in legal activity. The main theoretical approaches to the systematization of the conceptual apparatus, as well as modern challenges and prospects for its renewal are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the influence of basic categories on the quality of legal education, the unity of professional language and the effectiveness of law enforcement. It is determined that fundamental legal concepts are a key factor ensuring the sustainability, internal consistency and continuity of professional legal standards. It is noted that a clearly structured and flexibly adaptable system of basic categories allows preserving the unity of professional language, maintaining the quality of legal education and practice, and ensuring predictability and transparency of law enforcement in the context of constant changes in legislation and public relations.
Keywords: legal concepts, legal standards, professionalism, systematization, conceptual apparatus, legal science.
Article bibliography
1. Barinov P. S., Vorotnikov A. A. Devaluation of legal categories: monograph. – Saratov: Saratov State Law Academy, 2020. – 200 p. – ISBN 978-5-7924-1575-1.
2. Vedeneyev Yu. A. Grammar of Law and Order: A Book for Legal Scholars, Specialists in Political and Legal Doctrines, and Historians of Legal Science. – Moscow: RG-Press, 2023. – 232 p. – ISBN 978-5-9988-1476-1.
3. Vedeneyev Yu. A. Jurisprudence: Phenomenon and Concept. Introduction to the Genealogy of the Language of Conceptual Paradigms. – Moscow: Prospect Limited Liability Company, 2022. – 328 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-35125-1.
4. Kosova Yu. A., Pavlova E. Yu., Sergeeva N. V. Technologies of Self-Organization and Self-Education / Russian State University of Justice. – Moscow: Russian State University of Justice, 2022. – 92 p. – ISBN 978-5-93916-983-7.
5. Makarova O. A., Suloev I. S. Legal linguistics as a new field of linguistics // Lingua Academica: Actual problems of linguistics and linguodidactics: Proceedings of the IX All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ulyanovsk, February 09, 2024. – Ulyanovsk: Ulyanovsk State University, 2024. – P. 330-333.
6. Pozharsky D. V. In Defense of the Dogmatism of Theoretical and Historical Legal Science // The Place and Role of Theoretical and Historical Legal Sciences in the System of Legal Education: Proceedings of the Round Table Dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Vladimir Branch of RANEPA, Vladimir, March 03, 2023. – Vladimir: Vladimir Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration”, 2023. – P. 74-77.
7. Puchkov V. O. Historical Semantics of Security Obligations: Language and Dogma of Law // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 4. – P. 78-92. – DOI 10.24031/2226-0781-2023-13-4-78-92.
8. Puchkov V. O. Methodological problems of modern jurisprudence. – Moscow: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2021. – 320 p. – ISBN 978-5-4396-2237-5.
9. Sergeev A. A. On the functions of legal norms that determine the meanings of legal concepts and terms // Modern law. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 5-10. – DOI 10.25799/NI.2021.79.74.001.
10. Shakhanov V. V. The Role of Legal Theory in Systematizing the Conceptual Apparatus of Jurisprudence // The Place and Role of Theoretical and Historical Legal Sciences in the System of Legal Education: Proceedings of the Round Table Dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Vladimir Branch of RANEPA, Vladimir, March 03, 2023. – Vladimir: Vladimir Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration”, 2023. – P. 101-106.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ANTONYAN Armen Karapetovich
postgraduate student of Perm State National Research University; Acting Deputy Head of the Legal Department of the Ministry for Regulation of the Contract system in the Field of Procurement of the Perm Region
ON THE QUESTION OF THE SIGNIFICANCE AND EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY DOCTRINAL SOURCES OF THE RULE OF LAW IN GREAT BRITAIN
The principle of the rule of law is of particular importance for the dynamic development of modern society and the economy, and has a global (supranational) character. At the same time, little attention is paid in the literature to the genesis of the rule of law, especially in terms of its early doctrinal foundations. The article analyzes the early doctrinal sources of the rule of law in England (Great Britain), their evolution and significance for the formation of the modern principle of the rule of law. The works of English jurists from the Middle Ages and Modern times reveal the basic imperative of the rule of law, which is expressed in the need for legal restrictions on the power of the monarch (now the executive branch), the exercise of state power in accordance with legal regulations and the inadmissibility of state arbitrariness and abuse of power.
Keywords: rule of law, monarch (king), law (statute), state power, Parliament, custom, doctrine.
Article bibliography
1. Aristotle. Politics. Works: in 4 volumes. Vol. 4. – M.: Mysl, 1983.
2. Chirkin V.E. The Rule of Law: Modern Versions of Terminology // Journal of Russian Law. – 2015. – № 12.
3. Dicey AV Fundamentals of the state law of England: Introduction to the study of the English constitution / Transl., supplemented by the 6th English. ed. by O. V. Poltoratskaya / Ed. by P. G. Vinogradov. 2nd ed. – M., 1907.
4. Mikhailov AM Formation and development of the doctrine of the rule of law in English legal thought // Genesis: historical research. – 2023. – № 9.
5. Svyatovets O. A. Problems of royal power in Henry Bracton’s treatise “On the laws and customs of England” // Jurisprudence. – 1997. – № 4.
6. Anthology of monuments of the feudal state and law of European countries / Ed. by acad. V. M. Koretsky. – M.: State Publishing House. Legal Literature, 1961.
7. Kantorovich E. H. Two Bodies of the King. Research in Medieval Political Theology / Translated from English by M. A. Boytsov and A. Yu. Seregina. – M.: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2015.
8. Savelo K. F. Early Feudal England. – L.: Leningrad University Publishing House, 1977.
9. Alekseev A. S. The Beginning of the Rule of Law in a Modern State. Speech Delivered by the Chairman of the Moscow Law Society at a Public Meeting of the Society on April 11, 1910 – 1910.
10. Shevchenko M. I. The Principle of the Rule of Law as the Basis of the Constitution of Great Britain: Theory, Practice and Prospects: Dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2024.
11. Rutherford S. Lex, rex: the law and the prince, a dispute for the just prerogative of king and people, containing the reasons and causes of the defensive wars of the kingdom of Scotland, and of their expedition for the aid and help of their brethren of England. 1644. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://books.google.ru/books?id=tpIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=%22Samuel+Rutherford%22+and+%22but+under+rule+of+law%22&source=bl&ots=3jZvY_yR6F&sig=0t4WLPmw2ucho0R_mDqg9EJrKA8&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Samuel%20Rutherford%22%20and%20%22but%20under%20rule%20of%20law%22&f=false (accessed: 10.02.2025).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ALOEV Kantemir Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE FORMATION OF A CODE OF ETHICS IN THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A RESULT OF THE DECENTRALIZATION OF LAW-MAKING POWERS
“Reason is the faculty which furnishes us with the principles of knowledge à priori”
I. Kant “The Critique of Pure Reason”
Modern technologies are rapidly developing, affecting various aspects of society. One of the most significant achievements of recent years is the development of artificial intelligence. At the same time, various problems of legal regulation are becoming relevant due to the influence of digital objects on public relations. However, classical approaches to legal regulation turn out to be insufficiently flexible and effective for rapid response to changes in technological realities, and therefore alternative forms are becoming relevant, which are implemented by the processes of decentralization of law-making powers. As an example of this study, the activities related to the creation of a national Code of Ethics in the field of artificial intelligence will be considered. The purpose of the study is to determine the mechanism of decentralization within the framework of the development and streamlining of ethical principles in the field of artificial intelligence. The research methodology is based on the dialectic of G. Hegel: general logical operations (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction), private scientific and special methods are used. The systematic method allows us to study complex legal processes and phenomena as integral elements of a single system. The formal legal method is used to analyze current by laws and acts of “soft” regulation of international and national law. The comparative legal method is used to determine the general and characteristic aspects of recommendatory acts affecting various subjects of regulation.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, Code of Ethics in the field of artificial intelligence, decentralization, advisory acts, delegated law-making, alternative forms of regulatory regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Aloev K. V. Autonomous lethal weapons in light of the principles of international humanitarian law // Lomonosov-2020: Proceedings of the International Youth Scientific Forum. Electronic resource, Moscow, April 13-17, 2020 / Editors-in-chief: I. A. Aleshkovsky, A. V. Andrianov, E. A. Antipov. – Moscow: OOO “MAX Press”, 2020.
2. Aloev K. V. The Impact of Dehumanization of Law on the Structure of Legal Relations // Law on the Path to Sustainable Development: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists, Moscow, May 14, 2022. Volume 1. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 2022. – Pp. 236-239.
3. Aloev K. V. Decentralization of Lawmaking in the Process of Establishing and Applying Experimental Legal Regimes // Education. Science. Scientific Personnel. – 2024. – No. 4. – Pp. 21-29.
4. Arkhipov V. V., Kamalova G. G., Naumov V. B. et al. Legal and Ethical Aspects Related to the Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Systems: History, Current State and Development Prospects: Monograph. – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print, 2020. – P. 260.
5. Arkhipov V. V., Kamalova G. G., Naumov V. B., Neznamov A. V. Comprehensive study of legal and ethical aspects related to the development and application of artificial intelligence and robotics systems. – Saint Petersburg: NP-Print, 2022. – P. 336.
6. Bezotosova A. R., Valitova D. V., Vlasov E. E., Neznamov A. V. et al. Global atlas of artificial intelligence regulation. Edition 2023. – Prepared for the ConsultantPlus system, 2023. – P. 433.
7. Bogdanov K.. V., Evtod’eva M. G. Lethal autonomous weapons systems: landscape and prospects // Polis. Political studies. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 67-80.
8. Vasilevskaya L. Yu., Code of ethics for “artificial intelligence”: legal myth and reality // Civil law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 19-22.
9. Vlasenko N. A. Deviating state: research methodology and foundations of theory // RUDN Journal of Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27, No. 2. – P. 257-272.
10. Degtyarev M. V. Latest regulatory technologies and tools: Regulatory experiments, sandboxes, guillotines, ecosystems, platforms. – M.: Buki Vedi, 2022. – P. 424.
11. Dremlyuga R. I., Dremlyuga O. A. Artificial intelligence – a subject of law: arguments for and against // Legal policy and legal life. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 120-125.
12. Zharich A. V. National and international prerequisites for the creation of a digital code of the Russian Federation // Civilist. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 5-9.
13. Ivliev G. P., Egorova M. A. Legal issues of the legal status of artificial intelligence and products created by artificial intelligence systems // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – Vol. 26, No. 6. – P. 32-46.
14. Kapitan D., Kassia P., Lafitsky V. I., et al. Administrative procedures and control in light of the European experience. – Moscow: Statut Publishing House, 2011. – P. 320.
15. Petrova D. A., Gaivoronskaya Ya. V., Mamychev A. Yu. Deadly autonomous systems: ethical, legal, political problems and prospects for their solution // Territory of new opportunities. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 33-43.
16. Romanovskaya O. V. The concept of deregulation in Russian legal science // Legal policy and legal life. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 24-28.
17. Savvina O. V. Ethical codes for the development and use of AI: the problem of application in practice // Bulletin of the RSUH. Series “Philosophy. Sociology. Art Criticism”. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 50-62.
18. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Creative regulators in the legal and virtual space // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27, No. 3. – P. 5-16.
19. Digital law: textbook / General editors Blazheev V.V., Egorova M.A. – Moscow: Prospect, 2021. – P. 640.
20. Experimental legal regimes (regulatory sandboxes): foreign practice and experience of formation in modern Russia: monograph / Co. of authors; ed. Davydova M. L., Makarova V. O. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2023. – P. 186.
21. Baird A., Schuller B. Considerations for a More Ethical Approach to Data in AI: On Data Representation and Infrastructure // Frontiers in big data. – 2020. – (3), 25.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
BIFOV Talustan Beslanovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
ZRUMOV Mukhamed Musarbievich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course of Theory, state and law sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
FEATURES OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND RELIGION IN RUSSIA
The relationship between law and religion in the Russian Federation (RF) is one of the most complex areas of research, since at each stage of historical development it has its own contradictions of complexity. At each stage of the development of the Russian state, certain forms of relations between law and religion were formed. At the moment, there are many opinions on various types of interaction between law and religion in Russia and scientific disputes between supporters of various forms of relations between law and religion continue, which determines the relevance of the research topic. Particular attention is paid to the historical development of the relationship between law and religion in the Soviet period, which is the most difficult and it is this period that arouses the greatest interest from researchers. Religion in the Soviet period was perceived as a negative social phenomenon. Since the basis of state policy was the Marxist-Leninist ideology, one of the basic foundations of which was atheism. In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), there was a legal system that significantly limited the rights of religious organizations and other religious associations. In addition, anti-religious propaganda was actively carried out, which was one of the directions of state policy.
Keywords: law, religion, propaganda, atheism, ideology, religious organizations, legal entities, confessions, faith.
Article bibliography
1. Druzhinina V. N. The state and religious organizations: strategies of interaction // Modern political strategies: collective monograph / St. Petersburg State University. – St. Petersburg: Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy, 2022. – P. 204-240.
2. Kalinger I. V. Law and religion: ttheoretical and legal aspects // Law and the state, the cultural dimension: materials of the VI International scientific and practical conference, St. Petersburg, November 26, 2021. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions, 2021. – Pp. 68-70.
3. Kurzakov M. V. Law and religion as social regulators // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2024. – No. 108-5. – Pp. 166-168.
4. Law and religion in interdisciplinary interpretation: monograph / edited by A. B. Didikin. – Moscow, 2019. – 408 p.
5. Tumurova A. T. Religion and law (the problem of delimitation) // Siberian legal bulletin. – 2024. – No. 2 (105). – pp. 16-23.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KULIKOV Alexey Evgenjevich
postgraduate student of the 1st year of study, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
SEPARATION OF POWERS AND THE INSTITUTION OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER: CURRENT ISSUES
The various models of separation of powers characteristic of presidential, parliamentary, mixed and super-presidential republics are analyzed. The classification of these models according to the nature of the president\’s powers is introduced – models with a \”strong\”, \”weak\” and \”dominant\” president. The trend of further expansion of powers in models with a \”strong\” president is analyzed. The article examines the domestic and foreign experience of the isolation and transformation of the institution of presidential power in the system of separation of powers. The problem of legalizing indefinite stay in power through legitimate constitutional procedures amendment is raised, as well as the problem of distorting the fundamental foundations embedded in the content of the theory of separation of powers, due to which this principle ceases to fulfill its main role – to prevent excessive concentration of power in one hand.
Keywords: separation of powers, system of checks and balances, constitutional reform, presidential power, democracy, presidential republic, parliamentary republic, usurpation of power, authoritarianism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Marchenko N. M. Problems of the theory of state and law: Textbook; Moscow state University named after M. V. Lomonosov. Legal fak. – Moscow: Prospect, 2001. – 755 p.
2. Drobot S. E. Constitutional reform – 2020: constitutionalization of a super-presidential republic. // Law and right. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 50-53.
3. Sogrin V. V. Branches of government in the USA: evolution, interaction, rivalry // Social sciences and modernity. – 2001. – No. 1. – P. 70-89.
4. Kosov R. V. Theory of separation of powers: Textbook. manual. – Tambov: Publishing house of Tambov state tech. University, 2005. – 80 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
LEVSHUKOVA Yuliya Sergeevna
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel Training, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan
LEGAL MEANS OF ENSURING THE REALIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF THE STATE
The article examines legal means as a key element of the legal mechanism for implementing the economic function of the state. Various scientific approaches are considered, emphasizing their institutional nature and diversity of forms. The effectiveness of the properties of legal means ensuring the overcoming of obstacles in economic relations is noted. The role of the mechanism of legal regulation in the translation of regulatory prescriptions into orderly public relations is substantiated. The definition of legal means is proposed as a set of normative legal acts, institutional forms and legal actions for optimizing economic relations.
Keywords: legal means, economic function, state, signs, legal mechanism, regulation
Article bibliographic list
1. Alekseev S. S. Legal means: statement of the problem, concept, classification // Soviet state and law. – 1987. – No. 6. – P. 61-72.
2. Chervonyuk V. I. Theory of state and law: textbook. – M., 2007. – P. 322.
3. Puginsky B. I. Civil-legal means in economic relations. – M.: Jurid. lit., 1984. – 224 p.
4. Kurilov V. I. XXVII Congress of the CPSU and socio-legal means of shaping the behavior of an individual at work // Jurisprudence. – 1987. – No. 3. – P. 4.
5. Sapun V. A. Activities on the use of legal means in the implementation of Soviet law // Problems of the implementation of law. – Sverdlovsk, 1990. – P. 10.
6. Malko A. V. New phenomena in the political and legal life of Russia: issues of theory and practice. – Tolyatti, 1999. – P. 65.
7. Malko A. V. Legal means as a general theoretical problem // News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence. – 1999. – No. 2 (225). – P. 4-16.
8. Alekseev S. S. Legal means: problem statementы, concept, classification // Soviet state and law. – 1987. – No. 6. – P. 14.
9. Gorshenev V. M. Participation of public organizations in legal regulation. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1963. – 167 p.
10. Melekhin A. V. Theory of state and law: textbook. 2nd ed. // SPS “ConsultantPlus”, 2009.
11. Zharikov Yu. S. Criminal-legal regulation and the mechanism of its implementation. – M.: Jurisprudence, 2009. – 216 p.
12. Vavilin E. V. Implementation and protection of civil rights. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2009. – 360 pp.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
POPOV Pavel Valerjevich
postgraduate student of Fundamental legal and social-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC CONTROL IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE STATE
The research is devoted to the issue of theoretical and legal analysis of the fundamental principles of public control. The principles, as fundamental ideas underlying the legal regulation of public relations, permeate the entire state legal system, and therefore the institution of public control is no exception. The author analyzed an exhaustive list of legislatively enshrined principles of public control, among which general legal and special ones were differentiated, each principle was considered from the point of view of its manifestation in the context of the implementation of public control. Having studied the legislatively enshrined principles of public control, and having analyzed current scientific opinions regarding the principles of public control activities, the author comes to the conclusion that some of them require additional clarification, and the legislation requires supplementation in terms of expanding the said principles, in particular, the need to include in the list provided by law a number of general and special principles, such as equality, reliability, objectivity, impartiality and validity, is substantiated. Proposals have been made and scientifically substantiated for making amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Public Control in the Russian Federation” in terms of expanding the principles enshrined in law.
Keywords: principle of law, legal system, public control, principle of validity, principle of equality, principle of objectivity and impartiality
Article bibliographic list
1. Gasanova A. N. Principles of law: modern approaches // Bulletin of PAGS. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 41-55.
2. Goncharov V. V. Essence and meaning of the category “public control of authorities” // Politics and Society. – 2018. – No. 10. – P. 1-17.
3. Dolgopyat A. O. Concept and content of the principle of legality // Business in law. – 2008. – No. 4. – P. 242-244.
4. Kelina S. G., Kudryavtsev V. N. Principles of Soviet Criminal Law. – M., 1988. – 176 p.
5. Kornev V. N. Evolution of the Doctrine of the Principles of Law in Domestic Legal Science // Legal Science and Practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 1 (41). – P. 64-70.
6. Maly D. A. Legality as a Constitutional Principle // Symbol of Science. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 234-236.
7. Melnikova M. V. Public Control over the Activities of State Bodies as a Form of Interaction between Civil Society and the State // Bulletin of the Samara Humanitarian Academy. Series: Law. – 2019. – No. 1 (22). – P. 11.
8. Mikheev D. S. The essence and content of the principle of publicity of local self-government: theoretical and legal aspects // Mari Legal Bulletin. – 2013. – No. 10. – P. 109-121.
9. Purge A. R. On the issue of the legal nature and directions of public control // Administrative and municipal law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 48-59.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
WU Rongrui
postgraduate student of Theory of law and state of the sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
MODEL FOR ASSESSING CHINA\’S LEGISLATION FOR GENDER EQUALITY
The article is devoted to the study of the gender equality assessment system (GEA) implemented in the People\’s Republic of China, which is a mechanism for monitoring the compliance of laws, regulations, and even political decisions with the criteria formed and applied within the framework of this system. Gender equality assessment is defined in the article as a preliminary analysis of a law, political decision, or program that allows for a preventive determination of the likelihood that this decision will have negative consequences for the state of parity between women and men. The article analyzes the main parameters of the gender equality assessment system (GEA) in the PRC, such as: goal-setting as an element of the assessment system; attitude to gender as an indicator of objective differences affecting gender equality; features of cultural development as a \”risk point\” in the context of gender equality; aspects of legitimacy and resource intensity of the law in the context of gender equality.
Keywords: sex, gender, gender equality, system for assessing compliance with the principles of gender equality, expertise of legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Bogomozova O. I. Problems of implementing the legal status of women // Business in law. – 2007. – No. 3. – P. 215-216.
2. Women’s Union in Jiangsu. Research and practice of the mechanism for assessing gender equality of legal acts and policies in Jiangsu Province: building a gender impact assessment model with Chinese characteristics. – Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, 2018. – 65-66 p.
3. Kiss S. V. History of the formation of the concept of “gender equality” // Actual problems of combating crimes and other offenses. – 2022. – No. 22-2. – P. 162-164.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FEDOROVICH Mikhail Aleksandrovich
postgraduate student of the Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE PROCEDURE FOR HOLDING THE STATE LIABILITY: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS
This article provides a comprehensive study of the institution of state legal liability. It analyzes the theoretical and historical foundations, classifications, and practical mechanisms for holding a state liable within two legal systems: national (using the Russian Federation as an example) and international. The author examines in detail the grounds for liability, its types, forms of implementation, as well as circumstances including wrongfulness. Particular attention is paid to complex issues of conflict and interaction between domestic and international legal mechanisms, including the doctrine of state immunity, the rule on the exhaustion of local remedies, and the problem of enforcement of international court decisions in light of current trends affirming constitutional sovereignty.
Keywords: theory of state and law, legal liability of the state, state sovereignty, tortious liability, constitutional liability, international legal responsibility, attribution of conduct, circumstances precluding wrongfulness, state immunity, Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, implementation of norms, international courts.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation: [adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020] // Official Internet portal of legal information. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 10.06.2025).
2. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: [concluded in Rome on 04.11.1950] // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 2. – Art. 163.
3. United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property: [adopted by General Assembly Resolution 59/38 of 02.12.2004] // United Nations. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/state_immunities.shtml (accessed on 11.06.2025).
4. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two): Federal Law of 26.01.1996 No. 14-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 5. – Art. 410.
5. The Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 08.03.2015 No. 21-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 10. – Art. 1391.
6. Draft articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts: [adopted by the International Law Commission at its fifty-third session, 2001] // Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session. A/56/10. – New York: UN, 2001. – P. 54-68.
7. In the case concerning the verification of the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 1 of the Federal Law “On Ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Protocols thereto”, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 32 of the Federal Law “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation”, parts one and four of Article 11, paragraph 4 of part four of Article 392 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, parts 1 and 4 of Article 13, paragraph 4 of part 3 of Article 311 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, parts 1 and 4 of Article 15, paragraph 4 of part 1 of Article 350 of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation and paragraph 2 of part four of Article 413 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the request of a group of deputies of the State Duma: Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 14.07.2015 No. 21-P // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 30. – Art. 4658.
8. On the application of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation when considering cases in the court of first instance: Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 23.12.2021 No. 46 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2022. – No. 9 (8657).
9. Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits: Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986. – P. 14.
10. Case concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran): Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980. – P. 3.
11. Case Solange I (29 May 1974).
12. Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law: textbook: in 2 volumes. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1981. – Vol. 1. – 360 p.
13. Degtyarev G. V. Formation and Development of the Institute of State Responsibility // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 34-41.
14. Zorkin V. D. Law in the Digital World. Reflections on the Sidelines of the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2018. – No. 115 (7578).
15. Korkunov N. M. Russian State Law. Volume 1. Introduction and General Part / 6th ed. – St. Petersburg: Printing House of M. M. Stasyulevich, 1909. – 623 p.
16. Lukashuk I. I. Law of International Responsibility. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2004. – 432 p.
17. Matuzov N. I., Malko A. V. Theory of State and Law: Textbook / 4th ed., corrected. and additional – Moscow: Publishing House “Delo” RANEPA, 2011. – 528 p.
18. Crawford J. State Responsibility: The General Part. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. – 800 p.
19. Shaw M. N. International Law / 8th ed. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. – 1040 p.
20. Tomuschat C. State Responsibility and the Individual // The Law of International Responsibility / Ed. by J. Crawford, A. Pellet, S. Olleson. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. – P. 3-16.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
ARSYAKOVA Irina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, branch in Ryazan
VIDOVA Tatyana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, branch in Ryazan
GOLOVASTOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Penal enforcement law and organization of educational work with convicts sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan; Professor of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University, branch in Ryazan
THE FORMATION OF LABOR RELATIONS IN RUSSIA IN THE 11TH– THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES
The article is devoted to topical issues of the formation and development of labor relations in Russia in the era of feudalism. The authors consider the period of the XI – first half of the XIX centuries in the context of the formation of labor law norms in the conditions of feudalism. The relevance of this topic is due to the indisputable role of labor relations both in the economy and in the socio-political sphere of any state. The period of the XI – the first half of the XIX centuries became the time of the origin, emergence and formation of the system of serfdom. At the same time, elements of modern labor law based on humanistic values were emerging within this system. The authors conclude that labor relations developed naturally during this period, and that the legal acts under study played a significant role in shaping labor law in Russia.
Keywords: labor law, labor relations, Russkaya Pravda, Sobornoye Ulozheniye, serfdom system, industrial revolution, and labor legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Borodina E. N. Social relations included in the subject of labor law of Russia (history of the issue) // Business in law. – 2011. – No. 6. – P. 26-31.
2. Zharkov V. V., Tatochenko V. V. On the issue of social policy of the Russian state through the prism of regulation of labor relations in the 13th-18th centuries // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. – 2022. – V. 28, No. 4. – P. 7-13.
3. Kinyapina N. S. The policy of the Russian autocracy in the field of industry (20-50s of the XIX century). – Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1968. – 454 p.
4. Kiselev I. Ya. Labor law of Russia. Historical and legal research. Textbook. – Moscow: Publishing house Norma, 2001. – 384 p.
5. Mankov A. G. Code of 1649 – the code of feudal law of Russia. – Leningrad: Nauka, 1980. – 271 p.
6. Sobolev S. A. The right to work and the employment contract in the history and modern development of the legal system of Russia // Yearbook of labor law. – 2020. – P. 160-174.
7. Sudakova M. M. History of labor discriminationtions in Russia // Current issues in civil law: materials of the annual all-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ulan-Ude, May 14, 2021. – Ulan-Ude: Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, 2021. – P. 99-106.
8. Tal L. S. Essays on industrial labor law. – Moscow, 1918. – 315 p.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
ARSHIEV Batraz Magometovich
doctoral student, Bulgarian Islamic Academy
PRACTICE OF APPLICATION OF NORMS OF ISLAMIC LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AMONG THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA
The purpose of the study is to reveal the problem associated with the complexities of the practice of some elements of Islamic legal proceedings by Muslims of the Russian Federation. The article examples describes the practice of Islamic legal proceedings in some regions of the North Caucasus, in particular Dagestan and Chechnya in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The main attention is paid to explaining the methods of royal power, while combining the norms of Russian legislation and Islamic law in the territories that became part of the Russian Empire. The author in this article draws attention to the fact that, despite significant differences in these legal norms, if desired, Muslims can simultaneously observe the rules of their religion in the legal field and not overstep the provisions of Russian law, in particular in such matters as inheritance, family law, etc. The author also tried to point out the positive aspects of such a combination, using the example of our country\’s experience at some historical stages of its formation and development. Scientific novelty lies in the study of real historical examples of combining in one legal field both the norms of Russian legislation and some elements of Islamic law. In particular, the article studies the methods and areas of combining these norms in different historical periods. As a result, it was determined that the Muslim community needs to know and study both the norms of Islamic law and the norms of Russian legislation. With the competent use of the unique experience of previous generations, which was developed as a result of many years of interaction between adat and Muslim law by the Russian state in the 19th century and the Soviet state in the 20th century, it can be transferred to modern practice. Expanding the scope of application of Sharia (and adat) as additional legal systems is possible and necessary, recognizing them not as an alternative to the Russian state, but as a supplement and can be their introduction into the legislative base.
Keywords: Islam, Caucasus, Sharia, legal proceedings, Qadi.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abdurakhman from Gazikumukh. Book of Memories. – Makhachkala: Dagestan Book Publishing House, 1997. – 868 p.
2. Albogachieva M. S.-G., Babich I. L., Pliev A. A. Ethnopolitical aspects of the legal culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: historical roots and modernity. – Moscow: Direct-Media, 2022. – 248 p.
3. Dadaev Yu. U. The State of Shamil. – Makhachkala: Ikhlas, 2006. – 505 p.
4. DGSVK (Movement of the highlanders of the north-eastern Caucasus in the 20-50s of the XIX century). – Makhachkala: Dagestan Book Publishing House, 1959. – P. 415.
5. Misrokov Z. Kh. Adat and Sharia in the Russian legal system: historical destinies of legal pluralism in the North Caucasus. – Moscow: Moscow University Publishing House, 2002. – 251 p.
6. Runovsky A. Z. Shamil’s Code. – St. Petersburg, 1862.
7. Syukiyainen L. R. Sharia courts: modern practice and prospects in Russia // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 45-62.
8. Chedzhemov S. R. Legal acculturation of the peoples of Russia in the imperial and Soviet periods // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – T. 26, No. 4.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
KICHA Mariya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
ISRAEL’S TERRITORY AND BORDERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ARAB–ISRAELI CONFLICT
The publications tackle an issue previously overlooked by domestic jurisprudence– the question of Israel’s territory and frontiers. As is generally acknowledged, territory bounded by state borders is a key attribute of any political-legal entity. Yet regarding Israel, a view persists that its boundaries remain undefined, that the state has neither proclaimed nor continues to set them, and so on. Drawing on normative acts, the author conducts a thorough analysis of this problem.
Keywords: Israel, Palestine, United Nations, Arab League, annexation, state territory, resolutions, Palestine Partition Plan, national borders.
Article bibliography
1. Shlaim A. Interview. Middle East Policy Council. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mepc.org/essays/interview-avi-shlaim/ (date of access: 14.05.2025).
2. Kleiman, Shelley. “The State of Israel Declares Independence”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.archive.org/web/20140730003223/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/1999/Pages/Shelley%20Kleiman%20-%20The%20State%20of%20Israel%20Declares%20Ind.aspx (accessed: 14.05.2025).
3. Declaration of Independence (Israel). Wikisource, The Free Library. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence (Israel) (date accessed: 09/01/2025).
4. Letter from Eliahu Epstein to President Harry S. Truman, with attachments concerning Israel’s recognition, 14 May 1948. Harry S. Truman Library. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/eliahu-epstein-harry-s-truman-attatchments-re-recognition-israel (date accessed: 05/14/2025).
5. Amb. Richard Holbrooke. President Truman’s Decision to Recognize Israel. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://jcpa.org/article/president-truman%E2%80%99s-decision-to-recognize-israel/ (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
6. Telegram copy from Epstein to Shertock, 14 May 1948. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20141027211730/http://archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/BD240CA5-379D-4FAE-81A8-069902AD1E7F/0/Truman3.pdf (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
7. Israel Declares Independence: Republic Established. Department of State Bulletin, 23 May 1948. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://archive.org/details/departmentofstatx1848unit/page/673/mode/1up (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
8. Letter of 18 May 1948 from the Assistant Secretary-General for Security Council Affairs to the Jewish Agency for Palestine and the 22 May 1948 reply to the Secretary-General on questions raised by the Security Council. United Nations, The Question of Palestine. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182380/ (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
9. Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence. Report to Israel’s Provisional Government. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/report-to-the-provisional-government-by-pm-ben-gurion (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
10. Letter of 3 September 1949 from the Chairman of the Conciliation Commission to Mr. Reuven Shiloah, Head of the Israeli Delegation. United Nations, The Question of Palestine. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/AAC25IS37.pdf (Accessed: 14.05.2025).
11. Cablegram by the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Cablegram_from_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States_to_the_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations (date of access: 14.05.2025).

