EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №8(207)2025 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №8(207)2025

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

PERSONA GRATA
N. A. Vlasenko:
Theory of state and law: my life and my destiny
Interview with Nikolay Alexandrovich Vlasenko, Ph.D. in Law, professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DOBRYAKOV Denis Andreevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Judicial power, civil society and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
SHUMILIN Alexey Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of Judicial power, civil society and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE ORGANIZATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND FOREIGN STATES: GENERAL REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article analyzes the organization of the institution of justices of the peace in the Russian Federation and a number of foreign countries in the context of ensuring the accessibility and efficiency of justice. Particular attention is given to the functional role of justices of the peace, the procedure for their appointment and the distribution of competences, as well as the financial and organizational support of their activities. The main stages of the development of justices of the peace in Russia and the current problems of their functioning are examined. The comparative analysis shows that, while pursuing common objectives, the institution of justices of the peace is implemented in different legal systems through various organizational models, which makes it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Russian practice and to determine promising directions for its further development.
Keywords: justice of the peace, judicial system, courts of general jurisdiction.
Article bibliography
1. Gafurov H. M. The Judicial System of the Republic of Tajikistan: Comparative Legal Analysis: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow, 2006.
2. Gerke K. V. The Magistrate in Russia and the Experience of Foreign Countries // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – № 8 (195).
3. Demichev A. A. Genesis and formation of the justices of the peace in the Russian empire // Historical and legal problems: a new perspective. – 2011. – № 4-1.
4. Lavrentyeva I. M. Some legal aspects of the organization of the activities of justices of the peace in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social sciences. – 2018. – № 4 (48).
5. Losev S. G., Morozov V. I. Ways to improve the institution of justice of the peace in Russia // Law and politics. – 2025. – № 1.
6. Sangadzhiev B. V. Institute of justices of the peace: legal nature and features of activity // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2012. – No. 1.
7. Smith C. H. The justice of the peace system in the United States // California Law Review – 1926. – No. 15.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DROZDOVA Mariya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Logistics and commercial work sub-faculty, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering
TRANSPORT INTEGRATION THROUGH A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH: CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION AND DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY
The article considers the concept of functional transport integration of the EAEU as a basis for creating a flexible, network model of cooperation in the transport and logistics sector in the context of a multipolar world order. Arguments are given in favor of implementing the functional model of transport integration of the EAEU as more flexible and effective compared to structural integration methods. Particular attention is paid to the issues of digital sovereignty and the formation of an international regulatory framework for the creation of digital transport and logistics hubs as units of network integration. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the applicability of the functional approach to transport and logistics integration in the EAEU, as well as the possibility of expanding cooperation within the paradigm of functional regional transport and logistics integration with friendly partner countries such as China, India, and Iran.
Keywords: transport integration, functional approach, digital sovereignty, network integration, EAEU, international law.
Article References
1. GOST IEC 62310-1-2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200161306 (date of access: 07.07.2025).
2. Treaty on the EAEU. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/ (date of access: 01.07.2025).
3. Drozdova M. A., Udalova D. V. Transport integration: prospects in the Eurasian space // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 1 (200). – P. 34-38.
4. Drozdova M. A., Fursova E. A. Digital platforms as a tool for information support and supply chain management in logistics and marketing // In the collection: Digital paradigm of information and analytical support for accounting and financial processes in sectoral economies. Collection of works of the International symposium. – Saint Petersburg, 2024. – P. 132-135.
5. Decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission of September 6, 2022 No. 125. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22kr0125/?ysclid=mcklf0ll35168238040 (date of access: 01.07.2025).
6. Decision of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission of July 4, 2023 No. 75. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/407395981/ (Accessed: 01.07.2025).
7. Fursova E. A. Monitoring the Consequences of Sanctions for the Global Economy, Transport, and Logistics // In the collection: Analysis and Forecasting of Management Systems in Industry, Transport, and Logistics. Collection of Papers of the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists, Students, and Postgraduates. – Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Transport. – 2022. – Pp. 244-249.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
LOGACHEVA Natalya Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Historical Sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State legal disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
COMMERCIAL USE OF OUTER SPACE: PROSPECTS FOR LEGAL REGULATION
The article examines the current legal regulation of the extraction of mineral resources from outer space. The provisions adopted by the UN in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies contradict the very meaning of mineral resource extraction, as they do not allow for the national and private appropriation of space objects. The reform of space law began at the national level (in the legislation of the United States and Luxembourg) and through the adoption of framework agreements (the Artemis Accords), which also have shortcomings and legal gaps. Neither universal treaties nor the Artemis Accords satisfy the need for legal regulation of the commercial use of space. The author analyzes these two legal frameworks, presents the views of domestic and foreign scholars, and offers his own vision of the prospects for legal regulation of the extraction of mineral resources from outer space.
Keywords: international space law, common heritage of mankind, mineral resource extraction, outer space, asteroids, object of entrepreneurial activity, acquisition of ownership rights, natural cosmic objects, private space programs, conventional mechanisms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gilson B. Defending Your Client’s Property Rights in Space: A Practical Guide for the Lunar Litigator // Fordham Law Review. – 2011. – Vol. 80. – P. 1367–1405 @@ Pershing A. Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty’s Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today // Yale Journal of International Law. – 2019. – Vol. 44. No. 1. – P. 149-178.
2. Gruner B. A New Hope for International Space Law: Incorporating Nineteenth Century First Possession Principles into the 1967 Space Treaty for the Colonization of Outer Space in the Twenty-First Century // Seton Hall Law Review. – 2004. – Vol. 35. – P. 299-357.
3. Yuzbashyan M. R. The US Space Resources Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015 and International Space Law // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2017. – No. 2 (106). – P. 71-86 @@ Shtodina I. Yu. Some Current Issues of Legal Support for Space Exploration and Use // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2018. – No. 2. – P. 71-81.
4. Ispolinov A. International Space Law in the Era of the Beginning of Business Colonization of Space // International Justice. – 2020. – No. 4 (36). – P. 22-44.
5. Tolstykh V. L. Space Law Reform // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2021. – Vol. 16. No. 5. – P. 166-182.
6. Popova S. M. Regulation of Space Resource Extraction: Creation of International Legal Custom // Law and Politics. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 1-28.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MALICHENKO Vladislav Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, leading researcher at the Department of Social Legislation, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
EVDOKIMOV Dmitriy Sergeevich
scientific research of the Laboratory for Computer Modeling of Socio-Economic Processes, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
LEGAL MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL SECURITY REGULATION: INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC ASPECTS
Scientific advancements over the past decades in vaccine and antibiotic development, along with improvements in public health legislation, have enabled the implementation of effective containment measures, saving millions of lives. However, the scale of pandemics faced by humanity has revealed the inadequacy of legal mechanisms developed across various regions of the world to contain them. International efforts to ensure the right to benefit from scientific progress have significantly expanded access to scientific knowledge, improving the availability and quality of healthcare. At the same time, uncontrolled access to advanced technologies poses threats of their use for terrorist purposes and other unlawful activities. This article systematizes the main biological threats and security challenges faced by states, allowing for the formulation of priority directions for the development of national legislation and international legal regulation aimed at containment. Through a comparative legal analysis of biological security measures in different regions of the world, country-specific features of legal mechanisms to counter such threats are identified. In particular, the study reveals a mismatch between the pace of legislative development and the biological and other threats constantly emerging under the influence of scientific and technological progress. The imperfection of domestic mechanisms for controlling dual-use research has a significant extraterritorial impact on the security of various regions due to the transboundary nature of biological threats. The author notes the absence of adequate legal mechanisms for regulating scientific activities conducted by private organizations and individuals, whose share in the overall structure of biological and pharmaceutical research is increasing annually due to high investment attractiveness.
Keywords: dual-use technologies, right to benefit from scientific progress, biological security, biological laboratories, pandemics, USA, China.
Bibliography
1. Krasnova I. O. Environmental Safety as a Legal Category // Lex Russica. – 2014. – No. 5. – Pp. 543-555.
2. Kuznetsova N. I. Biological Safety: Theoretical and Legal Aspects // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3 (58). – Pp. 65-73.
3. Latyntsev A. V. Accounting for the Principles of Biological Safety in Intellectual Property Law // Lex russica. – 2024. – Vol. 77. No. 8. – Pp. 9-18.
4. Malichenko V. S. 4.3. The Problem of Balancing Public and Private Interests in Protecting Human Rights in Public Health Emergencies // From Past to Future: Human Rights in the Modern World: Collective Monograph. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities. 2025: 105-134. 5. V. Malichenko. International Legal Mechanisms for Regulating Access to Health Technologies // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2021: No. 5, pp. 256-285. 6. M. Nekoteneva, D. Ponomareva. Ensuring Genomic Security: Assessing the Peculiarities of National Regulation through the Prism of Biological Safety // Lex russica. 2024: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 129-139. 7. Practical Guide to Biological Safety in Laboratory Conditions, fourth edition. World Health Organization, 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://share.google/F5wZc0warhCbE5p6C (date of access: 10.08.2025).
8. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A. The right to biological safety in the Russian Federation: monograph / I. A. Aleshkova, A. O. Filatova, N. E. Sapelchenko; ed. I. A. Umnova-Konyukhova; INION RAS. – Moscow, 2024. – 230 p.
9. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A. Biological safety in international law and Russian law as a new sphere of legal regulation // Bulletin of Moscow State Regional University. Series: Jurisprudence. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 7-19.
10. Khabrieva T. Ya. Legal issues of artificial intelligence identification // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 94. No. 7. – P. 609-622.
11. Al-Aly Z., Davis H., McCorkell L., Soares L., Wulf-Hanson S., Iwasaki, A. et al. Long COVID science, research and policy // Nature medicine. – 2024. – Vol. 30. No. 8. – P. 2148-2164.
12. Cohen K. Emergency Use or Overuse? The regulatory review. 2022. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.theregreview.org/2022/07/16/saturday-seminar-emergency-use-or-overuse/ (access date: 08/12/2025).
13. Gillum D., Moritz R., Koblentz G. Establishing a national biosafety and biosecurity agency for the United States // Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. – Vol. 12. – 2024:1474120.
14. Greene D., Cerles A., Casagrande R. Characterizing the Private Sector in US Human Pathogen Research // Health security. – 2024. – Vol. 22. No. 5. – P. 402-407.
15. Mervis J. Data check: US government share of basic research funding falls below 50% // Science Funding. – 2017. – Vol 355. Issue 6329. – P. 1005.
16. Mukherjee S. Emerging infectious diseases: Epidemiological perspective // Indian Journal of Dermatology. – 2017. – Vol. 5. – P. 459-467.
17. McMichael A., Patz J., Kovats R. Impacts of global environmental change on future health and health care in tropical countries // British medical bulletin. – 1998. – Vol. 54. No. 2. – P. 475–488.
18. Nordmann B. Issues in biosecurity and biosafety // International journal of antimicrobial agents. – 2010. – Vol. 36. Suppl 1. – S. 66–S69.
19. Normile D. Infectious diseases. Second lab accident fuels fears about SARS // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2004. – Vol. 303. Issue 5654. – R. 26.
20. Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts. World Health Organization. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts. rld.pdf (date of access: 07/15/2025).
21. Singh S. Infectious diseases national security and globalization // World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues. – 2019. – Vol. 23. No. 1. – P. 10-23.
22. The government is not sufficiently prepared for the increasing risk from animal disease. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/press-releases/the-government-is-not-sufficiently-prepared-for-the-increasing-risk-from-animal-disease/ (Accessed: 10.08.2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MOKHOROV Dmitriy Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
BALABKIN Dmitriy Alexeevich
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; assistant to lawyers of the Petrograd Bar Association
MARTINCHUK Nikita Alexandrovich
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University; independent researcher
REGULATORY LEGAL REGULATION OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN THE CIS COUNTRIES
The article discusses issues related to the regulation of legal education in the CIS countries, as well as the characteristics of this legal category. The authors analyze the legislation of the member countries of the Commonwealth – Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, as well as acts directly issued and adopted by the member countries of the Commonwealth, as a result of which they draw their own conclusions and suggestions regarding the improvement of legal regulation in this area. As noted in the study, work on legal education is underway in the CIS member countries and the Commonwealth as a whole, but it is difficult to ensure its success.
Keywords: legal regulation, legal education, legal awareness, legal culture
Article References
1. Atagimova, E. I., “Legal Education: Problems and Solutions,” Open Science, 2015, no. 1 (14), pp. 122-130.
2. Model Law of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member Nations, December 7, 2002, “On Educational Activities,” Information Bulletin, Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS Member Nations. – M.: Izvestia, 2002. – No. 30.
3. Stepanova I. A. Legal education in Russia in the 18th century // Pedagogical education in Russia. – 2007. – No. 1. – Pp. 133-135.
4. Korostelev S. V. Tasks of the CIS member states in ensuring national security // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. – 2021. – No. 4 (38). – Pp. 82-92.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MOKHOROVA Anna Yurjevna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of International Relations, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
CHERNOZEMOVA Yana Vadimovna
postgraduate student, assistant of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
DEMIDOVA Elena Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of International Relations, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
THE LEGAL CONTOURS OF EURASIAN INTEGRATION: ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY
The emerging international organizations within individual regions largely determine the promising areas of development of the member countries of these associations in the most significant areas of international cooperation. The study attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of regional agreements of organizations formed in the post-Soviet space, as well as bilateral documents aimed at ensuring economic security. It is established that there is a need to combine the initiatives of regional actors in related areas to eliminate the imbalance of uneven development of certain types of interaction.
Keywords: Eurasian integration, Eurasian Economic Union, Commonwealth of Independent States, Collective Security Treaty Organization, economic security, harmonization of rights.
Article bibliography
1. Ziyadullaev N.S., Bakhriddinova H.A., Omarova Z.K. Strategic vector of development of the EAEU and Central Asian countries within the framework of economic security priorities // Economy of Central Asia. – 2023. – Vol. 7. No. 1. – Pp. 9-24.
2. Markevich A. I. Some aspects of Eurasian integration // Harmonization of integration processes in the Eurasian space: materials of the international round table on innovations in international research, Minsk, April 20, 2022 / Belarusian state University; editorial board: O. N. Leshenyuk (editor-in-chief), A. M. Baichorov, A. V. Rusakovich. – Minsk: BSU, 2022. – Pp. 52-57.
3. Pak A. Yu., Andronova I. V. Assessment of the state of economic security of regional integration associations on the example of the Eurasian Economic Union // Problems of Forecasting. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 70-79.
4. Yakushenko K. V. Information and economic security of the EAEU: factors and risks under the influence of trigger mechanisms // Greater Eurasia: development, security, cooperation. – 2022. – No. 5-1. – P. 578-583.
5. Anikin V. I. Integration and disintegration processes of the countries of Greater Eurasia from the standpoint of digitalization of the EAEU economy // Greater Eurasia: development, security, cooperation. – 2022. – No. 5-1. – P. 348-355.
6. Miguel A. A., Kosikhina O. P., Luchkina A. Yu. Issues of economic security of the EAEU countries: realities and prospects // Natural Sciences and Humanities Research. – 2024. – No. 3 (53) – P. 246-249.
7. Dadabaeva Z. A., Yarygina I. Z. Eurasian Economic Integration and Security: Analysis of Current Problems and Search for Solutions // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2022. – No. 1 – P. 171-179.
8. Veselko A. A., Gaurav Sh. Youth Unemployment as an Indicator of Economic Security of the Eurasian Economic Union // Economic Strategies of the EAEU: Problems and Innovations: Collection of Materials of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, April 14, 2021. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 2021. – Pp. 53-63.
9. Komendantov S. V. Problems of international legal regulation within the framework of the institutions of Eurasian economic integration (CIS, Union State of Russia and Belarus, EAEU) // International legal problems of the modern international economic legal order: collective monograph of the Department of International Law of the Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: All-Russian Foreign Trade Academy, 2024. – Pp. 96-109.
10. Dronov R. V., Ananyev A. A. On the problem of economic security in the system of the collective security treaty organization (CSTO) // Problems of modern economics. – 2017. – No. 4 (64) – P. 75-77.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
NALIMOV Denis Olegovich
independent researcher, Moscow
SELECTED ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR COMBATING BUSINESS CORRUPTION IN RUSSIA
Business corruption is a global problem that negatively affects business activities and other public relations, while one of the explanations for its existence is the imperfection of regulatory framework. International laws are one of the drives of increasing the effectiveness of such regulations, thereby the article analyzes the implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption principles in Russian legislation, examines the best international practices and explores open opportunities for international cooperation in this area. It is concluded that the national regulatory framework for combating business corruption needs to be improved, which can be facilitated by an external assessment of its relevance and by expansion of the subject of international treaties. In addition, the problem of politicization in the field of combating corruption is highlighted, which necessitates the declaration of the principle of apoliticalism in the field of combating corruption at the UN level.
Keywords: business corruption, anti-corruption policy, international cooperation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1.Kamalnath A. Whistleblower Protection Laws in the Corporate Sector – an Analysis of the Proposed Reforms // SSRN, 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5075918 (date of access: 30.04.2025).
2. Botnev V. The nature, causes and consequences of business corruption in the Russian Federation // Public Service. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 47-50.
3. Garmaev Yu. P., Ivanov E. A., Markuntsov S. A. Anti-corruption compliance in the Russian Federation: interdisciplinary aspects. Monograph. – M.: ID Jurisprudence, 2020. – 240 p.
4. Morozov A. N. Anti-corruption in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union: international legal and domestic regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 7. – Pp. 129-141.
5. Pavlova M. A. Anti-corruption in the framework of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union // Eurasian integration: economics, law, politics. – 2021. – No. 4. – Pp. 93-98.
6. Spiridonov A. P., Murashkin I. Yu. International control in the field of combating corruption: yesterday, today, tomorrow // International law and international organizations. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 51-61.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
PAVLOVA Mariya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, assistant of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian federation; Deputy Head of the Department of legal expertise of decisions of the Commission of the Legal Department Eurasian Economic Commission
CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURE OF PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION IN MODERN REALITIES
Eurasian integration.
The present study is aimed at considering the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union and the classification of problematic issues of its functioning and further development.
Aim. To identify objective problems of functioning and development of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of deepening internal and external integration, to classify them, as well as to identify the prerequisites for a possible solution to the identified problems.
Tasks. To analyze the current international legal aspects of the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Union, classify them according to their content and propose areas of activity of the Eurasian Economic Union that eliminate problematic issues within the framework of Eurasian integration.
Methods. In this paper, using the methods of logical, comparative and predictive analysis, problematic issues have been identified that significantly hinder the development of the Eurasian Economic Union. Results. The study showed that there are problematic issues in the EAEU that significantly hinder the development of the Eurasian Economic Union. These included systemic, institutional, economic (socio-economic) trade, local (technical), internal and external problems, problems related to lack of integration and lack of support and interest from other countries.
Conclusion. The Eurasian Economic Union plays a significant role in the modern world, providing its members with comparative advantages and opportunities. The EAEU’s path to deep integration continues, and it faces new challenges and tasks, the solution of which requires constant efforts and compromises by all participants.
Keywords: The Eurasian Economic Union, the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014, the Eurasian Economic Commission, Eurasian integration, problems of functioning, classification.
Article References
1. Actual Problems of the EAEU Development in the Context of Modern Global Changes: Proc. of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conf., Irkutsk, December 14, 2022 / Ed. I. V. Tsvigun, A. V. Shalak. – Irkutsk: BSU Publishing House, 2023. – 79 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://lib-catalog.bgu.ru.
2. Moga I. S., Gorbunova L. P., Denisova A. V., Pizhurina E. N., Presnova I. S. Restraining and Pushing Factors of the Integration of the Eurasian Economic Union in the Context of the Latest Challenges of the Global Economy // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2023. – Vol. 15. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.today/PDF/41ECVN223.pdf DOI: 10.15862/41ECVN223.
3. Pavlova M. A. “The EAEU Brand. Pattern in the Identification of the Eurasian Economic Union” // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 6 (145). – pp. 19-24.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
PARAMUZOVA Olga Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International and humanitarian law sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL OF SPACE PHILOSOPHY OF K. E. TSIOLKOVSKY AND THE NEED TO IMPROVE THE LEGAL MECHANISM FOR RESOLVING CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL AND CIVILIZATION
The article examines the prospects, trends and options for the development of international space law in the context of the implementation of the model of space philosophy by K. E. Tsiolkovsky and the need to improve the legal mechanism for resolving contradictions between the individual and civilization in the context of the need for qualitative revision and, apparently, a new codification of the norms of international space law and innovative national legislative and law enforcement activities in the context of modern achievements of the scientific and technological revolution and diversification of relations within the framework of this legal framework. The author also justifies the need for international legal unification and harmonization of the national legislation of individual countries to improve the legal mechanism for resolving contradictions between the individual and civilization.
Keywords: international space law, the cosmopolitan concept of human rights, the status of outer space, the Moon and other celestial bodies, contradictions between the individual and civilization.
Bibliography
1. Blazheev V.V., Yastrebov O.A., Tolstopiatenko G.P. Law and Space in the Era of Global Social and Economic Change. Moscow: Prospect, 2021.
2. Cosmic Philosophy. The Living Universe. Moscow: Academichesky Proekt, 2017. – 640 p.
3. Space Rocket Trains: (with a biography of K.E. Tsiolkovsky by S.V. Bessonov). – Kaluga: collective of the scientific workers’ section, 1929.
4. International space law: textbook for universities / Edited by G. P. Zhukov, A. Kh. Abashidze. – 2nd ed., reprinted. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 466 p. [Electronic resource]. – Yurait educational platform. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/561672 (date of access: 15.07.2025).
5. Savelyeva N. V. Codification for the progressive development of international space law with the active participation of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Actual problems of modern international relations. – 2024. – Vol. 17. No. 4. – P. 490-512.
6. Savelyeva N. V. Legal regulation of satellite communications to ensure the technological sovereignty of Russia / Martirosyan A. Zh., Shangaraev R. N. (editors) // Bulletin of the I International Youth Conference on Information Security: collection of abstracts. – M.: Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, 2023. – P. 206-215.
7. Works on aeronautics. – M.: Librokom, 2020.
8. Philosophy of the space age. – M.: Academic project, 2014.
9. Tsiolkovsky K. E. Public organization of mankind (Calculations and tables). – Kaluga, 1928.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SHUGUROV Mark Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of International law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
SHUGUROVA Irina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
ARCHITECTURE OF MULTILATERAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF BRICS: POLITICAL–LEGAL ASPECTS
The article analyzes the implementation of the coordinated approach of the BRICS member states to the formation of the architecture (model) of multilateral scientific and technological cooperation. It is substantiated that this architecture is designed to ensure the scientific and technological competitiveness of BRICS and contribute to the formation of the alliance as a fully-fledged association. The authors dwell in detail on the characteristics of the powers and areas of activity of the Steering Committee as the main mechanism for managing and coordinating multilateral cooperation of the BRICS member states in the field of STI.
Keywords: international scientific and technological cooperation, BRICS, cooperation coordination, management mechanism, institutionalization of interaction.
Article bibliography
1. Gerasimov V. I., Kodaneva S. I. Scientific, technological, and innovation cooperation of BRICS countries: trends, prospects, and challenges // Science Management: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – Vol. 5. No. 1. – P. 204-229.
2. Ibragimova R. S. Development of scientific, technological and industrial cooperation as a basis for technological and economic leadership of the BRICS countries // BRICS: Formation of the international scientific landscape. Collection of materials, scientific papers and articles collected by the Russian Center for Scientific Information andsacred issues of the state and prospects for the development of scientific ties within the BRICS. – M., 2024. – Pp. 245-249.
3. Lapotchkina E. P. International legal cooperation within the BRICS: evolution, results and development prospects // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2024. – No. 507. – Pp. 234-240.
4. Promising areas of scientific cooperation: BRICS countries. Report No. 90. – M.: RSMD, 2023. – 56 p.
5. Kuklina I. On Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation within BRICS Interstate Group // Russian Chairmanship 2020. – M., 2021. – R. 98-103.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KUSHNIR Zhanna Mikhaylovna
postgraduate student of Civil and corporate law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
THE CONCEPT OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS IN DISPUTES ON THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF A FOREIGN INVESTOR
The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study the concept of legitimate expectations in investor protection disputes, since, despite the active use of this protection mechanism by investors and its application by international arbitrations in disputes between foreign investors and host countries, there is currently no specific definition of “legitimate expectations”. The subject of the article is an analysis of the practice of international investment arbitration in terms of disclosing the content of the concept of “legitimate investor expectations”. The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of “legitimate expectations” and the conditions for the emergence of legitimate expectations as one of the grounds for an investor to make demands on the host state to protect its interests. The methodology of this work consists of formal legal, comparative and analytical methods. The study concludes how effective the principle of reasonable and legitimate expectations is as a legal basis for an investor to make claims against the host state, the risks that may arise from its widespread application, the conditions under which the application of the principle of reasonable and legitimate investor expectations is possible, and whether the concept of legitimate expectations can ensure a fair balance between the rights of the investor and the host state.
Keywords: international investment arbitration, the concept of reasonable and legitimate expectations, foreign investor, investment, host state
Article References
1. Aliev, A., “Assessing Investor Behavior in Determining Violations of Fair and Equitable Treatment.” Moscow: Norma Publishing House, 2012, pp. 78-102.
2. Doronina N. G., Semilyutina N. G., Tsirina M. A. Problems of resolving disputes arising from economic relations in modern conditions (practice of non-governmental jurisdictional bodies) // Bulletin of international commercial arbitration. – 2017. – No. 1 (14). – P. 25-57.
3. Krasnoukhova E. A. Investment disputes in the practice of arbitration courts. Commentary on the practice of considering economic disputes (judicial and arbitration practice) / A. V. Altukhov, O. A. Belyaeva, N. A. Bortnikova et al.; ed. V. F. Yakovlev. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation; INFRA-M. – 2017. – Issue 22. – 212 p.
4. Labin D.K. International Law for the Protection and Promotion of Foreign Investments: Monograph / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: “Yustitsiya”, 2019.
5. Petrov K.V. Fair and Equal Treatment as a Mechanism for Protecting Investor Rights in “Environmental-Investment” Disputes // Current Issues of Russian Law. – 2020. – No. 4.
6. Rachkov I.V. The Concept of “Legitimate Expectations of a Foreign Investor” in the Practice of International Investment Arbitrations // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 196-220.
7. Repyev A.G. Legal Promises and Legitimate Expectations as Components of the Model of General Regulatory Legal Relations // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023.
8. Chernovol K. A. The Concept of Legitimate Expectations: European and Russian Experience // Jurisprudence. – 2019. – Vol. 63. No. 1. – Pp. 181-191.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MARZANOV Akhmed Yusufovich
Postgraduate Student of International Law Sub-Faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE VATICAN CITY STATE: CERTAIN THEORETICAL ASPECTS
The article examines the position of domestic and foreign theory of international law regarding the international legal personality of the Vatican City State. It concludes that the most consistent explanation of the status of the Holy See and the Vatican City State in international law is offered by the ‘dualistic’ theory, whose proponents consider eachof the two entities to be separate subjects of international law. The Holy See (the Supreme Pontiff and the Roman Curia) is a sovereign non-territorial entity representing the interests of the Catholic Church in the international community. The Vatican City is a sovereign territorial entity – a sui generis state with its own institutional and legal systems.
Keywords: the Holy See, the Vatican City State, Roman Curia, international legal personality, international legal theory.
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19. International Law: Textbook for Bachelors / Ed. by R. M. Valeev, G. I. Kurdyukov. – Moscow: Statut, 2017. – 496 p.
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INTERNATIONAL LAW
PEKARNIKOVA Marina Evgenjevna
postgraduate student of International and European law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University; Head of the Legal Department at the Institute of Natural and Technical Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences
THE ROLE OF GREENHOUSE GAS-EMITTING STATES IN ACHIEVING ONE OF THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT
The relevance of the article is due to the presence of dangerous climatic trends for humanity related to the emission of greenhouse gases of anthropogenic origin and the acceleration of global warming. The purpose of the work is to analyze the current situation with the legislative regulation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and its implementation in the main emitting countries responsible for three quarters of global GHG emissions. The paper analyzed data on GHG emissions for 1990 – 2023 in the first 12 countries, arranged in descending order of their contribution to global GHG emissions, as well as in the States of the European Union (EU). The analysis confirmed that with the existing system of domestic legislative regulation of GHG emissions in a significant number of states responsible for the bulk of global emissions, the relatively high cost of green energy transition, and in some cases the skeptical attitude of some issuers towards the introduction of alternative energy sources, one of the main goals of the Paris Agreement will not be achieved in the near future. The most developed legal regulation of the consistent implementation of a set of measures aimed at one and a half to two degrees limiting the increase in surface temperature by the end of the 21st century compared with the pre-industrial period is observed in the EU states, but their contribution to total global GHG emissions does not exceed several percent. Therefore, they cannot ensure the implementation of the Paris Agreement without active support to reduce GHG emissions from States, which make the main contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions.
Keywords: The Paris Climate Agreement, anthropogenic emissions, greenhouse gases, climate change, the system of legal regulation and control of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
Article References
Pekarnikova M.E., Polonsky A.B. Anthropogenic Climate Change and International Legal Activities to Mitigate Its Consequences. Part 2: Implementation of Climate Legal Acts at the Current Stage and Their Prospects // State and Law. – 2021. – No. 5. – pp. 118-124. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.31857/S102694520012784-3.
1. Crippa M., Guizzardi D., Pagani F., Banja M., Muntean M., Schaaf E., Becker W., Monforti-Ferrario, F. Quadrelli, R. Risquez Martin, A., Taghavi-Moharamli P., Köykkä J., Grassi G., Rossi S., Brandao De Melo J., Oom D., Branco A., San-Miguel J., Vignati E., GHG emissions of all world countries, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2023. – Doi: 10.2760/953322, JRC134504 (date of access: 06/05/2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SHEVCHENKO Mikhail Nikolaevich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
The correlation between the golden dome project and Article 51 of the UN charter: an attempt to expand the legal boundaries of permissible self-defense?
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the compatibility of the American Golden Dome project with Article 51 of the UN Charter, which defines the permissible boundaries for the use of force. The author systematically explores the distinctions between the classical right of self-defense and the emerging doctrine of preemptive (anticipatory) protection, referring to key theoretical positions of both Russian and international scholars, as well as the case law of the International Court of Justice. Particular attention is paid to the risks of legal erosion of jus ad bellum, caused by the blurring of the concept of “armed attack” and the expansion of permissible interpretations of force. The study emphasizes that, despite its declared defensive nature, the Golden Dome project poses risks of violating the principles of proportionality, necessity, and international legal transparency.
Keywords: international law, Golden Dome, right of self-defense, Article 51 of the UN Charter, preventive protection, anticipatory self-defense, missile defense, jus ad bellum.
Bibliography
1. Farkhutdinov I.Z. Preventive Self-Defense in International Law: Application and Abuse // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2016. – No. 4. – pp. 97-124.
2. Tuzmukhamedov B.R. Preemptive Use of Force: Possible Criteria of Admissibility // International Affairs. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 19-28.
3. Kozyulin V. Evolution of the US Defense Space Doctrine under the Donald Trump Administration // Russian International Affairs Council (RSMD). – 2025.
4. Cournoyer J. Trump’s Golden Dome plan threatens to fuel a new arms race // Chatham House. – 2025.
5. Schmitt M. N. Interpreting the Law of Self-Defense // Lieber Institute (West Point). – 2025.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
YASKOV Artem Andreevich
postgraduate student, Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy
THE CONCEPT OF REGULATION OF TRADING PLATFORMS (MARKETPLACES) IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
This article discusses current issues of regulation of trading platforms in Russia, such as marketplaces and e-platforms. The structure of the concept of the development of trading platforms (marketplaces) in Russia, which includes two sections, is proposed and substantiated. The first section is devoted to the current problems of regulating trading platforms in Russia and the corresponding tasks to eliminate them. The second section includes the positive practice of regulating e-commerce on marketplaces in international law and measures to implement in Russia the positive experience of regulating e-commerce on e-platforms in international law.
Keywords: trading platform, marketplace, UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, e-commerce, the concept of regulating marketplaces.
Article References
1. Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade. Second Edition. The International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization, 2023. – 178 p.
2. Information on the UNCTAD website about the E-Commerce Development Program. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://unctad.org/topic/ecommerce-and-digital-economy (Accessed: 07.12.2024).
3. Global Cyberlaw Tracker UNCTAD. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://unctad.org/page/cyberlaw-tracker-country-detail (Accessed: 07.12.2024).
4. Cross-border Paperless Trade Toolkit, WTO, ESCAP, UNCITRAL, 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/paperlesstrade2022_e.pdf (Accessed: 07.12.2024).
5. Cross-Border e-Commerce. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/activities-and-programmes/ecommerce.aspx (Accessed: 07.12.2024).
6. The E-Commerce Package includes the Framework of Standards on cross-border e-commerce. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/frameworks-of-standards/ecommerce.aspx(Accessed: 07.12.2024).
7. WTO Work Programme on Electronic Commerce. WT/L/274 30 September 1998 (98-3738). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/L/274.pdf&Open=True (Accessed: 07.12.2024).
8. Standards for interaction between marketplaces and owners of order pickup points (approved by the Commission for the Creation of Conditions for Self-Regulation in Electronic Commerce in the Russian Federation, protocol of 03.10.2023 No. 15-381). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://minpromtorg.gov.ru/eltorg/dpr/ (Accessed: 07.10.2024).
9. Legal Readiness Assessment Guide. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://readiness.digitalizetrade.org/legal-guide (Accessed: 07.12.2024).

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
ODINTSOV Stanislav Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ABUKHADMA GAIS Kadym Turki
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE FEATURES OF THE CORPORATE RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the complex and dynamically ongoing process of forming corporate relations in the Middle East region, located at the junction of traditional socio-economic structures, Islamic principles of doing business, modern globalization processes and the specifics of national modernization programs. The analysis of doctrinal and legislative sources in their historical relationship with the religious system of world perception influences the understanding of the modern approach to the regulation of corporate relations in the Arab states. The authors noted that the formation of corporate relations in the jurisdictions of Arab states is not a linear transition to the Western model, but the formation of a unique hybrid model, while the elements of establishing a Muslim rule of law peculiar to the region (the role of the state, family business, Islamic principles) interact and often come into certain tension with the requirements of a globalized economy, international management standards and strategies for diversification.
Keywords: corporate law, Muslim (Islamic) law, corporate relations, comparative law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Adygamov R.K. Islamic law in the Ottoman Empire // Scientific journal of KubSAU. – 2017. – No. 132 (08). Doi: 10.21515/1990-4665-132-007 (accessed: 20.05.2025).
2. Duraev T. A. Modern Islamic Law: Content, Doctrine, Development Trends // Basis. – 2019. – No. 2 (6). – Pp. 29-33.
3. Syukiyainen L. R. Fundamentals of the Theory of Islamic Law: A Textbook. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2019. – 163 p.
4. Abdumukhtor Raxmanov. Islamic Civil Law – Muamalat // Society and Innovations Special Issue – 2. – 2020. – No. 01. – Pp. 222-228.
5. Cinar Ali Ekber. Modernity, Reception, and Transformation in 19th-Century Ottoman Law: Transplantation of Concordat into Turkish Legal History // Istanbul Law Review‘ 82. – 2024. – No. 1. P. 1-46. – DOI: 10.26650/mecmua.2024.82.1.001 (accessed: 20.05.2025).
6. Commercial Register Law (promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/1 dated 21/02/1416 July 7, 1995). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://wipolex-resources-eu-central-1-358922420655.s3.amazonaws.com/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sa/sa022en.pdf (Accessed: 20.05.2025).
7. Federal Decree-Law No. 32. 2021. Issued on 20/09/2021 Corresponding to 13/Safar/1443H. On commercial companies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.moec.gov.ae/documents/20121/376326/Commercial+Companies.pdf/12d14f53-1a3e-47b4-8e70-fac3f672c403?t=1645596097819 (accessed: 20.05.2025).
8. Inshakova A. O., Frolova E. E. Smart technologies for the digitization of industry: Entrepreneurial environment. Smart Innovation, Springer Singapore, 2022. – P. 383. – DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4621-8 (accessed: 20.05.2025).
9. Royal Decree No. M132/1443AH Dated 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gccbdi.org/sites/default/files/content-files/Resources/Governance%20%26%20Director%20Information/KSA/Company%20Law%202022%20-%20(English).pdf (accessed: 20.05.2025).
10. Royal Decree No. M19/1446H Dated 11.08.2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://investsaudi.sa/medias/Investment-Law.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfHJvb3R8NjY3MjA3fGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uL3BkZnxoZGEvaGNjLzkwNzE5Nzk2MjY1MjYucGRmfDQ5OWQ2MmJiMjk1NmU4MmI0NWU4NGQxNWI4ZmRjNGI1OGU5NzA2NjdhYzlhM2M1ZWUzNDY1ZGQ5YmY3YzBmZjU&attachment=true (accessed: 20.05.2025).
11. Seven Ağır, Cihan Artunç. The Evolution of Business Laww in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey // Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 June 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/set-and-forget-the-evolution-of-business-law-in-the-ottoman-empire-and-turkey/0795F02A275A1C3BDADEED1A24CDD03B (accessed: 20.05.2025).

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
AVRAMENKO Mikhail Andreevich
postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Associate at the Dispute Resolution Practice of Orion Law Firm
PROCEDURE FOR JOINDER OF A NON-SIGNATORY TO ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS
This article investigates the procedural peculiarities of joiner of persons who have not signed the arbitration clause (“non-signatories”) to arbitration proceedings. The author proposes a model of the procedure of establishing the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal with respect to the “non-signatory” on the basis of a number of parameters (characteristics), which allows to identify the features of this stage in arbitration proceedings. The article deals with the influence of substantive (material) grounds for the joiner of “non-signatories” on the procedural issues of arbitration, in particular, the issue of proving the ground for the joiner and the circle of subjects participating in this activity during arbitration.
Keywords: non-signatory, jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, arbitration clause, absolute grounds, rebuttable grounds.
Article bibliography
1. Avramenko M. A. Consent to Arbitration: The Problem of the Relationship between the Form of the Arbitration Agreement and the Expression of Intent of the Parties // Legislation. – 2024. – No. 8. – Pp. 29-34.
2. Kalinin M. S. Effect of the Arbitration Agreement in Relation to Persons Who Did Not Sign It // New Horizons of International Arbitration. Issue 3: Collection of Articles / Ed. A. V. Asoskova, A. I. Muranova, R. M. Khodykina. – M., 2015. – Pp. 225-241.
3. Molchanov V. V. Fundamentals of the Theory of Evidence in Civil Procedural Law: A Textbook. – M.: ICD “Zertsalo-M”, 2017. – 352 p.
4. Naletov K. I. Persons who have not signed the arbitration clause as participants in arbitration proceedings // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – Pp. 80-94.
5. Treushnikov M. K. Judicial Evidence: Monograph. – M.: Gorodets, 2016. – 272 p.
6. Khozanov D. A. Arbitration Agreement and Its Non-Signatories: Some General Observations // Commercial Arbitration. – 2022. – No. 1 (8). – Pp. 76-89.
7. Hanotiau B. Complex Arbitrations: Multiparty, Multicontract, Multi-issue and Class Actions. – New York: Kluwer Law International, 2020. – 412 p.
8. Notaries and Courts in Russia: 150 Years Together / Ed. by E. A. Borisova. – M.: Gorodets, 2016. – P. 181. Author of the chapter – V.V. Argunov.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DARDA Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of General theoretical legal disciplines sub-faculty, North Caucasus branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Krasnodar
THE CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF ELECTRONIC JUSTICE IN RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal category of electronic justice. The author analyzes the purpose and main goals of e-justice, lists its main elements, identifies and analyzes the advantages of e-justice. The main disadvantages of e-justice in Russia at the present time are disclosed and discussed in detail. The author reveals the main trends in the development and further existence of electronic justice in Russia. The features of the introduction of artificial intelligence into the law enforcement process are considered. The analysis of current problems in the field of legal regulation using electronic justice is carried out and it is concluded that it is necessary to continue improving relations in this area.
Keywords: electronic justice, elements of electronic justice, digital technologies, legal proceedings, artificial intelligence, disadvantages of electronic justice, videoconferencing, electronic evidence, personal data.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Borisova L. V. Electronic justice as a form of judicial protection in Russia // Current problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 105-111.
2. Vorontsova I. V. Problems of electronic evidence in civil proceedings // Economics, management and law: innovative problem solving: collection of articles. XVI Int. scientific and practical conf. (March 20, 2019) / Ed. G. Yu. Gulyaev. – Penza: Science and education, 2019. – P. 111-113.
3. Gadzhieva F. R., Pankratova D. A. Prospects for the development of electronic justiceI am in the Russian Federation // Actual Problems of Modern Science: IV International Scientific and Practical Conference (Alushta, April 27-30, 2015). – Stavropol: SevKavGTI, 2015. – Pp. 16-19.
4. Zateeva D. A. Electronic Evidence in Civil Proceedings in the Era of Digitalization of Justice: Theoretical and Practical Aspects // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 4 (153). – P. 222.
5. Informatization of the Judicial System of Russia: Genesis, Content and Future: Monograph edited by R. A. Sharifullin. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 272 p.
6. Concepts for the Development of Court Informatization until 2020 [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://base.garant.ru/71062432/ (Accessed: 21.07.2025).
7. Pashentsev D. A. Features of Law Enforcement in the Context of Digitalization of Public Relations // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2020. Vol. 11. No. 1. – Pp. 35-49.
8. Sycheva O. A. Common Sense in Judicial Evidence // Russian Judge. – 2019. – No. 8. – Pp. 15-20.
9. Tishchenko A. V. Electronic Justice: Judicial Reform by 2020 // Journal Law and Order: History, Theory, Practice. – 2018. – No. 4 (19). – P. 65-69.
10. Electronic justice: results and prospects // online interview with the Chairman of the Arbitration Court of the Kaluga Region Sergei Yuryevich Sharaev, 2011. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.garant.ru/action/regional/271319/.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
TONKOV Dmitriy Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and comparative legal studies sub-faculty, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MIA of Russia; visiting researcher, Samara State University of Economics
PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL NORMS: A. ROSS’S APPROACH TO LEGAL CONFLICTS
Based on the work of Alf Ross “On Law and Justice” (1959 edition) the article examines the judicial method and three types of problems identified by the Danish scholar in the interpretation of legal norms: syntactic, semantic and logical. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the opinion of a representative of Scandinavian legal realism in the middle of the 20th century about the absence of a fixed solution to logical problems of interpretation in the form of inconsistency, redundancy and presuppositions, including the impracticability of the mechanical action of the conventional principles “lex specialis”, “lex posterior” and “lex superior” in resolving legal conflicts. The arguments about the relative importance of this triad of principles are provided, along with the factors influencing, according to the Scandinavian realist movement, the interpretation of legal norms, such as the law enforcement officer’s assessment of the conformity of norms with common sense, popular legal consciousness and presumed social objectives. In conclusion it is noted that A. Ross’s approach is useful for Russian jurisprudence, despite the susceptibility of its certain provisions to criticism, in particular, when justifying the mixing of subjective and objective styles of interpretation.
Keywords: interpretation of law, legal conflict, lex specialis, lex posterior, lex superior, legal norm, judicial method, A. Ross, Scandinavian legal realism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vasilyeva N. S. Alf Ross on the concept and reality of law: a realistic approach // Jurisprudence. – 2018 – No. 1 (336). – P. 84-117. DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu25.2018.105
2. Vasilyeva N. S. The Problem of Validity of Law in the Legal Concept of Alfa Ross: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – St. Petersburg, 2019. – 480 p.
3. Kasatkin S. N. Classifications of Normative Conflicts in Foreign Legal Theory (G. Kelsen, A. Ross, N. Bobbio, R. Alexy) // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2025. – Vol. 11. No. 1. – P. 11-19. DOI: 10.18287/2542-047X-2025-11-1-11-19
4. Strategies of Judicial Interpretation and Principles of Law: A Textbook / Ed. by E. V. Timoshina. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2022. – 362 p.
5. Timoshina E. V., Vasilyeva N. S. General Theory of Judicial Method and Styles of Judicial Interpretation in the Legal Concept of A. Ross // Transactions of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – No. 4 (56). – P. 113-128.
6. Tonkov D. E. Legal Realism: American and Scandinavian Directions. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2021. – 232 p.
7. Tonkov D. E. Axel Hägerström’s Philosophy of Law // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 13. No. 3. – Pp. 82-106.
8. Tonkov E. N. Russian Legal Realism. – Series: Interpretation of the Sources of Law. – St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2024. – 454 p.
9. Tonkov E. N., Tonkov D. E. Legal Realism. – Series: Pax Britannica. – St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2022. – 464 p.
10. Hart H. L. A. Scandinavian Realism // The Cambridge Law Journal. – 1959. – Vol. 17. – No. 2. – P. 233-240.
11. Llewellyn K. N. On Reading andUsing the Newer Jurisprudence // Columbia Law Review. – 1940. – Vol. 40. – P. 581-614.
12. Lundstedt A. V. Legal Thinking Revised: My Views on Law. – Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1956. – 420 p.
13. Ross A. On Law and Justice / Ed. by M. Knight, trans. by M. Dutton. – Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959. – xi, 383 p.
14. Sherbaniuk D. J. Scandinavian Realism // Alberta Law Review. – 1962. – Vol. 2. – P. 58-72.
15. Zamboni M. Alf Ross’s Legal Philosophy // A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence. Volume 12. Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World. Tome 2: Main Orientations and Topics. Chapter 16/Ed. by E. Pattaro, C. Roversi. – Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. – P. 401-414. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1479-3_44

