PERSONA GRATA
D. A. Pashentsev:
Theoretical and historical legal sciences – the future of jurisprudence
Interview with Dmitry A. Pashentsev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Association of Legal Historians

INTERNATIONAL LAW
Ashavskiy B. M.
Integration in the circulation of medicinal products in EAEU strategy 2025: on the way to EAEU version 2.0
Abdullaev E. E.
The variable nature of the dualism of modern labor law (a study on the example of BRICS founding countries)
Drozdova M. A.
Unified legal complex of the EAEU in transport as a basis for the functional convergence of EAEU transport law
Paramuzova O. G.
Legal issues of protecting women’s rights in marriage and family relations in the context of modern international law
Yarkhamov K. T.
Conceptual approaches to defining cyberspace in the context of international legal protection of children
Gorbunov N. S.
The contribution of international organizations to ensuring food security
Muafa H. N. M.
International obligations in the sphere of human rights: conceptual approaches and classifications
Safina D. G.
General and special systems of mutual recognition of professional qualifications in the higher education system of foreign countries
Khaydarov B. K.
International legal regulation of cooperation in countering illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their precursors within the SCO
Zhao Ya.
Modern development of China-Belarus political relations in the context of the «Belt and road» initiative

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
An Z.
Legal dilemmas in cross-border commercial relations between Russia and China
Karova A. A.
The problem of implementing the principle of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration
Pham Ho H. L.
Risk as a feature of investment activity according to the legislation of Russia and Vietnam
An Z.
Mechanisms of online dispute resolution in cross-border e-commerce

LAW OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Paramuzova O. G.
Content analysis of the uniqueness of Japan’s modern legal system in the context of a historical approach to the formation of Japanese statehood

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
Ivanov D. V., Loor A. V.
The importance of a codified act in medical practice
Kalinina E. V.
Conflictogenity of secular-religious legal relations: nature and opportunities
Musaeva A. G., Aliev Sh. M., Amirgamzaev G. M.
Theory of the state and law: the concept, features, and essence of the state
Nedzelyuk T. G.
The academic discipline «Fundamentals of Research Activities» for lawyers as a project
Podshibyakin A. N., Shebolenkova S. K.
On the issue of the correlation of the concepts of legal status and legal position of convicts
Fastovich G. G., Kudashova I. V.
Implementation of anti-terrorism measures among young people

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
Vidova T. A., Golovastova Yu. A., Mityaeva Yu. V.
The development of family law and legislation in Russia in the XIX – early XX century
Kruglov E. A., Bessilin N. A.
Legal and deontological aspects of medical practice in antiquity and the early European Middle Ages
Bogunova O. V.
Receiver-distributors as part of the correctional institutions system for minors in 1930-40s (on materials of Krasnoyarsk)
Gabdrakhmanov F. V.
Requirements for candidates when appointing them to prosecutor’s positions in the 1920s
Paliy R. R., Paliy K. R.
Constitutionalism of legal policy in the sphere of cultural heritage objects: historical experience of the Russian state
Patrash N. V.
On the issue of the political state of the 13th precinct of the Prosecutor’s office of the Gdov district of the Petrograd Province in 1922-1923
Rogalev A. A.
Peculiarities of the legal status of Korean subjects in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century
Yakovets E. N., Zhuravlenko N. I.
How the Bandera ideology originated in Ukraine
Granatov D. K.
The 1889 Constitution and adjustment of tax legal relations in the Japanese empire
Latypov S. B.
Historical and legal prerequisites for the formation of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Belyakova A. M.
Tradition as the basis of Russia’s future ideology
Gabieva S. M., Kurbanova U. M.
Problems of implementing constitutional guarantees of human and citizen rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation
Domnina A. V., Golovanova V. F., Konovalov A. N.
About new or old issues of revising the Russian Constitution
Zhivodrova S. A., Stepanova D. O.
Information and digital technologies as a means of combating corruption
Iljin I. M.
Government of the Russian Federation as a key subject of ensuring budgetary and financial sovereignty: constitutional and legal aspects
Klimenko I. D.
The use of facial recognition and mass surveillance systems in the context of legal regulation: analysis of the conflict of security and privacy in the Russian Federation
Kornukova E. V.
Constitutional guarantees of ensuring the fairness of final court decisions in criminal proceedings
Mitryasova A. S.
Digital transformation of constitutional rights at work: challenges and prospects for protecting the right to remuneration for work, safe working conditions and recreation in the context of the digitalization of the economy
Tayupova K. R.
Building a social state: the constitutional and legal experience of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation after the constitutional reforms of 2022 and 2020
Egorchev M. G.
Constitutional mechanisms for ensuring Russia’s national security in the context of multiple crises

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Abyzov A. S., Yakunin D. V.
Topical issues of judicial practice in disputes on inclusion of illegal requirements for goods, works, and services in the description of the purchase object
Bogacheva M. V.
Legislative foundations of information activities of internal affairs bodies
Konoplev V. V.
Experience and prospects for the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in government bodies: analysis of main use cases
Kudovba O. N., Putrenko A. N., Kuryashkin A. N.
On the issue of administrative and preventive measures applied by the police to juvenile offenders who have not reached the age of responsibility and who have committed extremist offenses
Kuptsov E. I.
Legal gaps and conflicts in the area of competence of local self-government
Obraztsova A. I.
Modernization of law enforcement activities through artificial intelligence technologies: challenges and prospects
Nalimov D. O.
Current issues in the legal regulation of gift-giving to health care professionals in Russia
Khusainov G. E.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and tokenization in sports: a comparative analysis of legal framework
Chelpanova M. M., Ponezhina L. Yu.
The main directions for improving the use of the main forms of preventive action by the district police commissioner
Monko V. S.
Legal foundations for the introduction of machine-readable law and artificial intelligence technologies into the rule-making activities of executive authorities

CIVIL LAW
Abramova A. A.
Digital rights security
Anisimova T. A.
The legal status of the child in judicial review of tutorship and guardianship authority decisions on the establishment of temporary guardianship or custodianship
Alsynbaeva E. M., Amineva A. Yu., Rezyapova G. F.
Inheritance fund in Russia and Germany: comparative analysis and development prospects
Butakova N. A.
Various aspects of road transport safety
Gaibatova K. D., Kasumova F. M.
Comparative analysis of the marriage contract and the agreement on the division of spouses’ property
Golubeva E. A.
About some trends in patenting environmental inventions and «green» technologies in the Russian Federation
Ikharov M. M.
On the legal regulation of the issue of shares and units indirectly certifying the rights to artistic values
Kryuchkov K. S.
Presumption of bad faith in bankruptcy as a special case in Russian civil law
Lunyova E. N.
Risks and problems of law enforcement of compulsory insurance of civil liability motor vehicles (OSAGO) and voluntary insurance of civil liability motor vehicles (VDAGO)
Orlova A. I.
The problem of distinguishing fraudulent and preferential transactions
Razdobudko V. O.
Legal characteristics of the tenant of the forest plot
Khazeeva L. I.
History of the formation and development of legal regulation of labor activities of the head of an organization in Russia
Chursina A. S., Shaydorova K. A.
Problems and prospects of the draft law on non-industrial extraction of precious metals (gold) by individuals in the Arctic Territories of the Russian Federation
Yurjeva L. A., Zachupeyko M. A.
The composition of damages for unfair negotiation: analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice
Bazhenov A. Yu.
International trends of public-private development and their implementation in the Russian civil legislation
Gavchuk D. V.
Digital trust in personal data processing institutions in the hospitality industry
Gref P. E.
The impact of the status of a foreign agent on the implementation of economic activities by non-profit organizations
Kalinin S. S.
Gaps in legislation in the field of combined insurance for legal entities
Logunkova S. S.
Marriage contract in corporate law: legal aspects and collision issues
Markov M. G.
Legal nature and legal regulation of «Big Data» on the Internet
Podgorny Ya. G.
Legal problems of disclosure of information about traditional knowledge and Genetic resources
Semyonov D. A.
The promissory estoppel doctrine in English and American contract law
Sinelnikova V. G.
Distinguishing between rights to business names and trademarks
Tikhov S. M.
The use of trademarks as a tool to protect the interests of video game developers
Tsyganok V. O.
General trends in the development of domestic legislation in the field of land easements
Fedorova E. A.
Public law companies and the development of a system of legal entities with state participation
Khalikov A. R.
Priority status of the authorized body in bankruptcy cases

CIVIL PROCESS
Akhmetzyanova G. N., Valiev E. A.
The evolution of the role of the prosecutor in civil proceedings
Zvereva A. A.
The right of a surviving relative to use frozen reproductive cells or embryos: issues in judicial practice

LABOUR LAW
Kozhukhova G. S., Kolodkina V. N.
Employee as a subject of an employment contract
Musatkin N. R.
Employment termination agreement: grounds and implications of recognition the severance pay clause illegal

LAND LAW
Perelekhova T. S., Ermolina M. A.
The procedure for coordinating the boundaries of a land plot as a guarantee of observance of the rights and legitimate interests of the right holders of adjacent land plots: features and problems of legal regulation
Romanichev S. V., Nazarova N. A., Nazarov S. N.
Gaps in the changes of certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation on land use
Perelekhova T. S., Ermolina M. A.
Legal aspects of rational use of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation

FINANCIAL LAW
Vinnitskiy D. V., Zimulkin M. I.
The development of the doctrine of tax and international tax law in the Nordic countries: the case of Norway (review of the textbooks of Frederik Zimmer «Skatterett» and «Internasjonal inntektsskatterett»)
Karskiy V. Ya.
Some issues of regulation of activities of crypto service providers
Vozhagov M. V.
On the issue of the digital assets market’s place within the financial market system
Dmitriev I. N.
Financial sovereignty as one of the main components of state sovereignty in an era of sanctions pressure
Kazakova N. Yu.
Taxonomy of digital currencies

TAX LAW
Verbovoy G. S.
Legal status of the largest taxpayers: doctrinal and law enforcement aspects

ENTREPRENEURIAL LAW
Borodina Zh. N., Abdullaeva R. R.
Stock exchange in the system of financial markets: comparative legal aspect
Zhivodrova S. A., Murdyaeva A. V.
The concept and role of regulatory impact assessment in the business development of the Russian Federation

CORPORATE LAW
Semenovich K. S., Gorbachev A. A.
Convertible loan agreement in a limited liability company

INFORMATION LAW
Davudova S. Ya., Ragimhanova K. T.
Prospects for the development of legislation in the field of digital footprint and digital profile in the context of digitalization
De Apro S. V.
Stages of artificial intelligence creation: legal issues
Kirichenko A. V.
Legal collisions in information dissemination on social media: international and national contexts

CRIMINAL LAW
Averinskaya S. A.
The first stages of probation in the Russian Federation
Bichenova A. R., Viryasova Yu. O.
Criminal liability for occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy: application practice and current problems of countering the AUE movement
Vaseva I. S., Ogarkov A. V.
Organizational and legal aspects of convict rentals in the USA: a retrospective analysis
Gulomov S. M.
Criminal legal assessment of kidnapping, problems and qualifications
Evlushina D. N.
On certain aspects of the investigation of economic crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies
Efremova O. S.
Current trends in public policy on combating crime
Keramova S. N.
The problem of combating corruption in the civil service in the Republic of Dagestan
Kraskovskiy Ya. E., Nekrasov A. P.
Certain types of penitentiary crimes committed in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention facilities of the federal penitentiary service of Russia
Lavrov V. V., Dvoryanov I. B.
Administering confiscation of assets constituting proceeds of crime: construction of the doctrinal model in the context of the issue in criminal procedural averment (digest of the theoretical and empirical study)
Lykov D. A., Golovitsyna V. K.
Is it possible to recognize persons serving sentences of imprisonment by a court verdict as victims under Article 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation?
Lyapicheva N. S.
The problem of youth crime: approaches and prevention methods
Paliy V. V.
Problems of criminal law assessment of the participation of two or more persons in the commission of a group crime
Senina E. N.
Comparative legal analysis of restorative justice models: international experience
Khaliullina A. F.
Problems of conducting forensic examinations in the investigation of crimes committed using information and telecommunication systems
Khamzyaeva Yu. R.
Issues of qualification of failure to report a crime
Al‘-Zyarah B. F. S.
Criminal liability of juveniles in Iraq
Al’-Masafir D. M. H.
Prospects for the humanization of the institution of deprivation of liberty in Muslim criminal law: international standards and national specifics
Vaseva I. S.
The contract system in the penal law of the USA in the end of the 19th- beginning of the 20th centuries
Karapetyan R. M.
New risks of intellectual property rights infringement in the metaverse: criminal law problems
Matrosov A. A.
The practice of countering pyramid schemes in the Republic of South Africa, including application of criminal law measures

CRIMINAL PROCESS
Begova D. Ya., Pirmagomedov R. A.
Modern problems of ensuring the safety of victims in criminal proceedings: theoretical and practical aspects
Kazmirov M. A.
Problems of implementing the principle of adversarial process by the example of using special knowledge by participants in criminal proceedings in the process of proving
Kachurova E. S., Rybakova A. S., Bondarenko V. V.
The problems of distinguishing commercial bribery and fraud from receiving a bribe
Kolesnikova N. A.
The possibilities of using information technology and artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings
Kosenko O. A., Safarov V. R., Karachkova V. V.
The legal nature of the decree of the State Duma on amnesty as a basis for exemption from criminal liability
Larin V. Yu., Zakopyrin V. N.
On the issue of criminal law protection of institutions of the Russian penal system
Malamagamedova A. R.
Humanization of criminal proceedings
Melnikova E. F., Teterkina O. I.
Investigative activities to prevent counteraction to the investigation of remote thefts
Mishchenko E. V.
Protecting the confidentiality of information about the private lives of citizens in the norms of the legislation of pre-revolutionary Russia
Perekrestov V. N., Fantrov P. P.
Features of the procedural order for the prosecutor to return a criminal case to eliminate obstacles to its consideration by the court of first instance on the merits
Povalyaev E. A.
Circumstances to be established at the stage of initiation of a criminal case on the facts of drug trafficking committed by an organized group
Popov I. V., Popov V. M., Shirshaev S. A.
The practice of using an electronic monitoring system for controlled entities (sample) in Russia and abroad
Rastophin R. A.
The competence of the prosecutor’s office in the application of coercive measures restricting the freedom of citizens in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany
Sidiropulo I. G.
Grounds and limits of criminal liability for complicity in a crime
Soboleva A. E.
The concept and essence of the category of expediency in criminal proceedings
Sokolov Yu. N.
On the nature of electronic traces in criminal proceedings
Stepanenko Yu. S., Plyusnina E. N.
The concept and legal nature of parole
Chekulaev D. P.
«Tough» detentions through the lens of mediatization and the presumption of innocence
Alibaeva G. A.
Problems of implementation of procedural autonomy of the investigator in making procedural decisions
Bryukhanova A. D.
On the question of the need to introduce the institute of investigative judges
Poya A. J.
A study of the principle of respect for the rights of the accused, the victim, and the witness based on article 6 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Iran

CRIMINALISTICS
Kostyuchenko O. G.
High-tech investigative activities
Krasnenko Yu. V.
Modern technical means and methods of evidence recording used in criminalistic activities
Lozinskiy O. I.
Forensic microbiome examination: potential opportunities; problems of formation of methodological, scientific, technical, hardware and software base
Sirotinin D. A.
Some organizational and tactical aspects of the seizure of property in order to compensate for the damage caused by a crime
Smirnova S. A., Surovaya O. A., Britvak N.
Mandatory fingerprint registration of foreigners as a factor in strengthening of the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Timchenko N. N.
Interrogation of employees of bodies and agents of currency control as witnesses as a necessary investigative action in the investigation of criminal currency transactions, the responsibility for which is provided for in Article 193.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Tutova O. V., Grigorus L. N.
Improving forms and methods of countering crimes committed using information and communication technologies
Fayzullina A. A.
Problems of using interactive teaching methods in teaching the discipline «criminalistics»
Shogenov A. A.
Features and shortcomings of the methodology of expert examination of mechanical locks as objects of forensic trace examination
Lozinskiy O. I.
State migration registration: methodological possibility; actual necessity; biometric justification; potential in the forensic field
Chakiev M. A., Myalitsyna M. A.
Problematic issues of physical evidence storage at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings

CRIMINOLOGY
Bochkareva E. V.
The role of Big Data in criminological research of crime self-determination
Iljina O. V., Frolov D. V.
Criminological, organizational and legal aspects of countering migration crime in modern conditions
Magomedova A. M.
Problems of monitoring juveniles subject to compulsory educational measures
Nasreddinova K. A.
Problems of criminal prosecution for assault and battery and causing minor bodily harm: criminological and criminal-law analysis

JUDICIARY
Ignatenkova I. A., Ibragimov T. S. O.
Language rights in Russian legal proceedings: constitutional guarantees, implementation problems and ways of improvement in the context of territorial expansion of the Russian Federation

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Gukalov A. A.
The significance of operational experiments in the fight against illegal vehicle ownership
Olifirenko E. P.
The specifics of regulating and exercising prosecutorial supervision over the enforcement of laws by bailiffs

PROSECUTOR’S SUPERVISION
Basov A. V., Lyubimskiy R. V.
Practice of implementing prosecutorial response measures in ensuring the rights of special military operation (SMO) participants: regional specifics

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
Gorin K. Yu., Konovalenko Yu. G.
Self-defense and combat techniques in the activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation
Deryabkin A. A., Gabrielova Yu. V.
Organizing project-based learning in training specialists for internal affairs agencies: procedure and mechanism
Zorina N. S.
Spiritual and moral values as an element of upbringing of juvenile convicts in educational colonies
Ivanova S. V.
Legal basis for activities with artificial intelligence systems in medical universities of the Russian Federation
Timoschuk A. S., Chirikin V. A.
Professional family succession on the example of the penitentiary system

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW
Guseva E. V., Deren I. I., Dvoretskiy D. A.
Modern aspects of overcoming maladaptation of convicted women while serving their sentences without isolation from society

STATE AND LAW
Bulavina D. V.
Employee bonuses as one of the mechanisms for achieving national development goals
Dzyuban V. V., Zakopyrin V. N., Sabaraikin S. V.
The main measures of the state policy in the field of sports: domestic and foreign experience
Koltyrin V. I.
Law enforcement practice as a driving force in the development of the institute of telemedical technologies
Kudrin A. S., Vaseva I. S.
On the question of the evolution of collective agreement regulation in the Republic of Belarus
Losenkov O. I., Kolomina P. V.
The specifics of the functioning of the institute of commissioners in the Russian Federation

POLICY AND LAW
Ignatjeva I. V.
The impact of social networks on political activity and social movements

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
Balynskaya N. R., Shkurko N. S., Petrova-Yadreeva Ya. A.
Transformation of political communications in the face of global changes
Khairullina N. G., Ustinova O. V., Filippova I. A.
Implementing the right to identity for rural residents: research results

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
Gabrielova Yu. V.
The role of emotional marketing in the development of the gastronomic business environment
Golubeva T. V., Nikolaenko A. V., Zaitsev A. G.
Defining the concept of «resilience» in the context of industrial enterprises
Goryunov L. Yu.
Business practices in the field of mineral reserves audit: legal framework, practical significance and development prospects
Zaitsev A. G., Nikolaenko A. V., Mashegov P. N.
Approaches to classifying the tools of intra-company planning of an industrial enterprise
Kuznetsova M. N., Shavaleev R. F.
Antimonopoly regulation in the IT market in the context of import substitution
Paliy K. R.
Implementation of state policy for the protection of architectural heritage in St. Petersburg: key institutions and legal mechanisms
Saraeva O. N.
Startup as a form of final qualification work: legal aspects of implementation, possible risks and conflicts
Suslov Yu. E., Suslov E. Yu.
Legal aspects of state project management in Russia
Mekhdiev E. T., Puchnina E. A.
Thailand’s role in the global automotive supply chain: from assembly to innovation
Parshin E. A.
The belt and road initiative (China) as a new model of mega-regional integration

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
Alshevskaya L. V.
Discussion on creativity in V. V. Rozanov’s (1856 – 1919) philosophy
Ananchenkova P. I.
Philosophy of longevity in the context of demographic challenges of the 21st century: between biology and culture
Vezlomtsev V. E.
Cultural codes of corruption: how traditions shape the perception of violations
Vorokhobov A. V., Rozina T. Yu., Gorlachev V. Yu.
Philosophical and epistemological principles of scientific knowledge: systematization and critical analysis
Klimov S. N., Glozman O. S.
Transcendental analysis of conditions for comprehending the essence of the city in the ontological mode
Kobylkin R. A.
Social and philosophical analysis of patriotic education of youth (based on the life of a Don Cossack – K. I. Nedorubov)
Mukhametzhanova V. S., Zhelnina Ya. B.
Ethics of interaction with artificial intelligence agents
Rudkevich E. Yu.
Photography in the modern social space: role and significance
Stankevich D. V.
Analysis of global and domestic trends in the field of human migration in the modern world
Timoschuk E. A., Nazarova M. G.
Ingarden’s realistic phenomenology
Tarasov A. N., Ivanova E. I., Lezareva K. G.
Existential vulnerability and the search for solidarity: a phenomenological-anthropological analysis in an era of uncertainty
Fayzullin F. S., Samsitdinov I. Z.
Trajectories of social mobility in modern Russia: institutional mechanisms and promotion practices
Shaikhutdinova I. I., Lukmanova R. A.
Dynamics and statics in charity work: a study of processes and sustainability
Chirkova E. A.
The role of traditional values in the sociocultural dynamics of modern society
Ikhsanov A. U.
The role of culture in preserving ethnic identity

BOOK REVIEW
Kartashkin V. A., Buryanov S. A.
In search of ways to overcome a new global catastrophe. A doctrinal approach to rethinking interwar international legal relations of the 20th century is explored in the monograph by Doctor of Law Insur Zabirovich Farkhutdinov, «The Evolution of International Law from Versailles to Munich (1919-1938). Myths and Realities».

PERSONA GRATA
D. A. Pashentsev:
Theoretical and historical legal sciences – the future of jurisprudence
Interview with Dmitry A. Pashentsev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Association of Legal Historians