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
KRASILNIKOV Sergey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
THE ROLE OF PREOBRAZHENSKY PRIKAZ AND SECRET CHANCELLERY AS INSTITUTIONS OF POLITICAL INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 17TH – 18TH CENTURIES
The article analyzes the formation and evolution of Preobrazhensky prikaz and Secret Chancellery as the first specialized institutions of political investigation and trial in the Russian state of the late 17th – 18th centuries. The paper examines historical prerequisites for their creation, legal foundations of their activities, and procedural features of investigation and judicial proceedings in political cases. Special attention is paid to the transformation of these institutions in the context of Peter the Great\’s absolutist reforms and their influence on the formation of the state-legal system of the Russian Empire. Based on modern historiographical approaches and archival data, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the role of these institutions in the development of political justice and their impact on the evolution of Russian statehood.
Keywords: Preobrazhensky prikaz, Secret Chancellery, political investigation, state crimes, Peter the Great, investigative process, political justice, absolutism.
Article bibliographic list
1. Serov D. O., Fedorov A. V. Investigation and political investigation in Russia: historical parallels // Russian investigator. 2021. No. 3. P. 45-57.
2. Veremenko V. I. Evolution of the political investigation system in Russia in the 18th century: historical and legal analysis // History of the state and law. 2020. No. 9. Pp. 126-137.
3. Anisimov E. V. Political investigation in Russia during the time of Peter the Great: new sources and interpretations // Questions of history. 2022. No. 5. Pp. 78-89.
4. Kutafin D. O. Preobrazhensky order and the system of repressive bodies of the Russian Empire: continuity and transformation // Lex Russica. 2021. No. 7. Pp. 112-123.
5. Sokolov A. S. Secret chancery in the system of state bodies of Russia in the 18th century // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. 2023. No. 2. P. 93-104.
6. Kiselev M. A. Legal basis for the activities of political investigation agencies in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century // Russian Law Journal. 2020. No. 4. P. 55-64.
7. Petrov K. V. Political justice in Russia in the 18th century: historical and legal aspect // State and Law. 2022. No. 6. P. 42-51.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
LADYGA Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, Head of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
LEVCHENKOV Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
KRASILNIKOVA Lyudmila Ivanovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR COUNTERING ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR (1960 – MID-1980S)
In an article by a team of authors, using archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, an analysis of the features of institutional legal measures to counter organized crime in the Ukrainian SSR during the period of “developed socialism” was carried out. Based on the analysis carried out, it was concluded that attempts to build a new model of practical techniques for countering organized crime were not systemic in nature, which caused inefficiency in the legal provision of counteraction to this destructive phenomenon and created problems in the future.
Keywords: organized crime, countering organized crime, law enforcement system.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bogdanov S.V. Attempts by N.S. Khrushchev to intensify the fight against economic crime in the USSR // Bulletin of the Archivist. – 2012. – No. 3. – P. 206-217.
2. The fight against crime and mischief / Academy of Sciences of the URSR. Institute of power and law. – Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1969. – 199 p.
3. Gurov A.I. Organized crime: a course of lectures. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. – 368 p.
4. Zedgenizova I. I., Prokopishina A. E. Historical and legal mechanisms for improving economic crimes in Russia // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 11-2. – pp. 155-158.
5. The number of people convicted by courts that have gained legal standing in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and regions // Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine / Vedp. for the release. V. V. Samchenko. – Kiev: Tekhnika, 1995. – 496 p.
6. Komakha V. O. Tactical features of forward investigation of criminalistic objects and the significance of judicial examinations. – Vinnytsia: DP DKF, 2006. – 736 p.
7. Korsakov K.V. Criminological and criminal legal analysis of modern organized crime // Antinomies. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 67-84.
8. Litvak O. M. Sovereign influx on malice: criminological legal investigation. – Kyiv: Yurinkom-Inter, 2000. – 307 p.
9. Luneev V. V. Crime and the shadow economy // Economic science of modernoy of Russia. – 2005. – No. 1 (28). – P.72-82.
10. Mykhailenko P. P., Kondratyev Ya. Yu. History of the militia of Ukraine in documents and materials: in 3 volumes. – Kyiv: Geneza, 2000. Vol. 3: 1946-1990. – 616 p.
11. Central State Archives of the Supreme Authorities and Administration of Ukraine (hereinafter TSGAVOVU (U)). – Collection 288. – Inventory 10. – File 632. (Accessed: February – May 2013).
12. TSGAVOVU (U). – F. 288. – Op. 11. – D. 7002.
13. TSGAVOVU (U). – F. 288. – Op. 11. – D. 9345.
14. Central State Archives of Public Organizations and Associations of Ukraine (hereinafter – TSGAOO(U)). – Fund 1. – Inventory 25. – File 58. (Accessed: April – September 2013).
15. TSGAOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 60.
16. TSGAOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 62.
17. TSGAOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 69.
18. TSGAOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 167.
19. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 209.
20. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 211.
21. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 213.
22. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 387.
23. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 393.
24. TsGAOOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 551.
25. TSGAOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 2757.
26. TSGAOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 2267.
27. TSGAOOO (U). – F. 1. – Op. 25. – D. 3016.
28. Yaremenko V. S. Russian organized crime: history and modernity: author’s abstract. dis. candidate of historical sciences. – Moscow, 2006. – 18 p.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
NAIDENOVA Elena Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Director, Institute of History, Law and Social Sciences; associate professor of Public law disciplines sub-faculty, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
MARKOV Roman Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Public law disciplines sub-faculty, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE FAMILY AND MINORS IN RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONAL ACTS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD
The article presents the results of a study on the evolution of constitutional and legal protection of the family and minors in Soviet-era RSFSR legislation. It traces the transformation of Soviet family policy from the initial neglect of the family as an independent institution to its gradual constitutional recognition and the establishment of state-guaranteed social protections for motherhood and childhood. The 1937 RSFSR Constitution marked a turning point by declaring the state’s obligation to safeguard motherhood and childhood, while the 1978 Constitution recognized the family as a distinct value under state protection. The study highlights contradictions between ideological prescriptions, normative declarations, and practical implementation, revealing the burdens placed on women, ineffective welfare measures, and bureaucratic barriers. It also underscores the pervasive influence of Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the excessive state intrusion into private life.
Keywords: legal protection of the family, minors, Soviet state law, social policy, evolution of legislation, state support, communist ideology.
Article bibliography
1. Andreev V. L. Criminal-legal protection of the interests of the family and minors in the Soviet period // Security of the penal system. 2010. No. 3. P. 51-54.
2. Galkin A. G., Dzhadan E. I. Protection of the rights of minors in the Soviet state: a retrospective analysis of legislation // Leningrad Law Journal. 2018. No. 3. P. 42-53.
3. Perova M. A. Power over minor citizens: childhood in the family policy of Soviet Russia in the 1917-1930s // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Social Sciences and Humanities. 2016. Vol. 16, No. 4. P. 50-57. DOI: 10.14529/ssh160407.
4. Polyansky P. L. Reforming Soviet family law during the Great Patriotic War: author’s abstract. dis. … cand. jurid. sciences: 12.00.01. M., 1998. 21 p.
5. Khasbulatova O. A., Smirnova A. V. Evolution of state policy towards family in Russia in the 20th – early 21st centuries (historical and sociological analysis) // Woman in Russian society. 2008. No. 3. Pp. 3-14.
6. Cheprasova Yu. V., Nekrasov D. D. Legal foundations for the protection of family and minors in Russia: historical evolution and modern practice // The Age of Science. 2024. No. 40. Pp. 67-70.
7. Evolution of family and family policy in the USSR / Ed. A. G. Vishnevsky. M.: Nauka, 1992. 140 pp.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
PROKHOROV Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CRIMEAN INTERNAL AFFAIRS DIRECTORATE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1920S: METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF HISTORICAL AND LEGAL RESEARCH
The article examines the methods and principles of historical and legal research into the problem of the organization and activities of the internal affairs bodies of Crimea in the first half of the 1920s. The work analyzes the most significant works that objectively illuminate the process of searching and choosing the methods and principles of historical and legal research of this problem. Particular attention is paid to general scientific, historical and special scientific research methods that serve as a tool in obtaining factual material, being a necessary condition for achieving the set goal. General philosophical principles that contribute to the disclosure of the historical and legal specifics of the problem are shown.
Key words: methodology, historical and legal research, methodological basis, internal affairs agencies, method, scientific knowledge, analysis, scientific approach, RCM, IAB, research, workers\’ and peasants\’ militia, scientific principles.
Article bibliographic list
1. Prokhorov V. V. Organizational formation of the workers’ and peasants’ militia of Crimea: monograph. – Kyiv: Telesik, 2007. – 240 p.
2. Santsevich A. V. Methodology of historical research. – Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1990. – 190 p.
3. Kozhevina M. A. Militia education in Soviet Russia: organization and legal regulation (1918-1991): diss. … doc. jurid. sciences: specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”. – Moscow, 2005. – 416 p.
4. Cherdakov O. I. Formation of the law enforcement system of the Soviet state, 1917-1936 (historical and legal research): dis. … doctor of law. sciences: specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; history of doctrines on law and state”. – Saratov, 2002. – 471 p.
5. Kovalchenko I. D. Methods of historical research. – Moscow: Nauka, 1987. – 486 p.
6. Dodonov A. F. On the principles and methods of studying the political activities of Soviet workers in the 60-80s // Scientific works of the history faculty of Zaporizhzhya State University. – 2001. – Issue XIII. – P. 202-210.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
TITOV Vladimir Yurjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Natural sciences and humanities sub-faculty, Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation
THE ROLE OF “POLITICAL FAIRY TALES” AND SOCIAL FICTION IN THE STUDY OF ILLEGITIMATE RUMORS REFLECTED IN THE DOCUMENTS OF THE FEDERAL AND REGIONAL ARCHIVES OF SOVIET SIBERIA, THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
The article analyzes archival materials on the problem of the formation of protest sentiments in the USSR. The basis for the formation of protest sentiments were: delegitimate and legitimate rumors spread in public opinion. The following levels of protest rumors have been dumped out: sacred, desacral, critically reflecting on reality, protest complaints, and political fairy tales.
Keywords: archival funds, sacred rumors, desacral rumors, critically comprehending the reality of complaints-letters, protest complaints, political fairy tales.
Article bibliography
1. GAPK – State Archives of Primorsky Krai, f. 1588 (collection “Declassified files of the special storage of the UP KGB for Primorsky Krai”), op. 3, d. PU – 7048, volumes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18.
2. RGASPI – Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, f. 17 (collection of the Central Committee of the USSR), op. 3, d. 181, l. 1-2.
3. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 87 – organizational department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, materials correspond with publications in the journal “Revolution of Law”, for 1928, for example, No. 4. – P. 67-69.
4. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 112 – Orgburo; GANIIO, f. 1 (fund of the regional party committee), op. 1 – Irkutsk regional committee and provincial committee.
5. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 85 and 87 – a collection of documents of the internal opposition from the localities.
6. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3.
7. RGASPI, f. 82 (fund of V. M. Molotov), op. 2, the materials correspond with publications in the journals “Revolution of Law” and “Revolutionary Legality” for 1926-1929.
8. CDOOSO – Center for Documentation of Public Associations of the Sverdlovsk Region, f. (collection of cases from show trials) 41, d. 137, l. 76.
9. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 85, 87.
10. GANO – State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region, f. P-3 (Chancery of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of the Novosibirsk Region), op. 3, d. 83 and op. 2, d. 233.
11. RGVI DV – Russian State Historical Archives of the Far East, f. 2411 (collection of documents on the development of the North) – a collection of documents on the development of the North, f. R-2638 – collection of documents on the rehabilitation of Soviet citizens, f. 3157 – fund of the overseer of the Udyl mines.
12. GANO, f. R-1027 (collection of declassified cases), op. 8, d. 4, l. 90.
13. Staroselsky Ya. V. Principles of the construction of criminal repression in the proletarian state // Revolution of Law. – 1927. – No. 2. – P. 83.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
LYKOV Andrey Yurjevich
competitor of Theory, history of state and law sub-faculty, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR PRINCIPLES IN THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL IDEALS OF THE MIDDLE AGES
Based on the analysis of the development of political and legal thought in the Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries), the dominance of the religious principle in political and legal ideals with a gradual strengthening of the secular principle in early secular and anti-clerical approaches (M. of Padua, J. Bodin) is substantiated. Despite regional uniqueness, the common goal of medieval thinkers was to find ways to establish justice, universal peace and the common good, and the ideas of popular sovereignty and religious tolerance that arose during this period became a prerequisite for the political and legal ideals of thinkers of the New Age.
Keywords: political and legal ideal, Islamic political doctrine, popular sovereignty, religious tolerance, sacralization of power, evolution of political and legal ideals, history of teachings on law and state.
Article bibliography
1. Lozinsky S. T. History of the Papacy. – M., 1986.
2. Blessed Augustine. About the City of God. Works. Books I-XIII. – T. 3. – St. Petersburg, 1998.
3. Shestovskikh N. A. Morality and Law in the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas // Society: Philosophy, History, Culture. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 142, 146.
4. Zhulev V. V. The Problem of the Best Form of Government in the Works of Thomas Aquinas // Humanitarian Gazette of L. N. Tolstoy TGPU. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 76, 79.
5. Dante Alighieri. Monarchy. – Moscow, 1999.
6. Fedosov I. V. Muslim Law and the Influence of Islam on Secular Law in Historical Retrospect and Modernity // Bulletin of V. N. Tatishchev Volzhsky University. – 2021. – V. 1, No. 2 (98). – P. 59-61.
7. Kamaletdinova A. Ya. Al-Farabi’s Philosophical Vision of Man and Society // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State University. – 2020. – No. 9 (443). – P. 87.
8. History of Political and Legal Doctrines / Ed. by V. S. Nersesyants. – M., 2004.
9. Zikirzoda H. The Place and Role of Human Society in the Views of Ibn Khaldun // Bulletin of the Pedagogical University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 53.
10. Jones E. L. Growth Recurring. Economic Change in World History. – Oxford, 1988.
11. Starostina A. B. Confucian concept of transmission of the Path in the works of Han Yu // Orientalism. – 2020. – Vol. 3, No. 1. – P. 71, 78.
12. Pirozhenko O. S. From the history of Korean legislation in the 14th – 15th centuries // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 13: Oriental Studies. – 2023. – Vol. 67, No. 3. – P. 23-25.
13. Pommare F. Tibet. Wounded civilization / Trans. c. fr. A. Chudova. – M., 2005.
14. Ostrovskaya Jr. E. A. Tibetan Buddhism. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
15. Popov K. A. Legislative acts of medieval Japan. – Moscow, 1984.
16. Trubnikova N. N. Dialogue of a Buddhist and a Confucian // Philosophy and Society. – 1997. – No. 6. – P. 269-271.
17. Lepekhova E. S. Classification of Buddhist schools in the concept of Kukai // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. – 2012. – No. 6-1. – P. 94.
18. Dashitsyrenova E. P. Place and role of Saicho: in the history of Japanese Buddhism // Bulletin of the Buryat State University. – 2010. – No. 14. – P. 245-246.
19. Trikoz E. N. Military-class codifications in medieval Japan: the era of the first shogunates // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 24, No. 4. – P. 970-971.
20. Gruzdev V. V. Public administration of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th-15th centuries (historical and legal review) // Bulletin of the Kostroma State University. – 2024. – Vol. 30, No. 1. – P. 202.
21. Milkov V. Hilarion // Philosophical anthropology. – 2019. – Vol. 5, No. 1. – P. 112.
22. Polkhov S. A. “Rokkaku-shi shikimoku” – a code of laws of the warring provinces period // Yearbook Japan. – 2011. – Vol. 40. – P. 182.
23. Kozlova N. N., Rassadin S. V. World(o)-order as the basis of the “Social” in the doctrine of Marsilius of Padua // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Philosophy. – 2023. – No. 2 (64). – P. 121, 125.
24. Borzov A. A. Philosophical and legal teachings of Marsilius of Padua on the state // Legal Thought. – 2020. – No. 3 (119). – P. 34.
25. Fedyushkina A. I. The Origins of Federalism in the Political and Legal Doctrine of Johannes Althusius // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 178.
26. Marsilius of Padua. Defender of Peace. Defensor pacis / Transl. from French. B. U. Yesenov; scientific ed., introduction. article, notes. G. P. Luparev. – Moscow, 2014.
27. Mironova D. V. G. Modern Readings of “Defensor pacis” by Marsilius of Padua // Historical and Philosophical Yearbook. – 2021. – No. 36. – P. 92.
28. Klimkov O. S. Modern study of the dispute between Nile and Joseph // Priority nscientific directions: from theory to practice. – 2016. – No. 34-2. – P. 38-41.
29. Tsypkin E. I. Martin Luther’s Reformation: Prerequisites and Causes (for the 500th Anniversary of the Beginning of the Reformation) // Bulletin of the Donbass National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture. – 2017. – No. 1 (123). – P. 36.
30. Trunov A. A. The Reformed Teachings of Jean Calvin – the Theological Basis of Puritanism // Actual Issues of Modern Science. – 2009. – No. 7-1. – P. 31.
31. Bodin J. Six Books of a Commonweale / Ed. & eng. trans. by R. Knolles. – London, 1606.
32. Shevchenko M. N. On the issue of the ideal of state structure in the works of Maximus the Greek // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 2009. – No. 3 (53). – P. 58.
33. Novikov O. A., Burkovskaya V. A. The image of a tyrant and an ideal ruler in ancient Russian political and legal literature of the 12th century // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. – 2017. – Vol. 7, No. 3 (24). – P. 99-103.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
IVANOV Philip Valerjevich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
MISHALCHENKO Yuriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in economical sciences professor, professor of State and international law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University
SAPOZHNIKOVA Margarita Alexandrovna
Deputy Dean for career guidance counceling, Faculty of Forensics and Law in Construction and Transport, assistant of Legal studies sub-faculty, Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
PECULIARITIES OF REIMBURSEMENT OF LEGAL EXPENSES IN RUSSIAN CONSTITUTIONAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the legal aspects related to the process of court costs compensation in the context of constitutional court proceedings in the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to analyze and understand the application of relevant legal provisions within the framework of constitutional litigation. The unique nature of this type of legal process and its specific status present a number of challenges that require careful examination and analysis. In particular, the issue of court costs recovery is of significant importance. This includes the process of determining these costs, the conditions under which they may be recovered, and the grounds for such recovery. The regulation of these issues is crucial for the development of Russian law and the improvement of the quality of the country’s judicial system.
Keywords: constitutional process, Constitutional Court, legal costs, reimbursement of expenses, constitutional law, judicial system.
Article bibliography
1. Chetvergov A. I. Institute of judicial costs: Genesis, current state and development prospects // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 201-215.
2. Zaykov D. E. Judicial costs in constitutional proceedings: problems of legal regulation // Russian law journal. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 83-90.
3. Brezhnev O. V. The principle of accessibility of constitutional justice: content and guarantees // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 57-64.
4. Zaykov D. E. Reimbursement of legal costs in constitutional proceedings // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 39-42.
5. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / 4th ed., suppl. – M .: Azbukovnik, 2000. – 940 p.
6. Naruto S. V. Constitutional judicial process: concept, signs, features // Law and Politics. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 708-713.
7. Petrov A. A. Problems of legislative regulation of the competence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 141-156.
8. Andreeva Yu. A., Balytnikov V. V., Bondar N. S. et al. Commentary on the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation” (article by article) / Ed. G. A. Gadzhiev. – M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2012. – 672 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MUZALEVSKAYA Kseniya Vladimirovna
lecturer of Professor I. E. Farber and professor V. T. Kabyshev constitutional law sub-faculty, Sara-tov State Law Academy
EDUCATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY: CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES AND IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS IN RUSSIA
The article examines the problem of ensuring the educational sovereignty of Russia in the context of constitutional and legal foundations. The author analyzes theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of educational sovereignty, its content and correlation with constitutional principles and values, and presents the author’s definition of educational sovereignty. Special attention is paid to the role of traditional values, historical heritage and the need to protect the educational space from external ideological influence. Further improvement of legal regulation in the field of education should be aimed at strengthening the constitutional and legal foundations of educational sovereignty and ensuring the sustainable development of the State.
Keywords: educational sovereignty, constitutional principles, traditional values, the Constitution of Russia, educational policy.
Article bibliography
1. Varlen M. V. Information, technological, economic and financial sovereignty as the newest types of autonomy // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 9 (109). – P. 214-222.
2. Kabyshev S. V. Sovereignty of Russia: the semantic core and research methodology in modern conditions // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 2-9.
3. Marchenko M. N. State sovereignty: problems of defining the concept and content // News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence. – 2003. – No. 1 (246). – P. 186-197.
4. Ovsepyan Zh. I. Sovereignty as a natural public law: on the modification of ideas about the nature and character of sovereignty, about the stages (generations) and directions of its scientific research // Journal of Russian Law. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 14-29.
5. Svyatogorova A. E., Sorokina E. V. Constitutional and legal foundations for the implementation of educational sovereignty // Legal science. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 137-141.
6. Popova A. V. Educational sovereignty of Russia: on the issue of the substantive characteristics of the unique national education system // Problems of modern education. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 82-90.
7. Varlen M. V. Scientific and educational space and the sovereign future of the Russian state // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – No. 10 (155). – P. 81-94.
8. Muzalevskaya K. V. Specification of some principles of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education in the context of constitutional changes // Constitutional development of Russia: Interuniversity collection of scientific articles. – Saratov: Saratov State Law Academy, 2024. – P. 218-223.
9. Annual address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly on February 21, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/49010 (date of access: 01.08.2025).
10. Kabyshev S. V. On strategic issues of development of Russian education: point of view // Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2025. – T. 18, No. 1. – P. 9-17.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
CHUKSINA Valentina Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Legal support of national security sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN RUSSIAN HISTORY
The article examines the legal framework for regulating the content of printed works and their distribution in tsarist Russia and the USSR. The article analyzes the transformation of the institution of media censorship from ecclesiastical to national, which is first imperial (personal) in nature, then pronounced intellectual and class (communist). It is concluded that Russian censorship law, despite the legal costs and consequences, performed important general political and educational functions.
Keywords: book printing, mass media, Russian Church, censorship, censorship law, regulatory law, ideology, proletariat, CPSU.
Article bibliography
1. Bem A. V. Constitutional and legal regulation of youth policy in the Soviet period // Baikal Research Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 15, No. 4. – P. 1422–1430. DOI 10.17150/2411-6262.2024.15(4).1422-1430.
2. Blum A. V. Behind the scenes of the “Ministry of Truth”. – SPb.: Publishing House of the Humanitarian Agency “Academic Project”, 1994. – P. 5-6.
3. Main Administration for Press Affairs. 06.04.1865-27.04.1917 / Responsible compiler D. I. Raskin // Higher and central government institutions of Russia 1801-1917. – SPb.: Nauka, 2001. – V. 2. – 260 p.
4. Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On the separation of church from state and school from church”, January 23 (February 5), 1918. Art. 263 // Collection of laws and regulations of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government. – M., 1942. – No. 18. – P. 286-287.
5. Zhirkov G. V. History of censorship in Russia in the 19th – 20th centuries. – M.: Aspect Press, 2001. – P. 36.
6. Korkonosenko S. G. The concept of social order in the theory and practice of journalism // Issues of the theory and practice of journalism. – 2025. – Vol. 14, No. 1. – P. 5-19. – DOI 10.17150/2308-6203.2025.14(1).
7. McLuhan M. Understanding Media: External Extensions of Man – Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. – M.: Kuchkovo Pole, 2007. – 464 p.
8. Resolution of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Protocol No. 26. P. 6 “On measures to further improve the work of radio broadcasting and television” June 6, 1962 – RGANI. – F. 4. Op. 18. D. 151. – L. 3-6.
9. Prikhodko T. V. Understanding the restriction of human and civil rights and freedoms from the standpoint of intervention // Academic Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 2 (76). – P. 13-18.
10. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries: in 9 volumes / Under the general editorship of O. I. Chistyakov. – M.: Jurid., 1988. – V. 6: Legislation of the first half of the 19th century. – 431 p.
11. Collection of decrees and orders on censorship from 1720 to 1862: printed by order of the Ministry of Public Education. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House Type. Naval Ministry, 1862. – 482 pp.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KHAGBA Efrem Garrievich
lecturer of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Head of the Forensic Laboratory, Law Faculty, Abkhaz State University, Sukhum, Republic of Abkhazia
THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER TYPES OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
Constitutional and legal responsibility is a relatively new type of legal liability, which has come a long way from complete denial to recognition as a full-fledged type of legal liability. Individual sanctions of this institution are of long standing, but their systematization and proper structuring are still ongoing, which indicates the continued relevance of scientific research in this area. Despite the variety of theoretical works, practical issues remain. Resolving such issues will allow for a more detailed distinction between related types of legal liability, the differences between which are sometimes minimal.
Keywords: responsibility, constitutional and legal responsibility, legal responsibility, relationship between types of legal responsibility.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Hobbss T. Leviathan (1651). – Cambridge, 1991. – P. 62.
2. Dahl R. The Concept of Power // Behavioral Science. – 1957. – No. 2. – P. 201-215.
3. Power. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_18935825_57111794.pdf.
4. Vinogradov V. A. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation: textbook. – M .: Unity-Dana, 2017. – 552 p.
5. Kaynov V. I., Soboleva V. A. Constitutional justice in modern Russia: textbook. – M .: Direct-Media, 2022. – 184 p.
6. Karendyuk A. Yu. Concept and features of constitutional and legal liability // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2017. – No. 2-1 (65). – P. 171.
7. Myshko Yu. A., Petryuk M. Yu. On constitutional offenses and constitutional-legal liability // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2008. – No. 7. – P. 70.
8. Kondrashev A. A. Theory of constitutional-legal liability in the Russian Federation: dis. … doctor of law. – M., 2011. – P. 26.
9. Morozova L. A. Problems of legal liability of the state, its bodies and employees // State and Law. – 2000. – No. 3. – P. 36.
10. Olimiev A. Yu. On the issue of the concept, essence and types of constitutional-legal liability // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 115.
11. Rusanov AV On the issue of the relationship between political and constitutional-legal responsibility // Bulletin of TSU. – 2008. – No. 1 (57). – P. 336.
12. Nosov SI Constitutional law of the Russian Federation: textbook. – M .: Statut, 2014. – 391 p.
13. Yatsenko OV, Mamychev A. Yu., Kravchenko AG Kozhenko Ya. V. / Ed. Mordovtsev A. Yu. Constitutional law of Russia: textbook. – Taganrog: IC GOUVPO “TSPU”, 2009. – 312 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SHEVCHENKO Olga Sergeevna
postgraduate student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE USE OF EUGENIC SELECTION IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: BIOETHICAL CHALLENGES AND LEGAL CONFLICTS
The article examines the constitutional and legal aspects of the use of eugenic selection in the context of the use of assisted reproductive technologies. Special attention is paid to the bioethical aspects of eugenics, and the legal conflicts that arise between scientific achievements in the field of genetics and key ideas of constitutional law are analyzed. In conclusion, the need to develop a medical aspects and ethical standards legal regulation.
Keywords: assisted reproductive technologies, bioethics, eugenics, constitutional law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Brezina P. R., Zhao Y. The ethical, legal, and social issues impacted by modern assisted reproductive technologies // Obstetrics and gynecology international. – 2012.
2. Saravanan S., Prasath H. N. Designer Babies: Revealing the Ethical and Social Implications of Genetic Engineering in Human Embryos // International Journal of Science and Research. – 2023. – No. 12. – P.688-693.
3. Kovba D. M. Eugenics as a Direction of Scientific Thought and Practice of Human Selection in the Late 19th – Early 21st Centuries // Society and Power. – 2020. – No. 4 (84). – P. 7-19.
4. Lapaeva V. V. The Status of the Human Embryo in Vitro as an Ethical and Legal Problem: Religious Origins of Differences in Approaches // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 4-23.
5. Letuchikh A. N. Eugenics: history and modernity // Forum of young scientists. – 2018. – No. 5-2 (21). – P.499-503.
6. Ochirova V. V., Donika A. D. Assisted reproductive technologies: legal basis and ethical consequences // Advances in modern natural science. – 2011. – No. 8. – P. 243-244.
7. Romanovsky G. B. Law and eugenics: history and modernity // Civil law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P.3-14.
8. Samoilova V. V. Some aspects of the use of assisted reproductive technologies and ensuring the rights of citizens in their use // Issues of modern jurisprudence. – 2013. – No. 26. – P. 48-54.
9. Khazova O. A. Legal aspects of the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Russia // Modern medical law in Russia and abroad. – 2003. – No. 2003. – P. 191-205.
10. Hen Yu. V. Goals and means of eugenics (ethical and natural scientific status of the discipline) // Philosophy of science. – 2005. – T. 11, No. 1. – P. 243-260.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TSIRKUNOV Mikhail Eduardovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional, administrative and financial law sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITIONS ON MONOPOLIZATION AND UNFAIR COMPETITION AS LIMITATIONS AND GUARANTEES OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM
The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional principle of economic freedom from the perspective of ensuring its competitiveness. The author concludes that prohibitions on monopolization and unfair competition are in a complex and multifaceted relationship with the principle of economic freedom, as they serve both as means of limiting this freedom and as tools for guaranteeing it. A comparative legal analysis of the principle of economic freedom and the right to entrepreneurial and other non-prohibited economic activities is conducted, leading to the conclusion of their commonality, but not identity. The \”external\” and \”internal\” aspects of ensuring the competitiveness of economic freedom are examined.
Keywords: freedom of economic activity, monopolization, unfair competition, protection of competition, support for competition, entrepreneurial activity, economic activity,
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Andreeva E. A. Freedom of economic activity: constitutional content and limits of implementation // Ex Legis: legal studies. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 2-4.
2. Artemov V. M. Moral dimension of freedom and law in the context of the paradigm of humanocentrism // Lex Russica. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 99-103.
3. Bashkatov A. D. Support and protection of competition as legal forms of ensuring constitutional freedom of economic activity // Political and legal problems of interaction between government, society and business in the context of economic crisis. – Saratov, 2016. – P. 36-39.
4. Voronova T. A. Investment factor and the growth of Russia’s competitiveness in the world market // Marketing. – 2003. – No. 5. – P. 3-11.
5. Grigorieva (Taglina) V. On the state as a subject of freedom of economic activity // Constitutional readings. – 2011. – No. 5. – P. 41-51.
6. Gusev AM The relationship between the prohibition for a taxpayer to abuse the law and freedom of economic activity in Italy // Tax expert. – 2016. – No. 8. – P. 70-73.
7. Eremenko A. Economic model of an effective legal system, or how to make a national jurisdiction attractive and competitive? // National jurisdictions in the system of international cooperation (Russian-French study). – M., 2021. – P. 73-90.
8. Zolotukhin NN, Malinovkin VA Property inequality in Russia: main problems and challenges for the future // Bulletin of socio-economic and humanitarian studies. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 45-54.
9. Lobanova Ya. V. Limits of freedom of economic activity: constitutional and legal analysis // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 65-69.
10. Nikulin N. N. The relationship between economic globalization and economic sovereignty in a multipolar world // Greater Eurasia: development, security, cooperation. – M., 2025. – P. 177.
11. Perfilov E. K. Theoretical aspects of the relationship between the right to freedom of economic, business and entrepreneurial activity // Eurasianlegal journal. – 2010. – No. 12. – P. 68-71.
12. Soldunov AV, Leksina AP Universal human values as a criterion for assessing the activities of transnational companies // Social innovations and social sciences. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 123-132.
13. Udovenko S. P. Free trade and protectionism: classical theory and modern concepts // Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 251.
14. Fedorenko V. I. Freedom of economic activity in the Russian Federation: concept: limits and restrictions // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 70-77.
15. Shafieva A. R. Economic security. Factors posing a threat to the economic security of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of modern studies. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 325-328.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GALYAUTDINOV Matvey Radislavovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF PUBLIC CONTROL IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the constitutional and legal foundations of the public control institution in the Russian Federation. The article examines the basic principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and their development within the framework of special federal legislation. Particular attention is paid to systemic problems of law enforcement practice, such as formalism, low level of legal culture and limited real mechanisms of influence. Based on the conducted research, specific proposals are formulated to improve the legislation and practice of implementing public control in order to increase its effectiveness and legitimacy.
Keywords: public control, civil society, Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law No. 212-FZ, citizens\’ appeals, public authority, legal mechanisms.
Article bibliography
1. Shugrina E. S. Public control in the Russian Federation: problems of legal regulation // State power and local self-government. – 2014. – No. 10. – P. 36-41.
2. Nudnenko L. A. Constitutional and legal foundations of public control in the Russian Federation: monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2016. – 176 p.
3. Vinogradov V. A., Vinogradova K. V. Problems and prospects for the development of public control in Russia // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 25-30.
4. Report on monitoring the quality of road maintenance in the winter period 2022-2023 / Public Chamber of the Russian Federation. – M., 2023.
5. Annual report on the state of civil society in Moscow for 2022 / Public Chamber of the City of Moscow. – M., 2023.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZOHIDOV Manuchehr Davronzhonovich
postgraduate student, of Constitutional law and constitutional process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
WHEN THE CONSTITUTION FORGETS DIGNITY: LESSONS OF ANTI-JAPANESE RACISM AND THE PRACTICE OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT
The question of the place and significance of the concept of human dignity in the U.S. constitutional law acquires particular urgency when examining the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court in cases concerning Americans of Japanese descent, especially during the Second World War. These cases illustrate the limits of judicial control over the executive branch in times of military crisis and reveal the Court’s ambivalent stance toward safeguarding fundamental guarantees of the individual. The analysis of these decisions shows that the U.S. Supreme Court effectively legitimized discriminatory measures against an entire group of citizens on the basis of ethnicity, thereby restricting their fundamental rights and diminishing the idea of human dignity as a constitutional value. At the same time, certain rulings reveal the emergence of a different line of reasoning, aimed at protecting individual rights and recognizing the impermissibility of arbitrary state interference in the sphere of personal freedom. Contemporary legal doctrine assesses this experience as evidence of the need to strengthen the concept of human dignity in American constitutionalism. It functions not only as an ethical category but also as a legal principle capable of serving as a standard for evaluating the constitutionality of restrictive measures adopted under the pretext of national security or public necessity. Thus, the consideration of cases involving discrimination against Japanese Americans makes it possible to trace the evolution of judicial understandings of human dignity and to identify its significance in the development of the legal system. This evolution underscores that recognizing dignity as a central constitutional value is an essential condition for the effective protection of human rights in a democratic state.
Keywords: human dignity, human rights, U.S. Supreme Court, ethnic Japanese, U.S. citizens, Japanese internment.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. 260 U.S. 178 (1922).
2. Teel Steven, Lessons on Judicial Interpretation: How Immigrants Takao Ozawa and Yick Wo Searched the Courts for a Place in America // Judicial History. – Vol. 13. – No. 1 (Fall, 1998). – Rr. 41-49.
3. Ozawa, 260 U.S. at 198.
4. Buell Raymond Leslie, “Again the Yellow Peril” // Foreign Affairs. – Vol. 2. – No. 2. –December 15, 1923.
5. 260 U.S. 199 (1922).
6. Ozawa, 260 U.S. at 200-01.
7. 320 U.S. 81 (1943).
8. 320 U.S. 115 (1943).
9. 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
10.Id. at 219 (Judge Murphy’s dissenting opinion).
11. Id. at 233.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZUEV Pavel Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; senior lecturer of Public and international legal support for national security sub-faculty, I. M. Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University)
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF LEGAL DOCTRINE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES
The article discusses the method of formation and development of environmental constitutionalism as a management of the restraining environmental crisis situation, climate change and loss of biodiversity. The author traces the evolution of the consolidation of environmental rights and entitlements in Russia and foreign countries, paying particular attention to the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 2020, which shifted the national model to a mixed type combining rights, obligations and goals. An analysis of more than sixty constitutions allows us to identify various approaches to the constitutionalization of environmental norms. Particular attention is paid to the inclusion of development regulation and intergenerational responsibility, as well as the role of judicial precedents. It is concluded that constitutional norms include not only a regulatory, but also a value function that forms the foundations of national culture and allows for long-term guidelines for states.
Keywords: environmental constitutionalism; right to a healthy environment; sustainable development; climate responsibility; rights of nature; intergenerational justice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bondar N. S. Ecological constitutionalism – a new category of modern jurisprudence // Modern constitutionalism: theory and practice. Sputnik of the Higher School. 2023. No. 4 (19). P. 5-16.
2. Bondar N. S. Environmental Constitutionalism in Modern Jurisprudence: From Doctrine to Practice // Russian Justice. 2023. No. 6. P. 11-20.
3. Bondar N. S. “Eternal” Constitutional Ideals: How Unchangeable Are They in a Changing World? // State and Law. 2020. No. 6. P. 27.
4. Georgieva T. P. Ecology and Environmental Protection: Unity of Theory and Practice // Russian Justice. 2023. No. 6. P. 10.
5. Kireev V. V. Problems of Performance and Risks of Environmental Constitutionalism in Modern Russia // Modern Constitutionalism. 2023. No. 4 (19). P. 54-65.
6. Kodaneva S. I. Environmental constitutionalism in Russia // Social and humanitarian sciences. Series. 4: State and law. 2023. No. 4. P. 109-122.
7. Mikulina E. V. Environmental constitutionalism – a guarantee of environmental preservation // Sputnik of the higher school. 2024. Vol. 4, No. 4 (19). P. 124-134.
8. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A. Environmental constitution in the mechanism of legal support for the quality of life // Protection of the environment and quality of life. 2021. No. 1. P. 45-55.
9. David R. Boyd (2012) The environmental rights revolution: a global study of constitutions, human rights, and the environment., UBC Press, Univ of British Columbia Pr. 443 p.
10. May, James R. (2015) Global environmental constitutionalism. Publisher New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 414 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ANTIPOV Evgeniy Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Personnel, legal and psychological support sub-faculty, Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia
ON THE ABILITY OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES TO ACT AS SOURCES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
In this work, an attempt was made to develop, present and objectively consider the arguments contained in regulatory legal acts of various levels of national and supranational legislation, as well as in the domestic scientific andlegal doctrine, closely related to the current positive law and judicial practice, forming the author’s vision of the possibility of identifying legal principles as sources of administrative law of the Russian Federation. The author believes that at present we can say that legal principles are formally built into a four-level system of legal regulation. As a result of the study, the author’s definition of the legal phenomenon (category) «legal principles» was formulated.
Keywords: source of law, form of law, legal principles, legal phenomena (categories), sources of administrative law, administrative and legal relations.
Article bibliography
1. Dozhdev D. V. Roman private law. Textbook for universities. Edited by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor V. S. Nersesyants. – M.: INFRA-M – NORMA Publishing Group, 1996. – 704 p.
2. Problems of the General Theory of Law and State: textbook for universities / Under the general editorship of the Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor V. S. Nersesyants. – M.: Norma, 2006. – 832 p.
3. Rossinsky B. V, Starilov Yu. N. Administrative Law [Text]: textbook / B. V. Rossiyinsky, Yu. N. Starilov. – 4th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Norma: Infra, 2010. – 928 p.
4. Khropanyuk V. N. Theory of State and Law. – M., 2001. – 382 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
AFANASJEV Sergey Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE TERM “SPECIAL OPERATION” IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGENCY LEGISLATION
In the framework of studying the issues of legal regulation of emergency measures one of the most urgent problems is the improvement of the legal framework in the field of organization of activities of security and law enforcement agencies. This article analyzes the approaches to the understanding of the term special operation, type characteristics and subjects of this type of measures. Its meaning in law enforcement practice is determined, the main features are formulated, as well as proposals for amendments to the current legislation in terms of the definition of the term, legal status, specification of forms of interaction cooperation in crisis situations. Within the framework of the scientific research the method of comparative legal analysis, synthesis in the study of legislative acts was applied, the system approach was applied in the study of organizational structures that ensure the conduct of special operations and activities aimed at comprehensive security of objects of legal protection. The empirical basis of the conducted research was formed by legislative acts of the Russian Federation, scientific publications, as well as publicly available materials on special operations.
Keywords: law enforcement agencies, special operation, special military operation, emergency legislation, national security, threat to national security, state security, complex operation, service.
Article bibliographic list
1. Ladygina M. A., Manakov A. S., Komnatnaya Yu. A. Tactics of actions of employees of internal affairs bodies during special operations // International scientific journal “BULLETIN OF SCIENCE”. – 2025. – No. 3 (84). – P. 173-179.
2. Muraev P. P., Kosyachenko V. I. Features of conducting special operations // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 154-157.
3. Titushkina E. Yu., Ishchuk Ya. G. Complex operational and preventive operation: problems of legal consolidation // Works of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 4 (56). – P. 163-170.
4. Shkapov P. Yu., Khrykov I. S., Kapitonova M. S. Camouflage in the operational and service activities of employees of internal affairs bodies during special events (operations) // Civil Service and Personnel. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 285-288.
5. Merkushin V. V. International special operations: concept, problems of international legal support, counteraction to challenges and threats to state security // Lex Russica. – 2022. – No. 12 (193). – P. 112-128.
6. Krinitsky E. V., Chekhovsky V. G. Spheres of armed struggle and theaters of military operations // Military Thought. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 21-28.
7. Filimonov O. V. Special military operation as a trigger of social conflicts and the role of the prosecutor’s office in their resolution // Actual problems of psychological support for the activities of the prosecutor’s office and law enforcement agencies: a collection of materials from a round table. – Moscow: University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2024. – P. 75-80.
8. Zatsepina V. A. Organization of special operations: concept, their role and examples // Young scientist. – 2025. – No. 12 (563). – pp. 96-99.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BOCHIKOVA Aliya Oralbekovna
postgraduate student, senior lecturer of Criminal law and national security sub-faculty, Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management
ADMINISTRATIVE PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF OBLIGATORY WORK IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
The administrative-delict system is characterized by a high degree of structural differentiation, which creates significant challenges in terms of both rule-making and the imposition of sanctions, as well as their practical implementation. In this context, a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature and mechanism of implementation of compulsory labor as an administrative measure in the legal systems of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan is of particular scientific interest. The study aims to provide an in-depth comparative legal analysis of the legislative provisions governing the procedure for the imposition and actual execution of this type of punishment.
Keywords: administrative punishment, compulsory works, public works, administrative liability, terms of compulsory works, socially useful work.
Article bibliography
1. Administrative law: textbook / Under the general editorship of A. S. Telegin; Perm State National Research University. – Perm, 2020. – 340 p.
2. Bochikova A. O. Comparative legal analysis of compulsory work as a type of administrative punishment and as a type of criminal punishment // Administrative law and process. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 36-39.
3. Osintsev D. V. Administrative liability: textbook for bachelor’s and master’s degrees. – M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2017. – 325 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan
SARATOV Dmitriy Valerjevich
senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SOME ASPECTS OF INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MIGRATION CONTROL
This article is devoted to the organizational and legal problems of accounting and control over the presence of migrants, including labor migrants, on the territory of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of international experience in the field of migrant registration, ideas and main directions for improving the efficiency of the migration registration system in Russia are proposed. The authors state that the solution to these problems is complex and interdepartmental in nature, requiring changes and adjustments to the regulatory framework for migration accounting, since migration policy at the present stage is considered not only as the provision of services, but also becomes a key area in ensuring national security.
Keywords: migration policy, migration control, control of departure from the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation, control over exceeding the established period of stay in the territory of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Abramyan D. M. Features of Canada’s immigration policy: historical, cultural and economic-legal aspects // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 107-114.
2. Gerasimova I. V., Piskachev A. A. Mechanism for implementing the integration model using New Zealand as an example // Bulletin of the University. – 2013. – No. 20. – P. 208-213.
3. Goncharov D. Yu., Goncharova S. G. Social danger of fictitious migration registration of foreign citizens or stateless persons // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 56-59.
4. Gritsai V. V., Shvets A. A. Modern problems of migration relations in the countries of the British Commonwealth (on the example of the Union of Australia) // Society and Law. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 120-123.
5. Kazaryan K. V. State and legal regulation of migration activities in Germany // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 249-257.
6. Ryazantsev S. V. Modern migration policy of Russia: problems and approaches to improvement // Sociological research. – 2019. – No. 9. – P. 117-126.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
IGNATJEVA Irina Valentinovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of General theoretical and state-legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
SUVOROVA Anastasiya Yurjevna
Lecturer of the Department of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
CURRENT ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE INTERNET AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of current issues of legal regulation of the Internet in the context of protecting human rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation. The authors of the article focus on the need to comply with constitutional rights to access information (Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) while ensuring protection against illegal content, cybercrime and fraud. A special role is given to the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society (2017 – 2030) in establishing priorities for state protection of citizens\’ rights in the digital environment. The authors of the article emphasize that Internet users have the right to protection from phishing, fraud, data theft and other cyber threats. The article analyzes changes in current legislation, including the example of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, Federal Laws. It is concluded that effective legal regulation of the Internet is possible only with a combination of technological innovations, legislative reforms and respect for fundamental human rights.
Keywords: Internet, cybercrime, fraud, phishing attacks, smishing, vishing, software, online technologies, targeted advertising, framing, agenda setting.
Article bibliography
1. Hack in 60 seconds. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7737707 (date of access: 17.08.2025).
2. GAS “Justice” restored work // A hacker attack led to the failure. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://zakon.ru/discussion/2024/11/11/ (date of access: 17.08.2025).
3. Phishing in 2025 – fraudsters increasingly disguise themselves as banks, instant messengers and marketplaces. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://securitymedia.org/news/fishing-v-2025-m-moshenniki-vsye-chashche-maskiruyutsya-pod-banki-messendzhery-i-marketpleysy.html (date of access: 17.08.2025).
4. Digital hygiene and ciphers: how to protect yourself from cyber threats in 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/689c16349a794724f9b733c6 (date of access: 08.17.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LESIK Vitaliy Andreevich
Head of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Evpatoria, Republic of Crimea, colonel of police
ACTUALIZATION OF THE NEED TO STUDY THE PROBLEMS OF DELECT VIOLATIONS OF THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF PERSONS RELEASED FROM PLACES OF IMPRISONMENT
The article substantiates the need to study a topic that is relevant to administrative-legal science – the characteristics of the delict of violations of the Russian legislation on administrative supervision of persons released from places of imprisonment, as well as the scientific substantiation of proposals to improve the regulation of the system of duties and restrictions established for this category of persons, increasing the effectiveness of the application of administrative-tort sanctions for violating the relevant prohibitions. Based on the study of scientific and educational publications, the administrative-tort situation, proposals are presented on the state of its scientific development, subject, object, methodology, content, as well as expected results.
Keywords: updating, delict, administrative responsibility, administrative supervision of persons released from places of deprivation of liberty.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gadzhiev D. M. Concept, paradigm and goals of combating crime, differentiation of preventive measures // Scientific statements. – 2023. – No. 22 (46). – P. 122-128.
2. Ponomareva A. A. Probation as an institution for preventing repeat offenses and problems of interaction between probation subjects // Actual problems of preventing repeat offenses: Collection of materials of the Regional interdepartmental scientific and practical conference, Perm, March 21, 2024. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2024. – P. 72-78.
3. Zanina T. M., Morgunov D. M. Administrative supervision in the system of prevention of repeated crime // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (68). – P. 30-36.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KLIMOVA Olesya Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Far Eastern branch, Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERDEPARTMENTAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA AND COMPETENT DEPARTMENTS OF FOREIGN STATES
The article examines the legal relations that arise as a result of international cooperation between law enforcement agencies within the framework of international interdepartmental treaties. The author analyzes the implementation of international interdepartmental treaties concluded by the Ministry of Internal Affairs with the competent authorities of foreign countries. The author attempts to identify some of the challenges in implementing international interdepartmental treaties and suggests possible ways to improve legislation and internal departmental regulations. Special attention is given to the role of international interdepartmental treaties in the legal system of Russia. Theoretical proposals have been developed to improve the implementation of international interdepartmental treaties.
Keywords: implementation of international agreements, international interdepartmental agreement, international cooperation, law enforcement agencies, cooperation agreements.
Article bibliography
1. Declaration of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.c№td.ru/docume№t/901820541.
2. Resolution CM/Res(2022)2 on the termination of the membership of the Russian Federation in the Council of Europe. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.coe.i№t/ru/web/moscow/-/resolutio№-cm-res-2022-2-o№-the-cessatio№-of-the-membership-of-the-russia№-federatio№-to-the-cou№cil-of-europe.
3. EU/Russia Partnership. Cooperation Council. On a joint action plan to combat organized crime. Brussels, 29 March 2000. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.c№td.ru/docume№t/901934983.
4. Speech by the head of the Russian delegation, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation O. V. Syromolotov at the 31st session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Vienna, May 16, 2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreig№_policy/i№ter№atio№al_safety/crime/1813483/
5. The state of crime in Russia for January-March. Federal State Institution “Main Information and Analytical Center”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/29705686/
6. Kurchinskaya-Grasso A. O. Actual problems of international cooperation in law enforcement // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 49 (287). – P. 342.
7. Marochkin S. Yu. Action and implementation of international law in the legal system of the Russian Federation monograph. – M.: INFRA-M, 2021. – 288 p.
8. Osminin B. I. International treaties in the Russian legal system (on the 20th anniversary of the Federal Law “On International Treaties of the Russian Federation”) // Journal of Russian Law. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 137-142.
9. Investigation of fraud in the field of computer information: textbook / Auth.-compiler P. A. Kapustyuk [et al.]. – Irkutsk, 2018. – P. 21.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
OSYAK Andrey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. Law, associate professor, Head of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
OVSEPYAN Gevorg Martinovich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of the department of internal affairs sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA, Simferopol
BOGUSHEVA Mariya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law and criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Rostov State University of Railway Communications
THE SPECIFICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTREMIST SENTIMENTS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA IN THE CONTEXT OF ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL RELATIONS
The work is devoted to the study of specific features characteristic of modern extremism existing on the territory of the Republic of Crimea in the context of administrative offenses. It is determined that in modern geopolitical realities, in conditions of active and hybrid confrontation between the Russian Federation and the collective West, as well as taking into account the historical experience of the development of the Republic of Crimea, one of the most significant threats to the normal integrated development and functioning of the region is extremism, which has a number of specifics due to polyethnicity, polyconfessional, temporary location of the Crimean peninsula as part of Ukraine, as well as its proximity to the zone of a special military operation on the territory of Ukraine for demilitarization and denazification. It is determined that knowledge of the specific features of extremism in the territory of the Republic of Crimea will allow for a qualitative increase in the effectiveness of preventive measures, as well as create the necessary scientific and theoretical basis for eliminating the conditions necessary for the development of extremist sentiments in the territory of the Republic of Crimea. As a result of the research, specific features of extremism in the territory of the Republic of Crimea were identified, which include the following: the existence of pro-Ukrainian views, the long-term confrontation between representatives of the Crimean Tatar and Russian populations, and the influx of migrants from historical territories.
Keywords: extremism, administrative responsibility, hybrid confrontation, interethnic relations, propaganda, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses of 30.12.2001 No. 195-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru
2. “Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 08.01.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru
3. Vardanyan A. V., Kuleshov R. V. On the classification of the phenomena of extremism and terrorism: the unity of essence and polyvariance of reflection in society // The rule of law: theory and practice. 2015. No. 4 (42).
4. Kubyakin E. O. Social and socio-cultural foundations of youth extremism in modern Russia // Society and Law. 2011. No. 1 (33). pp. 273-276.
5. Youth extremism / Ed. A. A. Kozlova. St. Petersburg, 1996. P. 11.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
PARFENTJEVA Anna Evgenjeva
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law, Institute of law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL REGULATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE EU IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL SECURITY
This article provides an analysis of the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the field of national security within the European Union. Particular attention is given to key international documents in this area – the EU Regulation laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence, also known as the AI Act, and the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence. The paper examines the exclusion of national security issues from the scope of these international instruments and explores the potential consequences of such a legislative approach.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, national security, legal regulation, EU, AI Act, AI systems, human rights protection.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Briscoe E., Fairbanks J. Artificial Scientific Intelligence and its impact on National Security and Foreign Policy // Journal of World Affairs. – 2020. – Vol. 64(4). – P. 544-554. – DOI: 10.1016/j.orbis.2020.08.004.
2. Jurić M. Legal regulation on the use of artificial intelligence for national security purposes in Europe // European Integration Studies. – 2024. – Vol. 20(2). – P. 107-136. – DOI: 10.46941/2024.2.5.
3. Jurić M. Legal Aspects of Military and Defense Applications of Artificial Intelligence Within the European Union. In: Katarzyna Zombory – János Ede Szilágyi (eds.) Shielding Europe with the Common Security and Defense Policy. The EU Legal Framework for the Development of an Innovative European Defense Industry in Times of a Changing Global Security Environment // Miskolc–Budapest, Central European Academic Publishing, 2024. – P. 395-433. – DOI: 10.54237/profnet.2024.zkjeszcodef_9.
4. Srivastava K. Artificial Intelligence and National Security: Perspective of the Global South // International Journal of Law in Changing World. – 2023. – No. 2 (2). – R. 77-87. – DOI: 10.54934/ijlcw.v2i2.63.
5. Vogiatzoglou P. The AI Act National Security Exception: room for manoeuvres? // Verfassungsblog. – 2024. – DOI: 10.59704/292082becc7cc8e6.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
REVINA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
NAFIGIN Ilya Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF SUBJECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGIME OF STATE SECRETS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INFORMATIZATION OF SOCIETY
This article examines the features and problems of the legal status of individual subjects of the administrative and legal regime of state secrets in the Russian Federation in the context of the informatization of society. This study reveals the types of subjects of the state secret regime, examines the disadvantages in the legal regulation of international subjects of the state secret regime, and the problem of forced familiarization with information constituting a state secret. In additionon, the authors note the danger of social networks and transmission channels as the main sources of threats to ensure the protection of state secrets.
Keywords: state secret, information security, status of subjects of the state secret regime, informatization of society, social network, technical channel.
Article bibliographic list
1. Zharova A.K., Elin V.M., Dem’yanets M.V. Entrepreneurial activity on the Internet: Monograph. – M.: Yurkampani. – 2014. – 440 p.
2. Martyshin Maksim Legal regulation of compliance with state secrets // Public service. – 2009. – № 6. – P. 55-57.
3. Semedov S. A., Shtol V. V., Melnikova O. A., Alikberov A. K., Alborova M. B., Perekhod Yu. A., Nurulla-Khodzhaeva N. T., Sukharev A. I., Polyakova A. A., Sukhareva V. A., Gradoselskaya G. V., Antonets G. I., Stulova E. V., Vladislavskaya V. A., Nikitina D. A., Laza V. D., Belomytsev A. A., Avdeeva T. V., Yashenkova N. A. Information technologies and their impact on domestic policy of the state and international relations. Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference. // Observer. – 2022. – No. 3 – 4. – P. 39-113.
4. Trunov I. L. State secret // Law and security. – 2008. – No. 3 (28).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
URMANCHEEVA Tatyana Sergeevna
contract manager, Far Eastern Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk
YAKUNIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Public Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PARTICIPANTS IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN THE NATIONAL REGIME IN 2025
The article presents an analysis of the large-scales introduced into the national regime of public procurement in Russia starting from 2025. It examines the key aspects of legislative reform aimed at eliminating regulatory fragmentation and establishing a unified system for the admission of Russian goods to procurement procedures. Special attention is given to the unification of requirements for confirming the country of origin, the mechanism of value-based procurement quotas for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the introduction of a consolidated list of goods subject to bans and restrictions. The article substantiates the role of these legal mechanisms in ensuring technological sovereignty and stabilizing the domestic market. Practical recommendations are provided for procurement participants adapting to the updated regulatory framework.
Keywords: national regime, public procurement, import substitution, Federal Law No. 44-FZ, Federal Law No. 223-FZ, ban and restriction on procurement, judicial practice.
Article bibliography
1. Ksenofontov M. Yu., Polzikov D. A., Urus A. V. Regulation of the grain sector in the context of the tasks of ensuring food security of Russia // Problems of forecasting. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 22-33.
2. Svininykh E. A. Legal means of import substitution in the implementation of procurement of products to ensure national defense and state security // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 44-54.
3. Smotritskaya I. I., Shuvalov S. S. Development of the institution of public procurement (towards the formation of a new model of the contract procurement system) // Economic and social research. – 2024. – Vol. 10, No. 5. – P. 99-114.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
CHERNOV Yuriy Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
VODOLAZSKY Nikita Maksimovich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
DASHKEVICH Semyon Aleksandrovich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF MINORS FOR OFFENSES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SIM
This article analyzes a problem that has appeared relatively recently in the administrative law of the Russian Federation, but has quickly gained relevance these days. This article discusses possible options for resolving the issue of how to prevent offenses among minors when managing personal mobility aids (IMS), in particular those who have not reached the age of administrative responsibility. In addition, the article draws parallels with the codes of countries such as China and Japan, where this problem is most acute.
Keywords: administrative responsibility, means of individual mobility, minors, dangerous driving.
Article bibliography
1. Markosyan A. R. Administrative liability of persons traveling on individual mobility vehicles // Novelty. Experiment. Traditions (N.EKS.T). – 2023. – No. 3 (23). – P. 40-47.
2. Pestova T. P. on the issue of uncertainties in the legal status of using individual mobility vehicles for transportation, as a subject of administrative liability // Bulletin of the South Ural State University. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 67-75.
3. Belikova S. B., Tuaeva S. F. On the issue of lowering the age of administrative liability // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2021. – No. 29. – P. 508-514.
4. Chernov Yu. I. Administrative punishment of a moral nature // Jurisprudence: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 37-43.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and administrative proceedings sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
BUTS Sergey Borisovich
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS IN THE PARADIGM OF MODERN LEGAL UNDERSTANDING
The article examines the main approaches to the modern legal understanding of the category of «administrative proceedings». The authors consistently explore the doctrinal developments of representatives of civil process and administrative law, identifying points of contact and further development of administrative proceedings in the context of digitalization. Based on the analysis conducted, the authors propose their own paradigm of the modern legal understanding of administrative proceedings, which is suggested to be viewed as a digital ecosystem of administrative proceedings, which is most in line with the current trends and prospects for the development of legal relations.
Keywords: digitalization; administrative proceedings; administrative proceedings ecosystem in the context of digital transformation.
Article bibliography
1. Nadolskaya Yu. V. Administrative proceedings: Theoretical, legal and organizational aspects: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences 12.00.14. Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – M., 2003. – 28 p.
2. Utkin D. V. Administrative proceedings in a modern legal state: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences 12.00.14. Voronezh State University. – Voronezh, 2004. – 24 p.
3. Popova Yu. A. Theoretical problems of legal proceedings in cases arising from public law relations: dis. … doctor of legal sciences 12.00.15. – Krasnodar, 2002. – 264 p.
4. Gromoshina N. A. On the place of administrative proceedings in the legal system // Journal of administrative proceedings. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 25-28.
5. Sakhnova T. V. Is the unity of the civil process achievable? (In the context of the concept of a single Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Procedure) // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 3-10.
6. Starilov Yu. N. Discussion of administrative proceedings and the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation // Journal of administrative proceedings. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 5-23.
7. Spiridonov P. E. Administrative proceedings and civil procedure: problems of correlation // Journal of administrative proceedings. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 51-56.
8. Grechkin N. S. Representation in administrative proceedings: dis. … Cand. of Law. Sciences 12.00.14. FBGOU HPE “South Ural State University” (National Research University). – Chelyabinsk, 2014. – 178 p.
9. Martynov A. V. Concept and essence of administrative proceedings in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. – 2015. – No. 5-6. – P. 273-281.
10. Krivelskaya O. V. Some Features of Administrative Procedure in the Russian Federation // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 237-240.
11. Leshchina E. L. Administrative Procedure as a Type of Administrative-Procedural Activity // Lex Russica. – 2024. – Vol. 77, No. 2. – P. 108-122.
12. Stakhov A. I. Judicial Administrative-Procedural Law of Russia: Concept, System, Sources // Legal Policy and Legal Life. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 142-154.
13. Nikitin S. V. Concept and System of Principles of Administrative Procedure in Modern Russia // Judge. – 2025. – No. 1 (169). – P. 18-22. – DOI 10.52433/18178170_2025_01_18. – EDN UOJLLU.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and administrative proceedings sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
BUTS Sergey Borisovich
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
ON THE ISSUE OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FORMATION OF AN ELECTRONIC JUSTICE SYSTEM
The article discusses some of the problems of the digital transformation of administrative proceedings in the context of the formation of an electronic justice system. The authors explore the advantages and disadvantages of the functioning of the electronic justice system at the present stage, highlight the features of the digital transformation of administrative proceedings in the existing realities, problems and prospects for further development of the processes analyzed in the study. Based on the analysis, the authors determine the vectors of further development of the digital transformation of administrative proceedings, and conclude that it is necessary to ensure a high-quality regulatory regulation of the existence of digital forms and tools in the legal reality of administrative proceedings. The article discusses some of the problems of legal regulation of state financial control in the Russian Federation. The current legislation is analyzed, as well as the positions of domestic scientists on this issue. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation in this area.
Keywords: electronic justice, digitalization, digital transformation of administrative proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Lauta O. N., Khubiev A. R. Platformization of legal proceedings and the use of technologies as the main trends in the development of the judicial system // Law and Right. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 127-130. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-3313-2024-6-127-130.
2. Evsikov K. S. Digital transformation of alternative dispute resolution // Lex russica. – 2022. – Vol. 75, No. 11. – P. 120-130. – DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2022.192.11.120-130.
3. Gelieva I. N. Electronic justice in the context of the civil process: current state and prospects // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky Legal sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74), No. 2. – P. 126-132.
4. Prizhennikova A. N. Administration of justice in the context of informatization and digitalization // Education and Law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 217-226.

MUNICIPAL LAW
ALIEVA Diana Nurmagomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, International Innovation University, Sochi
SHAMOV Murad Abdulzhalilovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd course in the field of Public Law (Public Law) Sciences, Faculty of Law, International Innovation University, Sochi
IMPROVING THE MECHANISMS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES IN THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the problems of implementing the legal liability of municipal employees in the Republic of Dagestan. The authors highlight the key factors that reduce the effectiveness of the current liability mechanism: weakness of control institutions, high corruption risks, gaps in legal regulation. Particular attention is paid to regional specifics, including socio-cultural traditions and management features that significantly affect law enforcement practice. The article proposes a system of measures to improve liability mechanisms, including: the creation of independent control structures, the introduction of digital technologies in management processes, increased transparency of personnel decisions, as well as the development of special anti-corruption programs taking into account regional specifics.
Keywords: legal responsibility, municipal employees, Republic of Dagestan, corruption, control mechanisms, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of 27.07.2004 No. 79-FZ (as amended on 03.04.2017) “On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 02.08.2004. – No. 31. – Art. 3215.
2. Federal Law of 02.03.2007 No. 25-FZ (as amended on 27.10.2020) “On Municipal Service in the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 07.03.2007. – No. 4310.
3. Law of the Republic of Dagestan of 06.05.2010 No. 21 “On Municipal Service in the Republic of Dagestan” // Dagestanskaya Pravda. – 14.05.2010. – No. 159-160.
4. Asriyants K. G. Improving the Efficiency of the State Civil Service in the Republic of Dagestan // Regional Problems of Economic Transformation. – 2017. – No. 12.
5. Demin A. A. Gosudarscivil service in the Russian Federation: a textbook for the academic bachelor’s degree. – 10th ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Yurait, 2019 .– 354 p.
6. Klein A. S. Problems of the state civil service in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and possible directions for improving the legislation on the state civil service // Trends in the development of modern society: economic and legal aspect. Collection of scientific papers of the international scientific and practical conference, 2016.
7. Official statistics / Territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Dagestan / Number of employees of state bodies and local governments of the Republic of Dagestan (actual number of employees, at the end of the year). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:// dagstat.gks.ru/.
8. Reshetnikova D. S. Factors of public assessment of the effectiveness of civil servants in the provision of public services // Issues of public and municipal administration. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 131-164.
9. Shubtsova L. V. Modern approaches to assessing the performance of civil service in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Tula branch of the Financial University. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 66-67.

MUNICIPAL LAW
STRAKHOV Igor Andreevich
lecturer of Humanities sub-faculty, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut A. A. Leonov Technological University, Korolev
ON CURRENT CHANGES IN LEGISLATION ON LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN RUSSIA
The article examines current changes in legislation on local self-government in the light of the formation and establishment of a unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation. The principle of the unity of the public authority system presupposes the coherence of actions at all levels of public authority, aimed at forming an effective system of interaction between each of its levels in order to meet the needs of the population. In 2025, the Russian parliament adopted a new federal law defining the general principles, role and place of local self-government in the unified system of public authority in Russia, which transforms the approach to defining its role and essence in the public law mechanism of modern Russia. This article discusses, among other things, key changes in the organization of local government, the status of municipalities and local government officials, as well as other issues related to the organization of local government in modern Russia.
Keywords: Local government, public authority, local government reform.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Modern problems of organizing public authority. Monograph / Hand. author’s coll. and resp. editor Doctor of Law, Professor Avakyan S. A. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2014. – 596 p.
2. Uvarov A. A. On the expansive meaning of the presidential amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Lex russica (Russian law). – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 43-52.
3. Ebzeev B. S. Constitution, power and freedom in Russia: Experience of synthetic research. – Moscow: Prospect, 2014.
4. Avakyan S. A., Bazhenova O. I., Lyutzer V. L., Ezhukova O. A. Municipal law of Russia [textbook] / S. A. Avakyan, O. I. Bazhenova, V. L. Lyutzer, O. A. Ezhukova. – Moscow: Prospect, 2021.
5. Shugrina E. S. Types of municipalities in the Russian Federation: analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice // Law enforcement. – 2017. – Vol. 1, No. 1.
6. Sergeev D. B. Populated area as a feature of a municipality // Administrative and municipal law. – 2014. – No. 6.
7. Frolova E. V., Rogach O. V., Shalashnikova V. Yu. Implementation of the “city manager” model in Russia: limitations and advantages // Monitoring public opinion: economic and social changes. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 506-527. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.1887.

CIVIL LAW
BEGICHEV Alexander Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Notary sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); professor of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
SELIVERSTOV Nikita Iljich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
PROTECTION OF INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF RUSSIAN CITIZENS RESIDING IN THE USA
This article is devoted to the analysis of the legal structure of the protection of inheritance rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation residing in the United States of America. In the context of globalization and the growing mobility of the population, the issue of protecting inheritance rights is becoming particularly relevant. The key aspects of legal regulation, including international treaties, as well as the specific features of American legislation affecting inheritance relations are discussed. The study includes a comparative analysis of the mechanisms for protecting the rights of heirs in Russia and the United States, which allows us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each of the legal systems.
Keywords: inheritance law, will inheritance in the USA, international will, spousal inheritance, protection of inheritance rights.
Article bibliography
1. Begichev A. V. Current state of inheritance law in foreign countries // Notarial Bulletin. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 42.
2. California Legislative Information Part 1. Effect of Death of Married Person on Community and Quasi-Community Property [100 – 105]. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PROB&division=2.&title=∂=1.&chapter=&article= (date of access: 02/04/2025).
3. National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. «Probate Code (2019)». – Pages 9-10, 33-34. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.uniformlaws.org/viewdocument/final-act-104?CommunityKey=35a4e3e3-de91-4527-aeec-26b1fc41b1c3&tab=librarydocuments (accessed on 02/04/2025).
4. Internal Revenue Service. Internal Revenue Manual: 25.18.1 Basic Principles of Community Property Law. Section 25.18.1.2.3. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.irs.gov/irm/part25/irm_25-018-001 (accessed on 02/05/2025).
5. Internal Revenue Service “Internal Revenue Manual: 25.18.1 Basic Principles of Community Property Law” Section 25.18.1.2.2. “Internal Revenue Manual: 25.18.1 Basic Principles of Community Property Law” Section 25.18.1.2.2.” – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.irs.gov/irm/part25/irm_25-018-001 (access date: 02/05/2025).
6. Internal Revenue Service. “Internal Revenue Manual: 25.18.1 Basic Principles of Community Property Law” Section 25.18.1.2.1. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.irs.gov/irm/part25/irm_25-018-001 (date of access: 02/05/2025).
7. Tennessee General Assembly. “House Bill 3863”. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/Billinfo/default.aspx?BillNumber=HB3863&ga=106. (date of access: 02/05/2025).
8. California Legislative Information. Probate Code – PROB. CHAPTER 6. California Statutory Will [6200 – 6243]. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PROB&division=6.&title=∂=1.&chapter=6.&article=2 (date of access: 02/05/2025).
9. California Legislative Information. Probate Code – PROB. Uniform International Wills Act [6380 – 6390]. – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=PROB&division=6.&title=∂=1.&chapter=11.&article= (access date: 02/06/2025).

CIVIL LAW
VALISHIN Timur Lenarovich
secretary of the court session, 3rd class lawyer of the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan
ON THE ISSUE OF DEFINING THE STANDARD OF PROOF
The article examines the issue of defining the standard of proof in the Russian legal system. The author analyzes the problem of having specific types of proof standards, such as prima facie and heightened standards, while lacking a unified definition of the term. The connection between the standard of proof, judicial discretion, and personal conviction is explored, highlighting how this relationship contributes to legal uncertainty. The study draws on legal-philosophical theories by H. L. A. Hart, R. Dworkin, L. Wittgenstein, and B. Bix. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a general definition while acknowledging the challenges posed by the “open texture” of law and the existence of “clear cases”.
Keywords: standard of proof, judicial discretion, burden of proof, legal certainty, open texture of law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical works. Part I. Per. with him. / Compiled, intro. article, note M. S. Kozlova. Translation by M. S. Kozlova and Yu. A. Aseev. – M.: Gnosio Publishing House, 1994. – 612 p.
2. Bix B. Law, language and legal certainty / Transl. from English V. V. Oglezneva, V. A. Surovtseva. – M.: Kanon + ROOI “Rehabilitation”, 2024. – 304 p.
3. Dvorkin R. Empire of Law. – M.: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2021. – 592 p.
4. Hart G. L. A. The Concept of Law / Translated from English; under general ed. E. V. Afonasina and S. V. Moiseeva. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. University, 2007. – 302 p.
5. Dworkin R. “No Right Answer?”, in Law, Morality, and Society, P.M.S. Hacker & J. Raz, eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. – 312 p.
6. Waismann F.: The open texture of Analytical Philosophy, Dejan Makovec & Stewart Shapiro, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. – 352 p.

CIVIL LAW
GORODINETS Fyodor Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Institute of Humanities, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
TSEKHANOVSKY Roman Alexeevich
the leading legal adviser of the department of legal support of the branch of the Legal Department of the St. Petersburg Region of the Russian Federation JSC “Rosselkhoznadzor”
SHAMSIEV Islam Ikromzhanovich
independent researcher
LEGAL CRITERIA FOR INFLUENCE ON THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT IN THE ABSENCE OF ACTUAL COMPETITIVE RELATIONS IN ANTIMONOPOLY REGULATION OF INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS OBJECTS AT THE LEVEL OF MODEL AND RUSSIAN LEGISLATION
The study revealed the conditions under which an entity can be classified as a potential competitor, as well as how formal actions shape its legal status with the help of legal doctrine and judicial practice. The article focuses on theThe role of formal legal actions of economic entities in the antimonopoly regulation of intellectual property institutions. The authors propose to supplement the model and Russian laws «On the Protection of Competition» with a definition of the status of a potential competitor in order to maintain a competitive environment in the commodity market.
Keywords: market environment, competitive relations, intellectual property, antitrust regulation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Gapuraeva E. N., Kasharov Z. A. Issues of qualification of actions for the acquisition and use of the exclusive right to a trademark as unfair competition or abuse of rights // Journal of the Court on Intellectual Property Rights. – 2021. – No. 2 (32). – P. 142-160.
2. Petrov D. A. Unfair competition: concept and features // Competition law. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 34-36.
3. Yusupova A. F. Unfair competition: forms and means of struggle // Issues of Russian justice. – 2022. – No. 17. – P. 465-474.
4. Volkova T. I. “Open” innovations and institutional protection of intellectual property // Journal of Economic Theory. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 596-609.
5. Krakovskaya I. N., Slushkina Yu. Yu., Korokoshko Yu. V. Antimonopoly regulation of digitalization of industry // Issues of innovative economics. – 2022. – V. 12, No. 4. – P. 2395-2408.
6. Vasiliev D. V. Patent trolling: foreign experience and law enforcement practice in Russia // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. 2019. – No. 4. – P. 97-101.
7. Rybkina K. V. Abuse of intellectual rights // Intellectual potential of the 21st century: stages of cognition. – 2016. – No. 31. – P. 134-141.
8. Rodionova D. N., Bazarov A. Ts. Antimonopoly policy of modern Russia // Bulletin of BSU. Economics and Management. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 36-43.