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KOVALENKO Natalya Evgenjevna
junior researcher, postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Altai State University, Barnaul
FEATURES OF THE SUBJECT OF LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: FROM CLASSICS TO MODERNITY
The article analyzes the understanding of the subject of law through the characteristics of such a component as «personality». A distinction is made between the concepts of personality, citizen, subject of law. The author analyzes modern challenges associated with the emergence of new forms of legal personality (virtual personality, digital identification) and substantiates the need to modernize approaches to understanding the subject of law. In addition, the features of securing the legal status of subjects in information legal relations are established. For a deeper understanding of the subject of law, it is necessary to use an interdisciplinary approach that takes into account the legal identification of the individual.
Keywords: law, subject of law, personality, person, legal relationship, information legal relationship, virtual space.
Bibliography
1. Baranov V. M., Mareev Yu. L. Legal Constructions: Scenario for a Computer Lesson // Legal Technology. – 2013. – No. 7. – pp. 112-119.
2. Vezetiu V. V., Bura L. V. The Problem of Determining the Components of Personality Structure // Problems of Modern Pedagogical Education. – 2020. – No. 66-1. – pp. 312-315.
3. In Which Areas Are Electronic Transactions Concluded Using the Biometric Identification Method? // SPS Garant. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: http://ivo.garant.ru/proxy/share?data=q4Og0aLnpN5Pvp_qlYqxjK_xqrzXt9W_qeqZAuex5IfgtOSG86_wk7XDoNGi31Pzu_CQ4o7ihP2J_YfykfGpteqz1L3bv_qP3kTyh_CB6bHjuue56Y2t (accessed: 27.06.2025).
4. The State Duma adopted a law on the use of biometrics in real estate transactions. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://realty.rbc.ru/amp/news/683717589a7947145191e5d0 (date accessed: 28.06.2025).
5. Isaeva N. V. Subject of law in the context of legal identity // Bulletin of Ivanovo State University. Series: Natural, social sciences. – 2012. – No. 1. – Pp. 12-18.
6. Katsapova I. A. Philosophy of law of P. I. Novgorodtsev. – Moscow, 2005. – 188 p.
7. Kovalenko N. E. The category “subject of law” in relation to the concept of personality in the legal system // Modern society and law. – 2024. – No. 1 (68). – P. 3-6.
8. Kovalenko N. E. Deconstruction of postmodernism. The tendency of the subject of law in the information society // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 1 (176). – P. 72-73.
9. Kovalev A. G. Psychology of personality. Second edition, corrected and supplemented. – Moscow: Prosveshchenie Publishing House. 1965. – 289 p.
10. Kozhevnikov V. V. The concept of the subject of law in the context of the relationship between the philosophical and legal categories of “legal opportunity” and “legal reality” // Agrarian and land law. – 2020. – No. 1 (181). – P. 72-79.
11. Komarov S. A. The Soviet people’s state and the individual: Political and legal aspects. – Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarsk University Publishing House, 1986. – 136 p.
12. Kornev A. V., Tanimov O. V. Information Law in the Context of the Digital Transformation of Russian Law: Monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 256 p.
13. Matuzov N. I. Personality. Rights. Democracy. Theoretical Problems of Subjective Law. – Saratov: Saratov University Publishing House, 1972. – 292 p.
14. Cherdantsev A. F. Logical and Linguistic Phenomena in Law, Legal Science, and Practice. – Yekaterinburg, 1993. – 192 p.
15. Shafirov V. M. Theory of Law: A Human-Centered Approach: A Scientific, Educational, and Practice-Oriented Handbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2024. – 464 s.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
MUSAEVA Asma Gadzhievna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Theology and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Head of the Department of Science and Innovation, Dagestan Humanitarian Institute; associate professor of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
GASANOV Shamil Gazievich
Sheikh Muhammad-Arif Dagestan Islamic University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING ISLAMIC LAW
This article is devoted to the importance of studying Muslim law for a Muslim. Methods. The concept of Muslim law and its role in human life is considered. Results. The division of actions of Muslims from the position of Muslim law is analyzed. Conclusion. Islamic law is one of the compulsory subjects that must be learned by a Muslim. To understand the Qur\’an and the Sunnah, a Muslim should consult scholars.
Keywords: believer, Islamic law, behavior of Muslimims.
Article bibliography
1. Abdurakhmanov A. I., Suleimanova Z. S. The Inimitability of the Quran. Features of the Translation of Phraseological Units of the Quran into Russian // In the collection: Actual Problems of Arabic Philology and Methods of Teaching the Arabic Language. Proceedings of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference, 2016.
2. Adygamov R. K. Explains Islamic Law in the Modern Era // Minbar. Islamic Studies. – 2020. – Vol. 13 (Issue 2). – Pp. 349-362.
3. Ar-Ramakhurmuzi. Muhaddisul-fasil. Edition: Dar-Al-Fikr, 1404. – No. 3. – P. 238.
4. Jalaluddin al-Mahali. «Badr tali», with notes by Hasan Attar // In the edition Dar Kutubi al-Ilmiya. – Vol. 2. – P. 433.
5. Ibn al-Akfani. Irshad al-Qasid ila asnal maqasid. // Dar Qiblat as-Saqafiya al-Islamiya. – 1994. – Issue 1. – P. 44.
6. Ibn Asakir. History of Damascus // Dar Al-Fikr. – 1995. – Vol. 50. – P. 359.
7. Imam Nawawi. Majmu’ // Dar al-Fikr. – Vol. 1. – P. 24.
8. Muromtsev G. I. Study of Muslim Law in the Dynamics of Legal Development // Law. Publication of the Higher School of Economics. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 80-106.
9. Sirazhudinova S. I. The practice of social service of Muslim religious organizations of Dagestan as a tool for developing interfaith relations. In the collection: Republican socio-political Gusayev readings. Collection of conference materials. Ministry of National Policy and Religious Affairs of the Republic of Dagestan. – Makhachkala, 2021. – P. 174-181.
10. Shedov D. V. Modern research in the field of Islamic law // Islam in the modern world. – 2016. – Issue 12 (3). – pp. 219-232.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SAMUSENKO Tatyana Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Acting Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty of the Law school, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok (scientific director)
MALYAVINA Kristina Dmitrievna
student of the Law school, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok; independent researcher
THE RIGHT TO PRIVATE LIFE AND LEGAL REGULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
The article examines the impact of digitalization on the right to private life and the issues of legal regulation in the digital space. It analyzes the contradictions of digitalization, its opportunities and threats related to digital inequality, the collection and protection of personal data, and the boundaries of the concept of “private life.” Special attention is given to legal acts and the role of court decisions in shaping the legal framework for protecting personal information. The article emphasizes the need to enhance the legal culture of citizens and develop digital ethics to ensure effective protection of the right to privacy in a rapidly changing technological situation.
Keywords: digitalization, private life, personal data, legal regulation, cybersecurity, legislation, information protection.
Bibliography
1. Avdeev D. A. “The Right to Refuse the Use of Digital Technologies in the Context of Privacy Protection” // Civil Society in Russia and Abroad. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 18-20.
2. Przhilensky I. V. Private life in the culture of modern Russian society: sociological analysis: abstract of the dissertation of candidate of sociological sciences: 22.00.06 // Adyghe state university. – Maykop. 2010. – 25 p.
3. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2005, No. 248-O “On Refusal to Accept for Consideration the Complaint of Citizens Valery Alekseevich Zakharkin and Irina Nikolaevna Zakharkina Regarding the Violation of Their Constitutional Rights by Clause “b” of Part Three of Article 125 and Part Three of Article 127 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2012, No. 1253-O “On Refusal to Accept for Consideration the Complaint of Citizen Mikhail Nikolaevich Suprun Regarding the Violation of His Constitutional Rights by Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” // The document was not published. Accessed from SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Kanina, I. A. Private Life in the Sphere of Law: Abstract of Dissertation. Candidate of Law: 12.00.01 / Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin. – Tambov. 2006. – 24 p.
6. Maleina M. N. Concept and types of intangible assets as objects of personal non-property rights // State and Law. – 2014. – No. 7. – P. 40-47.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
TARABORIN Roman Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
TEPLYAKOV Igor Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
KHVASTUNOV Konstantin Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Ural Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
CURRENT ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE LEGAL MECHANISM FOR REGULATING THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TERRITORY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The presented study reveals the normative and doctrinal characteristics of the legal mechanism for regulating the improvement of the territory. The views of modern researchers of public law on the essential elements of the mechanism of legal regulation of the improvement of the territory of the Russian Federation are summarized. Based on the analysis of municipal legal acts of the largest municipalities of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Novosibirsk), the author\’s proposals are formulated aimed at improving the studied legal mechanism for regulating the powers of local governments. In particular, these proposals concern the adjustment of the following federal laws: the Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation,” and Federal Law of 31.07.2020 No. 247-FZ “On Mandatory Requirements in the Russian Federation.”
Keywords: improvement of the territory, competence, local government bodies, powers, public authority, lawmaking.
Article bibliography
1. Butova T.V., Sviridova E.S. Features of managing the improvement of the territory of a municipality // Actual problems of science and education development: Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference: in 7 parts, v. 3. – Moscow: AR-Consult, 2014. – P. 98-100.
2. Sultanov E. B., Teplyakov I. I. Definition of local issues as a subject of jurisdiction of local government bodies // Municipality: Economy and Management. – 2018. – No. 4 (25). – P. 58-64.
3. Dekalo D. O. Problems of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the sphere of public control // Young scientist. – 2018. – No. 22 (208). – P. 218-220.
4. Teplyakov I. I. Issues of local importance as a subject of jurisdiction of local government bodies: history, theory, practice: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Kazan, 2019. – 226 p.
5. Agapitova L. G., Asadchaya D. A. Projects in the field of territorial improvement: economic aspect // Economy and entrepreneurship. – 2024. – No. 4 (165). – pp. 1275-1279.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
AKHRAMEEV Pavel Sergeyevich
postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
MOSKALEV Yuriy postgraduate student of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
TRENDS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF MECHANISM OF THE STATE, LAW-MAKING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE ERA OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The article explores the transformation of the state and law in the context of digitalization and the networkization of social relations. Particular attention is paid to the shift from a centralized model of state governance to a network-based architecture that incorporates e-government, e-democracy, and the digital transformation of public services. A separate section addresses the use of artificial intelligence in lawmaking and law enforcement, analyzing examples of its application in different countries. The study concludes that AI is becoming an integral element of the state mechanism, performing functions traditionally reserved for humans, which may eventually lead to a redefinition of the state and its institutions.
Keywords: the fourth industrial revolution, digitalization, networkization, state, law, artificial intelligence, lawmaking, law enforcement, e-government, e-democracy, digital transformation, blockchain.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Akhmetkuzhin R. A. History of development and prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in the right of creative activity // E-Scio. – 2023. – No. 2 (77). – P.532-539.
2. Voloshchak V. I., Kozlov L. E., Valitova D. V., Sarbash D. V. Digital economy and artificial intelligence in the Republic of Korea: practice of political and legal influence // Asian-Pacific region: economics, politics, law. – 2022. – No. 24 (4). – P.35-48.
3. Gurney O. R. Hetty. – Moscow: Science, 1987. – 233 p.
4. Gubaidullina E. Kh., Baraboshkina A. A.Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Activity // Legal Science. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 121-123.
5. Deleuze J., Guattari F. Rhizome // Philosophy of the Postmodern Era. – Minsk: Krasiko-print, 1996. – P. 6-31.
6. Castells M. Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. – Moscow: HSE, 2000. – 608 p.
7. Katerina V. V., Gnedash A. A. Formation of Political Content in the Online Space: Structural-Network and Lingvodiscursive Analysis of Contemporary Social Movements (using the Women’s March as an Example) // Political Linguistics. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 87-95.
8. Kiselev A. S. Prospects and Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence in the Sphere of Legal Analytics and Law-Making Activity // Lex Russica. – 2025. – No. 78 (6). – P. 127-143.
9. Laptev V. A. Artificial Intelligence in the System of Legal Instruments for Stabilizing Political Regimes of World Powers // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Political Science. – 2023. – No. 25 (4). – P. 831-847.
10. Nosirov Z. A., Fomichev V. M. Analysis of Blockchain Technology: Architecture Fundamentals, Use Cases, Development Prospects, Problems and Disadvantages // Control, Communications and Security Systems. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 37-75.
11. Nurmukhametov R. N. Artificial Intelligence in Crime Prevention and Fight against Crime: Opportunities and Challenges // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – No. 12-1 (99). – P. 185-189.
12. Pavlyutenkova M. Yu. The Role and Place of Social Networks in Public Policy // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Political Science. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 71-81.
13. Paronyan K. M. Limits and Restrictions of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in State and Legal Life // Law and Practice. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 149-153.
14. Sidorchenko V. F. The First Pirate “Trade Union” on Earth // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. Series 14. Law. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 75-78.
15. Sizov S. K. Did the Union Council Exist in the Achaean Federation during the Time of Polybius? // Bulletin of UNN. -2015. – No. 3. – P. 107-114.
16. Takmakov E. A. Current Directions for Using Facial Recognition Systems in the Urban Environment to Improve Criminal Procedure Evidence // Legal Sciences. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 193-196.
17. Talapina E. V. Artificial Intelligence and Legal Expertise in Public Administration // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – 2021. – No. 12 (4). – P. 865-881.
18. Shanin V. A. Application of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Judicial Practice // Legal Science. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 143-147.
19. Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. – M.: Eksmo, 2022. – 208 p.
20. Shuvalov V. V. On the Attitude of the Athenian Allies to the Athenian Authority in the Delian Symmachy // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University. History. – 2004. – No. 3-4. – pp. 79-83.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
AIBATOV Magomednabi Magomedmirzoevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MAMEDOVA Malika Shamilevna
student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
REFORMATORY ACTIVITY OF M. M. SPERANSKY
Starting from the beginning of the XIX century, administrative transformations in the Russian state embodied the concepts of M. M. Speransky, an outstanding lawyer and statesman. The article analyzes the practical application of his theoretical developments in the field of public administration. Particular attention is paid to those concepts of M. M. Speransky that are of practical value for modern state-building and can serve as a basis for current reforms of the administrative system. The authors note that Speransky’s work is a unique example of systemic reform in an autocratic regime, where the theoretical development of the principles of the rule of law was combined with a pragmatic adaptation to political realities.
Keywords: reforms of M. M. Speransky, administrative reforms, codification of law, systematization of law, code of laws.
Bibliography
1. Abasova A. T., Izudinova R. S. Main Aspects of M. M. Speransky’s Project of State Reforms and His Contribution to the Development of the Ministry of Justice // Legal Science: History and Modernity. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 51-55.
2. Bedretdinova L. N. Mikhail Speransky: a legal reformer and a key figure in the development of the Russian state system // Actual problems of modern Russia: psychology, pedagogy, economics, management and law: a collection of scientific papers of the II Annual International Scientific and Practical Conference and International Scientific and Practical Conferences, Moscow, December 01, 2023 – 24, 2024. – Moscow: Moscow University of Psychology and Social Sciences, 2024. – P. 1492-1500.
3. Gogolevsky, A. V. The project of M. M. Speransky and the governmentConstitutionalism of the early 19th century // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 3 (65). – P. 8-19.
4. Dzhamalova E.K. Some problematic issues of the theory and practice of the methodology of scientific historical and legal research // History of the state and law. – 2013. – No. 9. – P. 47-49.
5. Dzhamalova E.K. Continuity in law as an indicator of legal culture // Legal Bulletin of the Dagestan State University. – 2016. – Vol. 19. No. 3. – P. 25-28.
6. Kolokolov N.A. Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky: judgments on faith, state, court and justice // History of the state and law. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 70-76.
7. Mashinina E. V. Historians’ Assessment of M. M. Speransky’s Activities at the Current Stage // International Scientific News 2017: XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, December 22, 2017. – Moscow: Olimp Research Center, 2017. – P. 212-213.
8. Molodova I. Yu. M. M. Speransky’s Ideas in Implementing Administrative Reforms in Russia // Science and Art of Management / Bulletin of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law of the Russian State Humanitarian University. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 55-65.
9. Shenshina V. S. M. M. Speransky’s Activities in Transforming the Russian State: Theory and Practice (1801-1812): Dis. …cand. ist. Sci. – Voronezh, 2002. – 181 p.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
GABDRAKHMANOV Farit Vadutovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
REPORTING TO THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN 1926-1930
The article discusses the issues of the organization of reporting in the prosecutor\’s office in 1926 – 1930. The reporting included reports, reports, information and summaries directly. The reports consisted of 2 parts: literary (descriptive) and statistical. The latter included digital statements, compiled, as a rule, based on the results of work for the month. The prosecutor\’s reports had separate reporting elements. The latter were often carried out on the basis of various forms of reporting and were intended not only for the People\’s Commissariat of Justice, but also for a wider range of persons. The relationship between the various forms of reporting, the timing of their referral, the addressees, and who was responsible for reporting in the prosecutor\’s office have been determined. A classification of reporting forms is proposed.
Keywords: prosecutor\’s office, prosecutor, literary and statistical reporting, reports, reports, information, prosecutor\’s reports, 1920s.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alimov P. Statistics in the justice authorities // Weekly of Soviet Justice. – 1927. – No. 28. – P. 849-852. (July 20). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3561/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1927_28.pdf (date of access: 08.05.2024).
2. Gavrilov S. O., Raspopin A. V. Problems of scientific organization of labor in the activities of the Soviet prosecutor’s office in the 1920s // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 166-169. – DOI 10.23672/u7564-5028-6788-f. – EDN ZDVSWR.
3. Goroshko I. V., Yamshchikova S. S. On Some Directions for Improving Departmental Statistical Reporting in the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2021. – No. 5 (85). – Pp. 86-91. – EDN YEXXMX.
4. Kobzarev F. M. On the Issue of Conceptual Foundations of the Theory of Organization of Work and Management in the Prosecutor’s Office // Bulletin of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2016. – No. 6 (56). – Pp. 5-12. – EDN YMVMGT.
5. Morshnev. The Sea in Which We Are Drowning (On the Issue of Rationalizing Reporting) // Weekly of Soviet Justice. – 1927. – No. 17. – Pp. 517-518. (March 14). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3550/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1927_17.pdf (date of access: 05/24/2024).
6. Mukhamedov R. A., Chigrin M. V. Personnel provision of the prosecutor’s offices of the Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province in 1922 – 1928 // Scientific dialogue. – 2023. – V. 12. No. 2. – P. 417-435. – DOI 10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-2-417-435. – EDN ZWXTBO.
7. Stelmakhovich A. Results of local congresses of justice workers // Soviet Justice Weekly. – 1929. – No. 8. – Pp. 169-173. (February 28). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3637/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_8.pdf (date accessed: 14.01.2024).
8. Khatov E. B. Information and analytical activities of the Russian prosecutor’s office: genesis and evolution // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – 2018. – Vol. 5. No. 2 (15). – Pp. 187-193. – EDN YAUTIL.
9. Khayali R. I. Regulatory and legal support for the scientific organization of labor, office work and reporting in the Soviet prosecutor’s office (1920 – 1930s) //Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 7 (73). No. 2. – Pp. 87-94. – DOI 10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-2-87-94. – EDN RZAWWV.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
DADASHEV Musa Bakhtiyar ogly
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Theory state and law sub-faculty, Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIC MUSLIM INHERITANCE LAW IN EARLY CENTURY
This article reveals the fundamental principles of classical Muslim inheritance law, on which it is based. Polemicizing on the principles of Muslim inheritance law identified in the literature, such as the principle of justice, the principle of humanism, and strict adherence to Koranic norms, the author identified such principles as: the principle of gender, the principle of social justice, the principle of ethics, the principle of community, and the principle of priority.
Keywords: Madhhab, Hanafis, Hanbalis, Shafi’is, Malikis, Jafarits, Zahirits, Fakki, Akhdi, Beitul Mal.
Article bibliography
1. Rakhmatullin R. Yu. Features of Muslim Inheritance Law // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 2 (73). – P. 40-43.
2. The Quran. Translation of meanings and commentary by Iman Valeria Porokhova / 14th ed. – Moscow: RIPOL KLASSIK, 2005. – 802 p.
3. Nurgaleev R. M. Inheritance law in Islam: a textbook. – Kazan: Publishing house of the DUM RT, 2009. – 152 p.
4. Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni. Fru al kafi (translated by Muhammad Sarwar), Volume 7, Islamic Seminary Publication. – New York, 2014. – P. 371.
5. Nadjma Yassari. Intestate Succession in Islamic Countries // Comparative Succession Law: Volume II: Intestate Succession. – Oxford, 2015. – P. 421-441.
5. Yrd. Doç. Ali Yüksek Ondokuz mayıs üniversitesi üzaktan eğitim merkezi Islam Hukuku II Ünit 10, Samsun, s. 15.
6. Abdul Ghofur Anshori. Sources and Legal Principles of Islamic Inheritance. Dynamics in Indonesia // Journal Equity of Law and Governance. – Vol. 2. No. 2. – R. 157-168.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
IVANOVA Yana Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
SOVIET AND RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN PREVENTING DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The article examines the main stages of the development of crime prevention and juvenile delinquency in various periods of our history, as well as the role and place of law enforcement agencies and local governments in the prevention of juvenile delinquency, corresponding to these stages. Special attention is paid to educational and preventive measures, ideological, political, moral, and labor education of the younger generation during the Soviet period, as the main methods of prevention in the fight against juvenile delinquency. Studying the experience of the Soviet crime prevention system is of interest from the point of view of analyzing the methods of state influence on the criminal situation, as well as the possibility of adapting individual elements to modern conditions.
Keywords: crime; minors, crime prevention, prevention, crime prevention, prevention measures.
Article bibliography
1. Andryukhina N. G. Formation and development of bodies for the prevention of homelessness and juvenile delinquency in Russia // Bulletin of the Moscow City Law Institute. 2006. No. 1. pp. 46-52.
2. Antonyan Yu. M. Prevention of juvenile delinquency. M., 1982. 40 p.
3. Bezhetsentsev A. A. Historical development of state bodies and institutions of the system of prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency in the Soviet period // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2011. No. 2 (50). Pp. 56-63.
4. Kraynova N. A. Crime prevention system in the USSR: a relic of the past or a model of the future? // Lex russica. 2023. Vol. 76. No. 3. Pp. 136-145.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
KRASILNIKOV Sergey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management, Russian Academy National Economy and Public Administration under President of the Russian Federation
THE ROLE OF PREOBRAZHENSKY PRIKAZ AND SECRET CHANCELLERY AS INSTITUTIONS OF POLITICAL INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 17TH – 18TH CENTURIES
The article analyzes the formation and evolution of Preobrazhensky prikaz and Secret Chancellery as the first specialized institutions of political investigation and trial in the Russian state of the late 17th – 18th centuries. The paper examines historical prerequisites for their creation, legal foundations of their activities, and procedural features of investigation and judicial proceedings in political cases. Special attention is paid to the transformation of these institutions in the context of Peter the Great\’s absolutist reforms and their influence on the formation of the state-legal system of the Russian Empire. Based on modern historiographical approaches and archival data, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the role of these institutions in the development of political justice and their impact on the evolution of Russian statehood.
Keywords: Preobrazhensky prikaz, Secret Chancellery, political investigation, state crimes, Peter the Great, investigative process, political justice, absolutism.
Article bibliography
1. Serov D. O., Fedorov A. V. Investigation and political investigation in Russia: historical parallels // Russian investigator. – 2021. – No. 3. – Pp. 45-57.
2. Veremenko V. I. Evolution of the political investigation system in 18th-century Russia: historical and legal analysis // History of the state and law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 126-137.
3. Anisimov E. V. Political investigation in Russia during the Peter the Great’s time: new sources and interpretations // Questions of history. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 78-89.
4. Kutafin D. O. Preobrazhensky order and the system of repressive bodies of the Russian Empire: continuity and transformation // Lex Russica. – 2021. – No. 7. – P. 112-123.
5. Sokolov A. S. Secret chancery in the system of state bodies of Russia in the 18th century // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 93-104.
6. Kiselev M. A. Legal Foundations of the Activities of Political Investigation Agencies in Russia in the First Quarter of the 18th Century // Russian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 55-64.
7. Petrov K. V. Political Justice in Russia in the 18th Century: Historical and Legal Aspect // State and Law. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 42-51.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
MINYAILENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, St. Petersburg Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
MAGISTRATES\’ COURTS OF EMPEROR ALEXANDER II
The article examines the development trends of the magistrates\’ court in Russia after the judicial reform of 1864. Particular attention is paid to the changes that took place in the judicial system and legal proceedings during the reign of Emperor Alexander II. The idea is expressed that as a result of the reforms carried out, the concept of direct and oral hearing of the case was laid as the basis for the new legal proceedings, and the rules on the strength of evidence placed in the Judicial Statutes should only serve as a guide in determining a decision based on the inner conviction of judges, based on a set of discovered circumstances. Particular attention is paid to the institution of magistrates. It is concluded that both society and government structures positively assessed the practice of functioning of magistrates\’ courts. The organization and activities of magistrates’ courts had a certain degree of stability, ensuring the stability of legal regulation. The result of the activity of the post-reform Magistrates’ Court was the effective development of all procedural law.
Keywords: result of the reforms carried out, stability of legal regulation, concept of direct and oral hearing of the case, organization and activity of the magistrates’ courts.
Bibliography
1. Grigoriev, O. V., “Military Justice of Emperor Nicholas I,” Historical, Social, and Educational Thought, 2018, Vol. 10, No. 2-2, pp. 78-85.
2. Demichev, A. A., “Genesis and Formation of the Magistrates’ Court in the Russian Empire,” Historical and Legal Problems: A New Perspective, 2011, No. 4-1. – P. 34-45.
3. Popova N. V. Features of the organization and activities of the justice of the peace in the Russian Empire under the statutes of 1864 (regional aspects) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2011. – No. 35. – P. 54-56.
4. Ilyukhina V. A. Evolution of the idea of the justice of the peace in the domestic historical and legal thought (second half of the 17th – first half of the 19th century) // Legal Science and Practice Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 33-38.
5. Expansion of the jurisdiction of justices of the peace // Journal of criminal and civil law. – 1886. – Book 2. – P. 160-162.
6. Lonskaya S. V. Magistrate and volost courts of the Russian Empire on the way to unity // Bulletin of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Issue. 9: Series: Economic and legal sciences. – 2013. – P. 7-14.
7. Doroshkov V. V. Magistrate. Historical, organizational and procedural aspects of activity. – Moscow, 2004. – 131 p.
8. Zakharov V. V., Savelyeva M. A. Evolution of the Census System in the Structure of the Mechanism for Forming the Corps of Justices of the Peace in Russia in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries // Justice of the Peace. – 2011. – No. 11. – pp. 23-27.
9. Grigoriev O. V. Military-Judicial Reform of Russia of 1867: Dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.01. – Moscow, 2006. – 186 p.
10. Chernukhina L. S. Justices of the Peace and State Authority in Pre-Revolutionary Russia // Journal of Russian Law. – 2004. – No. 5. – pp. 26-31.
11. Izvarina A. F. Justices of the Peace in Russia at the Beginning of the 21st Century. – Rostov n / D., 2002. – 173 p.
12. Zarudny M. Experience of studying the local peasant court // Journal of civil and criminal law. – 1874. – Book 2. -P. 170-211.
13. Grigoriev O. V., Minyaylenko N. N. On the history of the Russian judicial system // Bulletin of the Siberian State Transport University: Humanitarian research. – 2024. – No. 4 (23). – P. 17-23.
14. Grigoriev O. V. Legality, justice and democracy in the coordinate system of the Russian judicial power // Historical and socio-educational thought. – 2018. – Vol. 10. No. 5-2. – P. 72-77.
15. Lonskaya S. V. Magistrates’ Court in the Judicial System of Post-Reform Russia // News of Universities. Jurisprudence. – 1995. – No. 3. – P. 97-101.
16. Boeva G. A. The Place of Magistrates’ Courts in the Judicial System of the Russian Empire // Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 124-127.
17. Ustryuzhanov V. Consideration of Civil Cases under the Charter of Civil Procedure of 1864 // Russian Justice. – 1999. – No. 10. – P. 11-12.
18. Romanov I. E. On the Procedure for Conducting Criminal Cases before Magistrates. – M., 1869. – 99 p.
19. Yezhov V. A. Magistrates’ Courts in the Russian State in the Second Half of the 19th Century // Bulletin of the Orenburg State University. – 2009. – No. 3. – Pp. 58-65.
20. On the Issue of the Elective Principle in Magistrates’ Justice // Journal of Civil and Criminal Law. – 1879. – Vol. 1. – Pp. 161-164.
21. Establishment of Judicial Institutions of November 20, 1864 // PSZ-2. – Vol. 39. – No. 41475. – Art. 3.
22. Petrograd Magistrates’ Court for Fifty Years. 1866-1916. – Pg., 1916. – Vol. 1-2. – 882 p.
23. Antsiferov K. D. On the Reform of Our Magistrates’ Court // Journal of Criminal and Civil Law. – 1885. – No. 2. – Pp. 15-21.
24. Paramonov A. S. Minutes of the Criminal Department for 1884 // Journal of Civil and Criminal Law. – 1885. – No. 5. – Pp. 99-108.
25. Ivanoglo S. V. Congresses of Magistrates on the Reform of 1864 // Historical, Philosophical, Political and Legal Sciences, Cultural Studies and Art Criticism. Theoretical and Practical Issues. – 2011. – No. 4-3. – Pp. 48-51.
26. Popov Ya. O. On the Issue of Elections to Magistrates // Legal Bulletin. – 1869. – Vol. 10-11. – P. 83-88.
27. Chechelev S. V. Institute of Honorary Justices of the Peace of the Omsk Judicial Chamber District // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 1998. – Issue 4. – P. 107-110.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
PATRASH Natalya Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Public law disciplines sub-faculty, Pskov branch, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE OF THE 13TH DISTRICT OF THE GDOV DISTRICT OF THE PETROGRAD PROVINCE IN 1922 – 1923
The article examines certain aspects of the organization of the Prosecutor\’s Office of the 13th District of the Gdov District of the Petrograd Province (based on the report of its activities from October 27, 1922, to October 1, 1923); the main problems of the functioning of the district prosecutor\’s office at the initial stage of its restoration are analyzed; the relationship between the prosecutor\’s office and local authorities of Gdov district is considered; special attention is paid to the prosecutor\’s supervision of the legality of the actions of local authorities; Conclusions are drawn about the weak personnel potential of the district prosecutor’s office, the bodies of inquiry and investigation.
Keywords: Gdov district, assistant prosecutor, RCP(b), report, personnel, prosecutor’s supervision.
Bibliographic list
1. State Archives of the Pskov Region. – F. R-320. – Op. 1. – D. 34.
2. Salmina S. Yu. Personnel support of the Soviet prosecutor’s office in the first half of the 1920s // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 510-514.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
TOLDIEV Khas-Magomed Bashirovich
postgraduate student of Theory state and law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the study of the historical development of judicial practice in the context of its influence on the improvement of Russian legislation. Attention is drawn to several historical stages: the pre-reform period of the 19th century, the period of judicial reform of the 19th century, the Soviet era and New Russia. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that judicial practice began to have the greatest significance precisely after the judicial reform, however, at all stages of historical development there were only prerequisites for the formation of an important role of judicial practice for the improvement of legislation. Only during the period of New Russia did this issue become very relevant and practical. It is the modern approach to understanding the essence of judicial practice that allows us to say that, firstly, it can occupy a “separate” place in the system of sources of law, and, secondly, influence the improvement of the norms of the current law in Russia.
Keywords: judicial practice, improvement of legislation, source of law, rule of law, normative act, historical and legal analysis.
Bibliography
1. Bredikhin A. L. Judicial practice as a source of Russian law // Theory and practice of social and humanitarian sciences. – 2023. – No. 1 (21). – P. 105.
2. Golubeva L. A., Chernokov A. E. Judicial practice as a source and form of law // Journal of legal and economic studies. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 52.
3. Gribkova K. V. Judicial practice as a source of law in Russia // Asian-Pacific region: economics, politics, law. – 2023. – Vol. 25. No. 3. – P. 131.
4. Guk P. A. Judicial practice as a form of judicial rule-making in the legal system of Russia: general theoretical analysis: dissertation … Doctor of Law -: 12.00.01; [Place of protection: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. – Moscow, 2012. – P. 88.
5. Guk P. A. Judicial practice as a form of judicial rule-making in the legal system of Russia: general theoretical analysis: abstract of dis. … Doctor of Law. – P. 94.
6. Kodan S. V. M. M. Speransky and the Formation of the Theoretical Foundations of the Legal Technique of Systematizing Legislation in Russia (1820-1830s): Article // Legal Technique. – 2012. – No. 6. – P. 226.
7. Korkunov N. M. Lectures on the General Theory of Law. [Reprinted. 1898]. – St. Petersburg, 2004. – P. 358.
8. Lenin V. I. The CPSU on Socialist Legality and Law and Order. – Moscow, 1986. – P. 136.
9. Malyshev K. I. Course of General Civil Law of Russia. – St. Petersburg, 1878. – Vol. 1. -P. 85-86.
10. Marchenko M. N. Sources of Law. – Moscow, 2005. – P. 375.
11. Nureyev A. G. Commentary on Individual Chapters (X-XIII) of the Charter of Legal Procedure in Commercial Courts // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 112-115.
12. Pakhman S. V. On the Modern Movement in Legal Science. – St. Petersburg, 1882. – P. 33.
13. Pakhman S. V. On the Modern Movement in Legal Science. – St. Petersburg, 1882. – P. 33.
14. Petrazhitsky L. I. Theory of Law and State in Connection with the Theory of Morality. Vol. 1. – St. Petersburg, 1907.
15. Udodova M. A. Mechanism of the Impact of Judicial Practice on Legislation: Abstract of Candidate of Laws’ Dissertation – Moscow, 2018. – P. 18.
16. Shershenevich G. F. General Theory of Law: Textbook (based on the 1910-1912 edition). – Moscow, 1995. – Vol. 2. Issues 2-4. – P. 86.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
AVDEEV Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theoretical and public law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University
TARKHANOVA Alexandra Vladimirovna
Bachelor student of the 3rd course in the direction “Jurisprudence”, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University; independent researcher
TARKHANOVA Elena Aleksandrovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor of Economics and finance sub-faculty, Institute of Finance and Economics, Tyumen State University
COPYRIGHT IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ISSUES OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION
The article discusses the current problems of interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and copyright in the context of modern technological and legal realities. The article analyzes how the development of AI affects the copyright system, and discusses various approaches to determining the authorship of works created using AI. The article highlights the need to review legislation to adapt to new conditions, as well as international practices and proposals for regulating this area. Special attention is paid to the issues of legal protection of the results of AI activities and responsibility for their use. Funding: This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under the project “Fundamental Issues in the Methodology of Development and Related Legal and Ethical Regulation in the Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems and Models” (FEWZ-2024-0052).
Keywords: artificial intelligence, copyright, intellectual property, legal regulation, digital technologies, creative activity, legal protection.
Bibliographic list
1. Abramova E. N., Starikova E. V. Artificial Intelligence as a Subject of Copyright // Hypothesis. – 2020. – No. 1 (10). – Pp. 32-38.
2. Belkina M. V. Copyright on Objects Created by Artificial Intelligence: Legislative Problems and Ways to Eliminate Them // Power of Law. – 2021. – No. 2 (46). – Pp. 152-166.
3. Voskresenskaya E. V., Vorona-Slivinskaya L. G., Loiko A. N. On the Legal Nature of the Results of Artificial Intelligence Activities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https//cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-pravovoy-priroderezultatov-deyatelnosti-iskusstvennogo-intellekta (date of access: 19.06.2025).
4. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part 4) of December 18, 2006 No. 230-FZ (as amended) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2006. – December 22.
5. Davtyan M. A. Problems of recognizing artificial intelligence as one of the objects of copyright // Herald of Science. – 2022. – No. 2 (47). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-priznaniya-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-odnim-iz-obektov-avtorskogo-prava (Accessed: 11.03.2025).
6. Human Rights in the Internet Age: Public Law Aspect: Monograph / Ed. E. V. Talapina. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – 144 p.
7. Sadovina A., Titova A., Manina A., Nazarova D., Kusakin A. Is it Possible to Hold AI Liable for Copyright Infringement? – Institute of Philology and Journalism, Lobachevsky University. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fil.unn.ru/studfactcheck/mozhno-li-privlech-ii-k-otvetstvennosti-za-narushenie-avtorskih-prav/.
8. Digital law: textbook / Under the general editorship of V. V. Blazheev, M. A. Egorova. – M .: Prospect, 2020. – 640 p.
9. Yastrebov O. A. Legal capacity of an electronic person: theoretical and methodological approaches. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberlenmka.ru/artide/n/pravosube ktnostelektronnogo-Htsa-teoretikometodologicheskie-podhody (date of access: 19.06.2025).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Nadezhda Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Penza State University
BUYANOV Vyacheslav Vasiljevich
student of the 4th year of the specialty 38.05.01 “Economic Security”, Penza State University; independent researcher
THE PREVALENCE OF CORRUPTION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND CHINA
In today\’s society, corruption is a global issue that the scientific community and almost all countries around the world are paying close attention to. Despite the fact that corruption is a responsibility of adults, young people have a greater potential to combat this phenomenon. This article explores the manifestations of corruption among young people. It highlights the fact that corruption schemes are present at various stages of their lives, from education to employment. The article identifies various situations where young people are willing to engage in corruption.
Keywords: corruption, corruption schemes, youth, corruption component, anti-corruption measures.
Article bibliography
1. Tarasova E. A., Zhivodrova S. A. Implementation of state youth policy: main directions and development trends // Education in the 21st century: problems and prospects: collected articles from the XIV International scientific and practical conference, Penza, October 18-19, 2021. – Penza: Autonomous non-profit scientific and educational organization “Volga House of Knowledge”, 2021. – pp. 42-46.
2. Afaunov A. Z. Sociostructural analysis of the attitude of Russian youth to corruption: dis. … Cand. of Social Sciences: 22.00.04. – Krasnodar, 2016. – 206 p.
3. Sizov V. A., Zherepa Yu. S. Combating corruption in the student environment as a component of social development of society // Science. Society. State. – 2022. – Vol. 10. No. 2 (38). – Pp. 53-62.
4. Leontyeva E. O., Tsybulnik E. A. Guanxi as a basic construct of identity of Chinese migrants // Oikumena. Regional studies. – 2024. – No. 2 (69) // [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/guansi-kak-bazovyy-konstrukt-identichnosti-kitayskih-migrantov (date of access: 05.12.2025).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Management and public administration sub-faculty, Penza State University
KULIKOVA Kristina Nikolaevna
student of the bachelor\’s degree of the 4th course of the 38.03.04 « State and municipaladministration”, Penza State University; independent researcher
THE IMPACT OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION ON THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SERVANTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE ASSESSMENT OF THEIR PERFORMANCE
The article is devoted to the study of a topical issue – increasing the efficiency of the state civil service by improving the system of additional professional education. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts, the features of the organization of the training process are identified taking into account modern requirements for employees. The authors concluded that the creation of a systematic and planned approach to the organization of additional professional education is a key factor in the formation of a personnel corps with high competence and commitment to service ethics, which is reflected in the efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of the public administration system.
Keywords: additional professional education, professional development, competence, managerial skills, civil service, competence assessment.
Article References
1. Andryukhina I. Yu. Improving Personnel Assessment Tools in the State and Municipal Systems // The Future of National Law: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation of Relations: A Collection of Articles Based on the Results of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Kaliningrad, April 24, 2024. – Kaliningrad: RA Poligrafych, 2024. – Pp. 5-8.
2. Vlasyuk I. V., Kravtsova Yu. E. Pedagogical approaches to the formation of professional competence of civil servants in the system of additional professional education // Sustainable Development Management. – 2024. – No. 1 (50). – Pp. 98-104.
3. Methodological recommendations for the assessment of state civil servants of federal executive bodies, employees of organizations subordinate to federal executive bodies, employees of state extra-budgetary funds ensuring digital transformation, using the “360 degrees” assessment method. – M., 2020. – 20 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KOMBAROVA Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor I. E. Farber and professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitu-tional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
STREBKOVA Elena Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Professor I. E. Farber and professor V. T. Kabyshev Constitu-tional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
NOTARIAT AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC POWER SYSTEM OF MODERN RUSSIA
The notary\’s office in modern Russia is a unique legal institution that combines elements of both public authority and self-regulated professional activity. The notary performs important functions to protect the rights of citizens and legal entities, prevent legal conflicts and ensure the stability of civil turnover. The article examines the role and place of the notary in the system of public au-thority in modern Russia, defines its role in the mechanism of public administration and assesses the prospects for further development. The article analyzes the legal foundations and functions of the notary office as an institution that protects the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. Special attention is paid to the interaction of notaries with government agencies, as well as problems arising in the process of legal reform. The authors conclude that the notary public plays an important role in strengthening the rule of law and increasing public confidence in the legal system. The notary’s further development is linked to digitalization, the expansion of its powers, and increased interaction with other government institutions.
Keywords: notaries, public authority, legal system, protection of citizens’ rights.
Article Bibliography
1. Georgieva, T. P., “Municipal Constitutionalism and/or a Unified System of Public Authority,” in: Supplement to the Higher School, 2024, no. 4 (19), pp. 71-81.
2. Kombarova, E. V., “Public Authority in the Scientific Work of Professor V. T. Kabyshev,” in: Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. 2023. No. 5 (154). P. 22-28.
3. Tsvetkov A. S. Public-law nature of notarial activity in the Russian Federation // Modern law. 2017. No. 11. P. 49-53.
4. Kulishova R. T. Specifics of the legal nature of the notariat and notarial activity in the Russian Federation // Notary. 2016. No. 7. P. 3-8.
5. Akhrameeva O. V. The ratio of public-law and private-law principles in the provision of public services to the population in the Russian Federation (on the example of the bar and notary): specialty 12.00.01 “Theory and history of law and state; “History of the Doctrines of Law and State”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Cand.ata of legal sciences. Stavropol, 2011. 26 p.
6. Chernikov A. E. Constitutional and legal regulation of notaries in modern Russia: specialty 12.00.02 “Constitutional law; constitutional judicial process; municipal law”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. Belgorod, 2008. 23 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GALYAUTDINOV Matvey Radislavovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
PUBLIC OVERSIGHT AS A TOOL TO COMBAT CORRUPTION: A CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
This article presents a multifaceted analysis of public oversight as an effective constitutional and legal tool within the anti-corruption system. The author examines in detail the regulatory framework of this institution, including provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Laws “On the Foundations of Public Oversight in the Russian Federation”, “On Countering Corruption”, and “On Ensuring Access to Information on the Activities of State Bodies”. The study reveals specific mechanisms for the implementation of public oversight, such as conducting public monitoring, independent anti-corruption expertise of normative legal acts, public audits, and public hearings. Practical examples demonstrate the actual effectiveness of these mechanisms in identifying and preventing corruption at various levels of government. Particular attention is paid to the scholarly debate on the problems and prospects for the development of public oversight, as well as the analysis of the works of leading domestic legal scholars.
Keywords: public oversight, anti-corruption, constitutional and legal foundations, anti-corruption expertise, public administration.
Article bibliography
1. Nozdrachev, A. F., Administrative Reform: Russian Version. Moscow: Statut, 2016. 367 p.
2. Bachilo, I. L., Factors Influencing the State of Legality in Management // State and Law. – 2004. – No. 8. – P. 5-13.
3. Ebzeev B. S. Constitutional Foundations of Popular Power in the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2013. – No. 10. – P. 17-29.
4. Corruption: Nature, Manifestations, Counteraction / Ed. Yu. A. Tikhomirov. – Moscow: Jurisprudence, 2019. – 432 p.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Nadezhda Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Penza State University
VOLOBUEVA Arina Andreevna
student of the 3rd course of the 05/38/02 “Customs Business”, Penza State University; independent researcher
PETROVA Alexandra Alexandrovna
student of the 3rd course of the 05/38/02 “Customs Business”, Penza State University; independent researcher
COMBATING CORRUPTION IN THE CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES OF RUSSIA
The article analyzes the departmental acts of the Federal Customs Service in the field of anti-corruption. The most common corruption crimes committed by officials in customs authorities are highlighted, statistics and dynamics of criminal cases initiated in this category and the number of customs officials prosecuted in the context of the last three years are given. The key measures for the prevention and detection of corruption crimes and have been identified. It is concluded that the preventive measures applied by the leadership of the Federal Customs Service of Russia indicate their effectiveness and contribute to reducing corruption risks.
Keywords: corruption, customs authorities, anti-corruption activities, anti-corruption units, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, events, crimes.
Article References
1. Zhivodrova S. A., Suleimanova T. V., Myazhitov T. R. Customs Tariff as a Tool for Regulating Foreign Economic Activity // State Regulation and Sustainable Development of Municipalities. Volume Issue 5. – Irkutsk: Baikal State University of Economics and Law, 2012. – Pp. 40-44.
2. Kharchenko A. S. Problems of combating corruption in the customs authorities of Russia in the commission of crimes related to the illegal movement across the customs border of items, the import of which into the Russian Federation or the export of which from the Russian Federation is prohibited or restricted // Actual problems of science and practice: a collection of scientific papers based on the results of scientific and representative events. – Khabarovsk: Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after I. F. Shilov, 2023. – Pp. 321-324.
3. Revutskaya V. A. Assessment of corruption risks in the activities of state authorities and local governments // Development of territories. – 2016. – No. 3-4 (6). – P. 51-55.
4. Final reports on the results and main areas of activity of the Federal Customs Service of Russia. Official website of the Federal Customs Service of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://customs.gov.ru/activity/results/itogovye-doklady-o-rezul-tatax-deyatel-nosti (accessed: 25.04.2025).
5. On approval of the Federal Customs Service plan for combating corruption in the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, customs service representative offices in foreign countries and institutions under the jurisdiction of the Federal Customs Service of Russia in 2025: Order of the Federal Customs Service of Russia dated 30.01.2025 No. 98. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://customs.gov.ru/storage/document/document_info/2025-02/03/98.pdf (date accessed: 25.05.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
AVAKYAN Alesya Mnatsakanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
DVORNAYA Anastasiya Vadimovna
student of the 3rd course, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
UNIT-LINKED LIFE INSURANCE: ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The subject of legal analysis in this article is unit-linked life insurance — a new insurance product introduced in Russia in 2025 as part of the reform of investment life insurance. The article examines the structural features of the contract, the procedure for its conclusion, the composition of participants, as well as issues of legal regulation and development prospects. The author substantiates the need to systematize legal norms, adopt a separate law on unit-linked life insurance, and enhance the protection of consumers of insurance services. It is concluded that this type of insurance has significant potential as a long-term investment instrument.
Keywords: insurance, investing, mutual investment fund, insurance premium, insurance payout, investment portfolio.
Bibliographic list
1. Fogelson Yu. B. Insurance law: theoretical foundations and practical application. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA M, 2012. – P. 576.
2. Khudyakov A. I. Theory of insurance. – Moscow: Statut, 2010. – P. 656.
3. Kovbasyuk Yu. E., Zaborovskaya A. E. Problems of life insurance development in Russia and ways to solve them // Finance and credit: guidelines for sustainable development. – 2021. – P. 1004-1007.
4. Evseeva E. Yu. Problems and prospects for the development of the countrylife insurance in Russia // Samara State University of Economics. – 2020. – Pp. 778-780.
5. Feoktistova D. D., Getmanova S. S. Problems and prospects for the development of life insurance in Russia // Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Pyatigorsk State University”. – 2025. – Pp. 35-37.
6. Baburina N. A., Ivanova N. V., Rychkova A. O. Life insurance as a tool for improving the well-being of the population of Russia // Bulletin of the Tyumen State University. – 2022. – Vol. 8. No. 2 (30). – pp. 184-200.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BOGATYREVA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of History sub-faculty, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technology and Management (First Cossack University)
DZYUBAN Valeriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. pedagogical sciences, professor of Social sciences, humanities and natural sciences sub-faculty, Moscow University of Psychology and Social Sciences
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF MODERN RELEVANT AREAS OF AGRICULTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article provides an overview of the administrative and legal mechanisms governing the modern development of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The main regulatory legal acts are considered, including the Federal Law “On the Development of Agriculture”, land, forestry and veterinary legislation, as well as by-laws and state support programs. Attention is paid to the problems of imperfection of the legal field, contradictions, lack of terminological clarity and the interaction of various levels of government. The article identifies promising areas for improving the regulatory framework, including the development of legal regulation of organic farming, digital technologies, and agrotourism, and suggests ways to eliminate existing gaps and contradictions.
Keywords: administrative and legal regulation, agriculture, agro-industrial complex, regulatory framework, state support, land relations, environmental standards, digital agriculture, agrotourism, legal gaps.
Article References
1. Bredikhin A. V. “Main Support Measures for Rabbit Farming in the Russian Federation” // Journal of Agriculture and Environment. – 2025. – No. 5 (57).
2. Bredikhin A. V. “Main Characteristics of Rabbit Farming Development in China” // Journal of Agriculture and Environment. – 2025. – No. 4 (56).
3. Golubev A. V., Golubeva A. A. Modern challenges of Russian agriculture // Scientific works of the Free Economic Society of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 196-210.
4. Land Code of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on March 20, 2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 27, 2025) // ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64930/ (date of access: 27.06.2025).
5. Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006 No. 200-FZ (as amended on 26.12.2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.01.2025) // ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64930/ (date of access: 17.06.2025).
6. Russian rabbit breeding / Ed. A. V. Bredikhin. – M .: ANO CEMI. – 85 p.
7. Federal Law “On the Development of Agriculture” of December 29, 2006, No. 266-FZ // ConsultantPlus. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64930/ (date of access: June 17, 2025).
8. Kholodova, M. A. Key areas for improving mechanisms for implementing state support for the agricultural sector // Beneficium. – 2022. – No. 3 (44). – P. 74.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BUTS Sergey Borisovich
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF MIGRATION CONTROL: CURRENT REALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT VECTORS
The article discusses some of the problems and features of the digital transformation of migration control in modern realities. The main vectors of development of migration control in the context of digital transformation are analyzed, the main “innovations” in migration legislation in terms of tightening migration control are investigated, and scientific approaches to understanding the essence and features of the digital transformatiThe results of the study on migration control are revealed. Based on the analysis, the authors draw conclusions and propose their own definition of “digitalization of migration control.”
Keywords: digital transformation, migration relations, migration control (supervision), migration security
Article bibliography:
1. Popova, S. M., “Digitalization of the Migration Sphere in Russia: Status and Prospects,” Law and Politics, 2021, no. 9, DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2021.9.36488 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nbpublish.com/Hbrary_read_article.ptp?id=36488
2. Garnaya-Ivanova I. A., Kantaria-Nevretdinova E. A., Vorotilina T. V. Migration control during the digital transformation of society: legal aspect // Bulletin of the Academy of Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 2 (72). – Pp. 27-31. – DOI 10.47629/2074-9201_2023_2_27_31. – EDN PXVDRN.
3. Bal’din S. A. Public administration in the sphere of migration in the context of digital transformation of the economy: risks and challenges: author’s abstract. diss. candidate of economics 5.2.6 / Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 2025. – 227 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
VLASOVA Elena Lvovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
FIDEL Petr Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Acting Head of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In the era of digitalization, the issue of protecting personal data is becoming especially relevant. The number of cyberattacks is growing, as is the number of cases of unauthorized access to personal information. The key place in the system of legal protection of personal data in Russia is occupied by the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data”. It establishes the basic concepts, principles and procedures for processing personal data, defines the rights of data subjects and the responsibilities of operators who carry out the processing. The article analyzes the European and Russian concepts of personal data protection and concludes that the provisions of the GDPR are reflected to a greater extent in Russia. However, according to the authors, current legislation in Russia, although it provides a number of measures to protect personal data, still needs to be revised and adapted to the rapidly changing digital reality. The authors of the article conclude that Russian legislation demonstrates progress but maintains a course on combining the protection of citizens’ rights with the interests of national security. Further improvement requires taking into account European experience, adaptation to technological changes, and strengthening international cooperation.
Keywords: personal data, privacy, concept, Convention, regulation, turnover fines, protection.
Bibliography
1. Vorobyov A.S. Special Methods of Constructing Legal Mechanisms: Example of the Criminal Code of 1903 // Current Issues of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 19-23.
2. Mayorov A. V., Poperina E. N. Formation and development of the right to privacy of private life // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2012. – No. 3 (21). – P. 34-38.
3. Tumanov D. Yu. The system of rights and freedoms under the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 // Bulletin of the SSLA. – 2012. – No. 1 (84). – P. 18-21.
4. The French Revolution – the meaning of symbolism. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.astromeridian.ru/magic/what-does-the-french-revolution-symbolize.html (date of access: 08.14.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ZYRYANOV Igor Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Administrative law and administrative activities of the department of internal affairs sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
OSYAK Valentina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor Head of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Rostov branch, St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation
DEZHURNAY Anatoliy Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Administrative law and administrative-service activities of the department of internal affairs sub-faculty, Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR ENSURING THESAFETY OF CITIZENS BY POLICE OFFICERS DURING PUBLIC AND OTHER MASS EVENTS
The article discusses the issues of implementing a mechanism to ensure the safety of citizens during the preparation and holding of public and other mass events, as the latter are of key importance for the full-fledged socio-economic development of the institution of the implementation of the legitimate constitutional rights of citizens of any democratic state. A brief algorithm of actions of police officers is presented, which will increase the effectiveness of measures to prevent violations of public order during mass events. It is necessary to consider in detail the issues related to the activities of executive authorities in this area.
Keywords: administrative offenses, mass events, protection of public order, constitutional rights of citizens, police officers.
Article bibliography
1. Dmitriev Yu. A. Commentary on the Federal Law of June 19, 2004 No. 54-FZ “On Assemblies, Rallies, Demonstrations, Marches, and Pickets” (article-by-article). – 2nd ed., amended and supplemented. – Moscow: Yurkampani, 2012. – 160 p.
2. Administrative and legal protection of public order during sporting events [Text]: monograph / G. N. Vasilenko [et al.] / ed. M. V. Kostennikova, A. V. Kurakina. – Domodedovo: VIPK MVD of Russia, 2018. – P. 93.
3. On the participation of citizens in maintaining public order: Federal Law of April 2, 2014 No. 44-FZ // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 14. – Art. 1536.
4. Dugenets A. S. Administrative and legal regulation of the involvement of citizens and public organizations in maintaining law and order // Actual problems of administrative and administrative-procedural law [Electronic resource]: a collection of articles based on the materials of the annual All-Russian scientific and practical conference (Sorokin Readings) / Under the general editorship of Yu. E. Avrutin, A. I. Kaplunov. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2018. – P. 543-550.
5. Resolution of the Supreme Court of 01.02.2018 No. 81-AD18-2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalacts.ru/sud/postanovlenie-verkhovnogo-suda-rf-ot-01022018-n-81-d18-2/?ysclid=m6hhy604wq384157931.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LESHCHEV Alexander Igorevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
STAROSTIN Vadim Gennadjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
TARUTA Artyom Gennadjevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF FINES TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS
This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the legal aspects of the application of fines to juvenile offenders in the Russian Federation. The article examines the complex dilemma between the principles of the inevitability of punishment and the need to protect the interests of the child, his rehabilitation and upbringing, enshrined in international and national legislation. The article considers the specifics of the regulation of penalties in the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in relation to minors, as well as the arguments for and against their expediency, especially in the context of the lack of independent earnings among the majority of adolescents. The procedural features of the imposition of fines are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the problems of the effectiveness of a fine as an educational measure, and the need for the development and active application of alternative measures of influence (prevention, supervision, compensation for damage, community service, mediation), focused on correcting behavior and the successful integration of minors into society, is emphasized. In conclusion, the authors note that a fine should be considered as an exceptional measure requiring an individual and balanced approach, with priority given to the upbringing and protection of the rights of the child.
Keywords: juvenile offenders, fines, administrative responsibility, criminal liability, alternative measures, educational measures.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Egai N. R. On the issue of imposing a fine on a minor as a criminal punishment // StudNet. – 2021. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-naznachenii-nesovershennoletnemu-shtrafa-v-kachestve-ugolovnogo-nakazaniya (date of access: 15.07.2025).
2. Kashuba Yu. A. The system of criminal punishments for minors: current state and reform trends // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2018. – No. 4 (37). [Electro[This resource is available from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-ugolovnyh-nakazaniy-nesovershennoletnih-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-tendentsii-reformirovaniya (Accessed: 15.07.2025).
3. Nosova D. Kh. Psychological aspects of juvenile delinquency prevention // Collection of scientific papers based on the results of scientific and presentation events held at the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 2024, Ufa, January 29–14, 2024. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – pp. 382–385. – EDN DPPFHC.
4. Stepashin V. M. Conditionality of criminal punishment (using a fine as an example) // Law enforcement. – 2018. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/uslovnost-ugolovnogo-nakazaniya-na-primere-shtrafa (date of access: 15.07.2025).
5. Chuvilina A. S. Problems of imposing a fine on minor convicts // Bulletin of Science and Education. – 2020. – No. 24-4 (78). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-naznacheniya-shtrafa-nesovershennoletnim-osuzhdennym (date of access: 07/15/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KAPLYUK Maxim Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Rostov State University of Railway Transport
FEATURES OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF SECTORAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS FOUNDERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the administrative and legal status of federal executive authorities that have universities under their jurisdiction. An analysis of the legislation on education and statutory legal acts, as well as the level of development of legal teaching on this issue, allows us to assert the imperfection of regulation of the legal status of these authorities and its insufficient elaboration in the theory of administrative law. The article identifies the features of the administrative and legal status of federal executive authorities that have universities under their jurisdiction and also suggests the author’s definition of the concept of such authorities.
Keywords: legal status, state body, federal executive authority, founder, public administration, higher education, branch management, legal regulation, administrative law, university.
Article bibliography
1. Shcherbak E. N. “The System and Structure of Government Bodies in the Sphere of Educational Activities of Higher Education Institutions” // Law and Life. – 2010. – No. 140 (2). – P. 133-169.
2. Vasiliev F. P., Bolshakov M. S. Legal regulation of the activities of state bodies governing higher and postgraduate professional education in the Russian Federation // Administrative law and process. –2010. – No. 6. – P. 20-23.
3. Kirillovykh A. A. The system and competence of state bodies governing higher education in Russia // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 8 (159). – P. 131-134.
4. Zaitseva L. A. The system and competence of state bodies governing higher professional education in the Russian Federation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2007. – No. 2 (26). – P. 30-43.
5. Moshkova D. M., Lozovsky D. L. Legal status of the founder of an educational organization of higher education // Administrative law and process. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 40-43.
6. Barabanova S. V. State regulation of higher education in the Russian Federation: administrative and legal issues. – Kazan: Publishing house of Kazan State University, 2004. – 340 p.
7. Volokhova E. D. Legislative support of the right to education in the Russian Federation: Monograph. – Moscow: Publishing house “Gotika”, 2004. – 239 p.
8. Kvanina V. V. Civil law regulation of relations in the field of higher professional education: Monograph. – Moscow: Gothic Publishing House, 2005. – 367 p.
9. Ivanov A. E. Higher school of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. – Moscow, 1991. – 392 p.
10. Bakhrakh D. N., Rossinsky B. V., Starilov Yu. N. Administrative law: Textbook for universities. – Moscow: Norma, 2005. – 800 p.
11. Tikhomirov Yu. A. Theory of competence. – Moscow, 2004. – 355 p.
12. Popov L. L., Migachev Yu. I. Administrative law of the Russian Federation: textbook / Responsible. ed. L. L. Popov. – Moscow: RG-Press, 2019. – 544 p.
13. Manokhin V. M. Soviet administrative law: Lecture course. – Saratov, 1968.
14. Lazarev B. M. Competence of governing bodies. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1972. – 280 p.
15. Panchenko A. B. Structure of the education management system in Russia // Bulletin of the Surgut State Pedagogical University. – 2021. – No. 2 (71). – Pp. 44-57.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KARAVAEV Alexander Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professorof Administrative activities of the in-ternal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
KOVBA Oksana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
ZHUKOVA Anastasiya Igorevna
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF IMPERFECT PEOPLE: LEGAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the features of administrative re-sponsibility of minors. The authors emphasize that the specifics of psychophysiological de-velopment, the dynamics of socialization and the degree of cognitive awareness of actions by adolescents necessitate a differentiated approach to the application of administrative responsibility measures. Based on statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for 2024, which demonstrates a downward trend in the number of juvenile offenders, but at the same time reveals a high proportion of students and previously involved persons, the authors analyze the regulatory and socio-cultural determinants of this phenomenon. The age limit for bringing to administrative responsibility according to the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation is being considered, and there is also a lower social maturity of minors compared to adults, which affects the choice of administrative measures aimed at re-education and prevention. Special attention is paid to the peculi-arities of the subjective side of human rights violations committed by minors, including the impact on awareness of the illegality of actions of lack of vital experience, critical thinking, motives related to self-expression and peer influence. It is noted that the existing regulatory framework contains gaps leading to controversial issues and practical conflicts in the regulation of administrative responsibility of minors.
Keywords: administrative responsibility, juvenile delinquents, punishment of minors, administrative offense, responsibility of minors.
Article bibliography
1. Arslanbekova A. Z., Gadzhaeva Z. U. Features of the administrative responsibility of minors // Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2020. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-administrativnoy-otvetstvennosti-nesovershennoletnih-2 (date of access: 03/25/2025).
2. Arslanbekova A. Z. Problems of applying administrative penalties to minors // Legal Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2019. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-primeneniya-administrativnyh-nakazaniy-k-nesovershennoletnim (date of access: 03/25/2025).
3. Evsikova E. V., Ponomarev A. V. Administrative liability of minors in the framework of reforming the administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation // Legal Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2020. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/administrativnaya-otvetstvennost-nesovershennoletnih-v-ramkah-reformirovaniya-administrativno-deliktnogo-zakonodatelstva-rossiyskoy (Accessed: 25.03.2025).
4. Nosova D. Kh., Davletov V. I. Psychological and pedagogical work of police officers to prevent delinquent behavior of juvenile offenders // Current problems of the state and society in the field of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 244-247.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KOLOTOVKINA Kseniya Olegovna
consultant of the Department of Regulatory Impact Assessment and Compliance with Mandatory Requirements, Ministry of Economic Development of the Khabarovsk Territory, Khabarovsk
YAKUNIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public law sub-faculty, Far Eastern branch, Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TERMINATION OF A STATE CONTRACT AT THE INITIATIVE OF THE CUSTOMER
The paper examines the current problems of termination of a state contract at the initiative of the customer, identifying contradictions between the provisions of Federal Law No. 44-FZ of April 5, 2013 “On the contract system in the procurement of goods, works, and services for state and municipal needs” and their practical application. Based on the analysis of court decisions and scholarly opinions, it is shown that the institution of unilateral refusal simultaneously serves as a tool for protecting public interests and as a sosource of legal uncertainty. The conclusion is drawn on the need to clarify legislative criteria and strengthen guarantees for balancing the interests of the parties.
Keywords: state contract, termination, unilateral refusal, Federal Law No. 44-FZ, judicial practice, public interests.
Article References
1. Bagrova E. V. Unilateral Changes and Termination of Contracts: How They Affect Your Obligations // Legal Science and Practice. – 2024. – No. 7. – pp. 45-53.
2. Egorova M. A., Egorova M. A. Unilateral Refusal to Perform a Contract under the Legislation of the Russian Federation: Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Moscow. – 2025. – P. 75.
3. Toloshnaya A. Yu. Legal regulation of the conclusion, modification and termination of a contract in the field of public procurement // Current research. – 2024. – No. 20 (202). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://apni.ru/article/9254-pravovoe-regulirovanie-zaklyucheniya-izmeneniya-i-rastorzheniya-kontrakta-v-sfere-gosudarstvennyh-zakupok (date of access: 10.08.2025).
4. Obolonova E. V. Unilateral refusal to fulfill an obligation: limits of use and relationship with other methods of termination of contractual obligations // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 2 (122). – pp. 75-83.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
OBRAZTSOVA Anastasiya Igorevna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
PROBLEMS WITH OBTAINING PUBLIC SERVICES ELECTRONICALLY: BARRIERS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
This paper explores the key barriers that hinder the widespread use of electronic public services, including technological, administrative, and psychological factors. It analyzes the reasons for the low accessibility of digital services for various social groups, particularly older people and residents of remote regions. The paper also examines potential solutions, such as simplifying interfaces, implementing digital literacy training programs, and modernizing IT infrastructure. The paper emphasizes the need to adapt services to the needs of low-mobility and technologically unprepared users. Additionally, the paper proposes a comprehensive approach to evaluating the effectiveness of digitalization measures for public services.
Keywords: public services, digitalization, personal data, municipal services, and e-government.
References
1. Federal Law of July 27, 2010, No. 210-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024) “On the Organization of the Provision of State and Municipal Services.”
2. GOST R 52872-2012 Internet Resources. Accessibility Requirements for the Visually Impaired // Electronic Collection of Legal and Regulatory-Technical Documentation.
3. Mityakina O. A., Sokolov I. S., Rakov E. M., Shepelev O. S., Orlova A. A. Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration: 6.2 Accessibility of Digital Technologies and Services for Citizens. – Moscow. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ethics.cdto.ranepa.ru/6_2#link36 (accessed: 07.08.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SEMYANNIKOVA Dina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and labor law sub-faculty, North-West Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg
ASPECTS OF INTEGRATING PATIENT LEGAL STANDING INTO DIGITAL MEDICINE: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIA
The author conducts a comparative legal analysis of digital medicine models in foreign jurisdictions, focusing on the articulation of patient legal standing and healthcare financing mechanisms. Two primary models for managing health information systems are identified. The Clinical Model (Sweden, Singapore, Estonia), where electronic health records (EHR) are maintained based solely on clinical data, without reference to funding sources or administrative status. The Status-Financial Model (South Korea, Australia, Canada, Persian Gulf states), which integrates medical data with information regarding the patient’s legal standing (social welfare recipients, military personnel, veteran, beneficiary) and funding source (insurance premiums, state budget, private funds).The study specifically examines the legal frameworks governing the inclusion of military personnel and law enforcement officers\’ status in health information systems (exemplified by Qatar, UAE, and other Gulf states), which dictates the specificity of medical and financial support provisions. For Russia’s Unified State Health Information System (USHIIS), the author proposes two legal development vectors: integration of departmental medical systems with the USHIIS to standardize data; and incorporation of patient legal standing (beneficiary categories, military personnel, veterans) into EMRs to determine healthcare funding sources.
Keywords: digital medicine, health information systems, patient legal standing, funding mechanisms, military personnel.
Article bibliography
1. Suslin S. A., Kiryakova O. V., Kolsanova O. A. [et al.]. Information technologies in improving the organization of medical care to the population // Modern problems of health care and medical statistics. 2024. No. 2. pp. 805-822. DOI 10.24412/2312-2935-2024-2-805-822.
2. Ragozin A. V. Payment for medical services by separate coverage of fixed and variable costs of medical organizations // ORGZDRAV: news, opinions, training. Bulletin of the Higher School of Public Health. 2022. Vol. 8. No. 4. Pp. 63-72. 001. https://doi.org/10.33029/2411-8621-2022-8-4-63-72
3. Al Ruthia Y., Aldallal S., Al-Abdulkarim H. A., Al-jedai A., Almudaiheem H., Hamad A., Elmusharaf K., Saadi M., Al Awar H., Al Sabbah H., Alghnam S., Al Ghamdi M., Monshi S. S., AlAgil N., Al Khalifa M. E., Abdulkarim Q., Abdulkarim S., Jawad H., Al-Sabahi S., Al Kindi A., Wani S. and Alibrahim A. (2025). Healthcare systems and health economics in GCC countries: informing decision-makers from the perspective of the Gulf health economics association. Front. Public Health. 13:1510401. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1510401
4. Li, Y., Lu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Medical Insurance Information Systems in China: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Medical Informatics, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.2196/18780
5. Shin, Dong & Cho, Juhee & Park, Jae & Cho, BeLong. (2022). National General Health Screening Program in Korea: history, current status, and future direction: A scoping review. Precision and Future Medicine. 6. 10.23838/pfm.2021.00135.
6. Taylor S. L., Gelman, H. M., DeFaccio, R. et al. We Built it, But Did They Come: Veterans’ Use of the VA Healthcare System-Provided Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches. J GEN INTERN MED 38, 905-912 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07889-4
7. Torab-Miandoab A., Basiri M., Dabbagh-Moghaddam A., Gholamhosseini L. (2025) Electronic health record in military healthcare systems: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 20(2): e0313641. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313641