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ASHAVSKIY Boris Matveevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
INTEGRATION IN THE CIRCULATION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS IN EAEU STRATEGY 2025: ON THE WAY TO EAEU VERSION 2.0
This article continues a series of studies on various aspects of Eurasian integration. It examines current issues in the development of integration in the complex block of industrial and customs cooperation fields related to medicinal products (hereinafter referred to as “medicines”), as well as the common market. The study aims to address two primary objectives. First, it seeks to conduct an examination of the current level of development within the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as “Union”) regarding the integrated framework of cooperation. This framework encompasses industrial and customs collaboration in the pharmaceutical sector, as well as the common pharmaceutical market. Second, the study involves an analysis of the legal acts adopted by the Union bodies. This analysis is intended to evaluate existing mechanisms and identify prospects for the further development of this regulatory framework, taking into account the overall progress of the Eurasian integration process. Results. The study has demonstrated that the common market for medicines in the Union is now already supported by the minimum of essential regulatory framework. To ensure the availability of medicines, it is supplemented by norms in related areas which support manufacturing and import of medicines. The development of the Union common market for medicines and related areas, as enshrined in the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014, will proceed within its framework according to the main strategic directions.
Keywords: Eurasian Economic Union, medicinal products, common market for medicinal products.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ashavsky B. M. Globalization: Its pros and cons for Russia: Legal aspect // Moscow Legal Forum “Globalization, state, law, XXI century”. – M., 2004. – P. 34-39.
2. Ashavskiy B. M. International interstate system: the current stage of development // Russian Yearbook of International Law. – 2017.
3. Kravchuk A. M. Common market for medicines of the EAEU: trends in the development of international legal regulation of the circulation of medicines in the Eurasian Economic Union // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 1 (200). – P. 43-45.
4. Tunkin G. I. Law and power in the international system. – M.: International relations, 1983.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ABDULLAEV Elshan Elshad ogli
Ph.D. in Law, scientific advisor of “Educational systems” LTD, Moscow
THE VARIABLE NATURE OF THE DUALISM OF MODERN LABOR LAW (A STUDY ON THE EXAMPLE OF BRICS FOUNDING COUNTRIES)
The purpose of this article is to study the variable nature of the dualism of labor law on the example of countries that are the founders of BRICS. Methodology. The methodological basis of this research is a structural-legal approach that allows us to present the dualism of international and national labor law as a set of different models that ensure the harmonization of two levels of legal systems – national and international. As the main method used in the process of working on the article, the formal-legal method was used, as well as the method of comparative analysis. Results The author structured current models of harmonization of norms of national and international law based on the dualistic paradigm of the development of the modern legal system, highlighted the differentiated features of these models. The obtained results can be used in the process of further scientific research conducted within the framework of the interaction of international and national legal systems, considering the objective presence of legal dualism. Conclusion Despite active participation in international labor law initiatives, the BRICS countries defend their sovereign right to interpret and implement labor standards, which leads to asymmetry of legal integration, which is a complex dynamic system of interaction of national legislation with international standards, where each of the parties strives in some way to maintain a balance between national interests and global international obligations.
Keywords: international labor law, national labor law, dualism, implementation, harmonization, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
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10. Chen Ke. Labour Law in China. – 3rd ed. – Wolters Kluwer, 2022. – 336 p.
11. Employment & Labour Laws and Regulations India. – ICLG, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iclg.com/practice-areas/employment-and-labour-laws-and-regulations/india.
12. João Renda Leal Fernandes. Labor Law, CLT and the 2017 Brazilian Labor Reform. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/pbl/article/view/34654.
13. Labor Law of China. – China Justice Observer, 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/law/x/labor-law-20181229.
14. Chaudhary T. Changing Scenario of Indian Labor and New Labor Codes: A Critical Analysis // Christ University Law Journal. – 2023. – Pp. 21-35.
15. Virgílio Afonso da Silva. The Constitution of Brazil: A Contextual Analysis. – Hart Publishing, 2020. – 247 pp.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
DROZDOVA Mariya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Logistics and commercial work sub-faculty, Faculty of Transportation Management, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering
UNIFIED LEGAL COMPLEX OF THE EAEU IN TRANSPORT AS A BASIS FOR THE FUNCTIONAL CONVERGENCE OF EAEU TRANSPORT LAW
The article reveals the concept of a single legal complex of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of transport and logistics as the basis for the formation of the legal infrastructure of the Eurasian transport space. The key documents of the EAEU are analyzed, the legal principles, structure and functions of the single legal complex of the EAEU are defined, mechanisms for harmonization, digitalization and institutional strengthening of transport integration are proposed. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to develop a single legal complex of the EAEU in the field of transport to realize the transport and logistics potential of the integration association, create a regulatory framework for expanding cooperation with other associations, such as the SCO, BRICS, CIS and eliminate potential competition of formats with them.
Keywords: transport integration, single legal complex in the field of transport, harmonization of EAEU law, Eurasian transport integration, EAEU, international law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Treaty on the EAEU. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/222/bifmr5rkj91orf6wc3yg26olge6h0wej/Dogovor.pdf?ysclid=mde5z9o5n788219130 (Accessed: 22.07.2025).
2. Kashkin S. Yu. Eurasia in Global Integration Processes // Formation of a Multipolar World: Challenges and Prospects: Collection of Papers from the XI Moscow Legal Forum (XXIV International Scientific and Practical Conference). In 3 parts, Moscow, April 8-12, 2024. – Moscow: Publishing Center of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), 2024. – P. 217-220.
3. Comprehensive Plan for the Development of Eurasian Transport Corridors (2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/23r00179/?ysclid=mde7huhm79768997512 (date of access: 22.07.2025).
4. Protocol No. 24 to the Treaty on the EAEU “On Coordinated (Agreed) Transport Policy”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/864/Prilozhenie-_-24-Protokol-o-skoordinirovannoy-_soglasovannoy_-transportnoy-politike.pdf?ysclid=mde638muf474409046 (accessed on 22 July 2025).
5. Draft Agreement on Permissible Dimensions and Axles of Vehicles (2022). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22r00003/?ysclid=mde7bseztc292044889 (accessed on 22 July 2025).
6. Order of the EEC Board No. 175 dated 26 October 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/21r00175/?ysclid=mde7dspz81726786174 (date of access: 22.07.2025).
7. Order of the EEC Council No. 4 of 21.02.2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/20s00004/?ysclid=mde7ap2yv6326418787 (date of access: 22.07.2025).
8. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council No. 19 of 26.12.2016. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/16vr0019/?ysclid=mde668donu262957026 (Accessed: 23.07.2025).
9. Decision of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission of 05.07.2016 No. 80. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://sudact.ru/law/reshenie-kollegii-evraziiskoi-ekonomicheskoi-komissii-ot-05072016_1/ (Accessed: 22.07.2025).
10. Agreement on the Unified System of Customs Transit of the EAEU and Third Countries. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24bn0222/?ysclid=mde793gcyx239848116 (date of access: 22.07.2025).
11. Customs Code of the EAEU. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.alta.ru/codex-2018/R1/?ysclid=mde6a1wfmx585737316 (date of access: 22.07.2025).
12. Fursova E. A., Legkodymov D. A. International transport logistics and marketing: management in the context of geopolitical transformation // In the collection: Management of operational work in transport (UERT-2024). Electronic collection of works of the II International scientific and practical conference. – St. Petersburg, 2024. – Pp. 237-240.
13. Chetverikov A. O. International Integration and Legal Wars. – Moscow: Rusains Limited Liability Company, 2025. – 170 p.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
PARAMUZOVA Olga Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of International and Humanitarian Law Subfaculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg. Petersburg
LEGAL ISSUES OF PROTECTING WOMEN\’S RIGHTS IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW
The article examines the trends in the development of family and marriage relations in the context of the need to address the current problem of protecting women\’s rights in a postmodern international legal environment and the lack of a proper level of regulation in international relations. It has been shown that in order to improve the human rights mechanism in this area, it is necessary to develop new approaches to overcome international legal nihilism and to determine the specifics of women\’s legal consciousness regarding their self-identification in the family, society, and state. The author also substantiates the need for international legal unification and harmonization of national legislation in individual countries in order to increase the level of protection for women in marital and family relations complicated by a foreign element.
Keywords: marriage and family relations complicated by a foreign element, the specifics of women’s legal consciousness, and the problems of women’s rights in the family, civil society, and the state.
Article Bibliography
1. Aleshina A. V., Kosovskaya V. A. Marriages with Foreigners: The Current State of Legal Regulation, 2013. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/braki-s-inostrantsami-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-pravovogo-regulirovaniya.
2. Anismimov A. P., Ryzhenkov A. Ya., et al. Family law. – 2nd edition, revised and supplemented / Ed. A. O. Inshakova, A. Ya. Ryzhenkov, D. E. Matyshchina. – M .: Yurait, 2025.
3. Bakhin S. V., Ignatiev A. S. Legal assistance and legal relations in civil and family cases. Adjustment of regulation within the CIS (Chisinau Convention of 2002) // Journal of International Private Law. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 3-12.
4. The Civil Code of France (Napoleonic Code) / Translated from French by V. Zakhvataev. – Kyiv, 2006.
5. Ilovaisky A. I. Legal regulation of marital and family relations with a foreign element. Volgograd Institute of Management, RANEPA. – Volgograd, 2022.
6. Ilyina O. Yu. Marriage as a form of state recognition of relations between a man and a woman // Family and housing law. – 2006. – No. 4.
7. Codification of International Private Law and Problems of International Unification. Collection of articles based on the materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the memory of A. L. Makovsky / Ed. N. Doronina,N. I. Marysheva. Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation. – M.: Litres, 2024.
8. Lee S. Yu. Marriage with a Foreigner: International Legal Regulation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/brak-s-inostrantsem-mezhdunarodno-pravovoe-regulirovanie.
9. Meyer D. I. Russian Civil Law. – M., 2000. – Pp. 726-727.
10. Fedoseeva G. Yu. Legal Regulation of Cross-Border Marital and Family Relations in Russia. Collection of Scientific Papers / Ed. O. E. Savenko. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law Academy. – M.: Prospect, 2022.
11. Shegrikyan V. Yu., Kachur A. N. Civil marriage with a foreigner: pros and cons. Kuban State University. – Krasnodar, 2019.
12. Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A. J. McGinn A. Casebook on Roman Family. Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004. – P. 31-32; R. 457.
13. Craveri Benedetta. Amanti e regine. Il potere delle donne. – Milano: Adelphi, 2005.
14. Migliucci Debora. Brief history of the conquiste femminili nel lavoro e nella società italiana. – Milano: Camera del lavoro metropolitana, 2007.
15. Roccella Eugenia, e Lucetta Scaraffa. Italiane (3 vol.). – Roma: Dipartimento per le pari opportunita\’, 2003.
16. Rossi-Doria Anna (a cura di). A che punto è la storia delle donne in Italia. – Roma: Viella, 2003.
17. Sara F. Matthews-Grieco (a cura di), Monaca, moglie, serva, cortigiana: vita e imagine delle donne tra Rinascimento e Controriforma. – Firenze: Morgana, 2001.
18. Willson Perry. Women in Twentieth-Century Italy. – Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
YARKHAMOV Kamil Tagirovich
postgraduate student, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow
CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO DEFINING CYBERSPACE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
The article analyzes various conceptual approaches to defining cyberspace in the context of international legal protection of children. It examines the evolution of the concept of cyberspace from a literary metaphor to a legal concept, highlighting technological, socio-communicative, spatial-territorial, international-legal, philosophical, functional, multidimensional, and cyber-libertarian approaches. Special attention is given to the influence of different conceptual approaches on the formation of international legal mechanisms for the protection of children in cyberspace. The author concludes that a comprehensive understanding of cyberspace is necessary to ensure effective international cooperation in the field of child protection.
Keywords: cyberspace, international law, child protection, conceptual approaches, international cooperation, legal regulation, information security, children’s rights.
Article bibliography
1. Serebrennikova A. V. Crimes in the field of information technology: cyberbullying and cybermobbing // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. 2020. Vol. XVI. No. 2. pp. 283-287.
2. Moskalenko O. L. Bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents: signs, types, forms, prevention (literature review) // Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology named after V. M. Bekhterev. 2025. T. 59. No. 2. P. 30-39.
3. Mini Devi B., Thomas J. I., Connect L. International laws against bullying // International Laws against Bullying. 2020.
4. Salmivalli C., Pöyhönen V. Cyberbullying in Finland // Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives / Q. Li, D. Cross, P. K. Smith (Eds.). Wiley Blackwell, 2012. P. 57-72.
5. Sultanul Husni F., Taufiq F., Rahmadi F., Ramadhan K., Arnif M., Hatta M. Legal implications of cyber bullying crimes: A comparative study // International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice. 2025. Vol. 2. No. 2. P. 36-45.
6. Bertolotti T., Magnani L. A philosophical and evolutionary approach to cyber-bullying: social networks and the disruption of sub-moralities // Ethics and Information Technology. 2013. Vol. 15. P. 285-299.
7. Willard N. E. Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Research Press, 2007.
8. Gryaznov S. A. International legal regulation of cyberspace // Legal sciences. 2021. No. 1. P. 82-84.
9. Ivanova K. A., Myltykbaev M. Zh., Shtodina D. D. The concept of cyberspace in international law // Law enforcement. 2022. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 32-44.
10. Aliberti M., Jenkins L., Monk M. Predictors of Cyberbystander Intervention Among Adolescents // Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2023. Vol. 38. No. 9-10. P. 6454-6479.
11. Rodionov A. E. Modern international legal regulation of cyberbullying in relation toResearch Institute for the Protection of Children’s Rights // International Law. 2025. No. 1. P. 13-35.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GORBUNOV Nikita Sergeevich
postgraduate student of International and integration law sub-faculty, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO ENSURING FOOD SECURITY
The article examines the modern system of international organizations performing various functions in the field of ensuring universal food security through the prism of their activities, including the interaction of these organizations with each other. The author identifies criteria based on which existing international organizations can be divided into three levels. Based on these criteria, FAO is at the first level, WFP and IFAD are at the second, and regional development banks and non-governmental organizations are at the third. The article examines the features and problems affecting the effectiveness of each of these organizations and suggests ways to solve them.
Keywords: international organization, food security, FAO, WFP, IFAD.
Article bibliography
1. Voronin, B. A., “FAO as a Subject of International Relations,” AVU, 2013, no. 4 (110). – P. 56, 57.
2. Dyshekova A. A. World food security and ways of its development // Agricultural land use and food security: Proceedings of the VIII International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the memory of Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of Adygea, Professor B. Kh. Fiapsheva, Nalchik, March 22, 2022. – Nalchik: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V. M. Kokov”, 2022. – P. 406.
3. Epifanov A. E. On the role of international non-governmental organizations in the legal support of food security // Law and Order. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 83.
4. Zyablitseva M. A. The role of international organizations in the fight against nutrition problems // Quality of products, technologies and education: Proceedings of the XVI International scientific and practical conference, Magnitogorsk, April 30, 2021. – Magnitogorsk: Magnitogorsk State Technical University named after G. I. Nosov, 2021. – P. 45.
5. Ivannikov N. S. Features of FAO activities in the geopolitical conditions of our time // Management consulting. – 2019. – No. 2 (122). – P. 93.
6. Lupashko-Stalsky I. P. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): basic information. Introductory familiarization course. Number of villages of the Russian Federation. – M.: Rosinformagrotekh, 2006. – P. 56.
7. Petrova A. M., Revenko L. S. The role of FAO in solving the problem of global food security // Modern economic processes. – 2021. – Vol. 1. No. 4. – P. 25.
8. Pryanikova A. A. Activities of international institutions to ensure food security // Management consulting. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 141, 145.
9. Sandu I. S. Methodological aspects of the implementation of investment and innovation activities in the regional agro-industrial complex through public-private partnership mechanisms // Economy of agriculture of Russia. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 18.
10. Shelamova N. A. The Role of International Organizations in Sustainable Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas in the Regions of the World // Economy, Labor, Management in Agriculture. – 2019. – No. 4 (49). – P. 25.
11. Shkolyar N. A. Regional Development Banks in the System of International Financial Organizations // RUDN University Bulletin. Series: Economy. 2003. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/regionalnye-banki-razvitiya-v-sisteme-mezhdunarodnyh-finansovyh-organizatsiy (date of access: 03/19/2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
MUAFA Hatem Nadir Mohammed
postgraduate student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES AND CLASSIFICATIONS
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the nature and structure of international obligations of states in the field of human rights, identifies their key features and sources, including the principles of pacta sunt servanda and jus cogens. Particular attention is paid to the triad “respect – protect – fulfill”, as well as the distinction between positive and negative, internal and external obligations. The mechanisms for the progressive implementation of economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the specifics of immediate guarantees of civil and political rights are considered. An overview of the consolidation of obligations in universal and regional treaties and the role of general comments of UN bodies in their interpretation is provided.
Keywords: international obligations, human rights, pacta sunt servanda, jus cogens, erga omnes, progressive realization.
Article bibliography
1. Borodina E. A. Positive and negative obligations to protect human rights: classification issues // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2024. – Vol. 19. No. 6 (163). – P. 190-199.
2. Goltyaev A. O. Development issues in the general comments of the UN Committee on ESC Rights // Electronic online publication “International Legal Courier”. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 1-6.
3. Zybaylo A. I. On the Legal Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its Impact on the Law-making and Law Enforcement Processes, 2009.
4. Kolotova N. V. Universal and National Instruments for the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Human Rights // Education and Law. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 81-86.
5. Menshenina N. N. International Law: A Textbook / Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Ural Federal University. – Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural University, 2016. – 100 p.
6. Sazonova K. L. Obligations erga omnes and norms of jus cogens in international law: Conceptual design and law enforcement practice // State and Law. – 2014. – No. 11. – P. 72-79.
7. Ustimova E. A. The role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) in the formation of universal standards of human rights // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 17 (516). – pp. 358-360.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
SAFINA Dinara Ganievna
competitor of International law sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) University
GENERAL AND SPECIAL SYSTEMS OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of modern mechanisms for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications in the field of higher education in the international arena. The author explores two dominant models: a general system based on legislative acts, and a special system regulated by narrow-industry norms for specific professions. The example of integration associations (EAEU, CIS, BRICS, EU) reveals the legal foundations, stages and procedures of recognition, as well as systemic restrictions and challenges facing states. This article focuses on European experience, including general treatment, automatic recognition and compensatory measures. The author concludes that the most effective mechanisms are formed at the regional level, and their success directly depends on an integrated approach that combines harmonization of standards, academic mobility and the creation of information resources. In conclusion, the author proposes recommendations for improving recognition systems within the EAEU, CIS, and BRICS, including synchronizing the national qualifications framework.
Keywords: mutual recognition of qualifications, higher education, general system, special system, Directive 2005/36/EC, European Union, EAEU, BRICS, national qualifications framework, academic mobility.
Article References
1. Baburkin S. A. “The Right to Education: Some Difficulties of Implementation” // Current Issues of Ensuring Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms: Regional Dimension: Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conf. (Khabarovsk, September 13, 2017). – Khabarovsk: Far Eastern Institute of Management (RANEPA branch), 2017. – Pp. 63-69.
2. Fedchuk A. A. Trends in Education Development as the Most Important Factor in the BRICS Countries’ Cooperation Policy // Bulletin of the University. – 2015. – No. 13. – Pp. 248-253.
3. Filippov V. M. Internationalization of Higher Education: Main Trends, Problems, and Prospects // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: International Relations. – 2015. – Vol. 15. No. 3. – Pp. 203-211.
4. Sapir E. V. The Connection between Training and Practice as a Problem of Higher Education and the Tasks of International Cooperation of Universities // Bulletin of Ivanovo State University. Series: Economics. – 2016. – No. 1 (27). – P. 47-56.
5. Mikhalchenkova N. A. Higher Education Reforms in the BRICS Countries: Westernization or Searching for Our Own Path? // Vlast. – 2017. – No. 7. – P. 166-173.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KHAYDAROV Behruz Karimovich
lecturer at the Patrice Lumumba Russian University of Friendship of Peoples (RUDN); postgraduate student, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; Head of the youth studying abroad club at the Committee for Youth Affairs and Sports under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF COOPERATION IN COUNTERING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES, AND THEIR PRECURSORS WITHIN THE SCO
The article analyzes the work on improving the mechanisms of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to increase the effectiveness of countering the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their precursors. The author pays special attention to the Anti-Drug Strategy of the SCO Member States and the Program for its Implementation for 2024-2029, dated July 4, 2024, as well as the establishment of the SCO Anti-Drug Center in Tajikistan. These initiatives mark a new stage in the joint fight of the SCO member states against the drug threat, which remains one of the key challenges to security and stability in the vast SCO region.
Keywords: international law, Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), fight against transnational organized crime.
Article References
1. Anti-Drug Strategy of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Action Program for its Implementation for 2024-2029, dated July 4, 2024.
2. Agreement between the SCO Member States on Cooperation in Combating Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances, and Their Precursors, dated July 17, 2004.
3. Official SCO Website. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: www.sectsco.org
4. Danielyan A. A. International legal regulation of the fight against illicit trafficking of drugs and psychotropic substances within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal Sciences. 2005. No. 2 (18). pp. 136-143.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
ZHAO Yan
postgraduate student (Political institutions, processes, and technologies) of International relations sub-faculty, Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
MODERN DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-BELARUS POLITICAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE “BELT AND ROAD” INITIATIVE
This article explores the evolution of political relations between the People\’s Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus within the framework of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, proposed by China in 2013. Special attention is given to the main directions of bilateral cooperation, political dialogue mechanisms, and strategic joint projects aimed at strengthening mutual political understanding. The study analyzes the initiative both as a tool of China’s geopolitical expansion and as a platform for Belarus to develop its international connections. The paper draws on official documents, intergovernmental agreements, analytical reports, and expert opinions in the field of international relations.
Keywords: China, Belarus, political relations, Belt and Road Initiative, international cooperation, geopolitics, diplomacy, Eurasia.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Wang Zhaohan, Chen Jiaxin. Exploring the Practical Path of New Talent Exchange under the Belt and Road Initiative – Taking China and Belarus as an Example // Forum on Research and Innovation Management. – 2024. – No. 2.
2. Salmygina A. Partnership Relations Between People’s Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus in the Situation of Modern Challenges Towards Belarus // Territory Development. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 38-43.
3. Wang Z., Chen J. Exploring the Practical Path of New Talent Exchange under the Belt and Road Initiative – Taking China and Belarus as an Example // Forum on Research and Innovation Management. – 2024. – No. 2.
4. Liu Zh., Dunford M., Liu W. Coupling national geo-political economic strategies and the Belt and Road Initiative: The China–Belarus Great Stone Industrial Park // Political Geography. – 2021. – No. 84. – Art. 102296.
5. Rinna A. The Beijing–Minsk Partnership and Belarus’s Role in China’s Economic Relations with the European Union // China Report. – 2021. – T. 57. No. 1. – P. 79-94.
6. Malyshev D. Contemporary Relations between Belarus and China // Russia and New States of Eurasia. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 24-38.
7. Khodoskina O. A., Igraieva A. A., Naumova V. Y. Results and Prospects for the Development of the Belarusian-Chinese Cooperation on the Silk Road Economic Belt // Science and Transport Progress. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 15-22.
8. Hushcha P., Gribov A. The Current State and Prospects of Economic Cooperation Between Belarus and China // Untitled. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 72-80.
9. Liu Z. The Risks of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Construction of the Eurasian Economic Corridor // Untitled. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 9-19.
10. Tsikhamirau A. V. The Eurasian Component in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Belarus, 1991-2021 // Vestnik RUDN. International Relations. – 2022. – T. 22. No. 1. – P. 77-93.

PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
AN Zihui
master of law, associate professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Continuing Education, Manchurian Institute of the Russian Language
LEGAL DILEMMAS IN CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA
The article analyzes the main problematic issues that may arise in cross-border commercial relations. The study is based on sources related to Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of commerce. The author examines the specific features of the contractual relations that arise between Russia and China, as well as the ambiguous issues that arise during their implementation. The differentiation of these dilemmas necessitates the exploration of potential solutions in the future. In addition, the author examines various perspectives on the classification of legal dilemmas and the ways to make the right decisions that take into account the interests of both parties.
Keywords: commercial law, cross-border relations, international commercial law, legal dilemmas, international commerce.
Article References
1. Current Issues of Modern Law in Russia and China in the Context of Global Economic and Social Changes: Monograph / Ed. by M. A. Egorova. – Moscow: Prospect, 2023. – 544 p.
2. Alimova, Ya. O. Dispute from a Cross-Border Contract with a Chinese Counterparty: Features of Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions // Bulletin of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 98-107.
3. Balakin D. A., Alikberova A. R. Features of the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2017 and the international reaction to its adoption // Modern oriental studies. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 35-41.
4. Glinshchikova T. V., Stepkina K. V. Some aspects of the scope of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 1980 // Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Social Sciences. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 54-59.
5. Ren Yanyan. Problems of legal support for Chinese-Russian economic cooperation // Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 253-265.
6. Liu Xiujuan. The Impact of Legal Issues on the Development of Cross-Border Internet Business between China and Russia // Innovations and Investments. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 60-63.
7. Obiremko S. I., Ivanova M. Yu., Zhang Ziyan Features of the Development of Cross-Border Trade between Russia and China in Modern Conditions // Economy Profession Business. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 84-95.
8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://vestnik.msal.ru/jour/article/view/2162 (accessed: 10/19/2025).
9. Hu Ming, Tian Wenquan. Sino-Russian Economic and Trade Cooperation under the New Development Pattern: Review, Current Situation, and Prospect // International Trade, 2021. – No. 3. – P. 19-26 @@ Li Jianmin. Regional economic cooperation under. – 2020. – 163 p.
10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://zakon.ru/blog/2023/09/15/podvedomstvennost_i_podsudnost_transgranichnyh_sporov_mezhdu_rossijskimi_i_kitajskimi_kontragentami_ (date of access: 21.10.2025).
11. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://zakon.ru/blog/2023/09/15/podvedomstvennost_i_podsudnost_transgranichnyh_sporov_mezhdu_rossijskimi_i_kitajskimi_kontragentami_ (date of access: 10/21/2025).

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
KAROVA Aliya Albertovna
postgraduate student of International private law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow Law University (MSAL)
THE PROBLEM OF IMPLEMENTING THE PRINCIPLE OF CONFIDENTIALITY IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
The article is devoted to the study of the principle of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration as a key element of the parties’ autonomy of will. Special attention is given to the regulatory framework for confidentiality in the rules of leading arbitral institutions, including the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), the Swiss Arbitration Rules, and the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center (HKIAC). The paper examines the duties of arbitrators, parties, and other participants to ensure information protection, as well as exceptions to the confidentiality regime. Based on the works of Gary Born and contemporary doctrinal approaches, the article explores the tension between the private nature of arbitration and the public character of judicial review. A comparative analysis of the approaches taken by different jurisdictions (the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand) is conducted with respect to the recognition and scope of confidentiality obligations. The study concludes that explicit contractual regulation of confidentiality provisions is essential to minimize the risks of disclosure of arbitral information.
Keywords: principle of confidentiality, international commercial arbitration, rules.
Bibliography
1. Gary Born. International Commercial Arbitration. Second Edition. Chapter 20: Confidentiality in International Arbitration. – P. 2781.
2. Florentino P. Feiciano, The Ordre Public Dimensions of Confidentiality and Transparency in International Arbitration: Examining Confidentiality in the Light of Governance Requirements in International Investment and Trade Arbitration. – P. 78.
3. R. W. Watchter, G. Yoon, M. Yoo. Confidentiality in International IP Arbitration. – P. 1.
4. Karova, A. A., “The Problem of Implementing the Principle of Confidentiality in International Commercial Arbitration: Experience of Foreign Countries,” in Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Scientific and Practical Congress. – 2022.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
PHAM HO Hoang Long
Lecturer of International and Public Law Sub-Faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
RISK AS A FEATURE OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA AND VIETNAM
Investment activity is one of the key elements of a market economy, but there are still many unclear issues in the current investment regulation. This article examines the features of investment activities in the context of civil law relations in the Russian Federation and Vietnam. Investment activities are analyzed as a specialized form of entrepreneurial activity: it has unique risks, legal features, and law enforcement specifics. It also analyzes the judicial practice of the two countries regulating investment activities in the context of civil law and entrepreneurial relations, identifying common approaches, differences, and consequences for law enforcement.
Keywords: investment activity, business activity, investment agreement, risk, risky activity.
Bibliography
1. Letter of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation “Certain Issues of Judicial Practice in Civil Cases.” // Consultant-Plus Legal Reference System. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2011, No. 54 “On Certain Issues of Resolving Disputes Arising from Agreements Regarding Real Estate to Be Created or Acquired in the Future.” // Legal reference system “Consultant-Plus”.
3. Decision No. 685/2021/DS – PT dated December 10, 2021 of the People’s Court of Ho Chi Minh City.
4. Decision 86/2023/DS-ST dated July 10, 2023 of the People’s Court of Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, on a dispute over a capital contribution agreement.
5. Decision No. 211/2024/DS-PT dated December 26, 2024 of the People’s Court of Da Nang, Vietnam.
6. Agnessa O. I. Contractual forms of investment in the legislation and practice of the Russian Federation // Legal Concept. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 77-89.
7. Belitskaya A. V. On the place and role of investment law in the system of Russian law // Entrepreneurial law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 20-24.
8. Ershova I. V., Otnyukova G. D., Spektor A. A., Shevchenko O. M. Investment law: a textbook. – M., 2014. – 317 p.
9. Kunitskaya E. V. Investment Agreement: concept, sample conditions // Bulletin of VUiT. – 2021. – No. 2 (98). – P. 143-150.
10. Kunitskaya E. V. Differences between investment and entrepreneurial activities through the category of interest and risk // Legal science. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 27-31.
11. Leontyev V. E. Formation and use of entrepreneurial profit: monograph. – St. Petersburg: SPbUEF, 1994. – P. 10.
12. Maifat A. V. Civil-law investment structures. Monograph. – Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. – 328 p.
13. Nadezhdin N. N. Axiology of entrepreneurship in civil society // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 96-102.
14. Parashchenko V. V. Investment agreement: legal reality or legal assumption (non-formalized category) // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2013. – No. 5. – P. 58-63.
15. Entrepreneurial Law of the Russian Federation / Ed. by E. P. Gubin, P. G. Lakhno. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Norma; IN-FRA-M, 2017. – P. 378.
16. Rubtsova N. V. On the Issue of the Objectives of Entrepreneurial Activity in the Context of a Modern Market Economy // Entrepreneurial Law. Appendix “Law and Business”. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 39.

INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
AN Zihui
master of law, associate professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Continuing Education, Manchurian Institute of the Russian Language
MECHANISMS OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CROSS-BORDER E-COMMERCE
The work is focused on the study of international mechanisms for resolving cross-border diputes in e-commerce. The author explores the specifics of the implementation of international commercial concluded online, as well as the digital mechanisms for resolving emerging disputes. The work examines the content and mechanisms for resolving disputes in the electronic version of international trade relations. The author provides examples of the implementation of various regulatory mechanisms in cross-border trade and analyzes their possible effectiveness, emphasizing the need for individualized solutions even in similar situations. Based on this, the paper highlights the importance of universalizing various dispute resolution methods with the possibility of adjustment.
Keywords: e-commerce, online mechanisms, legal conflicts, cross-border relations, contract implementation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Avdyev M. A. Online dispute resolution services: selected cases // Modern management technologies. – 2015. – No. 8 (56). – P. 1-7.
2. Alimova Ya. O. Dispute from a cross-border contract with a Chinese counterparty: Features of recognition and enforcement of decisions // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 9. – P. 98-107.
3. Donskaya D. S. Online resolution of cross-border disputes: the architecture of the regulatory environment for consumer disputes using the example of the European Union // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 10 (131). – P. 163-173.
4. Inshakova A. O., Tymchuk Yu. A. Digital technologies of alternative dispute resolution methods: foreign practice and prospects for application in Russia // Law and Management. XXI century. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 23-31.
5. Kychakova V. V. On the Issue of Resolving Cross-Border Disputes in the Field of Electronic Commerce with the Participation of the Consumer // Young Scientist. – 2019. – No. 11 (249). – P. 71-73.
6. Majorina M. V. Digital Platforms and Private International Law, or Does Cyberlaw Have a Future? // Lex Russica. – 2019. – No. 2 (147). – P. 107-120.
7. UNCITRAL Technical Notes on Online Dispute Resolution. – UN, 2017. – 28 p.
8. Tsirina M. A. Main Directions for the Creation of an Electronic System of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms // Administrative Law and Process. – 2019. – No. 4. – P. 53-56.
9. Shamlikashvili Ts. A. Online dispute resolution as a global trend: video lecture // Legal Academy. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lfacademy.ru/course/1528269 (date of access: 19.10.2025).
10. Federal Law \”On an alternative procedure for dispute resolution with the participation of a mediator (mediation procedure)\” dated 27.07.2010 No. 193-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_103038/ (date of access: 20.10.2025).
11. Treaty between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on legal assistance in civil and criminal cases (signed in Beijing on 09.06.1992) // SPS “Garant” (date of access: 20.10.2025).
12. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vavt-imef.ru /wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Monitoring_33_25.07.pdf (date of access: 20.10.2025).
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LAW OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
PARAMUZOVA Olga Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of International and humanitarian law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE UNIQUENESS OF JAPAN\’S MODERN LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF A HISTORICAL APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF JAPANESE STATEHOOD
The article examines the trends in the formation of Japan\’s modern legal system in the context of its historical development, taking into account the influence of US politics and law. It is shown that the modern legal system of Japan is unique and has significant differences from the traditional legal families of the modern world. The research undertaken by the author of this article is aimed at finding objectively determined ways to solve the problems of improving legal mechanisms for regulating social relations in the era of postmodernism in law in general, regardless of the nationality of the subjects of legal relations. The author also substantiates the need to reevaluate the significance of the influence of Chinese philosophy and social and legal thought of the North American continent of thought on the formation of modern Japanese legal consciousness.
Keywords: Japanese legal system, American social and legal thought, Confucianism, and the casuistry of Japanese law.
Bibliographic list
1. Alekseev I. A. The Role of the Zaibatsu in the Transformation of the Japanese State and Law of the Meiji Period (1868-1912) // The Rule of Law: Theory and Practice. – 2021. – No. 1 (63). – Pp. 217-227.
2. History of Japanese Legislation / Kamata T. – Kyoto: Heibonsha, 1976. – Pp. 189-215.
3. Mason R., Kaiger D. G. A Brief History of Japan / Trans. from English by V. Stepanova. – Moscow: KoLibri; Azbuka-Atticus, 2021. – 510 p.
4. Poldnikov Yu. D. Overcoming the “Rut” of Traditional Values ​​during the Modernization of the Legal System of Japan // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2022. – No. 9 (97). – P. 36-45.
5. Taiho ritsuryo. Taiho Code (701) / Translated from Japanese, introduction and notes by M. A. Eliseeva. – Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2002.
6. Feist T. D. East Asia in Antiquity: Law, Morality, Culture. – Moscow: Vostok-Zapad, 2010. – P. 87-90.
7. Hirose T. History of Japanese Law before the Meiji Period. – Tokyo: Chuo hoso, 1988. – P. 233-247.
8. Japanese Civil Law / Translated from Japanese and commented by V. V. Kozlov. – M.: Legal Literature, 2001. – Pp. 128-139.
9. Japanese Law: Formation and Development / Ed. by I. V. Groshevoy. – M.: Nauka, 1994. – Pp. 22-25.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
IVANOV Dmitriy Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Medical law sub-faculty, Altai State Medical University, Barnaul
LOOR Alina Vitaljevna
Altai State Medical University, Barnaul; independent researcher
THE IMPORTANCE OF A CODIFIED ACT IN MEDICAL PRACTICE
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role and significance of codified regulations in the healthcare system. The basic principles of the formation and updating of regulatory documents regulating the activities of medical organizations, specialists and patients are considered. Special attention is paid to the standardization of medical procedures, ensuring legal certainty and uniform requirements for the quality of medical services. The mechanisms of implementing regulations in practice are analyzed, as well as their impact on improving the effectiveness of healthcare management, reducing legal risks and ensuring patient safety. The article highlights the need to create a single codifying act in the healthcare system. The Unified Medical Code will serve as a tool to ensure transparency and accountability in the healthcare system.
Keywords: unified codified act, legal regulation, medicine, law, patients, rights and obligations, medical personnel, healthcare.
Bibliographic list
1. Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation” dated November 21, 2011, No. 323-FZ // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – No. 48. – November 28, 2011. – Article 6724
2. Alekseev S.S., Textbook. General Theory and Law, 2nd edition. – Moscow, 2009. – 576 p. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.livelib.ru/book/1000755440-obschaya-teoriya-prava-sergej-alekseev (Accessed: 18.09.2025).
3. Zoteev V. I, Ivanov D. V., Codification of Medical Law: Problems and Prospects for Implementing a Medical Code // Society. Economy. Culture: Current Problems, Solution Practices: Collection of Scientific Articles from the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference (April 23-24, 2025). – P. 80-85.
4. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: About 100,000 Words, Terms, and Phraseological Expressions / Ed. by L. I. Skvortsov. – 26th ed., corrected. and add. – Moscow: Onyx [et al.], 2009. – 1359 p.
5. Pashkov K. A. 2006-2024 Textbook: Course History of Medicine “From Antiquity to the Present Day”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.historymed.ru/dental/forensic_dentistry/forensic_medical_examinationXVIII/ (date of access: 09/18/2025).
6. Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. V. 1. – M., 1984. – P. 139-140. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://xn--e1aaejmenocxq.xn--p1ai/node/13619 (date of access: 18.09.2025).
7. Sokolovsky MK, The nature and significance of the activities of the Apothecary Order / Member. St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute Mikhail Sokolovsky. – St. Petersburg: type. P. P. Soykina, 1904.
8. Dictionary of terms used in the legislation of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Publication of the State Duma, 2014. – 240 p.
9. Turaev BA Laws of Hammurabi. – Moscow; Berlin: Direct-Media, 2018. – 123 p. – Access mode: by subscription. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https:// https://books.yandex.ru/books/kYhL8gxF (date accessed: 18.09.2025). – Text: electronic.
10. Church Scientific Center Orthodox Encyclopedia 2001-2025: “Charter of Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich on Ecclesiastical Courts.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/860953/ (date accessed: 18.09.2025).
11. Chistyakova O.I., Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries under the general editorship of O.I. Chistyakov. Vol. 6. – Moscow: YuridichEuropean literature, 1988.
Referents 1. Federal Law “On the basics of public Health protection in the Russian Federation” dated 11/21/2011 No. 323-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – No. 48. – 11/28/2011, art. 6724 2. Alekseev S. S., Textbook. General Theory and Law 2nd edition. 2009. – 576 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.livelib.ru/book/1000755440-obschaya-teoriya-prava-sergej-alekseev (date of request: 09/18/2025). 3. Zoteev V. I., Ivanov D. V., Codification of medical law: problems and prospects of implementation of the medical code // Society. Economy. Culture: actual problems, practical solutions: collection of scientific articles of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference (April 23-24, 2025). – Pp. 80-85. 4. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: about 100,000 words, terms and phraseological expressions / Edited by L. I. Skvortsov. – 26th ed., ispr. and add. – Moscow: Onyx [et al.], 2009. – 1359 p. 5. Pashkov K. A., 2006-2024 Textbook: Course History of medicine “From antiquity to the present day.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.historymed.ru/dental/forensic_dentistry/forensic_medical_examinationXVIII / (date of access: 09/18/2025). 6. Russian legislation of the X-XX centuries. Vol. 1. – Moscow, 1984. – Pp. 139-140. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://xn--e1aaejmenocxq.xn--p1ai/node/13619 (date of request: 09/18/2025). 7. Sokolovsky M. K., The nature and significance of the activity of the Apothecary\’s Order / Member of the St. Petersburg Department of Pharmacy. archeol. The author is Mikhail Sokolovsky. – St. Petersburg: P. P. Soykin Publishing House, 1904. 8. Dictionary of terms used in the legislation of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Edition of the State Duma, 2014. – 240 p. 9. Turaev B. A. The Laws of Hammurabi. – Moscow; Berlin: Direct-Media, 2018. – 123 p. – Access mode: by subscription. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://https://books.yandex.ru/books/kYhL8gxF (date of request: 09/18/2025). – Text: electronic. 10. Orthodox Encyclopedia Church Research Center 2001-2025.: “The Statute of Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich on Church courts.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.sedmitza.ru/lib/text/860953 / (date of access: 09/18/2025). 11. Chistyakova O. I., Russian legislation of the X-XX centuries. Under the general editorship of O. I. Chistyakov. Vol. 6. – Moscow: Legal literature, 1988.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
KALININA Evgeniya Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University; professor of Social medicine and health care organization sub-faculty, Privolzhsky Research Medical University
CONFLICTOGENITY OF SECULAR-RELIGIOUS LEGAL RELATIONS: NATURE AND OPPORTUNITIES
The article analyzes innate conflictogenic causes of secular-religious legal relations, driven by their specific nature and social, national, international, economic and legal factors as well. The author substantiates that Law and religion possess similar ontological features, being both normative constructions defining behavior standards. They are both social products and thus, they reflect the level of social morality. Those similarities provide hope for accommodation.
Keywords: conflictogenity, secular and religious law, social solidarity.
Article bibliography
1. Alikberov A.K., Bobrovnikov V.O., Bustanov A.K. Russian Islam: Essays on History and Culture. 2nd ed., corrected and enlarged. / Strategic Vision Group “Russia – Islamic World”. – Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. – 456 p.
2. Berman G.J. Faith and Law: Reconciliation of Law and Religion. – Moscow, 1999. – 430 p.
3. Bobrovnikov V. Muslim Traditions, Law, and Society in the Russian Caucasus // Russia and the Muslim World. – 2015. – No. 3 (273). – P. 54-67. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/musulmanskie-traditsii-pravo-i-obschestvo-na-rossiyskom-kavkaze (date of access: 11.08.2025).
4. Durkheim E. Elementary Forms of Religious Life: The Totemic System in Australia / Transl. from French by A. Apollonov and T. Kotelnikova; under scientific ed. A. Apollonov. – Moscow: Publishing House “Delo” RANEPA, 2018. – 736 p.
5. Inglehart R. The Unexpected Decline of Religiosity in Developed Countries. – St. Petersburg, Publishing House of the European University, 2022. – 238 p.
6. Kostenko V. V. Problems of gender inequality in the Arab East // Asia and Africa today. – 2017. – No. 9. – Pp. 61-66.
7. Ponkin I. V. Legal foundations of the secularism of the state and education in Russia. – Moscow: Pro-Press, 2003. – 416 p.
8. Pchelintsev A. V. Freedom of religion and religious associations in the Russian Federation: constitutional andAuthor’s research. Dis. … for the candidate’s degree of Doctor of Law (12.00.02). – Moscow, 2012. – 331 p.
9. Pchelintsev A. V. Freedom of Religion and the Activities of Religious Associations in the Russian Federation. Constitutional and Legal Foundations. – Moscow, 2012.
10. So A. A. Constitutional and Legal Foundations of Freedom of Religion and the Activities of Religious Associations in Russia: on the Example of the Subjects of the Russian Federation of the Northwestern Federal District. Dis. … for the candidate’s degree of Candidate of Law (12.00.02). – Saint Petersburg, 2010. – 227 p.
11. Shakhov M. O. Legal Foundations of the Activities of Religious Associations in the Russian Federation. – 2nd ed., suppl. – Moscow: Sretensky Monastery Publishing House, 2013. – 528 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://coollib.in/b/298587-mihail-olegovich-shahov-pravovyie-osnovyi-deyatelnosti-religioznyih-obedineniy-v-rossiyskoy-federats_/read (accessed: 11.08.2025).
12. Yarlykapov A. Adat, Sharia, and Russian Law in the Modern North Caucasus: Results and Prospects // Russia and the Muslim World. – 2015. – No. 1 (271). – Pp. 60-69. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/adat-shariat-i-rossiyskoe-pravo-na-sovremennom-severnom-kavkaze-itogi-i-perspektivy (date of access: 08/10/2025).
13. Barry B. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. – Harvard University Press, 2001.
14. Bowman J. Extending Habermas and Ratzinger’s Dialectics of Secularization Eastern Discursive Influences on Faith and Reason in a Postsecular Age. Forum Philosophicum. – 2009. – No. 14 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/forphil200914119.
15. Etim-James G. The Influence of Culture and Religion on Gender Inequality and its Implications on Women Empowerment // Wukari International Studies Journal. – Vol. 8 (5). – August, 2024. – P. 145-153.
16. Griffiths J. What is Legal Pluralism? // The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. – 1986. – No. 18 (24).
17. Habermas J. Religion in the Public Sphere // European Journal of Philosophy. – 2006. – No. 14 (1). – P. 1-25.
18. Habermas J., & Ratzinger J. The Dialectics of Secularization: On Reason and Religion // Ignatius Press. – 2006. – P. 46-47.
19. Klingorová K., Havlíček T. Religion and gender inequality: The status of women in the societies of world religions // Moravian Geographical Reports. – 2015. – No. 23 (2). – R. 2-11. – DOI: 10.1515/mgr-2015-0006.
20. Kymlicka W. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights // Otago Law Review. – 1996. – Vol. 8. No. 4. – Clarendon Press, Oxford. – P. 627-632. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nzlii.org/nz/journals/OtaLawRw/1996/13.pdf. (access date: 08/30/2025).
21. Pound R. Law and Religion // Rice Institute Pamphlet. – 27, April. – 1940.
22. Santos B. de S. Law: A Map of Misreading. Toward a Postmodern Conception of Law // Journal of Law and Society. – 1987. – No. 14 (3). – P. 297-298.
23. Tariq Modood. Can interculturalism complement multiculturalism? // Multicultural Education Review. – 2021. – No. 13 (4). – R. 275-284. – DOI: 10.1080/2005615X.2021.2006115. – https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615X.2021.2006115 (accessed: 28.08.2025).
24. Trainor B. Theorizing Post-Secular Society // Philosophy & Theology. – 2007. – Vol. 19. № 1-2. – DOI: 10.5840/philtheol2007191/26.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
MUSAEVA Asma Gadzhievna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Theology and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Head of the Department of Science and Innovation, Dagestan Humanitarian Institute; associate professor of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
ALIEV Shamil Mikailovich
postgraduate student, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; lecturer, Dagestan Humanitarian Institute, Makhachkala
AMIRGAMZAEV Gitinmagomed Magomedovich
postgraduate student, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; lecturer, Humanitarian Pedagogical College, Makhachkala
THEORY OF THE STATE AND LAW: THE CONCEPT, FEATURES, AND ESSENCE OF THE STATE
This scientific work is devoted to the study of the concept, features and essence of the state as a complex and multifaceted social institution. It analyzes various approaches to the definition of the state, starting from classical concepts and ending with modern theories, taking into account the evolution of the state. The article says that approaches to the concept of the state, its essence and features have developed historically simultaneously with the development of civilization. The authors consider various theories that explain the nature of the state, and cIt should be noted that theoretical research is not about fundamental differences in the content of the definition and essence of the state, but about the discrepancy between formulations in the presence of different approaches. It is also noted that in modern conditions, the state should be understood as a political organization of society that extends supreme power to the territory of the country and carries out its activities through the administrative apparatus and the publication of legal norms in accordance with the established procedure.
Keywords: state, essence of the state, concept of the state, features of the state, theory of the state, forms of the state, territory, and power.
Article bibliography
1. Abdulgalimov A. M., Mokhov I. A., Gadzhiev G. G., Kurnosova T. I., Zelenyuk A. N., Shakhgiraev I. U. Tax regulation of the economy: theory, methodology, and practice // Journal of Caspian Security. – 2025. – Vol. 5. No. 2. – P. 61.
2. Arslanbekova A. Z., Magomedova A. G. Problems of determining the essence and content of administrative-legal regimes // Bulletin of Dagestan State University. Series 3: Social Sciences. – 2025. – Vol. 40. No. 2.
3. Dzhabrailov Yu. D. The role of religion and traditional values ​​in the formation of national and civil identity in the North Caucasus // Caspium Securitatis. – 2025. – Vol. 5. No. 2. – P. 61-74.
4. Kubrikova A. S., Lisina L. G. Historical development of the state and the evolution of statehood: the duality of the process // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 10 (197).
5. Musaeva A. G., Agasieva M. N. Political regime: as an element of the form of government // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 5 (192).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
NEDZELYUK Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Siberian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE “FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES” FOR LAWYERS AS A PROJECT
This publication is the latest in a series of analytical materials we have prepared on the methodology of teaching specialized disciplines to students of legal specialties in the context of the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES). The newly introduced academic discipline and the experience of teaching it at different stages of the path to a profession for bachelor\’s degree students and their colleagues studying under specialist programs have been the subject of research in this article. Conclusions have been drawn about possible main directions, control points, and final learning outcomes.
Keywords: research activities, project, foundations of research activities, student motivation, national projects, project office, competence-based approach in training law students
Article bibliography
1. Aikin V. A., Ivko I. A., Belinsky D. V. Master’s Degrees through the Prism of the National Project “Science and Universities” // Bulletin of the Siberian State University of Physical Education and Sports. – 2023. – No. 4 (9). – P. 72-78.
2. Kazantsev V. National Projects in the State Strategy of Russia / V. Kazantsev // Observer. – 2007. – No. 11 (214). – P. 19-26.
3. Krutko I. S., Osipchukova E. V., Ponomarev A. V., Shabrova N. V. National projects of Russia: the role and place of youth in their implementation at the regional level // Business. Education. Law. – 2021. – No. 1 (54). – P. 340-346.
4. Nedzelyuk T. G. Project activities in teaching the course “History of the state and law of foreign countries” for law students // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 12 (167). – P. 371-372.
5. Smyshlyaev A. A. New national projects in ensuring regional development // Effective state and municipal administration as a factor in the socio-economic development of territories. – Sevastopol: Publishing house of the Sevastopol state. University, 2024. – P. 189-193.
6. Sholokhov A. V., Serdyukova Yu. A. New Specialist and Master’s Degrees in the “Post-Bologna” Reconstruction of the Paradigm of Russian Higher Education // Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute named after A. P. Chekhov. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 462-467.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PODSHIBYAKIN Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
SHEBOLENKOVA Sofya Konstantinovna
cadet of the 3rd course, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia; independent researcher
ON THE ISSUE OF THE CORRELATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF LEGAL STATUS AND LEGAL POSITION OF CONVICTS
This scientific work analyzes the concepts and essence of the legal status and legal position of distinguished persons in accordance with domestic legislation. At first glance, these categories may seem to be synonymous, but a closer examination reveals significant differences that distinguish them and separate them into distinct legal categories that can be applied to individuals serving criminal sentences. A clear distinction between the concepts under study is essential for both the general theory of law and the theory of penal law, as it allows for a more precise and comprehensive formulation of the actual status of the appreciated person and the legal and social consequences of their transition to this category, as well as the use of refined data to provide comprehensive support to sophisticated individuals based on their actual characteristics.
Keywords: legal status, legal position, convicts, conceptual framework.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vetrila E. V. The concept of the legal status of the subject of criminal procedural legal relations // State and law in the XXI century. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 50-55.
2. Kozachenko I. Ya. [et al.]. Criminal-executive law: textbook for universities / Ed. by I. Ya. Kozachenko, A. P. Detkov. – M.: Yurait, 2021. – 395 p.
3. Butov S. V., Lysenkov S. G. On the relationship between the concepts of “legal status” and “legal status” as independent legal categories // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2022. – No. 4 (35). – P. 6-11.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FASTOVICH Galina Gennadjevna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University Russia
KUDASHOVA Irina Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Socio-economic and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Leningrad regional branch, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-TERRORISM MEASURES AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
The article examines preventive measures that are carried out on a monthly basis in the student environment of higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, as provided for by the Comprehensive Plan for Countering the Ideology of Terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2024-2028, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on December 30, 2023 No. Pr-2610. During the analysis of the conducted cycle of events, the authors emphasize the importance of the work carried out by the departments of educational and youth work in Russian universities and contributes to the development of anti-terrorist awareness and skills in identifying security threats among students.
Keywords: youth policy, higher education institution, anti-terrorist measures, comprehensive plan to counter the ideology of terrorism, security.
Article bibliography
1. Comprehensive plan to counter the ideology of terrorism in the Russian Federation for 2024-2028, approved by the President of the Russian Federation on December 30, 2023, No. Pr-2610. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: June 20, 2024).
2. Provalinsky D. I., Teplyashin I. V., Makarov I. V., Navrodskaya N. V., Nesterenko P. V. State and legal policy of the Russian Federation: main directions and paths of development: review of the round table materials // Socio-economic and humanitarian journal of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. – 2021. – No. 2. – Pp. 150-165.
3. Fastovich G. G. Social policy of modern Russia (on the example of the principle of citizens’ needs when providing social support measures) // Law and Practice. – 2020. – No. 3 – Pp. 37-42.
4. Litvinova V. S., Fastovich G. G., Fomina L. V. On the issue of forming a strategy for providing labor resources in the system of educational institutions // Agrarian and land law. – 2022. – No. 10 (214). – P. 38-43.
5. Ryabchenok O. N., Fastovich G. G. The Internet and its impact on modern society // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2019. – No. 3-1.- P. 143-145.
6. Zemlyakova E. V., Fastovich G. G. On the issue of using information technologies in logistics systems // In the collection: Logistics – the Eurasian bridge. Proceedings of the XIV International scientific and practical conference. – 2019. – P. 121-123.
7. Fastovich G. G. On measures of state support for citizens with limited mobility: some theoretical issues // In the collection: Ensuring the rights of participants in criminal proceedings with disabilities: a compensatory approach. Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference. – 2021. – P. 111-114.
8. Fastovich G. G., Kapsargina S. A. Efficiency of information policy in the field of land use institution: theoretical aspect // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4 (143). – P. 248-249.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
VIDOVA Tatyana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University
GOLOVASTOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Penal enforcement law and organization of educational work with convicts sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia; professor of Criminal law and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University
MITYAEVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in political science, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FAMILY LAW AND LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA IN THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the development of family law and legislation in Russia in the period of the XIX – early XX century (before 1917). The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that due to global social challenges undermining traditional foundations, much attention is currently being paid in Russia to family law as a guarantor of harmonious marriage and family relations in society. The legislator understands the need to build a coherent social policy in the field of legislation and law enforcement, however, this activity should be based on national historical experience in the development of family law in order to avoid mistakes made in the past. Studying the activities in the field of family law during this period can be useful in solving contemporary problems in the field of family law and legislation. The authors draw a conclusion about the progressive development of marriage and family relations during this period and identify its role in the formation of family law and legislation in Russia.
Keywords: family law, marriage and family relations, family values, family principles, church authority, regulation of marriage and family relations.
Bibliography
1. Vladimirsky-Budanov, M. F., Review of the History of Russian Law. Rostov-on-Don, 1995. 640 p.
2. Goncharov, Yu. M., Marriage and Family Law of the Russian Empire in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries. Barnaul, 2019. 148 p.
3. Zagorovsky, A. I., Course in Family Law. – Odessa, 1902. – 460 p.
4. Kolinko A. Yu. Development of family law in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries: abstract of a dissertation for a candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.01. – Krasnodar, 2006. – 23 p.
5. Meyer D. I. Russian civil law. – Moscow: Statut Publishing House, 2021. – 846 p.
6. Mironov B. N. Social history of Russia during the imperial period. – Vol. II. – St. Petersburg, 1999. – 583 p.
7. Sverdlov G. M. Soviet family law. – Moscow, 1958. – 299 p.
8. Fishman L. I. Regarding the new Marriage Code // Law and Life. – 1927. – Book 3. – 91 p.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
KRUGLOV Evgeniy Anastasovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor
BESSILIN Nikolay Anatoljevich
associate professor of Foreign history sub-faculty, Institute of History and Public Administration, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LEGAL AND DEONTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL PRACTICE IN ANTIQUITY AND THE EARLY EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES
The article is devoted to the consideration of legal and deontological aspects of the activities of doctors in the ancient world and at the beginning of the early European Middle Ages. Using mainly written legal and historical sources and relying on scientific literature, the authors generally trace the evolution of the legal status of the medical profession among the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Franks in the context of sociopolitical and cultural-ideological changes. The authors note that the high level of medicine in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and its close connection with the political and legal system of antiquity were significantly undermined after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, including in the territory of the Frankish Kingdom.
Keywords: Ancient Greece, medicine, legal system, Hippocrates, Ancient Rome, Galen, deontology, Justinian Code, Frankish Kingdom, Catholicism, Salic Law, Gregory of Tours.
Bibliography
1. Arnautova, Yu. E., “Miraculous Healings by Saints and “Popular Religiosity” in the Middle Ages,” in Odysseus: Man in History. 1995. Moscow: Nauka, 1995. pp. 151-169.
2. Berman G. J. Western legal tradition: the era of formation / Translated from English. 2nd ed. Moscow: Moscow State University Publishing House: INFRA-M-NORMA Publishing Group, 1998. 624 pp.
3. Blavatsky T. V. From the history of the Greek intelligentsia of the Hellenistic period. Moscow, 1983.
4. Vinnichuk L. People, morals and customs of othersEunes of Greece and Rome. Moscow, 1988.
5. World History. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2012.
6. Gregory of Tours. History of the Franks. Translation, article and notes by V. D. Savukova. Moscow: Nauka, 1987. 464 p.
7. Digests of Justinian / Trans. and ed. I. S. Peretersky. Moscow, 1984.
8. Dydynsky, F. Institutes of Gaius (text and translation with Introduction and notes). Warsaw, 1892 // Monuments of Roman Law (Laws of the Twelve Tables, Institutes of Gaius, Digests of Justinian). Moscow, 1997.
9. History of France. Moscow: Nauka, 1972. Vol. 1. 360 p.
10. Kovner S. G. History of Medieval Medicine. Issues 1-2. Moscow: “ЁЁ Media”, 2012. 636 p.
11. Kruglov E. A., Bessilin N. A. Ancient and Medieval Traditions in the History of Healing // The World of Eurasia: from Antiquity to Modernity: Collection of Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference (Ufa, March 23, 2023) / Ed. R. R. Tukhvatullin. Ufa: RIC UUNiT, 2023. Pp. 10-19.
12. Lebec S. History of France. Volume I / Translated by V. Pavlov. Moscow: Scarab, 1993. 352 p.
13. Lurye I. M. Essays on Ancient Egyptian Law of the 16th-10th Centuries. BC. Moscow-Leningrad, 1960.
14. Meyer-Steinegg T., Sudhoff K. History of Medicine / Translated from the second German edition. Moscow: State Publishing House, 1925. 465 p.
15. Myshusta S. V. Ancient Egypt: Women Pharaohs. Rostov n / D., 2006.
16. Plutarch. About Isis and Osiris // VDI. 1977. No. 3-4.
17. Reder D. G. Isis // Myths of the Peoples of the World. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1998. pp. 568-570.
18. Rozhansky I. D. History of Natural Science in the Hellenistic Age and the Roman Empire. М., 1988.
19. Rubinstein R. I. Neith // MNM. Vol. 2. М., 1998. P. 209.
20. Rubinstein R. I. Hathor // MNM. Vol. 2. М., 1998. Pp. 584-585.
21. Salic Truth / Translated by N. P. Gratsiansky. Ed. by Professor V. F. Semenov. М.; МГПИ named after V. I. Lenin, 1950.
22. Temerev A. N. The Position of Unmarried Women in Late Egypt // VDI. 2004. No. 3.
23. Fragments of Early Greek Philosophers / Ed. by A. V. Lebedev. Moscow, 1989. Part 1.
24. Khodza E. N. On the Question of Animalistic Images in Ancient Coraplastics // Trudy GE. Vol. 28. Issue 7. St. Petersburg, 1997.
25. Goldman H. Excavation et Eutresis in Boeotia. Cambidge, 1931. P. 6 f, 247.
26. Keller O. Die Antike Tiervelt. Lpz., 1909. P. 401.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
BOGUNOVA Olga Viktorovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Theory and history of the state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
RECEIVER-DISTRIBUTORS AS PART OF THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS SYSTEM FOR MINORS IN 1930-40S (ON MATERIALS OF KRASNOYARSK)
In 1935 children’s receivers-distributors have become one of the first departments in the structure of internal affairs agencies which got involved in the field of fighting children’s homelessness and neglect of minors. The reception and distribution centers set up within the NKVD structure of the Soviet Union served as a link between street children, including those who committed offences, and other types of correctional-educational institutions. The article, based on archival data, normative legal acts of the USSR, and acts of regulation of the NKVD, provides a historical and legal analysis of the activities of receiver-distributors.
Keywords: children’s receiver-distributors, correctional institutions, liquidation of homelessness, neglect, juvenile delinquency.
Article bibliography
1. Children of the Gulag. 1918-1956. Documents / Authors: Vilensky S.S., Kokurin A.I., Atmashkina G.V., Novichenko Yu.I. Moscow: MFD, 2002. 631 p.
2. Ibragimov E.V. Development of the system of children’s correctional and educational institutions of the NKVD of the USSR as one of the directions in the fight against mass child homelessness in 1941-45. (based on materials from the Middle Volga region) // Bulletin of the V. G. Belinsky Perm State Pedagogical University. 2011. No. 23. pp. 417-423.
3. Slavko A. A. State regulation of the process of eliminating child homelessness in Russia during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period // Bulletin of the A. I. Herzen State Pedagogical University. 2010. No. 120. pp. 33-43.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
GABDRAKHMANOV Farit Vadutovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola
REQUIREMENTS FOR CANDIDATES WHEN APPOINTING THEM TO PROSECUTOR\’S POSITIONS IN THE 1920S
The article reviewed the basic requirements for candidates when appointed to prosecutorial positions in the 1920s. All requirements are divided into mandatory (imperative) and additional (optional). Mandatory requirements include voting rights, successful knowledge testing, seniority, repayment or removal of a possible criminal record, additional requirements include party membership, education, social status, nationality, etc. In practice, the requirement of partisanship turned from additional to mandatory. During the research, the content of these requirements was considered, and conclusions were drawn.
Keywords: prosecutor, prosecutor’s office, personnel, requirements, mandatory, optional, voting rights, criminal record, partisanship, knowledge test.
Article bibliography
1. Brandenburgsky Ya. Draft of a new Regulation on the judicial system. // Weekly Soviet justice. – 1926. – No. 27. – Pp. 833-835. (July 11). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3508/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1926_27.pdf (date of access: 24.07.2024).
2. Kakourova N. A. History of the Court and Prosecutor’s Office of the Irkutsk Region in the 1920s-1930s: specialty 07.00.02 “Domestic History”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences. – Irkutsk, 2006. – 26 p. – EDN WVRXFB.
3. Shumsky N. On Trials for Court Employees // Weekly of Soviet Justice. – 1922. – No. 41. – P. 8. (November 11). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3338/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1922_41.pdf (accessed: 08/24/2024).
4. Sidyuk V. N. Peculiarities of the Formation of the Prosecutor’s Office Bodies of the Byelorussian SSR in the Context of the Establishment of the Prosecutor’s Supervision System // Vesnіk Magіleўskaga dzjarzhaўnaga ўnіversіtetа імя A. A. Kulyashova. Seryya D. Ekanomіka, satsyyalogіya, prava. – 2011. – No. 1 (37). – P. 79-84. – EDN TJWNYR.
5. Kulakova, N. A. Legal regulation of the selection of personnel for the prosecutor’s office: history and modernity // The prosecutor’s office: history and modernity – 300 years of the Russian prosecutor’s office (Sukharev readings): Collection of materials from the VII All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Moscow, October 8, 2021 / General editorship of O. S. Kapinus, scientific editorship of A. Yu. Vinokurov. – Moscow: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation”, 2022. – Pp. 155-165. – EDN UDXYMG.
6. Mukhamedov R. A., Chigrin M. V. Personnel provision of the prosecutor’s offices of the Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province in 1922-1928 // Scientific dialogue. – 2023. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kadrovoe-obespechenie-organov-prokuratury-simbirskoy-ulyanovskoy-gubernii-v-1922-1928-godah (date of access: 12/16/2023).
7. Pavlova I. V. The mechanism of Stalin’s power: formation and functioning. 1917-1941. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://history.wikireading.ru/122143 (date of access: 07/27/2024).
8. Khayali R. I. Selection and training of personnel: the practice of the prosecutor’s office of the Crimean ASSR (1920-1930) // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 4 (70). No. 3. – Pp. 93-99. – EDN YPSDOH.
9. Kamalov E. B., Kamalova G. T. Features of the formation and functioning of the Soviet prosecutor’s office during the new economic policy // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: – Law. – 2005. – No. 8 (48). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-formirovaniya-i-funktsionirovaniya-sovetskoy-prokuratury-v-period-novoy-ekonomicheskoy-politiki (date of access: 19.04.2024).
10. Stelmakhovich A. Training of justice workers // Weekly of Soviet justice. – 1929. – No. 6. – P. 123-125. (February 14). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://elib.uraic.ru/bitstream/123456789/3635/1/sovetskaya_yustitsiya_1929_6.pdf (date of access: 12.01.2024).
11. Kryzhan A. V. Personnel support for the activities of justice bodies in the first years of Soviet power // Via in tempore. History. Political Science. – 2012. – No. 1 (120). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kadrovoe-obespechenie-deyatelnosti- (date of access: 01/31/2024).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
PALIY Ruslan Romanovich
postgraduate student of Theory of state and law and state law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg Law Academy; Chief Specialist-Legal Counsel of the Administrative Department, Local Administration of the Municipal Formation Sosnovaya Polyana
PALIY Kristina Romanovna
Ph.D. in political science, Head of Educational Program “Management”, associate professor of Management sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
CONSTITUTIONALISM OF LEGAL POLICY IN THE SPHERE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN STATE
The article addresses the highly relevant and significant problem of evolving constitutional foundations for legal policy in the sphere of cultural heritage protection in Russia. The author conducts a profound historical-legalanalysis, revealing systemic patterns in the formation of the state system for monument protection. The scientific novelty lies in the compelling demonstration of the decisive influence exerted by political ideology and constitutional principles on the formation of specific legal mechanisms. The central conclusion of the work—that the effectiveness of heritage protection directly depends on the consistent constitutionalization of state policy in this area—is scientifically substantiated and holds considerable practical importance for the further refinement of legislation and law enforcement practices.
Keywords: constitutionalism, legal policy, cultural heritage objects, historical experience, state protection, legal regulation.
Bibliography
1. Noble and merchant rural estates in Russia in the 16th-20th centuries. Historical essays. Moscow: Editorial URUSS, 2001. 562 p.
2. V. A. Dyakov. The Slavic Question in the Public Life of Prerevolutionary Russia. – M.: Nauka, 1993. – 207 p.
3. Konchin E. V. Emissaries of the Eighteenth Year. – M.: Moskovsky rabochy, 1981. – 158 p.
4. Kulemzin A. M. Protection of Monuments in Russia as a Historical and Cultural Phenomenon. – Kemerovo: Publishing House of the Regional Institute of Humanities and Culture, 2001. –328 p.
5. Hartanovich M. F. Humanitarian Scientific Institutions of St. Petersburg in the 19th Century: Historical Essays. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the St. Petersburg Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Nestor-History”, 2006. – 230 p.
6. Shamanaev A. V., Zyryanova S. Yu. Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Russian Empire. – Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. University, 2018. – 132 p.
7. Shchenkov A. S. Architectural Monuments in Pre-Revolutionary Russia: Essays on the History of Architectural Restoration. – Moscow: TERRA Book Club, 2002. – 528 p.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
PATRASH Natalya Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Public law disciplines sub-faculty, Pskov branch, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF THE POLITICAL STATE OF THE 13TH PRECINCT OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE OF THE GDOV DISTRICT OF THE PETROGRAD PROVINCE IN 1922-1923
The article examines the political situation in the 13th district of the Prosecutor\’s Office in the Gdov District of the Petrograd Province; it analyzes the crime rate in the Gdov District in 1922/23, as well as the main challenges faced by the Prosecutor\’s Office in combating crime in the Gdov District; special attention is paid to the impact of the economic and political state of the county on the functioning of prosecutorial supervision; Conclusions are drawn about the intensification of the work of the Prosecutor’s Office of the county in solving the problem of crime reduction through the activities of the county troika, the commission for the identification of criminal elements for administrative deportations, and the county crime control meeting.
Keywords: Gdov district, Prosecutor’s office, crime, smuggling, conference, Soviet government, Criminal Code of the RSFSR.
Article bibliography
1. State Archives of the Pskov Region. – F. R-320. – Op. 1. – D. 34.
2. Albertiy Yu. V. The Fight Against Crime as a Means of Strengthening the Rule of Law in the Soviet State of the 1920s // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical University. Series “Legal Sciences”. – 2020. – No. 4 (40). – P. 99-105.
3. Regulation on prosecutorial supervision: approved by the 3rd session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 9th convocation on May 28, 1922 // Constitutions and constitutional acts of the RSFSR (1918-1937). – Moscow: Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 1940. – P. 131-133.
4. Salkina O. V. Gdovsky district, the twenties … // Pskov. – 2006. – No. 25. – P. 246-250.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
ROGALEV Alexander Andreevich
Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of History of state and law sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
PECULIARITIES OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF KOREAN SUBJECTS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
The article is devoted to the historical and legal experience of regulating the legal status of Korean subjects in the border territories of the Primorsky region of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article shows the specifics of attempts by the Russian administration of Primorye to integrate Korean refugees into the Russian legal space in the absence of official diplomatic relations with Korea, as well as geopolitical rivalry with Japan. The author came to the conclusion that the legal situation of the Korean refugees was situational and legal in nature, resulting and strongly dependent on the specifics of the political situation of Korea in Northeast Asia in the historical period under review.
Keywords: Korean subjects, migration, refugees, legal status, regulation, Russian Far East.
Article bibliography
1. Note from the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia to the Minister of Internal Affairs dated March 10, 1870, No. 305 // RGIA. – F. 1286. – Op. 31. – D. 252. – L. 14-16.
2. Rogalev A. A. Legal status of foreigners in the Far Eastern territories of the Russian Empire (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries): diss. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2024. – P. 79.
3. Attitude from the Main Administration of Eastern Siberia to the military governor of Primorsky Oblast dated March 24, 1872, No. 370 // RGIA DV. – F. 1. – Op. 1. – D. 386. – L. 1-1 ob.
4. Copy of the telegram of the State Chancellor to the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia dated November 8, 1871 // RGIA DV. – F. 1. – Op. 1. – D. 386. – L. 10.
5. Congress of Governors and Other Representatives in Khabarovsk in 1885 – Khabarovsk, 1885. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.prlib.ru/item/454253 (date accessed: 01.10.2025).
6. The attitude of the Official for the diplomatic unit under the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia to the military governor of the Primorsky region dated January 10, 1879, No. 21 // RGIA DV. – F. 1. – Op. 1. – D. 641. – L. 7.
7. Korean emigration. Pesotsky // RGIA DV. – F. 702. – Op. 1. – D. 760. – L. 29-30.
8. Unterberger P. F. Primorsky region. 1856-1898: essay. – St. Petersburg: type. V. F. Kirshbaum, 1900. – P. 115-116.
9. Temporary rules for the organization of Chinese and Korean societies in the Amur region dated February 15, 1890 // RGIA DV. – F. 28. – Op. 1. – D. 176. – L. 65.
10. Appendix to the minutes of the meetings: 1) note by senior adviser Sukhanov. Essay on the state of affairs in the Primorsky region regarding overseas Koreans living in the region and their selection of Russian tickets for the right of residence // RGIA DV. – F. 702. – Op. 1. – D. 569. – L. 98-99.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
YAKOVETS Evgeniy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Russian Customs Academy, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
ZHURAVLENKO Nikolay Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Mathematical modeling and information security sub-faculty, Neftekamsk branch, Ufa University of Science and Technology
HOW THE BANDERA IDEOLOGY ORIGINATED IN UKRAINE
The article examines the main dogmas on which the ideology of radical Ukrainian nationalism was based after the First World War. The process of his \”banderization\” is analyzed. It talks about the driving forces that formed the basis of the armed formations of this radical movement. The terrorist activities of the OUN are being considered. Special attention is paid to the establishment of business ties between Bandera and representatives of the special services of Nazi Germany. There is talk of a genetic link between radical Ukrainian nationalists and fascism. The process of Bandera\’s involvement in the armed confrontation with Poland and the Soviet Union is shown.
Keywords: Western Ukraine, Galicia, terrorist activity, collaboration with the Nazis, Bandera, Melnikovites.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vedeniev D.V., Bistrukhin G.S. Sword and trident. Intelligence and counterintelligence of the Ukrainian Nationalist Movement and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (1920–1945). – K., 2006. – P. 130.
2. History of the Foreign Policy of the USSR. 1917–1985. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1 (1917–1945). – M.: Nauka, 1986. – 534 p.
3. Lysiak-Rudnitsky I. P. Between History and Politics. – M.; St. Petersburg: Letniy Sad, 2007. – 636 p.
4. Pavlov D. “Banderites” and the Formation of National Identity in Ukraine // Questions of Nationalism. – 2014. – No. 2 (18). – pp. 68-74.
5. Ribak A. I. The concept of the Ukrainian state in the ideology of the OUN (1939–1950).: Dissertation on the development of the scientific level of a candidate of political sciences. – Ostrog, 2007. – P. 49.
6. Semiryaga M.I. Collaborationism. Nature, typology and manifestations during the Second World War. – M.: ROSSPEN, 2000. – 863 p.
7. Memorandum of Vice-Admiral Canaris on the meeting with Hitler, Keitel, Jodl and Ribbentrop dated September 12, 1939 // Helmuth Groscurth, Memorandums of an Abwehroffiziers 1938–1940. With other documents of the Militäropposition of Hitler, 1970. – S. 357-359 (Dok.12). (Groscurth H. Diaries of an Abwehr Officer 1938–1940. With Additional Documents on the Military Opposition to Hitler, 1970. – Pp. 357–359 (document no. 12).
8. Papers Relating… The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920. – Wash., 1940. – Vol. 2. – Pp. 128, 345 (Cited from the book: History of Foreign Policy of the USSR. 1917–1985. In two volumes. Vol. 1 (1917–1945). – Moscow: Nauka, 1986).