CIVIL LAW
KOSTOEV Khamid Musaevich
prosecutor of the Borovsk District of the Kaluga Region
CLAIM PROCEEDINGS IN CASES ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND LEGALLY PROTECTED INTERESTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN A SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS
The article examines the features of litigation in cases in which the subjects of civil proceedings are family members of participants in a special military operation and the participants themselves, whose rights and legally protected interests have been violated. Particular attention is paid to the initiation of judicial protection in the interests of family members of participants in a special military operation and other assistance in obtaining judicial protection of the rights of these subjects by employees of the prosecutor\’s office. A Federation legislative proposal has been made to grant the prosecutor the right to unconditionally apply to the court in defense of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of not only the citizens themselves involved in the counter-terrorism operation, conscripted for military service on mobilization, who have signed a contract for voluntary assistance in carrying out tasks assigned to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation or the troops of the National Guard of the Russian performing tasks in a state of emergency or martial law, armed conflict, but also family members of these citizens.
Keywords: judicial protection in cases of claim, civil proceedings, the rights of participants in a special military operation, the rights of family members of participants in a special military operation, the prosecutor in civil proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Claim in civil proceedings: a textbook for universities / Ed. O. V. Isaenkova. 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 208 p.
2. Tkacheva N. N. Guarantees for the Protection of Rights and Interests in Litigation Proceedings: monograph / Ed. by O. V. Isaenkova. – Saratov: Publishing House of the Saratov State Law Academy, 2021. – 220 p.
3. Tkacheva N. N. Adversarial Nature in Civil Proceedings as a Guarantee of Making a Lawful and Reasoned Decision // Principles of Civil, Arbitration and Administrative Procedure: Problems of Theory and Practice: Collection of Scientific Articles / Comp. and Ed. by L. V. Voitovich. – St. Petersburg: Asterion, 2021. – P. 106-112.

CIVIL LAW
LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
THE IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE CIVIL LAW REGULATION OF HOUSING RELATIONS
The article discusses the impact of digitalization on the civil law regulation of housing relations. At the same time, it is indicated that traditional means of civil law regulation can be implemented in a new way in modern conditions, taking into account electronic and digital capabilities and technologies. It is indicated that the basis of the hierarchical structure of civil law means of regulating and protecting housing relations are property, obligation, inheritance and corporate rights. At the same time, the subject composition is formed by various participants, including legal entities and individuals. They also include transactional legal means that combine various types of civil law and contracts other transactions that give rise to the emergence, modification and termination of housing relations. In addition, we also include in this system such civil law remedies as recognition of rights, collection of penalties (fines) and others. The author believes that the dominant civil law means of regulating housing relations is precisely the contract, which entails the emergence, modification and termination of the relevant housing rights and obligations of the subjects participating in the legal relevant relationship. At the same time, the state, represented by authorized bodies and organizations, ensures the most effective implementation of electronic resources, providing them with the necessary legal support, thus making them legitimate to use. An example of such regulation is Federal Law No. 209-FZ dated July 21, 2014 \”On the State Information System of Housing and Communal Services\”. The creation of this electronic and digital information system makes it possible to ensure the most effective interaction of subjects participating in housing relations.
Keywords: GIS housing and communal services, housing and communal services, housing relations, civil law regulatory instruments, civil law contract, residential premises, corporate regulatory instruments.
Article bibliography
1. Laptev V. A. The right to information of members of a homeowners’ association: a guarantee from the legislator and the essence of a corporate organization // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19, No. 5 (162). – P. 84-95.
2. Klyuchnikova Ya. A. Legal support for the legitimate rights and interests of citizens in the digitalization of housing and communal services // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2023. – Vol. 16, No. 6. – P. 76-80.
3. Feoktistov P. A. Ensuring the constitutional right to housing in the context of digitalization: prospects and risks // Law in the era of artificial intelligence: promising challenges and modern tasks: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the International scientific and practical forum, Tyumen, October 17-19, 2024. – Tyumen: TyumGU-Press, 2024. – P. 51-54.
4. Uspensky A. M. Social significance of digitalization of the housing and legal sector // Legal support of social justice and state sovereignty: materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, February 16, 2024. – Moscow: Moscow University for the Humanities, 2024. – P. 190-192.
5. Shakhova E. S. On the issue of forming the trajectory of development of the housing and communal services sector in Russia: innovative approaches to housing stock management with a forecast for the period up to 2035 // Family and housing law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 45-48.
6. Nazarchuk N. P. Digitalization of the housing acquisition mechanism in Russia as an element of improving mortgage housing lending // Financial Economics. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 199-203.
7. Yaskova N. Yu. Real estate in the focus of development priorities 2030 (based on the materials of the Gaidar Forum 2022) // Real Estate: Economics, Management. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 6-12.
8. Taruta S. V. Development of digitalization of service activities in the provision of housing and communal services // Ecosystems in the digital economy: drivers of sustainable development. – St. Petersburg: POLYTECH-PRESS, 2021. – P. 567-589. – DOI 10.18720/IEP/2021.4/23.
9. Abrasimov A. V. On the issue of ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation when using information and digital technologies in the housing and communal services sector // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2023. – Vol. 19, No. 4. – Pp. 67-72.
10. Svetlopolyansky V. R. Methods of protecting the rights of consumers of public utilities // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2024. – Vol. 14, No. 2-1. – Pp. 373-379.

CIVIL LAW
LUKMANOVA Irina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, All-Russian State University of Justice, branch in Sochi (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
CONSENT OF THE SPOUSE TO DISPOSE OF SHARES IN THE AUTHORIZED CAPITAL OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY: LEGAL FEATURES AND PROBLEMS
In the article, the author examines the legal nature, signs, procedure for registration and revocation of the spouse\’s consent to dispose of shares in the authorized capital of a limited liability company. An analysis of judicial practice is being conducted on the issues of mandatorynotarization of the spouse\’s consent to transactions with shares of the company, to transactions on the spouse\’s withdrawal from the company, as well as on the possibility of revoking the spouse\’s prior consent to such transactions. It is concluded that these issues are not resolved uniformly by the courts, and therefore there is a need to amend the current legislation of the Russian Federation in order to protect the rights of a bona fide spouse.
Keywords: spouse\’s consent to transactions with shares of the company, transaction, authorized capital, limited liability company, share alienation, revocation of spouse\’s consent
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ilyushina M. N. Consent of the spouse to commit corporate actions // Notary. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 27-32.
2. Nikolaeva Yu. E. Spouse’s consent to a transaction: legal analysis of civil and family legislation // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 7-11.
3. Transactions, representation, limitation period: article-by-article commentary to Articles 153 – 208 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic publication. Edition 1.0] / Responsible. editor A. G. Karapetyan. – M .: M-Logos, 2018. – 1264 p.
4. Vitryansky V. V. Reform of Russian civil legislation: interim results. – 2nd ed., corr. and add. – M.: Statut, 2018. – 528 p.
5. Shelomentseva E. A. Revocation of a spouse’s consent to a transaction. Commentary on the Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated July 7, 2022 No. 307-ES22-6562 // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 4-11.
6. Petranovsky I. A. On the issue of revocation of a spouse’s consent to a transaction // Arbitration disputes. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 144-155.
7. Povarov Yu. S. Revocation of consent of an individual to a transaction: conditions and procedure // Civil law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 7-10.

CIVIL LAW
MAKEENKO Irina Alexandrovna
Head of the Legal Support Department of the Interregional Territorial Administration of the Federal Agency for State Property Management in Krasnoyarsk Krai, the Republic of Khakassia and the Republic of Tyva (MTU Rosimushchestvo in Krasnoyarsk Krai, the Republic of Khakassia and the Republic of Tyva)
DADAYAN Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
STOROZHEVA Anna Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
SOME ASPECTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE OWNERSHIP RIGHT OF PUBLIC LEGAL ENTITIES TO EXTORTIONATE PROPERTY
This article outlines the main problems of inheritance by law in terms of the emergence of the right of ownership of escheat property of public legal entities and the division of their powers to manage escheat property. The authors provides a detailed analysis of the content of paragraph 2 of Article 1151 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and also provides examples of its ambiguous interpretation from law enforcement practice. In addition, the authors propose a revision of paragraph 2 of Article 1151 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It seems that the proposed revision contributes to an unambiguous interpretation of this legal norm and streamlines the process of involving escheat property in civil circulation.
Keywords: escheat property, types of escheat property, inheritance by law, institution of escheat property.
Article bibliography
1. Bein A.K. Inheritance of ownerless property in the Russian Federation: historical and legal aspect. [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 07/22/2025).
2. On the entry into force of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 11/26/2001 No. 147-FZ. [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 22.07.2025).
3. On Amendments to Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 29.11.2007 No. 281-FZ. [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 22.07.2025).
4. Gibadullina A. A. Evolution of the Concept of Escheat Property in the Russian Federation [Electronic resource] // Inheritance Law. – 2020. – No. 2 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 22.07.2025).
5. Kitaeva A. V., Yagoferov A. O. Institute of Escheat Property: the Problem of Determining the Proper Successor. [Electronic resource] // Bulletin of the Law Institute. – 2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru (date of access: 07/22/2025).
6. On Amendments to Article 1151 of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 07/23/2013 No. 223-FZ [Electronic resource] // SPS “ConsultantPlyus” (date of access: 22.07.2025).
7. Elnikova E. V. On succession in rights to a land plot when inheriting residential buildings [Electronic resource] // Inheritance law. – 2007. – No. 2. SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 22.07.2025).

CIVIL LAW
MERKULOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, V. B. Bobkov St. Petersburg branch, Russian Customs Academy; Federal Judge (retired), accredited independent expert authorized to conduct anti-corruption expertise of regulatory legal acts
CURRENT ISSUES OF DEPARTMENTAL RULEMAKING: ISSUES OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
This article examines the theoretical and legal issues of the functioning of the institution of departmental rule-making, provides the concept of “departmental rule-making”, highlights current problems arising in this area, and suggests possible solutions. In particular, it substantiates the need for special development of additional rules that relate to the preparation of departmental regulations and which could be combined into a single regulation, and also substantiates the need to strengthen the functions of departmental and interdepartmental control in relation to adopted departmental regulatory legal acts, systematization of the existing regulatory legal departmental base.
Keywords: departmental rule-making, departmental normative legal act, legislative act, legal regulation, departments, systematization of the normative legal framework.
Article bibliography
1. Administrative activities of the Internal Affairs Directorate: Textbook for universities / Edited by M. V. Kostennikov, A. V. Kurakin. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait, 2025. – 579 p.
2. Arzamasov Yu. G. Theory and practice of departmental rule-making in Russia. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2013. – P. 2.
3. Arzamasov Yu. G. Presidential control over departmental rule-making // Actual problems of combating crimes and other offenses: Proceedings of the international. scientific and practical conference. – Barnaul: BYuI MVD of Russia, 2003. – P. 136-138.
4. Barikhin A. B. Large legal encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Knizhny Mir, 2004. – P. 3.
5. Ilyin A. V. Departmental rule-making as a problem of administrative and constitutional law of Russia // Directions and forms of humanitarization of higher education: interuniversity collection of scientific papers / Ed. S. V. Demidov. – Ryazan: Ryazanproekt, 2017. – Issue 6. – P. 26-35.
6. Leshcheva M. S. Certain problematic issues of rule-making of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in modern conditions. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://na-obr.ru/component/djclassifieds/?view=item&cid=21:publ-16&id=233:%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5Itemid=464 (date of access: 08/05/2025).
7. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Psychological and legal errors in law-making activity // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 7. – P. 23.
8. Shitov G. A. Departmental systematization as a condition for improving rule-making activity (on the example of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://naukaru.ru/ru/nauka/article/75639/view?ysclid=mdyh1jxcj7245755881 (date accessed: 05.08.2025).
9. Shmakova N. S. Departmental lawmaking: concept and forms: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow, 2006. – P. 4.

CIVIL LAW
MIGACHEVA Anna Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
ON THE PROBLEM OF LEGISLATIVE CONSOLIDATION OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF “DIVISIBLE” AND “INDIVISIBLE” THINGS
In judicial practice, the appeal to the classification of things into “divisible” and “indivisible” is quite private and occurs in connection with the need to apply the legal regime of an indivisible thing, by virtue of which an indivisible thing acts in civil circulation as a single object of property rights even if it has components. At the same time, the signs of an indivisible thing fixed in the legislation do not allow us to clearly distinguish such things from similar categories – “a complex thing”, “a set of things”, etc. The lack of clear guidelines also leads to ambiguous judicial practice. In this regard, based on the results of the study, the author not only raises the problem of the need to reform the norms on the legal regimes of things in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but also discusses possible ways to improve legislation in this area.
Keywords: classification of things in civil law, divisible thing, indivisible thing, complex thing, property law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Shershenevich G. F. Textbook of Russian civil law. – M., 1995.
2. Pobedonostsev K. P. Course of civil law. – M., 2002. – Vol. 2.
3. Evseev E. F. Legal regime of divisible and indivisible things // Advocate. – 2010. – No. 3.
4. Kuznetsov V. A., Tsvetkov A. V. Problems of foreclosure on the pledged part of an indivisible thing // In the collection: Tambov legal readings named after F. N. Plevako. Materials of the IV International scientific and practical conference. In two volumes. – Tambov, 2020.
5. Abramova E. N., Averchenko N. N., Alferova Yu. N. et al. Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One (article by article) // Ed. A. P. Sergeev. – M.: Prospect, 2018.
6. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Article-by-article commentary to chapters 6-12 / Ed. by L. V. Sannikova. – M.: Statut, 2014.
7. Russian civil law: textbook in 2 volumes / Ed. by E. A. Sukhanov. – M., 2019. – T 1.
8. Rakhvalova D. O. On the issue of indivisibility of a complex thing // Business. Education. Law. – 2018. – No. 2 (43).
9. Bevzenko R. S. Land plot with buildings on it: introduction to Russian real estate law. – M., 2017.

CIVIL LAW
MIKHAYLOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Foreign language sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
PIRVERDIEVA Elvira Ali-kyzy
senior lecturer of Foreign language sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
USING SOCIAL NETWORKS BY TEENAGERS: LEGAL COMPETENCE AND SAFETY
The study examines the use of social networks by teenagers, including online activity, digital awareness, security, and legal literacy (personal data protection, responsibility for posted content, and copyright infringement). The authors present the results of their research, which suggests that while teenagers actively engage in socialization on social networks, they prioritize face-to-face communication and physical contact. Additionally, teenagers are aware of the potential risks associated with their own information shared on social networks, but they lack understanding of the potential copyright infringement associated with the use of \”other people\’s\” content.
Keywords: social networks, teenagers, socialization, legal literacy, security
Article bibliography
1. A certain ideology is imposed on children through social networks // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2025. April 10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2025/04/10/kravcov-cherez-socseti-detiam-naviazyvaiut-opredelennuiu-ideologiiu.html (date of access: 05.05.2025).
2. Ekaterina Mizulina answered questions from Samara schoolchildren and students // League of Safe Internet. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ligainternet.ru/ekaterina-mizulina-otvetila-na-voprosy-samarskih-shkolnikov-i-studentov/ (date of access: 05.05.2025).
3. The influence of the Internet on young people was discussed in Kazan // 116.ru. 2024. September 24. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://116.ru/text/gorod/2024/09/24/74126339/ (date accessed: 05.05.2025).
4. Russia proposed creating a special Internet for children // RIA Novosti. 2019. March 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20190306/1551577366.html (date accessed: 05.05.2025).
5. The State Duma approved the law on Internet regulation // RIA Novosti. 2022. November 29. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20221129/internet-1835047567.html (date accessed: 05.05.2025)

CIVIL LAW
ODINTSOV Stanislav Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ABUKHADMA Gais Kadym Turki
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
FEATURES OF THEOLOGICAL AND LEGAL SCHOOLS AND MUSLIM LAW MAKING STAGES AS A PROCESS OF SINGULARITY
The article is devoted to the peculiarities and development of theological and legal schools at different historical stages of Muslim lawmaking. The analysis of doctrinal and legislative sources in the traditional relationship with the religious system of world perception generally affects the understanding of the modern approach to the regulation of socio-economic relations of the jurisdictions of the Arab states. Currently, a distinctive feature of most Muslim legal systems is their certain tendency towards legal pluralism, which allows several legal systems to coexist and function simultaneously. The authors examined the areas of Muslim law concerning the interests of subjects of private law relations within the framework of trends in integration and universalization. It is noted that in most jurisdictions of Muslim countries, there is currently a tendency to adapt to the global processes of economic globalization and the introduction of innovative technologies, while striving for a balance between traditional norms and principles.
Keywords: Muslim (Islamic) law, theological and legal schools, comparative jurisprudence.
Article bibliography
1. Bogolyubov A. S. Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. Prozorov S. M. M .: Science, GRVL, 1991. Pp. 91-92.
2. Duraev T. A. Modern Islamic law: content, doctrine, development trends // Basis. 2019. No. 2 (6). Pp. 29-33.
3. Kirabaev N. S. Political thought of the Muslim Middle Ages. M.: RUDN, 2005. 256 p.
4. Muslim law: Bibliographic index on Muslim law and customary law of the peoples professing Islam / Ed. R. I. Bekkin. M., 2010. 320 p.
5. Rasskazov L.P. The emergence and development of Muslim law and its main sources. The influence of Westernization on the legal systems of Muslim countries and Islamization on the countries of the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon legal families // Scientific journal of KubSAU. 2015. No. 111 (07). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://ej.kubagro.ru/2015/07/pdf/10.pdf
6. Syukiyainen L. R. Islam: encyclopedic dictionary / Responsible. ed. Prozorov S. M. M.: Nauka, GRVL, 1991. Pp. 91-92.
7. Syukiyainen L. R. Fundamentals of the Theory of Islamic Law: textbook. manual. SPb.: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2019. 163 p.
8. Khaidarova M. S. Main directions and schools of Muslim law / Muslim law. Structure and main institutions. USSR Academy of Sciences IGIP. M., 1984.
9. Chirkin V. E. Muslim concept of law // Muslim law. Structure and main institutions. M.: Publishing house of IGIP of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1984. Pp. 4-20.
10. Tsmay V. V., Tailov R. Z. Main stages of the formation of the concept of Muslim law // History of the state and law. 2005. No. 1. P. 61-62.
11. Miroshnichenko O. I., Samusenko T. M., Gaivoronskaya Ya. V., Frolova E. E. Doctrine in the Modern World: Legal Traditions and Modern // Social Sciences (Pakistan). Medwell Journals. 2018. Vol. 13. P. 235-240.

CIVIL LAW
POPOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Civil process and international law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
PRE-TRIAL CASE PREPARATION: SOME CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
The scientific article presents a comprehensive analysis of the pre-trial preparation stage within civil, arbitration, and administrative proceedings. The author examines the regulatory framework and the positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation regarding the content and objectives of this stage. Particular attention is given to its independent and mandatory nature, as well as to the peculiarities of its application across various types of civil procedure. It is established that, despite the limited volume of legislative provisions in the procedural codes, the pre-trial preparation stage plays a crucial role in dispute resolution, as it lays the groundwork for the subsequent issue of a lawful and well-founded judgment. The article identifies differences in terminology and the positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, taking into account the legal nature of different types of proceedings—particularly in relation to the interpretation of certain organizational measures such as interviews and preliminary court hearings. The author highlights the unique features of case preparation in administrative proceedings, which stems from the expedited timeframes for reviewing certain categories of disputes. Additionally, the article explores the specifics of this stage within simplified proceedings. It is debated that the absence of certain procedures does not eliminate the necessity of case preparation, which includes both organizational measures and procedural actions. The author concludes that this stage holds systematic importance and emphasizes its impact on the quality, efficiency, and timeliness of justice. The article underscores the need for further scholarly research on the pre-trial preparation stage in civil, arbitration, and administrative proceedings.
Keywords: pre-trial case preparation, stage of proceedings, preparation stage, simplified proceedings, civil procedure, arbitration procedure, administrative proceedings, civilist process.
Article bibliography
1. Gurvich M. A. Review of the book by V. K. Puchinsky “Preparation of civil cases for trial” // Jurisprudence. – 1964. – No. 3.
2. Zhukova Yu. A. Simplified proceedings in civil and arbitration proceedings: monograph. – Moscow: Zertsalo-M, 2022.
3. Koncheva V. A. On the importance of preparing civil cases for consideration // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2016. -№ 6.
4. Lazarev S. V. Judicial management of case movement / Ural. state. law university named after V. F. Yakovlev. – M.: Statut, 2022.
5. Loginov P. V. Preliminary preparation of civil cases for hearing in court. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1960.
6. Mikhailova E. V. Preparing a case for trial in the system of civil legal proceedings // Justice of the Peace. – 2024. – № 10.
7. Skuratovsky M. L. Preparing a case for trial in an arbitration court of first instance. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2007.

CIVIL LAW
RABETS Anna Petrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
TOKAREV Alexander Maksimovich
independent researcher of the law school, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
NEW OBJECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND REGULATORY PROSPECTS
The article explores the legal problems of new intellectual property objects in the context of digital transformation: digital property, NFTs and digital twins. The authors analyze their legal nature, identify significant gaps in the legislation of the Russian Federation and propose differentiated approaches to regulation. The article substantiates the qualification of NFT and digital property as “other property” under Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Digital doubles are recognized as a qualitatively new object that requires inclusion in the list of art. 1225 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The goal is to create effective mechanisms for the protection of rights in the digital economy.
Keywords: digital transformation, intellectual property, digital assets, virtual assets, non-fungible tokens (NFT), digital twins, legal regulation, Civil Code of the Russian Federation, blockchain, metaverse.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Chetvergov D.S. Legal regime of an avatar: regulation of the circulation of a digital image of a person in the metaverse // Legal science. – 2023. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoy-rezhim-avatara-regulirovanie-oborota-tsifrovogo-obraza-lichnosti-v-metavselennoy (date of access: 05/15/2025).
2. Garazovskaya N. V. Virtual property in games: prospects for legal regulation // E-Scio. – 2020. – No. 4 (43). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/virtualnoe-imuschestvo-v-igrah-perspektivy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya (date of access: 17.05.2025).
3. Saveliev A. I. Legal nature of virtual objects purchased for real money in multiplayer games // Bulletin of civil law. – 2014. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: mvgp.ru (date of access: 25.05.2025).
4. Rabets A. P., Naidenov K. D. Civil law regime of non-fungible tokens (NFT): current state and prospects for the development of legislation // Asia-Pacific region: economics, politics, law. – 2023. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/grazhdansko-pravovoy-rezhim-nevzaimozamenyaemyh-tokenov-nft-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-perspektivy-razvitiya-zakonodatelstva (date of access: 05/25/2025).
5. Kokorev D. S., Yurin A. A. Digital twins: concept, types and advantages for business // Colloquium-journal. – 2019. – No. 10 (34). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsifrovye-dvoyniki-ponyatie-tipy-i-preimuschestva-dlya-biznesa (date accessed: 20.05.2025).
6. Petkilev P. I. “Digital twin” as a new object of related rights // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2022. – Issue. 4 (38). – P. 93–100. DOI: 10.58741/23134852_2022_4_93.
7. Silakova L. V., Andronik A., Kiselev A. D. The essence of digital transformation: concept and process // Baikal Research Journal. – 2024. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/suschnost-tsifrovoy-transformatsii-ponyatie-i-protsess (date of access: 05/29/2025).
8. Levinson V. S., Mitin R. K. Legal regulation of virtual property // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoe-regulirovanie-virtualnogo-imuschestva (date of access: 05/29/2025).
9. Katkov D. A. Legal status of NFT: role and significance in modern digital reality // Skif. – 2023. – No. 6 (82). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovoy-status-nft-rol-i-znachenie-v-sovremennoy-tsifrovoy-realnosti (date of access: 30.05.2025).
10. Kress V. V. On the issue of the concept of virtual (digital) property as an object of civil rights // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2024. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-ponyatii-virtualnogo-tsifrovogo-imuschestva-kak-obekte-grazhdanskih-prav (date of access: 06/02/2025).

CIVIL LAW
SEMYANNIKOVA Dina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and labor law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
SOME PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL SECURITY OF WORKERS AND SERVICEMEN
In the framework of the research the author considers the peculiarities of the mechanisms of social security of hired workers, to which, among others, the legislator includes servicemen. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the provision of social security of these categories within the framework of different forms of social security, the state uses similar tools in cases of loss of their life and health in the performance of their labor and service duties.
Keywords: social security, employee, serviceman, compulsory social insurance, state compulsory insurance.
Article bibliographic list
1. Andreev V. S. Social security law in the USSR: [Textbook for universities in the specialty “Jurisprudence”] / 2nd ed. with revisions and additions. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1980. – 311 p.
2. Arkhipov A. P. Social insurance: textbook and workshop for secondary vocational education / 4th ed., revised and expanded. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 329 p. – (Professional education). – ISBN 978-5-534-16336-0. – Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/561960 (date of access: 05/06/2025).
3. Social security law: textbook for universities / Edited by M. V. Filippova / 4th ed., revised. and additional. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 435 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-21459-8. – Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. – P. 154 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/572245/p.154 (date accessed: 06.05.2025).
4. Social security law: textbook for universities / Edited by E. E. Machulskaya. 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 449 p.
5. V. D. Roik. Social insurance: textbook and workshop for universities / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 418 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-08672-0. – Text: electronic // Yurait Educational Platform [website]. p. 121. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/536154/p.121 (date of access: 29.11.2024).
6. Savchenko E. A. The role of the state in organizing and regulating the compulsory social insurance system // Social and pension law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 14-21.
7. Smelik R. G. Military labor: theoretical and methodological foundations // Bulletin of the Siberian State Automobile and Highway Academy. – 2013. – Issue 4 (32). – P. 184-188.
8. Tuchkova E. G. Problems of the General Part of Social Security Law: monograph / Ed. E. G. Tuchkova; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – Moscow: Prospekt, 2017. – P. 282.

CIVIL LAW
SOKOLOVA Darya Nikolaevna
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF VERIFYING THE WILLS OF CONVICTS BY THE HEAD OF PLACES OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY
This article discusses the topic of the certification of wills in institutions of the penal system. The procedure for verifying wills, being an important element of exercising the right to dispose of property, faces a number of practical difficulties. The analysis of the regulatory legal framework allows us to assert that there are shortcomings in the legislative regulation of notarial issues in correctional institutions. The lack of clear instructions and unified requirements for the organization of work when certifying wills in places of detention create obstacles to the timely and proper registration of the will of the convicted. In this regard, there is a need to amend the current legislation aimed at eliminating the identified gaps and creating an effective mechanism for exercising the right of convicts to verify wills.
Keywords: persons serving sentences, testament, correctional institutions, notary, head of places of detention.
Article bibliography
1. Novitsky I. B. Transactions. Statute of limitations. – Moscow, 1954. – P. 248.
2. Notary’s Handbook: in 4 volumes. Volume No. 1. Organization of notarial work / Ed. I. G. Medvedev. – M., 2015.

CIVIL LAW
SHUSHKANOV Pavel Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State-legal and civil-legal disciplines sub-faculty, Law Faculty, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University
GRIBANOVSKAYA Mariya Sergeevna
postgraduate student Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
FAMILY AS A FORM OF SOCIAL ASSOCIATION
The article discusses the possibility of applying to the family as a category of characteristics of a legal entity in order to identify common properties with legal entities and the possibility of understanding the family as a type of non-profit association. The author draws parallels between the family as a legal category and some types of non-profit organizations and comes to the conclusion that there are many similarities between a family union, a union as a type of legal entity and public associations.
Keywords: family, marriage, legal entities, private law.
Article bibliography
1. Antokolskaya M. V. Family law. – Moscow: Jurist, 1996. – 365 p.
2. Baitaeva Ya. Z. Family and its members as subjects of housing legal relations: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar, 2004.
3. Civil law: textbook: in 3 volumes. Volume 3 / Edited by A. P. Sergeev, Yu. K. Tolstoy. – M.: Prospect, 1999.
4. Darmodekhin S. V. State family policy: principles of formation and implementation // Family in Russia. – 2000. – No. 3-4.
5. Ilyina O. Yu. Problems of interest in family law of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Publishing house “Gorodets”, 2007. – 192 p.
6. Kuznetsova O. A. Presumptions in civil law / Assoc. legal center. – 2nd ed., corrected. and additional – St. Petersburg: Legal center Press, 2004. – 347 p.
7. Family law: current problems of theory and practice. – Moscow: Yurait: [In-t gosudarstvo i pravo rossiyskogo akad. sciences], 2007. – 279 p.
8. Rabets A. M. The place of the family in the legal space: legal characteristics of the family in the Russian Federation and in certain foreign states (legislative experience and problems) // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2022. – Vol. 75, No. 11 (192). – Pp. 100-111. – DOI 10.17803 / 1729-5920.2022.192.11.100-111.
9. Soloviev V. V. Legal status of the family of a serviceman in the Russian Federation: dis. … Cand. sciences (law). – Moscow, 2007. – 218 p.
10. Strogonova T. P. Legal concept of “family members of the owner of residential premises” // Siberian Legal Review. – 2019. – No. 16 (3). – pp. 291-296.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF A PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC PATIENT IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC HEALTH PROTECTION AS A BASIS FOR DAMAGES
The article reveals the concept and content of the clinic\’s civil liability to the patient under the contract for the provision of medical services. It has been established that the prosecution is due to non-compliance with diagnostic and treatment methods, the requirements of standards and procedures for providing medical care, and clinical recommendations. It was revealed what the losses caused to the patient by poorly provided medical services by the clinic are expressed in. It is noted that medical activity is risky. Therefore, the patient must be aware of the risks that plastic surgery entails, and failure to achieve the result of the operation expected by the client does not always mean that the defendant provided a service of appropriate quality. It is concluded that the harm caused to the patient\’s health by the plastic surgery clinic due to poorly rendered medical services is the basis for compensation in full for the losses incurred by the patient, provided that the illegality of the action (inaction) of the clinic (its staff), harm (damage) to the patient, and the causal relationship between them are proven.
Keywords: patient, clinic, medical organization, responsibility, harm, medical care, plastic surgery, guilt, health.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Batyukova V. E. On the responsibility of doctors for mistakes made // Public service and law. – 2019. – No. 1.
2. Berillo M. S. Conditions of liability of medical organizations for causing harm to the health of a patient by medical intervention in judicial practice // Legal science and practice. – 2016. – Vol. 12, No. 1.
3. Lantukh D. V., Nevzgodin E. L. Compensation for harm caused to the life and health of citizens due to the provision of medical services // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Law”. – 2019. – No. 4, Vol. 16.
4. Mokhov A. A., Mokhova I. N. Functions of obligation due to harm to the health or life of a patient // Medical law. – 2006. – No. 3.
5. Slepenok Yu. N., Stankevich G. V., Stepanovand L. P. Features of the liability of a medical organization for causing harm to a patient’s health // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2021. – Vol. 38, No. 2.
6. Starchikov M. Yu. Civil liability of medical organizations for harm caused to the life (health) of patients in the provision of medical services. Theoretical provisions and judicial practice. – M., 2016.
7. Filimonov A. A. Features of the liability of medical organizations in case of harm to life and health: civil aspect // Jurist. – 2022. – No. 7 // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
8. Shevchuk E. P. Problems of determining the amount of compensation for harm caused to health in the provision of medical services // Glagoliy sudstva. – 2015. – No. (10).

CIVIL LAW
GRIGORJEV Vyacheslav Igorevich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia; Lawyer of the Monastyrsky, Zyuba, Stepanov & Partners Bar Association
BANK\’S OBLIGATIONS TERMINATION AS A CONDITION FOR SANITATION: IS THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT RIGHT?
In the article, the author examines the problem of termination of obligations to managing employees and supervisors of banks in the event of rehabilitation measures. The author analyzes the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as, based on foreign experience, provides comments on improving the current legal regulation and justifies the need to apply the «no creditor worse off» principle. The author concludes that the risk of losses should be directly related to the order of repayment of bankruptcy claims, and the law should take into account the nature of claims that receive protection from write-off.
Keywords: termination of obligations, bankruptcy, sanation, rehabilitation.
Article bibliography
1. Belousov I. A. Subordination of claims for loans of corporation participants in bankruptcy proceedings // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 5 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Grigoriev V. I. Legal impossibility of execution in foreign law and international codifications // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 171-205.
3. Podshivalov T. P. Protection of the interests of the debtor in a contractual obligation in bankruptcy and abuse of corporate control // Law and Economics. – 2017. – No. 12 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Emilios Avgouleas, Charles Goodhart. Critical Reflections on Bank Bail-ins Journal of Financial Regulation. – 2015. – Vol. 1, No. 1. – P. 3-29.
5. Tomas Ambrasas. Bank resolution regime. Balancing private and public. interests. A comparative analysis. Ph.D. diss. – Vilnius, Basel University, 2015.

CIVIL LAW
DIMITROV Nikolay Svetlozarov
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
LEGAL NORMS AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN THE RESOLUTION OF CIVIL LAW MATTERS WITH A CROSS-BORDER ELEMENT IN THE EU BASED ON THE HABITUAL RESIDENCE OF NATURAL PERSONS
This article aims to examine issues related to the application of Regulation (EU) No. 1215/2012 in the Member States, depending on the habitual residence of natural persons. Particular attention is given to the interpretation of the term “habitual residence”. The article outlines the position of judicial authorities regarding the determination of habitual residence. The study focuses on legal relationships arising in the context of cross-border civil law matters within the EU. The scope includes legislative provisions defining the residence of natural persons, academic literature, and materials from judicial practice. The research concludes with the need to establish a uniform criterion for determining the connection between a natural person and a specific EU Member State in proceedings involving a cross-border element.
Keywords: civil cases, court, European Union, regulation, member state, habitual residence, international jurisdiction, natural person.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ermakova E. P., Sitkareva E. V. Law of the European Union: the procedure for resolving private law disputes: textbook. allowance. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2016. – P.101.
2. Zlatareva M.I. International civil process. – S.: Siela, 2010. – P. 97-101.
3. Pandov V. Kh., Tsenova T. V., Yanakiev Z. I., Regulations Bruxel I. – S.: Siela, 2012. – P. 567.
4. Popova V. M. Current problems in the European civil process and part VII of the Civil Procedure Code. – S.: Siela, 2012. – P. 21.
5. Jenard P. Bericht zu dem Übereinkommen über die gerichtliche Zuständigkeit und die Vollstreckung gerichtlicher Entscheidungen in Zivil- und Handelssachen, 1979. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e69d7939-d016-4346-9651-963a63f53381/language-de (date of access: 02.24.2025).
6. Magnus U., Mankowski P. European Commentaries on Private International Law, Brussels I bis regulation, 2015. – P. 992.

CIVIL LAW
DYUZHENKOV Nikolay Andreevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
FEATURES OF PROPERTY IMMUNITY OF MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS
An analysis of bankruptcy legislation leads us to the conclusion that it is possible to expand the provisions on property immunities, including for some property of debtor legal entities, which includes communal infrastructure facilities. These facilities are not included in the bankruptcy estate and should be transferred to their owners. However, the current law does not provide a clear procedure for calculating compensation when property is seized from the bankruptcy estate. This leads to arbitrary determinations of the amount of compensation. Therefore, the author suggests establishing a unified methodology for calculating fair compensation based on market value and considering the size of creditors\’ claims against the debtor. The second group includes the remaining municipal infrastructure facilities, which are implemented according to general bankruptcy laws, with the exception that if they are not sold during competitive proceedings, they are transferred to local governments. However, there are conflicting positions in legal practice and doctrine regarding whether compensation should be paid for this transfer. Therefore, it is proposed to establish a legislative procedure for the sale of these properties in case of unprofitability, which would be in line with both the position of the Supreme Court and the general approach to selling the assets of an insolvent debtor.
Keywords: bankruptcy, insolvency, immunity, property immunity, municipal infrastructure facilities, compensation.
Article bibliography
1. Agapov A. B. Public things // Administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 11-15.
2. Vinnitsky A. V. Public property. – M .: Statut, 2013. – 732 p.
3. Gorodov O. A. On the innovations of the energy legislation of the Russian Federation concerning the alienation of energy facilities or the transfer of rights to them: civilistic aspect // Legal energy forum. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 39-47.
4. Dyuzhenkov N. A. On the Issue of the Concepts of the Emergence of the Institute of Property Immunities // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 219-221.
5. Egorov A. V. Bankruptcy Proceedings: Commentary on Key Points // Civil Law Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 114-139.
6. Karapetyan A. G., Matvienko S. V., Moroz A. I., Safonova M. V., Fetisova E. M. Review of Legal Positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on Private Law Issues for March 2019 // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 33-42.
7. Sklovsky K. I. Property in civil law. 6th ed., corr. and add. – Moscow: Statut, 2023. – 894 p.
8. Chernysheva A. A. Practice of resolving disputes on the transfer (return) of socially significant objects and public infrastructure objects to municipal ownership and disputes related to the payment of compensation for such return // Arbitration disputes. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 50-85.
9. Chuprykov M. V. Compensation for objects subject to exclusion from the bankruptcy estate: a review of law enforcement practice // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 160-192.
10. Shevchenko I. M. On bringing public-law entities to subsidiary liability for the obligations of their enterprises and institutions // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 188-208.

CIVIL LAW
KARYUKIN Maksim Igorevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPTS OF THE INSTITUTION OF PROPERTY IMMUNITIES
In connection with the development of legal relations in the field of the institution of material change of circumstances, the question of their legal nature, scope of application and comparative analysis of other legal systems is becoming quite important. Studying the specifics of the application of this institution in the legal systems of Russia, England, and France, and identifying key differences in approaches allows us to identify the advantages and disadvantages of different legal systems. The application of the legal category of material change of circumstances is impossible without its consideration in practice, identifying the main trends and approaches to balancing the interests of the parties to the contract in changed circumstances and whether the Russian legal mechanism should be adapted, taking into account foreign experience, to increase the flexibility and predictability of the application of provisions in contractual legal relations.
Keywords: contract, significant change in circumstances, amendment to contract, termination of contract, unforeseen circumstances, Russian law, English law, French law, force majeure.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aleksandrova V. D. Force majeure clause and provision on a significant change in circumstances // Skif. Questions of student science. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 154-157.
2. Gromov A. A. A significant change in circumstances as a basis for amending or terminating a contract // Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 18.
3. Danilova K. A. On the issue of termination and amendment of a contract due to a significant change in circumstances // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 39 (434). – P. 104-106.
4. Dozhdev D. V. Amendment and termination of a contract due to a significant change in circumstances: European legal tradition and modern trends (beginning) // Works of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2018. – V. 13, No. 1. – P. 105.
5. Erokhova M. A. The Impact of the Ruble Devaluation on the Lease Agreement. Collection of Articles for the Anniversary of V. V. Vitryansky. – M.: Statut, 2017. – P. 69.
6. Article 451 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Doctrine of a Material Change of Circumstances // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2019. – No. 6 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Zarya A. A. Modification and Termination of an Agreement Due to a Material Change of Circumstances // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2021. – No. 14. – P. 178-196.
8. Zeits A. G. The Impact of Changed Circumstances on the Force of Agreements (clausula rebus sic stantibus) // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2013. – V. 13, No. 5. – P. 214-215.
9. Kozlova N. V., Yagelnitsky A. A. Termination of a civil contract due to a material change in circumstances // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 50.
10. Kozlova N. V., Yagelnitsky A. A. Termination of a civil contract due to a material change in circumstances // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 39.
11. Meleshkova S. A. Material change in circumstances as a basis for amending or terminating a contract // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – No. 3-3 (78). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/suschestvennoe-izmenenie-obstoyatelstv-kak-osnovanie-dlya-izmeneniya-ili-rastorzheniya-dogovora (date of access: 05/27/2025).
12. Ovchinnikov A. A., Samokhina E. A. Significant change in circumstances as a basis for termination of the contract: problems of judicial practice // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 3A. – P. 465-473. – DOI: 10.34670/AR.2023.50.56.075.
13. Ochkhaev T. G. Amendment and termination of the contract due to a significant change in circumstances. – M., 2017.
14. Black\’s Law Dictionary. -St. Paul, Minn, 1990. – P. 250.
15. Block G. Semantics and the Sanctity of Contracts // A Review of General Semantics. – 1981. – Vol. 38, No. 3.

CIVIL LAW
MAGOMEDOV Magomed Ruslanovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF MARITAL PROPERTY RELATIONS IN RUSSIAN LAW AS AN ELEMENT OF MARITAL RELATIONS: A HISTORICAL ASPECT
The scientific article is devoted to the study of the historical path of formation of the legal regulation of property relations between spouses in Russia, starting from the ancient period and ending with modern realities. The author examines the evolution of legal regimes, analyzes the origin of the institution of marital property community and the factors that influenced its adoption in Soviet times. The work also examines the modern Family Code of the Russian Federation, noting positive steps towards the individualization of property relations and raising issues that remain unresolved in the current legislation. The results of the study are important for specialists in the field of family law, as they help to better understand the dynamics and current challenges of the legal regulation of property relations between spouses.
Keywords: marriage, property relations of spouses, protection of the interests of spouses, prenuptial agreement.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alekseev A. A. Prregulation of property relations of spouses in the Russian Empire: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation; Specialist 12.00.01; Place of protection: South-Ural State University; Work completed: South-Ural State University. – Chelyabinsk, 2007. – 30 p.
2. Aristov V. V. History of the emergence and development, evolution of the regime of community of property of spouses in Russia: Part One // Family and Housing Law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 2-5.
3. Bondov S. N. Marriage contract (contract) under family law of Russia: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation; Specialist 12.00.01; Place of protection: Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia; Work completed: Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – Moscow, 1999. – P. 123.
4. Hamburg K. S. Problematic aspects of legal regulation of property relations of spouses // DSpace Repository. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dspace.susu.ru/xmlui/handle/0001.74/36013 (date of access: 12/27/2024).
5. Zakharov A. I. Historical development of legal regulation of property relations of spouses in Russian law // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 60-67.
6. Lakova M. B. History of the emergence and development of the institution of joint property of spouses in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2022. – No. 2-2 (125). – P. 85-88.
7. Nevolin K. A. Complete Works of K. A. Nevolin: T. 1-6. History of Russian Civil Laws: Introduction and Book One on Family Unions / 24. – St. Petersburg: type. E. Pratsa, 1857. – XVI. – 444 p.
8. Sergushkin N. S., Nesterova T. I. History of the Formation and Development of the Institute of General Joint Ownership // Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – No. 1 (82). – P. 438-445.
9. Tsaregorodtseva O. N. Formation and Development of Property Relations of Spouses in Russia from Ancient Times to the Mid-19th Century // “Black Holes” in Russian Legislation. Law Journal. – 2007. – No. 6. – P. 371-372.
10. Shershenevich G. F. Textbook of Russian civil law. According to the 1907 edition. – M., 1995. – 556 p.

CIVIL LAW
MOLCHANOV Evgeniy Viktorovich
postgraduate student (private law (civil law) sciences), St. Petersburg State University of Economics
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES OF CITIZENS
The article is devoted to the study of the principle of good faith and its role in the context of the implementation of income-generating activities of citizens. Special attention is paid to the pre-sumption of good faith, since the absence of regulatory regulation of income-generating activities cannot serve as a basis for recognizing it as unfair. As an example, esoteric activity is considered as a type of income-generating activity of citizens, requiring special differentiated legal regulation, taking into account the specifics. Attention is focused on the immateriality of the subject of esoteric activity and the subjectivity of the results. In this regard, the importance of warning citizens about the potential risks associated with contacting subjects of esoteric activity is emphasized. Therefore, it is proposed to consider such relationships as natural obligations, focusing on the aleatory nature of such interactions.
Keywords: economic activity, income-generating activity, civil law regime, the principle of good conscience, good faith, presumption of good faith, abuse of law, merit goods.
Article bibliography:
1. Demieva A. G. Conceptual issue of the unity of active economic activity as a social and legal phenomenon // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 3 (69). – P. 71-76.
2. Bartoszek M. Roman law: concepts, terms, definitions. – M. Legal lit., 1989. – 448 p.
3. Pavlov A. A., Karapetov A. G. Relations with the participation of entrepreneurs as civil law relations // Basic provisions of civil law: article-by-article commentary to Articles 1-16.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. – M .: M-Logos, 2020. – Pp. 297-322.
4. Novitsky I. B. The principle of good conscience in the draft civil code // Bulletin of civil law. – 1916. – No. 6. – Pp. 56-90.
5. Em V. S., Sukhanov E. A. On the types of subjective civil rights and the limits of their implementation // Bulletin of civil law. – 2019. – No. 4. – Pp. 7-21.
6. Sklovsky K. I. Application of the norms on good conscience in the civil law of Russia // Business and Law. – 2002. – No. 9. – P. 79-94.
7. Egorov A. V. The principle of good faith in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: the first steps of reform // Legal Insight. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 4-10.
8. Tserkovnikov M. A. On good faith in the institutions of property law // Bulletin of civil law. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 24-30.
9. Demieva A. G. Active economic activity and civil law. – M.: Statut, 2025. – 274 p.
10. Gazizullin R. I., Khamidullina F. I. Economic freedom and good faithas a system-forming principle of the legal concept of social responsibility of business // Theory and practice of social development. – 2023. – No. 2 (180). – P. 121-131.
11. Gadzhiev G. A. Four points of view on good faith ownership // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 10. – P. 89-109. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “Consultant Plus” (date of access: 01.08.2025).
12. Calabresi G., Kushnareva I. V. The future of law and economics. Essays on reform and reflections. – M.: Gaidar Institute Publishing House, 2016. – 304 p.
13. Sklovsky K. I. Application of Law and the Principle of Good Faith // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 94-118. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “Consultant Plus” (date of access: 01.08.2025).
14. Fedotov A. G. Natural Obligations // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 79-131.

CIVIL LAW
NIKOLSKIY Daniil Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Business and corporate law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
DISPOSITIVE AND IMPERATIVE METHODS OF LEGAL REGULATION IN CORPORATE RELATIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PREEMPTIVE RIGHT DOCTRINE: RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
The article analyzes dispositive and imperative methods of legal regulation in corporate relations using the example of the preemptive right to acquire shares in the charter capital of a limited liability company. The author examines the historical development of case law and legislative changes in Russia, focusing on the position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and recent amendments to the legislation on limited liability companies. The paper also provides a comparative legal overview of the regulation of preemptive rights in foreign jurisdictions, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the approach chosen by the Russian legislator.
Keywords: corporate law, preemptive right, boundaries of dispositiveness, method of legal regulation, comparative legal analysis.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gentovt O. I. Restriction of corporate rights: a new approach to well-known structures // Civil law. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 13-16.
2. Glazunov A. Yu., Gorchakov D. S., Chuprunov I. S. Commentary on the Review of judicial practice on some issues of application of legislation on business entities // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 79-134 @@ No. 11. – P. 101-171.
3. Glushetsky A. A. Commercial corporations: types and organizational structure. – Moscow: Statut, 2023. – 294 p.
4. Gutnikov O. V. Corporate liability in civil law. – M.: Law Firm “Contract”, 2019. – 488 p.
5. Gutnikov O. V. Limits of imperativeness in joint-stock law. Twenty-five years of Russian joint-stock law: problems, tasks, development prospects / Ed. D. V. Lomakin. – Moscow: Statut, 2021. – 414 p.
6. Kuznetsov A. A. New life of Russian corporate law and restrictions on the alienation of a share (stocks). Commentary on the Definition of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 11.06.2020 No. 306-ES19-24912 // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2020. – No. 8. – P. 4-24.
7. Kuznetsov A. A. Limits of Autonomy of Will in Corporate Law: A Brief Essay. – M.: Statut, 2017. – 160 p.
8. Nikolsky D. A. Boundaries of Dispositiveness in the Legislative Regulation of Internal and External Relations of a Corporation // Legal Science. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 232-237.
9. Oda H. Shareholders’ Agreements: A Cautious Step Forward // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2010. – No. 1. – P. 132-161.
10. Basic Provisions of Civil Law: Article-by-Article Commentary to Articles 1 – 16.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – M.: Statut, 2020. – 1469 p.
11. Modern corporate law: current problems of theory and practice: monograph / O. A. Belyaeva, S. A. Burlakov, M. M. Vildanova et al.; ed. O. V. Gutnikov. – Moscow: IZiSP, Statut, 2021. – 528 p.
12. Sukhanov E. A. Comparative corporate law. – M.: Statut, 2014. – 456 p.
13. Filippova S. Yu., Shitkina I. S. Model charters: on the issue of the legal nature and purpose // Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 152-160.
14. Chuprunov I. S. On the issue of the design of the preemptive right to purchase a share (stocks) // Bulletin of civil law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 94-219.
15. Chuprunov I. S. The beginning of a “new life” in Russian corporate law. Commentary on the Definition of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 11.06.2020 No. 306-ES19-24912 // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 8. – P. 25-68.
16. Yakovlev V. F. Civil law method of regulating public relations. – M.: Statut, 2006. – 240 p.
17. Marco Ventoruzzo, Issuing New Shares and Preemptive Rights: A Comparative Analysis, 12 Rich. J. Global L. & Bus. 517 (2013).
18. Westermann H. P. Munchener Kommentar zum Burgerlichen Gesetzbuch (MuKo). – Munchen, 2019.