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ON THE CONCEPT AND CONTENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE
In the contemporary context, the issue of enhancing the efficiency and fairness of administrative activity is of paramount importance for the strengthening of the rule of law and the protection of citizens\’ rights. Administrative justice serves as a crucial mechanism for ensuring oversight over the actions of public administration, enabling the timely identification and rectification of violations of rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. Various conceptual approaches emphasize its role as a system of legal remedies, mechanisms, and guarantees aimed at balancing public interests with legal freedoms. Given the increasing demands for transparency, accountability, and adherence to the principles of good governance, the concept of administrative justice acquires particular relevance, contributing to the improvement of administrative decision-making quality and fostering public trust in government institutions. The relevance of this research is driven by the need to develop a unified theoretical and legal framework that consolidates the functions, forms, and subjects of administrative justice, thereby enabling more effective regulation of the relationships between the state and society, as well as strengthening control and legal protection mechanisms within the sphere of public administration.
Keywords: administrative justice, public administration, legal protection, oversight, mechanisms, principles of good governance, legal remedies, public management, citizens’ rights protection, administrative acts, administrative actions.
Bibliography
1. Pérez López M. Administrative Justice in the Federal Constitution of Mexico // Arguments. – 1999 (issue 41, January – April). – pp. 97-108.
2. Vieira de Andrade J.C. Administrative Justice. – Lisbon, 2011. – P. 7.
3. Elkers Camus O. Remedy for Invalidity // A. A. V. V. Contents-Administrative. – Madrid, 1999. – P. 11.
4. Mustafa Areean Comprehension of the Principle of Good Administration in the Framework ofEU Administrative Law // Journal of University of Human Development. – 2017. – No. 3. – R. 259-267. – 10.21928/juhd.20170315.11.
5. Matthew Groves. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AIAdminLawF/2011/8.pdf ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE IN AUSTRALIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW.
6. Harris and M. Partington (eds), Administrative Justice in the 21st Century, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 1999.
7. Boyron S. The rise of mediation in administrative law disputes: experiences from England, France and Germany // Public Law. – 2006. – R. 320.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ABDURAHMONOVA Madina Ismoiljonovna
competitor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE STATE REGISTRATION OF URBAN LANDS
The article reveals the problems of state registration of urban lands, as well as the relationship with cadastral registration. The article examines the development and changes in the state registration of land plots and their problems. The issues related to the state body authorized to carry out state registration have been considered. The analysis of regulatory legal acts of the state registration of real estate is carried out and recommendations for solving their problems are proposed.
Keywords: government agencies, state registration, real estate, urban lands.
Bibliography
1. Anisimov A. P., Ryzhenkov A. Ya. The Land Function of the Modern State: Monograph. – Moscow: Novyi Indeks, 2012. – 213 p.
2. Appak T. D. Legal Regulation of State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith: Using Non-Residential Lease Agreements in Moscow as an Example: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation: 12.00.03. – M., 2004. – 20 p.
3. Epifanov O. D. Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr) in the System of Implementation of State Functions and State Services in the Sphere of State Registration, Cadastral Records and Cartography // New Law Journal. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 145-157.
4. Kirsanov A. R. New System of State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions with It in the Russian Federation / Russian Academy of Justice. – M.: Os-89, 2005. – 239 p.
5. Kudukhov A. V. Information Relations in the System of Real Estate Accounting and Registration // Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 40-44.
6. Charkin S. A. Problems of correcting errors arising in the course of cadastral registration of real estate // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 16-19.
7. Sheinin L. B. State registration of real estate: does it create a right or confirm it? // Journal of Russian Law. – 2004. – No. 10 (94). – P. 55 -56.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
EGORCHEV Maxim Grigorjevich
postgraduate student of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR IMPLEMENTING MIGRATION POLICY: ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF MIGRATION INNOVATIONS
The article discusses the current changes carried out in the field of migration processes in the territory of the Russian Federation. The analysis of threats related to migration processes, their impact and prevalence has been carried out. The key attention is paid to the innovations implemented by the state in the framework of countering migration threats, the analysis of the adopted innovations of migration legislation is carried out, the positive and negative aspects provided by them, possible ways of leveling them are studied. Separately, the article discusses the project of pre-migration training centers, which can have a significant impact on the implementation of migration policy throughout the Russian Federation and become an effective tool for leveling offenses before they are implemented. As a result of the ongoing research Affairs, it is concluded that the presented changes are justified and necessary, taking into account the statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Keywords: migration policy, migrants, migration problems, integration, migrant training centers.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Lebedeva E. A. Administrative and legal mechanisms for ensuring the security of migration processes // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 5 (117). – P. 192-198.
2. Sinelnikov A. B. Inequality and discrimination of foreign cultural immigrants and their descendants in Russia and Western Europe (according to the European Social Survey) // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 154-169.
3. Bedrina E. B. Features of settlementI of labor migrants from foreign countries in Russian megacities // Economy of the region. – 2019. – Vol. 15. No. 2. – Pp. 451-464.
4. Laushkina A. E. Actual problems of the activities of district police officers at the current stage of reforming the internal affairs bodies // Young scientist. – 2023. – No. 46 (493). – Pp. 234-236.
5. Saitzhanov R. B. Criminological portrait of the personality of a criminal – migrant // Actual issues of politics and law. – 2023. – No. 5 (80). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://alley-science.ru/aktualnye_voprosy_politiki_i_prava___5_80___2023/ (date of access: 15.06.2025)
6. Grekhneva Yu. A., Bensgier N. V., Bedrina E. B., Neklyudova N. P. Migration legislation of Russia: recent changes, description and assessment // Modern management technologies. – 2023. – No. 4 (104). – P. 1-13.
7. Kureev V. V. Problems of establishing the identity of a foreign citizen (stateless person) in proceedings on a case of administrative offenses of migration legislation // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 152-155.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
LEKSASHOV Sergey Eduardovich
postgraduate student, Russian Customs Academy, Lyubertsy
CRITERIA FOR THE APPLICABILITY OF AUTOMATIC RECORDING OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES TO VIOLATIONS OF CUSTOMS REGULATIONS
The article discusses the legal and technical aspects of the use of automatic recording of administrative offenses (SAFA) in the field of customs. The author focuses on the need for strict compliance with the criteria of applicability of the SAF, including the objective measurability of the event, the legal formalization of the offense, the possibility of automatic identification of the subject, the technical autonomy of recording, as well as the compliance of evidence with the requirements of procedural legislation. Based on the analysis of current legislation and international practice, categories of offenses have been identified for which the use of SAFAP is justified and effective. Special attention is paid to the legal limitations of automation in cases requiring a subjective assessment and contextual analysis. It is concluded that there is a need for regulatory clarification of the scope of application of automatic means of fixation in order to increase the objectivity, legality, and transparency of customs control.
Keywords: Customs, technical means, customs control, administrative offenses, customs law, administrative law.
Article bibliography
1. Pisenko K. A. Public competition law, legal globalization, and integration processes in the experience of the Eurasian Economic Community // Economic strategies. – 2013. – Vol. 15. No. 1. – Pp. 48-61.
2. Yakimova V. A., Pankova S. V., Khmura S. V. Development of the financial control system for foreign economic activities of organizations – Moscow: RIOR, 2021. – 345 p. – (Scientific thought).
3. Sidorova E. Yu. Digital transformation of customs administration in the context of modern social development // Customs service development strategies: components of success and ways to improve efficiency: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, Yekaterinburg, October 6-7, 2021 / Ural branch of the Free Economic Society of Russia; Ural Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Ural State University of Economics. – Yekaterinburg: Ural State University of Economics, 2021. – P. 312-314.
4. Kurenkova A. A. Digital transformation of public administration and its prospects in Russia // Edited by. – 2021. – P. 349.
5. Kozhevnikov O. A., Nikonova Yu. Sh. The Institute of Evidence as an Example of Interaction between Legislation on State Control (Supervision) and Legislation on Administrative Offenses // Bulletin of Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte. Series 2: Legal Sciences. – 2024. – No. 2 (42).
Bibliographic list 1. Pisenko K. A. Public Competition Law, Legal Globalization, and Integration Processes in the EurAsEC Experience // Economic Strategies. – 2013. – Vol. 15. No. 1. – Pp. 48-61. 2. Yakimova V. A., Pankova S. V., Khmura S. V. Development of the Financial Control System of Foreign Economic Activity of Organizations. – Moscow: RIOR, 2021. – 345 p. – (Scientific thought). 3. Sidorova E. Y. Digital transformation of customs administration in the context of modern development of society // Strategies for the development of the Customs service: components of success and ways to increase efficiency: proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, Yekaterinburg, October 06-07, 2021 / Ural Branch of the Free Economic Society of Russia; Ural Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Ural State University of Economicsomics. – Yekaterinburg: Ural State University of Economics, 2021. – Pp. 312-314. 4. Kurenkova A. A. Digital transformation of public administration and its prospects in Russia // Edited by. – 2021. – P. 349. 5. Kozhevnikov O. A., Nikonova Yu. Sh. The institute of evidence as an example of the interaction of legislation on state control (supervision) and legislation on administrative offenses // Bulletin of the S. Y. Witte Moscow University. Series 2: Legal Sciences. – 2024. – No. 2 (42).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
PARFENTJEVA Anna Evgenjeva
postgraduate student, Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba, Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES AND CURRENT TRENDS IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF AI IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE IN THE UNITED STATES
This article presents an analysis of the legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies in the United States in the field of national security and defense. It provides an overview of the evolution of legal regulation in this area from its inception to the present day. Conclusions and assumptions about trends in the development of US legislation in this area are presented. Particular attention is paid to the recently adopted roadmap, America\’s AI Action Plan, a document describing the US approach to the regulation of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, national security, defense, United States, legal regulation, AI systems, UAVs, arms race.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Boulanin, Vincent, et al. Mapping the Development of Autonomy in Weapon Systems. – SIPRI, November 2017 – 131 p.
2. Briscoe, E., Fairbanks, J. Artificial Scientific Intelligence and its impact on National Security and Foreign Policy // Journal of World Affairs. – 2020. – Vol. 64(4). – P. 544-554. – DOI: 10.1016/j.orbis.2020.08.004.
3. Horowitz Michael C. The promise and peril of military applications of artificial intelligence // Texas National Security Review. – 2020. – Vol. 3. No. 3. – P. 37-57.
4. Kikot-Glukhodedova, T. V. Administrative and legal support of national security in Russia, the USA and European countries: a comparative study: Abstract of Doctor of Law. – M., 2019. – 42 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SEIDOV Rafael Zakirovich
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION OF INFORMATION IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
The article examines various scientific approaches to defining the concept of “information” in domestic legal science. The author analyzes the concepts of leading legal scholars in the field of information law, identifies the main directions for the development of theoretical ideas about information as a legal category. Special attention is paid to the problem of defining information that harms the life, health, and development of minors in the context of modern challenges of digitalization of public relations.
Keywords: information, information law, administrative law, legal category, protection of minors, information security, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Antopolsky A. A. Legal regulation of restricted information in public administration: Cand. Sci. (Law) diss.: 12.00.14. – Moscow, 2004. – 289 p.
2. Voskresenskaya E. V. Comparative legal analysis of foreign legislation in the field of protecting citizens’ rights on the Internet // Colloquium-Journal. – 2019. – No. 20-7 (48). – P. 37-40.
3. Kamalova G. G. Information as a Legal Category: Development of Conceptual Approaches // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal Sciences. – 2017. – No. 3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/informatsiya-kak-pravovaya-kategoriya-razvitie-kontseptualnyh-podhodov (date of access: 06.08.2025).
4. Kuznetsov P. U. Information as an Object of Legal Relations in the Sphere of Information Security // Works of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – No. 3 (55). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/informatsiya-kak-obekt-pravootnosheniy-v-sfere-obespecheniya-informatsionnoy-bezopasnosti (date of access: 06.08.2025).
5. Matveeva E. V. On the issue of information protection of minors // Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Series: Economics. Management. Law. – 2010. – No. 14 (57). – P. 253-258.
6. Minbaleev A. V. The category “Information” in the legislation of neighboring countries: a comparative analysis // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Law. – 2007. – No. 28 (100). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kategoriya-informatsiya-v-zakonodatelstve-stran-blizhnego-zarubezhya-sravnitelnyy-analiz (date of access: 06.08.2025).
7. Ogorodov D. V. Legal relations in the information sphere: dis. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.14. – M., 2002. – 243 p.
8. Polikarpova E. V. Human consciousness and the processing of social information // Bulletin of the Southern Federal University. Technical sciences. – 2012. – No. 7. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/soznanie-cheloveka-i-obrabotka-sotsialnoy-informatsii (date of access: 06.08.2025).
9. Polyakova T. A. Basic principles as the main principles of legal support for information security // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2016. – No. 3 (55). – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bazovye-printsipy-kak-osnovnye-nachala-pravovogo-obespecheniya-informatsionnoy-bezopasnosti (Accessed: 06.08.2025).
10. Rydchenko K. D. Features of Ensuring the Rights and Legitimate Interests of Minors in the Information Sphere // Criminal Procedure Protection of the Rights and Legitimate Interests of Minors. – 2017. – No. 1 (4). – P. 129-136.
11. Stepanova N. A. Ensuring Information Security of Children in the Digital Space // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (30). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obespechenie-informatsionnoy-bezopasnosti-detey-v-tsifrovom-prostranstve (date of access: 06.08.2025).
12. Talapina E. V., Zharova A. K. Illaria Lavrentievna Bachilo – the founder of information law in Russia // Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. – 2023. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/illariya-lavrentievna-bachilo-osnovopolozhnik-informatsionnogo-prava-v-rossii (date of access: 06.08.2025).
13. Tereshchenko L. K. Legal regime of information: author’s abstract. dis. … doc. jurid. sciences: 12.00.14. – M., 2011. – 54 p.
14. Chelpachenko O. A. Legal support for the information security of minors // Current issues of information counteraction to the spread of the ideology of terrorism: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Saratov, March 24, 2023. – Saratov: Volga Region Institute of Management named after P. A. Stolypin – branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, 2023. – P. 120-124. – EDN GQOKYC.
15. Yurchenko I. A. Confidential information as a subject of criminal law protection: diss. … Cand. sciences (law): 12.00.08. – M., 2000. – 205 p.
16. Ivansky V. P. Legal essence of information in the context of using digital technologies // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2025. – Vol. 29. No. 1. – P. 221-234. – DOI 10.22363/2313-2337-2025-29-1-221-234/

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SERYSHEV Mark Yurjevich
postgraduate student, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ON THE NECESSITY OF EXPANDING THE ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES FOR ROAD TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
The article is devoted to the study of some problematic aspects of the administrative liability of legal entities for violations in the field of road traffic in the Russian Federation. In particular, the author examines the problem of insufficient regulation of the liability of legal entities for systemic violations that affect road safety, such as the release of technically faulty vehicles, non-compliance with the work and rest regime of drivers, and shortcomings in the organization of road traffic. Based on a comparative legal analysis, the article substantiates the need to improve administrative and legal norms aimed at increasing the responsibility of organizations in the field of road traffic safety. The results of the study can be used for further development of legislation on administrative offenses in the field of transport.
Keywords: administrative liability, legal entities, traffic, road safety, Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, offenses.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Analytical reviews of the state of road safety. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://нцбдд.мвд.рф/ресурсы/аналитический-обзоры-состояния-безперевозно (date of access: 02.06.2025).
2. Batenov F. K. Administrative liability of legal entities for offenses in the field of road traffic // Management of activities to ensure road safety: status, problems, ways of improvement: Collection of materials of the XVI international scientific and practical conference, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of V. V. Lukyanov. – Orel, 2022.
3. Nabatnikova E. A., PermR. R. R. Problems of administrative liability in the field of road safety // Actual problems of theory and practice of scientific research development: collected articles of the International scientific and practical conference. – Perm, 2022.
4. Rudnev A. S. Strengthening the administrative liability of legal entities for traffic offenses // Modern science. – 2021. – No. 1.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SHMELEV Ivan Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative and Financial Law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
NAMIBIAN COMPETITION COMMISSION: LEGAL EVOLUTION AND THE SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTEXT OF ITS ACTIVITIES (2003 – 2024)
This article examines the genesis and contemporary operation of the Namibian Competition Commission (hereinafter “the Commission”) through the lens of the Competition Act, Act No. 2 of 2003, and the dynamics of Namibia’s socio-political processes. By combining statutory analysis with data drawn from official reports, Commission press releases and enforcement practice, the study shows how the State’s political priorities, crises and regional obligations have influenced the Commission’s mandate, toolkit and outcomes. Special emphasis is placed on three clusters of issues: (1) the Commission’s constrained resource base and procedural powers; (2) the tension between antitrust policy and the industrial protection of State-owned enterprises; and (3) institutional challenges arising from the “green” transition and Namibia’s integration into the African Continental Free Trade Area.
Keywords: competition law; Namibia; State-owned enterprises; cartels; social policy; mixed economy.

CIVIL LAW
BELOVA Irina Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, lawyer of the Moscow Region Bar Association
AI in the work of a lawyer: a threat or a development tool?
The rapid development of digital technologies inevitably leads to the emergence of new products that, if properly adapted to the specifics of the legal and judicial sphere, can significantly simplify the implementation of a number of typical tasks. One of these products is Artificial Intelligence (AI). Legal practice is traditionally considered a segment that is quite heavily overloaded with information and a set of typical algorithms of actions. Nevertheless, its specifics oblige the adoption of rather careful and competent decisions when introducing new digital products. In this article, the focus is shifted to the work of a lawyer as a specialist who carries out a lot of analytical work in his work, which involves the need to study large amounts of regulatory documentation, as well as search and analytical comprehension of a large number of materials from judicial practice. Integration into the work of this AI specialist is inevitable, despite its dubiousness in the near future. Any innovation is a consequence of exploring potential risks and opportunities. The purpose of this article is to identify the possible prospects and potential risks associated with the introduction of AI into legal practice.
Keywords: AI, artificial intelligence, lawyer, court, digitalization, protection of rights, neural networks, personal data, judicial practice, automation, lawyer’s work, judicial system, protection process.
Article References
1. Okhapkina A.S. Potential and Limitations of Using Artificial Intelligence in Legal Activity / Text: direct // Young Scientist. – 2023. – No. 22 (469). – Pp. 305-306. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/469/103540/ (date of access: 18.07.2025).
2. Sokolova A. A. Artificial Intelligence in Jurisprudence: Implementation Risks // Legal Technology. – 2019. – No. 13. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/iskusstvennyy-intellekt-v-yurisprudentsii-riski-vnedreniya (date of access: 18.07.2025).
3. Tarasov A. V., Dzharimok V. V. Procedural and Organizational Aspects of the Use of Digital Technologies in the Activities of a Lawyer: Problems and Prospects / Text: direct // Young Scientist. – 2022. – No. 25 (420). – P. 148-151. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/420/93393/ (date accessed: 18.07.2025).

CIVIL LAW
GAIMALEEVA Aisylu Tagirovna
Ph.D. in Law, Dean. Law Faculty, Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa
LEGAL PROBLEMS OF DIGITALIZATION OF REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the development of domestic legislation in the field of real estate transactions. It analyzes amendments to the current legislation that allow the use of digital technologies in the real estate market. The author identifies the advantages of digitalization of real estate transactions, which ensure efficiency, transparency, and minimize risks for the participants in such transactions. It is established that despite the modernization of these relations, there are still a number of problems related to the technical support and protection of the participants in transactions. The author concludes that there is a need to further improve the existing procedures for conducting real estate transactions in a digital environment.
Keywords: real estate, real estate transactions, registration of transactions, digitalization, digital technologies, electronic document management, enhanced qualified electronic signature.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Polezhaev O. A. Features of digitalization of relations related to real estate // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 55-58.
2. Mosin A. N. Digitalization of real estate: advantages and risks // Bulletin of the Moscow University of Finance and Law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 51-58.
3. Baltutite I. V. Legal regulation of real estate turnover in the context of digitalization of the Russian economy // Legal Concept = Legal paradigm. – 2021. – Vol. 20. No. 1. – P. 86-93.
4. Aznabaev R. I., Gaimaleeva A. T. Problems of electronic document management in registration of purchase and sale transactions // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. – 2024. – No. 10-1 (97). – P. 216-221.
5. Vasilevskaya L. Yu. Electronic form of real estate transactions: problems of law enforcement in the context of digitalization // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 25-34.

CIVIL LAW
GETMAN Yana Borisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES OF APPLICATION OF CIVIL LIABILITY IN THE QUALIFICATION OF SOURCES OF INCREASED DANGER
The article examines the problem of civil liability for damage caused by “non-typical” sources of increased danger, primarily cases of vehicle collisions with animals and damage caused by animals in their participation in road accidents. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has identified the positions on the delineation of the spheres of application of strict liability under Article 1079 of the Civil Code and general liability for fault (Article 1064 of the Civil Code), explained the criteria for classifying objects as sources of increased danger, and analyzed situations where animals were recognized (or not recognized) as such. Based on the identified problems, proposals for improving legislation have been formulated.
Keywords: source of increased danger, general grounds for liability for causing harm, liability for harm caused by activities that create increased danger to others, animals, compensation.
Bibliographic list
1. Antimonov B.S. Civil liability for harm caused by a source of increased danger. – Moscow, 1952.
2. Solomin S.K., Solomina N.G. Legal facts and other life circumstances. Civilistic essay (monograph). – Moscow: “Yustitsinform”, 2022. – 168 p.
3. Matuzov N.I., Malko A.V. Legal regimes: issues of theory and practice // Jurisprudence. – 1996. – No. 1. – P. 16.

CIVIL LAW
KALININA Olga Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS PROTECTION IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC IN THE CIS MEMBER STATES
The article discusses the legal regulation of the certification of goods sold on Russian electronic marketplaces as a condition for protecting consumer rights in the CIS member states. It analyzes the features of protecting personal data in electronic commerce using the example of Russian electronic marketplace operators. The study highlights the main areas of work of the Advisory Council on Consumer Rights Protection in the CIS member states and the Eurasian Economic Commission on the unification of legislation, including the development of recommendations for consumers of electronic marketplaces.
Keywords: electronic commerce, consumers, certification, digital environment, suppliers, personal data, CIS member states, free legalassistance.
Article bibliography
1. Abramova E. N., Lababueva O. S. Legal regulation of electronic commerce in the CIS member states // Entrepreneurial law. – 2025. – No. 2. – pp. 49-54.
2. Belov V. A. The very first Incoterms. International rules for the interpretation of trade terms – publication of the International Chamber of Commerce on June 26, 1936, No. 92 (introduction and Russian translation) // Law. – 2022. – No. 6. – pp. 181-198.
3. Kalinina O. E. Methods of individualization of goods in electronic commerce // Law and Right. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 157-160.
4. Kovalevskaya Yu. I., Makarova O. A. Conceptual Foundations for Improving the Model Legislation of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Consumer Protection // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Law. – Vol. 14. No. 3. – P. 768-785.
5. Nevskaya A. A., Kondeev A. V. Regulation of Electronic Commerce in the Eurasian Space // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 59-70.
6. Puginsky B. I. Selected Works: Collection for the 75th Anniversary. – M.: Yurait, 2016. – P. 22-28.

CIVIL LAW
MARKS Yuliya Aliljevna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
CONCESSION AGREEMENTS AS A FORM OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP: BALANCING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS
The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of legally optimizing the balance between public and private interests in concessionary relations in order to ensure the stability, transparency, and social orientation of public-private partnership mechanisms. The subject of the research is the legal norms that provide for balancing public and private interests in concession relations. The purpose of the study is to identify ways of optimizing this balance in concession relations. The research methodology includes dialectical, formal-legal, and comparative-legal methods. The study substantiates the need for mandatory public hearings on housing and utilities projects and a differentiated admission of foreign investors. It concludes with the necessity of harmonizing legislation and strengthening the transparency of concession mechanisms.
Keywords: concession agreement, public-private partnership, risk allocation, liability of the parties, public hearings, foreign investment, critical information infrastructure, infrastructure modernization.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Belitskaya A. V. Public-private partnership as a tool for implementing the constitutional principle of economic solidarity // Law and business. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 2-7.
2. Pushkarev V. Yu., Pushkarev Yu. A. Analysis of economic transformations in the housing and communal services sector, taking into account investment and social components on the example of the Tver region // Economic sciences. – 2023. – No. 224. – P. 140-151.
3. Vinnitsky A. V., Soloviev M. S. Public procurement and public-private partnership as ways of satisfying public needs: competition issues // Russian Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 6. – P. 140-156.
4. Egorov O. V. Problems of legal regulation of public-private partnership agreements and concession agreements, the object of which is information technology, and ways of solving them // Business and Law. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 39-49.

CIVIL LAW
MASHKOVA Alexandra Dmitrievna
postgraduate student of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
BIOMEDICAL CELL PRODUCT AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL RIGHTS: FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL REGULATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, CONCEPT, AND CHARACTERISTICS
The article examines the main stages of the development of domestic legislation on biomedical cell products as objects of civil rights, their concept, and characteristics as objects. The author correlates the properties of biomedical cell products with such characteristics of objects of civil rights as discreteness, legal binding, systemicity, usefulness, and turnover. The article concludes that it is impossible to unambiguously classify biomedical cell products as one of the existing categories of objects of civil rights due to the diversity of their properties.
Keywords: biomedical cell product, cell line, auxiliary substances, object of civil rights, features of objects of civil rights, discreteness, legal binding, systemacity, usefulness, turnover.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gatin A. M. Civil law: textbook. – Moscow, 2009. – 384 p.
2. Civil law: textbook: in4 vol. / Ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – 2nd ed. revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Statut, 2019. – 578 p.
3. Lapach V. A. The system of objects of civil rights: theory and judicial practice. – St. Petersburg: Legal center Press, 2002. – 542 p.
4. Mokhov A. A. Legal regime of biomedical cell products as objects of civil rights // Civil law. – 2017. – No. 3. – Pp. 29-31.
5. Romanovskaya O. V. Prospects for legal regulation of the circulation of biomedical cell products in the Russian Federation // Citizen and Law. – 2014. – No. 5. – P. 20-30.
6. Senchishchev V. I. Object of civil legal relationship // Current issues of civil law: Collection of articles / Ed. by M. I. Braginsky. – Moscow: Statut, 1998. – 464 p.
7. Chegovadze L. A. Objects of civil rights and the new version of Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2014. – No. 10. – P. 81-86.
8. Golikova announced new cellular drugs for prolonging healthy life. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2025/05/28/golikova-anonsirovala-novye-kletochnye-preparaty-dlia-prodleniia-zdorovoj-zhizni.html (date of access: 07/22/2025).

CIVIL LAW
MUKOSEEV Ivan Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of the 1st course of the full-time in the postgraduate program 5.1.3 Private Law (Civil Law) Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University of Economics
THE ESSENCE OF ABUSE OF LAW IN CIVIL LAW
Relevance. Abuse of law, as a legal phenomenon, has been studied by scientists for centuries, but still has many different interpretations and approaches to determining its essence in the legal community. The content of the phenomenon under consideration is a serious difficulty, since it is inextricably linked to the ethical principles of good faith, reasonableness and fairness. These moral guidelines, devoid of precise, legal definitions, are significantly transformed under the influence of time and social conditions. Different states and societies have their own ideas about ethical and conscientious behavior, which complicates the development of generally accepted indicators to identify cases of unlawful exercise of civil rights. Due to the existing versatility of defining the essence of abuse of law, as well as the dynamism of changes in scientific views on this phenomenon, his research retains its significance and relevance. The purpose of this article is to understand the essence of abuse of law by combining philosophical and legal methodology. Tasks: to analyze the essential characteristics of abuse of law, taking into account the latest scientific views; to systematize the main manifestations of abuse in the civil law field; to determine the significance of this legal phenomenon. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists of complementary approaches: formal-logical, comparative-legal, system-structural analysis and the legal-technical method, synthesis. The results of the study. Consideration of the abuse of law through a philosophical prism has helped to analyze in more detail the existing scientific differences in civil law and to better understand the basic nature of this legal phenomenon. Conclusion. The philosophical approach of the research has created a conceptual basis for overcoming contradictions in the modern theory of civil law regarding the nature and content of abuse of law.
Keywords: philosophical approach, the essence of the phenomenon, legal phenomenon, abuse of law, civil procedure.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vasiliev S.V. “Abuse of law” as a problem of transformation of legal understanding in Russia // Moscow Legal Journal. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 7-16.
2. Gribanov V. P. Implementation and Protection of Civil Rights: [collection] / 3rd ed., corrected. – M.: Statut, 2022. – P. 412.
3. Dobrynin N. M. On the Essence of Legal Nihilism and Legal Idealism: Anthropology of Law and the Views of N. I. Matuzov // State and Law: Journal. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 80-92.
4. Severukhin V. V. On the Issue of the “Legality” of Abuse of Law // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2015. – No. 4 (20). – P. 39-46.
5. Solyanik V. V., Nikonenko E. I. Institute of Good Faith: Theoretical and Legal Analysis // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal Sciences. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 219-225.
6. Subochev V. V. Legitimate Interests // Problems of the Theory of State and Law. Textbook / Ed. by A. V. Malko. – Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2012. – P. 362-380.

CIVIL LAW
SMIRNOVA Maya Ivanovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Humanitarian and social-economical disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
BALATSKAYA Yuliya Yurjevna
lecturer of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
LEGAL AND MORAL BASIS FOR PROVIDING PUBLIC SAFETY OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
The article focuses on the principle provisions of international, Russian regulatory and documents guaranteeing the equality of persons with disabilities in the exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms as a basis for ensuring their public safety. The main measures and methods for creating unimpeded, safe, effective participation of persons with disabilities in public life are defined as necessary conditions for ensuring their personal and public safety. It is emphasized that creating accessibility of the physical, social, economic, and cultural environment is a key condition for ensuring public safety for persons with disabilities.
Keywords: public safety, barriers, public events, human rights, accessible environment, disabilities, public life, equal rights and freedoms
Article bibliography
1. On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 – No. 400. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/401425792/ (date accessed: June 20, 2025).
2. Federal Law “On Security” dated December 28, 2010 No. 390-FZ (as amended on July 10, 2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/12181538/ (date accessed: 20.06.2025).
3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted at the third session of the UN General Assembly by resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10135532/ (date accessed: 16.11.2024).
4. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/2540291/ (date accessed: 20.06.2025).
5. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (New York, 16 December 1966). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/2540295/ (date of access: 18.06.2025).
6. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/2565085/ (date of access: 25.06.2025).
7. Federal Law “On Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” dated 03.05.2012 No. 46-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/70170066/ (date of access: 20.06.2025).
8. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 29.03.2019 No. 363 (as amended on 14.12.2024) “On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “Accessible Environment”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_322085/ (date of access: 20.02.2025).
9. Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” No. 181-FZ of 24.11.1995 (as amended and supplemented). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10164504/ (date of access: 22.06.2025).
10. Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” (with amendments and additions). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/10164504/ (date of access: 20.06.2025).
11. Federal Law “On the Safety of Buildings and Structures” dated No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009 (with amendments and additions). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/12172032/ (date of access: 22.02.2025).
12. SP 31-102-99. Accessibility Requirements for Public Buildings and Structures for Persons with Disabilities and Other Visitors with Limited Mobility. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://tiflocentre.ru/documents/sp31-102-99.php (accessed: June 22, 2025).
13. Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Connection with the Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” dated December 1, 2014, No. 419-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/70809036/ (date of access: 06.20.2025).

CIVIL LAW
SNYATKOV Anton Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE PRINCIPLE OF NUMERUS CLAUSUS IN THE SYSTEM OF PRIVATE LAW
The article is devoted to the analysis of the numerus clausus (closed list) principle as an element of the private law system. The author explores the fundamental contradiction between the desire for legal certainty through rigid typing and the need for flexibility to fill gaps and achieve justice. It is proven that the effect of the principle is inevitably eroded under the influence of “rubber” norms and functional alternatives, which, however, does not negate its value as one of the options for legal tools provided to entities for the realization of their goals and legitimate interests.
Keywords: numerus clausus, typification, closed list, legal certainty, flexibility of law, gaps in legislation, abstract norms, functional method, method of private law, regulation of private relations.
Bibliographic list
1. Bibikova E. V. Contract for the benefit of a third party in Russian and European private law: a comparative legal review // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 95-157.
2. Vasilchenko A. P. Concept and features of fiduciary transactions in modern civil law. – M., 2017. – P. 8.
3. Egorov A. V. Transactions Contrary to the Fundamentals of Legal Order and Morality: in Russia and Abroad // Liber Amicorum in Honor of the 50th Anniversary of A. N. Zhiltsov. Cross-Border Trade Turnover and Law: Collection of Articles / Comp. and Scientific Ed. A. I. Muranov, V. V. Plekhanov. – M.: Infotropic Media, 2013. – Pp. 41-66.
4. Zhuzhalov M. B. R. von Ihering’s Theory of Pre-Contractual Liability: Impact on the Present Day and Possible Applications in the Future (Commentary on the Russian Translation of the Work “Culpa in Contrahendo, or Compensation for Damages in the Event of Invalidity or Non-Conclusion of Contracts”) // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 267-311.
5. Zikun I. I. The structure of trust management in civil law: non-fiduciary fiduciary nature // Bulletin of civil law. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 52-102.
6. Kotsiol H. Flexible system – the golden mean in legislation and doctrine // Bulletin of civil law. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 246-267.
7. Pokrovsky I. A. Main problems of civil law. – Moscow: Statut, 1998. – P. 89.
8. Romantsev Yu. V. Transactions contrary to the foundations of legal order and morality (ethical and legal aspects) // Bulletin of civil law. – 2009. – No. 2. – P. 188-199.
9. Shirvindt A. M. The principle of good faith in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and comparative law // Aequum ius. From friends and colleagues on the 50th anniversary of Professor D. V. Dozhdev / Ed. A. M. Shirvindt. – M.: Statut, 2014. – P. 203-242.
10. Yakovlev V. F. Civil-law method of regulating social relations: dis. … Doctor of Law. – Sverdlovsk, 1972. – P. 123-137.
11. Bydlinski F. Juristische Methodenlehre und Rechtsbegriff. – 1991. – S. 553.
12. Dorfman A. Property and Collective Undertaking: The Principle of Numerus Clausus. – Toronto, 2010. – P. 5-11.
13. Ehrlich E. Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law. – 2002. – P. 174.
14. Garro M. A. Codification Technique and the Problem of Imperative and Supplementary Laws // Louisiana Law Review. – 1981. – Vol. 41. No. 4. – P. 1007-1030.
15. Kern C. A. Typizität als Strukturprinzip des Privatrecht. – Tübingen, 2013 – S. 540-541.
16. Singer, Joseph W. The Rule of Reason in Property Law // UC Davis Law Review. – Harvard Public Law Working Paper. – 2013. – No. 12-39. – P. 1369-1434.
17. Wieacker F., A History of Private Law in Europe. – 2003. – P. 377.

CIVIL LAW
STEFANOV Andrey Gennadjevich
postgraduate student of Private law (civilistic) sciences sub-faculty, Moscow University of Finance and Law (MFUA), CEO of “Automed Center” LLC
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISPOSITIVE NORMS BY A COLLECTIVE ENTITY THROUGH DIGITALIZATION (USING THE EXAMPLE OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO CAPITAL REPAIR)
This article is devoted to the analysis of the implementation of dispositive norms in the context of managing the common property of apartment buildings by the owners’ meeting. The main attention is paid to the role of digital technologies in the implementation of the community’s rights and obligations. The author examines dispositive and imperative norms using the example of contributions to major repairs, analyzes the specifics of the collective entity and decision-making mechanisms, and compares them with foreign experience, in particular with German legislation.
Keywords: dispositive norms, major repairs, contributions, collective entity, digitalization, common property, management, legal personality, electronic voting, comparison with German legislation, WEG Act.
Article References
1. Gazizov R. M. Organizational and Legal Foundations of Capital Repairs of Common Property in Apartment Buildings. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2022. – 104 p.
2. Grishaev S. P. Housing Code of the Russian Federation: Article-by-Article Scientific and Practical Commentary: Study Guide. 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Prospect, 2024. – 704 p.
3. Abdullaev K. A., Abramova A. V., Abyzova E. A., et al. Convergence of private-law regulation of public relations through the prism of the effectiveness of law: monograph / Ed. A. N. Levushkin, E. Kh. Nadyseva. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2023. – 672 p.
4. Aleinikova V. V., Ayusheeva I. Z., Bobodzhonzoda I. Kh., et al. Modern civil and family law: prospects for the development of doctrine, legislation and law enforcement practice: monograph / Ed. E. V. Vavilin, O. M. Rodionova. – M.: Statut, 2024. – 318 p.
5. Volos A. A., Ivanov A. A. Digitalization and the Constitution // Law. – 2022. – No. 12. – Pp. 34–45. – DOI 10.37239/0869-4400-2022-19-12-34-45. EDN NWRCDQ.
6. Gruzdev V. V. Civil-law communities: concept and types // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 10. – Pp. 61–71.
7. Emelyanova E. V. Amendments to the Housing Code of the Russian Federation: more details on major repairs // Housing and communal services: accounting and taxation. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 26-37.
8. Matiyashchuk S. V. Major Repairs of Common Property in an Apartment Building: New Approaches to Legal Regulation of Relations // Housing Law. – 2013. – No. 11. – P. 53-67.
9. Samylov I. V. Concept and System of Collective Subjects of Law // Bulletin of Perm University. Series “Legal Sciences”. – 2009. – Issue No. 4 (6). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.psu.ru/files/docs/ob-universitete/smi/nauchnyj-zhurnal/yuridical/2009_4.pdf.
10. Suslova S. I. Transfer of the obligation to pay contributions for major repairs of apartment buildings. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/peredacha-obyazannosti-po-oplate-vznosov-na-kapitalnyy-remont-mnogokvartirnyh-domov/viewer.
11. Ugryumov A. Use of funds from the fund for major repairs of common property in an apartment building // Housing Law. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 69-80.
12. Filippova S. Yu. Plurality of persons and civil-law community: similarities and differences // Law. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 30-41.

CIVIL LAW
CHUKHADGAN Garnik Araevich
postgraduate student of 3rd year of study (scientific specialty 5.1.3 Private law (civilistic) sciences), V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A PUBLIC LAW SUCCESSOR OF ESTRANGED PROPERTY
The article is devoted to the current issues of determining the status of the state as a potential heir in the process of implementing the provisions of the legal institution of escheat property. As a result of the study, it was possible to determine the features of the implementation of this status, the problems of accepting escheat property were identified, specific distinctive features of the state as an heir capable of exercising its rights within the framework of the functioning of the legal phenomenon of escheat property were highlighted. The position was formed and proven that the Russian Federation has the status of an heir by law, taking into account its special specificity, determined by the public-legal nature of the subject.
Keywords: state, heir, escheat property, acceptance of inheritance, subject of inheritance legal relations, civil legislation, testator.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. ConstitutionRussian Federation (adopted by popular vote) dated December 12, 1993 (with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated July 4, 2020 – No. 144.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated December 18, 1994 – No. 238-239.
3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part Three) dated November 26, 2001 No. 146-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated November 28, 2001. – No. 233.
4. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.06.2008 No. 432 “On the Federal Agency for State Property Management” (as amended on 03.07.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 09.06.2008. – No. 23. – Art. 2721.
5. Order of the Federal Property Management Agency of 23.06.2023 No. 131 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Territorial Bodies of the Federal Agency for State Property Management”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 18.11.2024).
6. Bartkova O. G. On the development of the legal sub-institution of ownerless property during the period of validity of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the aspect of inter-branch relations in the legal system of Russia // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Law. – 2023. – No. 1 (73). – Pp. 7-13.
7. Kamyshansky V. P. New continuation of the modernization of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation: provisions on immovable property // The Power of Law. – 2022. – No. 1 (49). – Pp. 12-17.
8. Kamyshansky V. P. On some innovations in civil legislation // The Power of Law. – 2020. – No. 3 (43). – P. 12-17.
9. Lidzhieva S. G. Limitation, Loss and Restoration of Inheritance Rights under the Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation: Dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2020. – 194 p.
10. Minasyan G. M. Some Issues of Inheritance of Escheat Movable Property and Debt Collection from Territorial Bodies of the Federal Property Management Agency // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 3 (178). – P. 191-193.
11. Sadrieva R. R., Oglezneva T. N. On the Issue of Legal Regulation of Inheritance of Escheat Property Transferred by Law to the Ownership of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M. K. Ammosov. Series: History. Political Science. Law. – 2023. – No. 2 (30). – P. 43-50.
12. Kholodireva E. A. The right of inheritance in Russian civil law: abstract of the dissertation… Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2021. – 59 p.

CIVIL LAW
SHASHKOVA Elena Sergeevna
postgraduate student, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE REGIME OF JOINT PROPERTY OF SPOUSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA: QUESTIONS OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
The relevance of the article is due to the fact that nowadays, when international relations among the BRICS countries are becoming more active and diverse, the number of marriages between people from these countries is increasing. This leads to situations where foreign legislation of the BRICS member countries may be applied to the property relations of spouses, which requires its careful study. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to study the theoretical and practical issues of regulating the regime of joint property of spouses in the Republic of South Africa. The main regulatory legal acts regulating the regime of joint ownership of spouses are considered, as well as judicial practice on the management and disposal of joint property is analyzed. The paper focuses on some problematic issues of joint management of marital property in the context of including a contract defined in the Law on Land Alienation No. 68 of 1981 with the consent of the other spouse. It is concluded that some of the current legal norms governing the invalidation of a transaction made by a spouse without the consent of the other spouse are imperfect and require improvement.
Keywords: spouses, joint ownership, common property, South African legislation, judicial practice, spouse’s consent to the transaction
Bibliographic list
1. Badayeva N.V. The system of property rights in the Republic of South Africa // International public and private law. – 2017. – No. 4 (97). – P. 3-6.
2. Rudokwas A.D., Thomas F.J. Coexistence and harmonization of various legal traditions in South Africa // Jurisprudence. – 2023. – T. 67. No. 2. – P. 115-136.
3. Andra le Roux-Kemp Family Law 2019/20. Juta and Company (Pty) Ltd. – 2020. – P. 667-699.
4. L. Steyn When a Third Party “Cannot Reasonably Know” that a Spouse’s Consent to a Contract is Lacking // South African Law Journal. – 2002. – P. 253-260.
5. Rautenbach, Christa. South Africa’s Family Laws: A Potpourri of Some Sort? Ius Comparatum – Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 57. – Springer, Cham, 2022. – pp. 147-175.
6. Starosta A. A Loophole in the Joint Administration of Estates by Spouses Married in Community ofProperty // Stellenbosch law review. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 155-165.
7. Van Heerden B, Cockrell A & Keightley R Boberg’s Law of Persons and the Family // Juta Kenwyn. – 1999. – P. 981.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
KOZYRIN Alexander Alexandrovich
postgraduate of Civil Process sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, master of civil law, Ural branch, Russian School of Private Law, Yekaterinburg
ENFORCEABILITY OF ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS IN CROSS-BORDER DISPUTES: ISSUES OF COMPETITION BETWEEN JURISDICTIONS
The article is devoted to the issues of enforceability of anti-suit injunctions in conditions of cross-border disputes, taking into account the theoretical and practical specificity of the category of cases. Based on a comparative analysis of the regulation of anti-suit injunctions in common law, continental law, and mixed law jurisdictions, it is justified that competition between jurisdictions leads to the practice of mutually blocking anti-suit injunctions in certain cases. In accordance with the system of categories in foreign affairs, this situation should be classified as the “anti-anti-suit-injunction” problem. The author suggests directions for finding solutions to the “anti-anti-suit-injunction” problem by redirecting the regulation in the functional context to legal certainty.
Keywords: anti-suit injunction, legal certainty, access to justice, parallel proceedings, lis pendens, forum non-convenience, restrictions.
Bibliography
1. Bershitsky, E. E. Legal Certainty and Evaluation Categories: A Brief Essay on the Example of Offenses in Various Branches of Law. Electronic publication. – M.: M-Logos, 2021. – P. 4-16.
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6. Karapetyan A. G. Economic analysis of law. – M.: Statut, 2016. – Pp. 122-148.
7. Kuznetsov E. N. The right to enforcement of judicial acts in the Russian Federation: dis. … Doctor of Law: 5.1.3. – Ekaterinburg, 2022. – Pp. 4-28.
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CIVIL PROCEDURE
MAKSIMCHUK Maxim Vyacheslavovich
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia
MIKHAYLOV Vyacheslav Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PARTICIPATION OF A TEACHER IN THE INTERROGATION OF A MINOR IN A CIVIL CASE
The article examines the procedure for the participation of a teacher in the interrogation of a minor in civil proceedings, analyzes the psychological features of the interrogation of a minor in civil The article examines the process and justifies the need for a teacher’s participation in such an interrogation, provides the practice of involving teaching staff by courts to interrogate minors, identifies current legislative problems in the field of involving teaching staff in the interrogation of minors in civil proceedings, and suggests solutions to these problems. The article considers the rules governing a similar procedure in other procedural branches of law.
Keywords: interrogation of a minor, teaching staff, teacher, civil procedure.
Article bibliography
1. Avdonina Yu. N. Features of the composition of subjects in cases on the protection of the rights of minors in civil proceedings: statement of the problem // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 6. – pp. 205-223.
2. Lazarenko O. N., Timofeev A. I. Psychological Features of Tactical Techniques for Interrogating Juvenile Suspects and Accused // Law and Right. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 177-181.
3. Moroz O. L. Participation of an educational psychologist in civil proceedings of the Republic of Belarus as a guarantee of protecting the rights and interests of minor witnesses // Actual problems of the procedural and legal status of subjects of civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings: Coll. art. based on the materials of the Int. scientific-practical. conf., October 13, 2017 – St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 2018. – P. 295-301.
4. Abushenko D. B., Alieskerov M. A., Andreeva T. K., et al. Russian proceduralists on law, legislation and judicial practice: on the 20th anniversary of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: monograph / Ed. V. V. Molchanov. – Moscow: Statute, 2023. – 480 p.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
REZNIK Zhanna Yakovlevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON SOME PECULIARITIES OF PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS BY PERSONS WHO ARE SERVING CRIMINAL PUNISHMENTS IN THE FORM OF IMPRISONMENT
At present, each individual, the Russian public and the world community as a whole are following a constant course of humanization and consciously approach the legal sphere. In particular, the protection of property and personal non-property interests, which takes place within the framework of civil proceedings in accordance with domestic legislation, is available to every citizen of our state. But, as is known, there are certain groups of people who may have or, let\’s say, often have various problems with the implementation of the above-described right. In this study, we have attempted to tell about one of the most common social groupsfacing the problem we have posed – persons sentenced to imprisonment. A person who has been isolated from society for a long time and is continuously located on the territory of a correctional institution has a number of difficulties in implementing his civil rights to protect property and personal non-property relations. We have described the institution of representation as one of the most effective mechanisms that facilitates the implementation of the rights of convicts in this legal area. Attention is also paid to a new system that came to the penal system along with the era of information technology and digitalization – video conferencing (VKS), which is being actively implemented in the activities of the FPS of Russia.
Keywords: civil procedure, convicts, penal system, representation, property rights, personal non-property rights, judicial protection, implementation of rights.
Article bibliography
1. Sakharov, D. F., “Participation of Persons Serving Imprisonment in Civil Proceedings,” in Criminal-Executive Law. – 2018. – Vol. 13 (1-4). No. 4. – Pp. 409-412.
2. Leyba, A., “Videoconferencing: Shortcomings and Problems,” in Ezh-Yurist. – 2013. – No. 27. – P. 1-7.
3. Osokina G. L. Civil Procedure. General Part. – Moscow, 2008. – 748 p.
4. Vladimirova O. A. The Role of Institutions of Representation and Power of Attorney in the Activities of the Penal System // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute: Scientific and Practical Journal. – No. 5(31). – 2018. – P. 9-13.
5. Kitaeva A. V. Participation in Civil Procedural Legal Relations of Persons Serving a Sentence of Imprisonment Through the Use of Videoconferencing Systems // The Criminal-Executive System at the Current Stage: Interaction of Science and Practice: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Interdepartmental Conference. – Samara: Samara Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2016. – P. 289-291.