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
GRANATOV Dmitriy Kirillovich
postgraduate student 2nd year of study, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE 1889 CONSTITUTION AND ADJUSTMENT OF TAX LEGAL RELATIONS IN THE JAPANESE EMPIRE
In fact, there are tax regulations as a basis of functioning in every Constitution of every State. However, a question arises about the border between constitutional and tax law in regulation of social relations in the sphere of taxation. The article examines the role and place of the 1889 Constitution of Japanese Empire in this field. At the same time an attempt is made to find this boundary between two branches of law and assured if it was correctly drawn in the given normative legal act. Payment of taxes was one of two constitutional duties in the Basic Law of the country besides service in the army. Competent interpretation of this duty is required, which is what one of the authors of the Constitution, Ito Hirobumi, did. Opinions of scientists about taxation in the Japanese Empire and defects of these appraisals are added and analyzed together with his commentaries. The Constitution of Japan, consolidating the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate, together with feudal system, established new rules, directed to improve the system of replenishment of state budget. Author of the article does his best to give answer to the question about fulfilment of this goal within the framework of the Basic Law of the country.
Keywords: constitutional obligations, equality in relation to taxes, Taniyama Haruo, land reform of 1871-1873.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. History of Japan: textbook. (manual) / Ed. by A. E. Zhukov. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1998. Vol. 1. From Ancient Times to 1868.
2. History of Japan: textbook. (manual) / Ed. by A. E. Zhukov. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1998. Vol. 2. 1868-1998.
3. Constitutions of Foreign States: Textbook / Comp. by Prof. V. V. Maklakov. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: BEK Publishing House, 2000.
4. Krasheninnikova N. A. (compiled) Reader on the History of the State and Law of Foreign Countries (Modern and Contemporary Times). Moscow: ZERTSALO Publishing House, 1999.
5. Kucherov I. I. Constitutional Norms of Foreign Countries Governing Tax Relations // Journal of Russian Law. 2003. No. 4. pp. 68-75
6. Turgenev N. I. Experience in the Theory of Taxes. St. Petersburg: N. Grecha Publishing House, 1818.
7. Eeberg K. T. Course in Financial Science. Translation from the 12th German edition. St. Petersburg: A. Rosen Publishing House, 1913.
8. Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan. By Count Hirobumi Ito. Tokyo: Igirisu-Ho:ritsu Gakko, No. 2, Nishikicho Nichome. 1889.
9. A New History of Japan, A New History of the Constitution of Japan, 1957. Inoue Kiyoshi, Suzuki Masashi. A New History of Japan. Tokyo: Godoshuppan, 1957.
10. A New History of the Constitution of Japan, 1944. Sugimura Shōzaburō. A General Outline of the Constitution of Japan. Tokyo: Kobundo, 1944.
11. Japanese Taxes. Japanese Taxes. Tokyo: Sanichishōbō, 1955.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
LATYPOV Shamil Bulatovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology Political Analyst; Expert of the Sector for the Study of the World Economy and Eurasian Integration at the Center for Geopolitical Studies “Berlek-Edinstvo”
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the historical and legal prerequisites for the formation and development of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan from the dissolution of the USSR to the present day. The purpose of the study is to identify the key stages in the establishment of the normative and legal framework that has shaped the contemporary nature of strategic partnership and alliance between the two states. The paper examines the process of legal institutionalization of cooperation in the political, economic, military, and humanitarian spheres. It is argued that the solid legal foundation created during the post-Soviet period ensures the stability and consistent development of the Russian-Uzbek dialogue amid changing regional and global dynamics.
Keywords: Russian Federation, Republic of Uzbekistan, bilateral relations, international treaty, legal framework, strategic partnership.
Article bibliography
1. Stroykov S. P. Features of the development of Uzbekistan’s foreign policy towards the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period // Law and Power. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 39-44.
2. Tobakalov Ch. B. International relations of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the Central Asian systemintegration (1991–2006) // Bulletin of Science and Practice. – 2025. – Vol. 11. No. 3. – P. 566–570.
3. Rashidova F. Sh. From the history of Russian-Uzbek relations in the sphere of small business and private entrepreneurship (late 20th – early 21st centuries) // Russia and Uzbekistan: history and modernity. – Yaroslavl: Institute for Education Development of the Yaroslavl Region, 2024. – P. 51–58.
4. Kudryashova D. A., Rozhkova Z. P., Mayorova M. A. Russian-Uzbek relations: state and prospects // Russia and the new states of Eurasia. – 2023. – No. 2 (59). – P. 178-188.
5. Zakhidov G. E. Analysis of educational cooperation between Uzbekistan and Russia // Modern education and society. – 2024. – Vol. 1. No. 1. – P. 20-25.
6. Chernykh G. E. Cultural and humanitarian dimension of Russia’s public diplomacy in Uzbekistan // Law and power. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 18-21.
7. Sadykova E. F., Sadykova S. E., Sadykov E. A. Assistance of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Uzbekistan in developing a comprehensive strategy, taking into account modern geopolitical realities in solving the Aral Sea problem // Regional and sectoral economics. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 21-29.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
BELYAKOVA Anastasiya Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Humanities and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Dzerzhinsky branch, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
TRADITION AS THE BASIS OF RUSSIA\’S FUTURE IDEOLOGY
This article examines the problem of shaping the future ideology of Russia based on traditionalism as the ideological core of neo-Eurasianism. The article provides a general overview of the views on traditionalism of R. Guenon, N.Y. Danilevsky, A.G. Dugin, as well as analyzes the concepts of traditionalism and tradition. The conclusion is drawn that Russia, when forming a new social ideology, should rely on the great spiritual tradition of Orthodoxy. Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation introduced in 2020, as well as Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 dated November 9, 2022 \”On Approval of the Foundations of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values\” play an important role in this regard.
Keywords: ideology, Eurasianism, neo-Eurasianism, liberalism, tradition, traditionalism, Dugin A.G., the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809, dated November 9, 2022, “On the approval of the Foundations of state policy for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.”
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation // Rossiyskaya Gazeta – Federal Issue. – No. 144 (8198).
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
4. Achkasov V. A. Transformation of Traditions and Political Modernization: The Phenomenon of Russian Traditionalism // Philosophy and Socio-Political Values ​​of Conservatism in the Public Consciousness of Russia (From Origins to Modernity) Ed. Yu. N. Solonin. Issue. 1. – SPb.: SPbU Publishing House, 2004. – P. 181.
5. Berdyaev N. The Russian Idea. – SPb.: Azbuka-classic, 2008. – P. 39.
6. Guénon R. The Crisis of the Modern World. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. – P. 7.
7. Danilevsky N. Ya. Russia and Europe. – Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2019. – 704 p.
8. Dugin A. G. Absolute Homeland. Paths of the Absolute. Metaphysics of the Good News. Mysteries of Eurasia. Mysteries of Eurasia. – Moscow: Arktogeya-Center, 1999. – 752 p.
9. Dugin A. G. Philosophy of Politics. Appendix. Political Philosophy of Eurasianism. Moscow: Arktogeya, 2004, 616 p.
10. Dugin, A. G. Tradition and Modernity. Speech at the First Siberian Forum of the All-Russian People’s Assembly // Irkutsk Kremlin. No. 16. Special Issue No. 1. “The Russian World and War”.
11. Alexander Dugin: Putin Proclaimed the Russian Idea. [Electronic Resource]. Available at: https://www.geopolitika.ru/article/putin-provozglasil-russkuyu-ideyu (access date: 06.09.2024).
12. Kirill, Patr. We Have No Right to Make Mistakes // Church and Time. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 19.
13. Osipov A. I. The Path of Reason in Search of Truth: A Textbook on Apologetics for Theological Schools [Text] / A. I. Osipov. – 5th ed., corrected. and enlarged. – M.: Sretensky Monastery, 2004. – 432 p.
14. Panarin A. S. Russia’s Revenge: Russian Strategic Initiative in the 21st Century. – M.: Russkiy Mir, 2005. – P. 122.
15. Panarin A. S. Orthodox Civilization in the Global World. – M., 2002.
16. Patriarch Kirill against liberalism // Gazeta.ru, July 29, 2009.
17. Rakov V. M. Features of Russian traditionalism // Conservatism: History and Modernity. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. – Perm, 1995. – P. 70.
18. Fadeeva T. M. Traditionalism [Text] / T. M. Fadeeva. – Modern Western Sociology: Dictionary. – Moscow: Politizdat, 1990. – P. 352-354.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GABIEVA Siyasat Magomedovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KURBANOVA Umiyat Magomedovna
magister student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University Makhachkala; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF HUMAN AND CITIZEN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
This article examines constitutional guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation, including new territories. The relevance of the article\’s topic is determined by the importance of guarantees as legal instruments for their full implementation. The purpose of the article is to examine two problems arising in the implementation of constitutional guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms. The objective of the work is to find solutions to the above-mentioned problems. It is stated that guarantees for the realization of human and civil rights and freedoms play a crucial role in their protection. It is emphasized that in the context of a dynamically changing political and legal environment caused by the process of accession of new regions, significant challenges arise for the observation and protection of citizens\’ rights. To increase the effectiveness of rights implementation, it should be ensured in compliance with the principles of equality and the rule of law. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of factors hindering the implementation of constitutional guarantees. In writing the work, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, etc. were used. The conclusion discusses the need for an integrated approach to solving these problems.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutional and legal guarantees, rights and freedoms, citizens of the Russian Federation, implementation, newly annexed territories, Human Rights Commissioner.
Article bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. On the Role of Constitutional Law in the Context of New Tasks and Conceptual Solutions for the Political Future of Russia // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11: Law. 2023. No. 1. pp. 3-21.
2. Bogatchikova K. S. The Problem of Realizing Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in the Newly Annexed Territories of the Russian Federation // Domestic Jurisprudence. 2025. No. 1 (54). pp. 4-8.
3. Gabieva S. M., Shuaipova P. G., Kurbanov A. M. Problems of Implementing Constitutional Guarantees of Citizens’ Rights and Freedoms in the Russian Federation // Science and Education: Economy and Economics; Entrepreneurship; Law and Management. 2021. No. 5 (132). Pp. 61-64.
4. Gaysina Z. I. Problems of Building an Effective System for Protecting Constitutional (Fundamental) Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen // Alley of Science. 2025. Vol. 2. No. 1 (100). Pp. 849-855.
5. Gazimagomedova N. A. Problems of Constitutional and Legal Support of Human and Citizen Rights and Freedoms in the Subjects of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasus Federal District // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2024. No. 11 (239). P. 191-194.
6. Gusev A. Yu. Shukaeva E. S. Ways to Preserve Extrajudicial Protection of the Right to Social Security // Russian Judge. 2019. No. 3. Pp. 9-12.
7. Grigoriev I. V., Shaikhatdinov V. Sh. Social Security Law: Textbook for Secondary Vocational Education / 10th ed., revised and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. 392 p.
8. Zubairova L. M. On Some Problems of Realization of Personal Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. 2022. No. 5-3 (68). P. 41-44.
9. Kuznetsov A. A., Berezhnaya E. O. The Problem of Realizing the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen in Russia // Naukosphere. 2022. No. 3-1. P. 279-282
10. Kuznetsov A. A., Maifetova V. S. Problems of Realizing the Constitutional Guarantees of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen in the Russian Federation // Trends in the Development of Science and Education. 2025. No. 117-4. P. 117-120.
11. Lobzhanidze S. N., Malakhov E. O. Realization of the Constitutional Guarantees of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen: Modern Problematic Aspects // Bulletin of the Essentuki Institute of Management, Business and Law. 2024. No. 21. Pp. 46-51.
12. Mikhailova A. V. Guarantees for the Protection of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms // Alley of Science. 2024. Vol. 1. No. 1 (88). Pp. 418-422.
13. Tishkov D. S. Some Features of the Subject of Prosecutor’s Supervision over Compliance with the Constitutional Right of an Individual to Work // Bulletin of the Omsk Law Academy. 2017. No. 3. Pp. 23-27.
14.Shakhrai S. M. Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation: A Textbook for Academic Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees. Moscow: Statut, 2017. 624 p. 15. Romanovskaya O. V., Ryzhkova A. V. Problematic Aspects of the Implementation of Constitutional Guarantees of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in the Russian Federation // Electronic Scientific Journal “Science. Society. State”. 2020. Vol. 8. No. 2 (30). P. 53.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
DOMNINA Anastasya Valerjevna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
GOLOVANOVA Vera Fedorovna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
NADYGINA Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law and, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, N. I. Lobachevsky National Research Nizhny Novgorod State University
ABOUT NEW OR OLD ISSUES OF REVISING THE RUSSIAN CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the most important legal act with the highest legal force, and therefore it requires analytical study taking into account the development of constitutional and legal norms, including the possible need for the Russian Federation to have a new basic law. For this reason, the article examines a special body with constituent power, the Constitutional Assembly, which plays a crucial role in the procedure for revising the current Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: constitutional reform, revision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Constitutional Assembly of the Russian Federation, constituent power, original and derivative constituent power, Federal Constitutional Law, formation of the Constitutional Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Article Bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional Assembly: Concept and Draft of the Federal Constitutional Law // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11 Law. – 2005. – No. 2. – pp. 48-91.
2. Kazannik A. I. Concept and Classification of Constitutions of Modern States (Comparative Analysis) // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series. Law. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 54-65.
3. Shustrov D. G. Limits of Constitutional Change and Constitutional Control over Their Compliance: Dis. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 78
4. Shustrov D. G. Constitutional Revolution as a Procedure for Changing the Constitution // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 11 Law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 49-69.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ZHIVODROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Management and public administration sub-faculty, Penza State University
STEPANOVA Diana Olegovna
student of the bachelor\’s degree of the 4th course of the 03/38/04 “State and Municipal Administration”, Penza State University; independent researcher
INFORMATION AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEANS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION
Currently, the issue of increasing the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures and finding new ways to combat this social phenomenon is acute in the Russian Federation. The article presents a study on the possible impact of the use of digital and information technologies in preventing acts of corruption. The advantages and disadvantages of using digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, Big Data, and blockchain in preventing corruption and their impact on the effectiveness of public administration have been identified.
Keywords: public administration, digitalization, anti-corruption activities, e-government, artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain.
Article References
1. Gumarov I. A., Farakhiev D. M. Blockchain Technology as a Means of Combating Corruption // Scientific Component. – 2022. – No. 1 (13). – P. 81-87.
2. Zhivodrova N. A., Krylova K. V. Anti-Corruption in the Context of Digitalization // Law and Digital Technologies: Collection of Articles from the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Novopolotsk, November 25, 2022. – Novopolotsk: Educational Institution “Polotsk State University named after Euphrosyne of Polotsk” = Author’s Certificate of Education \”Polotsk State University of Euphrosyne of Polotsk\”, 2023. – P. 109-112.
3. Kulikov A. V., Simvolokova D. A. A modern way to combat corruption is the use of blockchain technology // Bulletin of Tula State University. Economic and legal sciences. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 36-42.
4. Matyushkina A. V. Blockchain platform – no reason for corruption // Humanitarian and political-legal studies. – 2018. – No. 3 (3). – P. 36-44.
5. “Small Business News”: Entrepreneurs Named the Most Corrupt Spheres in the Economy. [Electronic Resource]. – Access Mode: https://konkretno.ru/sity_obshestvo/163470-novosti-malogo-biznesa-predprinimateli-nazvali-samye-korrumpirovannye-sfery-v-jekonomike.html (date accessed: 30.06.2025).
6. Hu J. Ensuring Basic Rights in the Fight against Corruption Using Big Data in the PRC: Key Laws, Risks, and Ways // Current Issues of Economics and Law. – 2020. – Vol. 14. No. 4. – Pp. 814-826.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ILJIN Igor Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of State legal disciplines sub-faculty, Yaroslav the Wise Novgorod State University
GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A KEY SUBJECT OF ENSURING BUDGETARY AND FINANCIAL SOVEREIGNTY: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
The article analyzes the constitutional and legal role of the Government of the Russian Federation in ensuring the budgetary and financial sovereignty of Russia through the study of the content and exercise of its powers in the budgetary, financial, monetary, foreign exchange and tax spheres. The study reveals a comprehensive connection between fiscal, currency, fiscal and monetary policies, emphasizing the specifics of the competence of the Government of the Russian Federation as a key participant in the formation and implementation of state fiscal policy and economic strategy. The article pays special attention to the mechanisms of interaction between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia, the legislative branch, and the President of the Russian Federation, as well as challenges for budgetary and financial sovereignty and areas for improving the activities of the Government of the Russian Federation in modern geopolitical conditions, taking into account the unprecedented sanctions (external) pressure on Russia from unfriendly states.
Keywords: fiscal sovereignty, the Government of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation, the Bank of Russia, competence, fiscal policy, constitutional regulation, budget, challenges, areas of improvement.
Article Bibliography
1. Ilyin I. M. On the Issue of Budgetary and Financial Sovereignty of Russia and the Forms of Its Implementation: Constitutional and Legal Aspects // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. – 2022. – No. 4 (103). Vol. 2. – Pp. 34-43
2. Budget for citizens. To the federal law on the Federal Budget for 2024 and for the planning period of 2025 and 2026. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minfin.gov.ru/common/upload/library/2024/01/main/0407_BDG_2024.pdf (date accessed: 15.07.2025).
3. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 23.04.2004 No. 9-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Federal Laws \”On the Federal Budget for 2002\”, \”On the Federal Budget for 2003\”, \”On the Federal Budget for 2004\” and appendices thereto in connection with the request of a group of members of the Federation Council and the complaint of citizen A. V. Zhmakovsky” // SZ RF. – 2004. – No. 19 (part 2). – Art. 1923.
4. Federal Law of July 14, 2022 No. 324-FZ “On Amendments to Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 29 (Part III). – Art. 5291.
5. Order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated September 29, 2022 No. ED-7-11/878@ (as amended on September 13, 2024) “On Approval of Calculation Forms for Insurance Premiums and Personalized Information about Individuals, the Procedures for Completing Them, as well as the Formats for Submitting Them in Electronic Form” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 27, 2022 No. 70727) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information http://pravo.gov.ru.
6. Federal Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” // SZ RF. – 2002. – No. 28. – Art. 2790.
7. The West Freezes the Central Bank’s External Assets. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/newspaper/2022/02/28/621a5d149a7947339ae7351c (date of access 10.07.2025);
8. Theft within the law: the US approved the transfer of Russian assets to Ukraine. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iz.ru/1601917/mariia-shaipova/vorovstvo-v-zakone-v-ssha-odobrili-peredachu-rossiiskikh-aktivov-ukraine (date of access 10.07.2025)
9. Kusova D.K. Problems of implementing the principle of independence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and ways to solve them // Science and Modernity. – 2015. – No. 38. – P. 268-275.
10. Povetkina N. A. Problems of legal qualification of gold and foreign exchange reserves (stocks) of the Russian Federation and their role in ensuring the financial stability of the state // Legislation and Economics. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 28-37.
11. Timofeev S. V. The principle of independence of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a factor in achieving the main goals of its activities // Law and Management. – 2023. – No. 1. – P.62-67.
12. Main directions of the unified state monetary policy for 2025 and the period 2026-2027 (approved by the Bank of Russia).
13. A bill on recognizing the Bank of Russia as a federal government body was submitted to the State Duma. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20250121/tsentrobank-1994858501.html (date of access: 30.07.2025).
14. Tsaregradskaya Yu. K. Public debt management as one of the legal instruments for implementing economic sovereignty // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2023. – No. 7 (107). – P. 67-76.
15. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 28, 2022 No. 79 “On the Application of Special Economic Measures in Connection with the Unfriendly Actions of the United States of America and Foreign States and International Organizations That Have Joined Them” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 10. – Art. 146.
16. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 18, 2022 No. 126 “On Additional Temporary Economic Measures to Ensure the Financial Stability of the Russian Federation in the Sphere of Currency Regulation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 12. – Art. 1808.
17. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 28, 2022 No. 977 “On Currency Control Measures in the Context of External Sanctions Pressure” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 23. – Art. 3805.
18. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 22, 2025 No. 698 “On measures to implement the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 11, 2023 No. 771” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 21. – Art. 2668.
19. Ilyin I. M. Social rights as a constitutional and legal imperative for the state to implement a socially oriented, responsible budgetary and legal policy and fulfill its social obligations // Legal Science. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 58-64.
20. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 22, 2023 No. 34-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of the provisions of Article 183 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 242.1 and paragraph 6 of Article 242.2 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the request of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation” // SZ RF. – 2023. – No. 27. – Art. 5139.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KLIMENKO Ivan Denisovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Penza State University
THE USE OF FACIAL RECOGNITION AND MASS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL REGULATION: ANALYSIS OF THE CONFLICT OF SECURITY AND PRIVACY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal, technological and ethical aspects of the use of facial recognition systems in the framework of the Safe City program in the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the fundamental conflict between ensuring public safety and protecting the constitutional right to privacy. Based on empirical data, including statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Finance, the dual effect of FRS implementation is demonstrated: on the one hand, a decrease in street crime was recorded, on the other, the risks associated with algorithm errors.
Keywords: privacy, constitutional rights, artificial intelligence, facial recognition systems, “Safe City”, algorithmic discrimination, EU AI Act, biometric data.
Article bibliography
1. Volkov, V. E., “Legal recognition of artificial intelligence technologies in the context of the constitutional values ​​of the Russian state” // Legal studies. – 2023. – No. 3.
2. Nizametdinov, R. A., “The Safe City” hardware and software complex as an integral innovative segment for improving public safety by territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 158.
3. Filipova I. A. Legal regulation of artificial intelligence: a tutorial. – 2nd edition, updated and supplemented. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State University, 2022.
4. Buolamwini J., Gebru T. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification // Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. – 2018. – Vol. 81. – P. 1.
5. Lyon D. Surveillance Capitalism and the State. Data Politics. – 2019.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KORNUKOVA Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional law sub-faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OF ENSURING THE FAIRNESS OF FINAL COURT DECISIONS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the constitutional guarantees that ensure the imposition of a just verdict in the course of criminal proceedings. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has a significant impact on the administration of justice in criminal cases, as its provisions aare directly applicable and do not require additional regulation. The fundamental law of the state enshrines the basic constitutional values, principles, and guarantees that serve as a reliable foundation for the imposition of a just decision and protect against unlawful and unjustified accusations and restrictions on rights.
Keywords: Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutional guarantees, justice, criminal proceedings, court decision, verdict, human rights and freedoms.
Article bibliography
1. Kornukov V. M., Kornukova E. V., Ustinov D. S. On Ensuring the Right to a Fair Trial and Refutation of Accusations // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia – 2020. – No. 2 (53). – P. 4.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
MITRYASOVA Angelina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of State and Law, Tyumen State University
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AT WORK: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR PROTECTING THE RIGHT TO REMUNERATION FOR WORK, SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS AND RECREATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY
The article is devoted to the study of the transformation of constitutional labor rights in the context of the digitalization of the economy, with an emphasis on three key aspects: the right to remuneration for work, the right to safe working conditions and the right to rest. The author analyzes the challenges and prospects arising from the introduction of digital technologies, including the use of cryptocurrencies and the digital ruble in the wage system, automation of monitoring the safety of working conditions, as well as the problems of realizing the right to rest in the era of constant digital accessibility. Special attention is paid to legal gaps in Russian legislation that limit the use of modern technologies and the need to modernize them based on international experience. The article suggests specific measures to improve legal regulation, such as consolidating the right to offline work, expanding employers\’ responsibilities towards remote workers, and harmonizing national norms with international labor standards.
Keywords: constitutional rights, the right to remuneration for work, the right to safe working conditions, the right to rest.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Leskina E. I. Issues of digitalization in the sphere of labor // Law and digital economy. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 17-21.
2. Krasilnikov O. Yu. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency Development // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 253-258.
3. Makarchuk N. V. Legal Prospects for Using Cryptocurrency as a Universal Means of Payment // Property Relations in the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 12. – P. 63-67.
4. Leskina E. I. Artificial Intelligence in the Sphere of Labor // Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 111-118.
5. Ludwig I. A., Zhigas M. G., Lavrov L. A. Salaries in Cryptocurrency as a Source of Increasing Company Capitalization // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series “Economics”. – 2021. – No. 3. – Pp. 28-38.
6. Lushnikov A. M., Lushnikova M. V. The Fourth Scientific and Technological Revolution and Labor Law: Real Challenges // Labor Law in Russia and Abroad. – 2019. – No. 2. – Pp. 3-6.
7. Official Statistics: Working Conditions, Industrial Injuries (by Certain Types of Economic Activity). [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://rosstat.gov.ru/working_conditions (date accessed: 19.09.2024).
8. Timofeev S. S., Timofeeva S. S. Digital future of labor protection // XXI century. Technosphere safety. – 2022. – No. 7. – Pp. 51-62.
9. Filipova I. A. Labor law: challenges of the information society // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – No. 2. – Pp. 162-182.
10. Seregina L. V. Ensuring the rights of citizens to labor protection in the context of innovative development of the economy // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 76-91.
11. Chernykh N. V. Occupational Safety and Atypical Forms of Employment // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 1.- P. 236-243.
12. Remote Working: Wellbeing, Safety and Accidents. [Electronic Resource]. – Available at: https://iuslaboris.com/insights/remote-working-wellbeing-safety-and-accidents/ (Accessed: 22.12.2024).
13. Filipova I. A., Solovieva S. V. New Psychosocial Risks for Workers in the Digital Economy and Their Legal Regulation in Russia and the European Union // Jurist. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 40-45.
14. Machulskaya E. E. Vacations: international acts and Russian legislation // Gaps in Russian legislation. Legal journal. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 91-97.
15. Zolotov A. V. Reduction of working hours as a law-trend of development tocapitalist production // Problems of the modern economy. – 2016. – No. 3. – Pp. 51-56.
16. Shonia G. V. Labor relations in France: issues of digitalization // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2019. – No. 11. – Pp. 123-131.
17. Chesalina O. V. On the legal nature of the right to disconnect // Labor law in Russia and abroad. – 2021. – No. 2. – Pp. 57-60.
18. Chesalina O. V. Novelties in the legislation on remote work: comparative legal analysis // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 99. – P. 99-114.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TAYUPOVA Karina Rashidovna
senior lecturer of International and public law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; postgraduate student of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
BUILDING A SOCIAL STATE: THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS OF 2022 AND 2020
In 2025, the Faculty of Law of the Belarusian State University celebrates its 100th anniversary. The year 2025 also marks a significant anniversary: ​​the 100th birthday of the distinguished Belarusian legal scholar, Professor Anatoly A. Golovko. BSU\’s academic school is rich in research, including on issues related to the social (welfare) state. This article is congratulatory in nature, and analyzes the constitutional and legal foundations for building a social (welfare) state in the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation following the constitutional reforms of 2022 and 2020, respectively. It examines constitutional amendments aimed at strengthening the social functions of states. Particular attention is paid to enshrining the principles of social responsibility, social solidarity, and counteracting parasitism as integral elements of the modern welfare state model in the context of the socially oriented market economy of the Republic of Belarus. The analysis reveals both general trends in the development of constitutional social doctrine and the national characteristics of its implementation in the two states.
Keywords: Constitution, democracy, welfare state, socially just society, socially oriented market economy, national economic security, constitutional reform, social rights.
Bibliographic list
1. Law of the Republic of Belarus of January 3, 2023 No. 240-Z “On the Seizure of Property” // National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus. – 06.01.2023. – 2/2960.
2. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus: Scientific and Practical Commentary / General editors: P. P. Miklashevich, O. I. Chupris, G. A. Vasilevich. – Minsk: National Center of Legal Information of the Republic of Belarus, 2024.
3. Vasilevich G. A. The Role of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus in the Development of a Social State Based on the Rule of Law // Jurisprudencija. – 2000. – Vol. 17 (9). – Pp. 28-34.
4. Vasilevich G. A. The Social State – One of the Most Important Goals of a Market Economy // Problems of Implementing Legal Norms in the Context of Formation of Market Relations: Proceedings of the Republican Scientific and Practical Conf., Minsk, November 24, 2006 / [Editorial Board: G. A. Korolenok (editor-in-chief) and others]; Higher Economic Court of the Republic of Belarus, Belarusian State Economic University. – Minsk: BGEU, 2006. – P. 12-16.
5. Vasilevich G. A. Freedom within the Boundaries of the Law: [on the Implementation of the Principles of “Constitutional Economics” Implying Legal Regulation of Economic Relations in Legislation and Practice] // Belarusian Thought. – 2011. – No. 7. – P. 3-7.
6. Vasilevich G. A. Concept and Essence of the Welfare State // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 95-100.
7. Golovko A. A. Selected Works. – Minsk: YurSpektr, 2018.
8. Tripuzova A. A. Constitutional Economics as a Legal Construction (Statement of the Question), Its Role in the Constitutional-Legal Mechanism for the Protection and Development of Competition // Journal of Legal Anthropology and Conflictology. – 2023. – No. 4 (5). – P. 115-124.
9. Troitskaya A. A. On the Main Criteria, Factors and Conditions for Choosing the Sequence of Constitutional Modernization in a Comparative Aspect // Constitutional and Municipal Law. – 2019. – No. 10. – P. 49-60.
10. Chirkin V. E. The Constitution and the Welfare State in a Comparative Dimension // Transactions of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2008. – P. 5-36.
11. Chirkin V. E. Constitutional Regulation of Social Relations as a Factor in the Sustainable Development of Society // State and Law. – 2017. – No. 10. – P. 19-26.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
EGORCHEV Maxim Grigorjevich
postgraduate student of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING RUSSIA\’S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTIPLE CRISES
The article examines the role of constitutional norms in ensuring national security in the Russian Federation. The impact of the multi-crisis challenges of COVID-19, sanctions pressure and terrorist threats on the implementation of constitutionally guaranteed norms is analyzed. Proposals are formulated to improve the legal mechanisms for coordinating government bodies in times of crisis. The thesis is substantiated that the Constitution of the Russian Federation serves as the basis for adapting organizational security mechanisms, ensuring the principle of proportionality of restrictions between prompt response to threats, protection of sovereignty and observation of human rights in extraordinary conditions. Keywords: national security, Constitution of the Russian Federation, multi-crisis challenges, COVID-19, principle of proportionality, restriction of rights and freedoms.
Keywords: national security, Constitution of the Russian Federation, multi-crisis challenges, COVID-19, principle of proportionality, restriction of rights and freedoms.
Bibliographic list
1. Bazhanov A. A. Problems of Implementing the Principle of Proportionality in Judicial Practice // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 13. No. 6. – Pp. 124-157.
2. Fakhrutdinova G. R., Khasanova A. R., Kadikova A. A. High Alert Regime: Features of the Functioning of Governing Bodies // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. – 2021. – No. 1-3. – P. 164-167.
3. Timofeev I. N. Counteracting Economic Sanctions: Russian Legislative and Institutional Experience // Financial Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 13. No. 4. – P. 8-23.
4. Chernyshev S. A., Zhurbenko A. M., Snegovoy A. V. Religious Terrorism and Extremism as a Threat to International and National Security of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2025. – No. 1 (73). – pp. 174-180.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ABYZOV Alexander Sergeevich
specialist of the storage department of the “Far Eastern Logistics Center of the Federal Service of the National Guard of the Russian Federation”, Khabarovsk
YAKUNIN Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Higher School of Public Law of the Pacific State University, Khabarovsk
TOPICAL ISSUES OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN DISPUTES ON INCLUSION OF ILLEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GOODS, WORKS, AND SERVICES IN THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PURCHASE OBJECT
This article provides an analysis of the problematic aspects and specifics of judicial practice related to the inclusion of illegal requirements for goods, works, and services in the description of the object of procurement. The focus is on a range of practical issues faced by judicial authorities when handling cases in the field of public procurement. The article highlights the urgent need for further improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of procurement activities. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made to optimize legislation and enhance the effectiveness of the system of official responsibility in the field of public procurement.
Keywords: public and municipal procurement, contract system, judicial practice, object of procurement, catalog of goods, works, and services.
Article References
1. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34661/ (date accessed: 02.07.2025).
2. On the contract system in the sphere of procurement of goods, works, and services for meeting state and municipal needs: Federal Law of 05.04.2013 No. 44-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_144624/ (date of access: 02.07.2025).
3. On the procurement of goods, works, and services by certain types of legal entities: Federal Law of 18.07.2011 No. 223-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_116964/ (date of access: 02.07.2025).
4. Popova L. I. Theory and practice of public and municipal procurement: textbook. – Krasnodar: KubSAU, 2020. – 86 p.
5. Official website of the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS Russia). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://fas.gov.ru (date accessed: 07/05/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
BOGACHEVA Mariya Valerjevna
Senior lecturer of Administrative and legal disciplines sub-faculty, I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
LEGISLATIVE FOUNDATIONS OF INFORMATION ACTIVITIES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES
The article discusses the development of information work in the internal affairs bodies, from the information support of the main areas of activity at the beginning of the 21st century to comprehensive information activities at the current stage. It is noted that currently, all departments and services use information technologies and information systems, both of a general nature and specifically designed to perform their assigned tasks and functions. The article also classifies the areas of information activities of the police into three main areas and one additional area. The main areas include, firstly, the collection, storage, and further use of information, and secondly, the use of information technologies, software, and hardware in their activities. The third area is the exchange of information, its provision to interested parties, and the provision of information services. The author considers the protection of accumulated information, created information resources, and used information infrastructure from unauthorized access, modification, and destruction to be an additional area. In addition, the legislative basis for the information activities of the internal affairs bodies is analyzed, and it is concluded that it has a predominantly administrative-legal nature. The information activities of the police are based on the Federal Law \”On the Police\” and subordinate administrative legal acts. Certain areas of information activities are also regulated primarily by legislative acts that have an administrative-legal nature. At the same time, the norms of information legislation that regulate general issues of information circulation and protection have been specified by subordinate administrative legal acts of various levels, which have determined the procedure for the implementation of information activities by the internal affairs bodies.
Keywords: information activities of the Internal Affairs Department, information, information support, administrative and legal regulation, and administrative and legal norms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vaipan V. A., Ilyushin E. A., Patenkova V. Yu. [etc.]. Information Technologies in Legal Activity (Legal Informatics in the Digital Age): A Textbook / Edited by V. A. Vaypan. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2024. – Part 1. – 2024. – 260 p.
2. Barsukov S. I., Borisov A. N. Commentary on the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police” (article-by-article). – Moscow: “Delovoy Dvor”, 2011. – 639 p.
3. Larin A. Yu. Commentary on the Law of the Russian Federation “On Police” No. 3-FZ: (article-by-article); with practical explanations from official bodies and article-by-article materials. – M.: Knizhny mir, 2011. – 319 p.
4. Amelin R. V. Legal regime of state information systems / Ed. by S. E. Channov. – M.: GrossMedia, 2016. – 337 p.
5. Borisov M. A. Legal regulation of admission to and access to information in the digital economy: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2023. – P. 38.
6. Trofimets I. A. State information systems for population registration. – M.: Rusains, 2022. – 88 p.
7. Naumov V. B. Institute of identification in information law: dissertation … Doctor of Law. – M., 2020. – 455 p.
8. Theory of Operational-Investigative Activities (textbook; fifth edition, corrected and supplemented) (collective authors; edited by Doctor of Law, Professor K.K. Goryainov, Doctor of Law V.S. Ovchinsky). – M.: “Norma: INFRA-M”, 2021. – 384 p.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KONOPLEV Vyacheslav Vyacheslavovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Law Faculty Tavricheskaya Academy, V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol
EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN GOVERNMENT BODIES: ANALYSIS OF MAIN USE CASES
The article analyzes the main directions and practical experience of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the activities of public authorities of the Russian Federation. Based on monitoring data from the National Center for the Development of Artificial Intelligence for 2024, key areas of AI application are identified and characterized: optimization of public administration and service delivery, improving the efficiency of industry and transport, development of the social sphere and healthcare, as well as use in trade, finance, and urban infrastructure. The study systematizes specific cases and quantitative indicators of their effectiveness, such as a 20% reduction in application processing time, a 10-15% increase in transport artery throughput, and improved accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Particular attention is paid to the transition from a reactive to a proactive governance model based on predictive aThe conclusion outlines the legal and ethical challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence.
Keywords: activity, artificial intelligence, public administration, public authorities, legal regulation, digital transformation, ethical standards, public services.
Article References
1. Information and analytical report on the results of monitoring the implementation of artificial intelligence solutions in priority sectors of the Russian Federation economy, 2024, National Center for Research and Information Technologies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ai.gov.ru/knowledgebase/komponenty/informacionno-analiticheskaya_spravka_po_rezulytatam_monitoringa_vnedreniya_resheniy_v_sfere_iskusstvennogo_intellekta_v_prioritetnyh_otraslyah_ekonomiki_rossiyskoy_federacii_2024_god_ncrii/ (date of access: 14.10.2025).
2. The government has introduced artificial intelligence in monitoring the implementation of national projects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://abireg.ru/newsitem/109335/ (date of access: 14.10.2025).
3. Varlamova Yu. A., Korneichenko E. N. Artificial intelligence in Russian regions // Russian Journal of Economics and Law. 2024. 18 (3). P. 641-662. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2573#:~:text=%D0%92%202022%20%D0%B3.,2 (date of access: 10/12/2025).
4. CIO of St. Petersburg Yulia Smirnova on neural networks in the civil service: how AI is becoming a new competence of the authorities. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php (date of access: 10/12/2025).
5. Monitoring dog walking and trash bins, searching for missing animals and land violations. How AI is used in public administration of the Nizhny Novgorod region // Artificial intelligence in public administration. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/ (date of access: 12.10.2025).
6. AI in the public sector: Promising scenarios and a plan for starting use. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php (date of access: 12.10.2025).
7. Sakhalin Oblast will implement AI for master planning and acceleration of territorial development processes. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php (date of access: 12.10.2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KUDOVBA Oksana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
PUTRENKO Andrey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law Sevastopol State University
KURYASHKIN Alexey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, lieutenant colonel of police
ON THE ISSUE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES APPLIED BY THE POLICE TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS WHO HAVE NOT REACHED THE AGE OF RESPONSIBILITY AND WHO HAVE COMMITTED EXTREMIST OFFENSES
The scientific article examines the legal nature of administrative preventive measures in relation to minors who have not reached the age of criminal and administrative liability. It provides specific examples of administrative preventive measures applied to minors. The article also briefly examines the state of preventive work carried out by internal affairs agencies with minors who have committed socially dangerous acts, including those of an extremist nature. To prevent the criminalization of the adolescent environment in the future, the authors believe that comprehensive preventive work at the sites of temporary detention centers for juvenile offenders of special closed-type educational institutions, as well as a set of interdepartmental organizational measures, has an effective impact on the formation of law-abiding behavior of children. The authors identify a number of difficulties in the legal and organizational plane in the matter of the application of administrative and preventive measures.
Keywords: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, internal affairs bodies (police), administrative and preventive measures, minor, socially dangerous act, criminal and administrative responsibility, temporary detention center for juvenile offenders, operational and preventive measures.
Article bibliography
1. Butorina L. S. Compulsory administrative warning measures applied to minors // Current issues of administrative and administrative-procedural law: a collection of articles based on the materials of the jubilee International Practical Conference (Sorokin Readings / Under the general editorship of A. I. Kaplunov. – 2019. – P. 687.
2. Korenev A. P. Administrative law of Russia: a textbook: in 3Part 1. Moscow: Moscow Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1996. Part 1. P. 196. 3. Merkulov V. G. Administrative warning measures: theoretical approaches to the concept and classification // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2021. No. 6. P. 65. 4. Rossinsky B. V., Starilov Yu. N. Administrative law: textbook. – 6th edition, revision. – Moscow: Norma, Infra-M, 2020. P. 414. 5. Statistical reporting form “Minors”, approved by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated January 30, 2014 No. 57 “On approval of the statistical reporting form “Minors” (semi-annual). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://svps.mvd.ru/web/guest/stat-express (ISOD MVD of Russia) (date of access: 09/02/2025).
6. “On the register of socially oriented organizations.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://data.economy.gov.ru/analytics/sonko/all (date of access: 09/02/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KUPTSOV Egor Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of V. V. Cousin Management and economics of the sports industry sub-faculty, Russian University of Sport “GTSOLIFK”
LEGAL GAPS AND CONFLICTS IN THE AREA OF COMPETENCE OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
Federal Law No. 33-FZ of March 20, 2025 “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Unified System of Public Power” came into force on June 19, 2025, marking a significant milestone in the reform of Russian municipal governance. This law, which has been under development since 2021, introduces significant changes, including the transition to a single-tiered model of territorial organization, new forms of government, and a redefinition of the concept of local self-government. This article examines the impact of relevant municipal legislation on the functioning of the physical culture and sports industry.
Keywords: reform of local self-government, territorial basis of local self-government, physical culture, sports, and sports law.
Article References
1. Tkhabisimova L. A. Directions and Problems of Local Self-Government Development at the Current Stage of Constitutional Modernization in Russia // Problems of Constitutional and Legal Development of Russia: A Collection of Scientific Articles Based on the Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to the Constitution Day of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don, December 12, 2022. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov State University of Economics “RINH”, 2022. – Pp. 233-237.
2. Kostyukov A. N. Russian Municipal Legal Policy: Monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2012. – 320 p.
3. Egorov G. G., Derkacheva T. V. Improving local self-government in the Russian Federation: novelties for 2025 // Vestnik VIEPP. – 2025. – No. 2. – Pp. 196-208.
4. Erkina T. N. On some issues of local self-government reform at the present stage // The future of science: a view of young scientists on the innovative development of society: Collection of scientific articles of the 3rd All-Russian youth scientific conference. In 3 volumes, Kursk, May 30, 2025. – Kursk: ZAO “Universitetskaya kniga”, 2025. – Pp. 88-91.
5. Zotov V. B. The future of local self-government in Russia // Municipal Academy. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 6-12.
6. Byalkina T. M. Competence of Local Self-Government in Light of Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2020. – No. 4 (43). – P. 26-38.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
OBRAZTSOVA Anastasiya Igorevna
Senior Lecturer of Constitutional and Administrative Law Sub-Faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
MODERNIZATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the process of integrating artificial intelligence technologies into legal practice, with a particular focus on the judicial system. The article examines in detail the key tools and digital solutions (such as document and precedent analysis systems) that are already being used by leading domestic and foreign legal companies to automate routine tasks and improve efficiency. Based on the research, the article systematizes the advantages and risks of implementing AI and provides a forecast for the development of this interaction in the near future.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal science, advanced technologies, technological solutions in jurisprudence.
Article References
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 10, 2019, No. 490 “On the Development of Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resource]. – ModeAccess: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/72738946/ (date of access: 13.09.2025).
2. Artificial Intelligence in Court: How It Will Work. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://admguzyatino.ru/blog/chto-doveryat-iskusstvennomu-intellektu-v-sudebnyh-zasedaniyah (date of access: 14.09.2025).
3. Alekseev A. Yu. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence: Conceptual Status of the Complex Turing Test: diss. … Doctor of Philosophy. – Moscow, 2015. – 482 p.
4. Chernykh I. I. Legal Forecasting in the Sphere of Civil Procedure in the Context of Information Technology Development // Actual Problems of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 6 (103). – P. 58-72.
5. Speech by V.V. Momotov, Chairman of the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation, March 11, 2023, at the XVIII Meeting of Chief Justices of the Supreme Courts of the SCO Member States in Delhi, Republic of India, on the topic: “Smart Courts” and the Future of the Judiciary. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://vld.www.ssrf.ru/news/lienta-novostiei/50081 (date accessed: 15.04.2023).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
NALIMOV Denis Olegovich
independent researcher, Moscow
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE LEGAL REGULATION OF GIFT-GIVING TO HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS IN RUSSIA
The paper raises the issue of relevance of the current regulatory framework governing public relations between organizations that manufacture and sell medicines and medical devices, and the medical community. In particular, the paper analyzes the absolute legislative prohibition on health care professionals receiving gifts from such organizations. The article examines the legislative context regarding the effectiveness of such a prohibition, as well as the studies on the tools used by these organizations to influence influence on the decisions of health care professionals. Considering current international standards in ethical business conduct, the paper justifies the need to refine Russian legislation in this area by adopting a low-corruption-risk approach oriented toward the development of health care professionals\’ medical expertise.
Keywords: gifts, health care professionals, compliance, business ethics, corruption.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ali K. E., Naser A. Y., Al-Rousan R. et al. The attitude and acceptability towards medical promotional tools and their influence on physicians’ prescribing practices in Jordan and Iraq: a cross-sectional study // BMC Health Services Research. – 2022. – No. 105. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07525-1 (accessed: 12.08.2025).
2. Balusson F., Goupil B., Naudet F., Esvan M. et al. Association between gifts from pharmaceutical companies to French general practitioners and their drug prescribing patterns in 2016: a retrospective study using the French Transparency in Healthcare and National Health Data System databases // BMJ. – 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6015 (accessed: 12.08.2025).
3. Caplan A. L., Merz, Jon F. All Gifts Large and Small: Toward an Understanding of the Ethics of Pharmaceutical Industry Gift-Giving // The American journal of bioethics. – 2010. – No. 10. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.519226 (date of access: 12.08.2025).
4. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law of 21.11.2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation” (article by article) / Under the general editorship of A. A. Kirillov. – M .: Delovoy Dvor, 2012 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CMB&n=17087#hwJtDkU1ffEtzxo1 (date of access: 04.08.2025).
5. Polukarov A. V. Healthcare officials as subjects of corruption crimes // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal sciences. – 2013. – No. 2. – Pp. 46-64.
6. Suchkova T. E. On the issue of granting a doctor the status of an official // Bulletin of Vyatka State University. – 2012. – No. 4. – Pp. 142-146.