CIVIL LAW
PANTELEEV Ilya Leonidovich
competitor of Commercial law and fundamentals of jurisprudence sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
OBJECTS OF CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL LAW IN CHINA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL RESEARCH
In 2024 China\’s foreign trade turnover up by 5% to 43.85 trillion yuan ($6.1 trillion), exports up by 7.1% to 25.45 trillion yuan, while imports increased by 2.3% to 18.39 trillion yuan. China trading with more than 150 countries. At the same time, the US foreign trade turnover in 2023 amounted to $5.16 trillion. For Russia, the Chinese market is of interest not only as a source of goods, but also as their sales platform, and therefore research in the field of Chinese trade law can be useful not only for exporters who are directly in contact with national law, but also for importers to understand certain principles of Chinese trade law. In this situation, it is important to understand the objects of China\’s trade turnover. This work is devoted to a comparative legal review of the objects of commercial law in China and Russia.
Keywords: objects of private law, principles of private law, objects of law in China, comparative legal analysis.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Wang I. The principle of division: what to divide // Eastern jurisprudence. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 181-188.
2. Wang Liming. On the principle of separation within the framework of the titulus et modus aсquirendi model: in focus of Art. 215 of the Civil Code of the PRC // Tsinghua Jurisprudence. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 5-19.
3. Wang Zhihua. A Century of China’s Trade Legislation (1904-2004) // State and Law. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 85-96.
4. Gins G.K. Civil Code of China and Trade Law // Bulletin of Chinese Law. First Collection. – Harbin, 1931. – P. 235-238.
5. Danshin A.V. Codes of Professional Ethics of Merchants as a Source of Trade Law in Traditional China // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2013. – No. 2 (8). – P. 131-137
6. Dudin P. N., Tsyretorov A. I. Formation of civil law of China in 1912-1929 (pre-codification period) // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 237-253.
7. Chinese Code. Part One. Translated by Alexey Leontiev. – St. Petersburg, 1778.
8. Main issues of civil law of the PRC / Ed. by the Department of Civil Law of the Central School of Political and Legal Personnel. – Beijing: Publishing House “Law”, 1958. – P. 213. Chen Sh. The principle of separation in the mechanism of transfer of property rights in China // Jurisprudence. – 2023. – V. 67, No. 3. – P. 346.
9. Sun Xianzhong. The principle of dividing the basis for changing property rights and its result // Research of jurisprudence. – 1999. – No. 5. – P. 28-36.
10. Danling Yu. Chinese Business Law // Introduction to Chinese Laws. – 2015. – P. 96

CIVIL LAW
ESHPULATOV Timur Avazovich
postgraduate student of Business and corporate law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS IN RUSSIA: REGULATORY ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
This article considers the problem of regulation of special administrative districts. The author concludes that in Russia the special administrative district on Oktyabrsky Island in the Kaliningrad region is more popular due to its proximity to European countries and the same time zone. In this regard, the author suggests ways to increase the investment attractiveness of Russian Island. In addition, the author analyzes the reasons why the popularity of special administrative districts negatively affects the Russian economy. The author cites the dynamic experience of development of a special administrative region on the example of Hong Kong, which since May 2025 has allowed “inbound” re-domiciliation to its jurisdiction, including for Russian business, becoming another friendly jurisdiction. However, re-domiciliation to Hong Kong for Russian companies, despite all the preferences, may have unfavorable consequences to the imposition of secondary sanctions on local banks and the lack of a widely established practice of redomiciliation
Keywords: special administrative region, offshore, preferences, redomiciliation, investment, taxes, inbound redomiciliation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alekseev S.S. Collected works: in 10 volumes – M., 2010. – T. 2: Special issues of jurisprudence. – P. 381-383.
2. Adams C. The Influence of Taxes on the Formation of Civilization / Translated from English by A. A. Stolyarov and A. A.Rezvova. – Moscow, Chelyabinsk: Socium, Mysl, 2018. – 639 p.
3. Trigub E. Yu. The main stages of the deoffshorization policy in the Russian Federation // Scientific works of the Free Economic Society of Russia. – 2022. – T. 237.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLASTIC SURGEONS
The article considers the requirements for the professional level of plastic surgeons. The problems hindering the development of the professional level of doctors have been identified. A proposal has been made to standardize the unified qualification characteristics of doctors, including plastic surgeons, the professional standard of a specialist doctor in the field of plastic surgery. It is concluded that improving the professional development of specialists in the field of plastic surgery will improve the quality of medical care.
Keywords: doctor, surgeon, plastic surgeon, professional development, professional standard, qualification, qualification characteristics.
Article bibliography
1. Ershova I. V. Licensing of medical and pharmaceutical activities: legal norms, doctrine, judicial practice // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – No. 1.
2. Kochubey V. V. Professional development of specialists in the field of plastic surgery in the national qualification system: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences. – M., 2019.
3. Petrova G. A. Professional standards in Russia: rationale for the relevance of introducing a qualifications assessment system // Science yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2016. – No. 7 (29).
4. Shishov M. A. Current issues of organizing medical care in the context of new amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // State power and local self-government. – 2020. – No. 11.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
VORONTSOVA Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Civil process sub-faculty, Kazan branch, Russian State University of Justice; professor of Civil process sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy; professor of Civil and business law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEML)
OLIMOVA Rosa Mukumovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and business law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEML)
ON THE GROWING CONFIDENCE IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION METHODS (ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS)
The Federal Law “On Arbitration (Arbitration Proceedings) in the Russian Federation”, signed by the President of the Russian Federation on December 29, 2015, significantly tightened the requirements for the creation of permanent arbitration institutions, which in the future should result in an increase of their independence. Arbitration courts have become an integral element of dispute settlement with the participation of citizens and organizations. The authority of the arbitration proceedings and the equivalence of the decisions to judicial acts adopted by State courts are inherently connected to the quality of the decisions and their compliance with the current legislation. In the article, the author pays attention to the special significance and relevance of arbitration courts among the main methods of human rights protection.
Keywords: Arbitration court, dispute settlement, human rights protection, conflict resolution method, dispute settlement method.
Article bibliography
1. Balashov A. N., Zaitsev A. I., Zaitseva Yu. A. Arbitration proceedings in the Russian Federation. – M .: Yustitsinform, 2012. – P. 3.
2. Mikshis D. V. Arbitration court as a form of protection of private rights and an institution of civil society: traditions of the English model // Civil legislation. Articles. Comments. Practice. – 2012. – No. 40. – P. 273-292.
3. Kleandrov M. I. The past of arbitration courts in resolving economic disputes // Arbitration court. – 2000. – No. 5. – P. 86-88.
4. Syurmeev K. E. Parallel legal proceedings: problems of legal qualification // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 172-180.
5. Benedskaya O. A. Constitutional and legal foundations of the arbitration court institution in the Russian Federation: problems of theory and practice: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.02. – M., 2020. – P. 11-12.
6. Kleandrov M. I. Economic justice in Russia: past, present, future. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – P. 16.
7. Casa I. Arbitration (arbitration court): history of creation and legal nature // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – 2018. – Vol. 22, No. 2. – P. 269-288.
8. Skvortsov O. Yu ….elstvo) in the Russian Federation. – M.: Yurait, 2017. – P. 35.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
GRIGORJEVA Darya Olegovna
student of the 4th course of the SIND21o1 group, Samara State University of Economics; independent researcher
MADALIEVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
student of the 4th course of the SIND21o1 group, Samara State University of Economics; independent researcher
CHURAKOVA Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
FALSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE IN ARBITRATION PROCESS
This article highlights the theoretical and practical aspects of evidence falsification in the arbitration process. It analyzes a variety of approaches to defining this phenomenon, identifies legal gaps in existing legislation, and examines the difficulties associated with detecting and confirming forged documents. The main problems of judicial practice are discussed, including the misuse of suspicion of falsifications and shortcomings in the procedural mechanisms for their verification. The article offers recommendations for improving the legislative framework, including through clarifying legislative definitions, expanding procedural rules, strengthening the powers of courts to assess the authenticity of evidence and strengthening digital methods of document verification. Statistical data on the number of applications for falsifications and their processing in the arbitration courts of the Russian Federation are presented. In conclusion, attention is focused on the need for comprehensive actions to counter forgery, including legislative changes and strengthening forensic expertise.
Keywords: arbitration process, falsification of evidence, judicial process, verification, parties.
Article bibliography
1. Ageeva G. E. The system of procedural law // Science of the XXI century: Current directions of development. – 2022. – No. 2-2. – P. 5.
2. Belyaeva E. P. Falsification of judicial evidence in arbitration proceedings: problems of theory and practice // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2022. – No. 11-3 (74). – P. 36-39.
3. Bulokhov I. I. Falsification of evidence in arbitration proceedings // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 44 (491). – P. 168-170
4. Kazankova T. N. Modern problems of forensic activity in the assessment of intellectual property rights // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 3.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Samara State University of Economics, Samara
KABATSKOV Robert Alexandrovich
magister student, Samara State University of Economics
A MODEL FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE WORLD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
This article is devoted to the transformation of the judicial system in terms of information technology. The paper analyzes the key elements of the current evolution of the judicial system in Russia against the background of large-scale digitalization. Various factors that establish the grounds for changes and improvements in the judicial system in terms of information technology are considered. Attention is paid to the advantages and weaknesses of introducing e-justice into the country\’s judicial system, which has become a notable product of the transformations of recent years. The authors propose a model for the transformation of information technology into the judicial system, and analyze the feasibility and necessity of its implementation. In addition, the importance of the unity of the electronic judicial information system itself and its unified application throughout the country is emphasized. The authors also explore the foreign experience of using modern information technologies in the judicial systems of various countries. Special attention is paid to the possibility and necessity of using artificial intelligence in the administration of justice, as well as its safe and reasonable use.
Keywords: electronic justice, information technologies in judicial proceedings, transformation of the judicial system, artificial intelligence, unified judicial information system, optimization of judicial proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bryantseva O. V., Soldatkina O. L. Electronic justice: problems and solutions // Bulletin of the University. O. E. Kutafina. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 97-104.
2. Grishina E. P., Tasakov S. V. Digital technologies in the sphere of justice in criminal cases // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4 (50). – P. 77-85.
3. Dorskaya A. A. Problemsthemes of digitalization of the legal sphere: main areas of research // Transformation of legal reality in the digital age: collection of scientific papers. – M .: Institute of Law and Social Sciences under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2019. – Pp. 18-27.
4. Eremeev D. V. Prospects for using artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2022. – No. 1. – Pp. 141-148.
5. Kazankova T. N., Ekamasova E. V. Problems of electronic justice in Russia: theoretical and legal aspect // Issues of Economics and Law. – 2022. – No. 166. – P. 11-13.
6. Popova E. S. Problems and Prospects of Development of Electronic Justice // Actual Issues of Legal Sciences: Proceedings of the V International Scientific Conference. – 2019. – P. 12-14.
7. Rekhovsky A. F. Chinese Experience of Using Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings // Baikal Comparativistic Readings: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Irkutsk, April 22-23, 2022. –Irkutsk, 2022. – P. 159-167.
8. Svirin Yu. A. Electronic Justice: Theoretical and Legal Problems // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 16-20.
9. Tishchenko A. V. Electronic justice: judicial reform by 2020 // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 65-69.
10. Electronic justice / Collective of authors; under the general editorship of E. V. Burdina, V. S. Zuev. – Moscow: RGUP, 2021. – 344 p.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
KOZYRIN Alexander Alexandrovich
postgraduate of Civil Process sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University; master of civil law, Ural branch, Russian School of Private Law, Yekaterinburg
ENFORCEMENT OF ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS: TO THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF RUSSIAN REGULATION
The article is devoted to the issues of enforcement of jurisdictional acts on anti-suit injunctions as an element of guarantees of access to justice in Russian regulation. It is justified that in the conditions of sanctions and counter-sanctions regulation, the tendencies of competition between jurisdictions are intensifying, which aggravates the problems of enforceability of anti-suit injunctions for reasons that can be identified through the methodology of the sociology of law, international civil procedure, and economic analysis of law. At the same time, the author suggests directions for finding a solution to these issues, which are related with the use of legal constructions accompanying the application of anti-suit injunctions in common law countries.
Keywords: anti-suit injunction, legal construction, access to justice, parallel proceedings, lis pendens, forum non convenience.
Article bibliography
1. Galperin M. L. Battle of jurisdictions: do Russian courts have a procedural weapon? Commentary on the amendments made to the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation by Federal Law of 08.06.2020 No. 171-FZ // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 73-75.
2. Doraev M. G. Economic sanctions in the law of the USA, the European Union and Russia. Monograph. – M.: Infotropic Media, 2016. – P. 41-55.
3. Karapetyan A. G. Economic analysis of law. – M.: Statut, 2016. – P. 122-148.
4. Kuznetsov E. N. The right to enforcement of judicial acts in the Russian Federation: dis. … Doctor of Law: 5.1.3. – Ekaterinburg, 2022. – P. 4-28.
5. Kurochkin S. A. Economic analysis of civil procedure // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. – 2018. – No. 2, Vol. 8. – P. 10-46.
6. Leger R. Great legal systems: a comparative legal approach / Translated from French. Gryadov AV – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2009. – P. 58-59.
7. Molotnikov AE, Shan V. Legal Foundations of Business in China. – M.: Publishing House of the Russian Law Society, 2018. – P. 507-519.
8. Neznamov AV Solution to the Problem of Prohibitions on Participation in Legal Proceedings through Their Recognition on the Basis of Reciprocity // Russian Law Journal. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 112-119.
9. Neznamov AV Injunction as a Method, Means and Form of Protection of Rights: Monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2015. – P. 17-24.
10. Reshetnikova IV Theory of Procedural Risk // Law. – 2012. – No. 6. – P. 117-122.
11. Taleb N. The Black Swan. Under the Sign of Unpredictability. – 2007. Random House and Allen Lane Publishing House. – P. 15-17.
12. Filimonenko A. A. The lis pendens principle as a means of combating parallel processes: a look through the prism of the European Union experience // Law. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 137-147.
13. Khodykin R. M. Anti-claim interim measures in the civil process in international arbitration / Liber amicorum in honor of A. A. Kostin, O. N. Zimenkova, N. G. Eliseev. – P. 275-280.
14. Andrews N. The English Civil Procedure System: Litigation, Mediation and Arbitration / Translated from English; edited by R. M. Khodykin. – M., 2012. – P. 244.
15. Yarkov V. V. Konkuration of legal systems: myth or reality? Bulletin of the Civil Procedure. – 2021. – No. 1 // SPS ConsultantPlus. – P. 1-5.
16. Contreras J. It’s anti-suit injunctions all the way down – the strange new realities of international litigation over standards-essential patents. – IP Litigator. – 26.4.2020. – P. 1-7.
17. Maloy R. Forum Shopping? What\’s Wrong with That? // Quarterly Law Review. 2005. – Vol. 24. – P. 60. Stacher M. International Antisuit Injunctions: Enjoining Foreign Litigations and Arbitrations. – Beholding the System from Outside. 5-31-2005. – P. 3-5.
18. Stacher M. International Antisuit Injunctions: Enjoining Foreign Litigations and Arbitrations. – Beholding the System from Outside. 5-31-2005. – P. 3-5.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
NEYASOVA Valeriya Alexandrovna
competitor of Civil process sub-faculty, lecturer of Arbitration process, advocacy and notariat sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
THE CONCEPT OF A CLAIM IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF A GROUP OF PERSONS IN A CIVIL PROCEEDING
The article examines the concept of a claim and several concepts containing different approaches to determining its content in civil proceedings. The author substantiates the position according to which, when forming the concept of a claim, it is necessary to adhere to one concept – the concept of a unified understanding of the claim. The result of the study is the formation of the concept of a claim and a class action claim, taking into account the procedural specifics of cases considered according to the rules of class proceedings in civil proceedings.
Keywords: the concept of a claim, the concept of a class action, a procedural association, a group of persons.
Article bibliography
1. Gros L. A. On the court’s right to change the subject of the claim (using examples of cases on the material liability of workers and employees) // Jurisprudence. – 1988. – No. 1. – P. 82-86.
2. Gurvich M. A. The doctrine of the claim (composition, types): textbook. – M .: VYuZI, 1981. – P. 10.
3. Dobrovolsky A. A., Ivanova S. A. The main problems of the claim form of protection of rights. – M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1979. – P. 19.
4. Isaenkova O. V., Demichev A. A., Solovieva T. V., Tkacheva N. N. Claim in civil proceedings: collection. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2009. – P. 30.
5. Neyasova V. A. Subjective composition of cases on the protection of collective interests in civil proceedings: quantitative criterion // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 2 (201). – P. 243-246.
6. Osokina G. L. Claim (theory and practice). – M.: Gorodets, 2000. – P. 25.
7. Tkachev N. I. Inter-branch legal concepts (Methodological aspect) // Conceptual apparatus of the science of Soviet civil law and procedure and terminology of legislative acts. – Tver, 1991. – P. 113.
8. Yudelson K. S. Soviet civil procedure. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1956. – P. 199-200.
9. Yarkov V. V. Class actions in civil procedure: issues of law enforcement // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2021. – No. 5.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
ORLOVA Irina Vitalievna
senior lecturer of the Higher School of Legal Theory and Private Law, Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
PECULIARITIES OF PROVING THE FACT OF KINSHIP RELATIONS WHEN CONSIDERING CASES OF ESTABLISHING OR CHALLENGING PATERNITY
The article discusses the problematic issues of proving the fact of biological kinship in cases of establishing and contesting paternity. It highlights the specifics of the examination and evaluation of certain types of evidence provided for by civil procedural and family legislation. By analyzing the practice of making court decisions on establishing paternity in connection with the defendant\’s acceptance of the claim, the author substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to appoint a forensic examination at the court\’s initiative in such cases. The article also analyzes the conditions for applying Part 3 of Article 79 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation using specific examples from judicial practice.
Keywords: paternity, biological relationship, establishment of paternity, challenge to paternity, proof in paternity cases, forensic medical examination, evidentiary fiction, defendant\’s acceptance of the claim.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Prosvirin A. “Standard of evidence” in cases of establishing paternity. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://zakon.ru/blog/2019/1/21/standart_dokazyvaniya_po_delam_ob_ustanovlenii_otcovstva (date of access: 15.06.2025).
2. Gromova M. G. Genetic expertise as a tool of evidence in family law: modern challenges // Family and housing law. – 2025. -No. 2. – P. 8-10.

LABOR LAW
PARAMONOVA Svetlana Vladimirovna
business consultant, JSC “Information Technologies-Element29”
INFLUENCE OF COURT PRACTICE ON LABOR DISPUTES ON THE DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT “SEPARATE STRUCTURAL DIVISION” AND INTERPRETATION OF LABOR STANDARDS
Changing forms and methods of economic activity has a significant impact on al-most the entire legal system. Ideally, one industry is responsible for introducing new forms and methods of activity into the legal field; other industries should take this circumstance into account. However, in reality, each industry has its own goals and objectives, which de-termine the appropriate legal regulation. When a phenomenon undergoes legal influence from several industries, the effect of losing the original source often occurs. The court practice in labor disputes, with varying degrees of success, attempts to establish this primary source in relation to separate structural divisions of organizations. An analysis of court practice shows that it is multidirectional, which leads to a distortion of the meaning of the special legal regulation of relations that develop with the participation of organizations with a complex organizational structure. It is proposed to use the terminological group “branch, representative office and other separate structural unit” as a unifying principle.
Keywords: separate structural division; separate division; structural division; em-ployers with a complex structure; work in complex organizations.
Article bibliography
1. Kulakova S. V. Separate structural division of the organization: some issues of labor law // Current issues of legal sciences in modern conditions. Collection of scientific papers following the results of the international scientific and practical conference, – St. Petersburg, 2018. – No. 5. – P. 47-49.
2. Lushnikov AM, Lushnikova MV Course of labor law. Textbook: in 2 volumes: v. 2. Collective labor law. Individual labor law. Procedural labor law. – M .: Statut, 2009. – 1151 p.
3. Nasikovskaya AA Other separate structural divisions in labor legislation // Labor disputes. – 2007. – No. 8. – P. 15-21.
4. Employers’ rights in labor relations / Ed. A. F. Nurtdinova, L. A. Chikanova. – M.: Eksmo, 2010. – 480 p.
5. Labor law: national and international dimension: monograph. In 2 volumes: Volume 2. Transformation and problems of individual labor law institutions. Atypical employment / Edited by S. Yu. Golovina, N. L. Lyutov. – M.: Norma, 2022. – 568 p.

BUDGET LAW
KOZMINYKH Mariya Mikhaylovna
postgraduate student of Business and financial law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
PROBLEMS AND FEATURES OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF EFFICIENT BUDGET EXPENDITURE BY PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the principles of budget legislation, which are applied by state-owned institutions in their daily activities when using budget funds. By analyzing the principles of targeted and efficient use of budget funds, the author identifies inaccuracies in the legal norms of budget legislation. Thus, the concept of non-targeted use is defined and clearly regulated by the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, while the concept of inefficient use of budget funds is not legally defined, which may pose a challenge in the formation and use of budget funds.
Keywords: state-owned institution, inefficient use, budget funds, state institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Vasyanina E. L. Financial-legal and administrative-legal aspects of economic regulation // Legal policy and legal life. – 2021. – No. 3.1. – P. 184-195.
2. Gandarov M. M. Concept and structure of budgetary legal relations // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2022. – No. 3-1 (66). – P. 121-124.
3. Glotova I. I. Actual problems and ways to optimize the spending of financial resources of the federal budget of the Russian Federation // Finance and accounting policy. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 13-21.
4. Petrosova K. E., Murtilova K. M.-K. State budget // Economy and society. – 2022. – No. 5 (96). – P. 583-587.
5. Pyatkovskaya Yu. V., Ivanova E. L. On the issue of the powers of public-law entities in the field of strategic planning // Personality, society and state in the legal dimension: Materials of the national scientific and practical conference, Irkutsk, March 22, 2021. – Irkutsk: Baikal State University, 2021. – P. 74-79.
6. Rudykh S. N., Ivanova E. Yu. On the issue of inefficient use of budget funds // Art of Jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 29-35.
7. Sevostyanov G. P. Featureslegal status of a federal state institution as a participant in financial relations // Gaps in Russian legislation. Legal journal. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 74-76.
8. Smorchkova L. N. On some issues of reforming budget legislation // Law and practice. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 77-82.

BUSINESS LAW
LI Yalun
postgraduate student of Business law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CONTRACT IN CHINESE LAW: AN EXPERIENCE OF DOCTRINAL RESEARCH
The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of contract in Chinese law in some comparison with the current Russian practice. The peculiarities of the legal perception of the contract and its invalidity in the Chinese legal system are revealed. It is concluded that Chinese civil law does not accept the view that the mere consent of the parties can generate any binding force of the contract. The basis for the emergence of rights and obligations is not only the actions or consent of the parties, but also certain civil law actions aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil rights.
Keywords: civil code, contract, invalidity of contract, legal relations of obligations, agreement.
Article bibliography
1. Lu Guixiang. Research on the effectiveness of the contract. – Beijing: People’s Court Publishing House, 2012. – 1 p.
3条解读》,载梁慧星主编:《民商法论丛》(第 52 卷),法律出版社 2013 年版,第 196-205页。/ Lian Huixin. Establishing Special Rules of Interpretation Applicable to Sales Contracts – Interpretation of Article 3 of the Explanatory Ordinance (法释[2012]7号) / Lian Huixin (ed.). Research in Civil and Commercial Law. T. 52. – Beijing: Publishing House “Legal Publication”, 2013. – P. 196 – 205.
3. 中国民法语境下“合同效力”的层次性吴光荣 (北京理工大学法学院,北京 100081) /现代法学 Modern Law Science / 2024 年 1 月第 46 卷第 1 期 Jan., 2024 Vol. 46 No. 1 / Journal of Law: 1001-2397(2024)01-0177-16： / “Multi-Level Legal Effect of Contract in the Context of Chinese Civil Law”, Wu Guangrong (School of Law, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100081) // Modern Law Science. – January 2024. – Volume 46. – No. 1. – Article No.: 1001-2397(2024)01-0177-16.

CORPORATE LAW
BISEROV Alexander Alexandrovich
chief expert on legal support of Limited Liability Company “Rosatom Additive Technologies”, Moscow
LEGAL ASPECTS OF QUALIFICATION OF MAJOR TRANSACTIONS
Legal aspects of the qualification of major transactions are an important topic for study, since they have a significant impact on the development of economic relations and ensuring legal stability in economic activity. In the conditions of the modern economy, major transactions play a key role in the activities of companies, especially large holding structures, and their legal regulation requires special attention from business owners. The relevance of this topic is due to the need to ensure transparency in the analysis and qualification of these transactions.
Keywords: transactions, qualification, book value of assets.
Article bibliography
1. Akulov A. Ya., Ryakhovsky D. I. Economic and legal aspects of identifying signs of fictitiousness (imaginary, sham) of transactions in bankruptcy cases // Economy: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2021. – Vol. 11, No. 3A. – P. 149-159.
2. Sharov F. L. Rational society in the modern world: materials of the international scientific and practical conference / Under the general editorship of F. L., Sharov. – M.: MIEP Publishing House, 2018. – Vol. 1.
3. Kuznetsov A. O. On the Issue of Potential Tax Risks in Transactions by Economic Entities // Electronic Scientific Journal “Science Diary”. – 2020. – No. 12.
4. Prospects for the Development of Modern Socio-Economic Processes. Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Materials of the XXVII International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Anapa: Publishing House “NITs ESP” in the Southern Federal District, 2022. – 74 p.
5. Tretyakov R. V. Proving a Qualitative Criterion in Considering a Corporate Dispute on Recognizing a Major Transaction as Invalid // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2022. – Vol. 12, No. 9A. – pp. 238-245.

CORPORATE LAW
KAZANBA Evgeniy Tengizovich
postgraduate student, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); legal adviser, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Central Territorial Administration of Property Relations” of the Ministry of Defense of Russia
GUARANTEES AND LIMITS OF SHAREHOLDERS\’ EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION
The article is dedicated tothe analysis of guarantees and limits of shareholders\’ rights to protection in Russian corporate law. The author examines the relationship between preventive and restorative mechanisms, identifies levels of guarantees (state, entrepreneurial, corporate, contractual) and critically evaluates their effectiveness. Particular attention is paid to the problem of optionality of protection, the conflict between special and universal methods of restoring rights, as well as restrictions related to proving the guilt of the offender. Based on the analysis, measures are proposed to optimize the protection of shareholders\’ rights, including the introduction of the institution of a corporate secretary, the development of arbitration proceedings and the standardization of compliance policies.
Keywords: joint stock law, guarantees of protection, corporate disputes, compliance control, fiduciary duties.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Federal Law of December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ “On Joint Stock Companies”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of July 18, 2014 No. 50 “On compensation for damages”.
3. Kashanina T.V. Corporate law. – M .: Norma, 2020.
4. Davies P. L. Gower and Davies’ Principles of Modern Company Law. – 10th ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2016.

CORPORATE LAW
ZEMLYANKIN Egor Valerjevich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
PROBLEMS OF COLLATERAL CREDITORS IN BANKRUPTCY CASES OF CITIZENS
The relevance of this work lies in the prevalence of the status of a collateral creditor in the bankruptcy of citizens and the existence of problems related to the establishment and implementation of such a status. The purpose of this work is to study legislation and judicial practice in the context of establishing the status of a collateral creditor, the implementation of such status, including the distribution of funds from the sale of collateral. The research methodology is represented by the universal dialectical method, as well as general scientific and private scientific methods, including the method of legal modeling. The conclusion is formulated about the insufficient elaboration of this issue in the current legislation, the lack of uniformity of judicial practice, insufficient protection of the creditor from the sale of the pledged object by the Debtor and ambiguity in the issue of concluding an amicable agreement on any pledged object. The obtained results and conclusions can be further applied to improve the current legislation in the field of bankruptcy.
Keywords: bankruptcy, creditor, debtor, collateral status, good faith, responsibility.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Unified Federal Register of Bankruptcy Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bankrot.fedresurs.ru/ (date of access: 11.04.2025).
2. Federal Law of 26.10.2002 No. 127-FZ “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 11.04.2025).
3. Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 24.07.2002 No. 95-FZ // SPS “Consultant Plus” (date of access: 11.04.2025).
4. Determination of the Arbitration Court of Stavropol Krai dated 21.03.2025 in case No. A63-25099/2024.
5. Determination of the Arbitration Court of the Voronezh Region dated March 19, 2025 in case No. A14-6079/2024.
6. Determination of the Arbitration Court of the Vladimir Region dated April 3, 2025 in case No. A11-423/2025.
7. “Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two)” dated August 5, 2000 No. 117-FZ // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: April 11, 2025).
8. Federal Law dated August 8, 2024 No. 259-FZ “On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on Taxes and Fees” // SPS “Consultant Plus\’ (date of access: 11.04.2025).
9. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ // SPS “Consultant Plus” (date of access: 11.04.2025).
10. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Volga-Vyatka District dated 14.02.2025 No. F01-6573/2024 in case No. A43-25935/2023 // SPS “Consultant Plus” (date of access: 14.04.2025).
11. “Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” dated 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 14.04.2025).
12. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of 23.07.2009 No. 58 “On Certain Issues Related to the Satisfaction of the Claims of the Pledgee in the Event of the Bankruptcy of the Pledgor” // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 11.04.2025).
13. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District of 16.04.2024 No. F02-1442/2024 in Case No. A74-1026/2023 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 14.04.2025).

CORPORATE LAW
BISEROV Alexander Alexandrovich
chief expert on legal support of Limited Liability Company “Rosatom Additive Technologies”, Moscow
DASHIN Alexey Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEM ISSUES RELATED TO COMPLIANCE WITH THE TERMS OF THE SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT
A corporate agreement regulating the relationship of shareholders/participants in the exercise of their rights certified by shares/interests is an important document, if not a basic one, along with the company\’s charter. And the economic integrity of the business as a whole depends on how correctly it is drawn up taking into account the norms of legislation and judicial practice, because if corporate disputes arise in the company, sooner or later these factors can lead to the loss of corporate governance and, as a result, threaten the further development of the company\’s activities. But the fates of many people who are employees of companies and their families depend on the success of the development of the financial and economic activities of any company. In this article, the author attempted to analyze problematic situations that arise during the execution of a corporate agreement by the parties and propose ways to resolve them.
Keywords: corporate agreement, shareholders/participants, parties to the agreement, requirement to redeem shares/interests.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Zhevnyak O. V., Shablova E. G., Ryzhkovskaya E. A., Tikhovskaya P. G. Corporate law. Tutorial. – Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2019. – P. 16. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/77177/1/978-5-7996-2663-1_2019.pdf.
2. Tolkachev N. V. Practice of applying shareholders’ agreements // Joint-Stock Company. – 2019. – No. 2 (177). – P. 9-14.
3. Sharov F. L. Rational society in the modern world: materials of the International scientific and practical conference / Under the general editorship of F. L., Sharov. – M.: MIEP Publishing House, 2018. – 1 volume

INFORMATION LAW
DE APRO Sona Vaganovna
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty of the Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
ON THE ISSUE OF DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF “REASONABLENESS” WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF ALGORITHMS
The article examines the concept of “reasonability” in relation to the activities of artificial intelligence. It is proposed to apply fuzzy logic (fuzzy sets) to legal interpretation, “accustomed” to a strict traditional approach (hypothesis-disposition-sanction), which will allow modeling the uncertainty of legal language. The conclusion is substantiated that using the methods of fuzzy logic and set theory, it will be possible to legalize the core of “artificial ethics” and create legal norms for the proper functioning of AI systems with clear degrees of belonging. It is noted that interdisciplinary cooperation is needed in the development of new legal doctrines, explainability requirements, standardized risk assessment protocols based on human-AI interaction, which will restore significant clarity to the concept of «reasonableness» in the era of algorithmic solutions.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, AI reasonableness, fuzzy logic, fuzzy rule of law, algorithm audit, artificial ethics, legal accountability of algorithms.
Article bibliography
1. Abbasova M., Imamguluev R. Elimination of insufficiency in legal systems: an approach to legal interpretation based on the theory of fuzzy logic // Audit. – 2024. – No. 3.
2. Baturin Yu. M. Metamorphoses of information law // Transformation of information law. – 2023.
3. Baturin Yu. M. On the construction of standards of artificial ethics of robots // Sociology of science and technology. – 2024. – Vol. 15, No. 42024.
4. Volkov V. E. Failure to comply with the law of the excluded middle in fuzzy logic and the theory of decision-making under uncertainty // Automation of technologies and business processes. – 2014. – No. 3.
5. Gavrilova E. A. Evaluation concepts in criminal law: their essence and meaning // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009.
6. Mezinov D. A. Standard “Beyond reasonable doubt” as a criterion for achieving the goal of criminal procedural proof // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2017. – No. 23.
7. Shumilina O. S. Evaluative concepts in the criminal code of the Russian Federation and their use in law enforcement activities: diss. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. 2002. – 296 p.
8. Bar Hillel H., Carnap Y. Semantic information. In: Jackson W. ed. «Communication Theory». – London, 1953.

INFORMATION LAW
MURAVJEVA Karine Artemovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical science, associate professor of Foreign language and regional studies sub-faculty, Sakhalin State University, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
USOVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in political science, associate professor of Public law and international law sub-faculty, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
KORNEEVA Inna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor, Head of Foreign language and regional studies sub-faculty, Sakhalin State University, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLATION OF LEGISLATION IN THE COMMUNICATION SPHERE
The article discusses the problem of the responsibility of advertising producers and advertisers. It is noted that communication activities play a key role in the development of modern companies. Legal entities and individuals, regardless of their type of activity, use advertising to attract target audiences. The development of legislation regulating communication processes has been actively developing since the creation of the Russian Federation. Special laws establish the legal basis for the activities of mass media, advertising activities, and liability for violations of the law. It has been established that the legislation on advertising is systematically violated by commercial entities, which is confirmed by the materials of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia and indicates the low effectiveness of regulation of liability issues in this area. The authors concluded that liability legislation should be improved and introduced in relation to advertising producers and advertisers, in addition to property liability measures, non-property measures.
Keywords: advertising, responsibility, advertising communication, antimonopoly service, inappropriate advertising, unreliable advertising, fine, non-property responsibility.
Article bibliography
1. Kiryushina I. V. Fake advertising: issues of legal qualification // Russian-Asian legal journal. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 72-80.
2. Skvortsova T. A., Mitchenko N. A. Liability for violation of advertising legislation in Russia // Current scientific research in the modern world. – 2021. – No. 6-4 (74). – P. 158-161.
3. Usova E. V. Non-admission of advertising of individual objects // Actual problems of modern legal science and practice: collection of articles of correspondence scientific-pr. conf. – Astrakhan: ASU im. V. N. Tatishcheva, 2023. – P. 122-124.

LAND LAW
FEDORENKO Evgeniy Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Oryol State University
KLEVTSOV Maxim Ivanovich
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Oryol State University
DISPOSAL OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES: LEGAL RISKS AND RESPONSIBILITY OF MANUFACTURERS
The article is devoted to the problem of lithium battery recycling, legal and economic aspects of the problem are considered with emphasis on the adaptation of legislation to the process of technological improvement. The article analyzes the shortcomings of the existing system of extended production responsibility as formal and ineffective, notes the need to create special regulatory and legal mechanisms that meet the peculiarities of lithium battery recycling, as well as the unsatisfactory stimulation of economic mechanisms by the state. The article touches upon the experience of other countries and proposes measures to adapt it for the realities of Russia, including the model of production licenses based on modern and technological methods of waste control, creation of cooperative institutions for recycling, rethinking of recycling principles.
Keywords: lithium batteries, utilization, extended producer responsibility, environmental levy, legal regulation, waste recycling, foreign experience, economic incentives, technologies, environmental safety.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Berger K., Schöggl J.-P. & Baumgartner R. J. Digital battery passports to enable circular and sustainable value chains: conceptualization and use cases. J.Clean. Prod. – 2022. – No. 353, 131492.
2. Machala M. L., Chen X., Bunke S. P. et al. Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery recycling and mining supply chains. Nat Commun 16, 2025. – R. 988
3. Gubenkov A. O. Electric vehicles: a guarantee of environmental safety or a myth? Is the disposal of lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles an environmental problem or a problem of modern industry? // Autonomy of the individual. – 2022. – No. 1 (27).
4. Dolgushin A. B., Tsukanov A. A. Analysis of the practice of establishing recycling standards in the extended producer responsibility system of Russiawhich Federation in 2015-2020 // Bulletin of Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 1: Economy and Management. – 2020. – No. 3 (34).
5. Kulova T. L., Skundin A. M. Problems of development of lithium-ion batteries in the world and Russia // Electrochemical power engineering. – 2023. – No. 3.
6. Mayorova E. I., Olimpiev A. Yu. Legal requirements for solving the waste problem in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2020. – No. 1.
7. Melnikova A. S., Kostryukova N. V. Method of recycling lithium-ion batteries with extraction of valuable components // Safety of technogenic and natural systems. – 2024. – No. 4.
8. Ovsyannikova D.K. Problems of implementing the extended producer responsibility system in state policy in the field of waste management // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2019. – No. 6 (35).

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
IVAKIN Viktor Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Humanitarian Institute, Russian New University, Moscow
THE PROBLEMS OF FORMING THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A SPECIAL INDEPENDENT PROCEDURAL FORM AIMED AT ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
This work is devoted to the basics of forming the theory of a new independent form of legal coercion, which is environmental responsibility. It is emphasized that only the latter, unlike traditional types of impact, is aimed at full compensation for environmental damage. Another understanding of this category excludes this possibility. All this currently requires further theoretical research of the concept under consideration and its constituent elements, structure, and content. The purpose of the presented article is to theoretically substantiate and develop a new approach to the theory of legal responsibility in the field of relations under consideration.
Keywords: environmental responsibility, theoretical foundations, formation, problems, special procedural form, independent type, unconventionality, essence, sanctions, environmental damage, full compensation.
Article bibliography
1. Anisimov A. P., Ustyukova V. V., Chikildina A. Yu. Environmental and legal liability for causing harm to the environment: problems of justification // Transactions of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2017. – Vol. 12, No. 4. – P. 133-161.
2. Galperin M. L. Liability in modern civil proceedings: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.15. – SPb.: SPbGU, 2009. – P.21-22.
3. Dukhno N. A. Guaranteed compensation for environmental damage is the path to a full, healthy life for everyone // Agrarian and land law. – 2012. – No. 7. – P. 4-9.
4. Erofeev B. V. Environmental law of Russia. – M., 2005. – P. 364-407.
5. Kulapov V. L. Theory of state and law: textbook. – M.: KnoRus, 2023. – 384 p.
6. Parshakov A. S., Parshakov A. A. On the issue of qualification of crimes in modern conditions: military-transport aspect // Transport law and security. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 36-43.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEVA Surizhat Yusufovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law and humanities sub-faculty, branch, Dagestan State University, branch in Derbent
BUTAEV Muradali Yakubovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law and humanities sub-faculty, branch, Dagestan State University, branch in Derbent
PROBLEMS WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR INVOLVING A MINOR IN A CRIME: CONFLICTS AND GAPS IN LEGISLATION
The article discusses the problems of implementing criminal liability for involving minors in criminal activities under Article 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author analyzes legal conflicts, the specifics of qualification, jurisdiction, and recognition of a minor as a victim, taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Based on practice and statistics, the article proposes specific measures to improve criminal and criminal procedural legislation.
Keywords: minor, Article 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, criminal liability, legal qualification, victim, jurisdiction, criminal group, direct intent, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliographic list
1. The state of crime in Russia for January-December 2024. – M .: Federal State Institution “Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”. – 63 p.
2. Goldengorn K. Yu. Problems of criminal liability for involving a minor in committing crimes // Current research. – 2024. – No. 36. – P. 34-38.
3. Kuleshov M. S. On some features and problems of qualifying the involvement of a minorpersons in the commission of a crime // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2021. – No. 12-2. – P. 215-218.
4. Makarova I. D. Involvement of minors in crime and other antisocial acts // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 19 (466). – P. 361-363.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEVA Diana Nurmagomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MAGOMEDOV Magomed Ruslanovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
FORMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: PUNISHMENT AND OTHER MEASURES OF A CRIMINAL-LEGAL NATURE
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal nature of alternative measures of criminal-legal influence in the context of the modern system of criminal liability. The authors substantiate the concept that these measures, despite the differences in the procedure for application, have the same legal nature as traditional criminal penalties. It is proven that these measures are not a mitigated form of liability, but represent a full-fledged element of a single system of criminal-legal influence. The article argues the thesis about the complementary nature of alternative measures and classical punishments, which allows optimizing the process of individualization of criminal liability taking into account the personality of the perpetrator and the nature of the committed act.
Keywords: crime, criminal liability, punishment, legal liability, legislation.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
2. Dvoryanskov I.V. Institute of Punishment in the Prospect of Development of Criminal Policy of Russia // Bulletin of the Criminal Executive System. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 10-17.
3. Lapshin V. F., Kilimbaev R. V. Modern forms of implementation of criminal liability and their compliance with the principle of justice // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2019. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-formy-realizatsii-ugolovnoy-otvetstvennosti-i-ih-sootvetstvie-printsipu-spravedlivosti.
4. Santashov A. L. The system and types of punishments in the criminal legislation of Russia: questions and answers // Journal of Applied Research. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-i-vidy-nakazaniy-v-ugolovnom-zakonodatelstve-rossii-voprosy-i-otvety.
5. Sverchkov V. V. Punishment and other measures of criminal-legal influence: textbook for universities. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2025. – 360 pp.

CRIMINAL LAW
AKHMADOV Farkhodjon Sadriddinovich
postgraduate student, P. A. Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration, Moscow
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCE IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES: THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS
The relevance of the research lies in the fact that criminal law science in the BRICS countries is developing against the background of a variety of legal traditions and common challenges of globalization, which forms a unique legal environment. The purpose of the study is to consider theoretical approaches and practical aspects of the development of criminal law science in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The objectives of the research are: to analyze the influence of a variety of legal traditions, socio-economic factors and constitutional principles on the formation of criminal legislation and judicial practice; to identify theoretical approaches in the region that combine punitive, preventive and procedural functions of criminal law, reflecting national characteristics and international trends. The following methods were used in writing the study: comparative legal method; formal legal method; system-structural method, analysis of doctrinal and empirical data, legal modeling. The choice of these methods is conditioned by the need for an integrated and interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminal law science in the diverse BRICS region. Comparative legal analysis allows taking into account national peculiarities, while formal legal and system-structural methods provide a deep understanding of legal norms and institutions. The analysis of doctrinal and empirical data helps to link theory with practice, and legal modeling helps to develop specific recommendations for the development of criminal law at the national level. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions wereformulated: practical solutions should be aimed at digitalizing criminal proceedings, developing international cooperation and combating transnational crime, which requires constant updating of the regulatory framework and scientific understanding.
Keywords: criminal law science, BRICS countries, continental legal system, digitalization of criminal proceedings, harmonization of legislation, transnational crime.
Article bibliography
1. Anufrieva L. P. BRICS: on the legal nature and principles of cooperation // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 123-133.
2. Grinko I. I. Comparative analysis of justice in the BRICS member countries: constitutional and legal issues // Bulletin of the Volgograd Institute of Business. – 2024. – P. 219-221.
3. Kayushnikova Yu. E. Comparative legal analysis of the features of national legislation in the field of environmental protection in the BRICS countries // Bulletin of the Volgograd Institute of Business. – 2016. – No. 2 (35). – P. 226-231.
4. Klevtsov K. K. International legal regulation of cooperation between states in cases of crimes in the field of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances // Narcocontrol. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 29-33.
5. Kuznetsova T. V., Madoyan M. R. Features of criminal legislation in the BRICS countries // Trends in the development of criminal and criminal procedural legislation: materials of the International scientific conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Vadim Nikolaevich Makhov. – 2016. – P. 280-287.
6. Marusin I. S. Transnational organized crime and counteraction to it with the help of new forms of international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 27-28.
7. Morozova Yu. A. International cooperation of the BRICS member countries in the framework of digitalization of criminal proceedings // Bulletin of SUSU. – 2022. – Vol. 22, No. 1. – P. 30-34.
8. Postoeva E. A. The fight against transnational organized crime in the BRICS states // Magistrate. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 2-8.
9. Comparative law and political economy of the future development of BRICS // LegalForum.info. – 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalforum.info/news/sravnitelnoe-pravovedenie-i-politekonomija-buduschego-razvitija-briks/ (date of access: 13.06.2025).
10. BRICS countries exchanged experience of digitalization in the fight against cybercrime // Vedomosti. – 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2024/06/20/1044966-strani-briks-obmenyalis-opitom-tsifrovizatsii-v-borbe-s-kiberprestupnostyu (date of access: 13.06.2025).
11. Teslenko A. V. Criminal-legal counteraction to anticompetitive agreements in the BRICS countries // News of universities. Volga region. Social sciences. – 2023. – No. 3 (67). – P. 3-12.
12. Khokhlov E. E. The role of international structures in the fight against drug trafficking // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 2 (50). – pp. 111-121.

CRIMINAL LAW
BARVINSKAYA Yuliya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminalistics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
ABOUT THE CONCEPTS OF EXCEPTIONAL CYNICISM AND SPECIAL AUDACITY IN THE COMPOSITION OF HOOLIGANISM
The article is devoted to a criminal act that encroaches on public order in the form of hooliganism, as well as its characterization through the disclosure of criminal law signs. The theoretical analysis of such signs as “gross violation of public order”, “exceptional cynicism”, “special audacity” is carried out. The author’s position on the need to improve the disposition of the norm defining the signs of criminally punishable hooliganism has been developed, including additional qualifying signs in the main structure of hooliganism, such as “exceptional cynicism” and “special audacity”, as an indication of an increased level of public danger in committing hooligan acts.
Keywords: criminal liability, hooliganism, public order, gross violation of public order, obvious disrespect for society, exceptional cynicism, special audacity.
Article bibliography
1. Antonyan Yu. M. Hooliganism as a motive for criminal behavior // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 4 (40). – P. 94-101.
2. Batyukova V. E. Criminal liability for hooliganism and other crimes committed out of hooligan motives: monograph. – Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2017. – 199 p.
3. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: About 100,000 words, terms and phraseological expressions / Ed. prof. L. I. Skvortsov. – 27th ed., corrected. – Moscow: Publishing house AST: World and Education, 2018. – 1360 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
VELEZHEV Sergey Ivanovich
Professor of Penal enforcement law and organization of execution of sentences not related to the isolation of convicts sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
MINSAFINA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher Attestation Commission, Head Penal enforcement law and organization of execution of sentences not related to the isolation of convicts sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT AND CONTENT OF INTOXICATION AND ITS CRIMINAL LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE
The presented article discusses issues related to the concept of intoxication, its content under Russian law, means and substances leading to such a state, which is a mitigating or aggravating circumstance and characterizes the identity of the perpetrator. The criminal regulation of crimes committed while intoxicated remains a difficult topic today. Domestic legislation on this issue is still at a stage where it needs to be clarified and adjusted. Criminal legislation should provide a clear concept of intoxication and define its criteria. The state of intoxication should be attributed to the circumstances characterizing the personality of the accused based on the analysis of the signs of a crime committed while intoxicated.
Keywords: criminal liability, crime, alcohol intoxication, narcotic drugs.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 28.12.2024).
2. Grebenkov A. A. Criminal liability of persons who committed a crime while intoxicated. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 2009. – 168 p.
3. Verdict of the Dzerzhinsky District Court of the City of Yaroslavl dated July 3, 2017 No. 1-122/2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sud-praktika.ru/precedent/399201.html (date of access: 01.05.2025).
4. Verdict of the Chulymsky District Court of the Novosibirsk Region dated December 26, 2022 in case No. 1-166/2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/UHq303qZahgm/ (date of access: 05/06/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
KARABEKOV Kanatbek Omirzakovich
senior inspector for special assignments at the Department of departmental education of the department for personnel affairs of the MIA of the Republic of Kazakhstan
DETERMINANTS AND ISSUES OF IMPROVING CYBERCRIME PREVENTION MEASURES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
The article examines the internal and external determinants of cybercrime in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, which are related to the socio-economic, organizational-technical, organizational-legal, and organizational-managerial prerequisites for cybercrime. The article also discusses the current measures for preventing cybercrime in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the areas of action for these determinants and the ways to improve them at the state and interstate levels. At the state level, these measures are aimed at neutralizing the internal factors that contribute to the commission of cybercrime. At the interstate level, these measures are aimed at reducing the influence of external factors that cause cybercrimes in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Keywords: cybercrime, determinants of cybercrime in Russia and Kazakhstan, internal determinants, external determinants, prevention of cybercrime, measures to prevent cybercrime in Russia and Kazakhstan.
Article bibliography
1. Baburin V. V. Determinants of cybercrimes committed in the economic sphere // Crime in the economic sphere: modern trends and problems of counteraction: materials of the international. scientific-practical. conf. – Omsk, 2023. – P. 3-6.
2. Bayramov R. R., Pasat V. A. Analysis of cybercrimes and measures to prevent them // Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy named after V. B. Bobkov. – 2022. – No. 1 (81). – P. 63-67.
3. Bormotova T. M., Ilyin A. E., Belyansky E. B., Makarov V. V. Cybercrime in Russia: state and methodology of analysis // Ethnosociety and interethnic culture. – 2023. – No. 10 (184). – P. 71-72.
4. Zhmykhov A. A. Computer crime abroad and its prevention: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.08. – Moscow, 2003. – 178 p.
5. Karabekov K. O. Causes and conditions of cybercrime in the Republic of Kazakhstan // Actual problems of crime prevention: materials of the international. scientific and practical seminar. – Omsk: Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – P. 47-50.
6. Prozumentov L. M., Shesler A. V. Some approaches to the consideration of the determinants of crime in domestic criminology // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2017. – No. 420. – P. 160-166.

CRIMINAL LAW
KARPUNINA Ekaterina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, Deputy Head of Psychological, pedagogical and medical support for the activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty of the Police Training Center for Public Order Protection Units, All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
LINEVICH Yan Vladimirovich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
BUTENKO Oleg Sergeevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
THE CONCEPT OF EXCESS IN CRIMINAL LAW: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DOCTRINES
The article is devoted to a critical analysis of the existing doctrines of excess in criminal law. The article considers the problem of qualifying the excess of the perpetrator of a crime, defined as the commission by the perpetrator of actions that were not covered by the intent of other co-participants. It is emphasized that, despite the clear definition in Article 36 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, law enforcement practice faces difficulties in establishing the boundaries of responsibility, due to differences in doctrinal approaches. The authors carry out a critical analysis of the main theories of complicity, including the theory of independent responsibility, accessory theory (with its various directions) and mixed theory, as well as the systematic theory of complicity. The purpose of the article is to identify the shortcomings of existing doctrines and propose ways to optimize the legal regulation of the executive\’s excess in order to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement practice. The article is intended for researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of law schools, as well as for practitioners of law enforcement agencies and judges.
Keywords: excess, necessary defense, extreme necessity, criminal law, qualification of crime, law enforcement.
Article bibliography
1. Gulgorov V. I. Basic approaches to understanding the accessory theory of complicity in a crime and its influence on the development of other theories of complicity // Glagoly of justice. 2018. No. 2 (16). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-podhody-k-ponimaniyu-aktsessornoy-teorii-souchastiya-v-prestuplenii-i-eyo-vliyanie-na-razvitie-drugih-teoriy-souchastiya (date of access: 06/24/2025).
2. Mamedov R. A. Some problems of qualification of excess of the perpetrator and other accomplices of the crime // Issues of Russian justice. 2020. No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-problemy-kvalifikatsii-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-i-inyh-souchastnikov-prestupleniya (date of access: 06/24/2025).
3. Mukhametdinov D. M. Legal nature of complicity in a crime in the criminal law of Russia. Text: direct // Young scientist. 2022. No. 23 (418). P. 316-318. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/418/92847/ (date of access: 24.06.2025
4. Sharapov R. D. Complicity in an unfinished crime and “failed complicity” // Legal science and law enforcement practice. 2018. No. 1 (43). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/souchastie-v-neokonchennom-prestuplenii-i-neudavsheesya-souchastie (date of access: 14.06.2025).
5. Shatov S. A. Qualification of the excess of the perpetrator. Theory and practice // Law and Right. 2018. No. 12. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kvalifikatsiya-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-teoriya-i-praktika (date of access: 06.14.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
KURBANOV Musa Kurbanovich
magister student, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
DATSIEVA Khadizhat Gasanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE PROSECUTOR\’S DECISION ON THE CRIMINAL CASE THAT CAME WITH THE INDICTMENT
The article examines the procedural activity of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings carried out at the pre-trial stages, namely, the preparation by the prosecutor of a decision on a case received with an indictment. As follows from the analysis of practice, the legality and timeliness of the consideration of the case largely depends on the correct decision of the prosecutor. The prosecutor\’s activity has a double meaning: the protection of the iinterests of individuals and organizations is possible only if the individual is protected from illegal and unfounded charges. Optimization of the prosecutor\’s activities, including the use of digital technologies, helps to reduce the organizational workload of the prosecutor, which will increase the number and quality of judgments. To optimize the prosecutor’s activities, it remains relevant to improve the legislative framework and expand its powers, due to the special role that the prosecutor occupies in the criminal process.
Keywords: indictment, prosecutorial supervision, legality, digital systems, informatization, investigation.
Article bibliography
1. Order of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2017 No. 33 “On the organization of prosecutorial supervision over the procedural activities of inquiry bodies” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on October 2, 2024) // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
3. Bessarabov V. G. Prosecutor’s supervision: textbook. – M.: TK Velbi, 2006. – 536 p.
4. Isaenko V. M. On the Possibilities of Using Digital Technologies by the Prosecutor When Considering a Criminal Case Received with an Indictment // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 1-6.
5. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 05/09/2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
6. Tabolina K. A. Prosecutor’s Supervision in Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the Development of Digital Relations // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 4 (149). – P. 1-9.
7. Isaenko V. N. Digital technologies as a tool for prosecutorial supervision at the stage of preliminary investigation // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 1-5.
8. Trifonova K. A. Features of the prosecutor’s activities in studying the materials of a criminal case received with an indictment // Scientific component. – 2021. – No. 3 (11). – P. 1-7.
9. Spirin A. V., Zhuravlev N. M. Features of prosecutorial supervision of inquiry in abbreviated form // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2018. – No. 1 (43). – pp. 88-96.