FAMILY LAW
LETYAGINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
CURRENT ISSUES OF ALIMONY LEGAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES AND FORMER SPOUSES
This paper examines the current issues of alimony relations between spouses and former spouses in the Russian Federation. history Throughout, there has been a tendency in family legislation to increase the volume and possibilities of compulsory (judicial) alimony payments by spouses (former spouses). At the same time, the study formulates problematic positions on the regulation of alimony payments that can be imposed on spouses or former spouses and ways to resolve them. The author believes that equalizing the alimony rights and obligations of spouses who have formalized their relationship properly and those who are in a de facto marital relationship is fraught with an increase in the number of unregistered relationships. At the same time, it is difficult to record the fact of such a relationship on a person, since without state registration of marriage, which records the exact date of the marriage, it is generally difficult to determine when the actual marriage relationship arose and when it ceased. Similar difficulties will arise in connection with the establishment of alimony for a pregnant woman if she is not in a registered marriage with the father of the child. We also believe that in some cases it is possible to strengthen the property protection of women during pregnancy and child care up to 3 years. If the intention to recognize paternity is established, or upon the establishment of paternity, when the child’s parents are not married, which indirectly confirms the existence of actual marital relations between the relevant subjects.
Keywords: actual marital relations, marriage, spouses, former spouses, alimony relations, disability, neediness.
Article bibliography
1. Rabets A. M. Key milestones in the development of Russian legislation and the doctrine on alimony obligations of spouses and former spouses // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2023. – No. 4. – pp. 40-43.
2. Rybalka E. A. Alimony obligations of spouses (former spouses): historical aspect // Bulletin of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. – 2023. – No. 1 (45). – P. 57-60.
3. Nintsieva T. M. On the Issue of the Law-Forming Function of Marriage in Alimony Obligations // Scientific Research of Modern Scientists: Collection of Materials of the XXXI International In-Person and Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, June 15, 2023. Vol. 1. – Moscow: Scientific Publishing Center “Imperia”, 2023. – P. 128-131.
4. Aleinikova V. V. Alimony Obligations of Spouses: Historical and Legal Aspect // Family and Housing Law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 2-5.
5. Baturina N. I. Alimony Obligations of Spouses and Former SpousesEnglish: Contracts: Current State and Prospects // Current Issues of Private-Law Regulation of Public Relations: Collection of Scientific Papers of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Rostov-on-Don, November 22, 2023. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – pp. 4-10.
6. Baranova E. V. Alimony Obligations between Spouses (Former Spouses) // Bulletin of Tver State University. – 2022. – No. 1 (69). – pp. 219-224.
7. Pavlova O. G. Novels in the Family Legislation of the Russian Federation in Regulating Alimony Obligations of Spouses and Former Spouses // Man and Society in Contradictions and Harmony: Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Materials of the International Scientific and Theoretical Conference, Nizhny Novgorod, November 23, 2023. – Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing salon of IP Gladkova O. V., 2023. – Pp. 379-382.
8. Begicheva E. V. Foreign experience of legal regulation of alimony obligations of spouses and former spouses // Actual problems of society, economy and law in the context of global challenges: collection of materials of the XII International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, July 11, 2022 / Editorial board: L. K. Gurieva [et al.]. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “IROK”, IP Ovchinnikov Mikhail Arturovich, 2022. – Pp. 421-423.
9. Kanina Yu. S. Alimony obligations of family members // Management and society: changing the interaction model in modern conditions: Materials of the XVI All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Tambov, December 02, 2021 / Administration of the Tambov Region; Tambov branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. – Tambov: Chesnokov A. V. Publishing House, 2022. – Pp. 147-151.
10. Guluzade S. M. Alimony obligations of other family members under the family legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 2 (218). – Pp. 162-165.

FINANCIAL LAW
BOGUSLAVSKAYA Natalya Aronovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Far Eastern branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk
FEATURES OF FINANCIAL AND LEGAL REGULATION IN THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF BAIKONUR
The article examines the features of financial and legal regulation in the territory of the city of Baikonur of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including budget, tax, banking, currency regulation. The author analyzes the budget of the city of Baikonur for 2025, examines the features of the budget process in the city. On issues of tax regulation, the procedure for establishing taxes and tax benefits in this territory is touched upon. Based on the analysis of international treaties, regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, and regulatory legal acts of the city of Baikonur, the main problems are identified, and directions for improving the regulatory legal acts enforced in the territory of the city of Baikonur are proposed.
Keywords: city of Baikonur, budget of the city of Baikonur, budget process, interbudget transfers, taxes, tax incentives, financial and legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Vavilov Z. I., Ryasnyansky N. A. The Problem of Assigning the Status of a Federal City to the City of Baikonur // Management of Socioeconomic Development: Innovative and Strategic Approaches: Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Materials of the National Scientific and Practical Conference (Gatchina, December 27, 2019). – Gatchina, Publishing house of GIEFPT, 2020. – P. 11-14.
2. Bankovsky A. E., Malleker D. I. Features of the legal status of the city of Baikonur // Bulletin of the Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 2 (37). – P. 76-78.
3. Kryukova E. M. Features of financing the infrastructure of the single-industry town of Baikonur (Republic of Kazakhstan) from the federal budget of the Russian Federation // Social policy and sociology. – 2014. – Vol. 2. No. 4 (105). – P. 32-43.
4. Kvyadaras A. S., Pigina T. N. Formation of Baikonur city budget revenues: an analytical approach // Competitive potential of the region: assessment and efficiency of use: collected articles from the XIII International scientific and practical conference (Abakan, November 9-12, 2022) / Ed. A. V. Pechenkin. – Abakan: Publishing house of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Khakass State University named after N. F. Katanov”, 2022. – P. 84-87.
5. Chernyshev D. N. Legal basis for the interstate lease of the Baikonur complex // Modern law. – 2010. – No. 9. – P. 145-148.
6. Andrusova T. B., Sidorova L. N. Problems of the legal status of the Baikonur complex // Current issues of aviation and cosmonautics. – 2012. – Vol. 2. No. 8. – P. 325-326.

TAX LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil, business andtransport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk
POLYAKOVA Svatlana Andreevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk
ABOUT TAX DISPUTE PREVENTION: SOME ASPECTS
The article discusses some of the problems of legislative settlement of disputes arising between fiscally liable persons (taxpayers, tax agents, etc.), on the one hand, and the state (represented by tax authorities), on the other, which are related to the calculation and payment of tax and other mandatory payments, the implementation of tax control and bringing those responsible to tax responsibility. The circumstances that are the causes of such conflicts have been identified. A special role is assigned to problems related to the procedural status of participants in tax relations. Conclusions are formulated to improve the understanding of the institution of tax disputes and their prevention, as well as effective law enforcement.
Keywords: state, business activity, independence, tax dispute, taxpayers, tax authorities, state regulation, tax control, rights, legitimate interests, protection, mechanism, complaint, violation, abuse, legal liability, prevention of offenses.
Bibliography
1. Tuktarova, F.K., Tseplyaeva, Yu.V. Forms, methods, and practice of resolving tax disputes: a manual. – Penza: Publishing house of PSU, 2017.

TAX LAW
KRAVCHENKO Natalya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Head of the Department for Organizing Internships and Employment of Graduates, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
SOBOLEV Alexey Nikolaevich
Deputy Head of the Federal Tax Service of Russia for the Republic of Crimea, Advisor to the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation, 1st class, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Crimea
TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC CONTROL AND CLAIM PROCEEDINGS FOR COLLECTING TAX DEBTS FROM INDIVIDUALS IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION
The article analyzes the evolution of procedural proceedings for collecting tax payments and sanctions from individuals. The features of the administrative and judicial procedure for collecting tax arrears in the era of digitalization are determined. Based on the conducted research, the authors conclude that the currently used algorithm for judicial collection of tax debts from individuals actually represents the formalization and standardization of the pre-trial procedure within the framework of writ proceedings, and the court in this procedure actually duplicates the decision of the tax authority, giving it legal force for the application of enforcement procedures. In the absence of a dispute, the authors consider it economically inefficient to involve judicial authorities in this process.
Keywords: compulsory collection of tax debts from individuals, administrative collection procedure, judicial collection procedure, digitalization.
Article bibliography
1. Grishanova, A. M., “Ways to improve and development trends in mechanisms for collecting tax debts from individuals,” Humanitarian, Socio-Economic, and Social Sciences, 2019, No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/puti-sovershenstvovaniya-i-tendentsii-razvitiya-mehanizmov-vzyskaniya-nalogovoy-zadolzhennosti-fizicheskih-lits (Accessed: 07.07.2025).
2. Sorokin D. A. Current issues of the current legislation on the procedure for collecting tax arrears // Journal of administrative proceedings. – 2019. – No. 4.
3. Taribo E. V. Collection of mandatory payments under the rules of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation: some problematic issues // Journal of administrative proceedings. – 2016. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzyskanie-obyazatelnyh-platezhey-po-pravilam-kas-rf-nekotorye-problemnye-voprosy (Accessed: 14.07.2025).

TAX LAW
OCHAKOVSKIY Viktor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Administrative and Financial Law Sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
SHIMON Diana Valentinovna
Student I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
LEGAL REGULATION OF DIGITAL ASSETS AND CRYPTOCURRENCY TAXATION: ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation of digital assets and cryptocurrency taxation in the Russian Federation within the context of global experience. The study examines key changes in Russian tax legislation that came into effect on January 1, 2025, including the provisions of Federal Law No. 418-FZ dated November 29, 2024. A comparative legal analysis of cryptocurrency taxation approaches in various jurisdictions is conducted, including the USA, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands. Special attention is paid to the analysis of judicial practice and enforcement issues in the field of cryptocurrency taxation. The technological features of blockchain technologies and their impact on tax administration are examined. International standards and recommendations from FATF and OECD in the field of digital asset regulation are being investigated. The main gaps and contradictions in the current Russian legislation are identified, and statistical data on cryptocurrency market development is analyzed. Proposals for improving the legal regulation of digital asset taxation are formulated, taking into account international experience and technological features of the blockchain ecosystem. The author concludes that there is a need for phased development of legal regulation, taking into account the balance between the state’s fiscal interests and stimulating technological innovations in the digital economy.
Keywords: cryptocurrency taxation, digital assets, blockchain technologies, mining, tax administration, FATF international standards, comparative jurisprudence, tax law.
Bibliographic list
1. Federal Law of November 29, 2024, No. 418-FZ “On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation” // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: December 15, 2024).
2. Kolobashkina, T.V., International experience in taxing cryptoassets // Economic Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – Vol. 24. No. 1. – Pp. 129-157. – DOI: 10.17323/1813-8691-2020-24-1-129-157.
3. Polyakov D. A. Taxation of cryptocurrency in foreign countries: comparison of legal approaches // Digital law. – 2024. – No. 3. – Pp. 45-62.
4. FATF Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach to Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers // Financial Action Task Force. – Paris: FATF, 2019. – 55 p. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/fatfrecommendations/documents/guidance-rba-virtual-assets.html (Accessed: 10.12.2024).
5. OECD Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation – Economic Impact Assessment: Inclusive Framework on BEPS, Actions 1 // OECD Publishing. – Paris, 2024. – 234 p. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/0e3cc2d4-en.
6. Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 25.11.2021 No. 44-KG20-17-K7 on the case of recognizing bitcoin as property // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru (date accessed: 08.12.2024).
7. Ochakovsky V. A., Utov D. A. Actual problems of tax control in Russia // Epomen. Global. – 2024. – No. 54. – P. 179-183 (EDN: GRYDWB).

TOWN PLANNING LAW
ZAITSEVA Diana Nikolaevna
postgraduate student of Land and environmental law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
FEATURES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE SPHERE OF CREATION OF SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Law enforcement in the sphere of creation of social infrastructure facilities is complicated by its intersectoral and multifaceted nature, reflecting a complex combination of legal, social, economic factors located at the junction of various branches of legislative regulation. In this regard, the doctrine still pays insufficient and often fragmentary attention to the issues of implementation of legislative norms regulating the procedure for creation, maintenance of social infrastructure facilities, not to mention other specific issues that naturally follow from the specified legal relations. When considering aspects of law enforcement practice on the above issues, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of direct legislative regulation of urban development, housing construction, land relations, etc. In the article, the author attempts to explain the specifics of law enforcement in legal relations related to the construction of social infrastructure facilities.
Keywords: social infrastructure, urban planning law, construction activities, sustainable development, social security, education, public-private partnership, concession agreements, public interest.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alekseev S.S. General theory of law: textbook. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Prospect, 2009. – 576 p.
2. Bagaeva V. G., Aidarova N. G. Novels of legal regulation inin the field of shared construction of real estate // Kronos. – 2022. – No. 8 (70). – P. 74-76.
3. Grabar A. A. Formation, regulation and development of social infrastructure of the region: based on the materials of the Volga Federal District: dis. … Cand. Sciences (Econ.): 08.00.05. – Kirov, 2010. – P. 126.
4. Morozov V. E., Krapiva A. V., Petrov K. S., Petrov A. V., Mozharov M. S. Features of the development and construction of social infrastructure facilities // IVD. – 2020. – No. 1 (61). – P. 1-6.
5. Ruzavina O. D., Kyrlan M. On the issue of legal regulation of the construction of social infrastructure facilities during the construction of new apartment buildings // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 136-141.

LAND LAW
KLEVTSOV Maxim Ivanovich
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Oryol State University
FEDORENKO Evgeniy Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, I. S. Turgenev Oryol State University
CONTENTS OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF LAND PLOTS OCCUPIED BY CIVIL AND MILITARY BURIALS
The topic of the research is related to the special social, cultural and historical significance of land plots occupied by civil and military burials. These territories perform not only a memorial function, but are also objects of special legal regulation, located at the junction of land, urban planning, environmental and special legislation. In the context of active urban development, expansion of settlements and transformation of land relations, there is a need to clearly define the legal regime of such land plots to ensure a balance between the development of territories and the preservation of the memory of the deceased. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the content of the legal regime of land plots occupied by civil and military burials, identifying problems of legal regulation and developing proposals for improving legislation in this area.
Keywords: land plot; municipal property; state registration, burials.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bogolyubov S. A. Land law: a textbook for universities. – M.: Yurait, 2020. – P. 245-247.
2. Galinovskaya E. A. Land relationship as a socio-legal phenomenon. – M.: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2018. – P. 178-180.
3. Krassov O. I. Land law: textbook. – M.: Norma, 2019. – P. 312-315.
4. Anisimov A. P., Melikhov A. I. Legal regime of land plots: new approaches and controversial issues // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 15-18.
5. Aksenov N. A., Volobuyev D. O. Normative-legal regulation of the circulation of land plots occupied by civil and military burials // Innovative economy: prospects for development and improvement. – 2020. – No. 2 (44).
6. Klevtsov M. I., Tsirkunov M. E. Legal regulation of relations related to the use and protection of lands occupied by civil and military burials // Eurasian law journal. – 2024. – No. 8 (195). – pp. 252-254.

BUSINESS LAW
BATALOV Ramil Evgenjevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State Economic University
ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIFICS OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF AN ARBITRATION ADMINISTRATOR IN FOREIGN LEGISLATION
One of the key persons in most bankruptcy cases is the bankruptcy trustee. The importance of bankruptcy administrators cannot be overestimated. Their activities are aimed at protecting the interests of both debtors and creditors, as well as ensuring that the bankruptcy procedure complies with the law. This article discusses the role and responsibilities of a bankruptcy trustee in accordance with the laws of some foreign countries. It should be noted that current bankruptcy legislation, regulating the legal relations between the parties to a bankruptcy case and the arbitration administrator, defines the status of the latter differently depending on the actions performed.
Keywords: bankruptcy, debtor, arbitration administrator, legal status, rights and obligations of the arbitration administrator.
Article References
1. Studenova, O. A., Legal Regulation of Bankruptcy Procedures under Russian and US Law: A Comparative Analysis. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/pravovoe-regulirovanie-protsedur-bankrotstva-po-zakonodatelstvu-rossii-i-ssha-sravnitelnyi-a?ysclid=mdirh2n8dz867964512 (Accessed: 25.07.2025).
2. Patil S. S. A Comparative Analysis of Indian Pre-packaged Insolvency Process with that of the US and UK. In: Aston J., Tomer A., Mathew, J.E. (eds) Comparative Approaches in Law and Policy. – Springer, Singapore, 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4460-6_17 (access date: 07/25/2025).
3. Manikyamba K., Yadav R. P. & Tyagi A. Analysis of insolvency laws of India, Australia, Canada USA, and UK. – SN Bus Econ 2, 152 (2022). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-022-00323-1 (access date: 07.25.2025).

BUSINESS LAW
DREVAL Lyudmila Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil, business and transport law sub-faculty, Far Eastern State University of Railways, Khabarovsk
THE RUSSIAN SECURITIES MARKET: AT THE ORIGINS OF LEGAL REGULATION
This article tackles the issues of legislative regulation of public relations in the field of securities circulation in the Russian state from their inception in the 14th century until the beginning of the Soviet period. It identifies the circumstances that led to the emergence of government securities and securities of private entities, including bonds, stocks, and promissory notes. The role of exchanges and stockbrokers in executing transactions involving securities is also investigated. Conclusions are drawn regarding the significance of the legal sources from the studied period for future legislative activity.
Keywords: securities market, history, source of law, documents, empire, external loan, internal loan, government securities, corporate securities, bonds, stocks, promissory note, stock department, broker.
Bibliographic list
1. Banking Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. / General editor L. N. Yasnopolsky. – Kyiv, 1917.
2. Ihering R. O. On the Task and Method of the History of Law / Abridged translation from German by S. V. Zavadsky // Ministry of Justice. – 1896. – No. 2 (February).
3. Ilyin V. V., Makeev A. V., Pavlodsky E. A. Bill of Exchange Law. General Provisions and Legal Commentary. – M., Concern “Banking Business Center”, 1998.

BUSINESS LAW
STRASHNIKOV Semen Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Business and corporate law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CONSTRUCTION PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE OF DEVELOPERS
Creditors who are participants in shared-equity construction occupy a special niche in the legal regulation of relations related to the insolvency procedure of the developer. This article examines the key ways to protect the rights of construction participants in bankruptcy proceedings, based on current legislation and judicial practice.
Keywords: bankruptcy of the developer, construction participants, protection of the rights of construction participants, creditors, shareholders, monetary claims, demands for the transfer of construction facilities.
Bibliographic list
1. Averkin E. V. Investment nature of the agreement on participation in shared construction // Actual problems of Russian private law: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Saransk: YurEksPraktik, 2016.
2. Barabina M. P. Bankruptcy legislation of construction organizations (developers): advantages, issues of application and lawmaking // Jurist. – 2018. – No. 3.
3. Brusko B. S. Category of protection in Russian bankruptcy law. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – 200 p.
4. Dorokhina E. G. Legal status of construction participants in bankruptcy of developers // Law. – 2013. – No. 7.
5. Egorov A. V. Bankruptcy of developer organizations // Bulletin of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. – 2007. – No. 4.
6. Kovaleva Yu. N. On the transformation of claims of participants in shared construction in cases of bankruptcy of a developer // Essays on the latest cameralistics. – 2021. – No. 1.
7. Markov P. A. Features of maintaining a double register of claims in bankruptcy of developers // Law and business: convergence of private and public law in regulating entrepreneurial activity: collection of articles of participants in the IV annual international. scientific and practical. Conf., dedicated to the memory of the Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Korshunov N. M. / Ed. Yu. S. Kharitonov. – M.: Moscow Academy of Economics and Law, 2015.
8. Telyukina M. V. Bankruptcy Law: Theory and Practice of Insolvency (Bankruptcy). – M.: Delo, 2002. – 536 p.
9. Khimichev V. A. Protection of Creditors’ Rights in Bankruptcy. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 184 p.
10. Shevchenko I. M. On Some Issues of the Relationship between Claim Proceedings and Proceedings to Establish Claims in Bankruptcy Cases // Arbitration Disputes. – 2019. – No. 4.
11. Shishmareva T. P. On the issue of converting non-monetary claims into monetary ones in insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2009. – No. 5 @@ Bankruptcy of business entities: a textbook for undergraduate studentsvrov / Responsible editors I. V. Ershova, E. E. Enkova. – M.: Prospect, 2016. – P. 55-56.
12. Agarkov M. M. Obligation under Soviet civil law // Scientific notes of the All-Union Law Institute. – M., 1940. – P. 72.

BUSINESS LAW
SHAMAEV Rovshan Yakubovich
postgraduate student of Information and intellectual law, digital technologies and innovation sub-faculty, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
BANKRUPTCY ESTATE IN THE BANKRUPTCY CASE OF A LEGAL ENTITY: FEATURES OF THE FORMATION AND EXCLUSION OF PROPERTY
In this article some of the features and problems of the formation of the bankruptcy estate of the exclusion of property from the bankruptcy estate in the bankruptcy case of a legal entity are outlined. The legal nature of the bankruptcy estate is characterized, approaches to understanding the legal nature of the bankruptcy estate are outlined. The problems of including unauthorized buildings in the bankruptcy estate have been identified, and amendments to the legislation are proposed. The problems of exclusion of objects withdrawn from circulation from the bankruptcy estate of a legal entity have been outlined, ways to solve them and introduce amendments to the legislation are proposed.
Keywords: insolvency (bankruptcy), bankruptcy estate, unauthorized construction, arbitration manager.
Article bibliography
1. Matveeva E. N. Problems of Formation of the Bankruptcy Estate in the Bankruptcy of Organizations: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation: 12.00.03. – Moscow, 2006. – P. 6.
2. Gutnikova A. S. Legal Regulation of the Opening and Conduct of Bankruptcy Proceedings: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation: 12.00.03. – M., 2004. – P. 5.
3. Popondopulo V. F. Competition law: legal regulation of insolvency (bankruptcy): textbook / St. Petersburg State University. Faculty of Law. – M.: Jurist, 2001. – P. 215.
4. Belov V. A. Property complexes. Essays on the theory and experience of dogmatic construction on Russian civil law. – M.: Center YurInfoR, 2004. – P. 126.
5. Shershenevich G. F. Competition process: textbook / 3rd ed. – M.: Statut, 2021. – P. 353.
6. Lapteva A. M. Property complexes in commercial circulation: abstract of dis. … cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.03. – St. Petersburg, 2010. – P. 6.

BUSINESS LAW
SARANKINA Natalya Dmitrievna
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE PLATFORM ECONOMY: ACTUAL RESULTS OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY
One of the most urgent tasks of modern law and order today is the adaptation of the institution of consumer protection to the new needs of the developing digital economy. Consumers are increasingly acting as users of the digital platform, and artificial intelligence algorithms make it much easier for entrepreneurs to predict consumer behavior and then create personalized offers. This scientific article is devoted to the analysis of current legislative trends in the Russian Federation, based on the results of which the author draws a conclusion about the current state of the institution for consumer protection.
Keywords: consumer protection, platform economy, digital platform, recommendation technologies, manipulation of consumer behavior, dark patterns.
Article bibliography
1. Gubin, E. P., Entrepreneurial Law of Russia: Results, Trends, and Development Paths: Monograph / Collective authors, ed. E. P. Gubin. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2019. – 664 p.
2. Gylydzhova, M., Ishangulyev, A., Allabaev, A., “Filter Bubble” as One of the Disadvantages of Search Engines // International Scientific Journal “Bulletin of Science”. – 2024. – No. 3 (72). – P. 288-291.
3. Kharitonova Yu. S., Savina V. S., Pagnini F. Bias in Artificial Intelligence Algorithms: Ethical and Legal Issues // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal Sciences. – 2021. – No. 53. – P. 488-515.
4. Maier M., Harr R. Dark Design Patterns: An End-user Perspective // Human Technology. – No. 16 (2). – Pp. 170-199.

CORPORATE LAW
BISEROV Alexander Alexandrovich
Chief Legal Advisor of the corporate and legal affairs RENERA LLC, Moscow city
PROBLEM ASPECTS OF ENSURING A BALANCE OF INTERESTS OF MAJORITY (CONTROLLING PERSON) AND MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF VOLUNTARY, MANDATORY TENDER PROPOSALS, AS WELL AS THE BUY-OUT OF SECURITIES BY A PERSON WHO HAS ACQUIRED MORE THAN 95 PERCENT OF SHARES
The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of the balance of interests and compliance with corporate parity between participants in the securities market, namely between majority shareholders (owning a controlling stake) and shareholders who do not have significant influence in matters of company management, within the framework of the acquisition of shares in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XI.1. Federal Law \”On Joint-Stock Companies\”. This mechanism for implementing the procedure for acquiring securities in public companies is currently not actively used in the securities market, however, in the author\’s opinion, it has not lost its relevance, since only a maximally regulated process can ensure the protection of the rights of both parties to this process. In turn, this increases the transparency of the equity capital market and has a favorable effect on the investment climate in our country.
Keywords: corporate control, public joint stock company, shares, shareholders.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gubenko S. N. Restriction of the rights of minority shareholders in Russian corporate law // Scientific and practical electronic journal Science Alley. – 2020. – No. 6 (45). – P. 26-32.
2. Gubin E. P. Legal methods for resolving conflicts of interests of shareholders in the acquisition of a large block of shares: Russian and foreign experience // Conference “Lomonosov 2018”. – Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2018. – [b. s.].
3. Dedov D. I. Improving the legal regime of takeover in joint stock law // Entrepreneurial law. – 2006. – No. 1. – P. 9.

CORPORATE LAW
KABANOV Nikolay Sergeevich
postgraduate student of M. M. Speransky Business, labor and corporate law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
DISPOSITIVE (AND IMPERATIVE) REGULATION OF CORPORATE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL RELATIONS: ROMAN EXPERIENCE IN MODERN LEGAL NORMS
The article explores the dispositive and imperative principles in corporate and entrepreneurial relations through the lens of Roman legal heritage. The author traces the origins of dispositive regulation in the context of philosophical and legal ideas of will autonomy, alongside the formation of limiting norms that served a stabilizing function. The focus is placed on collegia and societas publicanorum as historical forms of associations exhibiting features that anticipated modern corporate entities. The study examines the prerequisites for internal autonomy, member participation in governance, asset separation, and elements of legal protection. Based on comparative analysis, the article concludes that Roman law contained legal constructions that foreshadow contemporary models of normative regulation, emphasizing the importance of balancing dispositive and imperative approaches for the development of business law.
Keywords: Roman law, dispositive regulation, imperative norms, collegia, societas publicanorum, corporate relations, will autonomy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Pokrovsky I. A. History of Roman law. – He will join. article, translations from Latin, scientific. ed. and comment. by A. D. Rudokvas. – St. Petersburg: Letniy Sad Publishing and Trading House, Neva Magazine, 1999. – 533 p.
2. Finley M. I. Technical Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World // The Economic History Review. – 1965. – Vol. 18. No. 1. – pp. 29-45.
3. Digests of Justinian. V. 1. Books I-IV / Kofanov L. L., – 2nd ed., corrected. – Moscow: Statut, 2008. – 584 p.
4. Digests of Justinian. V. 3. Books XII-XIX / Kofanov L. L., – 2nd ed., corrected. – M.: Statut, 2008. – 780 p.
5. Gutiérrez Ó., Martínez-Esteller M. Tax Collection in the Roman Empire: A New Institutional Economics Approach // Constitutional Political Economy. – 2022. – Vol. 33, No. 3. – pp. 378–401.
6. Subbotin Yu. V., Kritskaya S. Yu. History of the Formation of the Concept of “Legal Entity” in Ancient Rome // Legal Science. – 2022. – No. 6. – pp. 17–22.
7. Lyast R. E. Epigraphic Data on the College of Augustals in Ostia in the 1st–2nd Centuries AD // “The Ancient World and Archeology”. – Issue. 2. – Saratov, 1974. – P. 46–60.
8. Gorbunov V. N. Legal entities in Roman law // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 91–96.
9. Monuments of Roman law: Laws of the Twelve Tables. Institutes of Gaius. Digests of Justinian. – Moscow: Zertsalo, 1997. – 608 p.
10. Roman private law: textbook / collective of authors; edited by I. B. Novitsky, I. S. Peretersky. – Moscow: KNORUS, 2014. – 608 p.
11. Utchenko S. L. Julius Caesar. – M.: Publishing house “Mysl”, 1976. – 365 p.
12. Schmitz L., Publicani // A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities / Ed. William Smith. – London: John Murray, 1875. – Pp. 972-974.
13. Long G. Recepta // A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities / Ed. William Smith. – London: John Murray, 1875. – pp. 984-985.
14. Long G. Portorium // A Dictionary of Greek and Romanan Antiquities/Ed. William Smith. – London: John Murray, 1875. – pp. 944-945.
15. Malmendier Ulrike. Law and Finance “at the Origin” // Journal of Economic Literature. – 2009.– Vol. 47. No. 4. – pp. 1076–1108.

INFORMATION LAW
OVAKANYAN Liana Kimikovna
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty, Graduate School of Public Audit (Faculty), M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
LEGAL PROTECTION MECHANISMS FOR DATA SUBJECTS IN THE METAVERSE
This article examines legal mechanisms for protecting users’ personal data amid the development of the metaverse – a virtual environment that blends elements of physical, augmented, and virtual reality. The focus is on personal-data protection as a component of the right to privacy in immersive digital settings. The study identifies technical features of the metaverse that give rise to new confidentiality risks, outlines problems and gaps in the current legal framework, and proposes conceptual approaches and solutions aimed at ensuring effective protection of data subjects’ information in virtual worlds.
Keywords: metaverse, virtual worlds, virtual reality, augmented reality, metaverse law, legal regulation, personal data, jurisdiction, digital identification.
Article bibliography
1. Arutyunov A.S. On Some Problematic Issues Related to the Legal Regulation of Metaverses // Society and Law. – 2024. – No. 1 (87). – pp. 108-110.
2. Fedotov M.A. Constitutional Responses to the Challenges of Cyberspace // Lex Russica. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 164-182.
3. Chubukova S. G. Quasi-subjects in cyber law // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 2 (102). – pp. 53-61.
4. Bygrave L. A. Data Privacy Law: An International Perspective. – Oxford University Press, 2014.
5. Janssen H. Decentralized data processing: personal data stores and the GDPR // International Data Privacy Law. – November 2020. – Vol. 10. Issue 4. – pp. 356-384.
6. Liebers J., et al. Identifying Users by Their Hand Tracking Data in Augmented and Virtual Reality // International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. – October, 2022.
7. Martin B. Privacy in a Programmed Platform: How the GDPR Applies to the Metaverse // Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 233-264.

INFORMATION LAW
GONTAR Lyudmila Olegovna
Head of the Aerodynamics Directorate of the Government Commission of the Russian Federation, Director of the Central Committee for Digitalization of the FRCE, Head of the Mining and Processing Department of the RSPP Working Group, Expert of the Project Office for Arctic Development (PORA); associate professor, M. V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk; lecturer, V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (LETI)
STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SECURITY IN INDUSTRY: LEGAL FEATURES AND RISK FACTORS
The article proposes to consider innovations in industry (uranium mining) and the possibilities of providing individual facilities with the necessary information and cybersecurity regime. The complexities of the regulatory framework for this area and regulatory gaps. Also, the formation of a project-legal and strategic direction in this area. It is noted that the theoretical and practical development are at the stage of formation and the novelty of the proposed approach is emphasized. Inter-industry studies of these problems are necessary, as well as proper information support for the responsible authorities to form unified principles and approaches. Only if the conditions for providing information are met, a detailed study of the structure of digital polygons is possible, as is planning and implementation of a project-legal approach.
Keywords: industry, information and cybersecurity, uranium tailings, information and cybersecurity risks, innovations.
Article References
1. Khiagda Bulletin No. 01 (40), January-March 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://khiagda.armz.ru/images/File/Khiagda/vestnik/2019/090418_khiagda_040.pdf (date accessed: 15.07.2025).
2. Kovaleva N. N. Legal regime of information support for public administration. Scientific and practical journal // Information security of regions. – 2013. – No. 1 (12). – P. 121-125.
3. Thomas K. T. Management of Waste from Uranium Ore Mining and Processing // IAEA Bulletin. – Vol. 23. No. 2. – P. 39-42.
4. Minbaleev A. V. Formation of the Data Economy in Russia in a Multipolar World: Problems of Legal Support // Economy and Management. – 2023. – Vol. 29. No. 8. – P. 956-963.

INFORMATION LAW
DE APRO Sona Vaganovna
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty of the Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
ON THE ISSUE OF DEVELOPING A NORMATIVE LANGUAGE AS A TOOL FOR REGULATING THE ACTIVITIES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The article considers the peculiarity of developing a special normative language structuring the internal technical features of AI activity. The necessity of developing and using such a language for formulating norms of providing feedback (interconnection) between AI, its creator and user is substantiated. To describe the norms of AI activity, it is necessary to form such a normative framework (i.e., to algorithmize normative behavior) that would be simultaneously clear, technically Precise and amenable to legal justification. The article notes the achievements of legal cybernetics (the works of academician V. N. Kudryavtsev), in particular, the identity of the structure of the legal norm and the elementary algorithm. It is proposed to consider the process of developing norms as a sequence of logical operations that can be algorithmized, which becomes especially relevant in connection with the search for approaches to the normative regulation of AI activity.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence activity, normative regulation of AI activity, algorithmic model of legal norm, rules of AI behavior, AI explainability, artificial ethics.
Article bibliography
1. Baturin Yu. M. On the Construction of Standards of Artificial Ethics for Robots // Sociology of Science and Technology. 2024. Vol. 15. No. 42024.
2. Bogdanovskaya I. Yu., Vasyakina E. V., et al. Artificial Intelligence and Law // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2024. Vol. 17. No. 4.
3. Cybernetics Issues: Legal Cybernetics. Issue 40 / Editorial Board: Bachilo I. L., Vitruk N. V., Kudryavtsev V. N. (Eds.), Moskvin S. S., Pankratov V. V., Shlyakhov A. R. (Eds.), Edzhubov L. G., Eisman A. A. Moscow: Sov. Radio, 1977.
4. Zheleznov A. Morality for Artificial Intelligence: Prospects for Philosophical Rethinking. 2021.
5. Kudryavtsev V. N. Heuristic Techniques in Qualifying Crimes / Legal Cybernetics / Ed. A. R. Shlyakhov. Moscow: Nauka, 1973.
6. J. von Neumann, The Computer and the Brain, Yale Univ. Press, 1958.
7. K. Christofferson and D. D. Woods. How to Make Automated Systems Team Players // Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Eng. Research, vol. 2, Elsevier Science, 2002.
8. Murphy R. R., Woods D. D. Beyond Asimov: The Three Laws of Responsible Robotics // IEEE Intelligent Systems. 2009. Vol. 24. No. 4.
9. McBride N., Hoffman R. Bridging the Ethical Gap: From Human Principles to Robot Instructions
10. Hoffman R. R. et al. Trust in Automation // IEEE Intelligent Systems, Jan./Feb. 2013.

INFORMATION LAW
OVAKANYAN Liana Kimikovna
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty, Graduate School of Public Audit (Faculty), M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF METAVERSES: A COMPARATIVE-LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the concept of legal regulation of metaverses through a comparative-law lens using the European Union, the United States, and China as case studies. The aim is to identify common trends and distinctive features of metaverse regulation across these jurisdictions. The study yields the following results: the European Union prioritizes applying existing horizontal digital regulations to emerging virtual worlds; the United States largely relies on industry self-regulation with minimal state intervention; and China is building a strict system of state control over virtual spaces. The conclusion offers the author’s definition of “metaverse” and sets out recommendations for improving legislation.
Keywords: metaverse, virtual worlds, virtual reality, augmented reality, metaverse law, legal regulation, personal data, jurisdiction, digital identification.
Article bibliography
1. Agateev V., Buzko R. Legal aspects of the metaverse // Buzko Legal Blog. 2021. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.buzko.legal/content-ru/yuridicheskie-aspekty-metavselennoy (date accessed: 09/03/2025).
2. Arkhipov, V. V. Virtual law: the main problems of a new direction of legal research // Pravovedenie. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 93-114.
3. Baturin Yu. M., Polubinskaya S. V. What makes virtual crimes real // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 13. No. 2. – Pp. 9-35.
4. Evsikov K. S. Metauniverses as a new object of regulation for the information pRava // Works on Intellectual Property. – 2023. – Vol. 44. No. 1. – Pp. 47-57.
5. Martin B. Privacy in a Programmed Platform: How the GDPR Applies to the Metaverse // Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. – 2022. – No. 1. – Pp. 233-264.

ADVOCACY
EVTEEV Konstantin Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of Advocacy sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); advocate
THE PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FOR LAWYERS AS A FACTOR IN PREVENTING THE ABUSE OF LAW
This article contributes to the study of the issue of abuse of rights in legal practice, emphasizing the role of professional ethics principles as an effective tool for restraint. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on legal responsibility, the author explores the moral and ethical aspects of the problem and proposes a new concept of understanding professional ethics as an active factor that promotes the strengthening of legality and justice. The article also argues for the need to develop and implement clearer and more detailed ethical standards tailored to the contemporary challenges of legal practice.
Keywords: lawyer, professional ethics of a lawyer, abuse of rights, legal practice, ethical principles, lawyer’s responsibility.
Article References
1. Abovyan K. Zh. Concept and Legal Nature of Confidentiality in the Activities of a Defense Attorney // Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series “Economics and Law.” 2015. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-pravovaya-priroda-konfidentsialnosti-v-deyatelnosti-advokata-zaschitnika (date of access: 22.08.2025).
2. Boyko N. N. Some aspects of professional ethics of a lawyer // Law and state: theory and practice. 2023. No. 10 (226). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-aspekty-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata (date of access: 20.08.2025).
3. Grishin A. A. Advocate ethics // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2014. No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/advokatskaya-etika (date accessed: 20.08.2025).
4. Zayakina R. A. Trust as a moral principle of advocacy // News of Saratov University Nov. series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy. 2020. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/doverie-kak-nravstvennyy-printsip-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti (date accessed: 01.09.2025).
5. Kovalev S. A. Manifestation of good faith by a lawyer in the presence of a conflict of interest // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2019. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/proyavlenie-advokatom-dobrosovestnosti-pri-nalichii-konflikta-interesov (Accessed: 09/05/2025).
6. Korotkova P. E. The Principle of Independence of Advocacy // Bulletin of O. E. Kutafin University. 2014. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/printsip-nezavisimosti-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti (Accessed: 08/21/2025).
7. Latin Sayings // Bulletin of O. E. Kutafin University. 2015. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/latinskie-izrecheniya-1 (date accessed: 09/03/2025).
8. Oreshin E. V. Legal nature of the norms of attorney ethics // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2014. No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yuridicheskaya-priroda-norm-advokatskoy-etiki (date accessed: 08/20/2025).
9. Orlov A. A. Basic principles of the attorney profession: competence, honesty and good faith // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. 2017. No. 12 (40). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovnye-printsipy-advokatskoy-professii-kompetentnost-chestnost-i-dobrosovestnost (date of access: 09/01/2025).
10. Panteleeva K. I. Actual problems of implementing the principle of independence of the legal profession // PenzSU Bulletin. 2021. No. 2 (34). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-problemy-realizatsii-printsipa-nezavisimosti-advokatury (date of access: 08/21/2025).
11. Philosophy of Law: [Translated from German] / Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; [Author’s introduction, p. 3-43, and note by V. S. Nersesyants]; USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Philosophy. Moscow: Mysl’, 1990. 524, [2] p., [1] p. port.; 22 cm. – (Vol. 113).; ISBN 5-244-00384-4 (In translation): 6 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEV Gamid Abdusalamovich
lawyer at Visage Cosmetics LLC, student of the 1st year of the full-time in the direction of 40.06.01 «Jurisprudence» (postgraduate level), Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MAGOMEDOVA Aminat Mustafaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
DIGITALIZATION OF BUSINESS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ILLEGAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: CURRENT CHALLENGES IN APPLYING ARTICLE 171 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines the transformation of illegal entrepreneurship in the context of the digitalization of the economy and the challenges arising from the application of Article 171 of the Russian Criminal Code. The author analyzes how new business models (cryptocurrency transactions, online platforms, freelancing) create legal gaps in the classification of acts traditionally regulated by criminal law. Particular attention is paid to the contradictions between the outdated provisions of Article 171 of the Russian Criminal Code and dynamically developing digital practices, including the difficulties of proving systematic profit-making and intent in a virtual environment.
Keywords: illegal entrepreneurship, criminal law, Criminal Code, digital economy, cryptocurrencies, online platforms, legal gaps, criminalization of business.
References
1. Research by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and the “My Business – My Opportunities” Association: “Business Promotion through Social Networks.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://disk.yandex.ru/i/UwWX_wmknTGiwg (date of access: 10.05.2025).
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025, with amendments and additions, entered into force on 02.05.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
3. Esakov G. A. Article-by-article commentary to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. – 9th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Prospect Publishing House, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2004 No. 23 (as amended on July 7, 2015) “On judicial practice in cases of illegal entrepreneurship”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of July 31, 1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended on November 29, 2024, as amended on January 21, 2025, as amended and supplemented, entered into force on February 5, 2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the legal reference system “Consultant Plus”.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEVA Diana Nurmagomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GADZHIEV Davud-Haji Magomedzagirovich
magister student of the 2nd year of study, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF CURRENT PROBLEMS OF CORRUPTION AND THEIR OVERCOMING
The article analyzes the key problems that hinder effective counteraction of corruption in the Russian Federation. The author considers gaps and contradictions in the legislative framework, the weak effectiveness of law enforcement practices, and systemic factors that contribute to the spread of corruption schemes. Particular attention is paid to shortcomings in preventive work, including weak public involvement and insufficient transparency of public administration. A set of measures is proposed as a solution: improving anti-corruption legislation, increasing the responsibility of officials, introducing digital technologies for control, strengthening public monitoring, and forming an anti-corruption culture in society.
Keywords: corruption, corrupt activities, bribery, legislation, economy, state, law enforcement.
Article References
1. On Combating Corruption: Federal Law No. 273-FZ of December 25, 2008 (as amended on November 28, 2015) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2008. – No. 52 (Part 1). – Art. 6228 (hereinafter referred to as the Anti-Corruption Law).
2. Anti-corruption policy in Russia: problems and solutions / Ed. by A. Yu. Alekseev. – M.: Nauka, 2020.
3. Gribanov V. P. Corruption and its impact on social relations in Russia // Sociological research. – 2022. – No. 2. – Pp. 12-25.
4. Kuznetsova E. L. Corruption in Russia: modern challenges and solutions // Law and Economics. – 2021. – No. 3. – Pp. 45-58.
5. Lebedev S. N. Problems of enforcement of anti-corruption legislation: experience and recommendations // Legal science. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 67-75.
6. Prokofiev S. E., Bogatyrev E. D., Eremin S. G. Civil Service: A Textbook for Universities / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2023. – 223 p.
7. Saatova B. A. Anti-Corruption in Russia // Young Scientist. – 2017. – No. 47 (181). – P. 139-141.[Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/181/46722/.
8. Semenov V. A. Effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in Russia: analysis and prospects // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 90. No. 4. – Pp. 321-330.
9. Tuzov D. O. Corruption and its impact on the investment climate in Russia // Economic and social changes. – 2022. – No. 1. – Pp. 88-102.
10. Fedorov A. E. Corruption and its impact on the legal system of Russia. – Moscow: Infra-M, 2022.
11. Review of statistical indicators of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for 2012-2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mvd.rf/?%EF=.

CRIMINAL LAW
BELYAKOV Alexey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Combating economic crimes sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
CHECHENYA Kseniya Igorevna
student of the 2nd course, Samara State University of Economics; independent researcher
LEGISLATIVE IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SEXUAL INTEGRITY OF PERSONS UNDER THE AGE OF TWELVE
The article examines the problem of “gaps” in the regulation of sexual crimes against persons under the age of 12. The purpose of writing this scientific article is to provide evidence-based emphasis on the imperfections that appeared after the introduction of the note to Article 131 of the Criminal Code. In conclusion, the author will propose options for refining the norm to create a more effective mechanism for its application. An assumption is made about the extreme urgency of subsequent legislative intervention, because the number of sexual crimes committed against minors is escalating into a real epidemic.
Keywords: sexual integrity, under the age of twelve, sexual offense, violent, nonviolent.
Article bibliography
1. Sitnikova A. I. Crimes of a sexual nature: interpretation of norms and application // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
2. Engelhardt A. A. The system of sexual crimes (in the context of the note to Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Lex russica. – 2017. – No. 12. – P. 84.
3. Bimbinov A. A., Voronin V. N. Some problems of qualification of violent crimes against sexual freedom of the individual (Articles 131-132 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Security Issues. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 144.
4. Gusarova M. V. Features of the qualification of crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the individual, conditioned by the note to Article 131 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Lex russica. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 114.
5. Piskareva V. K. Distinction between indecent acts and violent acts of a sexual nature // Current issues of combating crimes. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 14-16.
6. Antonova E. Yu., Kirillov M. A. Differentiation of criminal liability for sexual crimes against minors and underage persons: analysis of legislative innovations // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 4 (44). – P. 82-89.
7. Silkin V. P. On Some Aspects of Criminal Liability for Violent Acts of a Sexual Nature against Persons Under the Age of Twelve // Penitentiary Science. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 27.
8. Khromov E. V. Boundaries of Other Acts of a Sexual Nature // Legality. – 2021. – No. 1 (1035). – P. 40-44.
9. Kondrashova T. V. Lewd and Other Acts of a Sexual Nature: Concept and Correlation // Russian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 72-81.
10. Bimbinov A. A. Harm to the health of a minor as an objective criterion for differentiating criminal liability for committing non-violent sexual acts against him // Forensic medical examination. – 2016. – Vol. 59. No. 2. – P. 4-6. – DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20165924-6.
11. Antonova E. Yu. Antonov, I. M. Sexual crimes against minors under 12 years of age // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 272.
12. Kuznetsov A. V. Improving the Practice of Applying Criminal Law Norms on Liability for Non-Violent Indecent Acts against Minors // Siberian Legal Review. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 55.

CRIMINAL LAW
BUNOVA Irina Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, doctoral student, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ON CRIMINAL-LEGAL PROTECTION OF PRIVACY
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the justification of the concept of privacy in the context of modern challenges of digitalization and globalization, identifying current issues of privacy protection in the conditions of cross-border information exchange. Changes in Russian legislation on personal data are analyzed. The necessity of an extended interpretation of privacy in a criminal laThe meaning is justified, and the implementation of a comprehensive approach to the criminal law protection of privacy and confidentiality is proposed, ensuring the protection of not only personal data but also individual autonomy in the context of transformation.
Keywords: privacy, personal data, confidentiality, digitalization, criminal law, legal regulation, information security.
Article bibliography
1. Truntsevsky Yu. V. Unlawful Impact on Critical Information Infrastructure: Criminal Liability of Its Owners and Operators // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 5. – Pp. 99-106.
2. Nudel S. L., Artemov V. Yu., Belyalova A. M. [et al.]. Criminal-Law Guarantees of State Sovereignty (Comparative Legal Study): Scientific and Practical Guide. – Moscow: Prospect Limited Liability Company, 2023. – 352 p.
3. Economic Security (Criminal-Law Mechanisms of Ensuring): Monograph / Ed. I. I. Kucherov, O. A. Zaitsev, S. L. Nudel. – Moscow: CONTRACT Law Firm, 2021. – 320 p.
4. Samuel D. Warren; Louis D. Brandeis. Harvard Law Review. – Vol. 4. – No. 5 (Dec. 15, 1890). – Pp. 193-220.