ADMINISTRATIVE RIGHT
KHUSAINOV Grigory Eduardovich
project manager of the Center for Expertise and Analysis of Entrepreneurship Problems. All-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized enterprises “Opora Russia”, Moscow
NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS (NFTS) AND TOKENIZATION IN SPORTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of applying distributed ledger technology (blockchain) and tokenization of assets in the field of physical culture and sports. It examines key areas of implementation for these technologies, including the issuance of tokenized assets, the release of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), the creation of loyalty systems based on fan tokens, and combating the trade in counterfeit products. The central focus of the work is a comparative legal analysis of regulatory models established in various jurisdictions (USA, EU, UAE, Switzerland, Singapore), highlighting three dominant approaches: restrictive (USA), harmonized (EU), and stimulating (UAE, Switzerland). Particular attention is paid to the qualification of tokenized assets and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), issues of the extraterritorial application of national legislation, and the analysis of emerging judicial practice. A separate section discusses specific legal risks and barriers to market development in the Russian Federation, stemming from the current ban on cryptocurrency payments and the lack of legal definitions for NFTs. Based on the research findings, conclusions are drawn on the necessity of developing an industry-specific classification and creating a specialized experimental legal regime (“regulatory sandbox”) to mitigate legal uncertainty.
Keywords: tokenization, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), blockchain, law, sports industry, comparative legal analysis, regulatory models, Howey Test, MiCA Regulation, legal risks, UAE, USA, Russian Federation.
Article References
1. Mansurov G. Z. Legal Regime of NFT Avatars in the Metaverse // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4. – pp. 47-51.
2. Bobek H. (2023). To Mint or Not to Mint: Non-fungible Tokens and the Right of Publicity. Fordham Law Review. – 2023. – No. 92 (2). – P. 639.
3. Sitnik A. A. NFT as an object of legal regulation // Current problems of Russian law. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 12. – Pp. 84-93.
4. Coinmarketcap FC Barcelona Fan Token. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/fc-barcelona-fan-token (date of access: 12.08.2025).
5. Block-Chain24. Sotheby’s holds an auction of digital collectibles NBA Top Shot amid the recovery of the NFT market. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.block-chain24.com/news/novosti-nft/sothebys-vystavlyaet-na-aukcion-predmety-kollekcionirovaniya-nba-top-shot (Accessed: 12.08.2025).
6. Cyber.Sports.ru. Lionel Messi Launches NFT Art Collection Featuring His Images. [Electronic Resource]. – Available at: https://cyber.sports.ru/games/1100423035-lionel-messi-zapustil-kollekcziyu-svoix-nft-artov.html (Accessed: 12.08.2025).
7. Blockworks. Nike Files to Trademark ‘Virtual Goods’; Hiring Metaverse Designers. [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://blockworks.co/news/nike-files-to-trademark-virtual-goods-hiring-metaverse-designers (date of access: 12.08.2025).
8. Ilink. Fighting Counterfeit Goods with Blockchain: Protecting Brands and Consumers. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ilink.dev/blog/fighting-counterfeit-goods-with-blockchain-protecting-brands-and-consumers (date of access: 14.08.2025).
9. Ganeeva L. D., Melnikova E. Yu. Application of the concept of non-fungible tokens in the international sports movement // Economic sciences / Regional and industry economics. – 2023. – No. 8 (225). – P. 19-23.
10. RBC. What is the Howey Test? Why the SEC is evaluating cryptocurrencies using 1940s standards. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/648194269a794768f15694f1 (accessed on August 12, 2025).
11. Binance news. SEC has dropped its investigation into Dapper Labs. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.binance.com/ru/square/post/2024-04-11-sec-dapper-labs-6631385391290 (accessed on August 12, 2025).
12. PR newswire. KuCoin Partners with Dubai Sports Council for the Open Padel Cup for Government Institutions. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kucoin-partners-with-dubai-sports-council-for-the-open-padel-cup-for-government-institutions-302312561.html (Accessed: 12.08.2025).
13. RBC. The Russian Premier League has released an NFT on the Sorare marketplace. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/crypto/news/619f5a259a79477d859029da?from=copy (Accessed: 14.08.2025).
14. RBC. The State Duma has proposed paying prize money at the Friendship Games in cryptocurrency. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/sport/19/03/2024/65f996959a7947ad4a68f79f (date accessed: 14.08.2025).
15. RBC. Chernyshenko proposed paying prize money at the “Games of the Future” in cryptocurrency. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sportrbc.ru/news/653129ba9a79476c05e9af73?from=copy (date accessed: 14.08.2025).
16. Minbaleev A. V., Titova E. V. Legal problems and risks of holding sporting events in the metaverse // Man. Sport. Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 23. No. S1. – P. 136-142.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
CHELPANOVA Marina Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, associate professor Head of Administrative law andadministrative activities of the department of internal affairs sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, colonel of police
PONEZHINA Lyudmila Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative law sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE USE OF THE MAIN FORMS OF PREVENTIVE ACTION BY THE DISTRICT POLICE COMMISSIONER
The article substantiates the need to improve the forms of preventive influence of the district police officer, identifies the main gaps in current practice and outlines directions for increasing the effectiveness of preventive work through increased interaction with the population, the introduction of analytical approaches and advanced training of personnel. Based on the data obtained, areas for improvement were proposed: formalization of mechanisms for interaction with civil society institutions, implementation of monitoring and performance evaluation systems, specialized training, and interdepartmental cooperation. The expected result includes a decrease in crime rates and increased public confidence in the police.
Keywords: district police officer, form of preventive activity, preventive activity of the internal affairs bodies, offense prevention, offense prevention, development of civil society institutions.
Article References
1. Bicheva Yu. S. Problematic Aspects of the Preventive Patrol of an Administrative District by a District Police Officer // Current Issues of Administrative Law and Process. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 13.
2. Davydov M. V. Practical Implementation of the Principle of Interaction and Cooperation in the Activities of a District Police Officer // Current Issues of Administrative and Legal Activities of Internal Affairs Bodies: A Collection of Articles. – Orel: Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. V. Lukyanov, 2022. – P. 40.
3. Zabroda D. G., Aminov A. A. General characteristics of the interaction of the district police officer with public associations of law enforcement orientation // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 8. No. 4. – P. 100.
4. Zabroda D. G., Osyak A. N. Main directions of improving the forms of service of district police officers // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 8 (74). No. 1. – P. 149-155.
5. Kravtsova E. A., Khmelinin D. V. Interaction of the police with individual institutions of civil society // Bulletin of the Belarusian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzaimodeystvie-politsii-s-otdelnymi-institutami-grazhdanskogo-obschestva (date of access: 07/14/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
MONKO Vasilisa Sergeevna
postgraduate student of Administrative legislation and process sub-faculty, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF MACHINE-READABLE LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE RULE-MAKING ACTIVITIES OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES
The article is devoted to the study of the legal foundations for the introduction of machine-readable law and artificial intelligence technologies into the rule-making activities of executive authorities. The author analyzes the potential of modern digital technologies for automating the processes of identifying legal regulation needs, processing big data, and creating algorithmic legal prescriptions. Particular attention is paid to the LKIF technology of the European Estrella project as a promising tool for the formation of machine-readable legal norms. The paper identifies key legal issues in the application of artificial intelligence in rule-making, including questions of the legal status of automated systems, ensuring the transparency of algorithmic decisions, and protecting citizens\’ personal data. It justifies the need to develop special legislation regulating the application of machine-readable law and proposes conceptual approaches to solving the problems of legal regulation in this area.
Keywords: machine-readable law, artificial intelligence, rule-making, digitalization of public administration, administrative law, automation of legal analysis, algorithmic systems, big data, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Zyryanov S. M. State Control (Supervision). – Moscow: Contract, 2023. – 231 p.
2. Dobrolyubova E. I., Yuzhakov V. N., Efremov A. A., Klochkova E. N., Talapina E. V., Startsev Ya. Yu. TsiThe digital future of public administration based on results. – Moscow: Delo, 2019. – 360 p.
3. Khalfina R. O. Law as a means of social regulation. – Moscow: Nauka, 1988. – 256 p.
4. Colman R. Calculating Corruption: Peru’s Ojo Público Creates Tool to Gauge Contracting Risks // GIJN. Global Investigative Journalism Network. – October 19, 2020.
5. Duarte N., Llanso E., Loup A. Mixed messages? The limits of automated social media content analysis // Center for Democracy and Technology. – 2017. – No. 1 (56). – P. 53.
6. Yankovsky R., Vashkevich A., Ivanov A. et al. Machine-readable law: the legal challenge of our time // Law. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 20-26.
7. Petit N. Law and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence and Robots – Conceptual Framework and Normative Implications // European University Institute – Department of Law (LAW). – March 9, 2017/
8. Poyarkov R. A. Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Optimizing Management Decision-Making Processes in the Civil Service System of the Russian Federation // Society: Politics, Economics, Law. – 2025. – No. 2.
9. Gabov A. V., Khavanova I. A. Evolution of Robots and the Law of the 21st Century // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2018. – No. 435.