CRIMINAL LAW
LATYPOVA Dinara Mansurovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher Attestation Commission, Deputy Head of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF TYPES OF PUNISHMENT IN THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of legislative regulation of types of punishment. Changes to the norms of criminal legislation concerning individual types of punishment are proposed. The author proposes to revise the list of types of punishment in Art. 44 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and arrange them in the order that will better correspond to their current content. The article substantiates the need for legislative regulation of the possible replacement of a fine with any type of punishment within the sanction of the article in all cases of malicious evasion of its payment. Part 5 of Art. 56 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should specify the norms providing for criminal liability for extremism and sabotage in such a way as to increase the term of punishment in the form of imprisonment for their commission in a combination of elements.
Keywords: punishment, fine, imprisonment, compulsory labor, correctional labor, imprisonment.
Article bibliographic list
1. Latypova D. M. Problems of legislative regulation and application of punishments appointed as main and additional // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. – 2018. – No. 1 (27). – pp. 47-50.

CRIMINAL LAW
PEREZHOGINA Galina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University
BUYANOVA Liliya Andreevna
magister student, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University; independent researcher
CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
The article examines the criminal law protection of reproductive biological material, including gametes and reproductive tissues. It analyzes legal gaps in Russian criminal legislation and compares foreign approaches in this area. Special attention is given to the need for criminal liability for the illegal removal, use, and trade of reproductive material. The author proposes amendments to existing legislation and argues for comprehensive legal protection of human biogenetic rights.
Keywords: reproductive material, criminal law, games, biosafety, consent, biomedicine, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Lapach V. A. The system of objects of civil rights: theory and judicial practice. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center-Press, 2002. – P. 38.
2. Lorenz D. V. Quasi-wills of human organs and tissues // Notarial Bulletin. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 42-43.
3. Maleina M. N. Permitted actions with embryos and aborted human fetuses and legislative prohibitions // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 92.
4. Myzrov S. N., Nagorny V. A. On the issue of the property-legal status of human organs and tissues: a differentiated approach to resolving the problem // Medical law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 35-40.
5. Rovny V. V. The latest study of the subject of civil law: a review of the monograph by M. N. Maleina “Personal non-property rights of citizens: concept, implementation, protection” // Siberian legal bulletin. – 2000. – No. 3.

CRIMINAL LAW
PETAYCHUK Anton Andreevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk
LEGAL REGULATION OF PUBLIC CONTROL OVER THE PROVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
In the article, the author analyzes the provisions of regulations that fix the issues of combating juvenile delinquency. Special attention is paid to the study of legal mechanisms for the effectiveness of prevention and prevention of juvenile delinquency in the context of martial law. On February 24, 2022, when Russia launched a special military operation, an audit of the current legislation began for the presence of norms regulating various public relations arising in force majeure. The study identifies gaps in sectoral legislation aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency in the context of martial law. In conclusion, the conclusions are formulated, which the author suggests considering as a call for scientific discussion.
Keywords: juvenile delinquency, counteraction, martial law, prevention and prevention, law enforcement agencies, teenagers
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Interview with A.I. Bastrykin. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/interviews/23587463 (date of access: 07.05.2025).
2. The state of crime in Russia for January-September 2024. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/56672721?ysclid=mahr1ihurz856155654 (date of access: 07.05.2025).
3. Timko S. A. On the essence of the concept of “counteracting crime” // Jurist-pravoved. – 2018. – No. 1 (84). – P. 6.
4. Kononov A. M. Actual problems of improving the legal regulation of the activities of bodies ensuring public order, public safety and combating crime in martial law // Academicheskaya mysl. – 2023. – No. 2 (23). – P. 93-97.

CRIMINAL LAW
PETROVSKIY Zorak Martinovich
assistant to the Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation for work in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
COUNTERING THE PROOF OF CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL PROCUREMENT
The article is devoted to the description of such a negative phenomenon as counteraction to the proof of bribery in the field of public procurement. The analysis of the researchers\’ positions is carried out within the framework of defining the concept and essence of the phenomenon under study, and its classification is carried out. The goals and forms of counteraction are noted. The general aspects of counteraction are indicated, as well as the specific aspects that are most often encountered in the investigation of bribery in the field of procurement activities. General ways of overcoming counteraction to the investigation are provided, which can be effectively applied in the investigation of bribery and procurement activities.
Keywords: investigation of bribery, proof of bribery, counteraction to proof, crimes in the field of procurement, state and municipal procurement.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alexander Bastrykin: a formal approach is inappropriate in the work of investigators. 07/25/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20250725/bastrykin-2031187527.html (date accessed: 23.07.2025).
2. In Moscow, a former employee of the Department of State Procurement of the Russian Ministry of Defense was convicted. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gvsu.gov.ru/news/v-g-moskve-osuzhden-byvshiy-sotrudnik-departamenta-gosudarstvennykh-zakupok-minoborony-rossii-/ (yesand accessed: 23.07.2025).
3. Public procurement is an area of special attention. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rufincontrol.ru/article/297967/ (date of access: 23.07.2025).
4. Public procurement in the Russian Federation remains non-transparent. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://academy-upr.ru/post/goszakupki-v-rf-ostayutsya-neprozracnymi (date of access: 28.07.2025)
5. Zakatov A. A. Lies and the fight against them. – Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1984. – 192 p.
6. Kim E. P. On forms of counteracting the investigation of crimes related to manifestations of corruption. Problems of counteracting the investigation of crimes and ways to overcome them: a collection of materials from the Interdepartmental Scientific and Practical Seminar (Khabarovsk, May 25, 2017) – Khabarovsk: Fifth Faculty of Advanced Training (located in Khabarovsk) IPK FGKOU VO “Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 2017. – 95 p. – Pp. 42-47.
7. Kichik K. V. “Dualism” of Russian legislation on public procurement // Modern problems of business legislation. – 2019. – Pp. 47-63.
8. The number of violations in public procurement has increased sharply. Half of the violations identified by the Accounts Chamber are related to corruption. July 28, 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/articles/2020/07/28/835532-kolichestvo-narushenii (date of access: 28.07.2025).
9. Konovalova Z. A. Problems of legal regulation in the field of procurement // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2024. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-v-sfere-zakupok (date of access: 27.07.2025).
10. Forensic support for the activities of the criminal police and preliminary investigation bodies / Ed. by prof. T. V. Averianova and prof. R. S. Belkin. – M., 1997.
11. Mylus O. V., Salkutsan O. A. Counteraction to preliminary investigation and ways to overcome it // Stolypin Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protivodeystvie-predvaritelnomu-rassledovaniyu-i-puti-ego-preodoleniya (date of access: 07/27/2025).
12. Nikolaychuk I. A. Concealment of crimes as a form of counteraction to investigation // Ed. R. S. Belkin. – M.: Megatron XXI, 2000. – 233 p.
13. The next changes to the national procurement regime will come into force on June 19, 2025 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rufincontrol.ru/article/505801/ (date accessed: 22.07.2025)
14. Investigative Committee investigators have completed the investigation of a criminal case on bribery of a member of the public procurement commission and provocation of a bribe. March 15, 2023 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://saratov.sledcom.ru/news/item/1773664/ (date accessed: 28.07.2025).
15. Torbin Yu. G. “Kickbacks” as a subject of bribery in the field of state and municipal procurement // Public service and personnel. – 2024. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otkaty-kak-predmet-vzyatochnichestva-v-sfere-gosudarstvennyh-i-munitsipalnyh-zakupok (date of access: 28.07.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CRIMINAL AND LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL TRANSACTIONS WITH ELECTRONIC MEANS OF PAYMENT: THROUGH THE PRISM OF LEGISLATIVE NOVELS
The article is devoted to the analysis of significant changes in the criminal law regulation of electronic payments introduced by Federal Law No. 176-FZ dated 06/24/2025 in art. 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors consider the signs of crimes provided for in Parts 4 and 6 of art. 187 of the Criminal Code, analyze the concept of illegal operation and criteria for its qualification. Special attention is paid to the issues of distinguishing new types of crimes involving fraud, illegal banking and money laundering.
Keywords: electronic means of payment, illegal transactions, crime, criminal liability, illegal banking, fraud, legalization.
Article bibliography
1. Explanatory note to the draft law No. 909076-8 “On Amendments to Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (on clarifying liability for the illegal circulation of electronic means of payment)”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/909076-8 (date of access: 06.07.2025).
2. Laptev V. A. Corporate Law: Legal Organization of Corporate Systems. – Moscow: Limited Liability Companystyu “Prospect”, 2020. – 352 p.
3. Bowl D.V. Offenses committed using electronic means of payment // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 20-24.
4. It is proposed to more actively combat the illegal circulation of payment instruments // Advocate Newspaper, 05/06/2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/predlozheno-aktivnee-borotsya-s-nepravomernym-oborotom-sredstv-platezhey/ (date of access: 06.07.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
YUSHINA Yuliya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
KLINCHUK Svetlana Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of Criminal process and forensic science sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, lieutenant colonel of police
ON THE ISSUE OF THE INTERESTS OF THE BRIBE GIVER WHEN EXTORTING A BRIBE
In the article, the authors studied the problems of qualification of the crime provided for in paragraph “b” of Part 5 of Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, based on this, it was concluded that this provision deals with the protection of exclusively legitimate interests of the bribe giver. The researchers proposed to qualify as extortion of a bribe, the demand of an official with the threat of using his discretionary powers, since they endanger the legitimate interests of the bribe giver. It is proposed to clarify the legal definition of extortion of a bribe by excluding references to the legality of the interests of the bribe giver in the case of an official exercising discretionary powers.
Keywords: bribe, bribery, legitimate interests, extortion of a bribe, demand.
Article bibliography
1. Budatarov S. M. Problems of qualification of extortion of a bribe // Siberian legal bulletin. – 2012. – No. 2 (57). – P. 103.
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of July 9, 2013 No. 24 “On judicial practice in cases of bribery and other corruption crimes” (as amended on December 24, 2019) // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
3. The court erroneously imputed to the perpetrator a qualifying feature – extortion of a bribe. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/files/11371/?ysclid=ma2p507uxc752732346 (date of access: April 29, 2025).
4. Dictionary of foreign words. – M., 1986. – P. 168.
5. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation / Bull. Supreme. Court of the Russian Federation. – 1999. – No. 3. – P. 18
6. Rarog A. I., Gracheva Yu. V. Concept, grounds, features and significance of judicial discretion in criminal law // State and Law. – 2001. – No. 11. – P. 98.

CRIMINAL LAW
AL’-MASAFIR Durajd Mohammed Hassun
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF IMPRISONMENT IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES OF THE MIDDLE EAST: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT
The article considers the peculiarities of application of punishment in the form of imprisonment in Muslim countries of the Middle East on the example of Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Egypt. The analysis is carried out taking into account the specificity of the legal systems of these states, in which Islamic law (Sharia) coexists or competes with positive (secular) criminal legislation. Attention is paid to the nature of the punishment of imprisonment, its legal grounds, purposes, terms, as well as implementation practices and the degree of their compliance with both religious norms and international standards. The author identifies the differences between the classical model of tazir punishment and the modern application of imprisonment in the context of political and institutional realities. The author concludes that the religious and moral essence of punishment has been transformed towards administrative and repressive practices, often going beyond the traditional Islamic legal understanding.
Keywords: islamic law, sharia, tazir, imprisonment, criminal punishment, Middle East, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, comparative law, religious legal system, penal code, imprisonment, international standards.
Article bibliography
1. Abdel-Kader Auda. Comparative analysis of secular and Islamic criminal law // Criminal law. Criminal procedure. Judicial system. – Cairo, 1998.
2. Akilov F. I. Criminal law of the Islamic Republic of Iran: formation, main institutions and development trends: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2010.
3. Ahmed Mogbil Ali. Crimes and punishments in the Republic of Yemen: dis. …cand. legal Sci. Moscow State University. – M., 2000.
4. Gazizova R. G. Modern intInterpretation of the Islamic concept of human rights as a response to the challenges of the times // Current issues of law enforcement and human rights activities in the countries of the Arab world. – M.: RUDN, 2013.
5. Islamic criminal law and process: textbook / Under the general editorship of I. Yu. Kozlikhin, N. G. Stoyko. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2018.
6. Lafitsky V. I., Artemov V. Yu. Development of the Islamic model of justice in the modern era // Justice in the modern world: monograph / Under the editorship of V. M. Lebedev, T. Ya. Khabrieva. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2013. – P. 138-146.
7. Medvedev A. A. Punishment in Islamic Criminal Law // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2020. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nakazanie-v-islamskom-ugolovnom-prave (date of access: 05/17/2025).
8. Radzhabova E. Sh. Institute of Punishment under Muslim Criminal Law // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 124-130.
9. Reshetnikov F. M. Legal Systems of the Countries of the World: Handbook. – M.: Jurid. lit., 1993. – 256 p.
10. Sizov A. A., Shakhbazov R. F. Features of criminal law and procedure of Islamic states. – M.: Library of criminalist, 2016. – 167 p.
11. Sultan Ziyad. Deprivation of liberty and its types under the criminal law of Arab countries // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal sciences. – 2000. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/lishenie-svobody-i-ego-vidy-po-ugolovnomu-pravu-arabskih-stran (date of access: 17.05.2025).
12. Syukiyainen L. R. Muslim criminal law: theoretical foundations and modern practice // Modern criminal law and criminology: collection of articles. – 2007. – P. 80-98. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/musulmanskoe-ugolovnoe-pravo-teoreticheskie-osnovy-i-sovremennaya-praktika (date of access: 31.01.2025).
13. Criminal Procedure Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia / Scientific. ed. Doctor of Law, Professor N. G. Stoyko; afterword and translation by P. A. Gusenova. – St. Petersburg, 2016. – 168 p.
14. Fedorov A. V., Geldibaev M. H. Muslim Law and Criminal Justice // Scientific Notes. Russian Customs Academy. St. Petersburg Branch named after V. B. Bobkov. – 1997. – No. 2 (4). – P. 29-34.
15. Khalil Hikmat. Hussein The System of Punishments under Muslim Criminal Law: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2008.
16. Elaidi Ramez Ahmed. Punishment under the Criminal Law of Arab Countries: author’s abstract. dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2002.
17. Abdel Haleem. Criminal justice in Islam. – London, 2003.
18. Haleem A. M., Sharif A. O., Daniels K. Criminal Justice in Islam: Judicial Procedure in the Shariah. – London, 2003. – P.3-16.
19. Muhammad S. Y. Human Rights in Islam. – M.: Dilya, 2008. – 288 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
AFANASOV Nikolay Nikolaevich
postgraduate Student, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
MAIN CHANGES IN RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LEGISLATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION
The article states that the special military operation conducted by the Russian Federation since 2022 has led to serious changes in domestic criminal legislation. Firstly, military criminal legislation has been fully revived. Secondly, a “new” criminalization of acts directly related to military activities has been carried out. Thirdly, criminalization of acts infringing on the information security of society and the state has been carried out. It is concluded that changes in domestic criminal legislation related to the conduct of a special military operation are due to the need to ensure the security of Russian society and the state.
Keywords: special military operation, military criminal legislation, criminalization, military crimes, looting, information security, dissemination of fakes, discrediting.
Article bibliography
1. Kibalnik A. G. Criminal liability for public dissemination of fakes about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. How to apply the new article of the Criminal Code // Criminal procedure. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 62-69.
2. Rarog A. I. Military criminal law of Russia: state and prospects // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 45-52.
3. Votchenko I. A. On the elements of the crime provided for in Art. 3521 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Voluntary surrender” // Military law. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 99-103.
4. Vlasenko V. V. Criminal liability for looting // Legality. – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 37-43.
5. Kozaev N. Sh., Tabakova N. A. Features of criminal liability for public dissemination of knowingly false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the exercise of powers by state bodies of the Russian Federation (Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Society and Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 48-51.
6. Dulkina L. V. Criminal liabilityresponsibility for public dissemination of knowingly false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the exercise by state bodies of the Russian Federation of their powers: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Krasnodar: Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – 27 p.
7. Tretyak M. I. The concept of “discrediting” as a criminal and administrative-legal act // Union of criminologists and criminologists. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 100-109.

CRIMINAL LAW
CHIZHOVA Elena Sergeevna
postgraduate student, Melitopol State University, Nizhny Novgorod
OBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF DISSEMINATING DELIBERATELY FALSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
The article examines the objective elements of the offense provided for in Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account contemporary challenges posed by the digital environment. The study analyzes the concept of socially significant information, the specifics of public dissemination, and the criteria of deliberate falsehood in the context of digitalization. The article substantiates the problems of qualification and law enforcement and proposes directions for improving criminal law regulation to enhance public security while maintaining a balance with freedom of expression. It is concluded that only a comprehensive update of criminal law instruments taking into account modern technological, social and ethical realities will ensure reliable protection of information security, public trust and the stability of the functioning of government institutions.
Keywords: false information, publicity, digital environment, public security, law enforcement, criminal law.
Article bibliography
1. Abdulatipov A. M. Criminal-legal characteristics of public dissemination under the guise of reliable messages of knowingly false information containing data on the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens, maintain international peace and security // Legal Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2022. – V. 42, No. 2. – P. 121-127. – DOI 10.21779/2224-0241-2022-40-2-121-127. – EDN ASGGXY.
2. Anisimov V. F. Counteracting the discrediting of the armed forces and state bodies of the Russian Federation by criminal law means in the context of a special military operation in 2022 // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 93-99. – EDN UVHJHY.
3. Brilliantov A. V. On liability for the dissemination of knowingly false information and discrediting the use of the Armed Forces: a comparative analysis // Russian justice. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 82-92. – DOI 10.37399/issn2072-909X.2023.10.82-92. – EDN EOUMOI.
4. Bugera N. N., Likholetov A. A., Likholetov E. A. Public dissemination of knowingly false information about the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: some issues of interpretation of the criminal law // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 2 (61). – P. 25-30. – DOI 10.25724/VAMVD.AAAA. – EDN LJPQNN.
5. Kashin V. S., Bychkov V. V. Features of qualification of public dissemination of knowingly false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the exercise of powers by state bodies of the Russian Federation (Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 4 (34). – P. 46-51. – DOI 10.54217/2588-0136.2022.34.4.005. – EDN KTVVTE.
6. Kraynova N. A. Criminal liability for fakes under Russian legislation: Review of law enforcement practice // Criminal law: development strategy in the 21st century. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 98-108. – DOI 10.31085/2949-138X-2024-3-248-98-108. – EDN JQCEIA.
7. Litvyak L. G. Analysis of the objective side of the crime, enshrined in Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Science. Education. Modernity. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 64-67. – DOI 10.24412/2658-7335-2024-4-5. – EDN OGRTCK.
8. Malkov S. M. Fakes as an act against military service and criminal-legal counteraction to them // Military Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 27-31. – DOI 10.18572/2070-2108-2023-1-27-31. – EDN NJUTJH.
9. Muradyan S. V., Chugunov A. A. On the issue of qualification of public dissemination of knowingly false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and public actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in order to protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its citizens, maintain international peace and security // Actual problems of administrative law and process. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 29-34. – EDN LXXCIW.
10. Shamaev A. M. Issues of law enforcement practice of qualification ofand acts falling under Article 207.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Public dissemination of knowingly false information about the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2022. – Vol. 15, No. 3. – P. 95-100. – EDN EFUGCR.

CRIMINAL LAW
HUSSEIN Anmar Talal Hussein
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process, and criminalistics sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL PROTECTION OF MINORS: CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES AGAINST THEIR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE CRIMINAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
The aim of the study is to analyze the criminal law mechanisms for the protection of minors in Iraq, focusing on crimes that violate their mental and physical development. Using the methods of content analysis of legislation and judicial practice (2018 – 2023), the study identified gaps in law enforcement, including insufficient qualification of crimes related to psychological violence. The results showed that 68 % of the cases reviewed concerned physical violence, while only 12 % related to mental harm. The discussion highlights the need to amend the Iraqi Criminal Code to strengthen the protection of children’s rights.
Keywords: protection of minors, Iraqi criminal law, mental development, physical violence, law enforcement practice, legislative reform.
Article bibliography
1. Abdel Fattah Murad. Abstinence-related crimes that affect the family system // LawMagazine. – Issues 1 and 2. – 71. – Cairo, 1990.
2. Akl Yusef. Interview with Social and Criminal Care and Protection of Children and Adolescents in Jordanian Legislation // Al-Rafidain Law Journal. – Issue No. 8. University of Mosul, Faculty of Law, Iraq. – March 2000. – P. 177-178.
3. Bushra Salman Al-Obeidi. International Criminal Violations of Children’s Rights. – Beirut: Al-Halabi Legal Publications, 2009.
4. Muhammad Abd al-Hamid Makki. The Crime of Abandonment of Family. – Egypt, Dar an-Nahda al-Arabiya, 2000.
5. Hamdi Ragab Attia. Criminal Liability of the Child in Arab Legislation and Islamic Law. – Cairo: Menoufia University Press, 2010.
6. Hassan Sadiq Al-Marsafawy. The crime of abandoning family // Journal of the Government Administration of Court Proceedings. – Issue 1. – Year 8. – Cairo, 1964. – P. 110.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
ABDERYAKHIMOVA Gulnur Byashirovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law University of the FPS of Russia
KRIVCHIKOVA Ekaterina Vladimirovna
student of the 6th course, Faculty of Law, Samara Law University of the FPS of Russia; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL POWERS BY EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM AT CERTAIN STAGES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the criminal procedural powers of employees of the penal enforcement system (hereinafter referred to as the Penal correction system) at the stages of initiation of a criminal case and preliminary investigation. The authors note that there is an objective need for a comprehensive analysis of the issues of receiving, registering and verifying reports of committed penitentiary crimes, conducting urgent investigative actions, as well as fulfilling individual instructions from the investigator (inquirer) in criminal cases of crimes committed in the penitentiary authorities and institutions. This will contribute to the further development of the organizational and legal mechanism for the implementation of the criminal procedural powers of employees and the improvement of the criminal procedural activities of the penitentiary authorities.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, employee, criminal procedural powers, correctional institution, penitentiary crimes, stage of criminal case initiation, preliminary investigation, urgent investigative actions, correctional institutions, convicted person.
Article bibliography
1. In Astrakhan, a convict organized an extremist movement in a colony. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.rambler.ru/incidents/52790141-v-astrahani-osuzhdennyy-organizoval-ekstremistskoe-dvizhenie-v-kolonii (date of access: 19.04.2025).
2. Kazberov P. N. Substantive aspects of training employees to work with persons convicted of extremist crimes // Anthropogogy. – 2022. – No. 2 (6). P. 16-21.
3. On approval of the Instruction on the acceptance, registration and verification in institutions and bodies of the penal system of reports of crimes and incidents: order of the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated 11.07.2006 No. 250. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “Garant” (date of access: 04/25/2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
DATSIEVA Khadizhat Gasanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KURBANOV Musa Kurbanovich
magister student, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ON SOME ISSUES OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S PARTICIPATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the institution of the prosecutor\’s office as an integral part of the criminal process, its role and functions in the implementation of supervision at various procedural stages. The paper examines the theoretical and practical problems of implementing prosecutorial supervision and ways to overcome them. Based on a comparative analysis, proposals are being put forward to reform prosecutorial supervision in order to increase its practical effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the most pressing issues related to the prosecutor\’s participation in criminal proceedings, followed by the formulation of directions for possible improvement of legal regulation and law enforcement practice. Based on a comparative legal analysis of the essence of the concept of \”criminal prosecution of a prosecutor\”, it was concluded that in developed European democratic countries, there is no separation and opposition between criminal prosecution and supervision in the activities of the prosecutor\’s office. In itself, the implementation of criminal proceedings by the prosecutor is considered as an activity to protect society and individuals on behalf of the state and only in the context of the principle of impartiality, that is, in itself, criminal prosecution by the prosecutor is unthinkable without the requirement of strict observance of the law. This approach seems to be the most correct and reasonable.
Keywords: prosecutor, prosecutorial supervision, criminal proceedings, judicial proceedings, pre-trial investigation, criminal procedure law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Sergeev P. S. Improving prosecutorial supervision over the procedural activities of preliminary investigation bodies // Bulletin of Science. – 2025. – No. 4 (85). – P. 1-5.
2. Makisheva L. A. The role of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings: Kazakhstan and foreign experience // Bulletin of science. – 2025. – No. 5 (86). – P. 1-7.
3. Kirillova N. V. Improving supervision in the execution of the law in the investigation of criminal cases against minors // Bulletin of science. – 2025. – No. 4 (85). – P. 1-7.
4. Sobol A. A. Some issues of participation of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2025. – No. 4-2. – P. 1-5.
5. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 N 174-FZ (as amended on 02.10.2024) // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
6. Bessarabov V. G. Prosecutor’s supervision: textbook. – M .: TK Velbi, 2006. – 536 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
ESINA Alla Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, Honorary Employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
ON THE EXPEDIENCY OF SOME INNOVATIONS OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW IN TERMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERROGATION PROCEEDINGS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
In the article, using scientific research methods, the author conducts a legal analysis of both the historical and current state of legal regulation of the interrogation procedure as the most common investigative action in the system of means of obtaining evidence in a criminal case. The issues of the effectiveness of individual innovations in the criminal procedure law regarding the legal regulation of the interrogation procedure for law enforcement practice are studied, and the feasibility of individual legislative proposals in the area under consideration is assessed. The article provides arguments substantiating the author’s position, opposing individual bills in terms of supplementing the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation with new rules for conducting interrogations.
Keywords: procedural order of interrogation, investigation of a criminal case, testimony – a source of evidence, rights of interrogation participants, investigator as a subject of interrogation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Text of Russkaya Pravda based on four lists of different editions / Publisher N. Kachalov. – St. Petersburg: type. Stasyulevich, 1889. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003625637?page=1&rotate=0&theme=white (date of access: 12.05. 2025).
2. Law books of the XV-XVI centuriesin / Prepar. texts by R. B. Müller and L. V. Cherepnin; comment. by A. I. Kopanev, B. A. Romanov and L. V. Cherepnin; under the general editorship of B. D. Grekov. – Moscow, Leningrad: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. – P. 108. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_002922391/?ysclid=m6528inzdv915432392 (date of access: 12.05.2025) @@ Sudebniks of 1497 and 1550 as a result of codification work in the Russian state. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://otherreferats.allbest.ru/history/00067898_1.html (date accessed: 12.05. 2025).
3. Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire // Second collection: from December 12, 1825 to February 28, 1881: in 55 volumes with the inscription. – St. Petersburg: Printing house of the 2nd section of His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery, 1830-1885. – V. 12. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000202_000006_141941%7C42933E9F-C2F4-48C4-8EC4-039F4E409D0D/?ysclid=m6537u1kig892733342 (date of access: 12.05. 2025).
4. Foinitsky I. Ya. Course of criminal proceedings. Volume 1. 4th ed. – St. Petersburg: Printing house of the company “Obshchestvennaya Polza”, 1912. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: //https://www.consultant.ru/edu/student/download_books/book/kurs_ugolovnogo_sudoproizvodstva_tom_i // SPS “ConsultantPlus”, 1992-2025. (date of access: 12.05.2025).
5. Popenkov A. V. Lawyer’s petition as a tool for ensuring the right of a suspect and accused to defense // Problems of ensuring national security: collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, April 10, 2020. – Moscow: IP Chernyaeva Yu.I., 2020. – P. 51-54.
6. Koni A.F. Fathers and sons of judicial reform: (on the fiftieth anniversary of judicial charters): 1864 – November 20, 1914. – Moscow: publication of the I.D. Sytin company, 1914. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/edu/student/download_books/book/koni_af_otcy_i_deti_sudebnoj_reformy// SPS “ConsultantPlus”, 1992-2025 (date of access: 12.05.2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KOMLEV Evgeniy Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Judiciary, civil society and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples Friendship University of Russia
BIRYUKOV Ivan Alexandrovich
student, Faculty of the Management and Policy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; independent researcher
INVESTIGATIVE BODIES AS AN ELEMENT OF STATE JUSTICE: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE INVESTIGATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
This article presents a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the investigative bodies of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany as an integral elements of state justice. The subject of the study is the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation and the Public Prosecutor’s Office of the FRG, which possess differing legal statuses and institutional structures. The article examines their procedural powers, degree of independence, accountability mechanisms, and role in ensuring legality and public order. Particular attention is given to the impact of organizational and legal models on the effectiveness of preliminary investigation and the protection of the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. The conclusions are based on the analysis of normative legal sources and scholarly research.
Keywords: Investigative authorities, Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, Public Prosecution Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, criminal justice proceedings, pre-trial investigation, procedural independence, institutions of criminal procedure.
Article bibliography
1. Butorina N. S. Rights and tasks of the prosecutor in the criminal proceedings of the Russian Federation and the FRG // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 55-62.
2. Gaisin A. Kh. Comparative legal analysis of the legal status of the prosecutor’s office in Germany and Russia // Russian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 87-94.
3. Melnikova O. N. Comparative analysis of models of prosecutorial supervision in Germany and Russia // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 33-38.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KULIK Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South-Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
APPLICATION OF PRE-TRIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCEDURES TO CERTAIN TYPES OF SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
Pre-trial dispute resolution has long been used as an effective means of conflict resolution, allowing not only to ensure the implementation of a specific, albeit currently controversial, legal relationship, but also to preserve relations between the disputing parties in the future. Appealing to the court, which has the authority to make decisions that are binding on the disputing parties, but which, as a rule, reduce their further interaction to nothing, is for many a priority form of protecting violated rights and legitimate interests. And despite the desire of the legislator to reduce the number of cases considered by the courts, including by introducing a mandatory pre-trial procedure for some categories of cases, it is still not popular, remaining only a necessary condition for applying to the court. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the pre-trial dispute resolution procedure can be an effective mechanism that can help not only to settle a dispute, but also to identify the most controversial issues arising within a certain group of social relations.
Keywords: special proceedings, pre-trial dispute resolution, civil procedure, arbitration procedure, condition for exercising the right to appeal to the court, notarial acts.
Article bibliography
1. Borisova L. V. Judicial review of notarial acts does not exclude errors // Notarial Bulletin. 2021. No. 12. P. 42-48.
2. Laptev V. A., Chucha S. Yu. Notarized evidence in judicial proceedings: theory and law enforcement practice // Bulletin of civil procedure. 2023. No. 1. P. 79-99.
3. Mikhailova E. V. Reconciliation in the Sphere of Civil Jurisdiction // Business and Law. 2024. No. 12. P. 68-82.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
NIKITINA Elena Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Judicial activity and criminal process sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
DETENTION: WHAT’S NEW IN THE LAW?
The article analyzes the latest changes in the criminal procedure law concerning such a preventive measure as detention. The arguments of the authors of the bill, set out in the explanatory note, are presented. All the amendments introduced by the legislator to Article 108 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation are being investigated. As a result, they are grouped into three main areas: 1) a different approach to determining the severity of the crime committed (the criminal sanction has been replaced by categories of crimes); 2) an emphasis on the violent nature of crimes (moderate crimes must be committed with violence or threat of violence); 3) special rules for certain categories of persons (those have become more protected in the procedural sense on whom the lives of young children and children with disabilities depend, as well as people with serious illnesses). Attention is drawn to the circumstance, that the new law clearly defines exceptional cases of applying the strictest preventive measure against juvenile defendants and other special subjects, as well as when committing minor crimes. As a summary, it is concluded that the law has become more formalized, but at the same time it is focused on a specific situation and on a specific person.
Keywords: criminal procedure law, new legislative provisions, preventive measure, detention, categories of crimes, violent nature of crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Davletov A. A., Azarёnok N. V. Detention as a preventive measure applied to a person posing a threat to society // The rule of law: theory and practice. 2024. No. 3.
2. Kachalova O. V., Kachalov V. I. Detention as a preventive measure: validity of application and extension: Educational and methodological materials prepared within the framework of cooperation programs of the Council of Europe and the Russian Federation. M.: Delovoy stil, 2019. 82 p.
3. Krasavina N. A. Actual problems of the institution of detention in Russian criminal proceedings // Actual research. 2024. No. 24 (206). Part II.
4. Mikhailov V. A. Preventive measures in Russian criminal proceedings. M., 1996. 304 p.
5. Petrukhin I. L. Inviolability of the person and coercion in criminal proceedings. M.: Nauka, 1989. 256 p.
6. Khapaev I. M. Circumstances taken into account when choosing a preventive measure in the form of detention // Jurist – Pravoved. 2014. No. 3 (64).
7. Shigurov A. V. Problems of protecting the rights of suspects (accused) with serious illnesses that prevent detention // Science and Modernity. 2014. No. 32-2.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
OTOROV Azis Asylbekovich
adjunct, Faculty of Training Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, captain of the militia
OBTAININGORAL EVIDENCE DURING A PRE-INVESTIGATION CHECK UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LEGISLATION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The study examines the legislation and practice of obtaining oral statements during pre-investigation checks under the Criminal Procedure Codes of Kyrgyzstan and Russia. Explanations are identified as the primary information-gathering tool, yet the Kyrgyz Code lacks regulation of their procedural formalization, rights guarantees for participants, and evidentiary value. Unlike Russian law, Kyrgyz practice permits witness interrogation at this stage, creating risks for suspects’ and victims’ rights. The research proposes amendments to the Kyrgyz Code: formalizing procedures for obtaining statements from key participants, recognizing explanation records as independent evidence, extending criminal liability for false statements to the pre-investigation stage, and harmonizing guarantees of the right to legal defense.
Keywords: pre-investigation check, obtaining oral statements, verbal evidence, procedural guarantees, right to legal counsel.
Article bibliography
1. Prokofiev Yu. N. Procedural form of documents at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Problems of the Soviet state and law: inter-university thematic collection. – Irkutsk, 1975. – Issue. 9-10.
2. Borodin S. V. Verification of statements and reports of crimes before initiating a criminal case by the inquiry and preliminary investigation bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs // Problems of increasing the effectiveness of preliminary investigation: collection of scientific works. – Vilnius, 1969.
3. Khimicheva G. P. Consideration of statements and reports of a crime by the police. – M., 1997.
4. Dubonosov E. S., Yashin V. N. Obtaining an explanation as a way to verify a report of a crime: problems and ways to eliminate them // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2023. – Issue 1.
5. Davydov P. M., Sidorov D. V., Yakimov P. P. Legal proceedings under the new Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. – Sverdlovsk, 1962.
6. Yashin V. N. Preliminary verification of primary materials on a crime: dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2000.
7. Kudryavtseva T. G., Kozhukharik D. N. On the admissibility of explanations as evidence in criminal proceedings // Russian investigator. – 2014. – No. 5.
8. Makhov V. N. The issue of the evidentiary value of explanations obtained during the verification of reports of crimes // Justice of the Peace. – 2020. – No. 6.
9. Nobel A. R. Legal nature of explanations in criminal proceedings // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 11.
10. Zashlyapin L. A. Issues in the procedures for obtaining oral explanations of the parties in civil and criminal proceedings // Modern law. – 2022. – № 4.
11. Kosyanenko A. M. On the procedural form of obtaining explanations // Criminal justice. – 2019. – № 13.
12. Shigurov A. V., Borisova K. V. Problems of production at the stage of initiation of a criminal case // Symbol of science. – 2021. – № 5.
13. Shigurov A. V., Borisova K. V. Problems of production at the stage of initiation of a criminal case // Modern scientific research and innovation. – 2016. – № 4.
14. Chabukiani O. A. Obtaining an explanation during the initial verification of crime reports // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – № 3 (59).
15. Statsenko V. G. Explanation as a way to verify a report of a crime // Matrix of scientific consciousness. – 2017. – No. 11.
16. On the refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Zhudin Sergei Semenovich on the violation of his constitutional rights by paragraph 6 of part two of Article 74, paragraph 1 of part three of Article 413 and the provisions of Chapter 40 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 28.05.2013 No. 723-O.
17. Khismatullin I. G. Problematic issues of regulating the production of an inquiry // Legislation. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 125 @@ Makhov V. N. The issue of the evidentiary value of explanations received during the verification of reports of crimes // Magistrate. – 2020. – No. 6.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SOKOLOV Yuriy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Information law sub-faculty, professor of I. F. Gerasimov Criminalistics sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
TRUTH IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND ITS ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
The article examines “truth” as a category that is constantly in scientific circulation. Using individual philosophical trends as an example, the specifics of the true and false in criminal proceedings are briefly formulated. The classical scheme of criminal procedural knowledge is clarified taking into account virtual traces of electronic devices formed in an artificial environment. An opinion is expressed regarding the nature of “electronic evidence” and the optimal system of investigative actions.An analysis of the electronic method of recording information in criminal proceedings is performed. General conclusions are formulated confirming the relevance of using digital technologies in order to achieve objective truth in a specific criminal case.
Keywords: virtual trace, electronic device, criminal procedural knowledge, electronic evidence.
Article bibliography
1. Aristotle. Works in four volumes. Vol. 1. Ed. V. F. Asmus. – M .: “Mysl”, 1976. – 550 p.
2. Belkin R. S., Lifshits L. M. Tactics of investigative actions. – M .: Novyi Yurist, 1997. – 176 p.
3. Berdyaev N. A. N. A. Berdyaev on Russian philosophy. Part 1. Prohibition of certain actions. – Sverdlovsk: Ural University Publishing House, 1991. – 287 p.
4. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes. 3rd ed. – Moscow, 1972. – Vol. 10. – 592 p.
5. Davletov A. A. Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. Lecture Course. 2nd ed. – Yekaterinburg, 2013. – 328 p.
6. Descartes R. Works in 2 volumes: Trans. from Latin and French. Vol. 1 / Comp., ed., introduction by V. V. Sokolov. – Moscow: Mysl, 1989. – 654 p.
7. Theory of Knowledge: [In 4 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Philosophy]; Ed. V. A. Lektorsky, T. I. Oizerman. – M.: Mysl, 1991. – 303 [1] p.
8. Larin M. A. From the investigative version to the truth. – M., 1976. – 198 p.
9. Makalinsky P. V. Practical guide for judicial investigators attached to district courts. 2 parts. Sixth edition. Part 2. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of N. K. Martynov’s legal bookstore, 1907. – 762, LIX p.
10. Mukhin I. I. Objective truth and some issues of judicial evidence in the administration of justice. – L., 1971. – 184 p.
11. Strogovich M. S. The doctrine of material truth in criminal proceedings. – M., 1947. – 276 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SHAMURZAEV Taalaibek Tursunovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, B. N. Yeltsin Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan
ARDASHEV Roman Georgievich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, Head of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk; professor of Public and municipal administration sub-faculty, Institute of Social Sciences, Irkutsk State University
SUPERVISION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
The article examines the problems, mechanisms and functions of implementing legislative innovations regulating the supervision function and other areas of activity of the prosecutor\’s office of the Kyrgyz Republic in criminal proceedings. The consequences of the prosecutor’s office’s activities in criminal cases, the status of the prosecutor’s office in government bodies, as well as its functions and powers in criminal proceedings and the prospects for normative-legal regulation of the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic are analyzed.
Keywords: legality, constitution, constitutional law, principles of separation of powers, prosecutor, prosecutor’s supervision, powers of prosecutor, reform, criminal proceedings, functions of prosecutor.
Article bibliography
1. Speech by President Sadyr Japarov at the anniversary dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the prosecutor’s office of Kyrgyzstan: The prosecutor’s office plays a key role in ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vesti.kg/obshchestvo/item/132618-prezident-organy-prokuratury-ig
2. Shamurzaev T. T. Reform of criminal proceedings in Kyrgyzstan. – Bishkek: Altyn Tamga, 2011. – 284 p.
3. Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic (put into effect by the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic of May 5, 2021). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/1-2/edition/1202952/ru.
4. Kainov A. S. The prosecutor’s office as a special law enforcement agency // Legal science. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 101-105. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prokuratura-kak-osobyy-pravoohranitelnyy-organ/viewer
5. Karpov N. N. The prosecutor’s office in the system of state power of the Russian Federation. – M.: Law and Right: UNITY-DANA, 2007.
6. Constitutional Law “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Kyrgyz Republic” dated September 10, 2021 No. 114. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/112293/edition/1380/ru.
7. Statistics of the prosecutor’s offices of the Kyrgyz Republic in the area of information technology, legal statistics and accounting for 2023-2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prokuror.kg/statistics/ru.
8. Criminal Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic dated October 28, 2021 No. 129. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/3-37/edition/2086/ru.
9. Statistics of the prosecutor’s office of the Kyrgyz RepublicRepublic in the line of supervision of investigation and operational-search activities for 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prokuror.kg/statistics/ru.
10. Statistics of the prosecutor’s office of the Kyrgyz Republic in the line of supervision of criminal, civil proceedings and supervision of the execution of court decisions for 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prokuror.kg/statistics/ru.
11. Shamurzaev T. T., Shamurzaeva T. T. Features of the criminal procedural status of the prosecutor of the Kyrgyz Republic // Union of criminologists and criminologists. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 174-180.
12. Shamurzaev T. T., Asanova N. A., Osadchaya A. I. Actual issues of maintaining public prosecution in criminal proceedings of the Kyrgyz Republic // Bulletin of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. 2023. – V. 23, No. 3. – P. 118-121 – DOI 10.36979/1694-500X-2023-23-3-118-121.
13. Kazarina A. Kh. Human rights activities of the prosecutor’s office and its influence on the rule of law // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 2 (2). – P. 9-12.
14. Aleva-German E. A. Multifunctionality of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation as a Principle of Its Organization and Activities // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 4. – P. 170-181. – DOI: 10.17803/1994-1471.2022.137.4.170-181.
15. Nazarov S. N. Functions of the Prosecutor’s Office: Problems of Theoretical Justification // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 128-134.
16. Gracheva O. A., Likhodayev E. G. On the Issue of the Functions of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation in Modern Conditions // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 163-168. – DOI: 10.24412/1998-5533-2024-4-163-168.
17. Rokityansky S. G. The place of the prosecutor’s office in the state mechanism of the Russian Federation: theoretical, historical and normative aspects // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 81-102.
18. Vorobyov T. N. Problems of determining the legal status of the prosecutor’s office in the Russian Federation // Modern law. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 38-42.
19. Alekseev P. V. Philosophy: textbook / P. V. Alekseev, A. V. Panin. – 3rd ed., revised. and add. – M.: PROBOYUL Grachev S.M., 2000. – 608 p.
20. Abdirov N.M. Forms of coordination of the activities of law enforcement and other government agencies by the prosecutor’s office // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. – 2015. – No. 13 (188). – P. 4-10.
21. Statistics of the prosecutor’s offices of the Kyrgyz Republic in the area of international legal cooperation for 2023-2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://prokuror.kg/ru.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MATVEYCHUK Olga Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ENSURING THE PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE BY NON-ECOLOGICAL NORMS OF THE CRIMINAL LAW
The scientific article provides a comprehensive and consistent scientific and theoretical study of the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), which can be used to ensure the protection of a variety of wildlife. As non-ecological norms of the criminal law in this area, it is proposed to consider those that are fixed in art. 158, 161, 162, 167, 168, 226.1, 245 and 358 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the environmental and non-ecological norms of the criminal law is carried out. The mechanisms of practical implementation of non-ecological norms of the criminal law in the declared field of ensuring the safety of wildlife have been identified and clarified.
Keywords: objects of the animal world, non-ecological norms of the criminal law, theft, smuggling, animal cruelty, ecocide.
Article bibliography
1. Bazarov P. R. Criminal-legal protection of especially valuable wild animals and aquatic biological resources: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Ekaterinburg, 2017. – 244 p.
2. Bogatova E. V. Cruelty to animals: criminal-legal and criminological aspects: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Omsk, 2013. – 18 p.
3. Boev A. V. The location in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of criminal-legal norms on smuggling and its impact on judicial practice // Modern law. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 75-78.
4. Bocharov E. V. Criminal liability for cruelty to animals: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2014. – 21 p.
5. Brilliantov A. V. Release from serving a sentence due to the expiration of the statute of limitations for a guilty verdict // Legality. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 35-38.
6. Gaevskaya E. Yu. On the issue of distinguishing between theft and faunal crimes // Electronic supplement to the “Russian Law Journal”. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 135-143.
7. Gusarenko D. M. Criminalization of attacks on especially valuable species of wild animals: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Khabarovsk, 2020. – 225 p.
8. Doynikov P. I. On conceptual changes in the legislation on the protection of wildlife // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 3 (219). – P. 126-128.
9. Eliseev V. S. On the problem of expanding the subject of faunistic law // Agrarian and land law. – 2019. – No. 11 (179). – P. 128-132.
10. Zhevlakov E. N. On the distinction between economic and environmental crimes: theory, legislation, practice // Criminal law. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 55-63.
11. Zhevlakov E. N. Distinction between theft and poaching // Soviet justice. – 1982. – No. 3. – P. 8-9.
12. Zhevlakov E. N. Environmental and alternative-environmental crimes committed with the use of mass media, electronic or information and telecommunication systems // Criminal law. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 32-39.
13. Zvereva A. I. Environmental crimes that encroach on the safety of water bodies: characteristics and distinctions with related torts: monograph / edited by Yu. V. Gracheva. – Moscow: Prospect, 2019. – 200 p.
14. Zlotnikova T. V. On the issue of greening and de-greening legislation and other spheres of public life // Environmental law. –2024. – No. 2. – P. 5-11.
15. Brilliantov A. V., Galakhova A. V., Davydov V. A. et al. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Special Part. Sections X-XII: in 4 volumes (article by article) / Ed. V. M. Lebedev. – Moscow: Yurait, 2017. – V. 4. – 278 p.
16. Kraeva V. N. Criminal-legal protection of species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation // Legislation and Economics. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 49-59.
17. Kulev V.K., Troshin A.S., Shishkina A.A. Theft of rare wildlife species belonging to specially protected natural areas // Proceedings of the International Symposium “Reliability and Quality”. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 362-363.
18. Petrova T.M. Crimes against specially protected wild animals and plants: qualification, improvement of the mechanism of criminal-legal counteraction: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2024. – 265 p.
19. Popov I.V. Errors in the qualification of cruel treatment of animals // Criminal law. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 60-68.
20. Popova N. P. Responsibility for crimes committed with particular cruelty: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2005. – 28 p.
21. Sviridov R. V. Cruelty to animals: criminal-legal qualification and distinction from other offenses: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2019. – 24 p.
22. Timofeev A. D. Semantics of the concepts “Ecological crisis” and “Ecological catastrophe” // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen. – 2015. – No. 176. – P. 130-135.
23. Criminal law of the Russian Federation. General and Special parts: textbook / Ed. A. I. Chuchaev. – Moscow: Contract: Infra-M, 2015. – 703 p.
24. Shchetinina N. V., Ayupova G. Sh. Features of interpretation of legally significant signs of the main composition of cruel treatment of animals (Part 1 of Article 245 of the Criminal Code) // Legality. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 38-44.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MIKHAYLOV Ivan Romanovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN THE FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL: A BRIEF ANALYSIS
The article presents a brief analysis of the criminal process in the Federal Republic of Brazil based on documents such as the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Brazilian Criminal Code of 1942. The article will analyze the system of criminal justice, criminal prosecution, starting from the stage preceding the initiation of a criminal case, then criminal investigation, types of arrest, judicial proceedings. Further in the article, the stage of sentencing and execution in a criminal case, as well as the types of punishments, will be considered. At the end of the article, a brief analysis of the practical implementation of the norms of criminal procedure in modern Brazilian courts will be given.
Keywords: criminal law, criminal procedure, police investigation, detention, trial, sentence.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Coelho Y. C. Curso de direito penal didático. Sao Paulo, 2014.
2. Daly, Kathleen. Aims of the Criminal Justice System. Chapter 17 in Marinella Marmo, Willem de Lint, and Darren Palmer (eds.). Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology. Law-book Co, 2012.
3. Ferreira da Silva Jr., E. Curso de Direito Processual Penal. Oliveira Mendes, 1997.
4. Greco R. Curso de direito penal: parte geral, V. 1. Niterói; RJ, 2014.
5. Oliveira T. B. Pena e racionalidade. Rio de Janeiro, 2017.
6. Polastri Lima M. Curso de processo penal. Brasilia, 2014.
7. Scuro Neto P. O Direito como indexador. Judicialização e controle do sistema de justiça. Universidade Federalde Santa Catarina, 2011.
8. Scuro Neto P. Criminal justice of Brazil. World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems – Brazil 2002, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington D.C., 2023.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
MIROSHNICHENKO Ekaterina Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); Assistant to the Head of the Main Department for Legal Work – Head of the Legal Service of the FPS of Russia for the Rostov Region
OGORODNIKOV Vladimir Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Management and organization of the penitentiary system sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan
CURRENT ISSUES OF ORGANIZING THE SEARCH FOR PERSONS WHO VOLUNTARILY LEFT CORRECTIONAL CENTERS
Currently, there are a significant number of cases where those sentenced to forced labor leave correctional centers, places of work and/or housing allocated to them by the administration without appropriate permission. In this regard, the search for this category of persons is a very relevant issue. In this article, the authors highlight a number of issues related to the organization of their search. In particular, there is a lack of legislative regulation of issues of interaction between the Federal Penitentiary Service and the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the issue under study, where specifically the forms of their interaction would be approved. The authors propose to develop an appropriate order. In addition, the article touches upon the problem of control and supervision of convicts on the territory of the IC and OFIC, the introduction of modern technical means, biometric systems, since their use will minimize the number of cases of unauthorized abandonment.
Keywords: persons sentenced to forced labor, supervision, unauthorized visits, search, correctional centers, operational units, technical equipment, biometric systems.
Article bibliography
1. Zhuravlev A. N., Moiseev N. D. Some areas of interaction between operational units of internal affairs bodies and the penal system in searching for convicts evading forced labor // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 7 (223).- P. 105-108.
2. Shultz E. V., Byakina S. I. On some problems of supervision of persons sentenced to forced labor // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. – 2023. – No. 2 (53). – P. 94-100.
3. Kostarev D. F., Novikov A. V. Improving the activities of correctional institutions of the penal system to ensure supervision of persons serving sentences // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2022. – Vol. 12, No. 10 A. – P. 616-624.
4. Potapov A. A. Video recording tools as an effective way to implement prosecutorial supervision over the FSIN bodies // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 34 (272). – P. 167-170.
5. Bochkarev V. V. Improving the use of engineering and technical means in correctional institutions // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2016. – No. 4 (65). – P. 168-175.