CRIMINAL LAW
VOSKOBOEV Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Head of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Law Institute, of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
LESHCHEV Alexander Igorevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
STAROSTIN Vadim Gennadjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SOME FEATURES OF THE QUALIFICATION OF THE EXCESS OF THE PERPETRATOR OF THE CRIME
This scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of excess of the perpetrator of a crime in the context of the institution of co-participation in criminal law. The work explores the essence of excess as a situation in which the perpetrator goes beyond the general intent agreed with other accomplices, committing an act that is not covered by their consciousness and will. Two main types of excess are considered in detail – qualitative, involving the commission of a crime of a different nature, and quantitative, characterized by the commission of a more serious crime of the same kind. The fundamental importance of distinguishing excess from related situations that do not change the nature of criminal encroachment is emphasized. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding this legal phenomenon for the correct qualification of crimes, the individualization of criminal responsibility, and the implementation of the principle of guilt in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: excess of the perpetrator of the crime, complicity in the crime, crime, qualification of the crime, quantitative excess, qualitative excess.
Article Bibliography
1. Vladimirov E. D., Minin I. Yu. On the Issue of Qualifying a Crime with Excess of the Perpetrator // Vestnik Nauki. – 2023. – No. 1 (58). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-kvalifikatsii-prestopleniya-pri-ekstsesse-ispolnitelya (date of access: 21.07.2025).
2. Gulbankyan A. A. Qualitative (non-uniform) excess of the perpetrator of a crime // Bulletin of the Control and Audit Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 2 (56). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kachestvennyy-neodnorodnyy-ekstsess-ispolnitelya-presupleniya (date of access: 21.06.2025).
3. Zimin N. V. Some Features of the Qualification of the Excess of the Perpetrator // Law and Right. – 2024. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nekotorye-osobennosti-kvalifikatsii-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya (date of access: 21.06.2025).
4. Petrasheva N. V. Current issues of legislative regulation of the institute of excess of the perpetrator of a crime committed in complicity in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // UP. – 2014. – No. 4 (65). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-zakonodatelnoy-reglamentatsii-instituta-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-prestupleniya-sovershennogo-v-souchastii-v (Accessed: 21.06.2025).
5. Shatov S. A. Qualification of the Excess of the Performer. Theory and Practice // Law and Right. – 2018. – No. 12. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kvalifikatsiya-ekstsessa-ispolnitelya-teoriya-i-praktika (Accessed: June 21, 2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
ZHILKIN MAXIM GENNADJEVICH
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Moscow regional branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
POPOV Alexander Yurjevich
researcher at the Office of the Organization of scientific, editorial and publishing activities, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SOME ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING IN EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES: A LOOK THROUGH THE PRISM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
The article examines aspects of illegal trafficking in explosives in the context of environmental crimes. Statistical data are provided, the public danger of such illegal acts and the negative consequences for the environment are considered. The article examines the specifics of the qualification of acts based on the means used for fishing or methods of extracting water resources, as well as the conditions of the crime. It noted the importance of timely detection of preparations for a crime and prevention of its commission, determining the qualification of such crimes if there are signs of the acquisition of explosives and the manufacture of explosive devices to commit environmental crimes, checking reports of planned crimes, as well as information about illegal transactions for the sale of prohibited goods, including weapons, ammunition, explosives, and explosive devices on the Internet.
Keywords: Internet, explosives, illegal traffic, environmental crimes.
Article bibliography
1. Karimov V.Kh. The Impact of Modern Information and Telecommunication Technologies on the Criminal Circulation of Firearms and Ammunition // Law and Politics. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 43.
2. Samoylova Yu. B. Illegal extraction of aquatic biological resources using methods of their mass extermination: issues of improving the legislative approach and law enforcement // Russian Justice. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 62-65.
3. Zhilkin M. G. On the issue of the moment of completion of the crime // Siberian Law Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 63-74.
4. Yani P. S. Uncertainty of criminal law gives rise to insoluble problems of law enforcement // Legality. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 32-37.
5. Goncharenko A. I. Illegal extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources (Article 256 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 18-20.

CRIMINAL LAW
KVITINIYA Diana Appolonovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law, criminal process and forensic science sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, State University of Education, Moscow
THE MAIN ISSUES OF USING MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE
This publication examines the significance of incorporating modern information and communication technologies into the work of the prosecutor\’s office. These technologies are an integral part of modern life, and it is essential to clarify their role in the activities of the prosecutor\’s office as a body involved in the administration of justice and the supervision of its implementation. Information technologies, including electronic digital signatures, resources that allow for the storage of an almost unlimited amount of information, including personal data, are an important tool for optimizing prosecutorial activities. By emphasizing this, the author identifies the areas where the inclusion of information technologies in prosecutorial work is most relevant. The author specifies the main problems that arise in the integration of information technology into the activities of the prosecutor’s office and also makes an attempt to develop recommendations for their minimization. The purpose of this study is to identify the most relevant and significant issues related to the use of information technology in the activities of the prosecutor’s office. The object is the informatization of the prosecutor’s office’s activities, and the subject is the tools for integrating information technology into the activities of the prosecutor’s office.
Keywords: information technology, prosecutor’s office activities, citizens’ appeals, legal proceedings, prosecutor’s office bodies, problems of activity, digitalization, information services.
Bibliography
1. Vorobyova N.A. Problems of the Organization and Activities of Prosecutor’s Office Bodies at the Current Stage // North Caucasus Legal Bulletin. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 100-106.
2. Ganina S. V., Koval E. A. Digitalization of the procedure for handling citizens’ appeals in the prosecutor’s offices of the Russian Federation // Scientific notes of the Tambov branch of the Russian Society of Lawyers. – 2020. – No. 18. – P. 85-93.
3. Goroshko I. V. Digitalization – a modern trend in the development of law enforcement agencies // Observer – Observer. – 2022. – No. 2 (385). – P. 94-106.
4. Dzhioev S. Kh. Issues of development of information technologies and systems in the activities of the prosecutor’s office // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2022. – No. 3 (91). – P. 51-60.
5. Evloev T. Ya. Current state and prospects for the introduction of digital technologies in the activities of the prosecutor’s office // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2024. – No. 6 (118). – P. 205-211.
6. Kapinus O. S. Digitalization of crime and criminal law // Baikal Research Journal. – 2022. – V. 13. No. 1. – DOI 10.17150/2411-6262.2022.13(1).22.
7. Manannikov D. Yu. Legal regulation of the use of information and analytical technologies in the activities of the prosecutor’s office // Legal science. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 81-86.
8. Potapova L. V. On the issue of introducing information technologies in the activities of the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation // Legal science. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 92-94.
9. Sereda E. V., Chesnokov N. A. Digital transformation of the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries // Bulletin of the Moscow State Linguistic University. Education and Pedagogical Sciences. – 2020. – No. 2 (835). – P. 268-279.
10. Tabolina K. A. The prosecutor at the initial stage of criminal proceedings: the search for ways to optimize activities in light of digital technologies // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2020. – No. 10 (74). – P. 89-96.
11. Shtanko M. A. Legal regulation and legal transformation in the context of digital robotics technologies // Legal epistemology. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 104-109.
12. Yatsutsenko V. V. Problems and prospects for the introduction of digital technologies in the activities of the prosecutor’s office // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 11 (132). – P. 187-193.
13. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 20, 2021 No. 431-r “On approval of the Concept of digital and functional transformation of the social sphere in the Russian Federation.”
14. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2017 No. 1632-r. “On Approval of the National Project “Digital Economy of Russia”.
15. Federal Law No. 284 “On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation” dated July 31, 2020 No. 248-FZ.
16. Federal Law “On the Procedure for Considering Appeals of Citizens of the Russian Federation” dated May 2, 2006 No. 59-FZ.
17. Order of the Prosecutor General’s Office of Russia dated January 30, 2013 No. 45 (as amended on July 3, 2025) “On Approval and Implementation of the Instructions on the Procedure for Considering Appeals and Reception of Citizens in the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”.
18. Order of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation dated November 1, 2011 No. 373 “On the Procedure for Considering Complaints about the Actions (inaction) and decisions of the inquiry body, inquiry officer, investigator, head of the investigative body, and prosecutor.”

CRIMINAL LAW
KIKTEV Alexander Valerjevich
lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
CHETVEROUS Alexey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Fire and physical training sub-faculty, Volgodonsk branch, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE USAGE OF PROHIBITED COMMERCIAL PLATFORMS IN INFORMATION COUNTERACTION TO EXTREMISM
The relevance of the topic is due to the objective need for a comprehensive study of issues of counteracting extremist ideas among young people in modern conditions. The article examines in detail the key stages of information counteraction to extremism, and also analyzes modern methods of identifying and neutralizing extremist content. Particular attention is paid to the role of social networks and commercial platforms, which are becoming important tools in identifying accounts with an extremist focus. It is substantiated that the effective use of these resources significantly increases the effectiveness of the preventive work of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: countering extremism, youth, social networks, accounts, internal affairs bodies.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Idrisova F.A., Barzaeva P.I. On the issue of extremism on the Internet: theoretical aspects // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 30-31.
2. Khamurzov A. T. Counteracting extremism in the context of digital transformation of society // Journal of Applied Research. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 71-74.
3. Antonyan Yu. M., Rachitskaya V. A. Concept and causes of extremism // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 4 (56). – P. 21-29.
4. Usmanov I. M., Silaeva N. A. Counteracting extremism in the context of informatization of society counteracting extremism in the context of informatization of society // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (93). – pp. 168-175.

CRIMINAL LAW
KIRILLOV Igor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Siberian law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CYBERDIVERSION AS A MODERN THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY: PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LAW QUALIFICATION AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING LEGISLATION
The article examines the features of cyber-sabotage as a new form of sabotage aimed at undermining the economic security and defense capability of the Russian Federation through attacks on critical information infrastructure. The current criminal legislation is analyzed, in particular, the problems of qualifying cyberdiversions under Article 281 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, related to the lack of a legal definition and a certain lack of adaptation of the norm to the conditions of the digital age. The directions of improving criminal legislation on the qualification of cyberdiversions are proposed.
Keywords: crime, sabotage, cyber-sabotage, national security, purpose of the crime, qualification.
Article bibliography
1. Kudryavtsev V. L. Distinguishing a terrorist act from other related crimes: a theoretical analysis // Bulletin of the South Ural Professional Institute. – 2013. – No. 1 (10). – Pp. 45-55.
2. Maklichenko E. The subjective aspect of a crime is important. The defense considers the reclassification of an act committed by a teenager from Article 205 to Article 281 of the Criminal Code insufficient // Advocate Newspaper. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advgazeta.ru/mneniya/v-prestuplenii-vazhna-subektivnaya-storona/ (date accessed: 02.07.2025).
3. Criminal Law of Russia. General and Special Parts: textbook (collective authors; edited by Doctor of Law, Professor A. V. Brilliantov. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged). – M.: “Prospect”, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://study.garant.ru/#/document/77251536/paragraph/1:0 (date accessed: 02.07.2025).
4. Davitadze M. D. Criminal liability for sabotage // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 169-173.

CRIMINAL LAW
KOLOZYAN Aramais Shavarshevich
Deputy Head of the Criminal Investigation Department of the MIA of Russia for the Leninsky district of Ulyanovsk, major of police; adjunct, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMES AGAINST PUBLIC SAFETY COMMITTED BY MIGRANTS
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of crimes against public safety (Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) committed by migrants. The features of the qualification of these acts are considered, including the problems of establishing the subjective side and motives of criminal behavior. Special attention is paid to the specifics of proving the ethnic and religious components in extremist crimes. Based on the study of judicial practice, gaps in legal regulation have been identified, and measures to improve criminal legislation have been proposed. The results of the study are valuable for law enforcement agencies and can be used in the development of preventive measures.
Keywords: crimes against public safety, migration crime, qualification of crimes, extremism, criminal liability.
Bibliography
1. Borovikov V. B., Smerdov A. A. Criminal Law. Special Part: Textbook for Universities / Edited by V. B. Borovikov. — 7th ed., revised and enlarged. — Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. — 479 p. — (Higher education). — ISBN 978-5-534-20004-1. — Text: electronic // Educational platform URAYT [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/557446 (date of access: 06/25/2025).
2. Kiseleva E. V. International legal regulation of migration: textbook for universities / 3rd ed., corrected. and add. – Moscow: URAYT Publishing House, 2025. – 241 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-07132-0. — Text: electronic // Educational platform URAYT [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/562524 (date accessed: 25.06.2025).
3. Kyazimov K. G. Labor market and employment of the population: textbook for secondary vocational education / 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2025. – 214 p. – (Vocational education). – ISBN 978-5-534-15660-7. – Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/568363 (date accessed: 25.06.2025).
4. Luneev V. V. Course of world and Russian criminology. Special partь: textbook for universities. — Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. — 872 p. — (Higher education). — ISBN 978-5-534-16745-0. — Text: electronic // Yurait Educational Platform [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/559727 (accessed: 06/25/2025).
5. Antonov-Romanovsky G. V., Koimshidi G. F., Chirkov D. K., Litvinov A. A. Migration Crime: textbook for universities / 2nd ed., revised. and additional. — Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. — 227 p. — (Higher education). — ISBN 978-5-534-13745-3. — Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/567080 (date of access: 06/25/2025).
6. Sobolnikov V. V. Migration processes and crime. Counteraction system: textbook for universities / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 420 p. – (Higher education). – ISBN 978-5-534-11008-1. — Text: electronic // Educational platform Yurait [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/566117 (date of access: 06/25/2025).
7. Criminal law. Special part: textbook for universities / Responsible. ed. A. V. Naumov, A. G. Kibalnik. — 6th ed., revised and enlarged. — Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. — 564 p. — (Higher education). — ISBN 978-5-534-18550-8. — Text: electronic // Yurait Educational Platform [website]. — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/563340 (date accessed: 06/25/2025).
8. Zamakhina T. Migrants: New Approaches // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2024. June 10.

CRIMINAL LAW
KRASKOVSKIY Yan Eduardovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Penza State University
NEKRASOV Alexander Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, Samara
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FORCED LABOR AS A TYPE OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IN SOCIETY IS FULLY JUSTIFIED BY THE LEGISLATOR
The author\’s work sets out Federal laws regulating the procedure and regime of convicts sentenced to such type of criminal punishment as forced labor, as an alternative to imprisonment. The article describes the mechanism for assigning this type of punishment to persons who have committed crimes for the first time and places of serving their sentences at production sites, for example, the Volga Automobile Plant and other industries, as a production site. According to the current legislation, this type of punishment is relatively new and it is currently widely used by the courts. When applying this type of punishment to convicts, it should be noted that the Federal Budget in this part is not burdened with the performance of forced labor. An important point is the fact that the labor activity of convicts is counted in the old-age insurance pension, and the disability of the third group work at will and have social protection in accordance with the law. It is strictly forbidden for the justice authorities to impose this type of criminal punishment on disabled people of groups 1 and 2, as well as minors, pregnant women, women with children under the age of three, women who have reached the age of fifty-five, men who have reached the age of sixty, as well as military personnel.
Keywords: probation, law, forced labor, convicts, places of work, professions of convicts, alternative type of punishment, withholding from earnings, places of residence, regime of convicts, malicious violators of the regime, discipline, withholding from earnings, punishments, prevention of human rights violations.
Article bibliography
1. Federal Law of December 7, 2011, No. 420-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” stating that On January 1, 2017, a new type of criminal punishment was introduced in the Russian Federation: forced labor.
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Article 53.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Omega Publishing House, as of October 1, 2024.
3. June 17, 2023. RBC TV Channel. Interview with VAZ President M. Sokolov.
4. Articles 192, 238 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2001, No. 197-FZ (as amended on December 26, 2024).
5. Izvestia Mordovia Newspaper. December 4, 2023

CRIMINAL LAW
LYKOV Dmitriy Andreevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal law and the process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
SOME FEATURES OF THE IMPACT ON THE JUDGE AS A WAY OF OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
The work is devoted to the study of forms of obstruction of justice, in terms of ways of influencing the judge. It was established that the criminal legislation and acts of the highest courts have no explanations about what actions are recognized in practice by criminally punishable intervention in the implementation of justice within the framework of Part 1 of Art. 294 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but which are not. It is determined that the situation is also complicated by the fact that the name of Article 294 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not coincide with the content of the disposition of its part one, that is, there is the terminological inaccuracy allowed when constructing the norm. As a result of the study and analysis of judicial practice, the author comes to the conclusion about the need for clarifications from the Supreme Court of the disposition of part 1 of Art. 294 of the Criminal Code.
Keywords: crimes against justice, administration of justice, impact on a judge, interference in the activities of the court, obstruction of justice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Alekseev N. S., Daev V. G., Kokorev L. D. Essay on the development of the science of the Soviet criminal process. – Voronezh: Voronezh University Publishing House, 1980. – 252 p.
2. Davydov P. M. Principles of Soviet Criminal Procedure. – Sverdlovsk: Sverdlovsk Institute named after A. Ya. Vyshinsky, 1957. – 51 p.
3. Dobrovolskaya T. N. Principles of Soviet Criminal Procedure (Theoretical and Practical Issues). – Moscow: Yuridicheskaya Literatura, 1971. – 200 p.
4. Alekseev V. B., Alekseeva L. B., Bozhev V. P., Boykov A. D., et al. Course of Soviet Criminal Procedure. General Partst / Edited by Boykov A. D., Karpets I. I. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1989. – 640 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulaevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash; associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
BAKHMUDOVA Tamara Rasulovna
senior lecturer of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash
EFFECTIVE RELAPSE PREVENTION STRATEGIES AMONG WOMEN: ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The article discusses effective strategies for preventing relapse among women, taking into account gender, social and psychological characteristics. The analysis of factors contributing to repeated offenses, including the impact of family relationships, economic instability, traumatic experiences and psychoemotional state, is carried out. Special attention is paid to rehabilitation programs focused on the development of self-regulation skills, vocational training and social support. Based on the conducted research, recommendations are proposed for the development and implementation of comprehensive preventive measures aimed at reducing the rate of recidivism among women.
Keywords: prevention, recurrent female crime, correctional institutions, psychological work.
Article References
1. Dolgova, A. I., “The Crime Prevention System in Modern Russia.” Moscow: Norma, 2020, pp. 112.
2. Inshakov, S. M., “Foreign Criminology: A Textbook.” Moscow: INFRA-M, 2019, pp. 234.
3. Pobegaylo, E. F., “Recidivism and Its Prevention.” – M.: Yurlitinform, 2020. – P. 198.
4. Klimov I. A. The Role of NGOs in the Resocialization of Released Prisoners // Civil Society in Russia and Abroad. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 187-194.

CRIMINAL LAW
MATVEEVA Anastasiya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
MUSTAFAZADE Rovshan Shakhin ogly
postgraduate student of Criminal law and criminology, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
ON THE ISSUE OF THE SUBJECT OF THE CRIME PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 236 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article analyzes the subject of the crime provided for in Article 236 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as Article 236 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), including the problems of distinguishing the general and special subject of the crime. The study of judicial practice after the amendments introduced by Federal Law No. 100-FZ of April 1, 2020 “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Articles 31 and 151 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation” demonstrates that the position indicated in the scientific literature on expanding the range of subjects of the crime under investigation has been established. Based on law enforcement practice and the doctrine of criminal law, recommendations have been developed to improve the criminal law in terms of the corpus delicti under investigation by making an appropriate note to art. 236 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: the subject of the crime, sanitary and epidemiological rules, Article 236 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list
1. Daishutov M. M., Dineka V. I. Signs of the subject of the crime and his legal criteria // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 6. – Pp. 127-131.
2. Vladimirov V. A., Levitsky G. A. Subject of the crime under Soviet criminal law. – Moscow, 1964. – 58 p.
3. Zakayev A. Kh. Subject of the crime and general conditions of criminal liability // Man: crime and punishment. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 141-144.
4. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (article by article) / Ed. by G. A. Esakov. – M.: Prospect, 2021. – 816 p.
5. Kibalnik A. G. Criminal-legal response to the coronavirus pandemic // Legality. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 41-44.
6. Course of criminal law in five volumes. Volume 4. Special part / Ed. by G. N. Borzenkov, V. S. Komissarov. – M.: Zertsalo, 2002. – 672 p.
7. Morozov V. I., Losev S. G. Features of criminal liability for violation of sanitary and epidemiological rules during the spread of coronavirus infection // a collection of articles following the results of the International scientific and practical conference “IV Siberian Legal Readings: State and Law in the Context of Global Restrictions” (Tyumen, October 30, 2020). – P. 248-252.
8. Orlov V. S. Subject of the Crime. – Moscow, 1958. – 260 p.
9. Ragozina I. G. An Individual as a Subject of Violation of Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules // Bulletin of the Omsk Law Academy. – 2012. – No. 2 (19). – Pp. 93-95.
10. Criminal Law of the Russian Federation. Brief Course: Textbook / Scientific Ed. E. V. Blagov. – Moscow: Prospect, 2019. – 880 p.
11. Filippov P. A. Crimes against Public Health and Public Morality. Monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2022. – 680 p.
12. Shalagin A. E., Kabirov D. E. On some crimes that pose a threat to public health and their prevention // Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 26-31.
13. Shalagin A. E. On some features of the qualification and prevention of crimes provided for in Articles 235 and 236 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 264-268.
14. Shanazarova E. V., Savelyeva O. E., Lapshina N. A. Special subject of a crime in modern criminal legislation: problems of theory and law enforcement practice // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 195-197.
15. Shanazarova E. V., Borisova D. A. Subject of a crime under Russian legislation: its essence and legal characteristics // Humanities, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 192-195.

CRIMINAL LAW
MONETOV Anton Genadievich
lecturer of Theory of law and public law disciplines sub-faculty, S. A. Yesenin Ryazan State University
TERRORIST, EXTREMIST, SUBVERSIVE COMMUNITIES: TYPES OF CRIMINAL COMMUNITY OR ORGANIZED GROUPS
The article deals with the correlation of terrorist, extremist, sabotage communities with a criminal community and an organized group. There is an increased public danger of the above-mentioned criminal formations due to the complex internal structure and the scale of their activities. By analyzing various points of view and studying judicial practice, the author concludes that terrorist, extremist, and sabotage communities are specific types of criminal communities. As a result, there is a need to uniformize the criminal law norms governing responsibility for organizing and participating in various criminal formations.
Keywords: criminal, sabotage, terrorist, extremist, community, formation, organized group.
Bibliography
1. Ivanov, N. G., “Complicity in a Crime,” A Complete Course of Criminal Law in 10 Volumes, Vol. 3. Criminal Liability. Crime, Ed. by A. I. Korobeev. St. Petersburg: Academy Law Center, 2021. 660 p.
2. Pudovochkin, Yu. E., “Humanization of Criminal Law: Some Results,” Library of Criminal Law and Criminology. – 2013. – No. 1 (1). – P. 87-95.
3. Sipki M. V. Criminal liability for organizing a terrorist community or activities of a terrorist organization and participation in them: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2018. – 37 p.
4. Tyunin V. Organization of an extremist community // Criminal law. – 2006. – No. 3. – P. 51-54.
5. Ivantsov S. V. Current issues of criminal-legal counteraction to sabotage activities // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 78-84.
6. Korovina E. P. On the Correlation of the Norms of Criminal Liability for Organizing Terrorist and Extremist Communities and Participating in Them // Library of Criminal Law and Criminology. – 2016. – No. 2 (14). – P. 50-56.
7. Lopatina T. M. Criminal Liability for Assisting Sabotage Activities and Organizing a Sabotage Community or Participating in It // Russian Investigator. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 25-29.
8. Kondratenko Z. K. On the Issue of Defining the Criminal-Law Concepts of “Terrorist Community” and “Support for Terrorism” // Science and Modernity. – 2015. – No. 4 (6). – P. 98-107.
9. Klimenko Yu. A. Organization of an Extremist Community (Article 282.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): the Object of the Crime and Its Significance for Qualification // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 3 (64). – Pp. 123-129.
10. Neznamova Yu. N. The Correlation of a Criminal Community (Criminal Organization) with Other Forms of Joint Criminal Activity // Criminal-Law and Criminological Means of Ensuring National Security: Proceedings of the XX International Scientific and Practical Conference for Young Scientists, Yekaterinburg, February 15, 2024. – Yekaterinburg: Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, 2024. – Pp. 169-178.
11. Ganyushkina S. D. Modern Understanding of Organized Crime and Problems of Its Prevention // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 677-718.
12. Kleymenov M. P. Criminological aspects of conspiracy theories // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2020. – Vol. 14. No.4. – P. 531-540.
13. Glazkova L. V. Concept and Types of Organized Criminal Groups: Systems Analysis // Monitoring of Law Enforcement. – 2016. – No. 1 (18). – P. 26-30.

CRIMINAL LAW
PITETSKIY Vadim Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, аssociate professor of Сriminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
SEVASTYANOV Alexander Pavlovich
Ph.D. in Law, аssociate professor of Сriminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
THE QUESTION OF THE QUALIFICATION OF AN ATTEMPTED AND COMPLETED CRIME
The article examines the controversial issue of qualification of crimes when a criminal act simultaneously contains elements of an unfinished (attempted) and completed crime. Based on the analysis of legal doctrine and judicial practice, a comprehensive approach is proposed for its solution. The applicable qualification rules for a single crime or multiple crimes are made dependent on the ratio of the crime components and the objects of the encroachment.
Keywords: qualification of crimes, unfinished crime, completed crime, set of crimes, qualification rules, competition of norms.
Bibliography
1. Kudryavtsev V. N. General Theory of Crime Qualification. – Moscow, 2007.
2. Blagov E. Competition between Part and Whole in Unfinished Crime and Complicity // Criminal Law. – 2004. – No. 1. – Pp. 12-14.
3. Inogamova-Khegay L. V. Conceptual Foundations of Competition of Criminal Law Norms: Monograph. – Moscow: NORMA, 2015.
4. Korneeva A. V. Theoretical Foundations of Crime Qualification: Textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022.
5. Nikonov V. A. Fundamentals of the Theory of Crime Qualification (Algorithmic Approach): Textbook. – Tyumen: Tyumen University, 2001.
6. Rarog A. I. Judge’s Handbook on Crime Qualification: Practical Guide. – Moscow: TK Velbi, 2006.
7. Judicial Practice to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation / General editor V. M. Lebedev. – Moscow, 2001.
8. Dolgolenko T. V. Crimes against Life and Health: Textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2016.
9. Gorelik A. S. Competition of Criminal Law Norms: Textbook / Krasnoyarsk State University – Krasnoyarsk, 1998.

CRIMINAL LAW
PORAYKO Vasiliy Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Far Eastern Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Khabarovsk
EVOLUTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GUILT IN RUSSIAN CRIMINAL LAW OF THE 18TH – 19TH CENTURIES (ARTICLE 2)
The scientific article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the guilt principle in the Russian criminal legislation of the 18th-19th centuries. The focus is on the process of forming ideas about the subjective side of a crime in the context of legal reforms of the era of Peter I, the Code of 1845 and the Criminal Code of 1903. Particular attention is paid to the transition from objective imputation to the concept of subjective guilt, differentiation of forms of intent, as well as the consolidation of circumstances excluding criminal liability. Historical understanding of the development of the institution of guilt reveals a deep legal tradition, which forms the basis of the modern criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The importance of studying the stages of the evolution of the guilt principle is shown, both for legal theory and for applied lawmaking.
Keywords: guilt principle, Russian criminal law, Code of 1845, Criminal Code of 1903, intent, negligence, objective imputation, individualization of responsibility.
Bibliography
1. Andrusenko, O. V., “From the History of the Development of Individual Institutions of Criminal Law in the Legislative Acts of the Russian Empire in the First Half of the 19th Century,” in Law and State: Theory and Practice, 2018, no. 11, pp. 19–23.
2. Berestennikov, A. G., “The Combination of Collective and Individual Criminal Responsibility as a Principle of Russian Criminal Law in the 18th–19th Centuries,” in Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2017. – No. 2 (77). – P. 9-14.
3. Berestennikov A. G. Combination of the Principles of Objective and Subjective Imputation in the Military Criminal Law of Russia in the 18th – Early 19th Centuries // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 440-447.
4. Bredikhin A. L. Military Articles of Peter I: General Characteristics and Historical Significance // Scientific Notes of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – Vol. 7. No. 1 (13). – P. 22-26.
5. Veklenko S. V. Evolution of Domestic Criminal Legislation on Guilty Responsibility // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2009. – No. 1. – P. 4-20.
6. Garbatovich D. A., Klassen A. N. Non-criminal acts in accordance with the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. – 2018. – Vol. 18. No. 1. – Pp. 18-23.
7. Garbatovich D. A., Klassen A. N. Non-criminal acts in accordance with the military article of Peter I // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. – 2017. – Vol. 17. No. 4. – Pp. 18-22.
8. Naumov A. V. On the 165th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Stepanovich Tagantsev (1843 – 1923) // Russian criminological view. – 2008. – No. (13). – P. 23-32.
9. Rodin S. G. Differentiation of criminal liability depending on the development of guilty imputation in domestic criminal law // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2 (60). – pp. 32-37.

CRIMINAL LAW
TIMCHENKO Nikita Nikolaevich
Senior Commissioner for Particularly Important Cases of the Department of Administrative Investigations of the Central Electronic Customs of the Central Customs Administration of the Federal Customs Service of Russia
THE TACTICAL OPERATION “ESTABLISHING THE FALSIFICATION OF A DOCUMENT” DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF A CRIME, THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR WHICH IS PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 193.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article discusses the features and content of the tactical operation “Establishing the falsification of a document”, conducted during the investigation of currency transactions carried out in a foreign currency or the currency of the Russian Federation to non-resident accounts using forged documents. Noting the specifics of this crime, which consists in reflecting traces of criminal activity in documents, in particular, their fictitious nature, the author determined the forgery of which documents for the purposes of Article 193.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The main ways to discover forgery need to be established. The system of the tactical operation “Establishing the falsification of a document” consisted of organizational measures, investigative actions and operational search measures, the content and objectives of which are considered in the framework of this article.
Keywords: currency crime, investigation, tactical operation, forged documents, investigative actions.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Shikanov V.I. Theoretical foundations of tactical operations in crime investigation. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk University Publishing House, 1983.
2. Belkin R. S. Forensic Science: Problems, Trends, Prospects. From Theory to Practice. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1988.
3. Volohova O. V., Egorov N. N., Zhizhina M. V. [et al.]. Forensic Science: Textbook / Ed. by E. P. Ishchenko. – Moscow: Prospect, 2025.
4. Chernyshev M. A. Tactical Operations in Forensic Science // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. – 2012. – No. 1-2.
5. Komarov I. M. On the Development of the Theory of Tactical Combinations (Operations) in Crime Investigation // Bulletin of the Altai State University. – 1998. – No. 2 (6).
6. Timchenko N. N. Typical investigative situations of the initial stage of the investigation of criminal currency transactions and their resolution // Legal science and practice. – 2024. – Vol. 20. No. 3.

CRIMINAL LAW
UPOROV Ivan Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in Law, professor, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar
VAKARINA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Russian Federation, Krasnodar
DIFFERENTIATION OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT: CLASSIFICATION ISSUES
The article reveals some types and means of differentiation and individualization of criminal punishment, which is important from the point of view of the criminal law policy of the Russian Federation, as it allows for greater achievement of the goals of criminal punishment. The authors identify the criteria for assigning criminal punishment, such as the severity of the crime, its repetition, the specific nature of the motivation, and a combination of other features that characterize the crime. The article also focuses on the methodology of differentiating crimes and the punishments that are assigned for them. The division of crimes into qualified and privileged crimes allows for the individualization of punishments in the context of studying the criminal\’s personality, the means of committing the crime, the public danger, and so on. Punishment is considered not only as a measure of influence on the criminal, but also as a way to prevent similar crimes in the future. In order to provide a comprehensive classification of crimes, the paper analyzes not only the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but also the works of Russian legalScholars, which allow for the identification of the theoretical foundations for the classification of penalties for committed crimes.
Keywords: criminal punishment, differentiation, individualization, criminal law, corpus delicti, correctional institution.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024) // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: March 30, 2025).
2. Ksionzhik A. V. Formation of the punishment system in Russian criminal legislation // Young scientist. – 2022. – No. 46 (441). – P. 276-280.
3. Sheslevr A. V. Differentiation and individualization of criminal punishment as methods of implementing criminal-legal policy // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 123-128.
4. Santashov A. L., Sokolov N. A., Petrova I. A. Exemption from criminal liability and punishment: issues of differentiation // Journal of Applied Research. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 73-79.
5. Ter-Akopov A. A. Grounds for differentiation of responsibility for acts provided for by criminal law // Soviet state and law. – 1991. – No. 10.
6. Korobov P. V. Differentiation of criminal liability and classification of criminally punishable acts: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 1983.
7. Tkachevsky Yu. M. Statute of limitations in Soviet criminal law. – Moscow, 1978.
8. Smirnov A. N. Differentiation and individualization of punishment: criminal-legal and criminal-executive aspects // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 58-64.
9. Kovalev M. V. Change in the type of correctional institution as a result of the social behavior of a convict // Bulletin of the Ural Institute of Economics, Management and Law. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 51-65.
10. Kashuba Yu. A. Changing the type of correctional institution: features of legal regulation // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 75-81.
11. Kruglikov L. L. On taking into account the opinion of the victim in the process of differentiation and individualization of criminal punishment // Penitentiary science. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 161-165.
12. Turitsyn I. V., Uporov I. V. Criminal punishment in theoretical and legislative constructions (historical and legal aspect) // Law and Practice. – 2014. – No. 4. – P. 11-19.

CRIMINAL LAW
ALIEVA Diana Nurmagomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KUSHIEV Isa Nurmagomedovich
magister student of the 2nd year of study, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF COMBATING TAX CRIMES: WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
Tax crimes pose a serious threat to the economic security of the State, significantly affecting the dynamics of its economic development. This study focuses on the analysis of modern problems that arise in the process of organizing the fight against offenses occurring in the field of tax relations in Russia. In addition to a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics and current state of tax crime in the Russian Federation, the paper also highlights key problematic aspects that hinder the prevention and detection of tax offenses, as well as offers recommendations for improving the activities of government agencies in the field of control over the implementation of tax relations.
Keywords: tax crime, taxes, economic security, legislation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on April 6, 2024). // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
2. Levshukova O. A., Doroshenko N. M., Platonova A. A. Shadowing of the economy as a destabilizer of the Russian tax system // Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge. – 2022. – No. 51 (4). – P. 389-395.
3. Levshukova O. A., Dzyuba E. A. Problems of combating tax crimes and ways to solve them // Business Bulletin of the entrepreneur. – 2023. – No. 2 (12). – P. 59.
4. Smorodina E. P., Kosmachev K. A., Lukyanov A. D. Tax evasion as a threat to the economic security of the state // Digital and industry economy. – 2022. – No. 2 (27). – P. 76-81.
5. Staroverova O. V., Mailyan S. S. Combating tax crime in the context of the economic crisis // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 215-220.
6. The state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2024. Analytical collection // Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/60248328.

CRIMINAL LAW
GULOMOV Saidshokh Murodalievich
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia
HISTORICALAND CRIMINAL LAW PREREQUISITES FOR THE STUDY OF CRIMES RELATED TO KIDNAPPING
The article is devoted to a comprehensive historical and legal analysis of the development of criminal liability for kidnapping in Russian legislation. The key stages of the evolution of legal norms are examined – from the first mentions in ancient Russian legal sources to the current state of the institution of liability under Article 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the specifics of regulation in different historical periods: the era of the Russian Empire, the Soviet period, and the modern era. The reasons and prerequisites for the criminalization of this act are considered, and problematic aspects of qualification are analyzed, including differentiation from related offenses. Based on the analysis, conclusions are drawn about the significance of historical experience for modern law enforcement practice and the further improvement of criminal legislation in the field of personal freedom protection.
Keywords: kidnapping, criminal liability, historical and legal analysis, crimes against personal freedom, Russian legislation, evolution of law, qualification of crimes, kidnapping, personal freedom, criminal law protection, historical background, legal regulation, corpus delicti, legal technique, judicial practice, theory of criminal law, comparative legal analysis, legal doctrine, legislative policy, legal traditions.
Article References
1. Alekseeva E. P. History of the Development of Domestic Legislation on Liability for Kidnapping // University Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 5. – pp. 10-15.
2. Krapiva I. I. History of the Development of Criminal Liability for Kidnapping in Russian Legislation at the Turn of the 20th and 21st Centuries // Law and Right. – 2021. – No. 11. – P. 229-231.
3. Sokolsky G. Yu. § 1.1. History of the development of criminal legislation on liability for kidnapping // Criminal liability for kidnapping and hostage-taking: Monograph. – St. Petersburg: Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, 2024. – P. 6-13.
4. Roloff A. “Kidnapping of a person” (§ 234 of the Criminal Code) and “hijacking of a person” (§ 234a of the Criminal Code) // Union of Criminologists and Criminologists. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 123-127.
5. Ivanov A. L., Ermoolovich Ya. N. Controversial issues of qualification of kidnapping, illegal deprivation of liberty and human trafficking // Legal Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 51-55.
6. Reshetnikova G. A. Judicial interpretation of kidnapping, illegal deprivation of liberty and human trafficking // Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law. – 2020. – Vol. 30. Issue 1. – P. 139-144.
7. Tereshchenko Ya. R. History of the development of domestic criminal legislation on liability for kidnapping // Modern research: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 56-59.
8. Koshman K. S., Sotnikova L. V. Criminal-legal characteristics of the substitution of a child // OU VO SUSU. – Chelyabinsk, [By date]. – 6 p.
9. Domestic Legislation of the 11th–20th Centuries: Manual for Seminars. Part II (20th Century) / Ed. by O. I. Chistyakov. – Moscow: Yurist, 2004. – 350 p.
10. New Criminal Code, Imperially Approved on March 22, 1903: with app. items, alphabetical list: unofficial ed. – St. Petersburg: Book Store of V. P. Anisimov, 1903. – 253 p.
11. Russian Legislation of the 10th–20th Centuries: in 9 volumes / Ed. by O. I. Chistyakov. – Moscow: Yurid. lit., 1988. – T. 6. – 431 p.
12. Translation of the Brief Edition of the Charter of Prince Yaroslav / Comp. Ya. N. Shchapov. – M., 1976. – 241 p.
13. Library of Literature of Ancient Rus’ / RAS. Institute rus. lit. (Pushkin House); under. ed. D. S. Likhacheva and others – St. Petersburg: Science, 1997 / T. 4: XII century. – 1997. – 685 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
KURLYSHEV Andrey Olegovich
postgraduate student of the 1st course of the Law School, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok
ON THE ISSUE OF THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE PLACE OF COMMISSION OF A CRIME IN CRIMINAL LAW AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL LAW
This article examines the concepts of the place of commission of a crime in criminal law, namely the classical (territorial) concept – by the place of commission of the objective side of the crime – and the concept of consequences – by the place of occurrence of socially dangerous consequences of a criminal act. The work emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the criminal and criminal-procedural characteristics of the place of commission of a crime, since in addition to its significance for establishing the objective side of the composition and territorial limits of the criminal legislation, it plays an invariable procedural role. The author proposes to supplement the norm of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the place of commission of a crime by analogy withe norm on the time of commission of a crime. This will help to unite the existing contradictions between the criminal and criminal-procedural characteristics, as well as competently qualify the place in relation to crimes committed on the Internet.
Keywords: crime scene, cybercrime, criminal acts on the Internet, classical concept, concept of consequences, time of crime, objective side.
Article bibliography
1. Beloborodov VB Territorial principle of criminal law: the place of crime as the place of occurrence of socially dangerous consequences // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2018. – No. 3. – pp. 89-101.
2. Zhalinsky AE Modern German criminal law: monograph / State University [SU]. Higher School of Economics [HSE]. – Moscow: Prospect: TK Velbi, 2004. – 560 p.
3. Popov A. N., Zimireva L. A., Fedyshina P. V. The objective side of the crime: a tutorial / Under the general editorship of A. N. Popov. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2015. – Pp. 50-51.
4. Puchkov D. V. Criminal-legal model of protecting telecommunications from criminal attacks: problems of theory and practice: dis. … Doctor of Law: 5.1.4. / Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev”. – Yekaterinburg, 2022. – 474 p.
5. Rasulov R. V. Some controversial issues of determining the place where a crime was committed // Current problems of Russian law. – 2011. – No. 4. – Pp. 178-183.

CRIMINAL LAW
PETAICHUK Anton Andreevich
Senior lecturer of Criminal Law sub-faculty, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk
THE INTRODUCTION OF A STATE OF EMERGENCY AS A FACTOR AFFECTING THE FIGHT AGAINST JUVENILE CRIME
In the article, the author examines the changes in the work of law enforcement agencies in terms of measures to combat juvenile crime in the event of a state of emergency. The study focuses on analyzing the laws that regulate the work of internal affairs agencies in a state of emergency. Attention is drawn to the status and legal force of regulatory acts, which allows for determining the priority of norms that establish the powers of law enforcement agencies to combat crime. The article concludes with recommendations for improving legislation and providing additional legal regulation for implementing measures to combat juvenile crime in a state of emergency.
Keywords: force majeure conditions, crime, state of emergency, prevention, and protection
Article bibliography
1. Butenko T. P., Gorban D. V., Grushin F. V., et al. Criminal-executive legislation in the context of a natural disaster, the introduction of a state of emergency, or martial law: monograph / Under the general editorship of A. A. Krymov; under the scientific editorship of A. P. Skiba; University of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia; Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia; Journal “Russian Criminological View”. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Criminological Library, 2020. – 360 p.
2. Shelegov Yu. V. On the constitutional and legal basis for introducing a state of emergency in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3 (102). – P. 45.
3. Timko S. A. On the essence of the concept of “counteracting crime” // Jurist-pravoved. – 2018. – No. 1 (84). – P. 6.
4. Andreev M. V. Fundamentals of the theory of national and international security: a course of lectures. – Tehran: Ketabe Rira Publication, 2018. – P. 117.
5. Komissarov E. L., Santashov A. L. Criminological problems of crime in emergency situations // Journal of Applied Research. – 2022. – No. 12. – P. 170.