CIVIL LAW
ABRAMOVA Anna Anatoljevna
justice of the Peace, Judicial Precinct No. 29, Angarsk and Angarsk District, Irkutsk Region
DIGITAL RIGHTS SECURITY
The development of the digital environment and the introduction of information technologies have made it possible to single out such an object of civil rights as digital rights. The circulation of digital rights is rapidly expanding, which raises the question of the possibility and feasibility of using them as a subject of collateral. The article examines current issues related to the pledge of digital rights, the author discusses whether digital rights, as well as other objects existing in the digital environment, can act as a subject of collateral. It is also concluded that when pledging non-individualized digital rights, it is necessary to have a third party who will keep records of the collateral and ensure foreclosure on it.
Keywords: pledge, digital rights, digital assets, cryptocurrency, property rights, digital property, security of obligations.
Article bibliography
1. Abramova E. N. On the concept of digital law as an object of civil rights // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 1. – Pp. 54-60.
2. Vasilevskaya L. Yu., Poduzova E. B., Tasalova F. A. Digitalization of civil circulation: problems and development trends (civilistic study). – M., 2022.
3. Vovk A. S. Liquidity as the Main Characteristic of the Subject of Collateral // Property Relations in the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 5. – Pp. 74-79.
4. Mikheeva I. E. Certain Legal Features of the Pledge of Digital Rights // Law and Economics. – 2022. – No. 10. – Pp. 16-23.
5. Novoselova L. A., Polezhaev O. A. On the Legal Regime of Objects of Civil Rights Expressed in Digital Assets // Law. – 2020. – No. 11. – Pp. 165-172.
6. Petrakov N. A. Concept of Digital Property as an Object of Civil Rights // Civilist. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 62-69.

CIVIL LAW
ANISIMOVA Tatyana Alexandrovna
chairman of the Solombalsky District Court of Arkhangelsk
THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE CHILD IN JUDICIAL REVIEW OF TUTORSHIP AND GUARDIANSHIP AUTHORITY DECISIONS ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIP OR CUSTODIANSHIP
This article examines the legal status of children in cases challenging decisions of Tutorship and Guardianship authorities regarding the appointment of temporary guardianship or custodianship. The analysis demonstrates that children deprived of parental care are among the most vulnerable groups, often unable to fully exercise their rights. Their position becomes especially precarious when the legitimacy of appointing a temporary guardian or custodian is challenged. The study employs an empirical approach, including an analysis of judicial practice and a synthesis of the results. Based on the research, the author argues for the need to further develop legislation concerning the prosecutor’s office and the institution of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights.
Keywords: child, legal status, provisional guardianship, prosecutor, Commissioner for Children’s Rights.
Bibliography
1. Barkalaya, R.V., “On the Procedural Norms of Family Law” // Current Issues of Family Law in Contemporary Russia: Monograph / edited by Yu.F. Bespalov. – Moscow, 2021. – P. 42-45.
2. Bespalov Yu. F. Family legal status and the mechanism of legal regulation of the child’s participation in family relations: theoretical and practical aspects // PPriority areas for the development of science and education. – 2015. – No. 2/5). – P. 481-483. – EDN UCVXCB (date of access: 12.09.2025).
3. Vitruk N. V. General theory of the legal status of an individual // SPS ConsultantPlus.
4. Dronov V. N., Erzhipaliev D. I., Kremneva E. V., Smirnov P. A., Chashchina I. V. Status and powers of the prosecutor in Russia and abroad / Edited by P. A. Smirnov. – Moscow, 2025. – P. 199.
5. Kuropatskaya E. G. Guardianship and trusteeship as a way to protect the rights of children who have lost parental care: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2011.
6. Letova N. V. Legal status of the child in civil and family law: dis. … doctor of law. – Moscow, 2013. – 461 p.
7. Letova N. V. Family status of the child: problems of theory and practice. – Moscow: Prospect Publishing House, 2018. – 144 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-27379. – EDN YLFBDV (date of access: 01.06.2025).
8. Letova N. V. Special legal capacity and legal status of the child // State and Law. – 2012. – No. 9. – P.72-78. – EDN PFOZIH (date accessed: 01.06.2025).
9. Parshukova K. Yu. Problems of realization of rights of children deprived of parental care in Russia // Jurist. – 2007. – No. 10. – Pp. 19-26.
10. Selyutina E. N. Legal status of a child as a legal category: concept, structure, special legal capacity // Bulletin of public and municipal administration. – 2014. – No. 2. – Pp. 87-93.
11. Shamrin M. Yu. Administrative and legal status of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Moscow, 2014. – 32 p.

CIVIL LAW
ALSYNBAEVA Elvira Makhamatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
AMINEVA Aigul Yulaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
REZYAPOVA Gyzel Fratovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
INHERITANCE FUND IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
In the article, the authors analyze the novelties of civil legislation in relation to the institution of the inheritance fund. The article analyzes the features of the use of the design of hereditary funds in Russia as a method of managing hereditary property in comparison with the practice of their application under German law. The authors identified have a range of topical issues affecting the effectiveness of legislative innovations in the activities of inheritance funds in Russia. The conclusion is made about the further modernization of the current domestic legislation, taking into account the positive experience of the legal regulation of inheritance funds in Germany.
Keywords: inheritance, inheritance fund, rights of heirs, rights of testators, trust, beneficiaries.
Bibliography
1. Krasheninnikov P. V., Mikheeva L., Rasskazova N., Petrov E., Kozlova N., Pavlova G., Ignatenko A., Goncharenko I., Budylin S., Zimina I., Aleshchev I. Hereditary fund: an alternative to trusts in Russian law? // Zakon. – 2018. – No. 9. – pp. 18-38.
2. Kononchuk M. I. Problematic aspects of the work of inheritance funds in Russia // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical University “Legal Sciences”. – 2019. – No. 3 (35). – P. 77-83.
3. Korop I. I. Problematic issues of the institution of the hereditary fund // Inheritance law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 7-10.
4. Cherkasov Yu. A. Personal (hereditary) fund as a way of managing inherited property // Online publication “Legal Chronicle”. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 40-62.
5. Krikorov V. A. Hereditary fund: problems and prospects of legal regulation // Law and Economics. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 28-32.