CRIMINALISTICS
AGARKOVA Tatyana Konstantinovna
senior lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, Kaliningrad branch, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
PORYVAEVA Polina Sergeevna
lecturer of Forensic technology sub-faculty, Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert-Forensic Activities, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
PROKOFJEVA Elena Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Document research sub-faculty, Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert-Forensic Activities, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE OF TRACES ON THEIR DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION DURING CRIME SCENE INSPECTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION
The issues of studying the age of traces and the time intervals of their formation are significant for the investigation of crimes. Due attention to the information hidden in material evidence helps to improve the quality of orientation of investigative bodies in the space-time continuum. Preliminary examination of traces at the scene of the incident makes it possible to obtain information that allows implementing work on solving a crime, finding the person who committed it, establishing circumstances that are important for solving a crime «hot on the trail». The article examines the influence of time on traces and determines the signs of displaying various factors reflecting cause-and-effect relationships.
Keywords: specialist, special knowledge, crime scene inspection, crime, age of traces, time factors, investigation and detection of crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Baklanov L. A., Pavlov A. V. Inspection of the scene of the crime in a home with the consent of persons living there before initiating a criminal case // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (52). – P. 87-92.
2. Klimenko A. A. Application of the theory of time relationships in the activities of a forensic specialist using the example of establishing the relative age of formation of sweat and grease fingerprints: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.09. – Kaliningrad, 2004. – 258 p.
3. Malakhova L. S. Factors influencing the detection of fingerprints, as well as methods for determining the age of their leaving // In the collection: Legality and law and order: legal consciousness and legal culture of modern society: collection of materials of the III International scientific and practical conference. – 2018. – P. 98-102.
4. Prokofieva E. V., Dmitrieva A. A., Prokofieva O. Yu. Establishing the age of an event based on material traces using blood traces as an example // In the collection: Technical and forensic support for solving and investigating crimes. – Volgograd, 2023.
5. Morozova A. L. Forensic examination of human sweat and fat traces in order to establish their age: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.09. – M., 2000. – 120 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
VYATKIN Andrey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology, retired senior justice adviser
SYSTEM OF MEASURES TO NEUTRALIZE COUNTERACTION TO INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
In the article, the author lists the main methods of counteracting the investigation of environmental pollution; identifies the levels of counteracting the investigation that are characteristic of the crimes of this type – primitive and organized, as well as its typical forms. The proposed classification is based on typical situations identified as a result of the analysis of the developing investigative and judicial practice in criminal cases on environmental pollution, the practice of conducting procedural checks on reports of the type under consideration, and the practice of considering cases on administrative offenses in the area of environmental pollution. Methods: comparisons, analytical, scientific geneeralizations. Results: a system of measures to neutralize counteraction to investigation of tactical and strategic levels is proposed.
Keywords: forensics, crime, ecology, investigation, counteraction, neutralization of environmental pollution.
Article bibliography
1. Gavrilov B. Ya., Lavrov V. P., Andreev A. S. [et al.]. Counteraction to the investigation of crimes and measures to overcome it: Textbook / 2nd edition, supplemented and revised. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – 379 p.
2. Abramova L. L. Methods of neutralizing counteraction to preliminary investigation: Methodological recommendations. – Krasnoyarsk: Private educational institution of higher education “Siberian Law University”, 2022. – 28 p.
3. Verenich I. V. Forensic doctrine on overcoming resistance to crime investigation / 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2024. – 272 p.;
4. Kustov A. M., Kokorev R. A. Mechanism of counteraction to investigation of criminal cases: theoretical aspect // Law, society, state: systemic foundations of interaction and development: Collection of articles from scientific and representative events. – Moscow: 2024. – P. 299-302.
5. Vyatkin A. N. Some issues of forensic characteristics of water pollution // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 4 (78). – P. 163-170. – DOI 10.33184/pravgos-2024.4.18. – EDN MEDJKT.
6. Tarasov A. A. Involvement of a specialist in modern criminal law practice // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2023. – Vol. 9, No. 1. – P. 46-53.
7. Kodolova A. On compensation (liquidation) of damage to the environment, including that associated with past economic activity // Business and Law. – 2012. – No. 8. – P. 32.

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
FORENSIC (IDENTIFICATION) PROPERTIES OF THE MICROBIOME OF A POTENTIALLY (RELATIVELY) HEALTHY PERSON AND THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM: INTERNAL, EXTERNAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
The article analyzes the properties of the microbiome of a potentially (relatively) healthy person, as an object of forensic research, and the factors influencing them: internal, external, and environmental. The study substantiates the position that the systematization of this knowledge in the interests of forensic science and practice will not only make it possible to effectively implement the goals and objectives of forensic identification in the comparative analysis algorithm “a sample seized, for example, from the scene of an incident, is a sample from a suspect”, but also solve the problems of forensic diagnostics (in this applied aspect) – the results of the examination of the available sample, in the absence of the suspect, can provide information about his gender, estimated, age diet, physical parameters of his body, ethnicity, health status, medications he takes (for example, antibiotics), the degree of activity of his lifestyle, and even his professional affiliation and others, which will significantly facilitate the processes of establishing his identity and solving the crime. The article substantiates the need to actualize and intensify scientific research and empirical activities in this field in the interests of domestic criminology and criminal justice in general.
Keywords: forensic identification properties of the microbiome, microbiome of a relatively healthy person, factors affecting the composition of the human microbiome.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Claesson M. J., Jeffery I. B., Conde S., et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly // Nature. – 2019. – Vol. 57, No. 8. – P. 178-184.
2. Biagi E, Candela M, Fairweather-Tait S, et al. Aging of the human metaorganism: the microbial counterpart. Age (Dordr). – 2022. – Vol. 34. – P. 247-267.
3. Brown K., DeCoffe D., Molcan E., Gibson D. L. Diet-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and the effects on immunity and disease. Nutrients. – 2018. – Vol. 4. – P. 1095-1119.
4. Fava F., Lovegrove J. A. The gut microbiota and lipid metabolism: implications for human health and coronary heart disease. Curr Med Chem. 2020. – Vol. 13 (25). – P. 305-321.
5. Gloux K., Leclerc M., Iliozer H., et al. Development of high-throughput phenotyping of metagenomics from the human gut microbiome for modulation of eukaryotic cell growth. Appl Microbiol. – 2018. – Vol. 73(11). – P. 3734-3737.
6. Koren O., Spor A., Felin J., et al. Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. – 2021. – Vol. 108 (suppl 1). – P. 4592-4598.
7. Cho Y. A., Kim J. Effect of Probiotics on Blood Lipid Concentrations: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Medicine (Baltimore). – 2017. – Vol. 94 (43). – P. 1714-1731.
8. Nelson K. E., et al. A catalog of reference genomes from the human microbiome. Science. – 2020. – Vol. 328, No. 5981. – P. 994-999.
9. Dickson R. P., Erb-Downward J. R., Martinez F. J., Huffnagle G. B. The Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract. Annual Rev Physiol. – 2019. – Vol. 78. – P. 481-504.
10. Gong H. et al. Microbiota in the Throat and Risk Factors for Laryngeal Carcinoma / H. Gong et al. // Applied and Environmental Microbiology. – 2022. – Vol. 80, No. 23.- P. 356-363.
11. Fenicia L. et al. Intestinal toxemia botulism in two young people, caused by Clostridium butyricum type E/L. Fenicia et al. // Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. – 2019. – Vol. 29, No. 6. – P. 1381-1387.
12. Magistro G. & Stief C. G. The Urinary Tract Microbiome: The Answer to All Our Open Questions? / G. Magistro C. G. Stief // European Urology Focus. – 2018. – Vol. 91, No. 13. – P. 73-79.
13. Rea M. C. et al. Effect of broad- and narrow-spectrum antimicrobials on Clostridium difficile and microbial diversity in a model of the distal colon / M. C. Rea et al. // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2021. – Vol. 1. – P. 4639-4644.
14. Al-Asmakh M. & Zadjali F. Use of Germ-Free Animal Models in Microbiota-Related Research // Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. – 2015. – Vol. 25, No. 10. – P. 1583-1588.
15. Khaitovich A. B. Microbiome and its impact on human health // Crimean Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine. – 2019. – V. 9, No. 1. – P. 61-66.
16. Korosteleva T. I., Kurmaeva D. A. The Importance of the Microbiome for Crime Investigation // Electronic Scientific Journal “Science Diary”. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 79-84.
17. Mikhalenko E. V. Applied Aspects of Studying the Human Genome and Its Microbiome // Gastroenterology of St. Petersburg. – 2022. – No. 3-4. – P. 11-14.

CRIMINALISTICS
MASHKOV Sergey Alexandrovich
polygraph expert, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology, forensic examinations and legal psychology sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
BUNIATISHVILI Kristina Alexandrovna
curator of the Criminalistics’ club, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
MODERN METHODS OF INSTRUMENTAL PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS OF INFORMATION RELIABILITY AT THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
The article examines the potential of using operational instrumental psychodiagnostics in the detection and investigation of crimes. Modern types of “lie detectors”, different from the traditional polygraph, are being investigated. It is proposed to use equipment and software systems for establishing the facts of psychophysiological reactions in a person involved in illegal activities, successfully used by domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies and services, as instrumental methods for operational psychodiagnostics of the reliability of testimony of persons during the preliminary investigation. An overview of modern technologies is given: contactless polygraph, \”remote polygraph\” Liarliar.ai, AVATAR system, voice analyzer, lie recognition by RiskControl voice, egoscopy method. Their use can contribute to a more effective investigation of crimes. The article presents recommendations on the use of modern capabilities of instrumental operational psychodiagnostics as a way to assess the reliability of testimony in investigative practice.
Keywords: operational psychodiagnostics of reliability of indications, lie detection, polygraph, instrumental psychodiagnostics, contactless polygraph, \”remote polygraph\” Liarliar.ai, AVATAR system, voice analyzer, lie recognition by RiskControl voice, egoscopy method.
Article bibliography
1. Mashkov S. A. Lies and criminalistics // Collection of materials of the VII International scientific and practical conference “Problems of modern legislation of Russia and foreign countries”. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk Institute (branch) of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia). – 2018. – P. 257-260.
2. Bufetova M. Sh., Khosoev A. V. Actual problems of conducting research using a polygraph // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2017. – No. 31. – P. 52-58.
3. Egorov N. N., Protasevich A. A. Use of special knowledge: history, state and development prospects // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 101-117.
4. Uchaev A. V. Modern methods of identifying hidden information // Psychological journal. – 2022. – Vol. 43, No. 1. – P. 42-50.
5. Kashirina E. I., Boltyshev D. A., Mochalov D. V. Modern technologies of remote lie detection: review of ready-made solutions and development prospects // Scientific works of KubSTU. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 90-98.
6. Stepanov A. A., Pelenitsyn A. B. Voice “lie detectors” – are they effective? // Information protection. Inside. – 2007. – No. 6. – P. 34-39.
7. Ekman P. Psychology of lies. – St. Petersburg: Izdatelstvo “Piter”, 1999. – 272 p.
8. Golovin A. Yu. Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Forensic Science: Problems to be Solved // Siberian Criminal Procedure and Forensic Readings. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 25-33.

FRIENDLY SCIENCE
SYSENKO Alfiya Radikovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
PURPOSES OF INVESTIGATING A CHILD MURDER AT THE INITIAL STAGE
Among the most frequently conducted investigative actions in cases of infanticide, the examination of the crime scene is a key role in establishing the circumstances that characterize the identity of the infanticide perpetrator, as well as the individual characteristics of the victim, the signs that characterize the crime event, the conditions of the traumatic situation plays or the state of mental disorder in the woman, and so on. Thorough preparation for this investigative action allows the investigator to make the most efficient use of time and resources, as well as to minimize the risk of missing important details. In this article, the author highlights the distinctive features of the examination of the scene in cases of infanticide, and based on the above features, the goals of the examination of the scene are specified.
Keywords: crime investigation, infanticide, initial stage, investigative examination, examination of the scene.
Article bibliographic list
1. Komarov I. M. Investigative situations and basics of characterizing the preliminary investigation of the murder of a newborn child by a mother regarding the disappearance of his corpse // Jurist-Pravoved. – 2020. – No. 1 (92). – P. 146-150.
2. Gorshkova V. S. Features of the inspection of the scene of the crime following the discovery of the corpse of an infant without external signs of violent death // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2020. – No. 2 (14). – P. 74-80.
3. Zlobina L. A. Inspection of the crime scene at the initial stage of the investigation of the murder of a newborn child by a mother: practice, organizational and tactical problems and some ways to solve them // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2021. – No. 4 (93).

CRIMINALISTICS
TURYANOVA Lyana Nikolaevna
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF REMOTE CRIMES
The article examines some problematic aspects of the detection and investigation of crimes in the field of remote fraud. Information and data on the resources used by the fraudster are disclosed, which can be obtained and is important for the detection and investigation of the criminal case. The author comes to the conclusion that the detection and investigation of fraud committed using cellular communications and the Internet requires a thorough analysis of the incoming information, for each specific fact of the crime committed and the use of special knowledge.
Keywords: fraud, theft, detection and investigation of crimes, telecom operator, Internet, information, data, subscriber number, mobile phone.
Article bibliography
1. Stromova K. V. Actual problems of investigation of crimes related to fraud // Tambov legal readings named after F. N. Plevako: Proceedings of the III International scientific and practical conference. 2019. – pp. 422-426.

CRIMINALISTICS
SHAPOVALOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk
WHY IS IT IMPOSSIBLE TO CREATE A UNIVERSAL INVESTIGATION SCHEME FOR ALL CRIMES
The article discusses the reasons why it is impossible to create a single universal investigation methodology suitable for all types of crimes. The author analyzes the historical experience of criminology, emphasizing that the individuality of each crime and the specific characteristics of the perpetrators require uunique approaches to establishing the truth. The main obstacles to universalization are various ways of committing and concealing crimes, unique trace patterns, as well as the inability of general methods to cover the specifics of certain types of criminal acts. The principle of specialization in the modern investigation system is noted, which makes it possible to more effectively solve crimes, taking into account their individual characteristics.
Keywords: criminalistics, criminalistic methodology, private methodology, crime, investigative situation.
Article bibliography
1. Belkin R. S. Course in criminalistics: General theory of criminalistics: In 3 volumes. – Moscow: Jurist, 1997. – Vol. 1. – 408 p.
2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnikesiirk.ru/temp/b3817456ac81b0c6733bb6c267437605.pdf.
3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kvsz.ru/ru/nauka/article/73334/view.
4. Subbotina M. V. Basic investigation methodology: essence and meaning // Bulletin of criminalistics. – 2007. – No. 1. – P. 15-17.

CRIMINALISTICS
SHAVKAROVA Elena Evgenjevna
senior lecturer of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF SEIZURE AND INSPECTION OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Despite the adoption of Article 164.1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates this area, problematic issues remain in law enforcement practice related to the interpretation and application of certain provisions of the law. The development of technology and the growth of cybercrime necessitate the continuous improvement of the legal framework and the development of effective methodological approaches to working with electronic evidence. A comprehensive analysis of the legal and practical aspects of the seizure and inspection of electronic media in the Russian Federation has identified existing problems and developed recommendations for improving legislation and law enforcement practice in this area.
Keywords: withdrawal, seizure, inspection, electronic media, electronic information, legislation.
Article bibliography
1. The state of crime in Russia for January-March 2025 // Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation: official website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://MVD.RF (date accessed: 18.05.2025).
2. Gorkina E. V., Tikhonov V. V., Zolotukhina N. V. Features of legal regulation of the procedural regime for handling electronic storage media in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3 (54). – P. 82-88.
3. Gromov E. A. Problems of confiscating an electronic storage medium in the context of the participation of a specialist and the appointment of forensic examinations // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 89-97. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cj.bgu.ru/reader/article.aspx?id=26525 (date of access: 18.05.2025).

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
FORENSIC (IDENTIFICATION) PROPERTIES, VARIABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MICROBIOME OF A PERSON SUFFERING FROM VARIOUS DISEASES AND PATHOLOGIES, AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THEM
The article analyzes (using specific examples) the features (general composition, variability of generic and specific structure, dominance of specific microorganisms in certain situations, etc.) of the human microbiome suffering from various diseases and pathologies. The object of forensic research is the properties of the microbiome of a sick person and the factors influencing their identification potential within the framework of the possibility of solving forensic problems. In the course of the research, the author\’s position is substantiated that the systematization of knowledge in this area in the interests of forensic science and practice will make it possible to effectively realize the goals and objectives of forensic identification and diagnostics, expanding the potential of opportunities in this area, in a segment virtually inaccessible to criminal counteraction. According to the author, the expansion of forensic knowledge and skills due to the new biometric technology of identity recognition, based on the properties of the microbiome, will significantly facilitate the processes of identifying a suspect and solving a crime.
Keywords: forensic identification properties of the microbiome, the microbiome of a person suffering from various diseases, factors affecting the composition of the microbiome of a sick person, changes in the microbiome as a prerequisite for the occurrence of painful conditions in humans.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Borgia G. et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: back to the future / G. Borgia et al. // Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. – 2019. – Vol. 11. – No. 4. – P. 1021-1027.
2. Al-Asmakh M., & Zadjali F., Use of Germ-Free Animal Models in Microbiota-Related Research // Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. – 2022. – Vol. 49, No. 7. – P.1592-1598.
3. Mah K. W. Distinct pattern of commensal gut microbiota in toddlers with eczema // International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. – 2020. – Vol. 96, No. 7. – P. 177-183.
4. Ravel J. et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2021. – Vol. 204. – Suppl 1. – P. 4480-4487.
5. Bajaj J. S. et al. Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy // American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. – 2019. – Vol. 507, No. 3. – P. 159-165.
6. Quigley E. M. M. Stanton C., & Murphy E. F. The gut microbiota and the liver. Pathophysiological and clinical implications // Journal of Hepatology. – 2022. – Vol. 98, No. 6. – P. 1104-1109.
7. Clarke G. et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner // Molecular Psychiatry. – 2023. – Vol. 7, No. 9. – P. 699-713.
8. Cryan J. E. & Dinan T. G. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brainand behavior // Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. – 2022. – Vol. 13, No. 9. – P. 741-749.
9. Mayer E. A. Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis // Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology. – 2019. – Vol. 7, No. 11. – P. 326-334.
10. Mayer E. A. Tillisch K. & Gupta A. Gut/brain axis and the microbiota // The Journal of Clinical Investigation. – 2018. – Vol. 187, No. 6. – P. 956-968.
11. Xiong Y. et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41 // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2021. – Vol. 171, No. 9. – P. 1105-1113.
12. Tang W. H. W. et al. Intestinal microbial metabolism ofphosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 488, No. 12. – P. 1479-1486.
13. Round J. L. et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 pathway establishes colonization by a commensal of the human microbiota // Science (New York N.Y.). – 2021. – Vol. 442, No. 6739. – P. 994-1007.
14. Yoshimoto S. et al. Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome // Nature. – 2023. – Vol. 594, No. 7656. – P. 97-101.
15. Zhang X. et al. Structural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats // PloS One. – 2012. – Vol. 7, No. 8. – P. E42529.
16. Skvortsov V. V., Tumarenko A. V. Influence of the state and composition of the microbiome on human health // Forum of young scientists. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 211-216.
17. Belozerov E. S. Forensic Possibilities of Using the Properties of the Human Microbiome // Bulletin of Criminalistics. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 178-184.

CRIMINOLOGY
ZVEREV Alexander Alexandrovich
lawyer of the Moscow Bar Association «3105»
FEATURES OF CRIME PREVENTION IN THE ECONOMIC SPHERE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The article discusses the problems of crime prevention in the economic sphere in the context of the development of information and communication technologies. The article substantiates the need to develop comprehensive measures to curb criminal activities carried out using information and communication technologies, which would lead to a reduction in the number of economic crimes, as well as those related to the illicit circulation of means of payment. The article concludes that the regulatory legal regulation of the digital currency market and crypto exchanges should be improved in order to make it more difficult for criminals to withdraw funds to foreign jurisdictions. The author formulates the thesis that the creation of a system for monitoring the interaction of credit institutions with citizens can increase the detection of violations and ensure the prevention of economic crimes in the context of the development of ICT. The article substantiates the need to improve the legal regulation of the provision of IP telephony services and to impose on telecom operators the obligation to verify the integrity of potential subscribers – legal entities and individualsl entrepreneurs – with the provision of services exclusively to entities engaged in legal business activities.
Keyword: economic crimes, crime prevention, illegal circulation of means of payment, information and communication technologies, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Varminsky V. I., Gonchar V. V. Certain features of the investigation of crimes committed using social engineering // The fight against cybercrime in the context of the development of a digital society: Collection of scientific articles of the International Conference, Moscow, November 21, 2019. Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2019. P. 60-67.
2. Vasyukov S. V. Prevention of crimes committed in the field of non-cash payments made using bank cards: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.08. Moscow, 2013. 233 p.
3. Gorpinchenko K. N., Sukhorukov P. V., Mulyar D. S. Statistical analysis of the crime rate in the socio-economic sphere of the Russian Federation // Management accounting. 2023. No. 7. Pp. 302-310.
4. Davydenko I. G. Financial and digital literacy of the population as a condition for the development of the digital economy of Russia // Development and implementation of the program to improve the financial literacy of the adult population in the Rostov region: Materials of the interregional scientific and practical conference (within the framework of the Project of the Ministry of Finance of Russia “Assistance in increasing the level of financial literacy of the population and the development of financial education in the Russian Federation”), Rostov-on-Don, October 30, 2018. Rostov-on-Don, 2018. Pp. 57-61.
5. Makushev D. I. Criminological characteristics of the personality of a cybercriminal // Actual problems of humanitarian and natural sciences. 2016. No. 1-3. Pp. 202-204.
6. Martynenko N. N., Ovcharenko A. V. Fraud in the field of remote banking services and methods of combating it in the context of a pandemic // Innovations and investments. 2020. No. 12. Pp. 164-168.
7. Nudel S. L., Pechegin D. A. Payment document as an object of illegal circulation of payment funds (Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Commentary on judicial practice / Ed. K. B. Yaroshenko. Moscow: IZiSP, CONTRACT, 2020. Issue. 26. P. 154-156.
8. Petryakova L. A. Criminal-legal and criminological characteristics of fraud in the banking sector and its prevention (regional aspect): dis. … Cand. of Law: 5.1.4. Moscow, 2023. 232 p.
9. Sklyarov I. Yu., Sklyarova Yu. M., Latysheva L. A. Key rate as the main instrument of the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia // Economics and Management: Problems, Solutions. 2021. Vol. 3, No. 4 (112). P. 116-121.
10. Tretyakova E. A. Ideal marriage age // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Sociology. 2018. No. 2. P. 190-208.
11. Chernyshev D. B. On the subject of the crime provided for in Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. Vol. 13, No. 3 (49). P. 87-92.
12. Shatilov A. V. Features of the criminological characteristics and prevention of fraud committed by organized criminal groups: diss. … Cand. of Law. Saratov, 2019. 210 p.
13. Shvyryaev P. S. The problem of cybercrime in Russia: current state and prospects for solution // Standard of living of the population of the regions of Russia. 2023. Vol. 19, No. 4. P. 616-627.

CRIMINOLOGY
ZINKOV Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
MIKHAYLOV Vyacheslav Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PROBLEMS OF THE SPREAD OF RADICAL ISLAM IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE PENAL SYSTEM
The article is devoted to the study of the spread of radical Islam in the institutions of the penal system (hereinafter referred to as the UIS) as one of the main threats not only to the UIS, but to the entire society as a whole. Particular attention is paid to how radical Islam gets into the internal environment of convicts. The article also covers issues of considering the personality of convicts who are susceptible to the influence of radicalism; recent events in Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd. The issue of the influence of convicts under extremist articles on other persons held in correctional institutions is also raised. The conclusion provides recommendations for illegal preventing actions. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the facts of the spread of radical Islam in correctional institutions, its use for recruitment, destabilization of the internal environment and complicates the resocialization of convicts.
Keywords: criminology, terrorism, fight against terrorism, radical Islam, preventivemeasures, the fight against extremism in the penal system.
Article bibliography
1. Yakhyaev M. Ya. Causes of radicalization of Islam in the modern world // Islamic studies. – 2010. – No. 2. – P. 4-14.
2. Kashkarov A. A., Shtekhbart A. L. On the issue of the social danger of Islamic radicalism in modern secular society // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 79-83. – DOI 10.23672/SAE.2018.2.11488. – EDN YTMSXM.
3. Fadeev V. N. Russia and Middle Eastern extremism // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 7. – P. 172-180.
4. Afanasyeva O., Sheremetyeva I., Goryunov M. Four prisoners liquidated: hostage release operation in IK-19 completed in Volgograd// – 08/26/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kp.ru/daily/27625.5/4975599/.
5. Motyzlevskaya P. Special forces freed Rostov pretrial detention center employees taken hostage. – 06/16/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6772751.
6. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2014 No. AKPI14-1424S.
7. Perova A., Ivanov S. The pre-trial detention center was taken by storm. – Rostov n / D., 16.06.2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6772751.
8. Gushchina T. “They took him for dead, but he was breathing”: a terrorist from Stavropol was the only one of six militants to survive the storming of the Rostov pre-trial detention center. – 18.06.2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.stav.kp.ru/daily/27596/4947553//
9. Markelov N., Rubnikovich O., Korobov P., Sergeev S., Gabdullina E. Storming the strict regime. – 08/23/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6917533.
10. Maistrenko G. A. Features of counteracting terrorism and extremism in institutions of the penal system // Education and science in Russia and abroad. – 2018. – No. 9 (44). – pp. 141-145.

CRIMINOLOGY
LUTSEVA Kseniya Vladimirovna
lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
FEATURES OF EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL PROSECUTION OF PERSONS SUFFERING FROM DRUG ADDICTION DURING THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION, IN CONNECTION WITH THE CONCLUSION OF A CONTRACT ON MILITARY SERVICE
The special military operation conducted by the Russian Federation has not only led to changes in the socio-economic, political, and other spheres of our society, but has also influenced the further development of criminal procedure legislation, which provides for the release from criminal liability of individuals who have violated the law. Of particular scientific interest to the author are individuals who have committed crimes related to the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and precursors and who suffer from drug addiction, as there are no unified requirements in the current legislation for their release from criminal prosecution in connection with the conclusion of a military service contract.
Keywords: drug crime, individuals suffering from drug addiction, drug dependence, treatment for drug addiction, grounds for release from criminal prosecution, the conclusion of a military service contract.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of June 24, 2023 No. 270-FZ “On the Peculiarities of Criminal Liability of Persons Involved in Participation in a Special Military Operation.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www. garant.ru. (date accessed: 26.0.2025).
2. Federal Law of October 2, 2024 No. 340-FZ “On Amendments to Article 78.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 41. – Art. 6065.
3. Federal Law of March 23, 2024 No. 64-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 13. – Art. 1687.

CRIMINOLOGY
MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulaevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash; associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
BAKHMUDOVA Tamara Rasulovna
senior lecturer of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash
CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FEMALE RECIDIVISM (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)
The article examines the criminological features of female recidivism using the example of the Republic of Dagestan. The main factors contributing to relapse among women are analyzed, includingsocio-economic conditions, educational level, marital status and cultural traditions of the region. The article examines the specific motives and nature of crimes committed by female repeat offenders, as well as their dependence on the social environment and personal characteristics. Special attention is paid to the problems of the re-socialization of women released from prison and the effectiveness of preventive measures aimed at reducing the rate of recidivism. Based on the data obtained, recommendations are proposed for improving the prevention and rehabilitation system, taking into account regional and gender characteristics.
Keywords: Female recidivism, factors, condition, Islamic culture.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abdullaev M. A. Criminological features of female crime in the Republic of Dagestan // Legal Bulletin of the DSU. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 45.
2. Aliyev R. M., Magomedov S. A. Statistical analysis of crime in the North Caucasus region. – Makhachkala: DNC RAS, 2021. – P. 78.
3. Gadzhiev A. S. Female crime in a multi-ethnic region: criminological analysis. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2020. – P. 112.
4. Kaziyev A. M. Recidivism in the Republic of Dagestan: status and trends. – Makhachkala: DSUNH, 2019. – P. 203.
5. Khizroeva E. V. Female employment and crime in Dagestan // Regional Economy: Theory and Practice. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 201.
6. Yusupov A.K. Islam and Crime: Sociological Analysis // Sociological Research. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 223.
7. Yakhyaev M.Ya. Religious Factors of Social Control in Islamic Society // Islamic Studies. – 2020. – Vol. 11, No. 3. – P. 189.

CRIMINOLOGY
MAGOMEDOV Temirlan Magomed-Saidovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KHAKHUCHEVA Patimat Bagautdinovna
magister of the 2nd year of study, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF COUNTERING THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF CORRUPTION: NEW VECTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING IT
The article examines the problematic issues of further institutionalization of corruption from the point of view of a systemic approach to it. The paper defines the concept of institutionalized corruption, characterizes different points of view on this issue, and presents the main modern trends of institutionalized corruption. The authors investigate in detail the causes and mechanism of institutionalization of corruption and identifies the most dangerous factors that determine its development in modern Russia. On the basis of this research, the author developed and proposed more preferable measures to counteract institutionalized corruption and identified strategies for combating corrupt practices in government bodies. The author places special emphasis on the need to strengthen public and civil (people\’s) control over corruption, and proposes the creation of independent public monitoring commissions, whose mandate includes the initiative (appeal to the relevant law enforcement agencies) to initiate criminal proceedings on behalf of and in defense of the interests of the entire civil society.
Keywords: institutionalized corruption, trends of corruption institutionalization, mechanism of corruption institutionalization, causes of corruption institutionalization, counteraction to corruption.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Barsukova S. Yu. New Russian capitalism: Institutionalization of corruption // Proceedings on Russian Studies. – 2016. – No. 6.
2. Kisly O. A. Institutionalization of corruption in the Russian Federation: legal and sociological analysis: teaching aid. – Krasnodar: OOO “Epomen”, 2024.
3. Kozlova E. B. Institutional basis of corruption in Russia: lack of sustainable anti-corruption legal mentality // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2019. – No. 2.
4. Moskovtsev A. F. Institutional support for combating corruption: problem statement // Prologue: journal on law. – 2021. – No. 2 (30).
5. Popova S. A., Akulin S. V. New forms of corruption associated with digital technologies // Legal science. – 2023. – No. 3.
6. Pugachev V. P. Systemic Causes of Corruption in Modern Society // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 21: Management (State and Society). – 2023. – Vol. 20, No. 3.
7. Skorobogatova A. V. Institutional Corruption in the Public Administration System: Ways and Mechanisms of Counteraction in Modern Russian Society: Abstract of Dis. … Cand. of Political Sciences. – Moscow, 2019.
8. Shelestov D. S. Legal Regulation of the Institute of Public Control // Theory and Practice of Innovative Technologiesin the agro-industrial complex: materials of the national scientific and practical conference, Voronezh, March 10-27, 2020. Part II. – Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I, 2020.

CRIMINOLOGY
MEDVEDEVA Darya Dmitrievna
full-time postgraduate student, Chelyabinsk State University; special Investigator of the Operational Investigation Department of Internal Security Main Department of the MIA of the Russian Federation for the Chelyabinsk Region, junior lieutenant of police
PREVENTION OF INVOLVEMENT OF MINORS IN COMMITTING CRIMES OR ANTISOCIAL ACTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN MEDIA SPACE
The article examines the main reasons and conditions that cause specialists to pay increased attention to the problem of ensuring the information security of individuals, especially minors, in the context of the rapid development of the media space in general. The article presents the main points of view of scientists on the substantive assessment of the concept of “countering crime”, including in the cyber environment. Based on the synthesis of scientific approaches, the author provides a definition of the term under study. In this work, we also formulated the most optimal, in our opinion, principles of preventive measures to minimize criminal activities in the information field. And a model of such prevention has been developed on the basis of its structural elements, such as the implementation of general victimology; the introduction of individual methods of working with minors; the use of collective therapy methods; improvement of criminal law measures and the entire legislation in general within the framework of the issues under consideration; taking into account foreign experience in countering digital crime.
Keywords: victimization, information environment, media space, minors, preventive measures, counteraction, and prophylaxis.
Article bibliography
1. Abdullaev Sh. Theoretical foundations of the study of the problems of propaganda of cruelty and violence in the teenage Internet environment // Eurasian Journal of Law, Finance and Applied Sciences. – 2024. – No. 6.
2. Boshaeva L. L. Prevention of cybercrime against minors: dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2025.
3. Voronin Yu. A., Mayorov A. V. Theoretical foundations of the formation of a system for combating crime in Russia // All-Russian Criminological Journal – 2013. – No. 1.
4. Zaporozhets S. A., Kraynova N. A. On the issue of combating cybercrime in the context of a new geopolitical reality // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2023. – No. 3.
5. Zhmurov D. V. General victimological prevention of cybercrime // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4 (60).
6. Kumysheva M. K. Problems of combating Internet crime in the Russian Federation // Problems of economics and legal practice. – 2019. – № 3.
7. LevshunovaZh. A., BasalaevaN. V., MakushevaI. O. Prevention of deviant behavior: textbook / Ed. by N. V. Basalaeva. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Federal University, 2022.
8. Medvedeva D. D. Involvement of minors in the criminal environment as a criminal-legal category: issues of theory and practice // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – № 2 (41).
9. Prozumentov, L. M. Administrative and legal prevention of offenses and crimes of minors. – Tomsk: Peleng, 2001.
10. Troitsky S. V. The system of international legal norms in the field of combating crime: dis. … cand. jurid. sciences. – M., 2012.
11. Shevchenko G. V. Victimological prevention of involvement of minors in antisocial acts: diss. … candidate of jurid. sciences. – M., 2015.

CRIMINOLOGY
SKOMOROKHOV Roman Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of General theoretical and state-legal disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
GENERAL CRIME PREVENTION IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of systemic criminological prevention measures implemented within the legal framework of the United Arab Emirates. It examines in detail the strategic programs and institutional initiatives enacted as part of state policy, with a focus on their impact on the dynamics of criminogenic situations. Special attention is paid to innovative technologies, such as facial recognition systems and “Falcon Eye” as well as educational projects (National Security Institute, Rabdan Academy) aimed at training security professionals. The role of public engagement through services like “Aman” and “Al Ameen” is emphasized, fostering a culture of collective responsibility. The results demonstrate that the integration of technology, prevention, and education contributes to a sustainable reduction in crime, reinforcing the UAE’s status as one of the safest countries globally.
Keywords: crime, crime rate, crime prevention, crime control, security.

CRIMINOLOGY
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
TRADITIONAL SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES AS A MEANS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION
The article is devoted to the study of the role of traditional spiritual and moral values in combating corruption in Russian society. Based on a comprehensive socio-philosophical and legal understanding of the problem of corruption, taking into account its current state, as well as through the prism of the socio-psychological concept of causality, a systematic formation of anti-corruption consciousness based on traditional Russian spiritual and moral values is proposed as the main mechanism for combating corruption. The need for an integrated approach combining legal, educational, educational and socio-cultural components is emphasized.
Keywords: corruption, spiritual and moral values, anti-corruption consciousness, traditional Russian values, socio-psychological concept of crime, criminological prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Vezlomtsev V. E. Social and philosophical understanding of corruption. – Kursk, 2019. – 116 p.
2. Tokarev B. B. Social and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of corruption: dis. … candidate of philosophical sciences. – Moscow, 2011. – 193 p.
3. Tsyrendorzhieva D. Sh., Lugavtsov K. V. Social and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of corruption in the works of Plato and Aristotle // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art criticism. Questions of theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 10-2 (84). – P. 191-193.
4. Osvetimskaya I. I. Ideas about the value of the state in Russian philosophy of the XIX-XX centuries // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 15-25.
5. Iventyev S. I. Spiritual and moral aspect of corruption // Actual problems of theory and practice of combating corruption: collection of materials of the international scientific and practical conference, December 7, 2018. – Lipetsk, 2019. – P. 311-316.
6. Kamneva E. V., Annenkova N. V. Psychological aspects of the phenomenon of corruption // Humanities. Bulletin of the Financial University. – 2013. – No. 4 (12). – P. 67-71.
7. Vannovskaya O. V. Justification of the concept of corrupt behavior of civil servants // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Psychological Sciences. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 130-135.
8. Kuznetsova N. F. Problems of criminological determination / Ed. V. N. Kudryavtsev. – Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1984. – 208 p.
9. Gilinsky Ya. I. Current State and Prospects of Russian Criminology // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – 2014. – Vol. 1, No. 4 (1). – P. 175-180.
10. Akimova N. V. Formation and Implementation of Criminal Policy: Experience of Foreign Countries // Criminal Policy and Law Enforcement Practice: Collection of Materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference, St. Petersburg, November 3, 2017 / Ed. E. N. Rakhmanova. – St. Petersburg, 2018. – P. 16-24.
11. Danilyuk A. Ya., Kondakov A. M., Tishkov V. A. The Concept of Spiritual and Moral Development and Education of the Personality of a Citizen of Russia // Public Education. – 2010. – No. 1 (1394). – P. 39-46.
12. Iventyev S. I. Spiritual and moral aspect of corruption // Practice of combating corruption: problems and achievements: Materials of the IX All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, Kazan, December 7, 2018 / Edited by N. Sh. Valeeva. – Kazan, 2019. – P. 110-116.
13. Khuzhina O. N. Traditional Russian spiritual and moral values as a factor in the transformation of law // State and law: evolution, current state, development prospects: Materials of the XXII international scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts, St. Petersburg, April 24-25, 2025. – St. Petersburg, 2025. – P. 883-888.
14. Frolov M. G. Preservation and strengthening of traditional spiritual and moral values as a basis for ensuring Russia’s national security // Strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values and ensuring human rights in the context of modern challenges: Collection of scientific articles. – Smolensk, 2023. – P. 223-230.
15. Aristarkhov V. V., Shashkin P. A. On the relationship between the concepts of “Russian constitutional values” and “traditional Russian spiritual and moral values” // Cultural Studies Journal. – 2025. – No. 1 (59). – P. 4-15.
16. Neganov V. V. The problem of moral improvement in the philosophical tradition of the Cappadocian school // Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 56-61.
17. The main directions, forms and methods of work on anti-corruption education of young employees of investigative bodies and students in educational organizations of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation: a teaching aid. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kursk.sledcom.ru/folder/861573/item/1097748/ (date of access: 06.26.2025).

CRIMINOLOGY
TEKUEVA Yuliya Alimovna
lecturer of Organization of law enforcement activities sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
CONTEMPORARY JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The article examines the criminological characteristics of modern juvenile delinquency, and also examines in detail the determinants. Particular attention is paid to the reasons for the commission of criminal acts by minors in modern society. Minors are a kind of demographic potential of the state. In many ways, the further development of Russian society depends on the level of education, moral values, and behavior patterns of minors in the country. It is for this reason that juvenile delinquency to a certain extent is a forecast for the development of the state and structure of crime in Russia. Criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency allow us to highlight the features of this type of crime. Most criminologists note that there is a relationship between minors and recidivism if we consider juvenile crimes from a criminological position. It is also necessary to highlight the relationship between adult and juvenile delinquency. The increase in crime among minors is the result of the influence of social, economic, spiritual and moral, psychological and pedagogical factors. Preventive work with minors has its shortcomings and problems, which negatively affects the worldview of minors, leads to the formation of incorrect moral values. Crimes committed by minors are characterized by a fairly high level of repetition, which indicates the presence of shortcomings in the preventive activities of entities implementing preventive measures.
Keywords: minors, maladjustment, criminal punishment, recidivism, youth, preventive measures, criminal activity, conflicts, criminology.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law “On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” dated July 24, 1998 No. 124-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Delinquency of Minors” dated June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ (latest revision). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 22.03.2017 No. 520-r (as amended by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 18.03.2021 No. 656-r) “On approval of the Concept for the development of the system for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency for the period up to 2025”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Vaga V. N. Juvenile delinquency. Aspects of criminal liability of minors // Student. – 2023. – No. 21-7 (233). – P. 19-22.
5. Emchenko I. S. Modern juvenile delinquency in Russia: problems of combating and preventing // Modernization of Russian society and education: new economic guidelines, management strategies, issues of law enforcement and personnel training: materials of the XXIII National Scientific Conference (with international participation), Taganrog, April 15-16, 2022. – Taganrog: Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics, 2022. – P. 473-475.
6. Zabara E. A. Juvenile delinquency and problems of its prevention // Legal and socio-economic problems of modern Russia: theory and practice: collection of articles of the XII International scientific and practical conference, Penza, November 23-24, 2024. – Penza: Penza State Agrarian University, 2024. – P. 215-218.
7. Larina E. A. Juvenile delinquency as an object of criminological research // Integration of science and society in modern socio-economic conditions: a collection of scientific articles. – Moscow: OOO “Izdatelstvo” Pero “, 2024. – P. 34-36.
8. Latysheva L. Yu. Juvenile delinquency as one of the types of criminalty // Almanac of World Science. – 2020. – No. 4 (40). – pp. 45-48.

CRIMINOLOGY
PLATITSYNA Lyubov Andreevna
postgraduate student of Criminology and criminal-executive law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF CRIMINAL IDEOLOGY AMONG YOUTH
This study explores the reasons that lead the younger generation to perceive their deviant behavior as a socially acceptable norm. According to experts, the main factors contributing to this trend include unstable intrafamily dynamics, gaps in the educational and upbringing functions of academic institutions, and the destructive influence of informal social environments. Particular attention is drawn to the digital space, which – through audiovisual content and various interactive platforms – creates an appealing image of antisocial individuals, portraying them as role models. It is noted that young people exhibit heightened sus-ceptibility to such influences due to the lack of a positive representation of youth in main-stream media. The experience of Northern European countries is especially illustrative, demonstrating the effectiveness of preventive measures in neutralizing the influence of criminal subcultures. The authors propose a set of measures, including enhanced support for family structures, modernization of educational and upbringing programs, and the promotion of critical thinking in the consumption of information flows. The conclusion is made that effectively preventing the spread of criminal ideology among adolescents is possible only through coordinated action by government authorities, civil society organizations, and family institutions.
Keywords: youth, criminal ideology, deviant behavior, social networks, prevention, family, digital environment.
Article bibliography
1. Criminological problems of interaction between the social environment and the individual (based on studies of juvenile and youth crime). Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law). – Moscow, 1980. – 34 p.
2. Isaev N. A. Sexual crimes as an object of criminology. – St. Petersburg: Juridical Center Press, 2007. – 407 p. @@ Serial crimes on sexual grounds. – Orel, 2007.
3. Antonyan Yu. M., Tkachenko A. A., Shostakovich B. V. Criminal sexology. – M.: Spark, 1999. – 464 p.
4. Isaev D. N. Child Psychiatry: Developmental Psychopathology: Textbook for Universities. – SPb.: SpetsLit, 2013. – 481 p.
5. Crimes against the Person: Textbook for Universities / Editors-in-Chief A. V. Naumov, A. G. Kibalnik. 6th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 125 p.
6. Merton R. Social structure and anomie // American Sociological Review. – Vol. 3. – No. 5 (Oct., 1938). – Pp. 672-682.
7. Patterns of crime, strategy of struggle and law / Editorial board: Astanin V. V., Vanyushkin S. V., Danilenko N. N., Dolgova A. I. (Responsible editors), Evlanova O. A., Ilyin O. S., Yutskova E. M. – M.: Criminologist. Assoc., 2001. – 576 p.
8. Luneev V. V. Course of world and Russian criminology: textbook in 2 volumes. Vol. II. Special part. – M.: Publishing house “Yurait”, 2011. – 872 p.
9. Criminology: textbook / Ed. by prof. N. F. Kuznetsova, prof. G. M. Minkovsky. – M.: BEK Publishing House, 1998.
10. Akhmedzyanova G. G., Gukovskaya N. I., Dolgova A. I., Ivanov V. I., et al. Prosecutor’s supervision of juvenile affairs / Editorial board: Guskov N. M., Dolgova A. I., Minkovsky G. M. (Responsible editors). – M.: Legal literature, 1972. – 208 p.
11. Gorsheneva N. A., Minkovsky G. M. Combating juvenile crime in big cities. – M.: Publishing house of the All-Union Institute for the Study of Causes and Development of Crime Prevention Measures, 1975. – 81 p.
12. Liede A. A., Minkovsky G. M. Features of the investigation and trial of cases involving minors. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1959. – 207 p. // Jurisprudence. – L.: Publishing house Leningr. University, 1962. – No. 1. – P. 183-185.
13. Garland D. The Culture of High Crime Societies. Some Preconditions of Recent “Law and Order” Policies // The British Journal of Criminology. – 2000. – Vol. 40. – No. 3.
14. Garland D. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary So-ciety // Political and Legal Anthropology Review. – Vol. 25. – No. 2 (November 2002). – R. 109-112 (Reviewed Work by Mona Lynch).
15. Garland D., Sparks R. Criminology, Social Theory and the Challenge of our Times Get access Arrow // The British Journal of Criminology. – Volume 40. – Issue 2. (March). – 2000. – P. 189–204.
16. Edwin S.H. & Cressey D. Principles of Criminology. – North America: J. B. Lip-pincott & Co, 1966. – 721 p.
17. Antonyan E.A., Borisov E.A. On the issue of popularizing criminal subculture among young people // Lex russica. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 180-186.
18. Dolgova A.I. Selected Works / [p.[authors: V. V. Merkuryev, O. A. Evlanova, A. S. Vasnetsova, D. A. Sokolov; introduction by M. P. Kleymenova, V. A. Nomokonova, E. F. Pobegaylo, V. E. Eminova]; Acad. of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 2017. – 424 p.
19. Cohen A. Delinquent boys: the culture of the gang. – New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
20. Bourdieu P. Sociology of politics / Pierre Bourdieu; [compiled, general editorship and foreword by N. A. Shmatko; trans. from French: E. D. Voznesenskaya et al.]. – Moscow: Socio-Logos, 1993. – 333 p.
21. Romanova L. V. Criminal drug addiction in the Russian Federation and the specifics of its manifestation in the Far Eastern region: criminological and criminal-law aspects: diss… doctor of law in the form of a scientific report: 12.00.08. – Vladivostok, 2001. – 63 p.
22. Criminological problems of behavior of minors and youth, ways to solve them: collection of materials from January 21, 2020) / Under the general editorship of O. S. Kapinus; [under the scientific editorship of V. V. Merkuryev; compiled by O. A. Astafieva, D. A. Sokolov, G. O. Vilinsky]. – M.: University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. Federation, 2020. – 276 p.
23. Borisova V. F., Ilgova E. V., Kuznetsova I. O. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the system for preventing neglect and juvenile delinquency collective monograph: collective monograph / FGBOU VO “Saratov State Law Academy”. – Saratov: IP Koval Yu. V., 2015. – 124 p.
24. Batluk Yu. V., Yorik R. V., Shaboltas A. V. Socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of 15-19 year old adolescents with deviant behavior // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. – 2011. – Series. 12, Issue. 3. – P. 189-195.
25. Bukalerova L. A., Ostroushko A. V., Kriez O. Crimes against the information security of minors committed through information and telecommunication networks (including the Internet) // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2021. – Vol. 12, Issue. 1. – pp. 17-35.