CRIMINAL LAW
SADAT Sayed Jamal
postgraduate student of the 1st course of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
MASS KILLINGS DURING TERRORIST ACTS: RESPONSIBILITY BASED ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Mass killings resulting from terrorist acts are among the most serious crimes against humanity and are of great concern to the international community, especially in countries such as Afghanistan. The article examines the legal and international legal aspects of such crimes. This includes an analysis of the existing legal framework of Afghanistan, including the provisions of the country\’s Criminal Code, as well as the norms of international humanitarian and criminal law. The responsibility of both citizens and the state for such crimes was particularly emphasized. The article also discusses the current developments in Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban movement, as well as the lAfghanistan and international issues involved, such as respect for human rights and the implementation of international obligations.
Keywords: Mass killings, Terrorist acts, Afghanistan Penal Code, Crimes against humanity, Geneva Conventions, Sharia laws.
Bibliography
1. Criminal Code of Afghanistan, 2017. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.afghanlawlibrary.com.
2. United Nations Report on Human Rights in Afghanistan, 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unama.unmissions.org/protection-of-civilians-reports.
3. Geneva Conventions of 1949. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreaties1949.xsp?lang=en.
4. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
5. UNAMA Report on Human Rights in Afghanistan, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_afghanistan_protection_of_civilians_in_armed_conflict_annual_report_2021.pdf.
6. Sharia laws of the Taliban, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-29-prohibiciones-talibanes-mujeres-nsv-202108171722_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2Fabci-29-prohibiciones-talibanes-mujeres-nsv-202108171722_noticia.html.
7. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
YASHINSKIY Yuriy Ivanovich
senior lecturer of Protection of the population and territories sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Service University of the EMERCOM of Russia
DELINEATION OF UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OF A VEHICLE WITHOUT THE PURPOSE OF THEFT FROM CIVIL LAW RELATIONS UNDER A CARSHARING AGREEMENT
The article is devoted to the study of current problems of law enforcement in the field of illegal car ownership in the context of the active development of carsharing services. The authors consider the specifics of the qualification of acts under Article 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in various cases of using other people\’s accounts in carsharing: from legitimate use by others with the consent of the owner to the creation of fake accounts and unauthorized access to personal data. The problems of distinguishing between criminal acts and lawful behavior, including issues of alleged law and arbitrariness, are also explored. The options for qualifying the crime provided for in Article 166 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are considered depending on the legal nature of carsharing.
Keywords: crime, carsharing, account, illegal possession of a car, qualification.
Article bibliography
1. Davydov R. Kh. Digital rights as an object of civil law // Economy. Law. Society. – 2020. – Vol. 5. No. 3 (23). – Pp. 18-22.
2. Khaliullina L. G. Features of the qualification of illegal seizure of a car from a carsharing service without the intent to steal // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 5. – Pp. 114-118.
3. Gridneva, O. V. “The Legal Nature of a Car-Sharing Agreement.” Juridical Science. 2020, No. 8, pp. 29-33.
4. Ayusheeva, I. Z. “Civil Law Regulation of Relationships Regarding the Joint Use of Vehicles Using Car-Sharing as an Example.” Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). 2019, No. 2 (54). – pp. 25-32.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ASADULLINA Alina Alfirovna
Deputy Chairman of the Soviet District Court of Ufa
IMMUNITIES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: A LEGAL FORM OF LIMITING THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY OF ALL BEFORE THE LAW AND THE COURT
The article examines immunities in criminal proceedings as a special form of legal exceptions that limit the effect of the principle of equality of all before the law and the court. The author analyzes the legal grounds for enshrining immunities in national legislation, considering them as a necessary mechanism for ensuring public interests and protecting certain categories of persons from unjustified criminal prosecution. Particular attention is paid to thThe nature and content of criminal procedural immunity, as well as its impact on the balance between the principle of equality and the need to protect the professional activities of persons performing socially significant functions, ultimately allows us to determine whether immunities are a justified and legitimate restriction of the principle of equality or create unjustified privileges that violate the foundations of fair justice.
Keywords: principle of equality of all before the law and the court, immunity, benefits, privileges, witness immunity.
Bibliography
1. Nikolaev, A., Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities // International Affairs. 1983. No. 8. pp. 152-155.
2. Ozhegov, S. I., Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. by N. Yu. Shvedova. Moscow, 1999. 816 p.
3. Volosova N. Yu. Criminal-procedural institute of witness immunity: theory, legislative regulation and practice: diss. … doctor of law. Moscow, 2015. 426 p.
4. Zavgorodneva E. V. Theoretical and legal foundations and procedural features of criminal proceedings against certain categories of persons: diss. … candidate of law. Orenburg, 2025. 260 p.
5. Agaev F. A. Immunities in Russian criminal proceedings: diss. … candidate of law. Moscow, 1997. 168 p.
6. Krasilnikov A. V. Criminal-procedural privileges of certain categories of persons: diss. … candidate of law. Moscow, 2006. 243 p.
7. Tarnakom O. G. Immunities in Criminal Procedure: Monograph. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2011. 144 p.
8. Navaliev N. M. Moral Foundations of Privileges and Immunities in Criminal Proceedings in Russia // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. No. 3 (95). Pp. 93-97.
9. Malakhova L. I. Immunities and Privileges in Criminal Proceedings in the Russian Federation: On the Relationship between Concepts // Judicial Authority and Criminal Procedure. 2017. No. 2. Pp. 7-12.
10. Amenitskaya N. A. Certain Issues of Testimony in Domestic Criminal Proceedings // Agrarian and Land Law. 2025. No. 3. P. 368-369.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
BIRYUKOV Svyatoslav Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Volgograd State University
TACTICAL METHODS OF OVERCOMING PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS ON THE PART OF THE SUSPECT (ACCUSED)
Judicial and investigative practice gives reason to talk about the presence of the phenomenon of “hypnosis”, which is manifested, as a rule, in suspects (accused) on a subconscious level, which nevertheless makes it extremely difficult for an investigator to work in a criminal case. It is well known that various kinds of “barriers” (semantic or emotional) often arise between the person conducting the investigation and the participants in the criminal process, the destruction of which is extremely important for establishing psychological contact. This predestined the author to highlight the specifics of the subject of the investigation overcoming such protective mechanisms aimed at leveling the impact of their speech on participants in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: psychological impact, hypnosis, communication, suspect (accused), psychological contact, investigator.
Article bibliography
1. Glazyrin F. V. Study of the personality of the accused and tactics of investigative actions: a tutorial / Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the RSFSR. Sverdlovsk Law Institute. – Sverdlovsk, 1973. – 156 p.
2. Porubov N. I., Gramovich G. I., Porubov A. N., Fedorov G. V. Forensic Science: Textbook / Edited by N. I. Porubov. – Minsk: Vysheyshaya shkola, 2011. – 639 p.
3. Shreider Yu. A. Logic of Sign Systems: Elements of Semiotics / 2nd ed. – Moscow: URSS, 2010. – 62 p.
4. Voyskunsky A. E. I am speaking, we are speaking…: Essays on human communication / 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Znanie, 1990. – 238 p.
5. Dospulov G. G. Psychology of interrogation during preliminary investigation. – Moscow: Juridical Literature, 1976. – 112 p.
6. Druzhinin V. V., Kontorov D. S., Kontorov M. D. Introduction to the Theory of Conflict. – Moscow: Radio and Communications, 1989. – 286 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
GARBOUZ Grigory Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk; retired judge of the Kezhemsky Federal Court of Krasnoyarsk Region
SHARSHAKOVA Anastasiya Pavlovna
student of the 4th course, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk; independent researcher
THE USE OF SPECIAL MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE DURING HEARING PRE-TRIAL CASES RELATED TO DETENTION AS A MEASURE OF RESTRAINT: MODERN APPROACHES
The article depicts several problem items of using special medical knowledge while hearing cases related to choosing detention as a measure of restraint. Authors give an analysis of different forms of using special medical knowledge during hearing pre-trial cases devoted to choosing such a measure of restraint as detention. On the basis of clarifications given by The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in the Resolution of the Plenum dated May, 27th, 2025 No. 1 the main emphasis is placed on the need for establishing the possibility of a person for medical reasons being held in custody among many other legally significant circumstances. A scientific hypothesis of the necessity of interrogation of doctors and medical workers and also requesting additional medical documents for eliminating obstacles for being held in custody for a suspect is put forward. A conclusion about the possibility of valuable use of this kind of specialized medical knowledge in courts is made.
Keywords: criminal procedure, specialized medical knowledge, judicial control, judicial activity, measures of restraint, detention.
Article bibliography
1. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 27, 2025, No. 1 “On Amendments to Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2013, No. 41 “On the Practice of Applying Legislation by Courts on Preventive Measures in the Form of Detention, House Arrest, Bail, and Prohibition of Certain Actions.” – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vsrf.ru/documents/own/34429/ (date accessed: 10.08.2025).
2. Garbuz G. S. Direct and indirect as paired forensic categories // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and social sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 8. No. 3 (31). – Pp. 410-418.
3. Ishchenko P. P. Using the assistance of specialists during interrogations // Using special knowledge at the initial stage of the investigation. – Volgograd, 1983. – Pp. 13-14.
4. Klassen N. A. Grounds for the classification of forms of using special knowledge in criminal proceedings in Russia // Bulletin of OSU. – 2008. No. 3 (83). – P. 101-103.
5. Ertel L. A., Silakov O. Yu. Problems of using specialized medical knowledge in criminal proceedings // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 41-45.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KULIK Tatyana Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor Civil process and labor sub-faculty, Law Faculty, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don
THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN IMPROVING PROCEDURAL LEGISLATION
Despite the strict procedural form to which the consideration of cases in the courts of the Russian Federation is subject, many issues remain controversial. Branches of procedural law relate to public law branches, which are regulated mainly by imperative principles that do not tolerate understatement and ambiguous interpretation. This feature is inherent not only to criminal procedural law, but also to branches of the civil procedural family, which, although they allow some discretion, but keep the actions of the court strictly within the imperative framework. However, as the analysis of the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation shows, a number of important procedural issues that are not directly regulated by the current procedural codes of the Russian Federation are addressed in the general resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Thus, the court not only interprets the application of procedural rules, but also supplements the current legislation. The article examines the role of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in improving procedural legislation in relation to the branches of the civil-law procedural family, since they regulate the procedure for considering disputes, which initially imply a greater variability in the behavior of subjects of legal relations.
Keywords: civil procedure; arbitration procedure; Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; gaps in legislation; Analogies of Law.
Bibliographic List
1. Brezhnev, O. V. Challenging Regulatory Legal Acts of Public Authorities in Constitutional and Administrative Proceedings: Problems of Delimiting Jurisdiction // Russian Judge. – 2025. – No. 1. – pp. 39-44.
2. Vilyak, O. I. Problems of Constitutional Regulation of Judicial Competence // State Power and Local Self-Government. – 2015. – No. 10. – pp. 17-27.
3. Vilyak, O. I. Problems of Constitutional Regulation of Judicial Competence // State Power and Local Self-Government. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 18-27.
4. Vilyak O. I. Problems of constitutional regulation of judicial competence // State power and local self-government. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 3-11.
5. Piskunov D.S. On the Relationship between the Concepts of Judicial Discretion and Analogies of Law and Right // Bulletin of Civil Procedure. – 2023. – No. 4. – Pp. 190-207.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MASLENNIKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Criminal Process and Criminalistics Sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
DANILOVA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor of Criminal Process Sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMS AT THE PRESENT STAGE AND PROSPECTS OF CONSTITUTIONALIZATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article analyzes the norms of the criminal procedure law and the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation) applied in criminal procedural activities are considered. The article identifies the problems that arise at the present stage in the course of criminal procedural activities, taking into account the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author suggests solutions to these problems that arise in the course of criminal procedural activities, taking into account the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the practical activities of officials during the preliminary investigation is carried out. In the article, the author outlines the prospects for the development of constitutionalization in the criminal process. The peculiarities of the application of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation by officials in the field of criminal procedural activity are considered.
Keywords: constitutionalization, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, criminal proceedings, preliminary investigation, Code of Criminal Procedure, Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 04.07.2020).
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 4921.
3. Vasilyeva E. G., Yezhova E. V., Shageeva R. M. Issues of Criminal Procedure in Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in 2 Parts. Part 1: Practical Guide / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2023. – 228 p.
4. Romanov M. L. Normative Significance of Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Legal Sciences. – 2005. – No. 5 (28). – P. 234-241.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MINSAFINA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of the Higher Attestation Commission, associate professor of Penal enforcement law and organization of execution of sentences not related to the isolation of convicts sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
KURDYUMOVA Elena Alexandrovna
cadet of the 4th course, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON SOME ISSUES OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THOSE SENTENCED TO RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM
The article discusses issues related to the legal status of those sentenced to restriction of freedom, their rights, obligations, and legitimate interests. The legal status of convicts is a multidisciplinary legal institution. The fundamental category of a convict\’s legal status is the rights that arise during the execution of the sentence imposed by the court. Additionally, those sentenced to restriction of freedom have certain obligations that are an integral part of their legal status. The fulfillment of duties contributes to the strengthening of the rule of law and the formation of moral and legal consciousness among convicts, as well as to increasing the discipline and organization of convicts, thereby bringing closer the achievement of the main goal of the imposed punishment, which is the correction of the convict. The article analyzes legal acts, identifies problematic aspects of the legal status of convicts sentenced to restriction of freedom, and proposes ways to address these issues.
Keywords: restriction of freedom, legal status, convicts, penal inspection.
Article bibliography
1. Prokhorova M.V. Differences and Similarities in the Definition and Content of Legal Status and Legal Position of the Executionborn // Bulletin of the Tomsk Institute. – 2023. – No. 1 (15). – P. 71-78.
2. Kombarov R. V. Legal status of persons sentenced to punishment in the form of restriction of liberty. – Vologda: Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2020. – P. 20.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
RAMAZANOV Tazhutdin Burganovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ISMAILOVA Zaira Ismailovna
magister student of the 2nd year of study of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
JUDICIAL POWER AND CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN RUSSIA
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of judicial power and criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation. 1) The constitutional and legal foundations of the judiciary; 2) the problems of ensuring the independence of judges, the effectiveness of judicial control in pre-trial proceedings; 3) the reform of appeal and cassation proceedings were analyzed. Special attention is paid to the digitalization of the judicial system, the humanization of criminal proceedings and the protection of victims\’ rights. Promising directions for improving judicial power and criminal proceedings in the context of building a rule-of-law state and ensuring effective protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms have been identified.
Keywords: court, judicial power, criminal proceedings, judicial control, digitalization, the right to protection.
Bibliography
1. Rachenko E. I. Problems of Applying the Institute of Jury Trials in Court Cases // Young Scientist. – 2023. – No. 45 (492). – P. 369-371.
2. Mishchenko E. V., Nikuradze N. O., Marina E. A. Criminal Procedure in the Context of Global Digitalization of Society // Journal of the Siberian Federal University. Series: Humanities. – 2022. – Vol. 15. No. 8. – P. 1082-1093.
3. Platonova V. Yu., Semenov E. A. Judicial review in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of Economics and Law. – 2024. – No. 92. – P. 67-73.
4. Karyagina O. V., Shevchenko A. A. Judicial review in the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings: problems and solutions // Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute of Management and Economics. – 2024. – No. 1 (41). – pp. 59-63.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SAFRONOV Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
doctoral student of the Research Department, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia, Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, colonel of police
LEGAL MEANS OF SPECIAL LEGAL REGIMES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal means of special legal regimes of foreign states, the results of which can be used in the course of criminal proceedings in special conditions. The peculiarities of extrajudicial restriction of the rights of persons in order to obtain data from them in conditions that threaten the interests of national security using the example of the experience of legal regulation of individual foreign states. Attention is drawn to the identity of problems and ways to solve them in the legislation of various foreign states. The novelty of the proposed material lies in the experience of analyzing foreign legislation in order to adapt the results of other types of state activity to criminal proceedings in special conditions.
Keywords: restriction of rights of individuals under special legal regimes, special conditions, criminal proceedings under special conditions, national security.
Bibliographic list of articles:
1. Return strike // Ogonyok. 2011. No. 18. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1635327?ysclid=lrytz0wvdt249809779 (date accessed: 29.01.2024).
2. Smith Act. Encyclopedia Runiversalis. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://руни.рф/АктСмита—ЭнциклопедияРуниверсалис (xn--h1ajim.xn--p1ai) (date accessed: 29.01.2024).
3. The FBI is monitoring readers of American libraries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rosconcert.com/common/arc/story.php?id_cr=57&id=39954 (date accessed: 29.01.2024).
4. Life under the “hood.” How the “Patriot Act” deprived Americans of freedom. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://aif.ru/politics/world/zhizn_pod_kolpakom_kak_patrioticheskiy_akt_lishil_amerikancev_svobody?ysclid=lru5tsd2mf589943227 (date accessed: 26.01.2024).
5. Timothy B. Lee. So close – Senate passes spying bill without search and browsing history protections. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/05/limits-on-fbi-access-to-search-histories-fails-by-one-senate-vote/ (accessed on 26.01.2024).
6. Vlasikhin V. A. “Patriot Act”: legal analysis / Portal “Agentura.ru”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/usa/zakon-antiterror/ (accessed on 26.01.2024).
7. Romanovskaya O. V. Freedom Act: restrictions on human rights in the United States to counter terrorism // Science. Society. State. 2017. Vol. 5, No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.pnzgu.ru/files/esj.pnzgu.ru/romanovskaya_ov_17_3_10.pdf (accessed: 08.05.2024).
8. Grigoriev V. N. Legal regime of a state of emergency. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://uristy.ucoz.ru/publ/23-1-0-1131 (accessed: 18.04.2019).
9. Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. 2001. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-2.5/(accessed: 28.04.2024).
10. Civil Contingencies Act 2004. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://disasterlaw.ifrc.org/sites/default/files/media/disaster_law/2020-08/782EN.pdf (Accessed: 28.04.2024).
11. The Times: British government may impose martial law in the event of a no-deal Brexit. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/6046650 (Accessed: 21.04.2024).
12. Mr. Howard. Second debate on the Prevention of Terrorism (Additional Powers) Bill. Sitting of the House of Commons of Great Britain on 02.04.1996. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/apr/02/prevention-of-terrorism-additional-1#S6CV0275P0_19960402_HOC_350 (Accessed: 10.02.2024).
13 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/part/IV/crossheading/powers-of-police-to-stop-and-search/enacted?timeline=false (Accessed: 05.05.2024).
14 Mr Hunter. Second debate on the Prevention of Terrorism (Additional Powers) Bill. Proceedings of the House of Commons of Great Britain, 2 April 1996. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/apr/02/prevention-of-terrorism-additional-1#S6CV0275P0_19960402_HOC_350 (accessed: 10 February 2024).
15. Code of Military Justice of France. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006071360?init=true&nomCode=2cQj5Q%3D%3D&nomCode=U1cRFQ%3D%3D&page=1&query=&searchField=ALL&tab_selection=code (date of access: 29.04.2024).
16. Sorokin M. State of emergency and parliamentary control over its application in France // Comparative Constitutional Review. 2017. No. 4. P. 95.
17. French Law No. 2006-64 of 23 January 2006 on the fight against terrorism and on various provisions concerning security and border control. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/LEGIARTI000006529854/2006-01-24/#LEGIARTI000006529854 (Accessed: 10.02.2024).
18. Meleshko A. Criminal Procedure in France: A Brief Overview. Part 2. On Pre-Trial Jurisdiction: Inquiry, Preliminary Investigation, Detention, and Preventive Measures. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.advgazeta.ru/mneniya/ugolovnyy-protsess-frantsii-kratkiy-ocherk-chast-2/ (Accessed: 29.04.2024).
19. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/6039/file/sdrs02.pdf (Accessed: 30.04.2024).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KHOLOIMOVA Alexandra Sergeevna
Ph.D. associate professor of criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
VLASENKO Nikolay Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GOALS, PRINCIPLES, AND INSTITUTIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW THROUGH RESTORATIVE JUSTICE MECHANISMS
The article addresses the issue of the necessity to improve the mechanisms for implementing the state’s criminal policy in the context of humanization of criminal law and the search for mechanisms that enhance the effectiveness of responses to criminal acts. The purpose of the research is to analyze the potential of mediation procedures and restorative justice programs within the Russian criminal law enforcement system. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of the principles of criminal law, the goals of punishment and alternative measures of a criminal law nature, as well as the study of existing law enforcement practice. The main results demonstrate that the current criminal legislation contains suEffective regulatory potential for the introduction of mediation procedures. The study reveals that existing criminal law institutions, such as active repentance, reconciliation with the victim, and compensation for damages, create a solid foundation for the development of restorative justice.
Keywords: restorative justice, mediation, criminal law, resocialization, reconciliation of parties, awareness, correction of convicts.
Bibliography
1. Criminal Law. General Part. Semester I: Textbook for Universities / Editors-in-Chief I. A. Podroikina, E. V. Seregina, S. I. Ulezko. – 6th ed., revised and expanded. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 307 p. (Higher Education). – ISBN 978-5-534-16554-8 // Educational platform URAYT [website]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/561482 (date of access: 08/13/2025).
2. Bokareva VB Mindfulness. What is it and how to develop it // Psychology and psychotherapy – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.b17.ru/article/495664/ (date of access: 08/13/2025).
3. Criminal law of Russia. General part: textbook / Edited by F. R. Sundurov, I. A. Tarkhanov. – 3rd ed., revised. and enlarged. – Moscow: STATUT, 2009. – 751 p. – ISBN 978-5-8354-0573-2 // Lan: electronic library system. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://e.lanbook.com/book/61736 (date of access: 13.09.2025). – Access mode: for authorized users.
4. Umanets V. S. Individualization of punishment using Article 64 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of SSLA. – 2017. – No. 1 (114). – P. 181-188.
5. Chlonova N., Nikitina N., Shchedrin N., Yurkov V. Russia Restorative Justice and Mediation in Penal Matters A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries. – Vol. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rsf.uni-greifswald.de/storages/uni-greifswald/fakultaet/rsf/lehrstuehle/ls-harrendorf/Bd50_2_9783942865319.pdf.
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CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KALTENBERGER Nikita Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE JOINT NATURE OF ACTIONS AS A FEATURE OF HIGH-TECH CRIME: ISSUES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY
The article examines the problems of the joint criminal actions of a group of individuals using the example of high-tech crime. One of the most relevant signs of high-tech crime in the modern world is the group form of crime. The aim is to reveal the problems of the joint criminal actions of a group of individuals using the example of using computer programs for criminal purposes. The technological development of crime is becoming the reason for the formation of cooperation in high-tech crimes. The rapid growth of high-tech crime, which causes losses in the form of trillions of rubles for the Russian economy, underlines the relevance of the study of cooperation in the field of cybercrime. In practice, it is difficult to investigate high-tech crimes, since their remote and hidden nature affects the specifics of complicity.
Keywords: joint actions, high-tech crime, and criminal liability.
References
1. Polyakov V.V. Group Crime Commitment as One of the Features of High-Tech Crime // Russian Law Journal. 2023. No. 1. pp. 117-126.
2. Vishnevetsky K.V., Kashkarov A.A., Kashkarov A.A. Institute of Complicity in Fraud: Current State // Humanitarian, Socio-Economic, and Social Sciences. 2024. No. 9. Pp. 64-70.
3. Gauzhaeva V. A., Prokofieva E. A., Prokofieva O. Yu. Crime on the Internet: criminological characteristics // Bulletin of Economic Security. 2019. No. 4. Pp. 111-114.
4. Grinberg M. S. Concept and types of complicity in a negligent crime // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. 2008. No. 2. Pp. 120-122.
5. Evdokimov K. N. On the issue of improving the system of combating technetronic crime in the Russian Federation // Russian investigator. 2021. No. 10. Pp. 69-72.
6. Ivanov I. I., Kondrat I. N. Features of the Prevention of Crimes Committed with the Use of Modern Information and Telecommunication Technologies // Magistrate. 2024. No. 12. Pp. 2-9.
7. Kudrin A. L., Begtin I. V., Kucherena A. G., Larina E. S. [et al.]. High-tech crime: new challenges for society, state and business // Security Index. 2016. Vol. 22. No. 1 (116). Pp. 121-136.
8. Lavitskaya M. I., Krapchatova I. N. Structural and substantive characteristics of Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: legal, technical and law-enforcement problems of crimes in the sphere of computer information // Russian investigator. 2021. No. 6. Pp. 35-41.
9. Mazurov V. A., Polyakov V. V. Criminological and forensic prevention of crime in the sphere of high information and telecommunication technologies // Bulletin of the Altai State University. 2009. No. 2 (62). P. 95-98.
10. Osipenko A. L. Organized Crime on the Internet // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2012. No. 3. P. 10-16.
11. Pan Dongmei. Comparative Legal Analysis of the Institute of Complicity in a Crime in China and Russia // Lex russica. 2020. No. 2. P. 153-164.
12. Polyakov V. V. Group Form of Committing Crimes as One of the Features of High-Tech Crime // Russian Law Journal. 2023. No. 1. P. 117-126.
13. Polyakov I. V. Digital Crime: Problems of the Conceptual Apparatus, Systematization, and Law Enforcement Practice // Problems of Law Enforcement Activity. 2020. No. 4. P. 21-24.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
MUKHTOROV Yakhyodzhon Azimovich
adjunct of the 2nd course, 3rd faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
TO THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBJECT, PURPOSE AND LIMIT OF PROOF
One of such problems is the relationship between the limits of proof and other categories of evidence law in criminal proceedings, primarily the subject and purpose of proof. The limits of proof directly indicate the final result of the cognitive activity being carried out. They characterize not only the level (degree) of knowledge obtained about the circumstances that are important for criminal proceedings, but also recognize the goal that is achieved. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the limits and the subject and purpose of proof in criminal proceedings. The author also analyzed the relationship between the concepts of “subject of proof” and “limits of proof” and found that the concepts of “subject of proof” and “limits of proof” are related, but have different meanings and cannot be identified. It has been proven that the limits of proof depend on the subject of proof.
Keywords: criminal procedure, proof process, limits of proof, subject of proof, purpose of proof.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Banin V. A. Problems of the subject of proof and truth in Soviet criminal proceedings // Proof in criminal cases: interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. – Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house Krasnoyarsk. University, 1986. – P. 35 @@ Zinatullin Z. Z. Criminal Procedure Evidence: A Textbook. – Izhevsk, 1993. – P. 61.
2. Gorsky G. F., Kokorev L. D., Elkind P. S. Problems of Evidence in Soviet Criminal Procedure. – Voronezh, 1978. – P. 190-198 @@ Strogovich M. S. Material Truth and Judicial Evidence in Soviet Criminal Procedure. – Moscow, 1955. @@ Criminal Procedure: A Textbook for University Students Majoring in Jurisprudence / Ed. by V. P. Bozhev. 3rd ed., corrected and enlarged. – M.: Spark, 2002. – P. 69.
3. Kokorev L. D., Kuznetsov N. P. Criminal Procedure: Evidence and Proof. – Voronezh: Voronezh University Publishing House, 1995. – P. 6.
4. Lazareva V. A. Problems of Proof in Modern Criminal Procedure in Russia: A Textbook. – Samara, 2007. – P. 91-92.
5. Orlov Yu. K. Fundamentals of the Theory of Evidence in Criminal Procedure. – M.: Prospect, 2000. – P. 22.
6. Semenov V. A., Tsatsuro V. A. Transformation of Scientific Concepts about the Subject of Proof in Russian Criminal Proceedings // Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economy and Law. – 2020. – Vol. 30, No. 6. – Pp. 881-885. – DOI 10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-6-881-885. – EDN RPBFTH. – Pp. 881.
7. Serednev V. A. On the Content of Authoritarian, Coherent, Conventional, Pragmatic and Artifactual Truths and the Possible Process of Obtaining Them in Criminal Procedural Proof // Judicial Authority and Criminal Procedure. – 2019. – No. 4. – Pp. 40-52. – EDN VIZXZC. – Pp. 84.
8. Art. 425 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.
9. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure: in 2 volumes. – Moscow: Nauka, 1968. – Vol. 1. – Pp. 361-372.
10. Belkin R. S., Vinberg A. I., Dorokhov V. Ya., Karneeva L. M., Kocharov G. I., Minkovsky G. M., Mikhailovskaya I. B., et al. Theory of evidence in Soviet criminal procedure. 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged / Ed.: N. V. Zhogin. – Moscow: “Legal Literature”, 1973. – P. 56.
11. Sheifer S. A. Evidence and proof in criminal cases: problems of theory and legal regulation. – M.: Norma, 2008. – P. 7.
12. Shafer S. A. Evidence and proof in criminal casesam: monograph. – M.: Norma, 2009. – P. 46, 115 @@ Lupinskaya V. V. Criminal Procedure Law of the Russian Federation: textbook / Ed. P. A. Lupinskaya. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Norma, 2009. – P. 15, 291.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
VOINTSEV Alexey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE PLACE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF LABOR OF PERSONS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT
The article analyzes the existing system of means of correction for convicts sentenced to imprisonment and proposes a basis for dividing these means. It also analyzes the place and role of socially useful labor for convicts sentenced to imprisonment in the system of means of their correction. By emphasizing the importance of labor in developing socially useful skills and discipline among convicts, the author highlights the significance of this means of correction and its role in the process of correction. The article explores the legal nature of the institution of labor for convicts sentenced to imprisonment and examines the main approaches to this institution. The article examines the features of legal regulation of the labor of convicts and notes the need to improve the legal regulation of this institution.
Keywords: socially useful work, the penal enforcement system, the work of those sentenced to imprisonment, the correction of convicts.
Article Bibliography
1. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (text with amendments and additions) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (www.pravo.gov.ru).
2. Burtsev A. N. Legal Regulation of Prison Labor in Germany // Labor Law: Quarterly Practical Journal / Ed.-in-Chief M. S. Bakhnov. – 2007. – No. 3 (85). – P. 88.
3. Alenina I. V. Collisions in Labor Law: diss… Cand. Sciences (Law): 12.00.05. – Omsk, 2000. – P. 183.
4. Gubenko A. V. Features of Legal Regulation of Labor of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment: Abstract of Cand. Sciences (Law) diss. – Chelyabinsk: Tomsk State University, 2005. – P. 25.
5. Agashev D. V. Labor Relations: From Concept to Methods of Legal Regulation // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2013. – No. 2 (8). – P. 114.
6. Krakhmalnik L. G. Labor of Prisoners and Its Legal Regulation in the USSR // Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the RSFSR. Saratov Jurid. Institute named after D.I. Kursky. – Saratov: Publishing house Sarat. University, 1963. – P. 96.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
PAVLOVA Lyudmila Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, Dean, Faculty of Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University
PROBLEMS WITH THE EXECUTION OF A COURT DECISION ON EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY WITH THE IMPOSITION OF A JUDICIAL FINE
The article discusses the stages of enforcement of a court fine. The author concludes that, based on the actual legal status, the bailiff is the person who enforces the court fine, rather than simply performing control functions. The article proposes that the deadline for paying the court fine should be set by law, and that the deadline should be calculated from the date the court decision becomes final, rather than from the date the decision is issued. If the court finds that there are valid reasons for the failure to pay the court fine, the article suggests that the court should maintain the measure and extend the deadline for paying the court fine, and that the enforcement proceedings should be resumed. The article raises the issue of the lack of regulation of the enforcement of a court fine in the criminal executive legislation, based on which the author proposes to introduce a separate chapter in the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation dedicated to this aspect, while simultaneously excluding certain provisions from the Federal Law on Enforcement Proceedings.
Keywords: court fine, term, court, ruling, bailiff, non-compliance, reasons.
Bibliography
1. Pavlova, L. O., “Some Problems of Applying the Rules on a Court Fine,” Criminal Law: Development Strategy in the 21st Century, 2025, no. 1, pp. 93–102.
2. Yu. Yu. Yu. “Execution of a Court Fine: Issues of Legal Regulation and Law Enforcement Practice,” Court Administrator, 2019, no. 3, pp. 16–20.
3. Gusakov S. Yu. Collection of a fine imposed as punishment for a crime committed // Practice of enforcement proceedings. – 2018. – No. 4. – Pp. 25-33.
4. Borisova O. V. Legal regulation of the execution of a judicial fine // Lex Russica. – 2017. – No. 9 (130). – Pp.. 86-92.

CRIMINALISTICS
ABDERYAKHIMOVA Gulnur Byashirovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
IGNASHKINA Alina Vladimirovna
student, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia; independent researcher
THE USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE PENAL SYSTEM
The article discusses the current problems of implementing and operating information systems in the penal system of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the penal system). The authors analyze the current state of digital transformation in penitentiary institutions, identifying key obstacles to their effective informatization. Special attention is given to the challenges of interdepartmental cooperation and the organization of electronic document management, which significantly hinders the exchange of information between the system’s structural units. The article explores the role of information technologies in the detection and prevention of penitentiary crimes. It also examines the prospects for implementing modern machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies to enhance the effectiveness of data analytics.
Keywords: information systems, penal system, structural units of the penal system, digital technologies, information security, convicts.
Article References
1. Grushin, F.V., “Information Technologies in the Activities of the Penal System,” Izvestiya vozdukha uchebnykh zavedenii [News of Higher Educational Institutions]. Volga Region. Social Sciences. – 2024. – No. 1 (69). – Pp. 68-78.
2. Certificates of Registration of Computer Programs. // Research Institute of Information Technology of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia: official website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pda-niiit.fsin.gov.ru/science/svidetelstva-o-registratsii/ (date of access: 18.06.2025).
3. Nuzhdin A. A. Some Features of Identifying Circumstances Contributing to the Commission of Penitentiary Crimes // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 245-248.
4. Sadykova R. A. Prospects for the Implementation of Digital Technologies in the Penal System of the Russian Federation // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 8 (224). – pp. 161-163.

CRIMINALISTICS
VYATKIN Andrey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology; retired senior justice adviser
NEUTRALIZING OPPOSITION TO INVESTIGATION CRIMINAL POLLUTION OF NATURE
In the article, the author, based on an analysis of the emerging practice of countering the investigation of criminal pollution of environmental components at the strategic and tactical levels, the results of which are covered in a previous publication, proposes a set of measures to neutralize such counteraction. He does not believe that a properly built strategy, which implies the consistent implementation of a system of timely planned and coordinated activities, will contribute to their effectiveness. Methods: comparisons, analytical, scientific generalizations. Results: A system of neutralization measures has been developed to counter the investigation at the tactical and strategic levels.
Keywords: forensics, crime, ecology, nature pollution, investigation, counteraction, neutralization.
Bibliography
1. Vyatkin A. N. Some issues of forensic characterization of water pollution // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 4 (78). – Pp. 163-170. – DOI 10.33184/pravgos-2024.4.18. – EDN MEDJKT.
2. Pakalov D. S. Actual problems of ensuring environmental security in Russia // Bulletin of Tambov University. Series: Humanitarian Sciences. – 2012. – No. 3 (107). – Pp. 276-283. – EDN OUVXFL.
3. Vyatkin A. N. Operational-search activity as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the fight against illegal extraction of common minerals // Bulletin of the Institute of Law of Bashkir State University. – 2025. – No. 1 (25). – Pp. 156-167. – DOI 10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2025.25.13. – EDN GVDCYW.
4. Vyatkin A. N. Analysis of the practice of counteracting the investigation of criminal pollution of nature” // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 7 (206). – Pp. 426-428. – DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2025-7-206-426-428.
5. Vardanyan A. V., Makarenko I. A. Discrediting the subjects of crime detection and investigation and forensic methods of its neutralization // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 16. No. 5. – Pp. 638-645. – DOI 10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(5).638-645. – EDN LXWUHY.
6. Khalikov A. N. Theoretical issues of counteracting the investigation // Modern forensic science: problems, techniquestrends, prospects: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honored Lawyer of the RSFSR, Doctor of Law, Professor Nikolai Pavlovich Yablokov, Moscow, December 22, 2015 / Ed. and compiled by: M. A. Lushechkina. – Moscow: OOO “MAX Press”, 2015. – Pp. 454-457. – EDN VGYFRL.
7. Gavrilov B. Ya., Lavrov V. P., Andreev A. S. [et al.]. Counteraction to the investigation of crimes and measures to overcome it: Textbook / 2nd edition, supplemented and revised. – Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2022. – 379 p.
8. Abramova L. L. Methods of neutralizing counteraction to preliminary investigation: Methodological recommendations. – Krasnoyarsk: Private educational institution of higher education “Siberian Law University”, 2022. – 28 p.
9. Verenich I. V. Forensic science doctrine on overcoming resistance to crime investigation / 2nd edition, revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Publishing house “Yurlitinform”, 2024. – 272 p.
10. Kustov A. M., Kokorev R. A. Mechanism of counteraction to criminal investigation: theoretical aspect // Law, society, state: systemic foundations of interaction and development: Collection of articles from scientific and representative events. – Moscow, 2024. – pp. 299-302.
11. Pristanskov V. D. Features of the investigation of iatrogenic crimes committed during the provision of medical care: Textbook. – Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2007. – 63 p.
12. Ivanova Ya. I. Methodology for investigating iatrogenic crimes committed in the field of obstetrics: specialty 12.00.12 “Forensic science, forensic activity, operational-search activity”: dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, 2017. – 177 p.

FRIENDLY SCIENCES
GAINELZYANOVA Venera Ravilevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science department sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MIROLYUBOV Sergey Leonidovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
OVSYANNIKOV Valeriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ORGANIZATIONAL AND TACTICAL FEATURES OF INTERROGATION DURING THE INVESTIGATION OF FRAUD IN THE FIELD OF PAYMENTS
The article discusses the issues of the combating fraud in modern realities is becoming one of the priority tasks of law enforcement agencies. Often, investigators, when investigating payments fraud, have difficulty obtaining information about those involved in the commission of the said criminal act. Extracting this forensically significant information is one of the most important components of the investigator’s work. The process of obtaining such data is carried out through the implementation of individual investigative actions, the results of which depend on the level of knowledge, skills, and abilities of the subject of the investigation concerning payments fraud.
Keywords: payment fraud, victim interrogation, suspect interrogation, tactical move.
Article bibliography
1. Gainelzyanova, V.R., “A Situational Approach to Resolving Investigative Situations Arising During the Investigation of Payment Fraud,” in: Theory and Practice of Crime Investigation: Proceedings of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conference. – Krasnodar, 2024. – P. 73-76.
2. Verdict of the Sovietsky District Court of Ufa in case No. 2-924/2022 // Judicial and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc (date of access: 05/23/2025).
3. Reshnyak O. A. Organization of the investigation of fraud committed using the Internet, at the initial and subsequent stages // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 2 (53). – P. 106-111.
4. Pitertsev S. K., Stepanov A. A. Interrogation tactics during preliminary investigation and in court. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2001. – 160 p.
5. Oblakov, A. A., “Characteristics of Fraud Investigation in the Wholesale Consumer Market,” in Black Holes (2003, no. 2): 35–88.
6. Rezvan, A. P., Subbotina, M. V., “Criminalistic Methodology for Investigating Certain Types of Crimes: Textbook.” – Moscow: Institute of Criminal Investigation of the Main Criminal Code of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2002. – pp. 173–176.

CRIMINALISTICS
KOSTYUCHENKO, Oleg Georgievich
Ph.D. in Law, senior investigator-criminologist of the Main Investigative Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in Moscoww
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CONCEPT OF THE FORENSIC VERSION
The article discusses approaches to the concept of the investigative version, the criminalistic version, and examines the investigator\’s activities in advancing theories during the investigation of crimes. Various approaches to determining the version are given. Some requirements for the forensic version are given. Investigative activity is considered as a process of putting forward investigative versions throughout the entire preliminary investigation. The author provides a classification of investigative versions, including depending on the investigative situation in the criminal case. The author’s concept of the criminalistic version is outlined.
Keywords: investigator, crime investigation, investigative activity, forensic version.
Bibliography
1. Bakhteyev D. V. Conceptual Foundations of the Theory of Forensic Thinking and the Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems in Crime Investigation: Abstract of a Doctor of Law Dissertation. – Ekaterinburg, 2022. – P. 20.
2. Belkin R. S. Versions in Proof. Theory of Evidence in Soviet Criminal Procedure. General Part. – Moscow: Jurid. lit., 1966. – 584 p.
3. Belkin R. S. Course in forensic science: 3 v.: V. 1. – M., 1997. – P. 343-344.
4. Belkin R. S. Course in forensic science: in 3 v. – M.: Yurist, 1997. – V. 3. – P. 98; @@ Forensic science / V. A. Obraztsov et al.; edited by V. A. Obraztsov. – P. 253.
5. Gavlo V. K. Forensic situations: psychological and forensic aspects: monog. / V. K. Gavlo, V. E. Klochko, D. V. Kim; edited by prof. V. K. Gavlo. – Barnaul: Altaysk Publishing House. University, 2006. – P. 105-107.
6. Gavlo V.K., Klochko V.E., Kim D.V. Op. cit. P. 74 @@ Selivanov N.A. Forensic characteristics of a crime and investigative situations in the investigation methodology // Social legality. – 1977. – No. 2. – P. 58 @@ Investigative situations and crime detection: a collection of scientific papers. – Sverdlovsk, 1975. – No. 41. – P. 29.
7. Dzyuba A.O., Makhtayev M.Sh. Typical investigative situations and versions of the initial stage of the investigation of fraud in the field of lending // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2023. – V. 16. No. 6. – P. 178-184.
8. Drapkin L. Ya. Fundamentals of the Theory of Investigative Situations. – Sverdlovsk, 1987. – P. 24.
9. Ignatiev M. E. Forensic Theory and Practice of Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships in Crime Investigation: Diss. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.12. – M., 2020. – 454 p.
10. Ignatiev M. E. Investigative Version as an Integral Idea of Understanding Cause-and-Effect Relationships of the Crime Mechanism // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 4 (95). – P. 150-157.
11. Kol’din V. Ya. Identification in Crime Investigation. – M., 1978. – P. 139.
12. Komarov I. M. Investigative version as a system-forming element of the version analysis of the investigation and study of the personality of the victim of murder // Jurist-Pravoved. – 2024. – No. 1 (108). – P. 141-144.
13. Komarov I. M., Deineko T. V. The concept of a version of an investigative action // Scientific Bulletin of Belgorod State University. – 2010. – No. 20 (91). – P. 134-139.
14. Forensic science: textbook / N. P. Yablokov et al.; edited by N. P. Yablokov. – 3rd ed. – M.: Jurist, 2005. – P. 121.
15. Forensic Science: Textbook / Ed. by D.Sc. (Law), Prof. I. M. Komarov. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2023. – P. 73.
16. Savinov A. V. Logical Laws of Thinking. – L., 1958. – P. 53.
17. Shaber B. M., Vinberg A. I. Forensic Science. – M., 1940. – 200 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
GLUSHKOVA Mariya Konstantinovna
postgraduate student of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE CATEGORY “SUBJECT OF THE CRIME” IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINALISTIC METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION OF THE CRIME (ART. 238.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
This study aims to clarify the content of such an element of the criminalistic characteristics of a crime, provided for in Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as the subject of a crime, in order to more clearly and fully determine its significance for the investigation process. The relevance of the topic is due to the lack of a unified approach to understanding the category of \”subject of crime\” in criminology. Meanwhile, the subject of the crime is closely related to the person who committed the act prohibited by law. The properties of the object largely determine the methods of encroachment, the specifics of the conditions for committing a crime, the situation, and the consequences that have occurred. The paper considers a number of controversial aspects related to this category, and formulates and substantiates its own position. Conclusions. We believe that theThe introduction of a new crime, veterinary drugs, proposed in the literature in Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is inappropriate. Dietary supplements with undeclared pharmaceutical substances should be classified as a separate group of substances that occupy an intermediate position between food and medicines. It is necessary to introduce liability rules for illegal actions involving cosmetics with preventive properties. Attribution of medical products to a particular functional group may require the appointment of an expert examination. A number of other conclusions are also drawn.
Keywords: Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, medicines, medical devices, biologically active additives, investigation methodology.
Article bibliography
1. Bespalov V.G., Nekrasov V.B. Biologically active food supplements and the possibilities of their use in preventive medicine // Russian Medical and Biological Bulletin named after Academician I.P. Pavlov. – 2001. – No. 3-4.
2. Bimbinov A. A. Object of criminal circulation of counterfeit, poor-quality and unregistered medical products (Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) [Text] = Courier of the university named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL): journal / founder and publisher: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University” (MSAL). Moscow: Publishing Center of the University. O. E. Kutafina (MSAL), 2014-2018. – 2018. – No. 12 (52).
3. Vardanyan G. A. Criminalization of Circulation of Counterfeit Medicines, Medical Devices, and Dietary Supplements: Issues of Further Improvement. // Siberian Criminal Procedure and Forensic Readings. – 2023. – No. 2.
4. Vnukova V. A. On the Relationship between the Concepts of Counterfeit and Fake Medicines // Current Problems of Medicine. – 2005.
5. Davydov Yu. G. Criteria for Distinction between Medicines and Related Groups of Goods // Medical Law. – 2018. – № 6.
6. Derevyanskaya T. P. Criminal liability for illegal circulation of medicines and medical devices: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Omsk, 2015.
7. Derevyanskaya T. P. Medical devices as the subject of crimes provided for in Articles 235.1 and 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Medical law. – 2016. – № 6.
8. Ilikbaeva E. S. Circulation of counterfeit, substandard and unregistered medicines, medical devices and turnover of counterfeit dietary supplements: issues of criminalization, differentiation of responsibility and penalization: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Krasnodar, 2019.
9. Ilikbaeva E. S. On veterinary medicinal products as a new subject of the crime provided for by Art. 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Current issues of criminal law, criminal procedure and forensic science. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the 4th All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists, graduate students, applicants and master’s students. Edited by V. D. Zelensky. – 2019.
10. Kappusheva Kh. R., Lopashenko N. A. On determining the social danger of the crime provided for by Art. 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Prospects for the development of science in the modern world. Collection of papers based on the materials of the II All-Russian competition of scientific research works (July 10, 2020, Ufa). – Ufa: Publ. Research Center “Bulletin of Science”, 2020.
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12. Malykhina E. A. The Subject of a Criminal Offense as a Significant Element of a Forensic Characteristic of the Theft of Railway Components // Activities of Law Enforcement Agencies in Modern Conditions: Collection of Materials of the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conf. In 2 vols. – Irkutsk, 2017. – Vol. 1.
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14. Molchanov D. M., Kulikov A. S. Circulation of counterfeit, substandard and unregistered medicines (Article 238.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): qualification issues // Law: magazine for business people: Issues for 2022. – 2022. – No. 8.
15. Myrsina A. A. Criteria for determining objects as medical devices ex ante and ex post // Law. – 2020. – No. 7.
16. Panov S. L. The relationship between the concepts of “counterfeit”, “counterfeit”, “pirated” products: theoretical aspect // Law and Politics. – 2008. – No. 2.
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21. Khlus A. M. Forensic characteristics and material structure of crimes: the relationship of concepts and their role in improving the methodology of crime investigation // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (84).
22. Firsov I. V. Illegal trafficking of medical products: criminal-legal research: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2017.

CRIMINALISTICS
KURBANOV Kurban Anvarovich
postgraduate student, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE IMPROVEMENT OF CRIMINALISTIC METHODS OF CRIME INVESTIGATION – THE VIEW OF V. YA. KOLDIN
The concept of typical modeling of criminal activity and criminally relevant events, proposed by V. Ya. Koldin, substantiates the importance of a systematic approach to building a crime investigation methodology. This technique, based on a structured analysis of various elements of criminal activity, makes it possible to create more effective investigative tools. The proposed structure not only simplifies the investigation process, but also makes it more focused and scientifically sound, which is especially important in the context of a modern forensic approach, where every detail is crucial for the successful detection of a crime.
Keywords: criminalistic methodology, crime investigation, criminalistic characteristics, principles of investigation methodology, methodological approach.
Bibliography
1. Vasiliev, A. N., “Problems of Investigation Methodology for Certain Types of Crimes.” Moscow, 1978, p. 24.
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CRIMINALISTICS
MNOZHINA Diana Nikolaevna
adjunct, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING CERTAIN IMPROVISED INCENDIARY DEVICES AS IMPROVISED INCENDIARY-FLAMETHROWER WEAPONS
The article discusses the issues of forensic investigation of some improvised incidentiary devices, the design features of which allow us to determine their intended purpose for thermal destruction of targets. These means of committing a crime are specially manufactured or adapted devices for the implementation of a criminal intent. The mechanism of impact and method of use of these means are similar to some types of military-grade incidentiary devices, which allows them to be considered as improvised incidentiary-flamethrower weapons. To classify these improvised incendiary devices into the category of improvised incendiary-flamethrower weapons, special classification criteria have been developed, presented in this article, which will contribute to the improvement of forensic expertise in terms of their research.
Keywords: crime investigation, fire-technical examination, improvised incendiary devices, improvised incendiary-flamethrower weapons.
Article References
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6. Pleskachevsky V. M. Weapons in Forensic Science: Concept and Classification. – Moscow: Spark, 2001. – 343 p.
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10. Mnozhina D. N. On the need for forensic determination of incendiary and (or) flamethrower weapons // Forensic science, criminal procedure and forensic expertology in the 21st century: development vectors (on the 70th anniversary of the Department of Management of Crime Investigation Bodies of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia): a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the international scientific and practical conference: in 3 parts, Moscow, April 25, 2025. – M.: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2025. – P. 140-144.

CRIMINOLOGY
AGEEV Ernest Gennadjevich
assistant of Criminal law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF “CRIMINALIZATION” AND “DECRIMINALIZATION” IN THE CRIMINAL LAW DOCTRINE
The relationship between the concepts of “criminalization” and “decriminalization” in modern criminal law doctrine does not look quite unambiguous due to differences not only in their terminological meaning, but also because of the complexity of the processes that accompany these categories in a practical way. The article examines the conditions for the recognition by the state through legal means of a particular behavior as criminal or non-criminal, which depends on the orientation of criminal law policy towards the systematic expansion and narrowing of the range of application of formalized criminal law prohibitions. It is concluded that the certainty of criminal law policy, which is an integral part of state legal policy, ensures the progressive development of the institution of criminal responsibility.
Keywords: criminalization, decriminalization, criminal law policy, criminal law, crime,criminality, criminal liability.
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CRIMINOLOGY
BURGANOV Ramis Salikhutdinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THE CONCEPT OF CRIME AMONG LAW ENFORCEMENT AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS
In the article, the author considers crime among law enforcement and judicial officers as a separate independent type of crime. Based on the analysis of existing scientific approaches to the classification of types of crime, the author identifies the features of this type of crime, and distinguishes between this type of crime and other similar criminological phenomena. To isolate this type of crime, the author bases his work on the characteristics of law enforcement and judicial officers, the personality of the criminal employee, the characteristics of the crimes they commit, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of this type of crime, and the specifics of preventive action. The author’s definition of crime among law enforcement and judicial officers is based on the analyzed specifics of this phenomenon.
Keywords: crime, law enforcement agencies, judicial bodies, official, types of crime, personality of the criminal, criminological classification, crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Yu. M. Antonyan. “What is Crime?” Penitentiary Science. – 2019. – No. 4. – pp. 641-467.
2. R. S. Burganov. Judicial Statistics of Crimes Committed by Law Enforcement and Judicial Officers. In the collection: Criminal Policy in the Context of Transformation. Collection of articles from the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Kazan, 2022. – Pp. 77-85.
3. Dolgova A. I. Criminology. Textbook / Under the general editorship of A. I. Dolgova. – Moscow, 2020. – P. 540.
4. Isakov A. M. Status of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Italian Republic / Actual problems of the activities of the prosecutor’s offices of the Russian Federation: the view of master’s students of the Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation: collection of materials of the round table (Moscow, May 26, 2017) / Under the general editorship of N. E. Shalumova; Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – M., 2017. – P. 73.
5. Klishkov V. B., Pasynkov V. V., Stebeneva E. V. Crime and its main characteristics at the present stage // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 4 (68). – P. 158-164.
6. Kurganov S. I. Criminology: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence”. – M.: Law and Right, 2012. – 184 p.
7. Novikova Yu. V. On the issue of criminological classification of crime (crimes) // Bulletin of the Institute: Crime, Punishment, Correction. – 2012. – No. 3 (19). – pp. 9-13.

CRIMINOLOGY
FRIZEN Peter Dmitrievich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
RESHETNIKOVA Sofya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, Chairman of the Committee on Personnel and Municipal Service of the Barnaul City Administration
PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES TO PREVENT TRAFFIC CRIMES: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
The prevention of traffic crimes involves a wide range of systematic measures implemented by various government agencies and organizations, with a key role played by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This article explores the legal and organizational aspects of the activities of the traffic safety units within the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The authors conclude that there is a need for continuous collaboration between federal government agencies and local authorities, as well as law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, who are responsible for implementing preventive measures to prevent traffic crimes and administrative offenses.
Keywords: crime prevention, traffic crimes, internal affairs agencies, individual preventive work.
Article bibliography
1. Botvin, I. V., “Trends in criminal policy to combat “new” threats,” in: “State and Law in the Era of Global Change: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference” (Barnaul, June 28-29, 2022), edited by D. L. Prokazin. Barnaul: Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2022. pp. 166-168.
2. Galiev R. S., Botvin I. V., Alimov A. A. Administrative-legal and criminal-legal protection of public relations in the sphere of citizen participation in maintaining public order. Barnaul: Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2022. 44 pp.
3. Road traffic accidents in the Russian Federation in 2024. Informationion-analytical review. Moscow: Federal State Institution “National Center for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, 2025. 148 p.
4. On the Police: Federal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025).
5. On approval of the Instructions for organizing the activities of the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to promote road safety: Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 29.12.2018 No. 903.
6. On approval of the Regulation on the Main Directorate of the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Public Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 08.11.2001 No. 982.
7. Official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mvd.rf

JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
DAMINOV Ainur Aidarovich
senior lecturer of Fire and tactical-special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
BULATOV Denis Valerjevich
lecturer of Fire and technical training sub-faculty, Barnaul Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SHOKHIN Vladimir Evgenjevich
senior lecturer of Physical training and sports sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE PROTECTION OF PARTICIPANTS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
This article reveals the problems of applying state protection for participants in criminal proceedings. Legal assessment of these problems from the side of the legislation of the Russian Federation. Classification of participants in criminal proceedings. Actions of the employees of the Internal Affairs Directorate after receiving information about the interest that has arisen in persons from offenders. Analysis of legislative norms of criminal procedure law. Providing participants in criminal proceedings with security. Roles in criminal proceedings depending on the functions performed. Relevance is determined primarily by the fact that it is aimed at preserving the life, health, and property of participants in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: state protection, participant in legal proceedings, protective measures, threat, crime, state, society.
Bibliographic list
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law [dated June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ] // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation – 1996. – No. 25. – P. 2954.
2. Moskalenko A. V. Features of State Protection of Participants in Criminal Proceedings During Trial: Abstract of the Dissertation of Cand. Sci. (Law). – M., 2006.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MALOFEY Alexander Olegovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, Head of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ZHURAVLEV Alexander Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
BAIKALOV Vladislav Alexandrovich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
THE ROLE OF PRACTICAL SHOOTING IN THE FIRE TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The issue of a practice-oriented approach in the training of highly qualified specialists for law enforcement agencies has remained relevant for a long time, moreover, it will continue to maintain it in the future. Of particular importance in this sense is the need to ensure a close relationship between theoretical training and the dynamically changing service conditions of internal affairs officers. In order to maximize the effectiveness of the educational process, elements of practical shooting are being actively developed and implemented in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: fire training, practical shooting, types of practical shooting, law enforcement officer, shot, skill.
Article bibliography
1. Kalinin, D. V., “Characteristics of shooter training and his main mistakes,” Innovative Development of Modern Science: A Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Proceedings of the XXXV International Scientific and Practical Conference (Anapa, May 10, 2021). – Anapa: Research Center for Economic and Social Processes in the Southern Federal District, 2021. – Pp. 49-52.
2. Kolesnikov A. S. Methodology for teaching firearms training to law enforcement officers at the present stage // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 15 (253). – Pp. 266-270. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/253/57954/ (date accessed: 02.02.2025).
3. Savchuk N. A. Preparation of an athlete shooter for high-speed exercises with a pistol inShooting from combat hand-held firearms // Science-2020. – 2021. – No. 3 (48). – P. 178-183.
4. Frolenkov V. N. Diligentia – vis – celeritas (accuracy – power – speed). The role of “practical shooting” in the firearms and physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies // Science-2020. – 2022. – No. 1 (55). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/diligentia-vis-celeritas-tochnost-moschnost-skorost (Accessed: 22.01.2025).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MIRZAEV Mirza Abdullaevich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Theory of State and Law Sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
ISAMAGOMEDOV Abdulkader Magomedovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
FORMS AND METHODS OF PREVENTING YOUTH CRIME AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The article analyzes youth crime, lists its forms and methods of prevention, highlights the problems of increasing the effectiveness of juvenile crime prevention activities and ways to solve these problems. The article notes the characteristics of youth crime that determine the factors of its growth. The causes of youth crime at present are listed. It is said that in modern conditions, youth crime has acquired a new quality: they commit crimes that were previously not typical for this category of people. Conclusions are made about the need to find effective ways to prevent crime among young people and to take measures to combat its causes and conditions.
Keywords: youth environment, prevention, illegal actions, offenses, minors, family, state.
Article bibliography
1. Bitov A. A. Practical mechanisms and forms of preventing extremism among young people // Police Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (11). – Pp. 45-49.
2. Gogoleva A. Ya. Family as a subject of early prevention of juvenile delinquency // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2024. – No. 12 (240). – Pp. 613-615.
3. Kirilyuk E. V. Juvenile delinquency at the current stage of development of Russian society // Forum. – 2024. – No. 1 (31). – P. 216-219.
4. Klevtsova M. P. Prevention of juvenile delinquency // Jurisprudence: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 109-113.
5. Klochkova A. L., Avetisyan S. A. Prevention of violent juvenile delinquency // Science and education: economy and economics; entrepreneurship; law and management. – 2023. – No. 10 (161). – P. 101-106.
6. Minster M. V., Kuznetsova M. V. Juvenile delinquency: current trends and measures for its prevention // Baikal Research Journal. – 2023. – V. 14. – No. 2. – P. 743-752.
7. Okutina N. N., Zabelich L. V. Juvenile delinquency in Russia: status and prevention measures // Bulletin of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1 (99). – P. 114-121.
8. Sagaydak A. Yu. Features of organizing work on preventing juvenile and youth delinquency // Law. Right. State. – 2023. – No. 2 (38). – P. 207-209.
9. Simonov M. S. A modern view on current problems of juvenile delinquency and measures for its prevention // E-Scio. – 2022. – No. 12 (75). – pp. 558-570.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
PAVLENKO Leonid Olegovich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
MARCHENKO Elena Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Physical training and applied martial arts sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
SIDOROV Yuriy Vladimirovich
senior lecturer of Organization and support for crime detection and investigation sub-faculty, Tver branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF FIREARMS BY POLICE ABROAD
This article examines the specifics of legal regulation of the use of firearms by the police in foreign countries, which is of significant scientific and practical interest in the context of ensuring a balance between public safety and the protection of citizens’ rights. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comparative analysis of legislative norms and law enforcement practice in Norway, Great Britain, the USA and France. The methods of comparative legal analysis, systems approach and interpretation of regulatory acts were used. It has been established that the degree of permissibility of the use of firearms varies from a complete ban (Great Britain) to extended powers (USA), where the subjective perception of a threat is a sufficient reason for opening fire. It has been revealed that France anNorway has strict procedural restrictions that minimize the risks of abuse. The results obtained indicate the need to harmonize international standards, taking into account the principle of proportionality of force.
Keywords: legislation, weapons, rights, legal system, police, powers, application, threat to life.
Article bibliography
1. Soldatov N. F., Ovechkin D. G., Simonov I. S., Kartavtsev D. A. Actual problems of ensuring the personal safety of law enforcement officers in situations involving the use of service weapons // Issues of Russian and International Law. – 2022. – Vol. 12. No. 7-1. – P. 204-211.
2. Gamova O. L. Linguistic component of the description of the functions and responsibilities of the police abroad // Actual problems of the activities of the units of the Federal Penitentiary Service: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Voronezh, May 20, 2021. – Voronezh: Publishing and Printing Center “Scientific Book”, 2021. – P. 610-613.
3. Koblenkov A. Yu. Monitoring the implementation of legislation on the use of firearms by police officers in Russia and abroad // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 1 (41). – P. 241-244.
4. Mingazova I. V. Protection of property rights of foreign legal entities and individuals in international law: dis. … Cand. of Law. Sciences: 12.00.10, 12.00.03. – Kazan, 2006.
5. Kilimnik E. V. Strategies for Enhancement of the Image of the Police Institution Abroad // Theory and Practice of World Science. – 2022. – No. 3. – Pp. 60-74.
6. Improving the Fire and Tactical-Special Training of Law Enforcement Officers: A Collection of Materials from the Interdepartmental Round Table, Orel, June 29, 2018. – Orel: Orel Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov, 2018. – 119 p.
7. Protocol No. 6 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms concerning the Abolition of the Death Penalty. – Strasbourg, April 28, 1983 (as amended on May 11, 1994).
8. Podgayny A. M., Shienkova A. S. Foreign experience in assessing the effectiveness of police structures // Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 4 (26).
9. Tur D. A. Grounds for the use of firearms by police officers in Russia and the USA // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2021. – No. 26. – P. 916-925.
10. Khakhinova A. N. Legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the legal system of the Russian Federation: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.02. – Moscow, 2010.

PROSECUTORAL SUPERVISION
KOSENKO Olga Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Sibay Institute, Ufa University of Science and Technology
SAFAROV Vladislav Railevich
senior lectures of Civil and criminal law and process sub-faculty, Sibay Institute, Ufa University of Science and Technology
POLOZKOVA Svetlana Vadimovna
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Economics and Law, Sibay Institute, Ufa University of Science and Technology; independent researcher
THE ROLE OF PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE AUTHORITIES FOR COUNTERING TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM ON THE INTERNET
The scientific article examines the prosecutor\’s supervision in the field of countering the spread of terrorism and extremism on the Internet as a key element in ensuring the security of the state and society. The legislative and regulatory acts governing this area, as well as the effectiveness of the existing mechanisms of prosecutorial control are analyzed. The methods and approaches of prosecutors to identifying and suppressing violations related to extremist activity on the Internet, including monitoring of information resources and interaction with law enforcement agencies, are discussed. The problems and limitations that prosecutors face in the course of their work are identified, as well as the need to improve legal regulation and coordinate the efforts of various government agencies. In conclusion, the importance of prosecutorial supervision as a means of protecting the rights of citizens and ensuring public safety in the face of the growing threat of terrorism and extremism is emphasized.
Keywords: prosecutorial supervision, terrorism, extremism, Internet, legislation, law enforcement, fight against extremism, state security, monitoring.
Article bibliography
1. Krasinsky V. V. Transformation of Modern Terrorism // Modern Law. – 2017. – No. 9. – Pp. 108-112.
2. Nagoyev K. I. Prosecutor’s Supervision in the Sphere of Counteracting the Spread of Terrorism and Extremism on the Internet // Collection of Scientific Papers of the Department of Legal Culture and Human Rights Protection: Issue 5: North Caucasus Federal University. Law Institute. – Stavropol: OOO “Publishing and InformationCenter “Fabula”, 2021. – P. 96-99.
3. Ryabtseva M. V. Prosecutor’s supervision in the sphere of countering the spread of terrorism and extremism on the Internet // Young scientist. – 2015. – No. 11 (91). – P. 1107-1109.
4. Eibauer S. S., Kosenko O. A. Prosecutor’s supervision in the sphere of countering the spread of terrorism and extremism on the Internet // Challenges of our time and strategies for the development of society in the context of the new reality (code-MKVSS). Collection of materials of the XXVII International Scientific and Practical Conference, 2024. – pp. 154-158.

PROSECUTORAL SUPERVISION
MANANNIKOV Dmitriy Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Justice sub-faculty, Penza State University
SPECIFICS OF PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMICS AT THE PRESENT STAGE
The article examines the specifics of the implementation of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of laws in the field of economy. It is shown that ensuring the legality of economic transformation processes for the effective functioning of the state system of the country is a strategic task in the activities of the Russian prosecutor\’s office. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that supervisory work in the field of economy should be carried out in coordination of all interested departments of the prosecutor\’s office, in close cooperation with the Commissioner for the Protection of Entrepreneurs\’ Rights under the President of the Russian Federation, regional associations of business structures. Effective implementation of this mechanism requires high professional training and careful attention to each specific situation from prosecutors in order to ensure the protection of the economic interests of our state in the conditions of armed conflict and unprecedented foreign policy sanctions pressure.
Keywords: prosecutor\’s office, supervision, legislation, protection, inspection, purchase economy, entrepreneurs, sanctions, budgets.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Protection by the prosecutor of the rights and legitimate interests of business entities: monograph / Under general. ed. O. S. Kapinus. – M.: Prospect, 2020. – P. 15.
2. The activities of the prosecutor’s office to strengthen Russian statehood at the present stage: monograph / Ed. T. I. Otcheskaya. – M.: Prospect, 2023. – P. 51.
3. Methodology and tactics of prosecutorial inspections: a tutorial / Ed. T. I. Otcheskaya. – M.: Prospect, 2024. – P. 102.
4. Prosecutor’s supervision: textbook / V. B. Yastrebov, V. V. Yastrebov. – M., 2019. – P. 58.
5. Manannikov D. Yu. Prosecutor’s inspection: theory and practice of conducting at the present stage in special conditions: monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2025. – P. 218.