CIVIL LAW
BUTAKOVA Nadezhda Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ROAD TRANSPORT SAFETY
During the analysis in this article, it was noted that the level of safety of the population depends on various negative factors, either generated by industrial activity or resulting from it, including, but not limited to, the dangers posed by road transport. The purpose of the article is to outline a range of issues related to the negative impact of threats related to road transport. Based on the collected empirical data and their interpretation in the light of accepted theoretical assumptions, the author will try to identify and explain the conditions (causes), types and directions of changes related to the threat of motor transport, as well as explain the state of road safety, road transport infrastructureructure, transport safety and the psychology of the driver of motor vehicles. The purpose of the article is also to outline a range of issues related to the negative impact of threats related to road transport on public safety. It should also be noted that transport should be a tool for meeting human needs related to specific tasks and specific goals. Transportation needs are an integral part of the national economy. They also affect the organization and functioning of social life, in which every need to move both people and goods has a certain meaning. Transport needs reflect the demand for transport services and are focused on various systems and forms of transport structures. Knowledge of transport needs plays a fundamental role.
Keywords: motor transport, road safety, road transport infrastructure, safety technology in transport, psychology of the driver of road vehicles.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Akramov A. A. Analysis of the state of economic security of the regional motor transport system // Scientific review: theory and practice. 2021. Vol. 11. No. 4 (84). Pp. 1131-1146.
2. Grin’ko R. I., Andreev K. P. Theoretical prerequisites for improving road safety // In the collection: The role of agricultural science in the sustainable development of rural areas. Collection of the V All-Russian (national) scientific conference. 2020. Pp. 384-386.
3. Maiorov V. I. State and legal support of road safety in the Russian Federation: theoretical and applied problems: Monograph. M: Publisher: Yurlitinform, 2010. 208 p.
4. Melnikov V. S., Melnikova Yu. V. Transport safety: problems of injuries at automobile, air, river and rail transport facilities in Russia // In the collection: Transport security and counteraction to terrorism in transport: legal and organizational aspects. Collection of scientific papers based on the results of the II International Scientific Forum. Russian University of Transport, Law Institute. Moscow, 2021. pp. 99-109.
5. Jakowski D., Maletski A. Functioning of logistics systems. Gdansk, Publishing House of the Higher Banking School, 2009. 315 p.

CIVIL LAW
GAIBATOVA Kurum Davudovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
KASUMOVA Fatima Magomedovna
master student the 3rd year, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT AND THE AGREEMENT ON THE DIVISION OF SPOUSES’ PROPERTY
This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legal nature of the marriage contract and the agreement on the division of spouses’ property as instruments for the prevention and settlement of family and corporate conflicts. The paper examines the specific features of the legal regulation of these institutions, as well as identifies their common and distinctive characteristics related to the subject matter and the range of participants. Based on the provisions of current family and civil legislation, as well as an analysis of judicial practice, the author substantiates the possibility of using the marriage contract and the agreement on the division of spouses’ property as effective means of preventing and resolving property disputes between spouses.
Keywords: marriage contract, agreement on the division of spouses’ property, spouses, joint property, divorce, division of marital property, property relations.
Bibliography
1. Shershen T. V. Private and Public Interest in Contractual Regulation of Family Relations: Dissertation Abstract, Cand. Sci. (Law). – Yekaterinburg, 2002. – P. 21.
2. Nizamieva O. N. Agreement on Determining Shares in Common Property and Agreement on the Division of Common Property of Spouses: Features of Legal Regulation // Notary. – 2005. – No. 4. – P. 41-44.
3. Korneeva I. L. Family Law: Textbook and Workshop for Universities / – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2022. – P. 361.
4. Eliseeva A. A. Agreement on the Division of Spouses’ Common Property: Legal Essence and Content // Family and Housing Law. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 8-12.

CIVIL LAW
GOLUBEVA Ekaterina Anatoljevna
postgraduate student, Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property; leading expert of the 2nd category, Eurasian Patent Organization
ABOUT SOME TRENDS IN PATENTING ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTIONS AND “GREEN” TECHNOLOGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In the article, the author examines trends and problems related to the patenting of “green” technologies. The issues related to the lack of uniformity in the definition and classification of eEnvironmental technologies are considered. The article discusses the state policy of the Russian Federation regarding the adoption of various regulatory acts to stimulate the development of “green” technologies and environmental inventions. Examples of measures to support domestic inventors to increase patenting activity and introduce their developments, including abroad, to promote both national and international sustainable development are given. The problems related to the lack of patent activity in the field of environmental development are discussed.
Keywords: “green” technologies, ecological inventions, patenting, sustainable development, environment, climate change.
Article bibliography
1. Makarov, I. N., Drobot, E. V., Levchegov, O. N. “Green Economy, Digital Technologies, and Nanotools: Main Bases for Transforming Production Systems in the Eurasian Economic Union” // Economic Relations. – 2020. – Vol. 10. No. 3. – Pp. 719-742. – DOI: 10.18334/eo.10.3.110822.
2. Green Page: special section of the official website / Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fips.ru/about/green-page/ (date of access: 09/18/2025).
3. Rospatent at SPIEF-2025: Over 30,000 applications for registration of new Russian technologies received in 2025 // Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent). – 2025. – June 19. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rospatent.gov.ru/ru/news/19-06-2025-bolee-30-tys-zayavok-na-registraciyu-novyh-rossiyskih-tehnologiy-postupilo-v-2025-godu (date of access: 18.09.2025).
4. “Green” patents in Russia: four main development trends // RBC Trends. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/green/5ffec4449a7947cbec418575 (date of access: 18.09.2025).
5. Spiridonova A. V. “Green” bonds as a tool for financing environmentally oriented projects in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zelenye-obligatsii-kak-instrument-finansirovaniya-ekologo-orientirovannyh-proektov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 18.09.2025).
6. Moscow will allocate grants for testing innovations and patenting inventions // Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rospatent.gov.ru/ru/news/moskva-vydelit-granty-2024 (date of access: 18.09.2025).
7. Reviews: sources of scientific and technical information in the field of green technologies // Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fips.ru/about/green-page/obzory.php (date accessed: 18.09.2025).
8. Biswajit Choudhury. Russia obtained patents abroad in 2024 for more than 140 inventions [Electronic resource] // Nuclear Asia: – 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nuclearasia.com/news/russia-obtained-patents-abroad-in-2024-for-more-than-140-inventions/5692/# (date accessed: 18.09.2025).
9. To develop Russia’s technological sovereignty, it is necessary to stimulate patent activity in universities and technology parks. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.eapo.org/. – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.eapo.org/eapv-news/dlya-razvitiya-tehnologicheskogo-suvereniteta-rossii-nuzhno-stimulirovat-patentnuyu-aktivnost-v-universitetah-i-tehnoparkah/?ysclid=mff5bnh1z503838324 (Accessed: 18.09.2025).
10. The Cemetery of Russian Inventions: Why Are They Not Implemented? [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://sher.media. – 2023. – August 29. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/green/5ffec4449a7947cbec418575 (date of access: 18.09.2025).
11. Annual report of the Federal Service for Intellectual Property for 2024 / Edited by Cand. Sci. (Ped.) Yu. S. Zubov, D. Sci. (Econ.) O. P. Neretin. – Moscow: FIPS, 2025. – 196 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rospatent.gov.ru/content/uploadfiles/1/RP-AR-2024.pdf (date accessed: 18.09.2025).
12. Problems of intellectual property protection in the field of green technologies and production // Information and analytical portal of the national system for risk management of innovation projects (NRIS.RU): 2025-05-05. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nris.ru/blog/problemy-zashity-intellektualnoj-sobstvennosti-v-sfere-zelenyh-tehnologij-i-proizvodstva (date accessed: 18.09.2025).
13. Lavrenteva M. S., Ponomareva N. G. Liability for violation of the secrecy regime when patenting inventions containing state secrets // Copyright. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 40-51.
14. Ponomareva N. G., Bunova D. V. Procedure for examination of geographical indications in the Russian Federation // Intellectual property. Industrial property. – 2023. – No.1. – pp. 48-56.

CIVIL LAW
IKHAROV Mikhail Mikhaylovich
junior researcher of the Center for Research and Expertise, Faculty of Law, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
ON THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ISSUE OF SHARES AND UNITS INDIRECTLY CERTIFYING THE RIGHTS TO ARTISTIC VALUES
The article examines the role of artistic values ​​in the development of the financial market and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Some features of the issue of shares and units indirectly certifying the rights to artistic values ​​based on domestic and foreign experience are considered. Results. The article examines key economic and social metrics related to the specifics of the legal regulation of the issue of shares and units that indirectly certify the rights to artistic values, as well as individual mechanisms of legal regulation of these public relations. Conclusions. A generally optimistic assessment of the development of the Art market in Russia is given and the prospects for the return of funding mechanisms for artistic values ​​are stated.
Keywords: art stocks, art value funds, sustainable development, financial instruments, cultural financing, private investment attraction.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Beaunont, Peter, Bednarik, Robert (2013). Tracing the emergence of paleoart in sub-Saharan Africa // Rock Art Research. 2013. No. 30. R. 33-54.
2. Ravdonikas V.I. Rock art of Lake Onega and the White Sea / Rep. ed. acad. I. I. Meshchaninov. Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1936-1938 (L.: type. “Komintern”). – 2 vol.; 34×26 cm. – (Proceedings of the Institute of Anthropology, Archaeology and Ethnography. Archaeological series / USSR Academy of Sciences; Vol. 9. No. 10).
3. Leder Helmut. (2013). Next Steps in Neuroaesthetics: Which Processes and Processing Stages to Study? // Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 2013. No. 7. P. 27-37. (10.1037/a0031585).
4. Ushankov V. A. On the issue of the economic content of the concept of “value” // Problems of modern economy. 2018. No. 1 (65). P. 227-228.
5. United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ggim.un.org/documents/A_Res_71_313_r.pdf (date of access: 20.09.2025).
6. Staehlin J. Notes of Jacob Staehlin on the Fine Arts in Russia: in 2 volumes / [compiled, translated from German, introduction by K. V. Malinovsky]. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1990. Vol. 1. 1990. 445, [1] (in translation).
7. Sedykh I. A. Russian art market / HSE Development Center. Moscow, 2018. 61 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dcenter.hse.ru/data/2018/12/18/1144615288/Российский%20рынок%20предметов%20искусства%202018.pdf (date of access: 15.09.2025).
8. Zhilina I. Yu. Art market as a sector of creative economy // Economic and social problems of Russia. 2022. No. 4 (52). Pp. 30-60.
9. Shatilov V. V. Functional role of the art market in the transformations of artistic culture: dis. … Cand. of Philosophy: 24.00.01. Lugansk, 2023. 211 p.
10. Press center, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Anton Siluanov presented the draft federal budget for 2026 and the planning period of 2027 and 2028 at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/press-center/?id_4=39935-anton_siluanov_na_zasedanii_pravitelstva_rf_predstavil_proekt_federalnogo_byudzheta_na_2026_god_i_planovyi_period_2027_i_2028_godov (date of access 09/25/2025).
11. Budget for citizens 2025-2027 to the draft federal law on the federal budget for 2025 and the planning period of 2026 and 2027. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://minfin.gov.ru/common/upload/library/2024/11/main/0759_Budget_2025-2027.pdf (Accessed: 25.09.2025).
12. Ruchkina G. F. Social responsibility of commercial organizations and legal regulation of the formation and use of funds of monetary resources // Economy. Taxes. Law. 2012. No. 5. pp. 193-195.
13. ARTEX Global Markets / Trading information. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://artexgm.com/trading-information [Access mode: open] (Accessed: 25.09.2025).
14. Announcement of ART SHARE 002 S.A., June 10, 2025 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://artex-prod-www-artex-io-uploads.s3.eu-central 1.amazonaws.com/AS_002_Saatchi_Yates_74e4336b43.pdf (access date: 09/25/2025).

CIVIL LAW
KRYUCHKOV Kirill Sergeevich
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, master of law, associate professor, Moscow International University
PRESUMPTION OF BAD FAITH IN BANKRUPTCY AS A SPECIAL CASE IN RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW
In Russian civil law, the principlee of good faith is present both as an objective general legal requirement for assistance in obtaining information and consistent behavior (non-conflict of intentions), and as a subjective “excusable ignorance”, in addition, there are ways to protect good faith, such as estoppel. At the same time, as shown in this article, in Russian civil law there is also a specific presumption that arises in insolvency (bankruptcy) disputes – the presumption of bad faith. This presumption is closely related to the principle of “objective good faith”, being a kind of sanction for undermining trust.
Keywords: principle of good faith, bankruptcy, presumption of good faith, bad faith, breach of trust, principle of bad faith, person controlling the debtor.
Bibliography
1. Vasiliev A. S., Murzin D. V. Subjective good faith in civil law: functions, degrees, presumptions // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2020. – No. 3. – Pp. 65-77.
2. Volkova M. S. Subsidiary liability of persons controlling a debtor in the framework of insolvency (bankruptcy) proceedings // Current issues of entrepreneurial law and arbitration process: materials of the annual scientific and practical conf. young scientists, May 8, 2014. – Perm: Perm. state national research University, 2014. – P. 31.
3. Zbrodin D. M. Legal presumptions as a means of identifying gaps in legislation // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 105-109.
4. Kryuchkov K. S., Demenkova N. G. Presumption of good faith and presumption of bad faith in domestic civilistic practice // Proceedings of the Internet conference “Actual problems of Russian private law”. – Omsk: Siberian Law Institute. 2021. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://conf.siblu.ru/prezumpciya-dobrosovestnosti-i-prezumpciya-nedobrosovestnosti-v-otechestvennoy-civilisticheskoy#_ftn2
5. Kryuchkov K. S. Differences in approaches and concepts of good faith in domestic civil law // Russian law at the present stage: Collection of scientific papers of the 15th International scientific and practical conference of faculty, young scientists and students, Rostov-on-Don, April 15, 2021. – M .: Znanie-M, 2021. – Pp. 55-57.
6. Kulikov K. A. The principle of objective and subjective good faith and the mechanism for its implementation in the civil law of Russia // Law. Legislation. Personality. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 44-48.
7. Nakhova E. A. Legal presumptions in certain categories of separate disputes in insolvency (bankruptcy) cases // Journal of entrepreneurial and corporate law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 22-25.
8. Sakharova Yu. V. The action of the principle of good faith in the insolvency (bankruptcy) process // Management of socio-economic systems and legal research: theory, methodology and practice: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference, Bryansk, March 13-14, 2017. – Bryansk: Bryansk State University named after Academician I. G. Petrovsky, 2017. – Pp. 274-279.
9. Sizemova O. B., Pchelkin A. V., Mamakov A. M. Comparative analysis of the legislation on bankruptcy of individuals in Russia and the USA // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2018. – No. 5 (72). – Pp. 80-87.
10. Frolov I. V. Influence of the legal structure of reasonable doubts in good faith and reasonableness on the mechanisms of removal and dismissal of bankruptcy trustees // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2012. – No. 12. – Pp. 55-61.
11. Chelakhsayeva S. I. History of the formation and development of the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) in European countries // Modern scientific thought. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 339-347.

CIVIL LAW
LUNYOVA Elena Nikolaevna
senior lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Service Sector and Entrepreneurship (branch), Don State Technical University, Shakhty
RISKS AND PROBLEMS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE OF CIVIL LIABILITY MOTOR VEHICLES (OSAGO) AND VOLUNTARY INSURANCE OF CIVIL LIABILITY MOTOR VEHICLES (VDAGO)
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the practical aspects of applying legislation regulating both compulsory (OSAGO) and voluntary (VDAGO) motor vehicle liability insurance. Particular attention is paid to the problems and risks faced by citizens at various stages: from issuing and receiving an insurance policy to the immediate occurrence of an insured event and receiving the corresponding payments. The study aims to identify key shortcomings and inconsistencies in the existing system and to find ways to overcome them to improve the effectiveness of insurance coverage for the rights and interests of road users. Factors influencing the availability and quality of insurance services are analyzed, and possible solutions for improving regulatory mechanisms in this area are discussed.
Keywords: compulsory insurance, voluntary insurance, risks, liability, insurance payments, at-fault party, injured party.
Article bibliography
1. Luneva E. N., Bereza A. N. Changes in the legislation on compulsory civil liability insurance of vehicle owners // Eurasian Journal. – 2017. – No. 1 (104). – Pp. 195-197.
2. Luneva E. N., Bondarenko L. V. Step into the future: theoretical and practical research of modern science: Proc. IV youth. Int. scientific-practical. conf. of students, postgraduates and young scientists // The role of taxes in the modern state. – St. Petersburg: Aising, 2014. – pp. 91-94.

CIVIL LAW
ORLOVA Alexandra Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
THE PROBLEM OF DISTINGUISHING FRAUDULENT AND PREFERENTIAL TRANSACTIONS
The article examines current issues related to distinguishing between fraudulent transactions and preferential transactions that arise in the practice of arbitration courts when considering applications to challenge transactions of a bankrupt debtor. The author emphasizes the importance of proper transaction classification for maintaining a balance of interests among all participants in the process: the debtor, creditors, and counterparties. The paper analyzes current practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, identifies main trends in transaction classification, and draws conclusions regarding the specifics of challenging transactions related to the return of compensatory financing.
Keywords: fraudulent transactions, preferential transactions, bankruptcy, challenging transactions, compensatory financing.
Article References
1. Gartina, Yu. A., “Legal Features of Challenging Debtor Transactions in Bankruptcy Proceedings,” Law and State: Theory and Practice, 2019, No. 10 (178), pp. 95-97.
2. Miftakhutdinov, R. T., Shaidullin, A. I., “Subordination of Claims of Debtor Controlling Parties or Affiliates in Russian Bankruptcy Law.” Scientific and practical commentary on the Review of judicial practice in resolving disputes related to the establishment in bankruptcy proceedings of claims of those controlling the debtor and persons affiliated with it, approved. by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on January 29, 2020 // Consultant Plus: Comments on legislation.
3. Shaidullin A. R. On the admissibility of subordination of claims of affiliated creditors in bankruptcy cases of individuals // Law. 2023. No. 6. pp. 40-51.

CIVIL LAW
RAZDOBUDKO Vladimir Olegovich
postgraduate student, Baikal State University, Irkutsk; senior assistant prosecutor of the city of Bratsk, Irkutsk region
LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TENANT OF THE FOREST PLOT
The article examines the specifics of the participation of private individuals as tenants of forest plots. The article reveals the concept of entrepreneurial activity of forest plot tenants. It examines various types of forest use and their dependence on the characteristics of forest plot tenants, as well as the absence of a person in the register of unscrupulous forest plot tenants and buyers of forest plantations. The legal and scientific aspects of this issue are being studied. This article indicates the special requirements for individuals imposed on them, depending on the purpose of renting a forest plot. The author formulated the definition of a tenant of a forest plot.
Keywords: forest land lease agreement, individuals, commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, citizens, forest land tenant, types of forest use.
Bibliography
1. Bykovsky V.K. Legal regulation of forest use on forest fund lands: Diss. … Cand. Sci. (Law) – Moscow, 2008.
2. Galishin E.U. Features of forest plot leasing: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) – Moscow, 2008.
3. Melnikova Yu.V. Legal regulation of transactions with forest plots: Diss. … Cand. Sci. (Law) – Moscow, 2008. – M., 2009.
4. Chernova A. A. Legal regulation of the provision of forest plots for use by business entities: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2009.

CIVIL LAW
KHAZEEVA Lausan Ildarovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Bashkir Academy of Public Administration under the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa
HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF LABOR ACTIVITIES OF THE HEAD OF AN ORGANIZATION IN RUSSIA
In the framework of this study, the author analyzes the stages of development of Russian legislation regulating the work of the head of the organization in the historical and legal aspect. An in-depth analysis of the issue under study revealed the features inherent in each period of development. The author comes to the conclusion that at present in the Russian Federation there is a sufficient basis of normative acts regulating the legal status of the specified subject. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of the relevant legal norms reveals a number of unresolved issues that cause debate in scientific circles and certain difficulties in law enforcement practice.
Keywords: organization manager, manager, employment contract, employment relations with an organization\’s manager.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Akopova E. M., Akopov D. R. Features of legal regulation of labor of managers of state unitary enterprises // State and Law. – 1997. – No. 6. – P. 55-59.
2. Batusova E. S. Employment contract with the head of the organization // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 123-140.
3. Bogdanov A. V. Legal structure of the contract between a joint-stock company and the person exercising the functions of its sole executive body // Bulletin of Perm University: Series “Legal Sciences”. – 2011. – No. 2 (12). – P. 85-90.
4. Kuznetsova V. V. Features of termination of an employment contract with the head of the organization: dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2015. – 212 p.
5. Martirosyan E. V. Legal status of the head of the organization // Labor law. – 2000. – No. 1. – P. 4-12.
6. Mosin V. A. Conflicts of Civil and Labor Law Norms in Appointment to Position and Termination of Powers of the Head of an Organization // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. – 2022. – Vol. 22. No. 4. – P. 73-79.
7. Russian Truth. Texts. In 2 volumes / Ed. by B. D. Grekov. – Moscow: Leningrad, 1940. – Vol. 1. – 505 p.
8. Pskov Judicial Charter // Monuments of Russian Law. – Issue 2 / Ed. by S. V. Yushkov. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Legal literature, 1953. – Pp. 287-310.
9. Code of Laws of 1497 // Monuments of Russian Law. – Issue 3 / Ed. by L. V. Cherepnin. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1955. – Pp. 343-420.
10. Code of Laws of 1550 // Russian Legislation of the 10th-20th Centuries. In 9 volumes. Vol. 2: Legislation of the Period of Formation and Strengthening of the Russian Centralized State / Ed. by A. D. Gorsky. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1985. – Pp. 97-129.
11. Orlovsky Yu. P. Commentary on the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. – Moscow: Contract, 2019. – 1254 p.

CIVIL LAW
CHURSINA Antonina Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
SHAYDOROVA Ksenia Alexandrovna
student, Institute of Law, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University; independent researcher
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DRAFT LAW ON NON-INDUSTRIAL EXTRACTION OF PRECIOUS METALS (GOLD) BY INDIVIDUALS IN THE ARCTIC TERRITORIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines some aspects of gold mining by citizens outside of industrial scale, as well as the provisions of the draft law No. 343102-8 on the legal regulation of this area. The need for a comprehensive approach to regulating the extraction of precious metals (gold) by individuals is emphasized, taking into account the interests of both the state and citizens engaged in gold mining. The authors believe that in the long term, approval of the above draft law can be considered a promising solution.
Keywords: gold mining by individuals, citizens, precious metals, gold, gold mining, Arctic zone, bill.
Article bibliography
1. Zhuravskaya T. N. Appealing to the state: illegal gold mining in the Russian Far East // Ethnographic Review. – 2019. – No. 4. – pp. 29-44.
2. Makarov V. A. Krasnoyarsk Krai: Prospects for the Development of Small Business in Gold Mining // Gold and Technology. – 2015. – No. 3 (29). – P. 36-40.
3. Tsukanov N. N. Non-industrial gold mining by individuals: features of the administrative-legal regime // Siberian Legal Review. – 2016. – No. 4 (33). – P. 118-126.
4. Shaidorova K. A., Chursina A. S. Civil liability for offenses in the sphere of circulation of jewelry, scrap and waste of precious metals // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2025. – No. 73 (2). – P. 117-119. – EDN: NXIDGM.

CIVIL LAW
YURJEVA Larisa Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Dean, Faculty of History and Law, Kuzbass Humanitarian Pedagogical Institute, Kemerovo State University, Novokuznetsk
ZACHUPEYKO Mariya Andreevna
magister student of the 1st course, Novosibirsk State University; independent researcher
THE COMPOSITION OF DAMAGES FOR UNFAIR NEGOTIATION: ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
The article analyzes the norms of civil legislation and the positions of the courts on the composition of damages that can be recovered for unfair behavior at the pre-contractual stage. It is noted that the discrepancy between the literal wording of part 2 of paragraph 3 of Article 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and its interpretation by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in Resolution No. 7 dated 03/24/2016 created the basis for the formation of contradictory judicial practice regarding the possibility of recovery in this situation of lost profits. To solve this problem, amendments to the wording of paragraph 3 of Article 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are proposed. A measure has also been proposed aimed at resolving the issue of the ratio of the provisions contained in paragraph 4 of Article 445 and paragraph 3 of Article 434.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in order to exclude cases of double damages.
Keywords: losses, lost profits, pre-contractual liability, unfair negotiation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Demkina A.V. On pre-contractual liability in civil law // Civil law. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 31-34.
2. Kuzminov Ya. I. Course in institutional economics: institutions, networks, transaction costs, contracts. – M.: HSE, 2006. – 442 p.

CIVIL LAW
BAZHENOV Alexey Yurjevich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Irkutsk State University
INTERNATIONAL TRENDS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE RUSSIAN CIVIL LEGISLATION
Based on the documents of international organizations in the field of public-private partnerships, adopted to implement the 2015 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the necessity of scientific understanding of a new stage of development of the concept of partnership between state and business is justified in relation to the Russian experience of legal regulation. Preconditions of the social aspect of public-private partnership are examined and three modern stages of development of this economic-legal concept are enumerated, as well as aspects of the modern model oriented to sustainable development, related to the Russian regulatory framework on this issue. The experience of the People’s Republic of China in this field is also taken into account. Practical proposals based on the analysis of the international trends in public-private partnerships are made with regard to the introduction into the Russian legal field of a mechanism for taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals and instruments for public participation in considering the terms of an investment project.
Keywords: public-private partnership, concession agreements, public-private partnership agreements, sustainable development goals.
Article Bibliography
1. Borshchevsky, G. A. Public-Private Partnership: A Textbook and Workshop for Universities. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025.
2. Voronina, L. I. Social Partnership: Interaction of Government, Business, and Hired Personnel: A Textbook for Universities / Edited by G. B. Invantsov. – M: Yurait Publishing House, 2024.
3. Galiullina G. F., Kuznetsova S. B., Mingaleeva L. B. Legislative framework as a basis for the implementation of PPP projects (experience of foreign countries) // Modern studies of social problems. – 2014. – No. 3 (35).
4. Mechanisms of public-private partnership. Theory and practice: textbook and workshop for universities / Under the general editorship of E. I. Markovskaya. – M .: Yurait Publishing House, 2025.
5. Public-private partnership in Russia and foreign countries: legal aspects / Under the editorship of V. F. Popondopulo, N. A. Sheveleva. – M.: Infotropic Media, 2015.
6. Sokolov M. Yu., Maslova S. V. Public-private partnership: a textbook for universities. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2025.
7. Sobol T. S., Klyueva A. V. Current aspects of the development of public-private partnership in the Russian Federation in the implementation of socially significant infrastructure projects // Economy and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 33 (Issue 1).
8. Filatova U. B., Sinkevich Zh. V. Provision of social services as a type of social entrepreneurship: a system of contractual structures: monograph. – Irkutsk: ISU Publishing House, 2022.
9. Miranda-Poggys A., Morena M. A Critique on Public-Private-People Partnerships: From a Definitional Inconsistency to the Partnering Dilemma in Today’s Housing Conjunction // Sustainability. – 2023. – No. 15. – R. 4859. – DOI: 10.3390/su15064859.
10. Wei Xiong, Bin Chen, Huanming Wang, Dajian Zhu. Public–private partnerships as a governance response to sustainable urbanization: Lessons from China // Habitat International 95. – 2020. – DOI:10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102095.