OPERATIVE DETECTIVE ACTIVITY
POLESHCHUK Oksana Andreevna
senior lecturer of Police training for public order protection units and migration units sub-faculty of the Police Training Center for Public Order Protection Units, All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
POPOV Vladimir Fedorovich
Head of the Police Training Center for Public Order Units, All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
DIDENKO Vitaliy Borisovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Police training in the field of transport security sub-faculty of the Police Training Center for Public Order Units, All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
ABOUT SOME PROBLEMS OF THE SEARCH FOR PERSONS HIDING FROM THE BODIES OF INQUIRY, INVESTIGATION AND COURT: SOLUTIONS
The authors of the article consider the problems of the activities of the internal affairs bodies in the field of searching for persons hiding from the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court. In the context of the intensification of some criminal acts, the topic under consideration has become particularly important, because fugitives continue to commit new criminal acts. For this reason, the operational search for these persons is one of the areas of crime prevention. In the article, the authors argue in favor of the intensive development and implementation of artificial intelligence components in investigative activities, the creation of a special software product for the purpose of interaction between the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of various subjects. In addition, the authors also consider some problems of a criminal procedural nature caused by the gap in the current legislation.
Keywords: investigative activities, operational search units, law enforcement agencies, accused, fugitive, search, artificial intelligence.
Article bibliography
1. Cherenkov E. N. Search for persons hiding from the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 34 (533). – P. 110-113.
2. Kuznetsov E. V., Stupnitsky A. E., Shishkina N. E. Typical measures for searching for persons hiding from inquiry, investigation and court authorities // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4 (103). – P. 96-104.
3. Zamylin E. I., Zakatov A. A. Planning as the most important organizational requirement for the investigator’s investigative activities // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 103-107.
4. Buryakov E. V. Persons hiding from inquiry, investigation and court authorities: problems of putting them on the wanted list // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2 (89). – P. 139-142.
5. Moskalenko A. S., Kornaukhova N. G. Certain issues of application of means of scientific and technological progress by search units of internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation // Society, law, statest: retrospective and prospect. – 2025. – No. 1 (21). – P. 41-49.
6. Khamidullin R. S., Gaskarov I. F. Problems of searching for persons who have hidden from investigation as a factor of internal threat to national security // National security // Nota bene. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 61-77.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
RUBEKO Georgy Leonidovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Kalmyk State University, Elista
SEVERTSEVA Amina Olegovna
student of the 2nd-year full-time, professional educational program of higher education, master\’s degree programs in the field of 40.04.01 jurisprudence, Institute of Legal Consulting, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); independent researcher
ANTONOV Arslan Ruslanovich
independent researcher
SETTLEMENT OF ECONOMIC DISPUTES IN RUSSIA: THE HISTORY OF THE ISSUE
The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the development of the economic dispute resolution system in Russia. The need to create specialized bodies, usually judicial ones, to resolve conflicts arising in business practice is emphasized. The pre-revolutionary model of trade dispute resolution is characterized. The special character of the commercial courts created before the revolution is pointed out. Being governmental in form, they included representatives of the merchant class as judges. The Soviet era, on the contrary, was characterized by the non-judicial nature of the bodies dealing with economic disputes. This is explained by the attribution of enterprises to the same form of ownership, which implies that there are no reasons for conflict between them. The article also shows the development of the arbitration court system in modern Russia after its independence.
Keywords: economic dispute, commercial courts, arbitration, arbitration courts, review of decisions of arbitration courts, representation in arbitration courts.
Article bibliography
1. Abova T. E. Arbitration process in the USSR: concept, basic principles: monograph. – M .: Science, 1985.
2. Actual problems of private and public law / Ed. A. Ya. Ryzhenkova. – Elista: Publishing house of KalmSU, ZAO NPP Dzhangar, 2015.
3. Arbitration process: a textbook for students of law schools and faculties / Ed. M. K. Treushnikov. – M .: Gorodets, 2022.
4. Vlasov A. A. Arbitration process: a textbook for universities. – M .: Publishing house Yurait, 2025.
5. Voronin D. V. State arbitration bodies during the period of economic reforms and counter-reforms of the 1960s // Contours of global transformations: politics, economics, law. – 2014. – No. 4 (36).
6. Gapeev V. N. Justice and arbitration. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov University Publishing House, 1983.
7. Commentary on the Steppe Code (Constitution) of the Republic of Kalmykia / Ed. by K. Yu. Buluktaeva. – Elista: Kalm. University Publishing House, 2014.
8. Korobkova Yu. E. Features of the business ethics of Russian merchants of the XIX-XX centuries // Bulletin of Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 1: Economics and Management. – 2015. – No. 2.
9. Nikishin M. V. Historical evolution and traditions of Russian merchants // Problems of modern economy. – 2017. – № 4.
10. Rasskazov L. P., Mantul G. A. Specialized courts for economic disputes in pre-revolutionary Russia // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2013. – № 4 (34).
11. Rubeko G. L. Joint-stock law: a textbook. – Elista: Publishing house of KalmSU, 2013.
12. Rubeko G. L. Investment activity in the Republic of Kalmykia: problems of legal regulation // Bulletin of Kalmyk University. – 2013. – № 4 (20).
13. Rubeko G. L., Chubykin E. V. Comparative analysis of sources of corporate law of Russia and the CIS countries // Agrarian and land law. – 2018. – No. 6.
14. Sirotyuk A. Z. Historical and legal analysis of the formation of arbitration courts in the Russian Federation // New perspective. – 2017. – No. 3.
15. Usmanova L. M. On the issue of periodization of the history of the formation and development of the legal mechanism for resolving economic disputes in Russia // Legal science. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 27. 26-28.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KARAVAEV Alexander Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative activities of the in-ternal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
BUTENKO Oleg Sergeevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Rus-sia, major of police
PAVLOV Daniil Viktorovich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
PECULIARITIES OF ADAPTATION OF POLICE OFFICERS TO PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY
This article is devoted to the study of the process of adaptation of police officers to the specific conditions of professional activity. The analysis focuses on the multifactorial nature of adaptation, taking into account the high degree of responsibility, constant exposure to stress and significant occupational risks inherent in this profession. The authors consider the relationship of successful adaptation with individual personality traits (stress tolerance, communication skills, self-regulation), social factors (support from colleagues and man-agement), organizational aspects (training system, leadership style), professional factors (nature of work, level of risk) and external conditions (socio-economic situation, social opinion). The study highlights the key role of developed communication skills in accelerating the adaptation process and improving work efficiency. In addition, the influence of physical fitness on physiological adaptation to professional stress is analyzed. The structure of the adaptation process is presented in the form of several stages, starting with primary (initial) adaptation and ending with deeper integration into the professional environment. The results of the study can be used to develop effective training and support programs for police officers aimed at improving their professional adaptability and psychological well-being.
Keywords: adaptation, police officers, professional activity, stress, psychological health, sociological analysis, law enforcement agencies.
Article bibliography
1. Kosovskaya D. V., Sharafutdinov I. S., Zhukova A. I., Avramenko O. V. Features of adaptation of young police officers to professional activities // Human Progress. – 2025. – Vol. 11, Issue. 1. – P. 28. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://progress-human.com/images/2025/Tom11_1/Kosovskaya.pdf DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2025-1a-29.
2. Mayurov N. P., Mayurov P. N., Oroeva O. D. Features of professional adaptation of young employees of the Internal Affairs Directorate to service // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 4 (54). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-professionalnoy-adaptatsii-molodyh-sotrudnikov-ovd-k-sluzhbe (date accessed: 09.06.2025).
3. Nosova D. Kh. On the role of communicative competence in the professional identity of police investigators // Science – a step into the future: collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the annual All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists, Ufa, November 22, 2024. – Ufa: RIC UUNiT, 2024. – P. 331-335. – EDN FZUHPQ.
4. Taruta A. G. Application of innovative technologies in maintaining public order during mass events // Law and power. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 181-186. – EDN GNBASA.
5. Nosova D. Kh., Valieva A. R., Zhabkin A. S., Khatuaev M. O. Formation of communicative competence of future police officers // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 7 (182). – P. 457-458. – EDN SSITXE.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KOVALEV Vitaliy Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, Head of Fire and technical training sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
YAMALITDINOV Ayrat Aidarovich
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SAVCHENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Rus-sia, lieutenant colonel of police
SOME ISSUES RELATED TO THE ORGANIZATION OF FIRE TRAINING IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the organization of fire train-ing for employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the context of current legislation. The study examines the provisions of the main regulatory legal acts regulating the specifics of professional training of employees of law enforcement agencies. The authors describe the structure of fire training, highlighting three main components: theoretical exercises, practical shooting and exercises in conditions close to real ones. Special attention is paid to ensure safety at all stages of education, as well as analyzing the effectiveness of applied methods in terms of developing professional skills that contribute to the effective and lawful use of weapons. The paper examines the relationship between fire training and tactical training, as well as the role of fire training in ensuring the safety of citizens and maintaining public order. Based on the analysis of regulations and practical experience, proposals are formulated to improve the fire training system in the Department of Internal Affairs, aimed at improving the effectiveness of training and minimizing risks.
Keywords: fire training, legal basis for the use of weapons, vocational training, police officers, professional competence.
Article bibliography
1. Baluev A.S. Innovative technologies and their application in the process of fire training in universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Science-2020. – 2022. – No. 2 (56). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-i-ih-primenenie-v-protsesse-ognevoy-podgotovki-v-vuzah-ministerstva-vnutrennih-del-rossii (date of access: 14.06.2025).
2. Burchikauskas V. A. The procedure, conditions and grounds for the use of firearms by police officers: problems of legal regulation and criminal-legal assessment of the consequences of its use // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3 (63). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/poryadok-usloviya-i-osnovaniya-primeneniya-ognestrelnogo-oruzhiya-sotrudnikami-politsii-problemy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-i (date of access: 14.06.2025).
3. Karamelsky R. V., Khabibullin I. A., Abidov R. R. Modern methods of teaching firearms training to cadets and students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Journal of Applied Research. – 2023. – No. 10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-metody-obucheniya-ognevoy-podgotovke-kursantov-i-slushateley-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 14.06.2025).
4. Svetlichny E. G., Shanko V. V., Poshtaruk D. A. Conditions for the formation of cadets’ and students’ readiness to use firearms in extreme situations // Problems of modern pedagogical education. – 2020. – No. 67-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/usloviya-formirovaniya-gotovnosti-kursantov-i-slushateley-k-primeneniyu-ognestrelnogo-oruzhiya-v-ekstremalnyh-situatsiyah (date of access: 14.06.2025).
5. Taruta A. G. Application of innovative technologies in maintaining public order during mass events // Law and power. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 181-186. – EDN GNBASA.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KOMLEV Evgeniy Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Judicial power, civil society, and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
FATIKHOV Danil Vladislavovich
student Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Independent researcher
PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FOUNDATIONS AND FEATURES OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
This article examines the institution of prosecutorial supervision in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan by comparing its legal foundations, organizational principles, and the specifics of interaction with investigative bodies. It demonstrates how the historical legacy and contemporary reforms have influenced the evolution of prosecutorial functions and their role in pre-trial investigation and judicial practice. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the legislative frameworks of both countries, including constitutional norms, specialized laws on the prosecutor’s office, and related codes (criminal, administrative, entrepreneurial, etc.). The article concludes that the traditional tasks of prosecution offices in both states — protecting citizens’ rights and state interests—are largely similar, while differences emerge in the degree of prosecutorial independence and in their interaction with investigative bodies.
Keywords: prosecutorial supervision, investigative bodies, prosecutorial functions, criminal prosecution, law enforcement system, pre-trial investigation (ERDR), control of legality.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993, taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 No. 6-FKZ, No. 7-FKZ, of 14.03.2020 No. 1-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 1993. No. 237.
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: federal law of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 04.03.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2001. No. 52 (Part 1). Art. 4921.
3. Federal Law of 17.01.1992 No. 2202-1 (as amended on 30.09.2024) “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 20.11.1995. No. 47. Art. 4472.
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 4, 2014 No. 231-V // “Kazakhstanskaya Pravda” dated July 10, 2014 No. 133 (27754).
5. Aliullov R.R. Activities of law enforcement agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan investigating criminal cases in electronic format // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2021. No. 1 (43).
6. Levchenko O.V. Prosecutor’s supervisionin pre-trial proceedings of the criminal process of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Ex jure. 2022. No. 4.
7. Spiridonova A. A. Prosecutor’s supervision: concept, current problems of implementation of prosecutorial supervision // Bulletin of science. 2024. No. 12 (81).
8. Melnikova O. N. Comparative analysis of models of prosecutorial supervision in Germany and Russia // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V.N. Tatishchev. 2021. No. 3. P. 33-38.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
NAZAROVA Marina Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia, colonel of the internal service
MALAKHOV Andrey Arkadjevich
associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Vladimir branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, retired colonel of police
THE PHILOSOPHY OF PUNISHMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORY OF VLADIMIR CENTRAL
The article is devoted to the evolution of Russia\’s famous penitentiary institution, as well as the problem of the philosophy of punishment in the context of the history of the Vladimir Central Prison. The use of archival documents and biographies of famous historical figures opens up new aspects of understanding human nature, society, and the world. The history of the development of the penitentiary institution is not only a part of the history of the criminal justice system, but also a part of the country\’s history, reflecting the changing historical eras, political ideas, and social trends. Revolutionaries, rebels, and insurgents, scientists, priests, generals, prisoners of war, thieves, swindlers, and other representatives of various social strata have served their sentences in Vladimir Central Prison at various times. Unfortunately, many archival materials were lost after the Great Patriotic War of 1941 – 1945. Therefore, relying on old materials and newly declassified and published data allows us to reflect on and present in a new light the historical past of the institution and the country as a whole. Understanding history in a unified and holistic manner, rather than in a truncated or distorted form, will help to properly shape the legal consciousness of today’s youth.
Keywords: Vladimir Central, prison, labor education, penitentiary institution, philosophy of law, philosophy of punishment.
Article bibliography
1. Bochkarev S. A. “Philosophy of crime” or “philosophy of punishment”? // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11. Law. – 2024. – No. 5, Vol. 65. – P. 39-59.
2. Galanshina T. G., Zakurdaev I. V., Loginov S. N. Vladimir Central. – M .: Eksmo, 2007. – 416 p. (History of prisons in Russia).
3. Gernet M. N. The Prisoner’s Instinct: Essays on Prison Psychology. – M.: Eksmo, Algorithm, 2020. – 304 p.
4. Gernet M. N. History of the Tsarist Prison [Text]: In 5 volumes / [Introductory article by prof. A. Gertsenzon, pp. 7-43]. – 3rd ed. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1960-1963. – In 5 volumes.
5. Evseev A. P. New about M. N. Gernet // Russian Justice. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 56-65.
6. Kronstadt Uprising of 1921: [arch. [December 17, 2022] – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2010. – (Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ed.-in-chief Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-2017, v. 16). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://old.bigenc.ru/military_science/text/2114430 (date of access: 05/30/2025).
7. Nazarova M. G. The problem of formation of legal culture and legal consciousness of youth in modern Russian society // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 49-52.
8. Rozenko S. V. Philosophy of Russian criminal punishment: problems of development and improvement // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2020. – No. 4 (45). – P. 70-74.
9. Khudokoykina T. V., Koroleva V. V. Formation of the legal culture of student youth // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 2 (201).
10. Central prison (Aleksandrovsky, Tobolsky, Iletsky, Rizhsky, Nikolaevsky, Novoborisoglebsky, Novobelgorodsky, Orlovsky, Vladimirsky, etc.). – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2010. – (Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ed.-in-chief Yu. S. Osipov. 2004-2017, volume 16).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
SHAPOCHANSKY Vladimir Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
SAMSONOV Viktor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Organization of judicial and law enforcement activities sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
SALIKOVA Irina Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
TACTICAL AND SPECIAL TRAINING: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLICE OFFICERS
The article reveals the importance of integrating legal norms into the process of police education and training. It examines the main legal challenges faced by police officers during tactical and special training, such as respect for human rights, changes in legislation and the need to minimize excessive regulation. Attention is also focused on the psychological aspects of the use of force and their impact on employees. The article highlights the opportunities offered to the police through high-quality training, including improving professionalism, building public trust, and improving interaction with other services. The successful implementation of tactical and special training in accordance with legal standards is considered as the key to the effective performance of official duties and the maintenance of law and order.
Keywords: tactical and special training, police officers, legal challenges, respect for human rights, legislation, professionalism, public trust, interdepartmental cooperation, use of force, legal training.
Article bibliography
1. Formation of the motivational vector of service in the Russian Federation Internal Affairs Bodies in cadets through the implementation of the discipline “Tactical and special training” // Human Progress. – 2025. – V. 11, No. 1.
2. Zhukova P. D. Tactical and special training as an element of combat training in the Internal Affairs Bodies // Student. – 2024. – No. 40-4 (294). – P. 15-18.
3. Prokhorov K. A. On the issue of competence support for the discipline “Tactical and special training” // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 303-308.

SECURITY AND LAW
ARAMISOV Amir Aslanovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, lecturer of Internal affairs activities in special conditions sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM: DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERACTION BY EMPLOYEES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION INTERNAL AFFAIRS DIRECTORATE
Terrorist and extremist threats are currently among the most significant for national and international security. Terrorist and extremist organizations actively use new mechanisms for committing criminal acts, namely, they use information and innovative technologies. In their activities, terrorists and extremists also use contradictions that arise in society (geopolitical, interfaith contradictions, dissatisfaction with the political regime). The methods of committing terrorist and extremist acts are becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated, which leads to an increase in the number of victims. Economic globalization, the development of integration processes in the world leading to the integration of terrorist and extremist communities. This, in turn, contributes to the establishment of transportation of weapons, explosives, dangerous chemicals and radioactive substances. The processes taking place in the world lead to the escalation of terrorism and extremism. Gradually, the positions of terrorist and extremist organizations in the world are strengthening, which undoubtedly causes increased interest in improving the mechanisms for countering international terrorism and extremism. In order to determine the directions for improving the counteraction of the Russian Internal Affairs Directorate employees to terrorism and extremism at the regional and international levels, it is necessary to identify modern trends in the development of international terrorism and extremism.
Keywords: terrorism, extremism, internal affairs agencies, prevention, national security, law enforcement system, threat, information technology, operational activities, international cooperation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “Garant”.
2. Vazhenina I. V. The problem of a unified approach to the legal design of theoretical tools in countering extremism // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2 (165). – P. 19-22.
3. Gedgafov M. M. The relationship between organized crime and international terrorist and extremist groups // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2022. – Vol. 15, No. 4. – P. 193-197.
4. Dubinkin V. A., Malinina E. V., Markova N. Yu. International terrorism as a global problem of the modern world // Bulletin of the National Center for the Prevention of Torture. – 2022. – No. 2 (52). – P. 119-125.
5. Moskvitin A. A., Shchevelev N. A. International terrorism as a geopolitical challenge to the Russian Federation // Russiancivilization in the era of global evolution: ensuring security and finding ways to solve problems in the context of a changing world order: materials of the I International scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students, teachers, Armavir, October 15-16, 2021. – Armavir: OOO “Editorial office of the newspaper” Armavirsky sobesednik “, 2021. – P. 143-147.
6. Safarov V. R., Kosenko O. A., Shamsutdinova I. K. International terrorism as a threat to national security // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 1 (164). – P. 43-44.
7. Chabritskaya A. S. International terrorism: the problem of counteraction and preventive measures // Law. Right. State. – 2021. – No. 4 (32). – P. 237-242.

SECURITY AND LAW
BREDIKHIN Anton Viktorovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
LUSTIN Yuriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
PATRIOTIC HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS AND RUSSIA\’S NATIONAL SECURITY: A CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS
The article highlights the problem of the conceptual relationship between the patriotic consciousness of a person and the national security of the state in the context of mental and moral issues. The scientific approach to understanding the reflexive and intellectual constructiveness of the reflected political and intellectual reality is substantiated. In the context of social reception, the social methodology of the conceptual manifestation of the patriotic consciousness of the individual in the paradigm of the political life of society is specified. An attempt has been made to provide a semantic explanation of the essence of the organizational and ideological imperative of the identity of the people in the meaningful quality of a creative fusion of ideological steadfastness, selfless devotion to Russia, and moral stability of a person aimed at strengthening the country’s defense capability and national security. The results of the study make a definite contribution to the theory of socio-philosophical cognition of the political processes of modern Russian society.
Keywords: man, society, patriotic thinking, ideology, politics, national security, conceptuality.
Article bibliography
1. Baranov V. V. Actual problems of national security of Russia: monograph. – M.: AIPNB, 2010. – 541 p.
2. Bredikhin A. V. National policy in the regions of traditional residence of the Cossacks of the South of Russia// Culture: management, economics, law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 10-18.
3. Bredikhin AV Counteracting the Spread of Extremist Ideology in the Multiethnic Environment of the Rostov Region // Public Administration. Electronic Bulletin. – 2018. – No. 67. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://e-journal.spa.msu.ru/uploads/vestnik/2018/vipusk__67_aprel_2018_g./problemi_upravlenija_teorija_i_praktika/bredikhin.pdf
4. Kovaleva I. I., Odintsova E. A. Patriotism as a Meaning-Forming Determinant of the Foundations of Civil Position // Pedagogical Journal. – 2024. – V. 14, No. 4 A. – P. 278-287.
5. Lustin Yu. M. Political consciousness and conceptual thinking of a person: conceptuality of dialectical-typological integrity // Scientific potential. – 2024. – No. 2 (45). – P. 9-15.
6. Lustin Yu. M. Patriotism as a socio-cultural dominant of an individual’s civic responsibility (typological aspect) // Patriotism in the post-Soviet space: fundamental constants of research: monograph / Coll. of authors; responsible scientific editor G. I. Kolesnikova. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2020. – P. 73-92.
7. Lutovinov V. I., Khmara Yu. N. Military security of the state: conceptual foundations and modern Russian vision // Society and power. – 2015. – No. 2 (52). – P. 68-73.
8. Shabunova A. A., Kalachikova O. N., Korolenko A. V., Povarova A. I., Rossoshansky A. I. National security of Russia: internal threats to the implementation of the strategy [Text]: monograph / Under the scientific supervision of Doctor of Economics, Professor V. A. Ilyin. – Vologda: ISEDT RAS, 2015. – 132 p. (Problems of public administration efficiency).

SAFETY AND LAW
VAZHENINA Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Organization of activities of internal affairs bodies of the Center for command and staff exercises, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia, Moscow
PROBLEMS OF ACHIEVING GLOBAL SECURITY
Humanity has been dreaming about the need to ensure global security for centuries. Recently, approaches to the identification and assessment of security threats have changed significantly. If the traditional concept of national security was associated withthe absence of a military threat or the ability to protect the state from external aggression, today’s threats to social stability are considered along with the threats of border disputes and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. In modern conditions, when the problem of the outbreak of nuclear war is particularly acute, the study of global dangers and threats, their content, conditions of occurrence and measures to counter them from the world community is of paramount importance. The article identifies the problems that prevent the implementation of the conceptual documents on comprehensive security supported by the United Nations, and suggests ways to overcome them.
Keywords: UN, Russia, international law, crisis, threats, global security.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bauman Z. Globalization. Consequences for man and society / Trans. from English – M.: Ves Mir Publishing House, 2004. – 188 p.
2. Vazhenina I. V., Bogdanov A. V. Organizational and legal foundations for the activities of internal security forces of foreign countries. – M.: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2023. – 100 p.
3. Video address of V. V. Putin to the participants of the 13th international meeting of high representatives in charge of security issues on May 28, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/77047 (date of access: 17.06.2025).
4. Zorkin V. D. Civilization of Law and the Development of Russia / 2nd ed., corrected. and add. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2016. – 416 p.
5. Kant I. Towards Eternal Peace / Trans. Koptsev I. D., Shapiro I. A., Arzakanyan Ts. G. – M.: Ripol-Classic, 2020. – 434 p.
6. Morgenthau G. Political Relations between Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace // Social and Political Journal. – 1997. – No. 2. – P. 189-201.
7. Todd E. “The Defeat of the West” / Trans. N. Giroux. – M.: Publ. Ast. 2024. – 349 p.

SAFETY AND LAW
DMITRIEV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in military sciences, Head of Tactical-special, fire and physical training sub-faculty, Moscow regional branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
BEZUGLOV Anton Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, senior lecturer of Tactical-special, fire and physical training sub-faculty, Moscow regional branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
MIKHAYLOV Oleg Borisovich
senior lecturer of Activities of internal affairs bodies in special conditions sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF TRAINING DRIVERS OPERATING VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH SPECIAL SIGNALS
The article discusses the legal aspects that educational institutions that train drivers who drive vehicles with special light and sound signals turned on in modern road conditions have to deal with today. Based on our own experience of training such drivers, the problems of interpreting the existing regulatory framework have been identified. Positive and negative aspects of training drivers of special services not only in our country but also abroad have been identified. The study allowed us to draw conclusions that we would like to take into account and include in legislation.
Keywords: driver, car, vehicle, special light and sound signals, traffic rules.
Article bibliography
1. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated March 1, 2018 No. 161 “On approval of model programs for advanced training of drivers of vehicles of the relevant categories and subcategories.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/71942062/ (date of access: 05/20/2025).
2. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 23, 1993 No. 1090 “On the Rules of the Road.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/1305770/ (date of access: 20.05.2025).
3. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 15, 2007 No. 876 “On the training and admission of drivers to driving vehicles equipped with devices for emitting special light and sound signals.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/12157757/ (date of access: 20.05.2025).
4. Order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated November 8, 2021 No. 808 “On approval of sample programs for vocational training of drivers of vehicles of the relevant categories and subcategories.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/70695708/ (date of access: 20.05.2025).
5. Tsygankov E. S. Contra-emergency driving. Moscow: Eksmo, 2010. 160 p.

SAFETY AND LAW
OVCHINNIKOV Oleg Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, senior researcher of the Center for Security Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
NATIONAL PRIORITIES: VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTER-EXTREMISM STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This study consists of an analysis of three models of strategies for countering extremism in the Russian Federation, which have been in operation since 2014, as well as scientific views on their practical implementation, which makes it possible to show the advantages and disadvantages of terminology in this area from various perspectives. The external and internal threats of extremism as a socially negative phenomenon are considered, trends in the development of goals, objectives and main directions of state policy in countering it are determined. Based on the research conducted, conclusions are drawn about the complex and versatile phenomenon of identifying and countering new challenges and threats of extremism, and the need to involve practitioners, experts, and scientists in this activity. Indicators of the expected results of countering extremism should contribute to the implementation of Russia’s strategic national priorities.
Keywords: strategy, document model, extremism, external and internal threats, new challenges and threats, national security, priorities, indicators, expected results.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Counteracting Extremist Activity // SZ RF. 2002. No. 30. Art. 3031.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 1124. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru (date of access: 06.07.2025).
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 29.05.2020 No. 344. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru (date of access: 06.07.2025).
4. Official website of the Ministry of Justice of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.minjust.ru (date of access: 06.07.2025).
5. Official website of the NAC.[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nac.gov.ru (date accessed: 07/06/2025).
6. Kardashova I. B. Vectors of development of legislation in the field of national security // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). 2022. No. 11. P. 41-49.
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07/02/2021 No. 400. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/ (date accessed: 07/06/2025).
8. Nekrasov N. A. Poem “Form. Imitation of Schiller.” // N. A. Nekrasov, complete works and letters in 15 volumes. T. 3. L.: “Science”, 1982.

SAFETY AND LAW
SHUKHOV Fedor Gelievich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine
MALAEVA Viktoriya Evgenjevna
student, St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine; independent researcher
SOME FEATURES OF YOUTH EXTREMISM IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the phenomenon of youth extremism, its types and causes of manifestation. The features of extremism among young people are highlighted based on the characteristics of this socio-demographic group. It is noted that extremist activity is often associated with topics on which there is no public consensus, and the illegal way of defending interests is chosen by young people as a carrier of energy and a higher level of aggression. At the same time, extremism is a complex phenomenon and is impossible without the complex social structure and cultural characteristics of the inhabitants of the state. Based on the analysis of current manifestations of extremism, an attempt has been made to identify the prerequisites and causes of illegal activities of young people in Russia. Among them, not only socio-demographic features as a group are highlighted, but also resonant social events to which young people react in a certain way.
Keywords: extremism (extremist activity), youth, forms of extremism, youth extremism, nationalist extremism, religious extremism, causes of youth extremism.
Article bibliography
1. Aristarkhova T. A. The main features and characteristics of youth extremism // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2014. – No. 1-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-cherty-i-osobennosti-molodezhnogo-ekstremizma (date of access: 17.05.2025).
2. A blogger from Dagestan trampled and spat on a cross. In a video with an apology, he accused Christians of provocation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2024/07/17/19418977.shtml. (date of access: 12.05.2025).
3. An acute interethnic conflict broke out in Tyumen. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nashgorod.ru/news/2023-09-18/u-nu-ka-davay-ka-v-tyumeni-razgorelsya-mezhnatsionalnyy-konflikt-3044409. (date accessed: 12.05.2025).
4. Meshev I.Kh. Extremism among young people: causes and ways to counter it // International Scientific Bulletin. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 15-19.
5. Mulenkov D.V., Filina N.V. Concept, forms and types of extremism // Journal of Applied Research. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 146-149.
6. Muminov A. The main causes of religious extremism // Scientific notes of the Khujand State University named after Academician B. Gafurov. Humanities. – 2012. – No. 1 (29). – P. 202-214.
7. Simonova M. A., Melkunov I. S. The problem of religious extremism: causes of occurrence and solutions // AVBSP. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 63-66.
8. Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation: in 2024, crime among illegal migrants increased almost threefold. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7197764 (date of access: 12.05.2025).
9. The Tajik diaspora in Russia is in fear after the bloody massacre in Crocus City Hall. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://russian.eurasianet.org/tajik-diaspora-in-russia-is-in-fear-after-the-bloody-massacre-in-the-crocus-city-hall?__cf_chl_tk=rpAHqVPZWJIo5lf3TFwiH28bZKOpqSOSncXBOKHIV9U-1747226042-1.0.1.1-_Wt.WD7o2BYIxp7ix6geGj4zEn9xRqJCmQe1DS3jbqg. (date of access: 12.05.2025).
10. Extremism // Political Dictionary. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gufo.me/dict/politics_dict/Extremism (date of access: 05/12/2025).

EDAGOGY AND LAW
ZHABKIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
SEMENOV Sergey Gennadjevich
associate professor of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
EVTUSHENKO Alexander Anatoljevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONALLY SIGNIFICANT QUALITIES IN CADETS AND STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
This article is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches to psychological training of future law enforcement officers in higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. In the context of the increasing complexity and multifaceted nature of the tasks facing the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the effectiveness of their work directly depends on the level of development of psychological stability, communication skills and the ability to make informed decisions in extreme situations. The study examines traditional and innovative methods of forming the necessary psychological qualities, focusing on the need for an integrative approach. The authors analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such methods as social and psychological training and simulation training. The article discusses training techniques aimed at developing stress resistance, self-regulation, empathy, communication skills and the ability to work in a team. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of training programs for future employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, including modeling real situations of professional activity and taking into account the ethical aspects of law enforcement.
Keywords: professionally significant qualities, cadets, students, higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, law enforcement, professional training.
Article bibliography
1. Markelov N. N., Tikhomirov S. N. Means of forming professional and personal qualities of cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Psychology and pedagogy of service activity. – 2018. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sredstva-formirovaniya-professionalno-lichnostnyh-kachestv-kursantov-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 06.06.2025).
2. Nosova D. Kh., Valieva A. R., Zhabkin A. S., Khatuaev M. O. Formation of communicative competence of future police officers // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 7 (182). – P. 457-458.
3. Taruta A. G. Application of innovative technologies in maintaining public order during mass events // Law and power. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 181-186.
4. Fedorova D. A. Analysis of personal qualities of police officers and their influence on professional ones // Psychology and pedagogy of service activities. – 2018. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/analiz-lichnostnyh-kachestv-sotrudnikov-ovd-i-ih-vliyanie-na-professionalnye (accessed: 06.06.2025).
5. Fedotova E. E., Korneeva Ya. A., Arefina M. S., Martirosova N. V. Professionally important qualities of police officers with different performance and carrying out different areas of service activities // Psychology and psychotechnics. – 2023. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/professionalno-vazhnye-kachestva-sotrudnikov-ovd-s-razlichnoy-rezultativnostyu-i-osuschestvlyayuschih-raznye-napravleniya (date of access: 06.06.2025).
6. Shuvalov A. P., Grechany S. A., Faskhutdinova A. V. Actual issues of formation of communicative competence of police officers in modern conditions // Law and right. – 2024. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-formirovaniya-kommunikativnoy-kompetentnosti-sotrudnikov-politsii-v-sovremennyh-usloviyah (date of access: 06.06.2025).

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
SHCHERBAKOVA Mariya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, Head of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
SEREBROVSKAYA Natalya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor, professor of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
KOSTINA Olga Alexeevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor, professor of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL-PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY
This publication presents the main characteristics of modern professional legal activity, intellectual educational, and analytical technologies that allow developing the intellectual abilities of an individual, rationally cognizing reality, forming one\’s own tools for mastering information, competently constructing its analysis, and ultimately creating new scientific products. The main directions of creation and use of these educational technologiesare considered. Educational activities using intelligent analytical technologies promote the assimilation of educational material, its understanding and internalization in the structure of the personality; the formation of a creative approach to solving the proposed problems.
Keywords: legal activity, legal profession, intellectual educational and analytical technologies, educational motivation, intellectual skills, design, modeling, forecasting.
Article bibliography
1. Donskaya E. Development of intelligence and creativity: new approaches in psychology. – M .: SelfPub, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.litres.ru/book/evgeniya-donskaya/razvitie-intellekta-i-kreativnosti-novye-podhody-v-psiho-68966889/ (date of access: 06.06.2025).
2. Ilyin E. P. Psychology of creativity, creativity, giftedness. – St. Petersburg: Pechatny dvor im. A. M. Gorky, 2019. – 434 p.
3. Panina T. S., Vavilova L. N. Modern ways of activating learning: a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions studying in pedagogical specialties / Ed. T. S. Panina. – 4th edition, stereotypical. – M.: Academy, 2018. – 176 p.
4. Panfilova A. P. Game modeling in the activities of a teacher: a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions / Generally edited by V. A. Slastenin, I. A. Kolesnikova. – M.: Publishing center “Academy”, 2016. – 362 p.
5. Modern teaching technologies: a methodological manual on the use of interactive methods in teaching / Edited by G. V. Borisova, T. Yu. Avetova and L. Yu. Kosovaya. – St. Petersburg: Polygraph S, 2022. – 79 p.

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW
KUZNETSOV Mikhail Ivanovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Legal psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia, Ryazan
OZERSKIY Sergey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in physical-mathematical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities, socio-economic and information technologies of management sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS FOR THE REJECTION OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE DEPARTMENT BY SOME EMPLOYEES OF THE PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
The focus of our research is on employees of various departments and services of territorial bodies and correctional institutions of Russia who were trained in additional professional education programs at educational institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. The identified were identified by targeted selection, in the context of working with documentation, digital systematization of archives, and preparation of responses to citizens\’ requests. This category of employees carries out the main burden of routine work in government agencies and institutions, including translating documentation into digital format. Six key types of digitalization participants are identified: the viewer, the skeptic, the passive player, the open, the oppositionist, and the active player. Six key types of digitalization participants are identified: the viewer, the skeptic, the passive player, the open, the oppositionist, and the active player. It is concluded that it is necessary to conduct regular research on the psychological reasons for the resistance of some employees to digital changes in the penal system.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, digital transformation, types of participants in digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Ulendeeva N. I., Ozersky S. V. Digital transformation of the penal system activities: implementation features and prospects: monograph. – Samara: Samara Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2024. – 107 p.
2. Order of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia dated 30.12.2020 No. 984 “On approval of the departmental program for the digital transformation of the Federal Penitentiary Service”. website of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation / Main / Documents / [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://portal.eskigov.ru/system/documents/uploads/000/939/600/original/ВПЦТ_ФСИН_России.pdf (date accessed: 03.06.2025).
3. Bagrationi K. A., Turner T. Resistance of middle managers to digital transformation // Foresight. – 2023. – Vol. 17, No. 2. – P. 49-60.
4. Federal Law of 30.12.2021 No. 441-FZ “On Amendments to Article 15-3 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technology and Information Protection” and Articles 3 and 5 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information // Society. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202112300008 (date of access: 03.06.2025).
5. Federal Law of 06.02.2023 No. 10-FZ “On Probation in the Russian Federation”» // Official Internet portal of legal information/Documents/ [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202302060003 (date of access: 06/03/2025).
6. FSIN of Russia // Official website of the FSIN of the Russian Federation/Main/Documents/ [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fsin.gov.ru (date of access: 06/03/2025).
7. Schwartz S.H. (1992) Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. – 1992. – No. 25. – Pp. 1-65.
8. Lindeman M., Verkasalo M. (2005) Measuring values with the Short Schwartz’s Value Survey // Journal of Personality Assessment. – 2005. – No. 85 (2). – Rr. 170-178.

Psychology and Law
MAKARKINA Oksana Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Pskov branch, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
KOLESNIKOVA Natalya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy and theology sub-faculty, Pskov State University
MISHIN Alexey Andreevich
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Legal psychology, pedagogy and organization of educational work with convicts sub-faculty, Kuzbass Institute of the FPS of Russia, Novokuznetsk
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN REGISTERED WITH PENAL ENFORCEMENT INSPECTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CRIMINOGENIC ACTIVITY
The article examines the socio-psychological characteristics of women registered with penal enforcement inspections and their impact on criminogenic activity. The main risk factors are analyzed. Aggressive manifestations and low level of communication skills are investigated as significant predictors of repeat criminality. Comprehensive measures to overcome maladaptation are proposed, including psychocorrective programs, socio-economic support, and interagency cooperation. The need for a systematic approach to the re-socialization of this category of women is emphasized in order to reduce recidivism and increase the effectiveness of preventive work.
Keywords: female criminality, maladjustment, socio-psychological characteristics, recidivism, re-socialization, penal enforcement inspection.
Article bibliography
1. Kolesnikova N. E. Psychological support of convicts serving sentences without isolation from society: a textbook for universities / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M .: Publishing house Yurait, 2020. – P. 28. [Electronic resource] // Educational platform Yurait. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/447407 (date of access: 05.05.2025).
2. Makarkina O. E., Dvoretsky D. A. Key points of maladaptation of convicted women registered with criminal-executive inspections // The criminal-executive system at the present stage, taking into account the implementation of the Concept of development of the criminal-executive system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030: a collection of abstracts of speeches and reports of participants in the International scientific and practical conference on the problems of execution of criminal punishments, Ryazan, November 17-18, 2022. T. 2. – Ryazan: Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2022. – P. 250.
3. Zautorova E. V. Characteristics of conflict behavior of convicted women of youth age // Life trajectories of an individual in the modern world: social and individual context: collection of articles from the II International scientific and practical conference, Kostroma, April 18-19, 2024. – Kostroma: Kostroma State University, 2024. – P. 125.

Psychology and Law
OREKHOVA Natalya Alexandrovna
lecturer of Administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
MUGINOVA Zulfiya Radikovna
senior lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
GUSHCHIN Dmitry Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA SPACE ON SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN MINORS
This article is devoted to an urgent and socially significant problem – suicide, considered in the context of global statistics and trends characterristic of the modern world. The authors present an analysis of the prevalence of suicidal behavior, with special attention paid to the age groups most at risk. The article provides data from the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2023, indicating a significant frequency of suicidal acts in the world and Russia\’s place in these statistics. A review of studies revealing a link between media coverage of suicides and the subsequent increase in their number is being conducted. Attention is focused on the role of information and communication technologies, in particular, the Internet, in the formation and implementation of suicidal intentions. The authors note that with expanded access to the Internet, young people gain access to a wide range of information about suicide methods, which creates prerequisites for the formation of communities with suicidal tendencies. The need for further comprehensive research aimed at studying the impact of various Internet resources on the dynamics of suicide rates is emphasized, which is due to the evolution of the virtual environment and its widespread penetration into the daily life of society. The article highlights the importance of attention to mental health issues and the need to develop effective strategies to prevent suicidal behavior.
Keywords: suicide, suicidal behavior, legal regulation of suicide prevention, media space, deviant behavior.
Article bibliography
1. Ardashev R. G. The influence of media space on the suicidal behavior of young people // Sociology. – 2023. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-mediaprostranstva-na-suitsidalnoe-povedenie-molodezhi (date of access: 05/28/2025).
2. Baker D., Fortune S. Understanding self-harm and suicide websites. A qualitative interview study of young adult website users // Crisis. – 2008. – Vol. 29 (3).
3. Chagin V. S. Youth suicide during the pandemic self-isolation // Sociology. – 2022. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/molodezhnyy-suitsid-v-period-pandemicheskoy-samoizolyatsii (date of access: 05/28/2025).
4. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://02.мвд.рф/news/item/61630181/.
5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/countries-with-the-highest-suicide-rate-in-the-world/.

Psychology and Law
YUZVAK Sergey Anatoljevich
lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, major of police
KHRUSHCHEV Alexander Viktorovich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
MUKHATAEV Nikolay Anatoljevich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, senior lieutenant of police
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICE OFFICERS SERVING IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of studying the clinical and psychological characteristics of police officers serving in special conditions in order to identify factors that negatively affect their mental health and develop effective measures of psychological support and prevention. It is proven that the systematic impact of stressful situations, increased risk to life and health, as well as the need to make quick and responsible decisions, have a cumulative effect on the psyche of employees, leading to the development of various negative conditions. The article examines the most common clinical and psychological problems, such as professional burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depressive disorders, sleep disorders and increased aggression. It is emphasized that these conditions can negatively affect motivation, work efficiency, the quality of life of employees and, ultimately, the safety of society. The authors note the need for an integrated and systematic approach to medical and psychological rehabilitation, taking into account key psychological factors that determine the condition and behavior of employees exposed to extreme conditions of service.
Keywords: special conditions, police officers, stress, frustration, PTSD, professional burnout.
Article bibliography
1. Belik Ya. Ya., Kotenev I. O. Psychological preparation of employees of internal affairs bodies for actions in conditions of a terrorist act // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2001. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psihologicheskaya-podgotovka-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-k-deystviyam-v-usloviyah-terroristicheskogo-akta (date of access: 18.05.2025).r> 2. Tsukanov V. N. Psychological training of employees of internal affairs bodies in the context of countering terrorism // Bulletin of the Prikamsky Social Institute. – 2015. – No. 1 (69). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psihologicheskaya-podgotovka-sotrudnikov-organov-vnutrennih-del-v-usloviyah-protivodeystviya-terrorizmu (date of access: 05/28/2025).
3. Chovdyrova G. S., Klimenko S. K. Problems of medical and psychological rehabilitation of the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, carrying out operational and service activities in extreme conditions // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2004. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-mediko-psihologicheskoy-reabilitatsii-lichnogo-sostava-mvd-rossii-osuschestvlyayuschego-operativno-sluzhebnuyu-deyatelnost (date of access: 18.05.2025).
4. Chovdyrova G. S., Rassypina L. V. Problems of extreme pathopsychology // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2002. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-ekstremalnoy-patopsihologii (date of access: 18.05.2025).
5. Federal Law “On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”: Federal Law of November 30, 2011 No. 342-FZ // SZ RF. – 2011. – No. 49 (Part I). – Art. 7020.

SPORTS LAW
ASADULLIN Murad Rinatovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Economic and legal security sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN SPORTS: EVALUATING TERMINOLOGY
The article provides an assessment of concepts that are of significant legal importance in resolving conflicts in the sports environment. It is noted that disagreements on technical aspects rarely have a specific legal nature. Sports are more or less organized, and therefore most disputes are resolved during competitions by an umpire (umpires) based on pre-agreed rules. It is concluded that discrepancies in the results obtained during or after the competition usually occur in cases where there are no pre-established and clear rules for determining the results or the procedure for making decisions regarding participation in the competition.
Keywords: dispute, rules, CAS, disagreement, mediation, sports, sports dispute.
Article bibliography
1. Guryleva K. I. Conflict of interest as a cause of abuse in insolvency (bankruptcy) // Business and law. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 88-95.
2. Rozhkova M. A. The concept of a dispute on civil law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 98-102.
3. Streltsova E. G. Organization of dispute resolution in the field of sports at the national level // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2014. – No. 9. – P. 36-40.
4. Schapp Jan. The system of German civil law: textbook / Translated from German by S. V. Korolev. – M., 2006. – P. 24-26.

STATE AND LAW
GREBINYUK Nikita Maximovich
postgraduate student, P. A. Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration, Moscow
DIGITAL TOOLS FOR PUBLIC CONTROL OF SMES: EFFICIENCY AND BARRIERS
The relevance lies in the study of digital tools for public control of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with an emphasis on identifying key barriers to their implementation and evaluating their effectiveness. The existing barriers are complex and interrelated, which minimize the potential effectiveness of digital tools for public control of SMEs. The purpose of the study is to identify an approach focused on improving technology and regulatory regulation, which reduces barriers to the use of digital public control tools for SMEs. The objectives are: to analyze the current regulatory framework governing the public control of SMEs; to study the existing barriers faced by the introduction and use of digital tools of public control (supervision); to identify problems that reduce the potential of digital tools of public control. The methods and methodology include an integrated approach that allows an objective assessment of the effectiveness of digital tools for public control of SMEs and identify key barriers to the implementation of such tools. This approach allows us to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of digital tools and develop practical recommendations for their improvement. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were formulated: one of the main barriers is the lack of a unified digital ecosystem, which leads to data fragmentation and an increase in the administrative burden on entrepreneurs. It is relevant to introduce digitl counterparts of SMEs, which are virtual copies of enterprises with aggregated data from various government systems in a single secure profile.
Keywords: digital tools, public control, small and medium-sized enterprises, digital twins, digitalization, administrative barriers, data security, state supervision.
Article bibliography
1. Batalov A.S., Bakhtizin A.R. Assessing the effectiveness of introducing a risk-oriented approach and digital tools in control and supervisory activities // Economy, Entrepreneurship and Law. 2021. Vol. 11, No. 9. P. 2091-2110.
2. Bystryakov A. Ya., Shestakova E.P. Legal issues of digitalization of control and supervisory activities in relation to SMEs // Entrepreneurial Law. 2021. No. 3. P. 13-18.
3. Dmitrieva N. E., Rudenko D. Yu. Digital inequality as a barrier to the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia // Bulletin of Perm University. Series: Economics. 2021. Vol. 16, No. 3. P. 398-416.
4. Ivanov O. B. Problems of using electronic signatures by small and medium-sized businesses in Russia // Legislation and Economics. 2020. No. 5. P. 35-42.
5. Kozyrin A. N. Administrative reform and digitalization: new challenges for control and supervisory activities // Journal of Russian Law. 2021. No. 1. P. 5-18.
6. Kuznetsov P. A. Information systems in control (supervision): problems of integration and accessibility for business // Competition law. 2022. No. 1. P. 36-40.
7. Tolstykh P. A. Digitalization of control and supervisory activities: opportunities and challenges for business and government // Issues of public and municipal administration. 2020. No. 2. P. 7-30.
8. Jacobson L. I., Sungurov A. Yu. (eds.) Digital transformation of public administration in Russia: challenges, trends, models. Moscow: Publishing House of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, 2019. 486 p.
9. National Agency for Financial Research (NAFI). Digital Literacy Index of Russian Citizens: 2023 Results. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nafi.ru/analytics/indeks-tsifrovoy-gramotnosti-grazhdan-rf-itogi-2023-goda/ (accessed: 17.06.2025).
10. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2006. No. 31. Art. 3441.
11. Federal Law of December 26, 2008 No. 294-FZ “On the Protection of the Rights of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs in the Exercise of State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. No. 1. Art. 1.

STATE AND LAW
NYROVA Bella Ruslanovna
assistant of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Science, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
FORMATION OF AN ANTI-CORRUPTION CULTURE THROUGH THE PRISM OF TRADITIONAL VALUES
The article discusses the need to integrate an anti-corruption culture into the process of forming traditional values. The analysis of existing methods of anti-corruption education in educational institutions, as well as regulatory legal acts in the field of anti-corruption education, is carried out. Special attention is paid to the role of public institutions in the formation of individual civic responsibility and honesty among the younger generation. Examples of successful experiences from different countries were examined, where the emphasis on traditional values contributed to reducing corruption and increasing trust in public institutions. The need for an integrated approach to anti-corruption education is emphasized, which equally includes legal measures and an assessment of cultural characteristics that influence the formation of a sustainable anti-corruption environment.
Keywords: anti-corruption education, anti-corruption, traditional values, prevention of antisocial phenomena.
Article bibliography
1. Antonova E. Intolerance of corrupt behavior: concept and measures for formation // Problems of law enforcement at the present stage: collection of works of the III All-Russian (with international participation) scientific and practical conference, Kostroma, April 25-26, 2024. – Kostroma: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kostroma State University”, 2024. – P. 209-214.
2. Bukharin G. S. Genesis of the Contents of Anti-Corruption Education in Domestic Pedagogical Thought // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2025. – Vol. 9, No. 1 (33). – P. 53-61.
3. Zhdanova O. S., Zhdanov S. A. Substantive Aspects of Civil-Patriotic Education of Young People // Materials of the Pool of Scientific and Practical Conferences: Materials of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference, IX International Scientific and Practical Conferenceand the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference, Sochi, January 4-8, 2025. – Kerch: Kerch State Marine Technological University, 2025. – pp. 1008-1012.
4. Mokhorov D. A. Theoretical and practical foundations of anti-corruption education. – Andijan; St. Petersburg: Publishing and Printing Association of Higher Educational Institutions, 2024. – 188 p.
5. Mokhorov D. A., Dolzhenkova E., Minkina M. V. Anti-corruption in the context of digitalization of state institutions // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 6 (181). – pp. 95-98.

STATE AND LAW
SERKEROV Samur Elmirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulaevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash; associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
KUKHMAZOV Namik Kuhmazovich
postgraduate student of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA: WAYS TO COUNTERACT IT
This article analyzes the current state of corruption in the Russian Federation and examines effective mechanisms for combating this phenomenon. The main causes of the spread of corruption practices in Russian society are considered, including institutional, socio-economic and cultural factors. Special attention is paid to the analysis of current anti-corruption legislation and the practice of its application. International approaches to combating corruption and the possibilities of their adaptation to Russian conditions are explored. Comprehensive measures are proposed to improve the system of combating corruption at the state and public levels.
Keywords: corruption, anti-corruption, anti-corruption policy, public administration, legal regulation, civil society.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law “On Combating Corruption” dated 25.12.2008 No. 273-FZ.
2. National Anti-Corruption Plan for 2021-2024.
3. Transparency International. Corruption Perception Index 2023.
4. Kabanov P. A. Corruption and bribery in Russia: historical, criminological and criminal-legal problems. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2022.
5. Astanin V. V. Anti-corruption policy of Russia: criminological aspects. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2021.

STATE AND LAW
MANUKOV Tigran Martinovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
MECHANISMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF POWER-MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF AUTHORITARIAN AND DEMOCRATIC REGIMES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The article provides a comparative analysis of the mechanisms of legal regulation of government and administrative activities in authoritarian and democratic regimes. The main differences in the structure of regulatory sources, the level of accountability, institutional independence and forms of citizen participation are considered and defined. It is established that the effectiveness of administrative management directly depends on the political and legal context and its features. The need to adapt the mechanisms of legal regulation is substantiated by taking into account the specifics of the political system, the principles of the rule of law and modern challenges of public administration and society, as well as international legal standards.
Keywords: power-administrative activity, legal regulation, political regime, authoritarianism, democracy, administrative law, normative sources.
Article bibliography
1. Abramov P. V. The effectiveness of the social and legal policy of the state: monograph; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Unity-Dana, 2023. – 112 p.
2. Akmalova A. A., Kapitsyn V. M. The system of public and municipal administration: textbook; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2023. – 414 p.
3. Bozhanov V. A. Political Science: the World of Contemporary Politics: textbook; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Publishing House of Business and Educational Literature, 2008. – 320 p.
4. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One): Federal Law of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301; 2016. – No. 22. – Art. 3094.
5. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One): Federalth law of November 30, 1994 N 51-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 22. – Art. 3094.
6. Derevyanko V. A., Lapteva Yu. I. On Some Approaches to the Typology of Political Regimes // Megatrends of World Politics: A Collection of Scientific Articles Based on the Materials of the 9th Interuniversity. Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists. – Voronezh: VSU, 2022. – Vol. 9. – Pp. 47-49.
7. Kovaleva V. V. Basic Approaches to the Concept of the Mechanism of Legal Regulation in Modern Legal Literature // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2008. – No. 2.
8. Syrykh V. M. Theory of State and Law: Textbook; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: NORM, 2004. – 704 p.

STATE AND LAW
PRIVALOVA Ekaterina Alexeevna
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
ABOUT SOME PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC COUNCILS UNDER REGIONAL EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES
The article examines the legal basis of the activities of public councils under regional executive authorities. The author examines the law enforcement practice of public councils under regional executive authorities. Attention is focused on the role of public councils under regional executive authorities. The regional experience of building a dialogue between regional authorities and civil society is summarized. In order to reduce uncertainty and ambiguity among law enforcement officials, the author substantiates the need to legislatively amend Article 13 of Federal Law No. 212-FZ dated July 21, 2014 «On the Fundamentals of Public Control in the Russian Federation».
Keywords: public control, public council, civil society, legal status, public authorities, executive bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Article bibliography
1. Bakhtairova E. A. Motivation of the activities of members of public councils under executive bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation // Baikal Research Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 10, No. 2. – P. 12.
2. Gavrilova A. V., Bogolyubov E. A. Formation of public councils under executive bodies of power at the regional level (on the example of the Siberian Federal District) // Law and education. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 133-137.
3. Goncharov V. V. On the problems and prospects for the development of the institution of public councils under federal executive bodies: constitutional and legal analysis // Administrative and municipal law. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 1-13. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0595.2024.2.39873 EDN: RZTRMB. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: htps:/nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=39873.
4. Grib V. V. Actual problems of legal development of the institute of public control in the Russian Federation // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2015. – No. 11.- P. 3-13.
5. Dyakova E. G., Trakhtenberg A. D. Public councils under executive bodies: experts, controllers or lay petitioners? // Monitoring public opinion: economic and social changes. – 2019. – No. 6 (154). – P. 180-201.
6. Erygin A. A. Novels of the legal status of public councils under the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Legal technique. – 2021. – No. 15. – P. 315-320.
7. Matveeva E. V., Panichkina E. V. Ensuring the function of public control in the activities of regional public councils in Kuzbass // Bulletin of the Transbaikal State University. – 2022. – Vol. 28, No. 2. – P. 46-55.
8. Rybolovleva N. S. On the issue of civil society control over the activities of government bodies // Law and Order. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 50-52.
9. Shamshura K. A. Public advisory councils on cultural heritage issues in Russian regions: information openness and personal composition // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2023. – No. 494. – P. 115-124.
10. On the state of public councils under regional and municipal authorities: Special report of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation. – M.: OP RF, 2024. – 92 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://files.oprf.ru/storage/documents/doklad-os-2024.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2025).
11. Report on the state of civil society in the Russian Federation for 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://files.oprf.ru/storage/documents/doklad-oprf2024.pdf (accessed: 20.07.2025).
12. Activities of public institutions // VTsIOM. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wciom.ru/ratings/dejatelnost-obshchestvennykh-inst itutov?ysclid=m2sr1oshmq919001708 (date of access: 20.07.2025).

HUMAN RIGHTS
VOROBJEV Vladislav Sergeevich
postgraduate student, State Academic University of Humanities
FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF PERSONAL SECURITY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIETY
This work reveals the specifics of the implementation of legal regulation mechanisms for ensuring personal security abroad. The author emphasizes the specifics of digitalization and the fact that it has a dual character: it promotes the development of society and contributes to the emergence of risks and threats to personal security. That is why the article highlights the task of the global community to regulate the digital security of the individual. In addition, the author examines the features of legal instruments as a component of the overall system for ensuring personal security abroad and in the international space. The publication highlights the opportunities of digitalization for the development of the global economy, politics and society as a whole, but also differentiates the risks that arise from the use of digital resources. The main components of personal security are indicated, as well as those mechanisms that help ensure this security. The work highlights the unity of problems in the international legal field that arise during digitalization, identifies the main risks to personal security and helps to specify ways to resolve such difficulties.
Keywords: legal regulation, personal security, international space, digitalization of society, cybercrime, digital technologies, interstate cooperation
Article bibliography
1. Berdimuratova G. M. Issues of Ensuring Information Security in International Law // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 434-440.
2. Boykov V. A. The Fight Against Cybercrime at the International Level // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2021. – No. 5-3. – P. 51-54.
3. Glushkova S. I., Letunov E. D. Development of a new generation of human rights in the digital age // Bulletin of the Humanitarian University. – 2020. – No. 4 (31). – P. 16-28.
4. Evdokimov K. N., Khobonkova K. V. On the problem of improving international cooperation in the field of combating cybercrime // Siberian Law Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 3 (98). – P. 90-95.
5. Kobets P. N. Improving interstate cooperation in the field of information security: the basis for countering international cybercrime // Bulletin of the BelUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 82-89.
6. Ovchinnikov A. I. Security of the individual and the state in the digital age: political and legal aspect // Journal of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 5-21.
7. Sadullaev Gayrat A. Ugli, Sobirov Zh. Kurbonboy Ugli Analysis of the experience of foreign countries in ensuring the protection of information security of the individual // EJAR. – 2024. – No. 5-3. – P. 54-59.
8. Smirnov A. V. Digital society: theoretical model and Russian reality // Monitoring. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 129-153.
9. Shevko N. R., Kazantsev S. Ya., Khisamutdinova E. N. Measures to combat cybercrime: foreign experience // Criminological journal. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 144-147.
10. Yakimova E. M., Naruto S. V. International cooperation in the fight against cybercrime // All-Russian criminological journal. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 369-378.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Social and cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
EFFECTIVE ONLINE MARKETING COMMUNICATION TOOLS AIMED AT PROMOTING ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
The article discusses effective marketing communication tools in the Internet environment aimed at promoting organizations in the field of creative industries. The author comes to the conclusion that the Internet is not just a technology, but a unique communication space that forms completely new connections and relationships between market participants. Its influence on the marketing strategy of the organization of the creative industries is significant, because the Internet is fundamentally changing traditional approaches to interacting with the audience. Future development of the system through marketing communications tools on the Internet with significant digitalization and development of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: Internet, media, marketing, promotion, marketing communications, creative economy, creative industries.
Article bibliographic list
1. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2021 No. 2613-r “On approval of the Concept for the development of creative (creative) industries and mechanisms for implementing their state support in large and largest urban agglomerations until 2030”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_396332/ (date of access:27.03.2025).
2. Akulich M. V. Internet Marketing: a textbook for bachelors. – M .: Publishing and Trading Corporation “Dashkov and Co.”, 2020. – 352 p.
3. Alikperov I. M. Fundraising as an integration of creative non-commercial interests and private business opportunities // Cultural Management. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 10-17.
4. Danilyuk A. Brand on the Internet, or Features of the Communication Environment // Company Management. – 2011. – No. 12. – P. 9-12.
5. Internet PR. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://netology.ru/glossariy/internet-pr (date accessed: 03/29/2025).
6. Kataev AV, Kataeva TM Internet Marketing: a tutorial. – Taganrog: Southern Federal University, 2018. – 154 p.
7. Maksimova IV, Skachkova I. I. Formation of financial literacy of Russians using mass media // Education and cultural space. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 173-183.
8. Nogotkova A. Sales promotion using Internet marketing technologies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.demis.ru/articles/stimulirovanie-sbyta/ (date of access: 30.03.2025).
9. Promotion of a unique creative product: the economy of impressions. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://roscongress.org/materials/prodvizhenie-unikalnogo-kreativnogo-produkta-ekonomika-vpechatleniy/ (date of access: 28.03.2025).
10. Solovieva I. A. Competence-based approach to the creative economy // Culture, science and art – modern vectors of development of the university of culture: materials of the VIII All-Russian (national) scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Orel: OGIK, 2024. – P. 133-138.
11. Tkach V. V. Internet advertising as an effective tool for developing e-business // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2016. – No. 8. – P. 288-292.
12. Shevchenko D. A. Digital marketing: textbook. – M .: Direct-Media, 2022. – 185 p.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZAYTSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, State University of Management, Moscow
SIVTSOVA Inna Sergeevna
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
TAKMAKOVA Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
INTEGRATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INTO THE STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
The article considers options for integrating the objectives of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the process of forming strategies for implementing agricultural policy and government support for the agro-industrial complex. The authors identified have two interrelated sides in the interaction of the processes of achieving the goals of sustainable development and the development of the national agro-industrial complex: the impact of achieving the SDGs on the development of the agro-industrial complex, on the one hand; the impact of the development of the agro-industrial complex on achieving the SDGs, on the other hand; at the same time, direct (direct) and indirect (indirect) effects should be distinguished; this distinction makes it possible to establish the role of the implementation of these SDGs in the strategy for the implementation of agricultural policy and state support for agricultural sectors of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: sustainable development goals, agrarian policy, agriculture.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Sustainable Development Goals. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ru/about/development-agenda/ (Accessed on: 23.04.2025).
2. National set of SDG indicators. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/sdg/national (Accessed on: 23.04.2025).
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2018 No. 204 “On national goals and strategic objectives for the development of the Russian Federation through 2024” (as amended and supplemented) (no longer in effect). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://base.garant.ru/71937200/ (Accessed on: 23.04.2025).
4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 21, 2020 No. 474 “On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030” (no longer in effect). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/74404210/#block_5 (date of access: April 23, 2025).
5. Cherednichenko O. A., Dovgotko N. A., Yashalova N. N. Sustainable development of the agri-food sector: Russian priorities and directions for adapting the 2030 Agenda // Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. – 2018. – Vol. 11, No. 6. – P.89-108.
6. Kadomtseva M. E. System of indicators of sustainable development of the national agro-industrial complex // Problems of forecasting. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 144-156.