OPERATIVE SEARCH ACTIVITIES
DERYABKIN Alexey Alexandrovich
lecturer of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SEARCH FOR MISSING PERSONS
The study is devoted to the analysis of the problem of searching for missing persons as one of the key areas of operational and investigative activities of the internal affairs bodies in the Russian Federation. The article examines the current legal mechanism for searching for missing persons. It also addresses the issue of legislative consolidation of the concepts of “missing person” and “establishing the location”. The author identifies categories of citizens who have gone missing and emphasizes the need to assign responsibility for searching for missing persons not only to the internal affairs bodies, but also to other state executive and administrative authorities.
Keywords: missing person, search for persons, location, crime report, incident report, termination of the search.
Article References
1. Buryakov E. V. On the Concept of a Missing Person: Theoretical and Practical Issues // Operational-Investigative Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – pp. 7-11. – EDN LUZAAR.
2. Gigevich A. I. Concept and Content of the Term “Missing Person” // Issues of Criminology, Forensic Science, and Forensic Examination. – 2019. – No. 1 (45). – pp. 116-121. – EDN IXRBKR.
3. Andrushonok N. A. The concept of a missing person // All-Russian Legal Forum: a collection of articles from the All-Russian Legal Forum, Petrozavodsk, October 26, 2020. – Petrozavodsk: International Center for Scientific Partnership “New Science” (IP Ivanovskaya Irina Igorevna), 2020. – Pp. 148-152. – EDN QYHHJB.
4. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 38, the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation No. 14, the Investigative Committee No. 5 dated January 16, 2015 “On approval of the instructions on the procedure for considering applications, reports of crimes and otherinformation on incidents related to the disappearance of persons.” – [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://mvd.consultant.ru/documents/1053682?items=1&page=1 (date of access: 13.05.2025).

OPERATIVE-SEARCH ACTIVITIES
RYASOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Operational investigative activities and special equipment sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF DETERMINING THE SUBJECT OF DOCUMENTING THE LEGALIZATION OF PROCEEDS FROM CRIME
The article discusses certain aspects of countering the legalization (laundering) of funds or other criminally acquired property. Modern methods of criminal use of virtual assets and cryptocurrencies are analyzed. A legal analysis of the legislation on digital financial assets and the possibilities of operational investigative activities in the fight against the legalization of proceeds from crime is being conducted. The emphasis is on the specifics of documenting the subject of money laundering. Recommendations for identifying the subject of legalization are offered.
Keywords: cryptocurrency, money laundering or other criminally acquired property, virtual assets.
Article References
1. Ryasov A. V., Meshcherin A. I. On measures to combat crimes related to the legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds committed using digital currency // Public Service and Personnel. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 241.
2. Naumenko O. A. Features of the investigation of crimes provided for in Articles 174, 174.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, committed through cryptocurrency transactions // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 138.

SAFETY AND LAW
NIKITINA Angelika Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
COMBATING FRAUD AND PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS AFFECTED BY FRAUD
Fraud remains one of the most serious threats to the citizens and economy of Russia, and this phenomenon continues to gain momentum in various spheres of life. The number of fraud cases is growing every year, both in the offline environment and in the virtual space. The problem is particularly acute in areas such as online commerce, financial transactions, and real estate, where fraudsters use modern technology to commit crimes. With the increasing number of online platforms and the growing popularity of digital services, scammers are becoming more inventive in their methods. Despite the active work of law enforcement agencies, effective anti-fraud measures are still insufficient, and the legal system is not always able to respond promptly and fairly to such crimes.
Keywords: fraud, protection of citizens’ rights, effectiveness of measures, Internet fraud, legal regulation, society, law, protection of citizens’ rights, economic crimes, digital environment
Article References
1. Absatarova V. O. Legal Mechanisms for Combating Fraud by Banks // Science through the Prism of Time. – 2023. – No. 5 (74). – Pp. 25-29.
2. Gaifutdinov R. R. Types of Computer Fraudsters // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 54-58.
3. Gibert I. E., Vostretsov S. V. The problem of development of modern fraud and corresponding methods of combating it // Man. Society. Obshchestvo. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 235-243.
4. Glukhov S. S. Issues of combating crime in the sphere of fraud using cellular communications and mass media // Human Progress. – 2024. – Vol. 10. No. 6. – DOI 10.46320/2073-4506-2024-6a-31.
5. Gomanova O. A., Ivanov S. A. Telephone fraud as a complex social problem // Sociology and Law. – 2024. – Vol. 16. No. 1. – P. 38-47. – DOI 10.35854/2219-6242-2024-1-38-47.
6. Danilova E. P., Portnyaga E. M. Financial fraud in the modern world // Siberian Socium. – 2023. – Vol. 7. No. 2 (24). – P. 67-97. – DOI 10.21684/2587-8484-2023-7-2-67-97.
7. Ikonnikov V. V., Potaptseva A. M., Lyalkova E. E. Fraud as a problem of digitalization of the financial sector (digital payments) // Economic sciences. – 2024. – No. 236. – P. 332-341. – DOI 10.14451/1.236.332.
8. Kopylov V. V., Subbotin A. A. Problems and Prospects in Organizing the Fight against Mobile Fraud in Russia // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 75-78. – DOI 10.24412/2414-3995-2024-2-75-78.
9. Nikitina A. A., Loginova S. L. Information Confrontation between Russia and the USA // Information Wars. – 2024. – No. 3 (71). – P. 2-6.
10. Pervun O. E. Mechanism of Using Artof cognitive intelligence in the fight against financial fraud in the R programming environment // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University. – 2024. – No. 1 (83). – P. 172-177. – DOI 10.34771/UZCEPU.2024.83.1.030.
11. Roshchektaeva U. Yu., Antipina M. A. Increasing the financial literacy of the population as a way to combat financial fraud // Business Bulletin of the Entrepreneur. – 2023. – No. 4 (14). – P. 75-77.
12. Sinitsyn A. M., Khisamutdinova E. N., Berdin D. S. Information technologies in the fight against financial fraud // Economy and Management: Problems, Solutions. – 2024. – Vol. 5. No. 3 (144). – P. 61-66. – DOI 10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.03.05.009.
13. Chabukiani O. A., Zorina E. A., Solodovnik V. V. Methods of Combating Cybercrime // Sociology and Law. – 2020. – No. 3 (49). – P. 84-93. – DOI 10.35854/2219-6242-2020-3-84-93.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
ANDRYUKHINA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Public and municipal administration sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
IMPROVING TEACHING METHODS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION
In the article, the author analyzes the possibility of using interactive teaching methods in the educational process, including role-playing games, involving the student\’s immersion in the professional environment of a public authority or local government at an early stage of university studies. By creating conditions for “professionalization of the environment” in the educational process, i.e., “immersion” in future professional activities, students will acquire the solid competencies they need to work in government and local government.
Keywords: interactive teaching methods, role-playing games, public authorities and local governments, professionalization of the environment.
Article bibliography
1. Andryukhina I. Yu., Fedorov A. V. Interactive teaching methods in the study of service law / Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 9 (184). – P. 249-251.
2. Shumskis Yu. G. Approaches to defining the concept of interactive forms of training in the system of secondary vocational education // Bulletin of YuSU. – 2017. – No. 1-1 (44). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/podhody-k-opredeleniyu-ponyatiya-interaktivnyh-form-obucheniya-v-sisteme-srednego-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya (date of access: 03.05.2025).
3. Krylova M. N. Interactive methods in the system of teaching humanitarian disciplines in a technical university // PNiO. – 2016. – No. 4 (22). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interaktivnye-metody-v-sisteme-prepodavaniya-gumanitarnyh-distsiplin-v-tehnicheskom-vuze (Accessed: 03.05.2025).
4. Khainovsky S. E. Interactive teaching methods and their relevance today // Pedagogical journal. – 2022. – Vol. 12. No. 4A. – Pp. 296-304. – DOI: 10.34670/AR.2022.36.62.037.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
BARINOVA Olga Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
LAVRICHENKO Ruslan Konstantinovich
Deputy Head of International police cooperation and combat crime through Interpol sub-faculty of the Training Center for Internal Affairs Officers to Participate in Peacekeeping Missions, All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the MIA of Russia
SAVCHENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
INTERACTIVE AND ACTIVE METHODS USED IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING CADETS AND TRAINES AT UNIVERSITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article examines the significance and specifics of the use of interactive and active teaching methods in the educational process of departmental universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the practical potential of these methods in the formation of professional competencies, the development of critical thinking, analytical abilities, and the psychological readiness of students and trainees for real-world professional activities. The advantages of interactive forms of learning are substantiated. The authors note that, despite the obvious advantages, the implementation and scaling of interactive and active methods is fraught with a number of problems. In conclusion, the authors conclude that interactive and active teaching methods are a powerful tool capable of qualitatively transforming the process of professional training in universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, forming the skills and psychological readiness necessary for practical activities among cadets and trainees. Their systematic implementation and development, despite the existing difficulties, are critically important for reducing the gap between theoretical training and actual professional practice, ensuring a high level of graduates\’ readiness to effectively perform their duties in the face of modern challenges.
Keywords: interactive methods, active methods, training, cadets, universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, professional training, competence approach.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gorshkova O. A. Active teaching methods: forms and purposes of application // Concept. 2017. No. S3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktivnye-metody-obucheniya-formy-i-tseli-primeneniya (date of access: 07/08/2025).
2. Kutepova M. V. Interactive methods for organizing independent work of cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Psychology and pedagogy of service activities. 2021. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/interaktivnye-metody-organizatsii-samostoyatelnoy-raboty-kursantov-i-slushateley-obrazovatelnyh-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 07/08/2025).
3. Maltseva T. V., Mikhailova V. K. Use of active and interactive teaching methods in the educational process of the University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2015. No. 9. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolzovanie-aktivnyh-i-interaktivnyh-metodov-obucheniya-v-obrazovatelnom-protsesse-vuza-mvd-rossii (Accessed: 07/08/2025).
4. Nosova D. Kh. On the Role of Communicative Competence in the Professional Identity of Police Investigators // Science – a Step into the Future: Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Materials of the Annual All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists, Ufa, November 22, 2024. Ufa: RIC UUNiT, 2024. pp. 331-335. – EDN FZUHPQ.
5. Tarchokov B. A., Tarchokova M. A. Application of active and interactive teaching methods in the process of professional training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Journal of Applied Research. 2021. No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenenie-aktivnyh-i-interaktivnyh-metodov-obucheniya-v-protsesse-professionalnoy-podgotovki-slushateley-obrazovatelnyh (date of access: 07/08/2025).

EDAGOGY AND LAW
BEZGACHEV Fyodor Vladimirovich
senior lecturer of Information and legal disciplines and special equipment sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk, lieutenant colonel of police
SHAMSEEVA Gulnara Khamitovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
KARIMOVA Aigul Zagitovna
lecturer of the Dog Handlers Cycle of the Ufa School for the Training of Dog Handlers of the MIA of Russia, major of police
INTERACTIVE METHODS USED IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING THE COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE POLICE OFFICERS
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of improving the quality of professional training of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in the context of modern challenges. The authors note that the traditional lecture-seminar learning model does not fully ensure the formation of the necessary practical skills. In this regard, the introduction and active use of interactive teaching methods is becoming particularly relevant, which make it possible to move from passive learning to active participation in the educational process, modeling real service situations and developing teamwork skills. The article reveals the concept of interactive methods as a system of organizing cognitive activity based on the constant interaction of students with each other, with the teacher and the educational material. The theoretical basis for their application is the provisions of constructivism and the concept of learning through action. The authors note that the legal regulation of the use of interactive methods in the process of forming the competencies of future police officers is carried out at several levels, forming a comprehensive regulatory framework: from federal laws defining the principles of education to specialized departmental acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia specifying the requirements for personnel training.
Keywords: professional training, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, interactive teaching methods, active teaching methods, case method, game design, business games, law enforcement practice.
Article bibliography
1. Zhaparova R. S. Theory of constructivism in modern education // Education and upbringing: methods and practice. – 2014. – No. 17. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/teoriya-konstruktivizma-v-sovremennom-obrazovanii (date accessed: 07/08/2025).
2. Musaeva N. A. Business games technology // Economy and society. – 2022. – No. 5-1 (96). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tehnologiya-delovyh-igr (Accessed: 07/08/2025).
3. Nosova D. Kh. On the Role of Communicative Competence in the Professional Identity of Police Investigators // Science – a Step into the Future: Collection of Scientific Papers Based on the Materials of the Annual All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists, Ufa, November 22, 2024. – Ufa: RIC UUNiT, 2024. – Pp. 331-335.
4. Russkova Yu. N. The Essence and Content of Interactive Learning Technologies as a Means of Developing Professional Competencies in Cadets of Educational Organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Proceedings of the XI International Student Scientific Conference “Student Scientific Forum”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scienceforum.ru/2019/article/2018017605 (date accessed: 07/08/2025).
5. Taruta A. G. Features of conducting inspection measures by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation while serving at a checkpoint // Society. Law. Modernity: Materials of scientific and presentation events. In 2 parts, Krasnoyarsk, May 23-27, 2024. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – Pp. 331-334.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
VOROZHTSOV Alexander Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
BAYRAMOV Sanan Adzhisayatovich
associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
PISAREV Vsevolod Nikolaevich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
CURRENT ISSUES OF FIRE TRAINING FOR CADETS AND STUDENTS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article discusses current issues of improving the fire training of cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The authors focus on key aspects of developing professional competencies in the field of combat weapons shooting, emphasizing the importance of the initial stage of training for the rank and file and the difficulties encountered by the command staff during the transition to modern methods. Special attention is paid to the need to introduce electronic shooting simulators that optimize the learning process, increase its efficiency, and reduce material costs.
Keywords: fire training, innovations, conducting classes, the role of fire training in the Department of Internal Affairs, cadet, police officer, educational organization.
Article bibliography
1. Baluev A.S. Innovative technologies and their application in firearms training at universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Science-2020. – 2022. – No. 2 (56). [Electronic resource 0]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-i-ih-primenenie-v-protsesse-ognevoy-podgotovki-v-vuzah-ministerstva-vnutrennih-del-rossii (Accessed: 23.01.2025).
2. Korsakov Yu. V. Innovative technologies in the process of fire training // Problematic issues of the effectiveness of crime detection and investigation: collection of abstracts and articles of the International scientific and practical conference (Moscow, March 7, 2018). – Volgograd: Periscope-Volga, 2018. – Pp. 125-128.
3. Kolinenko A. D., Ustilovskaya O. V. Motor improvement in fire training // Optimization of the educational and training process in higher education institutions. A Healthy Lifestyle as a Factor in Drug Abuse Prevention: Collection of Abstracts and Articles from the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference (Moscow, May 15, 2021). – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2021. – Pp. 48-52
4. Takov A. Z., Kurmanova M. K. Application of Modern Technologies in Teaching Military Weapons Shooting // Modern Science-Intensive Technologies. – 2020. – No. 11-2. – Pp. 412-416.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
VOSKOBOEV Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Head of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colone of police
MINGAZIZOVA Gulnara Gumyarovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
KRUPIN Vladimir Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
INTERACTIVE AND ACTIVE METHODS USED IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING CADETS AND TRAINES AT UNIVERSITIES OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article is devoted to the critically important problem of personnel training for law enforcement agencies in the context of the ever-increasing challenges of our time, such as new forms of crime, cyber threats and the need for effective interaction with society. Research subject: Analysis and justification of the use of interactive and active teaching methods in the educational process of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Objective: To identify and demonstrate the effectiveness of interactive and active methods as a key tool for improving the quality of training of cadets and trainees, as well as the formation of a set of professionally significant competencies that meet modern operational requirements. The authors note that the normative legal basis for the introduction of interactive technologies into the learning process at the universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is Federal Law No. 273-FZ dated December 29, 2012 “On Education in the Russian Federation”, Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 23, 2006 No. 497 “On the introduction of a System of distance Educational technologies in educational institutions The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”, a document on the organization of personnel training for positions in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated May 5, 2018 No. 275. They also analyze these regulatory legal acts in the context of the introduction of modern educational tools. Special attention is paid to the practical application of the case method and the method of analyzing specific situations, their historical development and influence on the formation of legal thinking, decision-making skills in conditions of uncertainty and the ability to predict the consequences of actions. The study is based on the current regulatory framework governing educational activities in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Keywords: interactive methods, active teaching methods, universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, cadets, trainees, professional training, case method.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Lezhnina N. L. Case method in teaching // Bulletin of the Mari State University. 2009. No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/keys-metod-v-obuchenii (date accessed: 23.06.2025)
2. Nosova D. Kh., Artamonova M. A. Developing the qualities of police officers necessary for the effective prevention of juvenile delinquency // Training of personnel for law enforcement agencies: modern trends and educational technologies: Proceedings of the twenty-eighth All-Russian scientific and methodological conference, Irkutsk, March 1–2, 2023. – Irkutsk: East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2023. – Pp. 45–48. – EDN YCXIXI..
3. Osintseva L. M., Kuznetsova L. V. Model for the formation of universal competencies of police officers through the case method of teaching in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Police activity. 2021. No. 6. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/model-formirovaniya-universalnyh-kompetentsiy-sotrudnikov-politsii-posredstvom-keys-metoda-obucheniya-v-obrazovatelnyh (date of access: 23.06.2025).
4. Razbegaev P. V. Application of gaming technologies in educational activities of organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // MNKO. 2024. No. 2 (105). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenenie-igrovyh-tehnologiy-v-obrazovatelnoy-deyatelnosti-organizatsiy-mvd-rossii (date of access: 23.06.2025).
5. Russkova Yu. N. The essence and content of interactive learning technologies as a means of developing professional competencies in cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Proceedings of the XI International Student Scientific Conference “Student Scientific Forum”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scienceforum.ru/2019/article/2018017605 (date of access: 23.06.2025).
6. Taruta A. G. Application of innovative technologies in maintaining public order during mass events // Law and Power. – 2024. – No. 4. – Pp. 181-186. – EDN GNBASA.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
SAPRONOV Sergey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
KONSTANTINOV Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
DIDORENKO Nikolay Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
THE INFLUENCE AND FEATURES OF THE PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE IN THE PROCESS OF FIRE TRAINING AMONG POLICE OFFICERS
This article discusses the importance of the psychoemotional state of employees in the success of shooting and completing tasks, its impact on confidence, concentration and ability to cope with stress. The development opportunities considered are focused on the most part on the work in the shooting range during shooting training, when the need to use weapons in a practical situation, the employee must first of all know the laws regulating his activities. After all, every police officer may find himself in a situation where he will have to use a firearm, and at that moment, in addition to the criteria we are considering, his emotional and psychological state will depend on his knowledge of the legal framework. This will manifest itself in his confidence in the legality of his actions when using a firearm, allowing him to act swiftly and effectively. Psychological preparation indicates an internal readiness and a favorably influences the perfection of shooting skills.
Keywords: psycho-emotional state, psychology, psychological training, shooting, emotions, stability, police officer, stress tolerance, fire training.
Article bibliography
1. Zhukovsky V., Kovalev S., Petrov I. Psychology of shooting: a tutorial. – Moscow: Gelios, 2005. – 156 p.
2. Tarasov V. A., Timoshenko L. I. On the need to conduct joint practical classes in tactical-special, fire and special physical training // Scientific and methodological problems of training instructors and pedagogical personnel in combat and physical training for internal affairs agencies: a collection of materials from the VI interuniversity scientific and practical conference. – Stavropol, St. Petersburg: Grafa, 2013. – pp. 238-240.
3. Piskunova A. V. Basics of psychological influence when firing from service weapons by internal affairs officers // Quantum. – 2017. – No. 16. – pp. 291-296.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
SERKEROV Samur Elmirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
MARIANOV Alikhan Abdulaevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, branch in Izberbash; associate professor of Legal disciplines sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
KUKHMAZOV Namik Kuhmazovich
postgraduate student of Legal disciplines and teaching methods sub-faculty, Rasul Gamzatov Dagestan State Pedagogical University
COMBATING CORRUPTION IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: MODERN APPROACHES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
This article examines current problems of anti-corruption efforts in the educational sphere of the Russian Federation. The theoretical approaches to defining corruption in education are analyzed, the main forms of corrupt practices are systematized, and existing counteraction mechanisms are investigated. Special attention is paid to innovative approaches and digital technologies as tools for reducing corruption risks. Practical recommendations for improving the system of anti-corruption measures in educational organizations are proposed.
Keywords: corruption in education, anti-corruption policy, educational environment, corruption counteraction.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Andreeva L. M. Digital technologies in combating corruption // Information law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 23-31.
2. Volkov A. N. Typology of Corrupt Practices in the Education System // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 112-128.
3. Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. Statistical data on the state of crime. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://genproc.gov.ru/stat/ (date of access: 15.10.2023).
4. Ivanov S. V. Corruption-generating factors in the field of education // Administrative law and process. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 34-41.
5. Krasnova N. P. Legal mech.Anti-corruption measures in education // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 67-79.
6. Kuzminov Ya. I. Corruption in education: a systems analysis // Voprosy obrazovaniya. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 15-32.
7. Mikhailova E. A. Factors of corruption in the educational environment: an empirical study // Sociological journal. – 2023. – Vol. 29. No. 1. – P. 89-107.
8. Petrov V. A. Modern problems of corruption in Russian education // Education and Law. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 45-58.
9. Sidorova I. V. Informal practices in the educational environment: a sociological analysis // Sociological research. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 78-89.
10. Fedorov O. K. Institutional Foundations of Anti-Corruption Policy in Education // State and Law. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 45-56.
11. Lim C. Singapore’s Approach to Educational Integrity // Asian Education Review. – 2022. – Vol. 8. No. 4. – P. 156-172.
12. Lundberg H. Anti-corruption Strategies in Nordic Education Systems // Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. – 2023. – Vol. 67. No. 3. – P. 234-251.
13. Smith J., Johnson M. Corruption in Education: International Perspectives // Journal of Educational Policy. – 2023. – Vol. 15. No. 2. – P. 123-145.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
TRUNOV Igor Leonidovich
Ph.D. in Law, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the Department of Law Problems, Member of the Bureau of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, President of the Union of Lawyers of Russia, Chairman of the Committee on Science of the International Congress of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs
TRUNOVA Anastasiya Igorevna
Advisor to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, lawyer, competitor of Ph.D. of the Postgraduate Studies, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
TRUNOVA Kseniya Igorevna
Advisor to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, lawyer, competitor of Ph.D. of the Postgraduate Studies, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
INTELLECTUAL REPATRIATION OF SCIENTISTS AND HIGHLY QUALIFIED SPECIALISTS AS A TOOL FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
The article provides a comparative analysis of national intellectual repatriation programs in various countries (China, South Korea, Brazil, Poland, and others). The author identifies the strengths and weaknesses of foreign models and assess the applicability of their elements in the Russian context. The necessity of developing a national strategy aimed at integrating science and business, supporting research schools, and creating conditions for the return of emigrated specialists is emphasized. The article concludes that international experience can serve as a foundation for shaping Russia’s intellectual repatriation policy to strengthen its scientific and technological potential.
Keywords: Innovative development, “brain drain,” highly qualified specialists, personnel shortage, demographic funnel, artificial intelligence, nationalization of science, national program of intellectual repatriation, state committee on science and technology, scientific and technical policy, interaction between business and science.
Article bibliography
1. Mitin D. N. Intellectual Migration: Essence, Consequences, and Solutions // Bulletin of RUDN University, Political Science Series. – 2021. – No. 1.
2. Trunov I. L. Scientific Journal // Bulletin of Education and Development of Science of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 39-46.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
YUSUPOVA Olga Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk
PROBLEMS OF EDUCATING POLICE OFFICERS TO USE FIREARM EFFECTIVELY
The article is devoted to the issues of the use of firearms by police officers. It analyzes various aspects that affect the readiness of a police officer to perform their duties with a weapon. The article analyzes the regulatory documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation that regulate the organization of fire training in police departments. It examines the factors of insufficient fire training and the reasons for this. The article proposes solutions to these problems aimed at improving the professional training of police officers and reducing the number of cases of illegal use of weapons. The article also emphasizes the need to improve the methods of training police officers for their service.
Keywords: firearms, police officers, lawful use of weapons, pre-service training, fire training, and safe handling of weapons.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kobozev A. A., Korobov V. B. Legislative regulationthe use of firearms by police officers: problems and solutions // Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute of Advanced Training of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (69). – P. 34-41. doi: 10.29039/2312-7937-2024-1-34-41
2. Kalashnikova E. Yu. Problems of legal regulation of firearms by employees of internal affairs bodies // Current research. – 2024. – No. 4 (186). – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://apni.ru/article/8288-problemi-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-primeneniya?ysclid=meqrtvcfro608180016 (Accessed: 25.08.2025).
3. Tokarchuk R. E., Milyukov S. F. Administrative and legal problems of the use of firearms by police officers to ensure road safety // Scientific notes of the V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Legal sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 6 (72). No. 2. – P. 301-310.
4. Milyukov S. F., Nikulenko A. V. Deviant behavior of employees of internal affairs bodies: an experience of dialectical assessment // Russian deviantological journal. – 2021. – No. 1 (1). – P. 151-163. doi: 10.35750/2713-0622-2021-1-151-163. (Accessed: 25.08.2025).
5. Sheludko V. O. Use of firearms by police officers and the principle of legal certainty // E-Scio. – 2021. – No. 12 (63). — [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/primenenie-sotrudnikami-politsii-ognestrelnogo-oruzhiya-i-printsip-pravovoy-opredelennosti (date of access: 08/25/2025).

Psychology and Law
RAZINKOVA Oksana Igorevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT); Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Sciences of Pedagogical Education
ZAITSEV Edgard Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Far Eastern Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk; Head of the educational licensed site, clinical and family psychologist
ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ONLINE PROGRAM “PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL AND CIVILIANS LOCATED IN THE ZONE OF A SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION” (BASED ON THE METHOD OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST E. ZAITSEV)
The article considers the urgent problem of psychological support of participants of special military operations (SMO), members of their families and civilians who found themselves in the combat zone. The need for a systemic approach to providing assistance to this category of citizens is emphasized, given the high risks of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and social maladjustment. The author\’s online program of clinical psychologist E. Zaitsev is presented, including diagnostics, meditative and psychocorrectional practices, educational modules and special cases for military personnel, wives, mothers, children and teenagers. The comprehensiveness and accessibility of the program, its focus on restoring psychoemotional balance, strengthening family ties, and preventing psychosomatic disorders are noted.
Keywords: psychological assistance, rehabilitation, military personnel, family, special military operation, online program, combat stress.
Bibliography
1. Vasilyuk, F. E., Psychology of Experience (Analysis of Overcoming Critical Situations). Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1984. 200 p.
2. Worden, J. V., Grief Counseling and Therapy. St. Petersburg: Rech, 2008. 304 p.
3. Gnezdilov, A. V., Psychology and Psychotherapy of Loss. A Handbook of Palliative Medicine for Physicians, Psychologists, and Anyone Interested in the Problem. – St. Petersburg: Rech Publishing House, 2007. – 162 p.
4. Zaitsev E. A. Psychological rehabilitation of military personnel and civilians located in the SVO zone. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://zaytsev-psy.ru (date of access: 10.04.2024).
5. Kadyrov R. V. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the state of the problem, psychodiagnostics and psychological assistance: a textbook. – St. Petersburg: Rech, 2012. – 448 p.
6. Karayani A. G., Karayani Yu. M. Psychological consequences of war and socio-psychological readaptation of combatants // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Psychology”. – 2014. – Vol. 7. No. 4. – Pp. 59-66.
7. Karayani A. G. Psychology of Combat Stress and Stress Management: Textbook for Universities / 2nd ed. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 145 p.
8. Malkina-Pykh I. G. Extreme Situations. Psychological Assistance and Rehabilitation of Victims. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2005. – 960 p.

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW
SEROSTANOVA Natalya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Russian and foreign languages sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
BILALOVA Larisa Nikolaevna
lecturer of Linguistics and foreign languages sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
SHEVCHENKO IGOR Anatoljevich
lecturer of Fire preparation sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ANALYSIS OF THE THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE POLICE OFFICERS
The article examines the relevance and importance of the formation of communicative competence among future police officers in the context of modern requirements for law enforcement activities. Theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of communicative competence, its structure and components are analyzed. The authors analyze the legal regulation of professional communication between police officers. Special attention is paid to the standards set out in the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 06.26.2020 No. 460 (ed. dated 02/05/2023) “On the approval of the Code of Ethics and Official Conduct of Employees of the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation.” Pedagogical conditions and methods that promote the development of communication skills among cadets and students of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, including interactive forms of education, psychological trainings and practice-oriented simulations, are proposed and substantiated. It is concluded that it is necessary to integrate a comprehensive program for the development of communicative competence into the educational process in order to enhance the professionalism and public legitimacy of law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: communicative competence, future police officers, law enforcement, professional training, pedagogical conditions, legal regulation of communicative competence.
Bibliographic list
1. Dubakov A. V. Content, structure, and essence of communicative competence of future teachers // III All-Russian scientific and practical Internet conference “Innovative directions in pedagogical education” with international participation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://econf.rae.ru/article/5245 (date of access: 07/24/2025).
2. Zhukov Yu. M., Petrovskaya L. A., Solovieva O. V. Diagnostics and development of competence in communication: special practical training on social psychology. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1990. – 104 p.
3. Zolotareva T. A. The concept of communicative competence in the system of psychological and pedagogical knowledge // Psychology and pedagogy: methods and problems of practical application. – 2010. – No. 11-3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-kommunikativnaya-kompetentnost-v-sisteme-psihologo-pedagogicheskogo-znaniya (date of access: 07/24/2025).
4. Mardakhaev L. V. Social pedagogy. – M.: Gardariki, 2005. – 269 p.
5. Nosova D.Kh. On the role of communicative competence in the professional identity of police investigators // Science – a step into the future: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the annual All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists, Ufa, November 22, 2024. – Ufa: RIC UUNiT, 2024. – P. 331-335.

STATE AND LAW
ARSENJEVA Galina Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of State and Legal Disciplines and International Law Sub-faculty, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
KHRAMOVA Irina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law and legal regulation of innovative activities sub-faculty, V. N. Tatishchev Astrakhan State University
REGULATORY ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL CATEGORY OF FREE LEGAL AID AS A PUBLIC-LAW FUNCTION OF A LAWYER
This article analyzes the regulatory aspects of providing free legal aid and describes the legal documents establishing the specifics of providing free legal aid at both the federal and regional levels. The publication focuses on demonstrating the public-law nature of the provision of free legal aid by lawyers, including those operating within the private-law system. The role of the bar in the provision of free legal aid is defined and the fulfillment of the lawyer\’s public-law function in this process is demonstrated. The article emphasizes that the nature of free legal assistance provided by a lawyer may have different legal specifics.
Keywords: free legal assistance, lawyer, legal regulation, public-law function of lawyer.
Bibliographic list
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date of access: 22.09.2025).
2. Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 14.11.2002 No. 138-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2002. – No. 46. – Art. 4532.
3. Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation of 08.03.2015 No. 21-FZ (as amended on 07.07.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2015. – No. 10. – Art. 1391.
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 4921.
5. Federal Law of 21.11.2011 No. 324-FZ “On Free Legal Aid in the Russian Federation” (as amended on 31.07.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2011. – No. 48. – Art. 6725.
6. Law of the Astrakhan Region of 02.10.2012 No. 62/2012-OZ “On Certain Issues of Legal Regulation of the Provision of Free Legal Aid in the Astrakhan Region” (as amended on 29.08.2025). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/453121600 (accessed: 22.09.2025).
7. Law of the Moscow Region of July 27, 2013 No. 97/2013-OZ “On the Provision of Free Legal Aid in the Moscow Region” (as amended on July 4, 2025) // Daily News. Moscow Region. – No. 144. – 2013.
8. Law of the City of Moscow of October 4, 2006 No. 49 “On the Provision of Free Legal Aid by Lawyers to Citizens of the Russian Federation in the City of Moscow” (as amended on March 27, 2024) // Vedomosti of the Moscow City Duma. – 2006. – No. 10. – Art. 240.
9. Law of St. Petersburg of 11.10.2012 No. 474-80 “On Free Legal Aid in St. Petersburg” (as amended on 28.05.2025) // Bulletin of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg. – 2012. – No. 31.
10. Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 28.03.2024 No. 772-O. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 22.09.2025).
11. Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 28.09.2023 No. 2223-O. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 09/22/2025).
12. Gavrilova D. D. ProvisionFree legal aid and lawyers’ remuneration: problems and solutions // Protection and defense of rights and legitimate interests in modern law. Collection of articles based on the results of the II International scientific and practical conference. In 2 volumes. Comp. I. V. Khmil, edited by S. A. Trofimov, E. V. Evsikova. – Simferopol, 2023. – Pp. 291-297.
13. Kiselev P. P., Rakhmatullin S. V. Free legal aid as a public function assigned by the state to the bar // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2021. – No. 8. – Pp. 86-91.
14. Turanin V. Yu., Pogorelov D. V., Polskaya V. A. Free legal aid: the system needs improvement (using criminal proceedings as an example) // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Legal Sciences. – 2022. – No. 3 (47). – P. 70-84.

STATE AND LAW
ANTROPTSEV Oleg Konstantinovich
scientific researcher, Institute of Public Law and Administration, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
MODERN INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES IN COUNTERING THE LAUNDERING (LEGALIZATION) OF PROCEEDS FROM CRIME AND THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM
The article pays attention to the presence of such challenges that countries have faced in the field of AML/CFT, such as the introduction of sanctions against individual states and the development of digital technologies. The author concludes that the sanctions imposed on Russia have an adverse effect on international cooperation in the field of AML/CFT as a problem that can only be resolved at the global level. The research also pays attention to the fact that it is impossible to fully comply with FATF recommendations related to the use of digital assets, the rules of national legislations in the field of AML/CFT in full at the present stage without the development of new digital products, the development of new solutions by the international community.
Keywords: anti-money laundering, sanctions, sanctions compliance, FATF, digital assets.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Deputy head of Rosfinmonitoring – RBC: “criminals do not comply with sanctions” // Rosfinmonitoring. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fedsfm.ru/releases/7185 (date accessed: 01.03.2025).
2. Kinsburgskaya V. A. Features of the implementation of activities by credit institutions in the field of AML/CFT/CFMD under the conditions of applying sanctions and counter-sanctions // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 9. – P. 49-56.
3. RossiyskThe delegation took part in the FinTech seminar, which was held in China // Rosfinmonitoring. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fedsfm.ru/releases/7128 (date of access: 01.03.2025).
4. Anti-money Laundering and International Sanctions Guidance for Coverholders // Lloyds. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://assets.lloyds.com/assets/pdf-anti-money-laundering-and-international-sanctions/1/Anti-money-laundering-and-international-sanctions.pdf (date of access: 01.03.2024).
5. Public Statement – Mitigating Risks from Virtual Assets // FATF-GAFI. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Regulation-virtual-assets-interpretive-note.html (Accessed: 01.03.2025).
6. Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers. Updated Guidance For a Risk-Based Approach. 2021. // FATF-GAFI. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Guidance-rba-virtual-assets-2021.html (Accessed: 01.03.2025).
7. Virtual Currencies Key Definitions and Potential AML/CFT Risks. FATF Report. 2014. // FATF-GAFI. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Methodsandtrends/Virtual-currency-definitions-aml-cft-risk.html (Accessed: 01.03.2025).

STATE AND LAW
DANILOVA Valeriya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
AXIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE INCLUSIVE LEGAL SPACE OF WESTERN SOCIETY
The article analyzes approaches to the formation of an inclusive legal space in Western society. Using a general scientific and formal legal methodology, the author analyzes the strategy of legitimizing same-sex sexual communication, mediating the transformation of not only the right space, but also the mental perception of changes in the socio-spiritual space, suggesting that the active inclusion of same-sex communication in a strategically significant sphere of society is not limited to issues of equal rights of all participants in these relationships. The modification of the value-worldview architecture of society opens up space for the formation of a new model of communication, thereby displacing the usual model of social interaction, relevantly changing the landscape of the spiritual, moral, and socio-cultural space.
Keywords: axiological determinants, legal space, same-sex sexual orientation, legitimation of same-sex unions.
Article bibliography
1. Eremyan V. V., Eremyan E. V. Crisis of the “Western” Model of Democracy as a Factor of Regression and Degradation of Social Relations (Part I) // Legal Policy and Legal Life. – 2024. – No. 2.
2. Eremyan V. V., Eremyan E. V. Crisis of the “Western” Model of Democracy as a Factor of Regression and Degradation of Social Relations (Part II) // Legal Policy and Legal Life. – 2024. – No. 3.
3. D’amico M, Nardocci C. Homosexuality and Human Rights After Oliari v. Italy. In: Boele-Woelki K, Fuchs A, eds. Same-Sex Relationships and Beyond: Gender Matters in the EU. European Family Law. Intersentia; 2017.
4. Wintemute R. European Law Against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation. In: Boele-Woelki K, Fuchs A, eds. Same-Sex Relationships and Beyond: Gender Matters in the EU. European Family Law. Intersentia; 2017.
5. Kraljić S. Same-Sex Partnerships in Eastern Europe: Marriage, Registration or No Regulation? In: Boele-Woelki K, Fuchs A, eds. Same-Sex Relationships and Beyond: Gender Matters in the EU. European Family Law. Intersentia; 2017.

STATE AND LAW
KOSHELEV Mikhail Sergeevich
associate professor of Civil and criminal law and process sub-faculty, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Law, Chita Institute (branch), Baikal State University
ABZALOV Eduard Ildarovich
magister student, Transbaikal State University, Chita; independent researcher
THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN TRENDS IN THE MIGRATION SITUATION ON THE FORMATION OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATING MIGRATION IN RUSSIA
Russia is working to improve the effectiveness of migration legislation and its compliance with international standards, as can be seen in the example of simplifying the procedure for entry into and exit from the Russian Federation for foreign citizens and stateless persons. However, it is worth noting the trends in the development of migration legislation in Russia, taking into account the change in the migration situation due to various external and internal factors. The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of migration legislation with the definition of prospects for its further development. The conclusion is based on the need to improve migration legislation to prevent illegal migration and develop a comprehensive program for the socio-cultural adaptation of migrants.
Keywords: migration policy, foreign citizen, migration legislation, migrants, labor, trends.
Article bibliography
1. Semenova, A. V., “The Current State of Migration Security in the Russian Federation,” in Administrative Law and Process. – 2016. – No.2.
2. Dikhtemirov M. S. Migration processes in Russia and the world during the pandemic // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University. – 2021. – No. 1.
3. Kapinus O. S. Counteracting illegal migration as a threat to Russia’s national security // Migration law. – 2016. – No. 1.
4. Chimarov S. Yu. Online radicalization as a social phenomenon of a criminal emergency and some ways to combat extremism // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2024. – No. 4.
5. Kozlov V. F. Consolidation of national legislation in the field of counteracting illegal migration // Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 3.
6. Volokh V. A. Forced Migration in Europe: Status, Problems, and Ways to Optimize Management and Migration Legislation in Russia // Vlast. – 2016. – No. 1.

STATE AND LAW
MURAEVA Valeriya Viktorovna
Postgraduate Student, Moscow City Pedagogical University
THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION IN LAW PRACTICE
In the specialized literature, there are various approaches to understanding the specific principles of judicial interpretation. The named principles of interpretative activity reveal the features of the process of judicial interpretation, which have both practical and cognitive significance. Theoretical understanding of the principles of interpretation of the law applied by judges forms an idea of the trends in judicial practice. Generalization of the principles, methodology, and process of judicial interpretation, in turn, qualitatively changes the doctrinal level of knowledge in this area. These circumstances served as a reason to turn to the study of the content, role, and significance of specific principles of judicial interpretation for the interpretative activity of judges.
Keywords: principles of judicial interpretation, specific principles of judicial interpretation, specific principles of judicial interpretation, principles of law enforcement.
Bibliography
1. Bydlinski, F., “Basic Provisions of the Doctrine of Legal Method (translated from German)” // Bulletin of Civil Law. 2006. No. 1, 2. 2007. No. 1.
2. Vas’kovsky, E. V., “Civilistic Methodology. The Doctrine of Interpretation and Application of Civil Laws.” M.: JSC “Center YurInfoR”, 2002.
3. Vlasenko N. A. Categories of “uncertainty” and “certainty” in the study of modern law // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2017. No. 1 (37).
4. Guk P. A. Judicial interpretation of legal norms // Journal of Russian Law. 2016. No. 8.
5. Malyutin N. S. Judicial interpretation of normative legal acts in the Russian Federation. M.: Yurlitinform, 2018.
6. Pushkina A. A. Value interpretation: the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Journal of Russian Law. 2022. No. 5.
7. Timoshina E. V. Methodology of judicial interpretation: genesis and evolution of the realistic approach // Law and Politics. 2017. No. 12.

STATE AND LAW
SHENSHIN Viktor Mikhaylovich
associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General E. N. Zinichev St. Petersburg State Fire Service University of the EMERCOM of Russia
THE IMPROVEMENT OF LEGISLATION REGULATING THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE COUNTER-TERRORISM OPERATION IS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT OF LAWMAKING
Ensuring the legal regime of the counter-terrorism operation in the modern formation remains one of the most pressing issues in the context of the current threats related to terrorism. Every year, States face new challenges related to terrorist activities, which requires adequate and effective legal solutions. The relevance of this study is due to both the high level of terrorist activity and the need to develop an integrated approach to the legal regulation of the prevention and elimination of such threats. Effective legal support for the conduct of a counter-terrorism operation is an important condition for strengthening the security of the state and protecting the rights of its citizens.
Keywords: legal regime of the counter-terrorism operation, ensuring public safety, terrorism.
Article bibliography
1. Kireev M. P., Belyaev A. A. Counter-terrorism operation, its legal regime: theoretical and legal aspect // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 3 (43). – P. 36-41.
2. Metelkov, A. N. On the relationship between the concepts of “combating terrorism” and “minimizing and (or) eliminating manifestations of terrorism” in the fight against nuclear terrorism // Law. Security. Emergencies. – 2021. – No. 4 (53). – P. 25-37. – EDN PCHSBK.
3. Nazarova I. S. Disobedience to lawful rorder of an official of the troops of the National Guard of the Russian Federation as an offense that infringes on the foundations of governance in the state, law and order and public safety // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2021. – No. 4 (285). – Pp. 79-85. – EDN NFLCRC.
4. Kozlov A. V. On the issue of accreditation of media representatives in the context of counter-terrorism operations in the Kursk, Bryansk and Belgorod regions // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2024. – No. 11. – Pp. 303-306. – EDN NOKBLB.
5. Bondurovsky V. V., Pospelov S. V. Measures to counter challenges and threats to collective security: main results of the November (2023) session of the Collective Security Council of the Collective Security Treaty Organization // Law. Security. Emergencies. – 2024. – No. 1 (62). – Pp. 34-41. – DOI 10.61260/2074-1626-2024-1-34-41. – EDN AMXXIV.
6. Kolesnik A. A. On the priority areas and tasks of model lawmaking in the Collective Security Treaty Organization for 2025 – 2030 // Law. Security. Emergencies. – 2024. – No. 3 (64). – Pp. 30-38. – DOI 10.61260/2074-1626-2024-3-30-38. – EDN AGACAG.

HUMAN RIGHTS
TAGAEV Andrey Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, specialization of public law (public law) sciences, Department of Public Law Sciences, Moscow City Pedagogical University
SOCIAL SUPPORT MEASURES FOR SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION PARTICIPANTS DURING ENFORCEMENT PROCEEDINGS
The article reveals measures of social support for participants of the special military operation, provided by the state for individuals who are debtors within the framework of enforcement proceedings. The field of enforcement proceedings grants participants in the special military operation a fairly broad range of social support measures for the period of fulfilling their civic duty while on the front lines. The legislation establishes the minimum requirements for the procedure for formalizing support measures, identifies the circle of persons to whom these measures may apply, and time periods for their consideration by officials of the enforcement authority. Additionally, this article defines the circle of persons in relation to whom measures of suspension and termination of enforcement proceedings cannot be applied.
Keywords: social support measures, suspension and cessation of enforcement proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Nestereko A. I. Organizational aspects of the implementation of social support measures for participants in a special military operation and their family members // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2023. – No. 104-3. – P. 127-130.
2. Zimenko A. A., Elmurzaev A. V., Menshikov D. A. Current issues of legal regulation of military service safety in the executive bodies of the Russian Federation // Law. Security. Emergencies. – 2021. – No. 1 (50). – P. 49-53. – EDN DDNHKM.
3. Vinokurov V., Gavrilenko V., Shenshin V. Administrative Offense Proceedings and Pre-Trial Dispute Resolution in the BRICS Countries // BRICS Law Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 9. No. 1. – P. 35-61. – DOI 10.21684/2412-2343-2022-9-1-35-61. – EDN LFJJYR.
4. Grigonis V. P., Nosov N. V., Zubarev N. V. Powers of military personnel and employees of the National Guard of the Russian Federation during a state of emergency // Law in the Armed Forces – Military Legal Review. – 2022. – No. 7 (300). – Pp. 64-71. – EDN HZBXYD.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
AMELICHKIN Artem Valerjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Social and cultural activities and pedagogy sub-faculty, Orel State Institute of Culture
TERRITORIAL BRANDING AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IN THE REGION
The article considers territorial branding as a tool for the development of tourism and hospitality in the region. The application of modern territorial brand strategies is aimed at socio-economic development and the formation of a positive image of the Orel region. The promotion of territorial brands should be carried out, focusing on those aspects of the tourism potential that are most interesting to potential and real tourists of the region. As part of the study, the concept of territorial branding was characterized, the tourist infrastructure and key brands of the Orel region were studied. The author defines the components necessary for the further expansion of the tourism industry of the Orel region through the tools of forming the brand of the territory, it is established that the branding strategy should be based on a specific integrated approach to positioning.
Keywords: brand, branding, territorial branding, tourism, hospitality, Orel region.
Article bibliography
1. Abakumov S. N., Abakumova V. A. Tourist cluster of the Oryol region as a tool for including cultural heritage sites in the tourist space // Scientific notes (Altai State Academy of Culture and Arts). – 2019. – No. 2 (20). – Pp. 6-11.
2. Bakina V. V. Territory branding as a tool for developing the tourism and hospitality sector: the example of the Oryol region // Scientific notes of the Orel State Institute of Economics. – 2021. – No. 4 (40). – Pp. 59-63.
3. Large-scale construction of the Sudbishchenskaya battle memorial complex will begin only in 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://oreltimes.ru/news/obshhestvo/k-masshtabnomu-stroitelstvu-memorialnogo-kompleksa-sudbishhenskaja-bitva-pristupjat-tolko-v-2025-godu/ (date of access: 18.04.2025).
4. Matveev V. V., Annenkova A. A., Semenova E. E. Trends in the development of domestic tourism in the Oryol region // Economic and humanitarian sciences. – 2024. – No. 12 (395). – P. 50-60.
5. Sazonova V. A. Cultural project as a tool of the marketing strategy of a museum brand // Education and cultural space. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 85-90.
6. Semenova E. A., Svyatokha N. Yu., Filimonova I. Yu. Geographical analysis of territorial brands of Russia // Geopolitics and ecogeodynamics of regions. – 2023. – Vol. 9 (19). Issue. 2. – P. 184-199.
7. System of tourist information exchange. Main territorial brands. Oryol region. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nbcrs.org/regions/orlovskaya-oblast/brendy-territorii (date of access: 15.04.2025).
8. The tourist potential of the Oryol region will be realized with the participation of business. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mk-orel.ru/social/2025/02/11/turisticheskiy-potencial-orlovskoy-oblasti-budut-realizovyvat-s-uchastiem-biznesa.html (date of access: 15.04.2025).
9. Filonov G. A., Guseva E. S. Oryol region – the small homeland of great Russia // Territory of science. – 2015. – No. 2. – Pp. 15-22.
10. Yakovenko N. V., Shirokova E. M. Formation of the brand of the Oryol region based on the historical and cultural heritage // Problems of regional ecology. – 2020. – No. 4. – Pp. 71-76.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ZHIVODROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Management and public administration sub-faculty, Penza State University
GALKINA Ekaterina Ilyinichna
student of the bachelor\’s degree of the 2nd course of the 03/38/06 “Trade”, Penza State University; independent researcher
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION VS. DIGITAL DIVIDE: HOW TO ENSURE INCLUSION
The article is devoted to the study of the urgent problem of overcoming digital inequality among Russian citizens in the process of digital transformation. Based on the analysis of the content and results of the implementation of Presidential Decrees No. 474 “On the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation until 2030” and No. 309 “On the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the future up to 2036”, the problems of digital inequality in Russia have been identified and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the most vulnerable categories of citizens: older people, people with disabilities, and rural residents. The effects of the digital divide are also being analyzed, from social exclusion to threats to national security. Special emphasis is placed on the need to combine technological solutions with the social adaptation of digital services for various categories of users.
Keywords: digital inequality, digital transformation, media literacy, digital services, digital maturity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. In Russia, there are 35 million citizens over working age. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/1020716 (date of access: 30.04.2025).
2. All-Russian vote for connection to the mobile Internet. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gosuslugi.ru/inet (date of access: 03.05.2025).
3. Glukhova Z. V., Ivelskaya N. G. Organizational and legal aspects of the implementation of information and communication technologies in the public administration system // Modern trends in management, economics and finance in the era of digitalization: a collection of articles based on the results of the XIX All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, master’s students, and postgraduate students with international participation. – Chelyabinsk: Pero, 2023. – Pp. 164-168.
4. The State Duma adopted in the first reading the United Russia bill on increasing the accessibility of government agency websites for people with disabilities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://er.ru/activity/news/gosduma-prinyala-v-pervom-chtenii-zakonoproekt-edinoj-rossii-o-povyshenii-dostupnosti-sajtov-gosorganov-dlya-lyudej-s-invalidnostyu (date of access: 02.05.2025).
5. Zhivodrova N. A., Krylova K. V. Anti-corruption in the context of digitalization // Law and digital technologies: collection of articles from the International scientific and practical conference, Novopolotsk, November 25, 2022. – Novopolotsk: Educational institution “Polotsk state university named after Euphrosyne of Polotsk” = Educational establishment “Polotsk state university named after Euphrosyne of Polotsk”, 2023. – P. 109-112.
6. National development goal “Digital transformation”. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://digital.gov.ru/target/naczionalnaya-czel-razvitiya-czifrovaya-transformacziya (Accessed: 30.04.2025).
7. Sber “Future 2035+”. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ONXChd6_OE6jAvwfAJysV5Mk9-DLUV_4/view?pli=1 (Accessed: 30.04.2025).

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KADYROVA Elmira Yarulovna
competitor, State University of Management, Moscow
ZAITSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director of the Center for Technology Management in Bioengineering Research Institute of State Policy and Management of the Sectoral Economy, Professor of the Department of Banking and Entrepreneurship, State University of Management, Moscow
NIKOLAENKO Andrey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Chief Researcher, FSBI “Analytical Center”, Moscow
THE ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT OF “INDUSTRIAL POLICY”: AN ANALY-SIS OF EXISTING APPROACHES
The article distinguishes the concepts of “industrial policy” and “state regulation of industry”. It has been established that industrial policy is a strategic concept, and state reg-ulation of industry is a tactical tool for the implementation of industrial policy. The definitions of the purpose, objectives, object and subject of industrial policy are presented; these concepts determine the orientation, content and boundaries of this policy. A classification of types of industrial policy is proposed based on criteria such as: degree of government influence, object of influence, type of strategy, duration, functional direction, role in changing the structure of industry, goals, and scale.
Keywords: industry, industrial policy, state regulation of industry.
Article bibliography
1. Laipanov A. I. Development of Industrial Policy Management Tools of an Enterprise: Dis. … Cand. Sciences (Econ.): 5.2.3. – Stavropol: North Caucasus Federal University, 2024. – 263 p.
2. Dashkevich A. V. Industrial Policy: Types, Goals, Forms of Construction // Strategy and Tactics of Development of Production and Economic Systems: Collection of Scientific Works / Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus; Ed. by V. V. Kiriyenko. – Gomel: GGTU im. P. O. Sukhoi, 2017. – P. 32-35.
3. Golodnyuk R. A. Formation and implementation of industrial policy in the context of reindustrialization of the economy: dis. … Cand. Sciences (Econ.): 08.00.05. – Donetsk: Institute of Economic Research, 2021. – 236 p.
4. Gulin K. A., Ermolov A. P. National industrial policy of Russia within the framework of the neo-industrial vector of development: conceptual approaches // Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. – 2015. – No. 6. – P. 58-77.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
PETROV Mikhail Borisovich
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor, Head of the Productive Forces Development and Placement Center, Institute of Economics, Ural branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
CHUMLYAKOV Kirill Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in Engineering, associate professor of Transport and technological systems sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
IGNATYUK Yuliya Leonidovna
Ph.D., associate professor of Intelligent systems and technologies sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS PROJECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN WESTERN SIBERIA
The article is devoted to the research of Russia\’s involvement in global integration processes in the context of expanding interstate transport cooperation and realizing the national transit potential. A general analysis of the infrastructure development of a macro-region with a high supply of natural resources – Western Siberia – is carried out. Large promising transport and logistics projects of international importance are considered in order to understand the territorial differentiation of transport flows and determine the regional potential for further internationalization of the links of the macro-region’s transport infrastructure.
Keywords: global development projects, economic integration, international transport infrastructure, international transport corridors, Western Siberia.
Article bibliography
1. Gubarkov A. A., Okunev S. N., Leskovskiy N. M. Engineering and geological surveys of the Polunochnoye-Obskaya railway // Sergeev readings: Anniversary conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Academician E. M. Sergeev / Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Problems of Geoecology, Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, IGE RAS. – V. 16. – Moscow: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 2014. – P. 254-258.
2. Zvereva E. V., Kazaku E. V. Justification of the effectiveness of a project operating at three investment levels // Bulletin of scientific research results. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 91-108. – DOI 10.20295/2223-9987-2019-4-91-108.
3. Petrov M. B., Chumlyakov K. S., Chumlyakova D. V., Ignatyuk Yu. L. Assessment of the potential and prospects of theThe role of the Ural Federal District in the formation of Eurasian transport corridors // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2020. – No. 10. – Pp. 28-41.
4. Chumlyakov K. S. Infrastructure projects of the macroregion in global transport logistics // Bulletin of Samara State University of Railways. – 2015. – No. 1 (27). – Pp. 121-127.
5. Chumlyakov K. S. Transport corridors of Russia in global economic integration. – Tyumen: TOGIRRO, 2016. – 184 p.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
SEREBRYAKOV Vitaliy Grigorjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Industrial economics sub-faculty, Institute of Management, Economics and Finance, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH AS A META-MODEL OF INDUSTRIAL REVIVAL: JUSTIFICATION OF APPLICABILITY TO RUSSIAN INSTRUMENT ENGINEERING
The article substantiates the applicability of the ecosystem approach as a meta-model of the industrial renaissance of instrument engineering in Russia, with a special focus on its applicability in Russian instrument engineering, where the industry, which has lost the integrity of the scientific and production chain and is dependent on imports of critical components, requires a transition to an integrative model of cooperation between business, science, government and consumers, capable of filling technological gaps, accelerating the innovation cycle and creating a sustainable development architecture, adaptive to the challenges of digital transformation and global competition. The author analyzes the key elements of the ecosystem approach, such as the interaction of participants, innovation processes, and sustainable development, and shows how these components can contribute to the modernization and transformation of the industry. As a result, the article offers recommendations on integrating the ecosystem approach into development strategies, which can lead to increased competitiveness and sustainability of the sector in the face of global challenges.
Keywords: ecosystem approach, reindustrialization, instrument engineering, innovation ecosystem, cluster, business ecosystem, industrial policy.
Article References
1. Dudarev O. A., Saltanova T. A. Processes of Innovative Development of Domestic Instrument-Making Enterprises // Economic Problems of Russia and the Region. – 2021. – pp. 45-50.
2. Ishchenko A. M. Domestic Instrument-Making: Formation and Development. – M.: “Nauchtekhlitizdat”, 2018. – 80 p.
3. Serdyukov R. D. Tools for developing a digital ecosystem for an industrial enterprise // Bulletin of the South-Russian state technical University (NPI) Series Socio-economic Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 15. No. 6. – Pp. 261-273.
4. Suglobov A. E., Smirnova O. E. Cluster approach in forming the Russian national innovation system // Issues of regional economics. – 2013. – Vol. 17. No. 4. – Pp. 81-86.
5. Teplov I. O. Legal problems of implementing the cluster approach in ensuring sustainable development of the regional economy // Current research of the 21st century. – 2023. – P. 55-62.
6. Tretyakova E. A., Freiman E. N. Ecosystem approach in modern economic research // Issues of Management. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 6-20.
7. Chernova O. A., Matveeva L. G., Gorelova G. V. Ecosystem approach to managing the processes of innovative development of industry // Journal of new economy. – 2021. – Vol. 22. No. 2. – P. 44-64.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
MASHEGOV Petr Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, professor of V. V. Dick Information management and information and communication technologies, Moscow Financial and Industrial Uni-versity “Synergy”
NIKOLAENKO Andrey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Chief Researcher, FSBI “Analytical Center”, Moscow
ZAITSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director of the Center for Technology Management in Bioengineering Research Institute of State Policy and Management of the Sectoral Economy, Professor of the Department of Banking and Entrepreneurship, State University of Management, Moscow
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The article describes the approaches to assessing the strategy of industrial enterprises found in domestic and foreign publications; it is established that there are three main approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the development strategy: as the efficiency of the company\’s economic activity; as the degree of achievement of the goal; as a criterion for evaluating the strategy; a comparison of individual methods for evaluating the effective-ness of PPP projects proposed by Russian specialists; It has been established that the evaluation of the effectiveness of PPP projects can be carried out in two directions – financial efficiency and public efficiency; the differentiation of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of PPP projects consists of the types of effectiveness analyzed by the authors.
Keywords: public-private partnership, industrial enterprises, PPP efficiency.
Article bibliography
1. Dmitrieva D. M., Ponomarenko T. V. Justification of an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of an integrated mining company’s development strategy // Socio-economic and environmental issues in the mining industry, construction, and energy. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mining, Construction, and Energy. – Tula: Tula State University, 2014. – Vol. 1. – Pp. 391-395.
2. Kaplan R. S., Norton D. P. Balanced Scorecard. From Strategy to Action. Translated from English. – Moscow: ZAO Olimp-Business, 2003. – 294 p.
3. Vikhansky O. S. Strategic Management: Textbook. 3rd ed. – Moscow: Economist, 2003. – 528 p.
4. Methodology for Assessing the Effectiveness of Public-Private Partnerships, Municipal-Private Partnerships and Determining Their Comparative Advantages (approved by Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation dated November 30, 2015, No. 894). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/dokumenty/prikaz_minekonomrazvitiya_rossii_894_ot_30_noyabrya_2015_.html?ysclid=mdve962shx245636544
5. Gabdulina E. I. Evaluation of the effectiveness of PPP as a mechanism for interaction between business and government // Modern problems of science and education. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 54-58.
6. Laktyushina O. V. Formation of the organizational and economic mechanism of public-private partnership (on the example of the Bryansk region): 08.00.05: abstract of dis. … Doctor of Economics. – St. Petersburg, 2011. – 40 p.
7. Prokopovich S. Yu. Public-private partnership in the system of attracting investments as a mechanism for implementing the strategy of socio-economic development: aspect of efficiency and risks // Modern problems of science and education. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 23-30.
8. Timchuk O. G. Public-private partnership in innovative activities of the housing and communal services: specialty 08.00.05: abstract of dis. … candidate of economic sciences. – Irkutsk, 2013. – 20 p.
9. Yastrebov O. A. Organizational and economic mechanism for the implementation of investment and construction projects based on public-private partnership: 08.00.05: abstract of dis. … Doctor of Economics. – St. Petersburg, 2011. – 38 p.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SUN Chunxing
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC POSITIONING REFORMATTING OF THE INNOVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND INNOVATIVE PROJECTS IN THE FIELD OF INTELLIGENT SUPPLY CHAIN SERVICES
This article examines innovative practices, strategic positioning, and development of management systems for intelligent supply chains (ISC). Amid growing global supply chain complexity and accelerated digitalization, ISCs enable end-to-end process visualization, intelligent decision-making, and collaboration through integration of IoT, big data, cloud computing, AI, and blockchain. The study analyzes ISC’s conceptual foundations and theoretical framework, then systematically classifies current innovations in ISC services across three dimensions: technological, organizational model, and collaborative. Using industry leaders (Sinotrans, COSCO Shipping Specialized) as case studies, it details strategic positioning approaches and ISC management system implementation pathways. Key development challenges are identified with targeted resolution strategies proposed. Finally, future trends are outlined, indicating that sustainable, ecosystem-synergistic, and adaptive supply chains represent the primary trajectory for ISC evolution.
Keywords: intelligent supply chain, Internet of Things, big data, AI, blockchain, management system, strategic positioning, digital transformation, supply chain cooperation.
Article References
1. Xu Ayuan, Sun Yansheng, Hu Yonghuan. “Fully and Accurately Implement the New Development Concept and Promote the High-Quality Development of the Modern Intelligent Supply Chain.” Modern Management. – 2021. – Vol. 11. No. 7. – Pp. 743-747. – DOI: 10.12677/MM.2021.117094.
2. Yuan Jingzhu. The development process, problems and proposals of pilot policies for supply chain innovation and their application in my country // Prices in China. – 2024. – Vol. 17. (issue 6). – Pp. 12-20 (China Social Science Network). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://gjs.cssn.cn/kydt/kydt_kycg/202406/t20240627_5761562.shtml.
3. Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information Technology, “Three-Year Action Plan forAccelerating Innovation and Supply Chain Development in Shenzhen (2023-2025) // Journal of Shenzhen Industry and Information Technology. – 2023. – No. 218. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://gxj.sz.gov.cn/xxgk/xxgkml/qt/tzgg/content/post_10819717.html.
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6. Garty R. et al. Sustainable Thinking in Supply Chain 5.0: From Knowing to Being // International Journal of Production Economics. – 2024. – Vol. 267. – P. 112–130. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.109083.
7. Mubarik M. S., Khan S. A. Intelligent Supply Chain Management: Design, Methods, and Implications. – 1st edition. – Springer, 2025. – P. 124–167. – DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-1333-5. –
8. Jamil N. et al. Human-Machine Interaction in Logistics 5.0: A Meta-Analysis // Transport Research E*. – 2024. – Vol. 182. Pp. 89-104. – DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2024.103426.
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PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ALEXANDROVA Olga Stepanovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and religious studies sub-faculty, A. G. and N. G. Stoletov Vladimir State University
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE KEY IDEAS OF THE CONCEPT OF HUMANITARIAN KNOWLEDGE BY K. RAY
The topic of the article is of interest in connection with the relevance of improving the technologies of philosophical evaluation of texts (especially humanitarian and media), principles of systematization of interdisciplinary knowledge, development of the content of categories of humanitarian knowledge. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method and principles of ideal-realism in their domestic interpretation. The article specifies the area of significance of one of the attempts to systematize and formalize the subject of humanitarian knowledge associated with the Mizar system. An assessment of key ideas is given, including the idea of the structure of the individual as a philosophical basis for humanitarian knowledge.
Keywords: Mizar, humanitarian sciences, systematization, scientific argumentation, individual.
Article bibliography
1. Aleksandrova O. S. Metaphysical Foundations of Memory as a Factor in Communication between Science and Theology in the Context of the Theological Ontology and Cosmology of A. V. Nesteruk // Modern Science: Actual Problems of Theory and Practice. Series: Cognition. – 2024. – No. 8. – Pp. 70-80.
2. Aleksandrova O. S. A. S. Pozov on the Nature of the Human Self and Its Change // Modern Science: Actual Problems of Theory and Practice. Series: Cognition. – 2018. – No. 7. – P. 65-68.
3. Glazyev S. Yu. Beyond the Horizon of the End of History. – Moscow, 2021. – 639 p.
4. Mitzar’s Homepage. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://mizar.uwb.edu.pl/ (accessed on 10/20/2024).
5. Ivin A. A. Theory and Practice of Argumentation. – Moscow, 2016. – 300 p.
6. History as Divine Providence / Ed. O. A. Platonov. – Moscow, 2014. – 640 p.
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8. Kopnin P. V. Dialectics. Logic. Science. – Moscow, 1973. – 464 p.
9. Krzysztof de Werszowiec Rey Principia humanistica. – Warsaw, 2009. – 114 p.
10. Lamberov L. D. The Practice of Computer Proofs and Human Understanding: Epistemological Problematics // Bulletin of Perm University. Bulletin of Perm University. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/praktika-kompyuternyh-dokazatelstv-i-chelovecheskoe-ponimanie-epistemologicheskaya-problematika/viewer (accessed 2.08.2024).
11. Lanza R., Berman B. Biocentrism. How Life Creates the Universe. – St. Petersburg, 2015. – 250 p.
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16. Melville Yu. K. Paths of Bourgeois Philosophy. – Moscow, 1983. – 247 p.
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18. Nalimov V. V. Spontaneity of consciousness: Probabilistic theory of meanings and semantic architectonics of personality. – Moscow, 1989. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://opentextnn.ru/man/nalimov-v-v-spontannost-soznanija-verojatnostnaja-teorija-smyslov-i-smyslovaja-arhitektonika-lichnosti/ (date of access: 29.03. 2024).
19. Nesteruk A. V. Logos and cosmos: theology, science and Orthodox tradition. – M., 2006. – 399 p. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/bogoslovie/logos-i-kosmos-bogoslovie-nauka-i-pravoslavnoe-predanie/#source (date of access: 12/26/2024).
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22. Novoselov M. M. Abstraction in the Labyrinths of Cognition (logical analysis). – M., 2005. – 352 p.
23. Pozov A. S. Fundamentals of Ancient Church Anthropology. – T. 1, 2. – St. Petersburg, 2008. – 570 p. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Avraam_Pozov/osnovy-drevnetserkovnoj-antropologii-tom-1-syn-chelovecheskij/ (date of access: 01/14/2024).
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PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ANANCHENKOVA Polina Igorevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow City Department of Healthcare
THE CULT OF YOUTH AS GERONTOPHOBIA
The article examines the phenomenon of the cult of youth as a form of cultural and social gerontophobia – fear and rejection of old age. The historical and philosophical foundations of the praise of youth and the displacement of aging from the public and cultural space are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the media, economic and psychological mechanisms of gerontophobia, including ageism, the symbolic invisibility of the elderly, as well as the “eternal youth” industry. It is concluded that the fight against gerontophobia is not just a social campaign for the rights of the elderly, but also a deeper shift in ideas about the body, time, identity and the meaning of life. Only by accepting old age as an equal dimension of human experience can we speak about the true humanity of culture.
Keywords: gerontophobia, cult of youth, aging, ageism, mass culture, visual norms, age discrimination, philosophy of old age.
Bibliography
1. Buryakovskaya V. A. The Cult of Youth in Mass Culture // Voprosy Psychologii. – 2015. – No. 3. – Pp. 66-72.
2. Kemalova L. I. On the Boundaries of Youth // Innovative Science. – 2017. – No. 2-2. – Pp. 284-287.
3. Kozlova N. D. Attitudes toward Aging in Different Cultural Traditions: A Historical Aspect // Innovations. Science. Education. – 2020. – No. 21. – P. 1369-1381.
4. Rostova N. N. Gerontophobia as an anthropological diagnosis // Philosophy of Economy. – 2011. – No. 6 (78). – P. 271-275.
5. Salyaeva A. R. Gerontophobia as a social problem of modern Russian society // Bulletin of medical Internet conferences. – 2013. – Vol. 3. No. 2. – P. 163.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
GARIPOVA Galiya Rizvanovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
SILIVANETZ Angelina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, asassociate professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
The culture of the Bashkir people through the prism of advertising activities: symbiosis or cognitive dissonance?
It is difficult to imagine modern culture without advertising, and this is not only about mass culture, but also about folk, national culture, since today advertising has organically penetrated into all types and forms of cultural activity. Folk, national culture is the layer of culture that is responsible not only for the educational and upbringing function, but also for the preservation and transmission of the most valuable exhibits from generation to generation, for the integral preservation of material and non-material culture in the memory of the people. The culture of the Bashkir people is rich and diverse, it includes traditions, customs, art, music, holidays and many other aspects that have formed its unique identity. Advertising activities in the Republic of Bashkortostan allow us to trace how the cultural characteristics of the ethnic group affect the marketing and promotion of goods and services in the region.
Keywords: advertising, national culture, folk culture, ethnic advertising, national advertising, Bashkir culture, traditions, archetype, historical memory.
Article bibliography
1. Garipova G. R. Sociocultural foundations of advertising activities // Society: philosophy, history, culture. – 2019. – No. 12 (68). – P. 26-29. DOI: 10.24158/fik.2019.12.3.
2. Silivanets A. V., Garipova G. R. Regional naming in a multiethnic environment (on the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 12 (151). – P. 535-536.
3. Silivanets A. V., Garipova G. R. Trends in the Development of Regional Naming // Society: Philosophy, History, Culture. – 2022. – No. 11 (103). – P. 70-75. DOI: 10.24158/fik.2022.11.11.
4. Itkulova L. A., Rakhmatullina Z. Y., Khanova R. V. [et al.]. Cultural tradition and its existential characteristics // Astra Salvensis. – 2020. – Vol. 8. No. S1. – P. 691-700.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
DAVYDENKO Elina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and Russian philology sub-faculty, M. Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL TRANSITION OR CRISIS: AN ECOPHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
In the article, within the framework of an interdisciplinary approach through the prism of ecophilosophical, anthropological, technological paradigms, the manifestations of the socio-anthropological transition with its inherent signs of a crisis of humanistic worldview and thinking in modern technological civilization, socio-cultural crisis are considered. An attempt is made to reveal the essence of the socio-anthropological crisis, its causes and signs. Attention is focused on the methodological possibilities of the ecophilosophical approach as a humanitarian and cultural model and an alternative to technocratism, which involves a revision of the value foundations of human conservation and environmental issues and the formation of an \”ecological worldview\”, which declares the rejection of destructive anthropocentrism in favor of ecocentrism. In the field of ecophilosophy, a critical analysis of the transhumanistic paradigm as a threat to human nature is given. As an attempt to avoid pessimistic moods and forecasts for humanity, the author suggests measures to mitigate the transition to a new state determined by a new technological order.
Keywords: anthropological crisis, ecophilosophical approach, transhumanism, definiteness, coevolutionary interaction, coevolutionary strategy, NBIC technologies, technogenic civilization.
Article bibliography
1. Barkova E. V. Humanitarian Thinking in Ecophilosophical Guidelines for Self-Identification of a Subject of the Modern World // Law and Practice. – 2018. – No. 1. – Pp. 248-255.
2. Barkova E. V. The Life-Creating Mission of Ecophilosophy in the Horizon of Modern Trends // Year of Ecology in Russia. – Pp. 148-157. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zhiznetvorcheskaya-missiya-ekofilosofii-v-gorizonte-tendentsiy-sovremennosti?ysclid=m3zt57idf5495801773 (Accessed on February 27, 2025).
3. Belyaletdinov R. R. Risks of Modern Biotechnology: A Socio-Humanite Analysis. – Moscow: OOO 4 Print, 2019. – 212 p.
4. Vasenkin A. V., Vasilyeva N. A. Transhumanism as a Manifestation of the Posthuman in Modern Society // Context and Reflection: Philosophy of the World and Man. – 2018. – Vol. 7. No. 1A. – P. 69-75.
5. Davydenko E. N. Uncertainty as an existential of human existence: philosophical and anthropological aspect of the problem // Context and reflection: philosophy of the world and man. – 2024. – Vol. 13. No. 6A. – P. 66-82.
6. Dubrovsky A. I. Koconvergence of biological, information and cognitive technologies / Proceedings of the round table // Questions of Philosophy. – 2013. – No. 12 (Part 4). – P. 3-48.
7. Izmailova D. I. Philosophical and ethical content of the problem of gender self-determination // Man and society at the turn of eras: the search for development strategies: materials of the international. scientific conf., April 21, 2023 / Ed. T. E. Ragozin. – Donetsk: DONNTU, 2023. – P. 160-165.
8. Historian A. I. Fursov on the closed conference in Santa Fe and 4 scenarios for the future of humanity. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/YXhfK_pxRCJqPhPz?ysclid=m402bfijfu131980923 (date of access: 20.04.2025).
9. Casse Etienne The Third World Psychotronic War Has Already Begun. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/99830/Kasse_Tret%27ya_mirovaya_psihotronnaya_voiina.html (date of access: 12.03.2025).
10. Kraynov A. L. Transhumanism as an Ideology of a New Social Order // Bulletin of the Saratov University. – 2017. – Vol. 17. Issue. 1. – P. 23-27.
11. Kutyrev V. A. Philosophy of Transhumanism: a teaching aid. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod University, 2010. – 85 p.
12. Lugutsenko T. V., Rogovets O. V. Bodily Self-Identification: Integral Characteristics of the Body: monograph / State Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Lugansk People’s Republic “Lugansk State Pedagogical University”. – Lugansk: Knowlidge Publishing House, 2023. – 242 p.
13. Lysenko N. N. Main Approaches to the Study of the Modern Anthropological Crisis. // Izvestia of Tula State University. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 32-42. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://reader.lanbook.com/journalArticle/168349 (date accessed: 25.02.2025).
14. Moiseev N. N. To be or not to be … for humanity? – M.: Academia, 1999. – 325 p.
15. Sokolovsky S. V. Technologies and corporeality / Ed. S. V. Sokolovsky. – Moscow: IEA RAS, 2018. – Pp. 316-317. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?tm=1727529251&tld=ru⟨=ru&name=Technologies_Corporeality.pdf&text=16 (date accessed: 03.02.2025).
16. Fursov A. I. World elites have prepared a catastrophe and an anthropological transition for humanity. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/YRqZzshG6DbLDSzN?ysclid=m3cwg1pr24682032104 (date accessed: 10.04.2025)
17. Bostrom N. Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective // The Journal of Value Inquiry? Kluwer Academic Publishers. – Printed in The Netherlands, 2004. – P. 493-506.
18. Mazeikiene1 N., Starovik P. Socio-philosophical foundations of the mythology of transhumanism // Bulletin of Karaganda University. – 2020. – No. 3 (99). – P. 225-232.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ELIZAROV Mikhail Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and socio-political technologies sub-faculty, I. M. Gubkin Russian State (National Research University) of Oil and Gas, Moscow
THE STATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CHALLENGES, TRANSFORMATION, AND FUTURE (A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT)
The first quarter of the 21st century has been an era of unprecedented transformation. The convergence of globalization, the ascendance of neural networks, climate volatility, and the spectrum of pandemics has profoundly reshaped the landscape of social existence. States worldwide are now confronted with the complex task of adaptation to these challenges—a task upon which their future depends. The author examines two potential scenarios: an optimistic one, predicted on successful adaptation, and a pessimistic one, fraught with anxiety and impending crises. Which scenario ultimately materializes will depend on political will, the ability to balance innovation with effective governance, social harmony, and equity, as well as on the overall adaptive capacity of society.
Keywords: state, digitalization, transformation, digital sovereignty, state as architect, artificial intelligence, future scenarios, sustainable development.
Bibliography
1. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics // Aristotle. Works: in 4 volumes: Vol. 4. – Moscow: Mysl, 1984. – pp. 53-294.
2. Brodskaya, N. P., Artificial Intelligence: Attempts of Application in Social Space and Problems of Adaptation // Voprosy politologii. – 2020. – Vol. 10. No. 11. – P. 3112-3120.
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4. Garcheva L. P. On Some Risks of Human Rights Violation in the Context of Digitalization // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74). No. 1. – P. 13-19.
5. How Russia and the World Are Trying to Regulate Artificial Intelligence [Electronic resource] // RBC. [Electronic resource].– Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/65702c709a7947ae713e5fe2?from=copy (date accessed: 30.05.2025).
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8. Federal Law of July 31, 2023 No. 408-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law \”On Information, Information Technology and the Protection of Information\” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 03.08.2023. – No. 171.
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PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZYATEV Herman Igorevich (Priest)
Cleric (priest) of Holy Trinity Convent of Murom of the Russian Orthodox
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF “SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES” IN HISTORY AND ITS PLACE IN THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION
The article traces the evolution of the concept of “spiritual and moral values” in the historical process. The place and importance of the axiological approach in the system of theological education is emphasized. On the basis of the existing regulatory framework, the definition of the concept of “spiritual and moral values” is given, which is entrenched in the modern system of theological education. Traditional spiritual and moral values include not only religious and spiritual values, but also life, dignity, human rights and freedoms, patriotism, citizenship, service to the Fatherland and responsibility for its fate, high moral ideals, a strong family, creative work, the priority of the spiritual over the material, humanism, mercy, justice, collectivism, mutual assistance and mutual respect, historical memory and continuity of generations, unity of the peoples of Russia. With the expansion of the teaching and educational authority of theological platforms within the framework of humanitarian higher education, it will be possible to transfer this experience to other university systems, to the system of humanitarian knowledge. The history of the formation and development of theology in Russia, as well as the complex process of its inclusion in the system of humanities, confirms its scientific status. Accordingly, our state must take all measures to ensure that the process of training theological specialists takes place at the highest level, corresponding to international standards. The experience of the interpenetration of secular and theological education can become solid proof of the importance of shifting the priority of secular education to the priority of cooperation with traditional religions.
Keywords: theology, practical theology, theology of education, spirituality, morality, spiritual and moral values, pedagogy, Orthodoxy, humanities.
Bibliography
1. Antonov K. “Theology is the science of the church as a certain factual given…” (interview) // State, Religion, Church in Russia and Abroad. – Moscow, 2016. – No. 3. – Pp. 200-204.
2. Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. – M.: Eksmo-Press, 2019. – 384 p.
3. Dyachkova M. A. Concepts of Value and Spiritual and Moral Values in Pedagogy // Siberian Pedagogical Journal. – Novosibirsk, 2007. – No. 12. – Pp. 142-150.
4. Clement of Alexandria. Stromata. – St. Petersburg: Oleg Abyshko Publishing House, 2003. – 544 p.
5. Kosmacheva N. V. Problems of Formation of Moral Value Orientations in Domestic Pedagogy // Russian Scientific Journal. – 2011. – No. 1. – Pp. 189-201.
6. Leibniz G. V. Experience of theodicy on the Goodness of God, Human Freedom and the Beginning of Evil. – M.: Ripol-Classic, 2018. – 381 p.
7. Lossky N.O. Value and Being. – M.: AST, 2000. – 221 p.
8. Nikolsky V.S. On the Recognition of Theology as a Branch of Scientific Knowledge // Higher Education in Russia. – M., 2010. – No. 5. – Pp. 112-119.
9. Nozdrina N.A. The Concept of Value in Modern Philosophy // Sciences of Europe. – 2021. – No. 69-2 (69). – Pp. 35-36.
10. Paderina T.B. The Concept of Education of Spiritual and Moral Values in the Regulatory Documents of the Russian Federation // Problems of Spiritual and Moral Education in the Context of Digitalization of Education. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 24-29.
11. Resnyansky S. I. “Moscow – the Third Rome” as an archetype of Russian Orthodox self-awareness // Vesof Moscow State Regional University. – M., 2019. – No. 3. – P. 41-49.
12. Fedorov, V. A., Blagova. A. S. Evolution of the Concept of “Value” // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – M., 2016. – No. 1. – P. 128-140.
13. Shakhnovich, M. M., Shmonin, D. V. Theology and Religious Studies in Contemporary Russia: Practice of Educational Activities // Bulletin of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy. – St. Petersburg, 2013. – No. 14. – P. 235-255.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ISMAILOV Nurmagomed Omarovich
PhD. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
LAW AND MORALITY: INTERRELATION AND INTERDEPENDENCE
This article examines the interrelationship and interdependence of the norms of law and morality in the context of their effectiveness in the life of society. Law and morality are studied as means of regulating human and social life. The role of law and morality as a means of ensuring the security and well-being of society is considered. It is discussed that justice should be the main criterion for the adequacy of moral and legal norms of a given society. The legal and moral norms of a given society should be aimed at the realization of justice in the life of a person and society. Legal and moral norms are ultimately determined by the needs and interests of various social groups.
Keywords: Law, statute, justice, morality, morals, personality, needs, interests.
Bibliography
1. Hegel. Works in 14 volumes. Moscow; Leningrad, 1929-1959. Vol. 10. Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Book 2. Moscow: Party Publishing House, 1932. – 490 p.
2. Helvetius K. Works in 2 volumes. Vol. 1. Moscow: Mysl’, 1984. – 613 p.
3. Guseinov A. A. What is the Ethics of Nonviolence? // Ideas of Nonviolence in the 21st Century: Collection of Scientific Reports. – Perm: Publishing house of Perm state technical university, 2006. – Pp. 10-18.
4. Ismailov N. O. The relationship between law and morality in the context of justice // Bulletin of Adyghe state university. Series 1: Regional studies: philosophy, history, sociology, jurisprudence, political science, cultural studies. – 2014. – No. 1 (135). – Pp. 28-34.
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6. Ismailov N. O. On the relationship between justice and morality // Humanitarian and socio-economic sciences. – 2010. – № 1 (50). – P. 25-29.
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10. Shchipkov A. V. The Crisis of the Theory and Practice of the Human Rights Movement // Questions of Philosophy. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 17-28.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ITKULOVA Leysyan Akhmetovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty of the Higher School of Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
TRADITIONAL WORLDVIEW OF THE BASHKIR ETHNOS: STRUCTURE, SYMBOLS AND VALUES
The article is devoted to the study of the Bashkir traditional worldview as an integral system of values, norms and symbols, formed under the influence of the natural environment, family ties and spiritual culture. In the philosophical aspect, the traditional worldview is characterized as a holistic picture of the world in which man, nature and society act in an inseparable unity, including elements of mythology, religion, morality, legal norms and aesthetic preferences. The traditional worldview of an ethnic group is considered as a special form of spiritual and practical development of the world, which is based on mythological consciousness, sacralization of nature, collective character and cyclical time. In this context, the key elements of the worldview are analyzed – respect for elders, tribal solidarity, harmony with nature. The author notes the philosophical meaning of traditional values, manifested in the integration of moral, social and sacred dimensions of life. The importance of the traditional worldview for understanding human existence and strengthening the integrity of the cultural space of the Bashkir ethnic group is emphasized.
Keywords: traditional worldview, symbols, values, the unity of man, nature and society, the integrity of being, philosophical unity.
Article bibliographic list
1. Bukharova G. Kh., Iskhakova F. A. The cult of the tree and the image of “Baytiryak” in the mythology of the Turkic peoples // Modern problems of the humanitarian and natural sciences. Proceedings of the XXV international scientific and practical conference. Scientific and information publishing center “Institute for Strategic Studies”. – 2015. – Pp. 21-24.
2. Worldview of the Bashkir ethnos: a philosophical and anthropological analysis: monograph. – Ufa: RIC BashSU, 2021. – 222 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
MAKSIMENKO Marina Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Criminal, Penal law and organization of the execution of sentences, not related to the isolation of convicts from society sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia
ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN COUNTERING RADICALIZATION OF INMATES IN MODERN RUSSIAN PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS
This study explores ethical dilemmas in combating extremism in Russian prisons, analyzing inmate radicalization (AUE subculture, radical Islamism) through statistics and legal frameworks. It focuses on core tensions: secular vs. religious needs, isolation risks for radicals, and security-rights tradeoffs. Findings reveal shortcomings in existing prevention and call for integrated deradicalization combining legal, educational, and social tools.
Keywords: ethical dilemmas of the penitentiary system, inmate radicalization, extremism prevention, prison subculture, deradicalization.
Article bibliography
1. Karpov A. A., Nikulina O. A. “Main directions of legal penitentiary intervention on individuals holding extremist beliefs in penal institutions” // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 200-209.
2. Mikov P. V., Shevchenko D. B. Practice of educational work in correctional institutions in the Perm Territory with persons serving sentences for extremist activity and terrorism // Bulletin of the Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 61-72.
3. Novikov R. V., Maksimenko M. V. Definition of the content and interrelations of basic concepts (violence, terror, terrorism, counteraction to terrorism, fight against terrorism, prevention of terrorism, etc.), the foundations and features of the ideology of terrorism: a textbook. – Perm: FKOU VO Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2024. – 94 p.
4. Sitnikova M. P. Extremism in Russia: Essence, Content, and Counteraction: Monograph. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2025. – 184 p.
5. Sysoev A. M. Operational and Regime Support for Organizing Counteraction to Radicalization of Prisoners // Bulletin of the Criminal-Executive System. – 2012. – No. 4 (119). – P. 11-21.
6. Sysoev A. M., Galustyan S. A. Main Directions of Penitentiary Impact on Persons Convicted of Extremist and Terrorist Crimes // Penitentiary Science. – 2010. – No. 11. – P. 18-23.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MEZHUEVA Elena Olegovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Head of Humanities and special disciplines sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE POLITICAL DISPUTE BETWEEN L. N. TOLSTOY AND I. A. ILYIN: TWO IMAGES OF CHRISTIANITY
The subject of this article is the debate on non-violence that emerged in Russian philosophical and social thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Leo Tolstoy advocated a literal interpretation of the Gospel\’s teachings on love and non-resistance to evil, leading him to reject the Church and the state in favor of a spiritual transformation of the world and individuals. On the other hand, his opponent, Ivan Ilyin, recognized the value of the state, law, and the Fatherland, emphasizing that a true Christian must embrace the “path of the sword” to protect them. According to I. A. Ilyin, the loss of personal righteousness and the “guilty feat” in the name of the Motherland are a person\’s calling and conscious spiritual choice.
Keywords: non-violence, non-resistance to evil by force, love, state, Church
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Berdyaev N. A. Spirits of the Russian Revolution. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://royallib.com. (date accessed: 03.07.2025).
2. Berdyaev N. A. The Nightmare of Evil Good (About I. Ilyin’s book “On Resisting Evil by Force”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://azbyka.ru (date accessed: 03.07.2025).
3. Zenkovsky V. V. History of Russian Philosophy. In 2 volumes: Vol. 1, Part 2. – L.: Ego, 1991. – 280 p.
4. Ilyin I. A. On Resisting Evil by Force. – M.: DAR, 2005. – 118 p.
5. Tolstoy L. N. What is my faith? [Electronic resource]. – Access modestupid: http://royallib.com. (date of access: 03.07.2025).
6. Tolstoy L. N. The Law of Violence and the Law of Love. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://royallib.com. (date of access: 03.07.2025).
7. Tolstoy L. N. The Kingdom of God is within you // Tolstoy L. N. Complete Works in 90 volumes, academic jubilee edition: T. 28. – M .: State Publishing House of Fiction, 1957. – 243 p.
8. Reznik S. V., Mühlhaupt K. Philosophical and anthropological meanings of the polemics of L. N. Tolstoy and I. A. Ilyin (ontology of force vs ethics of non-violence) // Nauchnye Vedomosti. – 2016. – No. 17 (238). Issue 37. – P. 175-179.
9. Rotsinsky S. B. Religious and philosophical justification of “readiness to kill and die” in the teachings of I. A. Ilyin // Soloviev studies. – 2016. – Issue 1 (49). – P. 93-105.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SALIKHOV Gafur Gubayevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE MULTIFACETED PHENOMENON OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WORLD INTO A SINGLE WHOLE
The phenomenon of globalization appears to mankind as a fusion of various forms of social relations into a single whole. The theory of global phenomena is included in the field of philosophical knowledge, predetermining globalization as a natural state of space-time compression. The most fundamental shift in the theory of globalization is observed when the essence of such phenomena, both universal and environmental parameters related to human activity, is questioned. There is no unambiguous definition of the concept of “globalization” – it is a multifaceted phenomenon, the final and complete description of which is rather difficult. At the same time, the world turns out to be predictable; On a planetary scale, it transforms into a single system, where various structural elements of the emerging integrity lose their self-sufficiency, becoming interdependent elements of a single whole.
Keywords: global studies, globalization, modernization, method, man, consciousness, system, society, self-determination, activity.
Article bibliography
1. Salikhov G. G. Metaphysics of the social and political existence of the interaction of cultural traditions // Social and political problems of the interaction of cultures: monograph, / F. S. Fayzullin [et al.]. – Ufa, RIC, UUNiT, 2024. – 170 p.
2. Salikhov G. G. Social and political problems of the interaction of cultures within the framework of globalization phenomena. // Cultural diversity of the world and the prospects of globalization: monograph: Z. R. Valiullina [et al.]. – Ufa RIC UUNiT, 2024. – 176 p.
3. Hollicher V. Man in the Scientific Picture of the World / Translated from German by E. N. Gorodetskaya, D. N. Zavalishina, A. N. Zuev. / General editor P. Ya. Galperin. – Moscow: Progress, 1971. – 431 p.
4. Chumakov A. N. Globalization. Contours of the Integral World: monograph / 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Prospect, 2027. – 456 p.
5. Bukreev V. The Problem of Man in Modern Philosophical Anthropology // Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society. – 2006. – No. 3 (39). – 47-50 p.
6. Salikhov G.G. Man of the Age of Globalization / Ed. B. S. Galimov; IIYALUNCRAS; Dep. of Social and Humanitarian Sciences, CSPI RAS. – Moscow: Nauka, 2008. – 560 p.
7. Ratnikov V., Krasnonos N. Toward an Axiology of Scientific Rationality // Scientific Bulletin of Chernivtsi University: Collection of Scientific Articles. Issues 350-351. Philosophy. – Chernivtsi, 2007. – 164-171 p.
8. Habermas J. The European Nation State: Its Achievements and Limits. On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship // Nations and Nationalism / B. Andersen, O. Bauer, M. Hroch, et al.; Trans. from English and German. L. E. Pereyaslavtseva, M. S. Panin, M. B. Gnedovsky. – M., 2002. – 377 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SUDAKOVA Nataliya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of the Scientific and Educational Center “Theory and Technologies of Management in the Field of Culture, Education and Science”, Institute of Public Administration and Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
POPOVA Marina Viktorovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Deputy Director, Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Philosophy of Education, Moscow Academy of Professional Competencies
THE GENDER DIMENSION OF RUSSIAN STRING-BOWED ART
The article is devoted to a philosophical understanding of the origins of the formation of the problem of gender equality in the context of the development of Russian string-bowed art. The work reveals the steady practice of devaluing the female social role, which existed until thebeginning of the new millennium in the practice of string-bowed performance. The strategic state documents are designed to overcome this problem are understood. A retrospective of overcoming gender stereotypes in Russian culture in line with string-bowed art is revealed. It is shown how the change in attitudes towards women has contributed to the public recognition of the Russian string-bowed tradition in the world community. It has been proven that female representatives of string-bowed art are ready to take responsibility and adequately realize their social purpose.
Keywords: gender equality, string-bowed art, national culture, the social role of women, women\’s self-realization, National action strategy for women.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Barbier P. Venice Vivaldi: Music and holidays of the Baroque era / Trans. from fr. E. Rabinovich. – SPb.: Ivan Limbakh Publishing, 2009. – 280 p.
2. Butakova Ya. S., Voynov V. P. Problems of Defining Gender Equality // Current Issues of Modern Science. – Moscow, 2009. – No. 7-2. – Pp. 24-29.
3. Kant I. Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. – SPb.: Nauka, 1999. – P. 263.
4. Kashina M. A., Osipova D. V. Gender and the Space of Life Opportunities: Historical Parallels // Management Consulting. Current Issues of Public and Municipal Administration. – SPb.: SZAGS. – 2008. – № 1. – P. 182-202.
5. Klimashevskaya O. V., Krutov A. V. Gender policy of the state: genesis of the concept // Woman in Russian society. – Ivanovo: Publishing house “Ivanovo State University”. – 2010.– № 4.– P. 22-31.
6. Plato. Dialogues: trans. from ancient Greek. – Kharkov: Folio, 1999. – 383 p.
7. Rousseau Jean-Jacques Emile, or On education / Trans. from French by M. A. Engelhardt. – St. Petersburg: Gazette “School and Life”, 1912. – 491 p.
8. Tukacheva Yu. S. The Phenomenon of Gender in Communications of the Education System: Dissertation… Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. – Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, 2014. – 140 p.
9. Schopenhauer A. The World as Will and Representation [translated from German by Yu. Aichenwald; introduction by A. Markov]. – Moscow: RIPOL classic, 2020. – 616 p. – (PHILO-SOPHIA). – P. 535.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
SAVVINA Yana Alexandrovna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
GUSKOVA Mariya Sergeevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
INTERCULTURAL PHILOSOPHY AS A CURRENT RESEARCH AREA
Intercultural philosophy is a direction that overcomes the Eurocentrism of classical philosophy through a dialogue of Western and non-Western traditions (African, Asian, indigenous peoples). It explores alternative systems of thinking, emphasizes the pluralism of approaches, and criticizes colonial hierarchies in knowledge. The relevance of this approach is associated with globalization, migration, and the search for answers to the challenges of the 21st century (ecology, digitalization) in non-Western concepts. The key problems of this approach are considered: relativism and universalism, decolonization of philosophy, synthesis of cultural paradigms. This approach opens up new prospects for ethics, politics, and metaphysics in a multicultural world.
Keywords: intercultural philosophy, philosophy of culture, eurocentrism, dialogue of cultures, globalization, philosophical pluralism, cross-cultural studies.
Bibliography
1. Egorova G. I., Kulashkina A. N. Concepts of collaboration between family, school, and university in nurturing Russian multicultural identity in schoolchildren // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – № 2 (31). – P. 74-80.
2. Zavgorodniy T. O. Observational Philosophy of A. M. Pyatigorsky as a Case of Intercultural Philosophy // Mission of Confessions. – 2024. – Vol. 13. № 4 (77). – P. 127-134.
3. Kanaeva N. A. What Distinguishes Traditional Indian Epistemic Culture from Classical Epistemic Culture of the West? // Questions of Philosophy. – 2024. – № 7. – P. 139-149.
4. Naumova T. A., Mukhacheva E. V., Lagunova Yu. M. Pedagogical Technology for Developing Financial Literacy of Bachelor’s Students in Non-Economic Fields of Study at the University // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (30). – P. 41-49.
5. Pushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: “digital literacy” and “computer literacy” as system-forming components of the subject “Computer Science” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 49-57.
6. Stepanyants M. T. “Philosophy beyond borders” (to pre(for the upcoming XXV World Congress of Philosophy) // Questions of Philosophy. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 5-13.
7. Stoyanov A. S. Play interaction as a factor in the development of speech skills in preschoolers: experts’ expectations // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (31). – P. 87-99.
8. Tantsura M. S., Kondrashov S. V., Andrievskikh M. V. The importance of social media in the context of the development of the information society // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 1 (30). – P. 86-93.
9. Erendzhenova Yu. Yu., Badmaev V. N., Ulanov M. S. The Buddhist idea of ”upaya-prajna” in the context of the development strategy of modern society // New studies of Tuva. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 212-223.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHALASHNIKOV Gennadiy Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Humanities and specialized disciplines sub-faculty, Tula Institute (branch), All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE OFFICIAL ACTIVITIES OF AN INVESTIGATOR
This article is devoted to the features and professional-ethical characteristics of investigative activity and procedural decision-making. A general definition of the professional ethics of an investigator is given, a study of the criminal-procedural features of the investigator\’s observation of the norms of official ethics in relation to participants in criminal proceedings is provided. Various definitions of the concepts under study are compared; normative-legal constructions of moral standards and business ethics used in modern criminal-procedural legislation are indicated; individual doctrinal approaches to the issue under study are proposed, an example from investigative practice is given. In conclusion of the study, a general conclusion is formed.
Keywords: criminal procedure, legal proceedings, ethics, morality, investigator, accused.
Bibliographic list
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // Official Internet portal of legal information. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.pravo.gov.ru (date accessed: 04.07.2020).
2. Federal Law of 28.12.2010 No. 403-FZ (as amended on 20.03.2025) “On the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 03.01.2011. – No. 1. – Art. 15.
3. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 20.03.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 24.12.2001. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 4921.
4. Belkin R. S. Forensic Science: Problems of Today. – Moscow: Norma, 2001. – 583 p.
5. Koni A. F. Moral Principles in Criminal Procedure // Collected Works: in 8 volumes. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1967. – Vol. 4. – 310 p.
6. Lyubichev S. G. Ethical Foundations of Investigative Tactics. – Moscow: Legal lit., 1980. – 133 p.
7. Pokhmelkin V. A. Law and Ethics in Criminal Procedure Coercion // Russian Legislation: Theory, Practice, Development Problems. – Perm, 1997. – 189 p.
8. Ratinov A. R. Forensic Psychology for Investigators. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2001. – 234 p.
9. Khmeleva A. V. Moral and Ethical Aspects of the Investigator’s Work // Judicial Authority and Criminal Procedure. – 2019. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/moralno-nravstvennye-aspekty-raboty-sledovatelya (Accessed: July 23, 2025).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHMELEVA Zhanna Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Foreign languages and professional communications sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
KAPSARGINA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Head of Foreign languages and professional communications sub-faculty, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
EXISTENTIAL REASONS FOR THE ADAPTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
The problem of socio-cultural adaptation of foreign students during their studies at a Russian university is relevant due to the fact that Russian universities must have foreign students in their contingent to meet performance indicators. The educational system fulfills the social order of society, and as it changes, it also transforms, which affects the higher education system. Sociocultural adaptation is considered as one of the basic social processes, the study of which is the most important task of pedagogical science. The need for successful socio-cultural adaptation of first-year international students in Russian universities is determined by the tasks of their further effective training as future specialists.
Keywords: socio-cultural adaptation, socialization, university, international students, tolerance, cross-cultural competence, foreign language, Russian as a foreign language, involvement, components of socio-cultural adaptation, effectiveness.
Article bibliography
1. Andreeva M. V. Web quest technologies in the development of communicative and socio-cultural competence // Information and communication technologies in teaching foreign languages: abstracts of the 1st International scientific and practical conference. – Moscow, 2004. – pp. 36-43.
2. Demidova A. M. Adaptation of foreign students at FEFU // Actual problems of psychological, pedagogical, social, humanitarian and natural sciences: materials of the student scientific and practical conference of the School of Pedagogy of FEFU, Ussuriysk, April 26-27, 2022. – Ussuriysk: Far Eastern Federal University, 2022. – Pp. 39-43.
3. Karpov M. A., Samoilova T. P., Bushmakina T. A. Social problems of foreign students studying at USMU and ways to improve the level of adaptation of foreign students // Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare: Collection of articles of the IX International scientific and practical conference of young scientists and students, April 17-18, 2024. Vol. 2. – Ekaterinburg: Ural State Medical University, 2024. – Pp. 702-706.
4. Sandakova D. A. Efficiency of web-quest technology in the study of natural and cultural heritage sites // Natural and cultural heritage: interdisciplinary research, preservation and development: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the XI All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation, St. Petersburg, October 25, 2023. – St. Petersburg: A. I. Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 2023. – Pp. 248-250.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
PLEKHANOV Nikolay Alexandrovich
competitor of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
BURDUKOV Dmitriy Evgenjevich
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
KATONINA Anastasiya Sergeevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
MILITARY CULTURE: METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF STUDY
The article examines the methodological foundations of studying military culture from the standpoint of the philosophy of culture. The authors analyze the interdisciplinary nature of the research, combining historical, sociological, philosophical, and semiotic approaches. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of military culture in the context of digitalization and globalization, as well as its symbolic and institutional aspects. Modern methodological trends, including visual studies, are considered. The article proposes an integral model for analyzing military culture, taking into account both macrohistorical processes and the micro-level of individual practices. The necessity of applying an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of military culture in the context of the transformation processes of modern times is substantiated.
Keywords: military culture, philosophy of culture, research methodology, interdisciplinary approach, digital transformation, symbolic space, sociocultural dynamics.
Article bibliography
1. Ivanov, V.N., “The Phenomenon of Military Culture in the Sociocultural Space of Contemporary Russia: A Philosophical Analysis,” Dissertation for the Degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. – Belgorod, 2024. – 173 p.
2. Kazakov A. A. Military ethos in modern culture: global and national trends: dissertation for the degree of candidate of philosophical sciences. – Belgorod, 2024. – 153 p.
3. Kosygina E. A. Features of pedagogical work on the formation of motivation for educational activity in students studying in the field of training “Special (defectological) education” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 68-75.
4. Prutskov A. V. Teaching Java programming at a university: pedagogical aspects // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 62-68.
5. Ryabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining the Options for Choosing Future Professional Training of University Applicants by Means of Organizing Online Testing // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 48-57.
6. Stoyanov A. S. Abolition of Gender Differentiation in Technology Lessons: Students’ Expectations // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 86-100.
7. Suravtsova Yu. S., Korovko I. L. Stylization of Graphics in the Video Game Environment // Humanitarian Researchstudies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 84-92.
8. Tarasov A. N. National culture as the basis of Russian statehood // Risks and vulnerabilities of modern socio-cultural transformation: Proceedings of the VI All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Lipetsk: LSPU named after P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2025. – P. 147-150.
9. Tarasov A. N., Raspopov E. V., Fedorishchev A. O. The phenomenon of transhumanism in the mirror of modern philosophical anthropology // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2025. – Vol. 14, No. 1-1. – P. 59-64.
10. Trubitsyn D. V. Globalization, modernization and national identity: a positive synthesis of data on the dynamics of macrosystems // Questions of Philosophy. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 56-67.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SOLODSKIKH Yaroslav Igorevich
postgraduate student of Administrative, financial and information law sub-faculty, M. M. Speransky Faculty of Law, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL VIEW ON THE FEATURES OF MANAGERIAL ACTIVITY, PRESENTED IN THE MONOLOGUE OF THE “GRAND INQUISITOR” IN F. M. DOSTOEVSKY\’S NOVEL “THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV”
The article examines the philosophical and legal aspect of the concept of governance of society, represented in the image of the Grand Inquisitor from F. M. Dostoevsky\’s novel \”The Brothers Karamazov\”. The author pays special attention to the aspect that this concept is not just a literary metaphor, but has real manifestations in the modern world. The article analyzes the Grand Inquisitor\’s attitude to the process of restricting and diminishing human rights and freedoms in the name of the common \”good\”, with the mechanism of restriction in modern state legal systems, which is still imperfect today, which was clearly demonstrated during the period of coronavirus restrictions. A special place is occupied by comparing the views of the Grand Inquisitor and Jesus on the philosophical category of human freedom. The author comes to the conclusion that the approach of Jesus, despite his high moral and managerial requirements for the individual and society, is conceptually preferable. The importance of the active participation of citizens in public administration through constitutionally fixed forms of participation is emphasized, which should not be perceived as utopia or a manifestation of legal nihilism, in contrast to the position expressed by the Grand Inquisitor.
Keywords: freedom, human rights and freedoms, managerial activity, the concept of society management.
Bibliography
1. Dostoevsky, F. M. The Brothers Karamazov: A Novel. Moscow: AST: Kharvest, 2007. 848 p.
2. Grossman, L. P. Dostoevsky the Reactionary. Correspondence between K. Pobedonostsev and F. M. Dostoevsky. Chisinau: Common Place, 2015. 140 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
KRIVENTSEVA Alina Vitaljevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
KHOROSHILOVA Sofya Evgenjevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
MEDIA PHILOSOPHY: RESEARCH PROSPECTS IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL DISRUPTION
The article explores promising areas of development of media philosophy in the context of the digital era. Key research vectors are analyzed: transformation of ontology in the context of VR reality, epistemology of algorithmic cognition, formation of posthuman subjectivity and environmental ethics of digital infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenology of digital corporeality. The need for interdisciplinary approaches that connect the philosophical traditions with computer science is emphasized. The work demonstrates how media philosophy is becoming a key discipline for understanding technological changes that are ahead of traditional cognitive models.
Keywords: media philosophy, digital age, ontology of virtual reality, epistemology of algorithms, posthuman subjectivity, ethics of media anthropocene, politics of algorithmic governance, phenomenology of digital corporeality.
Article bibliography
1. Barysheva I. V., Pishkina G. N., Frolova E. V. Digital platform as a tool for creating a unified educational environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (34). – Pp. 46-53.
2. Vorokhobov A. V. Prerequisites for the development of media philosophy // Philosophical club: materialsphilosophical club. – Nizhny Novgorod: Russian State University of Justice, 2025. – Pp. 22-24.
3. Lenkevich A., Latypova A. Interface as a thorn in the flesh. Game controllers and radical body engineering // Logos. – 2024. – Vol. 34. No. 6 (163). – Pp. 157-176.
4. Kaverina O. G., Menzhulina A. S. Digital transformations in professional education // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – Pp. 40-48.
5. Nikonov S. B., Ye Yu. Ch., Baychik A. V., Labush N. S. Posthumanistic transformation of the subject in the “virtual personal presence” at the ontological level // Litera. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 70-78.
6. Pushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: “digital literacy” and “computer literacy” as system-forming components of the subject “Computer Science” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 49-57.
7. Serkina Ya. I., Kisel A. A. Education system: is a sociological diagnosis possible? // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 91-99.
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PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHURALEV Alexey Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Moscow Institute of Modern Academic Education (MISAO)
MAN AND WOMAN AS THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ESSAY
The article presents a separate worldview of the main question of humanity\’s existence – love between a man and a woman. It examines what this love has become in today\’s society under the influence of capitalist relations and their consumer principles, which are instilled by special state operators through education and upbringing. The article also explores whether people have the opportunity to find a direct path to a happy and just future.
Keywords: man, woman, sex, love, marriage, children, poets and writers, philosophers and scientists, society, state, special services, communism.
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INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL

International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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