ECONOMICS. RIGHT. SOCIETY
NIKOLAENKO Andrey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Chief Researcher, FSBI “Analytical Center”, Moscow
ZAYTSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director of the Center for Technology Management in Bioengineering Research Institute of State Policy and Management of the Sectoral Economy; professor of Banking and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, State University of Management, Moscow
MASHEGOV Peter Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, professor of V. V. Dick Information management and information and communication technologies sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
CHARACTERISTICS OF APPROACHES TO IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The article analyzes approaches to defining the essence of the concept of “economic efficiency”; presents the key characteristics (properties) of the economic efficiency of an industrial enterprise, which are the basis for establishing a list of indicators for assessing the economic efficiency of an economic entity. The classification of factors influencing the indicators of economic efficiency of an industrial enterprise is proposed, which makes it possible to identify reserves for improving the efficiency of an enterprise’s economic activity and use them as reasonable areas of influence on the target indicator.
Keywords: economic efficiency, industrial enterprise, economic efficiency factors.
Article bibliography
1. Vasilyeva N. A., Sukhorukova A. M. Economic and social efficiency of food production in Russia // Management of economic systems: electronic scientific journal. – 2012. – No. 6. – P. 19.
2. Goncharov V. I. Management: textbook. – Moscow: Misanta, 2003. – 624 p.
3. Economy of the firm / Ed. N. P. Ivaschenko. – M.: INFRA–M, 2007. – 528 p.
4. Kovalev V. V., Volkova O. N. Analysis of economic activity of the enterprise: textbook. – M.: TK Velbi, Prospect Publishing House, 2007. – 424 p.
5. Marx K., Engels F. Capital // Works. – 2nd ed. – Vol. 26, Part 2. – P. 177.
6. Meskon M. H., Albert M., Khedouri F. Fundamentals of Management: textbook. Translated from English. – M.: Delo LTD, 2010. – 701 p.
7. Popov V. N., Kasyanov V. S., Savchenko I. P. Systems analysis in management: textbook. pos.; edited by V. N. Popov. – 2nd ed. – M .: KNORUS, 2011. – 304 p.
8. Sokolova I. N. Organizational and economic mechanisms for managing the efficiency of potato production and sales (based on the materials of the Udmurt Republic): 08.00.05: abstract of dis. … Cand. Sci. (Econ.). – Izhevsk, 2005. – 26 p.
9. Pavlov K. V., Mitrofanov I. V. Assessment of the economic efficiency of intensification of the regional production complex: new approaches // Scientific journal of NRU ITMO. Series: Economics and environmental management. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 24-37.
10. Ryzhkova T. V. Theoretical aspects of economic assessment of the efficiency of enterprises // Bulletin of MGUL – Lesnoy Vestnik. – 2013. – No. 4.
11. Leontiev E. D. Models and methods for assessing the efficiency of small communications enterprise management: specialty 08.00.05: dis. … Cand. Sci. (Econ.) – Kursk, 2014. – 169 p.
12. Simchenko O. L. Methodological tools for assessing the efficiency of industrial enterprises – residents of industrial parks: 08.00.05: dis. … Cand. Sci. (Econ.) – Izhevsk, 2019. – 230 p.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
FIRSOVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Marketing and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
FEATURES OF THE CATEGORIZATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN RUSSIA
The study substantiates the choice of the form of registration and business activity, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each form, and presents criteria for categorization of small and medium-sized businesses, taking into account changes in legislation in 2025. Choosing a category for doing business, the role of which is objective and natural in the modern conditions of the country\’s economic development, forms an understanding of business entities in many aspects, in particular, taxation, income and expense planning, achieving business efficiency, and also forms a system of support measures from enterprises, corporations, the state, regions and municipalities. In the study identifies the strategic role of small and medium-sized enterprises, which is objective and natural in the modern conditions of the country\’s economic development, and justifies the choice of the form of registration and business activity.
Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, criteria for small and medium-sized enterprises, individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, business.
Article bibliographic list
1. Unified register of small and medium-sized businesses. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rmsp.nalog.ru/index.html (date of access: 23.06.2025).
2. Small and large companies: advantages and disadvantages. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://newline.tech/small-vs-big-companies-pros-and-cons-ru/ (date of access: 26.06.2025).
3. Federal Law of 24.07.2007 No. 209-FZ (as amended on 23.05.2025) “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 11.06.2025). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_52144/08b3ecbcdc9a360ad1dc314150a6328886703356/ (date of access: 06/25/2025).
4. Firsova O. N., Fedosovsky A. S. Development of small and medium entrepreneurship in the Oryol region under sanctions. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=82266264 (date of access: 06/26/2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ANANCHENKOVA Polina Igorevna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow Department of Healthcare
THE TIME OF OLD AGE: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPORALITY OF LATE LIFE
This article is devoted to the philosophical understanding of old age as a special form of human temporal existence. Unlike traditional approaches focused on medical, demographic, or social aspects, the author examines old age through the lens of a subjective experience of time. The article analyzes how the perception of the past, present and future changes in old age, as reflection, nostalgia, a sense of finiteness and the desire for inner completeness increase. It is concluded that old age is not just the last stage of a biographical line, but also a phenomenon in which much of what makes a person truly human is concentrated: memory, gratitude, acceptance, caring, striving for meaning and dignity at the end of the path. It requires a new language, a new philosophical framework and recognition of its value not as a remnant, but as a possible peak of human life.
Keywords: old age, temporality, philosophy of time, existence, memory, identity, deceleration, authenticity.
Article bibliography
1. Augustine Aurelius. Confession / Aurelius Augustine; trans. from Latin. M. Sergeenko. – St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2024.
2. Améry J. The Power of Age: Lessons of Old Age for Families and Youth. – SPb.: Izdatelstvo “Aletheia”, 2015.
3. Bergson A. Creative evolution. – M.: OOO “Izdatelstvo “Eksmo”, 2019.
4. Lukyanov O. V. Existential analysis and the nature of time. Transtemporal character of existential experience // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2007. – No. 299. – P. 164-170.
5. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of perception / Edited by I. S. Vdovina, S. L. Fokin. – SPb: “Yuventa”, 1999.
6. Ricoeur P. Time and story. T. 1: The historian’s present and the fictional time of the story / Trans. S. N. Zenkin. – M.: Publishing house of humanitarian literature, 2004. – P. 11-63.
7. Frankl V. Man in search of meaning. – M.: Progress, 1990.
8. Heidegger M. Being and time. – M.: Ad Marginem, 1997.
9. Husserl E. Phenomenology of the inner consciousness of time. – M.: Gnosis, 1994.
10. Erikson E. G. Childhood and society: trans. from English. – St. Petersburg: Lenato, AST, Foundation “University book”, 1996.
11. Jonas H. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. – Zürich: Buchclub Ex Libris, 1987.
12. Jonas H. The Phenomenon of Life. – Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2001. – P. 225-234.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ANIKEEVA Elena Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of History of philosophy sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ANITYA-VADA (DOCTRINE OF NON-PERMANENCE) IN CONTEXT OF TRADITIONAL RUSSIAN BUDDHISM
The article discusses the core principle of Buddhist outlook anitya-vada (teaching of ‘non-eternity’, non-permanence). Buddhism spread on Russian regions – Tuvan, Buryatian, Kalmyk – in the form of Gelugpa. It is shown that several archetypes of nomadic mentality and culture: space, frequent moving, coherent to anitya-vada, – stimulated the Buddhist entrance into indigenous cultural soil and composed peculiar forms of Russian Buddhism.
Keywords: anitya, anitya-vada, indigenous culture, nomadic culture, Russian Buddhism, phenomenon of consciousness.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Androsov V. P. Buddhist classics of Ancient India. The Word of Buddha and the treatises of Nagarjuna translated from Pali, Sanskrit and Tibetan with commentary. – M .: Diamond Way, 2010. – 512 p.
2. Bicheev B. A., Ochir A. The Cult of the White Elder (Mongolian texts from Tuva) // New studies of Tuva. – 2021. – No. 1.
3. Vasubandu. (Encyclopedia of Abhidharma, or Abhidharmakosha. Section I – Dhatu-nirdesha, or the doctrine of classes of elements. Section II – Indriya-nirdesha, or the doctrine of the factors of dominance in the psyche / Translated from Sanskrit, introduced and reconstructed by the system of E. P. Ostrovskaya and V. I. Rudoy. – M .: “Ladomir”, 1998. – 671 p.
4. Questions of Milinda (“Milindapanha”) / Translated from Pali and commented by A. Paribka. – M .: Nauka, 1989. – 486 p.
5. Garmaeva S. B. On the issue of the peculiarities of Buryat Buddhism. Elements of inclusivism and exclusivism // XIII Festival of Science in Moscow. October 12-13, 2018: Collection of scientific articles by young scientists of the Federal State Scientific Center / Ed. by V. B. Petrov et al. – Moscow: RUDN University, 2018. – Pp. 30-37.
6. Lamazhaa Ch. K. Geocultural images of the Buddhist world of Tuvans: historical context and modernity // New studies of Tuva. – 2019. – No. 3. – Pp. 27-40. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nit.tuva.asia/nit/article/view/862 (date of access: 08.11.20.). – DOI: 10.25178/nit.2019.3.3.
7. Mongush M. V. History of Buddhism in Tuva. – Novosibirsk: Science, 2001. – 200 p.
8. Khomushku O. M. Religion in the culture of peoples Sayan-Altai. – M.: RAGS Publishing House, 2005. – 228 p.
9. Khomushku O. M. Transformation of pre-Buddhist archetypes in the process of their interaction with Buddhist ideas in the worldview of the peoples of Sayan-Altai // Tuvan writing and issues of studying scripts and written monuments of Russia and the Central Asian region. Proceedings of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Tuvan writing: In 2 parts / Responsible. editor K. A. Bicheldey. – Abakan: Khakass book publishing house, 2010. Part II. – P. 260-267.
10. Hacker P. Inclusivismus // Inclusivismus. Eine indische Denkform. – Vienna, 1983. – P. 25-62.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ARSHIN Konstantin Valerjevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, Doctoral student of the Social Philosophy Sector, Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
INVOCATIO DEI IN THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION: DEBATES
The article presents a study of the debates on the content of the European Constitution, in terms of including a mention of the Christian heritage of the European Union. The author presents various points of view on this issue, namely the point of view of the liberal camp, defending the position on the fundamental incompatibility of European values and the Christian heritage of Europe, as well as the position of conservatives, pointing to the deep connection between human rights and Christian ethics. The article particularly emphasizes the fact that even the intervention of the Roman Curia in the dispute did not lead to a positive result on the inclusion of Invocatio Dei in the European Constitution. The author also concludes that it was the principled nature of the dispute about Invocatio Dei in the European Constitution that led to the failure of the constitutional project.
Keywords: constitution, European Union, Catholic Church, identity, values.
Article bibliography
1. Bielawska A., Wisniewski J. The European Constitution: the dispute over Invocatio Dei and the emphasis on the Christian roots of Europe // History and Modernity. – 2005. – № 1.
2. Glukharev L. I. Political components of the development of the European Union // Modern Europe. – 2003. – № 2 (14).
3. Schroeder G. Decisions. My life in politics. – M.: Europe, 2007.
4. The EU economy in the context of deterioration of the global economic situation // Bulletin on current trends in the world economy. – February 2020.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ASHYROV Nuryagdy Dovletgeldiyevich
postgraduate student of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ELKHOVA Oksana Igorevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
POST-INFORMATIONAL SOCIETY AND THE CRISIS OF SUBJECTIVITY
The article examines the transformation of subjectivity in the context of the post-informational society, where digital technologies and artificial intelligence intelligence (AI) cease to function solely as tools and begin to act as active participants in social and cognitive processes. The post-informational society is marked by the high density of information flows, within which the boundaries between physical and digital realities become increasingly blurred. Algorithmic systems are capable of autonomously selecting information, making decisions, and shaping worldviews, thereby assuming the role of quasi-subjects. At the core of the study lies the concept of distributed subjectivity, which implies the partial delegation of cognitive functions to intelligent technologies. Special attention is given to the phenomenon of cognitive offloading, whereby fundamental mental operations are systematically transferred to external digital structures, resulting in a weakening of the individual\’s cognitive autonomy. In an environment shaped by algorithmically mediated thinking, a new model of rationality emerges: one in which decision-making increasingly relies on AI-generated suggestions rather than independent reflection. This shift in cognitive emphasis calls for a comprehensive philosophical analysis.
Keywords: post-informational society, quasi-subjectivity, distributed subjectivity, algorithmic thinking.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kudryashev A.F., Elkhova O.I. Inverted truth // Modern philosophical studies. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 58-70.
2. Vyatkin A. N., Kovalevskaya I. S. Quasi-subjects in cyberlaw: conceptual approaches and legal perspective // Bulletin of the Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 161-174. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik.msal.ru/jour/article/view/1975 (date accessed: 05/29/2025).
3. Elkhova O. I. Metrics of phenomenological virtual experience // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Philosophy. – 2024. – Vol. 28, No. 4. – P. 997-1013.
4. Clark A., Chalmers D. The Extended Mind // Analysis. – 1998. – Vol. 58, No. 1. – P. 7-19. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7 (accessed: 29.05.2025).
5. Syré M., Lorenz-Spreen P., Helbing D. Extended human agency: towards a teleological account of AI // Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. – 2024. – Vol. 11, No. 1. – P. 1-10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03849-x (accessed: 29.05.2025).
6. Floridi L., Cowls J., Beltrametti M. et al. AI4People – An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations // Minds and Machines. – 2018. – Vol. 28. – P. 689-707. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5 (date of access: 29.05.2025).
7. Arepyev E. I., Bukin D. N., Voitsekovich V. E. et al. Philosophy and progress of science: practical aspect: monograph / Ed. E. I. Arepyev. – Kursk: Publishing house of Kursk State University, 2023. – 269 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ILYASOV Radik Ravilovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa
SAMSITDINOV Ilfat Zakievich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Russian History, historiography and source studies sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES AS A NEW TREND IN SHAPING THE WORLDVIEW OF FUTURE HEALTHCARE SPECIALISTS
The article considers the urgent problem of forming an active worldview in future doctors and analyzes the role of courses taught by the Department of Philosophy in solving this problem. It is emphasized that the teaching staff of the department uses a wide range of both classical and original pedagogical methods aimed at developing critical thinking and an active life position in students. Particular attention is paid to the inclusion of the subject «Professional Culture of a Doctor» in the curriculum, which provides new opportunities for strengthening personal techniques of cognition and transforming reality. The authors of the article proceed from the paradigm according to which the basic meaning is already present in the form of individual, pre-set options, but its further development and deepening occurs in the process of studying social and humanitarian disciplines.
Keywords: mobility, general and individual, stratification, personal techniques of students.
Article bibliography
1. Ambarova P. A., Zborovsky G. E. Network interaction of universities in the system of higher education of the Ural macroregion // Economy of the region. – 2017. – Vol. 13, Issue 2. – P. 446-456.
2. Gaifullin A. Yu. Sociological analysis of value orientations of modern student youth // Ufa Humanitarian Scientific Forum. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 221-232.
3. Golenkova Z. T., Kosharnaya G. B., Kosharny V. P. The influence of education on increasing the competitiveness of workers in the labor market // Integration of education. – 2018. – Vol. 22, No. 2 (91). – P. 262-273.
4. Popova E. S. Horizontal professional mobility in modern sociological research // Sociologistical journal. – 2018. – Vol. 24, No. 3. – P. 98-116.
5. Reznik Yu. M. On the topology of the human life-world // Questions of social theory. – 2017. – Vol. IX. – P. 212-230.
6. Samsitdinov I. Z. Social mobility as a condition for revealing human potential // Social factors of human potential development at the regional level: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Ufa: RIO BashSU, 2003. – P. 50-54.
7. Samsitdinov I. Z., Samsitdinov I. Z. Transformation of mobility in the educational space // Trends in the development of the cooperative sector of the economy: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists. – Ufa: Aeterna, 2023. – P. 309-312.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KORNEV Georgiy Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of History, philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, L. Ya. Florentyev Nizhny Novgorod State Agrotechnological University
THE TRUTH OF HOLISTIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF VLADIMIR SOLOVYOV
The article notes the originality of the formulation and solution of the problem of truth by the Russian religious philosopher Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov. Truth is considered in relation to the holistic knowledge, and not to its separate abstract principles, such as empirical and rational, scientific and beyond scientific. The relevance of Solovyov\’s problematization of truth for modern research is revealed, as well as its focus on the search for not only ontological and epistemological characteristics, but also pragmatic and axiological qualities that reveal truth in relation to the goodness, beauty and faith for man and all mankind. It is the latter qualities of Solovyov\’s truth that are contained in his philosophical and religious concept of “all-universality”.
Keywords: holistic knowledge, truth, “all-universality”, V. S. Solovyov, Russian religious philosophy, abstract beginnings, God.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kornev G. P. Ideological concept of truth. Philosophy and law enforcement: monograph. – M. Academichesky Proekt, 2006. – 352 p.
2. Lossky N. O. History of Russian Philosophy / Preface by P. B. Shalimov. – M.: Progress, 1994. – 457 p.
3. Soloviev V. S. Critique of Abstract Principles // Works in 2 volumes. Vol. I / Comp., general editors and introduction by A. F. Losev and A. V. Gulyga; notes by S. L. Kravets and others. – M.: Mysl, 1988. – Pp. 581-756.
4. Soloviev V. S. Philosophical Principles of Integral Knowledge // Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 2 / Comp., general editors and introduction by A. F. Losev and A. V. Gulyga; notes by S. L. Kravets et al. – Moscow: Mysl, 1988. – P. 139-288.
5. Soloviev V. S. The Form of Reason and the Reason of Truth // Works in 2 volumes. Vol. I / Comp., general editorship and introduction by A. F. Losev and A. V. Gulyga; notes by S. L. Kravets et al. – Moscow: Mysl, 1988. – P. 814-831.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOCHESOKOV Robert Khazhismelovich
Ph.D., professor, Head of Philosophy sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University
BIZHEVA Agnessa Petrovna
Ph.D., senior lecturer, of Philosophy sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University
KULTURBAEVA Lyubov Machrailovna
Ph.D., senior lecturer, of Philosophy sub-faculty, Kh. M. Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University
L. I. BREZHNEV AS A DEMOCRATIC POLITICIAN-TECHNOLOGIST
The article is devoted to the study of some of the most significant characteristics of L. I. Brezhnev\’s political leadership. It is discussed that Brezhnev can be considered a bright democratic politician-technologist. Faced with the need to «correct» a disbalanced political system, he not only effectively coped with this task, but also maintained the necessary balance in its functioning throughout his political leadership. At the same time, remaining a politician-technologist, he was unable to promptly recognize, much less respond to, the strategic challenges facing the country.
Keywords: political leadership, L. I. Brezhnev, political elites, politician-strategist, politician-technologist.
Article bibliography
1. Aleksandrov-Agentov A. M. From Kollontai to Gorbachev / Under the general editorship of I. F. Ogorodnikova. Moscow: Intern. relations, 1994. 304 p.
2. Burlatsky F. M. Leaders and advisers: About Khrushchev, Andropov and not only about them… M.: Politizdat, 1990. 384 p.
3. Gorbachev M. S. Life and reforms / Mikhail Gorbachev. – In two books. M.; Publishing house “Novosti”, 1995. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://libcat.ru/knigi/dokumentalnye-knigi-i-memuary/201977 (date of access: 03/15/2023).
4. Kochesokov R. Kh., Bizheva A. P., Kulturbaeva L. M. Logic of the evolution of political elites // Eurasian Law Journal. 2023. No. 1 (176). P. 476-477.
5. Kochesokov R. Kh., Bizheva A. P., Kulturbaeva L. M. Typology of political elites // Eurasian Law Journal. 2023. No. 3 (178). P. 485-489.
6. Medvedev R. A. Political portraits. Leonid Brezhnev. Yuri Andropov. Moscow: Vremya, 2015. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https: // www.4talka.ru. (date of access: 02/22/2023).
7. Mlechin L. M. Brezhnev. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2008. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.4talka.ru. (date of access: 16.06.2023).
8. Shattenberg S. Leonid Brezhnev. The Greatness and Tragedy of Man and Country. Moscow: Array Litagent Political Encyclopedia, 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://libcat.ru/.…shattenberg-leonid…velichie…tragediya… (date of access: 16.06.2023).
9. Shakhnazarov G. With and without Leaders. Moscow: Vagrius, 2001. 605 p.
10. Yakovlev A. N. Pool of Memory. Moscow: Vagrius, 2000. 604 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KUZMINA Elena Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Head of the sub-faculty, Institute of Social and Philosophical Sciences and Mass Communications, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
TOKRANOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Institute of Social and Philosophical Sciences and Mass Communications, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
THE COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF METAPHOR IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
This article is devoted to the identification of the role of metaphor in scientific cognition. The authors examine the attitude to metaphor in different periods of the development of science, in particular, they identify interpretations of metaphor from the point of view of classical rationality, as well as in the context of positivist attitudes of the early 20th century. It is noted that during these periods the metaphor is denied the status of a legitimate cognitive tool. Turning to the stage of post-nonclassical science, the authors discover a change in attitudes towards the cognitive possibilities of metaphor in scientific cognition, but at the same time, they encounter the lack of a unified theory of metaphor. This article identifies various modern approaches to the interpretation of the nature of metaphor, analyzes the potential of these approaches to create a theory of scientific metaphor. In conclusion, based on the considered approaches, the authors draw a conclusion about the functions of metaphor in modern scientific knowledge.
Keywords: metaphor, classical science, post-nonclassical science, concept.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aristotle. Rhetoric / Ancient Rhetorics / Ed. by A. A. Takho-Godi. – M.: Moscow University Press, 1978. – Pp. 15-165.
2. Arutyunova N. D. Metaphor and Discourse / Theory of Metaphor: Collection // Translated from English, French, German, Spanish, Polish. Introduction and compilation by N. D. Arutyunova; General editors by N. D. Arutyunova and M. A. Zhurinskaya. – M.: Progress, 1990. – Pp. 5-33.
3. Baranov G. S. Scientific Metaphor: Model-Semiotic Approach. Part 1. Modern Linguistic-Philosophical Concepts of Metaphor. – Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuizdat, 1992. – 112 p.
4. Bunge M. Philosophy of Physics. – M.: Progress, 1975. – 347 p.
5. Dem’yankov V. Z. The term “concept” as an element of terminological culture / Language as the matter of meaning: a collection of articles in honor of academician N. Yu. Shvedova // Responsible. editor M. V. Lyapon. – M.: Publishing center “Azbukovnik”, 2007. – P. 606-622.
6. Davidson D. What do metaphors mean / Theory of metaphor: a collection // Translated from English, French, German, Spanish, Polish. Introduction and compilation by N. D. Arutyunova; General editor. By N. D. Arutyunova and M. A. Zhurinskaya. – Moscow: Progress, 1990. – P. 173-193.
7. Lakoff J., Johnson M. Metaphors We Live By / Translated from English. Ed. and with a preface by A. N. Baranov. – Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2004. – 256 p.
8. Lakoff J. Linguistic Gestalts / New in Foreign Linguistics. Issue H. Linguistic Semantics. – Moscow: Progress, 1981. – 567 p.
9. McCormack E. Cognitive Theory of Metaphor / Theory of Metaphor: collection / Translated from English, French, German, Spanish, Polish. Introduction and compiler. N. D. Arutyunova; General editors N. D. Arutyunova and M. A. Zhurinskaya. – M.: Progress, 1990. – P. 358-387.
10. Austin J. How to Perform Actions with Words / Selected. Trans. from English by Makeeva L. B., Rudneva V. P. – M.: Idea-Press, House of Intellectual Books, 1999. – 332 p.
11. Reshetnikova E. V. Metaphor in Post-Non-Classical Cognition: monograph. Novosib. State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin). – Novosibirsk: NGASU, 2013. – 160 p.
12. Richards A. Philosophy of Rhetoric / Theory of Metaphor: collection: Trans. from English, French, German, Spanish, Polish. Introduction and compilation by N. D. Arutyunova; General editors by N. D. Arutyunova and M. A. Zhurinskaya. – Moscow: Progress, 1990. – P. 44-68.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MUKHUMAEV Israpil Pakhrudinovich
postgraduate student, Bulgarian Islamic Academy
MUSAEVA Asma Gadzhievna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy; Head of the Department of Science and Innovation, Dagestan Humanitarian Institute, Makhachkala
THE LEGACY OF YUSUF AL-NABHANI: “THE FORMATION OF AN IDEOLOGICAL BODY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ISLAMIC TRADITION”
This article explores the spiritual and theological legacy of Sheikh Yusuf an-Nabhani (1849 – 1932), one of the most prominent Islamic scholars, Sufi authors, and defenders of traditional Sunni orthodoxy in the late Ottoman period. The study highlights his methodological approach in opposing reformist and sectarian movements such as Wahhabism and Salafism. Drawing from his key works, including Shawāhid al-Ḥaqq, the article analyzes how an-Nabhani utilizes classical legal and theological sources, scholarly consensus, and spiritual practices to defend mainstream Sunny positions. Special attention is given to his strategy of restricting the spread of controversial literature, engaging in critical rebuttals, and promoting Sufi practices like tawassul and ziyārah.
Keywords: Yusuf an-Nabhani, Sunni Islam, Sufism, Wahhabism, Salafism, Islamic theology, spiritual heritage, Islamic polemics.
Article bibliography
1. Alimuradov R. B., Khasaev M. A. Imama Ash-Shafi’i – the founder of the Shafi’i madhhab // In the collection: Theological education: DGI, Makhachkala, 2021. Pp. 289-294.
2. An-Nabahani, Yusif ibn Ismail. Raf al-Isteba Fi Istihalat al-chihala Allah. Kahira: [ed.], Nashr or.
3. An-Nabahani, Yusif ibn Ismail. Shawahid al-Haqq fi al-Istiqhata bi Sayyid al-Khalq. Beirut: [ed.], Nashr or damlenir.
4. Gish T. J. Classic of Islamic Theory: Derslik. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Metropolitan University, 2018.
5. Zaydan J. Bus sihife movchud deyil. Beirut: Dar al-Hilal, 1978.
6. Kakhaev A. M. Sufism in the Spiritual Culture of the Peoples of the Alazani Valley // In the collection: Globalization and the Traditional World. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. 2017. P. 134-140.
7. Mameddin S. V. Sitaty: Peyjembarin irsini, solving the problem in options. Oneworld, 2018.
8. Haddad, Sibril Fuad. Sonny mukkaddusler vs mukkaddusler in siyahisi. Kuala Lumpur: Aqsa Nəşrləri, 2019.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
OPENKOV Mikhail Yurjevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk
TETENKOV Nikolay Borisovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy and sociology sub-faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk
FLACONICS: THE AROMAS OF LIFE
Traditionally, sight and hearing are considered to be “philosophical” sensory organs, ignoring the rest of the senses. The authors of the article consider this point of view to be erroneous and consider it necessary to rehabilitate the sense of smell and taste, returning them to the status of philosophical sensory organs. To this end, the authors propose to introduce the concept of «flaconics» into scientific use, where a vial will be understood as the general properties of the shell in relation to the substance that is enclosed in this shell. The article provides examples of smells that are related to philosophical themes: smells of time, space, human birth, fear, etc. Computer game developers, trying to bring virtual reality closer to physical reality, add a smell.
Keywords: flaconics, smell, taste, aroma, the surrounding world, virtual reality, sensory organs, Schrader.
Article bibliography
1. Kuznetsova N. I., Rozov M. A., Shreider Yu. A. Object of study – science. – Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2012. – 560 p.
2. Turin L. Secret of aroma: from molecule to perfume. – M.: Eksmo, 2021. – 304 p.
3. Volkova R. Fragrant glass: bottle and perfume. – SPb.: “Gelikon Plus”, 2025. – 80 p.
4. Delacourt S. Nose. Secrets of the perfumer. – M.: KoLibri, Azbuka-Attikus, 2025. – 208 p.
5. Chalmers D. The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. – M.: URSS; Book House “LIBROKOM”, 2013. – 512 p.
6. Olafsdottir Auður Ava. The human animal. – SPb.: Polyandria No Age, 2023. – 192 p.
7. Zoil Shirley Michaela, Pause Bettina M. It’s all about the smell: How the nose dictates what to want and who to love. – M.: Discourse, 2021. – 240 p. @@ The smell of fear – Sony pushes the boundaries of VR technology with a breakthrough in immersion in virtual reality. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.pravda.ru/news/science/2164305-proryvom-v-loading-in-virtual-reality/
8. Han Byung-Chol. The Scent of Time. A Philosophical Essay on the Art of Contemplation. – M.: AST Publishing House, 2023. – P. 150.
9. Rock Dominic. The Scent Hunter. A Journey in Search of Natural Ingredients for Iconic Perfumes from Guerlain to Issey Miyake. – M.: Eksmo, 2022. – P. 13-14.
10. What Does Space Smell Like? An Amazing Mix of Metal, Exhaust Gases, and… Burnt Steak. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ixbt.com/live/science/chem-pahnet-kosmos-udivitelnaya-smes-metalla-vyhlopnyh-gazov-i-podgorevshego-steyka.html.
11. Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Selected works in 3 volumes. T. 3. – M.-L., Publishing house of fiction, 1959. – 1554 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Acting Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
SARYCHEV Petr Ivanovich
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
GULIGANOV Danil Dmitrievich
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
THE PROBLEM OF MAN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PHENOMENON OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The article explores the problem of man in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). The issues of identity, free will and ethics in the context of digitalization are considered. The author analyzes how AI affects the understanding of human nature, replacing traditional roles and creating new challenges. Particular attention is paid to the dichotomy between technological progress and the preservation of humanistic values. A conclusion is made about the need to rethink anthropological concepts in the context of interaction with AI in order to avoid the dehumanization of society.
Keywords: man, artificial intelligence, modern culture, cultural dynamics, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture.
Article bibliography
1. Boguslavsky M. V., Milovanov K. Yu., Ovchinnikov A. V. Potential of the content of federal work programs for the courses “Social Science” and “History” in ensuring the formation of traditional Russian values in students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 29-38.
2. Gusev D. M., Melnikov P. A., Shashenko V. A. Using artificial intelligence as a predictive model for the spread of pollutants in the atmospheric air // Ecology and industry of Russia. – 2025. – Vol. 29, No. 2. – P. 56-59.
3. Krasavina Yu. V., Ponomarenko E. P., Gareev A. A., Shishkina A. A. Using ChatGPT in the cognitive activity of students with hearing impairments // Information society. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 49-57.
4. Kretov D. V. Modern trends in the evolution of politics // Traditions and innovations in the space of modern culture: materials of the VII All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. – Lipetsk: Lipetsk State Pedagogical University named after P. P. Semenova-Tyan-Shansky, 2025. – P. 91-95.
5. Panarina M. M. Digital compliance as an effective way to minimize information risks // Journal of Russian Law. – 2025. – Vol. 29, No. 1. – P. 141-154.
6. Prutskov A. V. Teaching Java programming at a university: pedagogical aspects // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 62-68.
7. Ryabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining options for choosing future professional training for university applicants by organizing online testing // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 48-57.
8. Suravtsova Yu. S., Korovko I. L. Stylization of graphics in the video game environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 84-92.
9. Jiang M., Zhang G., Zeng Q., Xiong D., Bai X., Wu Ya., Liu Ju., Chen J., Jiang T., Liu W.X., Miao Ya.B. Weaving the gates of life: Pioneering a new era in oral gene delivery with metal-organic frameworks // Chemical Engineering Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 503. – P. 158522.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BLOKHIN Konstantin Maximovich
postgraduate student, State University of Education, Moscow
RECOGNIZING THE VALUE OF STRONG POWER: A HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NEO-EURASIAN CONCEPT
The article provides a historical and philosophical analysis of the neo-Eurasian concept, which combines the ideas of traditionalism, conservatism and a geopolitical approach, with a special emphasis on the justification of the need for a strong centralized government. The article examines the historical and philosophical roots of ideology, the role of the people as a civilizational community and criticism of Western models of political identity, as well as the influence of the ideas of Russian philosophers and traditional values. The main concepts such as the organicity of the state, hierarchy, spirituality and the role of religion are analyzed, as well as internal disagreements and criticism of this idea in the context of modern Russian society.
Keywords: neo-Eurasianism, strong government, traditionalism, conservatism, Russian philosophy, geopolitics, civilizational community, state, spirituality, national identity.
Article bibliography
1. Asanaliev U. A., Bredikhin A. V. The role of the SCO for the EAEU countries in the modern period // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 4 (191). – P. 487-488.
2. Akhromeeva Yu. V. Neo-Eurasianism and Traditionalism as Examples of Fundamentalist Ideology // ONV. – 2008. – No. 5 (72). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/neoevraziystvo-i-traditsionalizm-kak-primery-fundamentalistskoy-ideologii (date of access: 01.05.2025).
3. Bredikhin A. V. Eurasian Vector of Development of the Russian Federation: Exodus to the East // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2023. – Vol. 29, No. 1. – P. 98-109.
4. Bredikhin A. V. Prospects for the Participation of New Post-Soviet States in the Processes of Eurasian Integration // Arkhon. – 2017. – No. 2 (2). – P. 14-16.
5. Dugin A. G. The goals and objectives of our Revolution. – M.: Fravarti, 1995. – 30 p.
6. Dugin A. G. Absolute Homeland. Paths of the Absolute. Metaphysics of the Good News. Mysteries of Eurasia. – M.: Arktogeya-center, 1999. – 752 p.
7. Dugin A. G. The Eurasian path as a national idea. – M.: Artogya-center, 2002. – 144 p.
8. Dugin A. G. Russian thing. Essays on National Philosophy: in 2 volumes: Volume 1. – Moscow: Artogea-Center, 2001. – Pp. 69-75.
9. Ustinkin S. V., Sedayev P. V., Paranichev D. V. Theoretical Foundations of Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism: Is the EAEU Their Embodiment? // Power. – 2022. – No. 4. – Pp. 30-38.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BULYGIN Alexander Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Philosophy sub-faculty, V. Dahl Lugansk State University
HYPER-CONSTRUCTIVENESS OF THE SUBJECT AS A FORM OF POST-ONTOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: FROM ESSENTIALISM TO ALGORITHMIC IDENTITY
The article, representing the result of a theoretical and methodological analysis within the framework of contemporary philosophical anthropology and philosophy of culture, explores the phenomenon of hyper-constructiveness of the subject in the context of the post-ontological shift. It is demonstrated that the classical model of the subject, grounded in metaphysical categories of reason, spirit, and freedom, is being replaced by conceptual models of multiple, fragmented, and algorithmically modulated subjectivities. The study examines key theoretical frameworks of post-structuralism, posthumanism, and anti-essentialist critique, within which the subject loses ontological stability and becomes an effect of networked, digital, cognitive, and biopolitical structures. Special attention is paid to concepts such as algorithmic identity, digital twin, and neuro-power, as well as to techno-semiotic modalities of subjectivation under conditions of platform capitalism. Hyper-constructiveness is interpreted as both a methodological tool and an epistemological framework that allows for the conceptualization of the subject as an event emerging at the intersection of information flows, affective patterns, and machinic processes. The article concludes with the formation of a new onto-anthropology, in which subjectivity is no longer fixed as a substantial given but understood as a hybrid and relational configuration.
Keywords: philosophical anthropology, post-ontology, subject, hyper-constructiveness, algorithmic identity, digital twin, techno-semiotics, desubjectivation, biopower, neuropower, posthumanism, subjectivity.
Article bibliography
1. Scheler M. The Position of Man in the Cosmos / Transl. A. Filippov // The Problem of Man in Western Philosophy / Transl. and compiled by P. S. Gurevich; general editor Yu. N. Popova. – Moscow: Progress, 1988. – Pp. 31-95.
2. Cassirer E. Experience of Man: Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Culture / Transl. A. N. Muravyova // The Problem of Man in Western Philosophy / Translated and compiled by P. S. Gurevich; general editor Yu. N. Popova. – M.: Progress, 1988. – Pp. 3-30.
3. Plessner H. Stages of the Organic and Man: Introduction to Philosophical Anthropology. – M.: Canon+, 2020. – 255 p.
4. Foucault M. Supervise and Punish. The Birth of Prison / Translated from French by V. Naumov; edited by I. Borisova. – M.: Ad Marginem, 1999. – 480 p.
5. Deleuze J., Guattari F. A Thousand Plateaus. Capitalism and Schizophrenia. – M.: U-Faktoriya, 2010. – 728 p.
6. Ricoeur P. Oneself as Another. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. – 360 p.
7. Deacon T., Krakauer D. Information and the Origin of Individuality // Theory in Biosciences. – 2017. – Vol. 136. – P. 1-22.
8. Hayles N. K. How We Became Posthuman. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. – 350 p.
9. Pepperell R. The Posthuman Condition. – Bristol: Intellect Books, 2003. – 186 p.
10. Chechel E. L. Digital Mask: Forms and Limits of Subjectivity in Network Culture // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 7: Philosophy. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 25-40.
11. Selivanov S. A. Digital Self: Phenomenology and Limits of Reality // Philosophical Sciences. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 92-105.
12. Uzhakina A. L., Tsetlina T. N. Hyperidentity and Postanthropology in the Digital Age // Digital Culture and Education. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 25-36.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VORONITSYN Nikolay Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, State University of Education
NEO-EURASIANISM: YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW (NEW TRENDS IN NEO-EURASIANISM)
The article examines the evolution and current trends of neo-Eurasianism as a geopolitical and intellectual concept. The article analyzes the historical roots of neo-Eurasianism, its main ideas and differences from classical Eurasianism, as well as internal currents and their features in the modern context. Attention is paid to the transformation of ideas, the transition from confrontational postulates to a pragmatic approach that includes elements of strategic partnership and participation in global processes. Three key trends of neo-Eurasianism today are considered: national-conservative, left-populist, and pragmatically liberal, as well as possible scenarios for its development in the future in the context of growing multipolarity and regional integration.
Keywords: neo-Eurasianism, Eurasianism, geopolitics, transformation, ideology, national conservatism, leftist populism, pragmatism, globalization, regional integration.
References
1. Bredikhin A. V., Serdyuk A. A. Prospects for the UAE’s participation in the BRICS+ format // Modern Asia: Politics, Economy, Society, 2025. No. 1 (6). pp. 5-9.
2. Varshavskaya S. A., Bredikhin A. V. Current directions of humanitarian cooperation between the BRICS member countries // Issues of national and federal relations, 2025. Vol. 15, No. 1 (118). pp. 147-152.
3. Dugin A. G. Fundamentals of Eurasianism. M., 2002. 800 p.
4. Isaeva O. S. Modification of the philosophical ideas of classical Eurasianism in the creative legacy of A. G. Dugin // Philosophical Thought. 2019. No. 7. P. 1-10.
5. Kosharny V. P. Eurasianism as an object of interdisciplinary synthesis // Bulletin of the Moscow University. Series 7, Philosophy: a scientific journal. 1994. No. 4. Pp. 9-11.
6. Maslin M. A. At the source of Eurasianism. On the 100th anniversary of the publication of Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy’s book “Europe and Humanity” // Philosophical Journal. 2019. Vol. 12, No. 4. Pp. 161-178.
7. Savitsky P. N. Eurasianism // Russian knot of Eurasianism. The East in Russian thought: collection of Eurasian texts / Comp., intro. and notes by S. Klyuchnikov, afterword by V. Kozhinov. M.: Belovodye, 1997. Pp. 76-94.
8. Ustinkin S. V., Sedaev P. V., Paranichev D. V. Theoretical foundations of Eurasianism and neo-Eurasianism: is the EAEU their embodiment? // Power. 2022. No. 4. Pp. 29-37.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Acting Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
YABLOKOVA Sofiya Evgenjevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
ZAYTSEV Ruslan Alexandrovich
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
PROMISING DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH IN THE FRAMEWORK OF PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES
Contemporary research in the philosophy of religion and religious studies goes beyond the traditional analysis of religious doctrines, embracing interdisciplinary directions. The article considers key promising areas, including cognitive sciences (the neuroscience of religious experience), the impact of digital technologies (AI and virtual religions), environmental theology, gender studies and postsecular trends. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of religion with globalization, politics and new forms of spirituality. Post-atheistic concepts and neurotheology are also analyzed. The article demonstrates how contemporary challenges from artificial intelligence to the climate crisis are transforming the understanding of religion in the 21st century.
Keywords: philosophy of religion, religious studies, cognitive science, digital religion, environmental theology, postsecularity, neurotheology.
Article bibliography
1. Abel S. The Bible – an illustrated book of morality? Kant’s “doctrinal hermeneutics” and its benefits for human moral culture // Kantovsky sbornik. – 2024. – Vol. 43, No. 4. – P. 125-154.
2. Burden B. The Authority of Conscience: On the Legitimacy of Political Theology in a Democratic Society // Philosophical Sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 67, No. 4. – P. 136-158.
3. Grishina E. V. Ideal-Realism as a Religious Ontology in the Philosophy of Religion of B. P. Vysheslavtseva // Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities. Series 1: Theology. Philosophy. Religious Studies. – 2024. –№ 113. – P. 98-120.
4. Egorova G. I., Kulashkina A. N. Concepts of cooperation between family, school, university in educating Russian multicultural identity of schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – № 2 (31). – P. 74-80.
5. Zolotukhin V. V. Lebanese communist Mahdi ʻAmil as a philosopher of religion // East. Afro-Asian societies: history and modernity. – 2024. – № 6. – P. 191-203.
6. Kurganova I. G. Multidimensionality of the body: the problem of Eastern Christian cardiocentrism in the context of transplantology // Chelovek. – 2025. – V. 36, No. 2. – P. 155-175.
7. Martyanova E. G., Slobozhanin A. V. Methodological aspects of teaching the discipline “History of religions in Russia” in the system of higher education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 56-61.
8. Naumova T. A., Mukhacheva E. V., Lagunova Yu. M. Pedagogical technology for developing financial literacy of undergraduate students in non-economic fields of study at the university // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (30). – P. 41-49.
9. Stoyanov A. S. Game interaction as a factor in the development of speech skills in preschoolers: experts’ expectations // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (31). – P. 87-99.
10. Tantsura M. S., Kondrashov S. V., Andrievskikh M. V. The Importance of Social Media in the Context of the Development of the Information Society // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (30). – P. 86-93.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
YUSUPOVA Alsou Railjevna
assistant of philosophy, history and social engineering sub-faculty, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
STAGES OF ESTABLISHING THE PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSHUMANISM
The article examines the stages of the development of transhumanist philosophy, its main concepts, and analyzes criticism and approaches that arise in response to transhumanist ideas. The author analyzes the historical origins of the philosophy of transhumanism, the directions of transhumanist thought in science and the philosophical discourse on the possibilities and threats of transhumanist technologies on the social development of society: concerns about inequality, the loss of human nature and the moral consequences of modifying human nature. The work also describes the author\’s observations regarding the transition from early forms of transhumanism to modern concepts.
Keywords: transhumanism, philosophy, posthumanism, extropianism, libertarianism.
Article bibliography
1. Huxley J. New Bottles for New Wine. – London: Chatto & Windus, 1957. – 318 p.
2. Ettinger R. Prospects of Immortality. – Moscow: Nauch. mir, 2003. – 261 p.
3. Ettinger R. Man into Superman. – Palo Alto: Ria University Press, 2005. – 428 p.
4. FM-2030. Are you a transhuman? – NY: Warner Books, 1989. – 227 p.
5. Denisov I. V. Political libertarianism // Notebooks on conservatism. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 89-100.
6. Kurzweil R. The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence. – NY: Viking, 1999. – 388 p.
7. Kurzweil R. The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. – NY: Viking, 2005. – 652 p.
8. Bostrom N. A History of Transhumanist Thought // Journal of Evolution and Technology. – 2005. – Vol. 14 (1). – R. 1-25.
9. Tikhonova S. V. Transhumanism, Science and Pseudoscience: In Search of Neomodernism // Questions of Philosophy. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 29-39.
10. Kutyrev V. A. Time mortido // Questions of Philosophy. – 2011. – No. 7. – P. 18-29.
11. Yudin B. G. What’s There After Man? // Philosophical Sciences. – 2013. – No. 8. – P. 24-37.
12. Komleva N. A. Transhumanism and “humanitarianism” as a threat to human rights // Humanitarian vector. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 7-8.
13. Kalanchina I. N. Transhumanism as a dystopia // Dynamics of morality in the context of contemporary cultural life in Russia / Ed. S. A. An. – Barnaul: Altai State Pedagogical Academy, 2012. – P. 85-89.
14. Ranisch R., Sorgner S. L. (Eds.). Post and Transhumanism: An Introduction. – Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014. – 313 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ITKULOVA Leysyan Akhmetovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Acting Head of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Sciences and Technologies
WORLDVIEW AS A SOCIOCULTURAL CODE: ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BASHKIR ETHNOS
The article is devoted to the study of worldview as a socio-cultural code of an ethnic community, with an emphasis on the Bashkir ethnic group. The author examines the traditional ideas of Bashkirs about the world, man, nature and society, analyzes the reflection ofthese ideas in language, folklore, rituals and the value system. In the context of ethnic culture, worldview acts as a system-forming core of the sociocultural code, which determines not only the internal integrity of an ethnic group, but also the features of its values, norms and stereotypes of behavior, as well as the specifics of models of perception of the world. The importance of the worldview for the formation of ethnic identity and intergenerational continuity is emphasized. It is concluded that it is necessary to preserve the socio-cultural code in the context of globalization and the transformation of the traditional way of life.
Keywords: worldview, socio-cultural code, Bashkir ethnic group, folklore, mentality, traditions, identity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Zaripov A. Ya. The theme of “eternity” in the Bashkir epic “Ural Batyr” // Social and political problems of interaction between cultures. Faizullin F. S., Bikmetov E. Yu., Garipova G. R., Zaripov A. Ya., Itkulova L. A., Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A., Salikhov G. G., Shergeng N. A. Monograph. – Ufa, 2024. – pp. 153-167.
2. Itkulova L. A. Worldview of the Bashkir ethnic group: philosophical and anthropological analysis: monograph. – Ufa: RIC BashSU, 2021. – 222 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SALIKHOV Gafur Gubaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Sciences and Technologies
THE PHENOMENA OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE IMPACT OF ITS PROCESSES ON HUMAN LIVING CONDITIONS
There are three main types of globalism that reproduce the historical stages of globalization: Enlightenment globalism, which marked the beginning of the formation of a universal world space; esoteric globalism of ruling elites; globalism of one power claiming to be the leader of a unipolar world. Scientific understanding of globalism develops in the context of comparing a number of concepts of modernity, tracing the transformation of modernism into postmodernism. In the first historical form, globalism originated as a special field, in the second it developed in breadth, in the third form it comes out of its internal state. As a result, representations of not only the interethnic, but also the supranational order are transformed. Globalization is a phenomenon that affects humanity, changes the orientations, cultural values and motives of people’s behavior, undermines confidence in established theories, fills familiar institutions of society and government with new content, and leads to the formation of new forms of social reality.
Keywords: globalization, localization, man, culture, development, phenomenon, pattern, process, modernism.
Article bibliography
1. Sorokin P. A. Social and cultural dynamics / Transl. from English, introduced articles and commentary by V. V. Sapov. – Moscow: Astrel, 2006. – 1176 p.
2. Salikhov G. G. Man of the era of globalization / Scientific. ed. B. S. Galimov; IIYALUNTsRAN; dep. of social and human. sciences, CSPI RASRB. – M.: Nauka, 2008. – 560 p.
3. King A., Schneider B. The First Global Revolution. Report of the Club of Rome. – M., 1991. – 344 p.
4. Yanovsky R. G. Global Changes and Social Security. – M.: Academia, 1999. – 358 p.
5. Cheshkov M. A. Global Studies // Global Studies: International Interdisciplinary Encyclopedic Dictionary / Eds. – M.; St. Petersburg; N.-Y., 2006. – P. 191-196.
6. Partsvania V. V. The essence of the phenomenon of “detachment” and modern globalization // Prospects for man in a globalizing world. – SPb.: St. Petersburg Philosophical Society, 2003. – P. 181-209.
7. Chumakov A. N. Globalization. Contours of the Integral World: monograph. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Prospect, 2027. – 456 p.
8. Shishkov Yu. Globalization – enemy or ally of developing countries? // World Economy and International Relations. – 2003. – No. 4. – P. 3-14.
9. Salikhov G. G. Metaphysics of social and political existence of the interaction of cultural traditions. //Social and political problems of interaction of cultures: monograph / F. S. Fayzullin [et al.]. – Ufa, RIC, UUNiT, 2024. – P. 85-134.
10. Annabel Sreberny. Globalization and the nation // World Social Science Report. – M .: UNESCO Publishing House / Publishing House MAGISTR-PRESS, 2002. – P. 304-310.
11. Salikhov G. G. Social and political problems of interaction of cultures in the framework of globalization phenomena // Cultural diversity of the world and prospects of globalization: monograph: Z. R. Valiullina [et al.]. – Ufa RIC UUNiT, 2024. – P. 29-55.

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International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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