CIVIL LAW
GAVCHUK Denis Vasiljevich
postgraduate student, Moscow University of Finance and Industry; member of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation and the Federation of Restaurateurs and Hoteliers of Russia
DIGITAL TRUST IN PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING INSTITUTIONS IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
This article is devoted to the current study of the phenomenon of digital trust in the hospitality industry, examining in detail the theoretical concepts and applied aspects of the problem of protecting personal data of citizens. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the existing legal framework, identifies key shortcomings of the current legislation and proposes specific measures aimed at increasing the level of user trust in organizations that process personal data. The work summarizes global experience and forms scientifically based recommendations designed to promote the sustainable development of the hospitality industry in the context of global digitalization.
Keywords: digital trust, digitalization, artificial intelligence, personal data, hospitality industry.
References
1. Gavchuk, D. V., “The Economy of Trust in the Context of Sustainable Development in the Hospitality Industry.” Samara: Samara, 2025, 97 p.
2. Abasheva, O. Yu., Alekseeva, N. A., Alpatova, E. S., et al., “The Genesis of the Digital Economy: Information Security, Legal Regulation, Social and Economic Consequences.” Samara: Research Center “PNK,” 2024, 174 p. – EDN DERJOG.
3. Egorova M. A., Tsindeliani I. A., Kantzer Yu. A., Shadrin A. D. Trust in the Law as a Basis for Antimonopoly Regulation of the Digital Economy // Law and Digital Economy. – 2024. – No. 1 (23). – P. 16-22. – DOI 10.17803/2618-8198.2024.23.1.016-022. – EDN HZMSLA.
4. Elin V. M., Tsaregorodtsev A. V. Digital Space of Trust as a Tool for Building Digital Sovereignty // Legal Science. – 2025. – No. 4. – P. 481-484. – EDN YIKTSM.
5. Legislative regulation of the digital economy: the experience of Russia and China: monograph / Edited by L. V. Sannikova, A. P. Alekseenko. – Moscow: Prospect, 2025. – 528 p.
6. Ivanov E. Yu. Cybersecurity as a reality of modern business // Improving the quality of life and ensuring the competitiveness of the economy based one of innovative and scientific-technical developments: collection of articles from the VII International Scientific and Technical Conference. In 3 volumes, Minsk, December 3-5, 2024. – Minsk: Belarusian State Technological University, 2024. – pp. 197-201. – EDN VNHOJG.
7. Lozina Yu. A. 3.6. Good faith and trust as tools for increasing competitiveness in the digital environment // Digital culture of asset management in new business models. – Moscow: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science the Market Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2025. – pp. 402-407. – EDN LMHCQP.
8. Naumov V. B. The right to refuse digital technologies in the field of artificial intelligence // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 10 (122). – P. 26-36. – DOI 10.17803/2311-5998.2024.122.10.026-036. – EDN EIAWFX.
9. CRM leaks have increased: the number of data leaks from customer interaction systems has increased. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.f6.ru/media-center/press-releases/leaks-h1-2025/
10. Sologub E. V. The impact of artificial intelligence technologies on consumer trust in Russian marketplaces // Business Management in the Digital Economy: Seventh International Conference, St. Petersburg, March 21-22, 2024. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University, 2024. – P. 204-207. – EDN TSWZLL.
11. Burikova I. S., Ignatyeva O. A., Kalyamina D. A. [et al.]. Social Networks: Power, Communication, and Behavioral Strategies. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company Aspect Press Publishing House, 2025. – 322 p.
12. Khimchenko A. I. Issues of Trust Implementation in the Context of Digital Economy Development // Law and Digital Economy. – 2024. – No. 1 (23). – Pp. 23-29. – DOI 10.17803/2618-8198.2024.23.1.023-029. – EDN XIHFWV.

CIVIL LAW
GREF Paulina Evgenjevna
postgraduate student of Civil and corporate law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
THE IMPACT OF THE STATUS OF A FOREIGN AGENT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES BY NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS
The article examines the impact of the foreign agent status on the economic activity of non-profit organizations. The article focuses on the problems associated with the presence of such a status for non-profit organizations and the importance of a balanced approach to the legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations due to their special social significance. Based on the legislative acts and doctrinal sources considered, an assessment is made of recent changes in the legislation, according to which the likelihood of organizations obtaining foreign agent status has increased significantly. Through an analysis of the doctrine, statistical data, and materials from the current judicial practice, it is concluded that the presence of foreign agent status has a negative impact on the economic activity of non-profit organizations, preventing them from achieving their primary goals. In particular, recommendations are given for non-profit organizations to assess in advance the risks when carrying out activities that may be regarded as political, as well as to take into account the possible consequences of receiving funding from foreign sources in modern realities.
Keywords: economic activity, income-generating activity, legal entity, non-profit organization, foreign agent.
Article bibliography
1. Averkina Yu. B. On the issue of regulating the activities of non-profit organizations performing the functions of a foreign agent // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2018. – No. 5 (124). – P. 138.
2. Gubin E. P. Legal Support for Freedom of Economic Activity // Entrepreneurial Law. – 2015. – No. 4. – P. 22.
3. Demieva A. G. The Importance of Determinism in Civil Law Research Using the Example of Active Economic Activity // Ex jure. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 90.
4. Ershova I. V. Economic Activity: Concept and Relationship with Related Categories // Lex Russica. – 2016. – No. 9 (118). – P. 50.
5. Zakharov D. S. Features of the Activities of Non-Commercial Organizations Performing the Functions of a Foreign Agent // Bulletin of the Institute of Law Enforcement and Economics. – 2021. – No. 2 (34). – P. 46.
6. Kozhevnikov O. A., Nechkin A. V. Non-profit organizations – foreign agents: the experience of Russia and other CIS countries // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2021. – No. 471. – P. 245.
7. Oleynik O. M. The concept of entrepreneurial activity: theoretical problems of formation // Entrepreneurial law. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 16.
8. Soyfer T. V. Economic activity of non-profit organizations and its civil lawprovision // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 1 (229). – P. 24.
9. Shuvalov I. I. The concept of economic activity in modern Russian law // Lex Russica. – 2020. – No. 6 (163). – P. 63.

CIVIL LAW
KALININ Stanislav Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and private international law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship university of Russia
GAPS IN LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF COMBINED INSURANCE FOR LEGAL ENTITIES
The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of combined insurance for legal entities currently has certain gaps and ambiguities. This area is relatively new and developing, which inevitably leads to the emergence of a number of regulatory conflicts and legal loopholes. Despite the existing legal acts regulating certain aspects of insurance activity, the specifics of combined insurance for legal entities remain not fully regulated. One of the key problems is the lack of a clear definition of the concept of “combined insurance” in Russian legislation. This can lead to different interpretations and ambiguous understanding of the essence of this type of insurance among market participants. In addition, the lack of detailed regulation of the procedure for including and executing combined insurance contracts can create legal uncertainty and increase risks for the parties. A significant gap is also the absence of special norms regulating the rights and obligations of the parties in the event of an insured event under several types of insurance included in the combined package. This can cause disputes and disagreements in settling losses and paying insurance compensation. It is necessary to clearly regulate the procedure for the actions of the insurer and the insured in such situations, as well as to determine the consequences for both parties [8]. Another important aspect that requires legislative regulation is the taxation of combined insurance for legal entities. The lack of special norms can lead to uncertainty in the calculation and payment of taxes, which creates additional risks for market participants. In connection with the foregoing, it seems necessary to adopt a special law or make appropriate amendments to the current legislation that would regulate in detail the relations in the field of combined insurance for legal entities. This will eliminate existing gaps, ensure legal certainty, and protect the interests of all market participants.
Keywords: combined insurance, insurance legislation, gaps in legislation, legal entities, insurance contract, insurance compensation, taxation of insurance activity.
Article bibliography
1. Ermasov S. V., Ermasova N. B. Insurance: Textbook and Workshop / 5th ed., revised and expanded. – Moscow: Yurait, 2019. – 748 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/432008
2. Efimov O. N. Combined insurance of legal entities: legal problems and solutions // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 45-51. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=48762819
3. Kalin V. I., Frolova E. E. Form of a loan agreement // Comparative legal aspects of legal relations in civil turnover in the modern world: Collection of articles of the International Scientific Legal Forum in memory of Professor V. K. Puchinsky, Moscow, October 15, 2021 / Ed. E. E. Frolova, E. P. Rusakova. – M.: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 2021. – pp. 132-142. – EDN OMJUOT.
4. Minnigulova D. B. Insurance Law: Textbook. – M.: Yurait, 2022. – 332 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urait.ru/bcode/488868
5. Fogelson Yu. B. Combined Insurance // Insurance Law. – 2021. – No. 4. – pp. 12-18. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=47319862
6. Shakhov V. V., Akhvlediani Yu. T., Arkhipov V. G. Insurance: textbook / Ed. V. V. Shakhova, Yu. T. Akhvlediani. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2020. – 455 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://biblioclub.ru/index.php?page=book&id=615680
7. Frolova E. E., Vinnitsky D. V., Kozyrin A. N. [et al.]. Encyclopedia of Russian financial law. – M.: Limited Liability Company “Prospect”, 2024. – 928 p. – ISBN 978-5-392-40343-1. – EDN SNBMRH.
8. Frolova E., Inshakova A., Dolinskaya V. The concept and legal framework for judging corporate conflicts on the US financial market // “Conflict-Free” Socio-Economic Systems: Perspectives and Contradictions. – Bingley, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2019. – P. 101-108. – DOI 10.1108/978-1-78769-993-920191012. – EDN KIOFAW.
9. Rusakova E. P., Frolova E. E. Ensuring minimum standards of fair trial in the era of the fourth industrial revolution // Advances in Research on Russian Business and Management. – 2022. – Vol. 2022. – P. 323-332. – EDN ZZOKOC.

CIVIL LAW
LOGUNKOVA Sofya Sergeevna
independent researcher, Moscow
MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN CORPORATE LAW: LEGAL ASPECTS AND COLLISION ISSUES
The article examines a complex of issues related to the application of the marriage contract institution in the sphere of corporate legal relations. The legal mechanisms for regulating the fate of corporate rights and assets through a marriage contract are analyzed. The collisions between the norms of family and corporate legislation, as well as problems of law enforcement practice, are considered. Proposals for improving the current legislation in this area are formulated. The analysis is based on the study of recent judicial practice and doctrinal sources. The research results have practical value for law enforcement and legislative activities.
Keywords: marriage contract, corporate law, division of property, shares, stakes in authorized capital, property regime, entrepreneurial activity.
Bibliographic list
1. Astapova T. Yu. Implementation of the principle of equal rights of spouses in a marriage contract // Notary. – 2019. – No. 5. – pp. 21-23.
2. Bakaeva I. V. Contractual regime of property of spouses: marriage contract // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2019. – No. 1. – Pp. 12-18.
3. Mikhalchuk Yu., Goreva A. Family-Corporate Disputes: From the Division of Joint Property to Intervention in Company Affairs // Civilistics. – 2021. – Vol. 1. No. 3. – Pp. 120-157.

CIVIL LAW
MARKOV Maxim Gennadjevich
Postgraduate Student of Civil Process Sub-Faculty, Saratov State Law Academy
LEGAL NATURE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF “BIG DATA” ON THE INTERNET
This article analyzes the concept of “Big Data” on the internet, its legal nature, and current issues in the legal regulation of Big Data. Particular attention is paid to the classification of Big Data as an object of civil rights, the relationship between Big Data and personal data, and the establishment of liability for violations of the law when working with large amounts of information. Based on the conducted research, it is concluded that amendments to current legislation regarding the legal status of Big Data are necessary.
Keywords: Internet, Big Data, personal data, legal regulation of information technology.
Article References
1. Trelewicz, J. Q. Big Data and Big Money: The Role of Data in the Financial Sector // IT Professional. – 2017. – Vol. 19. No. 3. – P. 8-10.
2. Kalyagina, L. V., Razumov, P. E. Category “Data”: Concept, Essence, Approaches to Analysis // Bulletin of KrasSAU. – 2014. – No. 4 (91). – P. 3-8.
3. Mkrtychev S. V. Big data: approaches to definition and classification // Information technologies in modeling and management: approaches, methods, solutions: III All-Russian scientific conference with international participation: collection of reports, Togliatti, April 21-23, 2020. – Togliatti: Togliatti State University, 2021. – P. 253-258.
4. Legal regimes of information in the era of big data: a comparative legal study. – Moscow: Publishing group “Law”, 2021. – 156 p.
5. Saveliev A. I. Problems of applying legislation on personal data in the era of “Big Data” // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 43-66.

CIVIL LAW
PODGORNY Yaroslav Gennadjevich
postgraduate student of Civil law sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
LEGAL PROBLEMS OF DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION ABOUT TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND GENETIC RESOURCES
The issue under discussion in the field of intellectual property is the rights to traditional knowledge and genetic resources related to this knowledge. They appeared thanks to traditional communities that preserve an archaic way of life. Due to the digitalization and commercialization of traditional knowledge, it has become necessary to mention these communities and pay them remuneration for using their knowledge. The aim of the work is to find an optimal mechanism for protecting the rights to traditional knowledge and genetic resources. The purpose of the study is to analyze patent protection in the form of disclosure of the sources of origin of traditional knowledge, as well as the distribution of benefits in favor of traditional communities. The author points out that a single database is needed to disclose this information. In addition, it is important to apply a proportionate standard of proof, including a good-faith misconception about theOwnership of traditional knowledge and genetic resources, excluding the responsibility of the applicant for registering the patent.
Keywords: traditional knowledge, genetic resources, intellectual property rights, patent disclosure.
Article bibliography
1. Getman-Pavlova I. V. Conflict of Laws Regulation in Intellectual Property Law // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Legal Sciences. – 2008. – No. 1. – Pp. 95-101.
2. Golubev E. V. Genesis of the Activities of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – Pp. 164-171.
3. Gurko A. Traditional Knowledge, Cultural Expressions, and Genetic Resources: What is It and Who Owns It? // IP. Copyright and Related Rights. – 2017. – No. 7. – Pp. 1-8.
4. Sednev V. A. Patent Trolling: Concept and Mechanisms of Combating It // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2020. – No. 4 (30). – Pp. 25-31.
5. Soboleva M. Yu. Standards of Evidence in Civil and Arbitration Proceedings in Russia // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2019. – No. 3. – Pp. 1118-1129.
References 1. Getman-Pavlova I. V. Conflict of Laws Regulation in Intellectual Property Law // Bulletin of the Moscow State Pedagogical University. Legal Sciences. – 2008. – No. 1. – Pp. 95-101. 2. Golubev E.V. The genesis of the activities of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore of WIPO // Education and Law. – 2024. – No. 1. – Pp. 164-171. 3. Gurko A. Traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, and genetic resources: What are they and who do they belong to? //IS. Copyright and related rights. – 2017. – No. 7. – Pp. 1-8. 4. Sednev V. A. Patent trolling: the concept, mechanisms of struggle // Journal of the Intellectual Property Rights Court. – 2020. – No. 4 (30). – Pp. 25-31. 5. Soboleva M. Y. Standards of evidence in civil and arbitration proceedings in Russia // Issues of Russian justice. – 2019. – No. 3. – Pp. 1118-1129.

CIVIL LAW
SINELNIKOVA Viktoriya Gennadievna
postgraduate student, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN RIGHTS TO BUSINESS NAMES AND TRADEMARKS
In practice, there are common situations when a well-known business name is registered by another person as a trademark, which leads to disputes between the rights holders of these means of individualization. In the article the author analyzes the problem of collision of rights to business name and trademark. In the paper, first of all, the characteristics and comparison of these means of individualization are presented based on methods of analysis and synthesis, and individual cases of their collision in law enforcement practice are considered. The article examines the difficulties associated with the resolution of cases on termination of legal protection of a trademark due to the presence of a confusingly similar business name with an earlier priority. The purpose is to analyze the existing problem and develop options for its solution.
Keywords: exclusive rights, means of individualization, business name, trademark, principle of seniority, priority.
Article bibliography
1. Eremenko V. I. Legal regulation of commercial designations in accordance with Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Legislation and Economics. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 7-15.
2. Plyasunova O. V. Contrasting a Commercial Designation with a Trademark in the Current Practice of the Intellectual Property Court // Copyright (Bulletin of the Academy of Intellectual Property). – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 72-81.
3. Vorozhevich A. S., Grin’ O. S., Korneev V. A., et al. Intellectual Property Law: Textbook / General editor L. A. Novoselova. – Moscow: Statut, 2018. – Vol. 3: Means of Individualization // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
4. Rozhkova M. A., Yorsh A. V. Enterprise as a Business: Current Issues of Determining the Composition of the Property Complex and the Use of a Commercial Designation // Journal of the Intellectual Property Court. – 2024. – No. 3 (45). – P. 86-98.
5. Sergeeva N. Yu., Kandaurova V. I. Legal regime of commercial designations under the legislation of the Russian Federation: problems of theory and practice // Citizen and Law. – 2023. – No. 6: access from the SPS “Garant”.
6. Svischeva E. I. Commercial designation as a means of individualization in the civil law of the Russian Federation: abstract of the dissertation … candidate of economic sciences; spec. 12.00.03. – M., 2022. – 24 p.

CIVIL LAW
TIKHOV Sergey Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd year of the postgraduateduate program “Private Law (Civil) Sciences”, Law Faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics; lawyer of the Denuo intellectual property group
THE USE OF TRADEMARKS AS A TOOL TO PROTECT THE INTERESTS OF VIDEO GAME DEVELOPERS
The purpose of this paper is to examine the patterns of development of companies and the practice of using trademarks in order to assess the applicability of the legal trademark regime for protecting the interests of right holders in the video game market, as well as to identify potential directions for the development of regulation and practice. The article offers a historical analysis of judicial practice, explores the reasons behind the difficulties in enforcing trademark rights, and analyzes current trends in the evolution of the trademark institution, taking into account established approaches in registration and case law.
Keywords: intellectual property, trademarks, computer games, protection of the exclusive right to a trademark, judicial practice.
Article References
1. Arkhipov, V. V., “Intellectual Property in the Computer Game Industry: Theoretical and Practical Issues,” Zakon. 2015, no. 11, pp. 61–69.
2. Vorozhevich, A. S., “Boundaries of Exclusive Rights, Limits of Their Exercise and Protection,” Doctor of Law Dissertation: 12.00.03. – M., 2021. – 546 p.
3. Vorozhevich A. S. Illegal use of a trademark: concept, measures of liability // Bulletin of civil law. – 2015. – No. 6. – pp. 7-46. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cloud.consultant.ru/cloud/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=94113&rnd=8Me5Ow#Z1wIodUHcIU5PezV (date of access: 07/25/2025).
4. Geets K. V. Trademarks in video games and virtual worlds // Journal of the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. – 2023. – No. 42. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ipcmagazine.ru/articles/1729136/ (date accessed: 12.08.2025)
5. Saveliev A. I. Electronic Commerce in Russia and Abroad: Legal Regulation. – M.: Statut, 2014. – 543 p.
6. Churilov A. Yu. Trademarks in the Digital Age // Intellectual Property. Industrial Property. – 2018. – No. 7. – Pp. 47-54.

CIVIL LAW
TSYGANOK Vladislav Olegovich
postgraduate student of Entrepreneurial, labor and corporate law sub-faculty, M. M. Speranskiy Law Faculty, Institute of Law and National Security, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
GENERAL TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF LAND EASEMENTS
The article discusses the prerequisites for the emergence of the registration system of legal entities in Roman law, its subsequent evolution within the legal orders of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, as well as the influence of these models on the Russian legal system. It further analyzes the formation and development of the institution of compulsory removal of legal entities from public registers through a comparative-legal and historical perspective. The study concludes that the Russian model of removal of legal entities represents a hybrid construct, combining a public-law form with private-law consequences.
Keywords: legal entity, public register, registration, removal from the register, comparative law
Bibliographic list
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 1, 2019) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1994. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
2. Federal Law “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs” of August 8, 2001 No. 129-FZ // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 33 (Part I). – Art. 2722.
3. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 06.12.2011 No. 26-P – [Electronic resource]. – Access from the reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
4. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 21.05.2021 No. 20-P – [Electronic resource]. – Access from the reference legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Aktiengesetz. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/aktg/ (date of access: 04.09.2025).
6. Code de commerce. Légifrance. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000005634379 (accessed: 04.09.2025).
7. Code monétaire et financier. Légifrance. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/texte_lc/LEGITEXT000006072026 (accessed: 04.09.2025).
8. Joint Stock Companies Act 1844. vLex UK. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://vlex.co.uk/vid/joint-stock-companies-act-808481313 (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
9. Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908. legislation.gov.uk. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7eaa5640f0b62305b82635/comm1Apr09CoConsolidationAct1908_P1.pdf (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
10. Companies Act 1985. legislation.gov.uk. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/6 (accessed on 04.09.2025).
11. Companies Act 2006. legislation.gov.uk. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/contents (accessed on 04.09.2025).
12. Decree no. 67-236 of 23 March 1967 relating to commercial companies. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000674772 (Accessed: 09/08/2025).
13. How to explain the consequences of family violence against women. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gmbhg/ (Accessed: 09/04/2025).
14. How to understand the consequences of family violence against women. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/famfg/ (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
15. Bridgehouse (Docklands) Ltd v BAE Systems plc [2019] EWHC 1768 (Comm). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Bridgehouse-v-BAE-Systems-2019-EWHC-1768-Comm-final-1.pdf (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
16. Bundesgerichtshof 29.09.1967, Az.: V ZR 40/66. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://dejure.org/dienste/vernetzung/rechtsprechung?Gericht=BGH&Datum=29.09.1967&Aktenzeichen=V%20ZR%2040%2F66 (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
17. Court of Cassation, Chambre Commerciale, 24 June 2020, No. 18-14.248. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/5fca4c5a0d5dd16eb7db0fc6 (Accessed: 04.09.2025).
18. Peaktone Ltd v Joddrell [2012] EWCA Civ 1035. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5a8ff7a660d03e7f57eb0d0b (Accessed: 09/04/2025).
19. Reichsgericht 06.01.1925, Az.: II 735/23. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://dejure.org/dienste/vernetzung/rechtsprechung?Gericht=RG&Datum=06.01.1925&Aktenzeichen=II%20735%2F23 (Accessed: 09/04/2025).
20. Bevzenko R. S. Trade registration and trade registers: history and theory // Bulletin of Economic Justice. – 2019. – No. 6.
21. Elyashevich V. B. Legal entity, its origin and functions in Roman private law. – St. Petersburg: Schroeder Typo-lithography, 1910. – VII, 480 p.
22. Ioffe O. S., Musin V. A. Fundamentals of Roman civil law. – Leningrad: Leningrad University Publishing House, 1975. – 156 p.
23. Kaminka A. I. Essays on commercial law. – Moscow: Yurist, 2002. – 203 p.
24. Tsyganok V. O. Exclusion of inactive legal entities from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities in Russia and the Trade Register in Germany: the example of business companies // International Law Journal. – 2025. – T. 8. No. 3. – P. 62-74.
25. Bonneau T. Personnalité morale et radiation d’office du RCS // Juris-Classeur Périodique – édition N (JCP N). – 1994. – II. – P. 901.
26. Bouloc B. La “disparition” des sociétés commerciales et le registre du commerce: Rev. sociétés 1978. – R. 419.
27. Kaser M. Das altrömische, das vorklassische und klassische Recht. – 2 Aufl. – Munich: Beck, 1971.
28. Longelin I. Le fonds du registre du commerce et des sociétés (1920-1954) et du registre des métiers (1936-1962) du tribunal de commerce de Lille // Entreprises et histoire. – 2012. – Vol. 68(3). – P. 132-137.

CIVIL LAW
FEDOROVA Ekaterina Anatoljevna
postgraduate student, Irkutsk State University
PUBLIC LAW COMPANIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF LEGAL ENTITIES WITH STATE PARTICIPATION
The article examines the problem of the development of the system of legal entities with state participation in the post-Soviet period and analyzes the place of public law companies in the aggregate of organizational and legal forms of legal entities with state participation. Public law companies are simultaneously involved in the process of systemic development within the framework of the division into corporate and unitary legal entities, as well as in the process of specialization of legal entities with state participation. The creation of de facto public law companies is a further development of the state policy on the specialization of legal entities, which began at the end of the 20th century with the creation of legislation on state corporations. At the same time, from a legal perspective, public law companies are not the opposite or alternative to state corporations, but an organizational and legal form that fills the existing gap in the system of legal entities with state participation.
Keywords: public law companies, state corporations, state unitary enterprises, civil law status, development of civil legislation.
Article References
1. Blinov, A. E., “Comparative Analysis of State Corporations, Companies, and Public-Law Companies,” in Legal Regulation of Economic Activity, No. 3, 2023. 2. Vavilin, E. V., “Implementation and Protection of Civil Rights,” in Moscow: Statut, 2016. 3. Goncharova, V. A., “Consortia in Higher Education: Modern Legal Challenges,” in Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 1.
4. Zaitseva Yu. A. Public-law company as a form of legal entity: abstract of dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 5.1.3. – M., 2023.
5. Zaitseva Yu. A. Management of public-law companies: structure of bodies, their formation and activities // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2019. – No. 5.
6. Kaukh P. V., Shishkin N. D., Didkovsky E. V., Korchagin A. G. Some problems of defining the concept of corporation // Colloquium-Journal. – 2019. – No. 15-10 (39).
7. Kozyrev M. S. State-owned companies and corporations as subjects of public management // Innovative science. – 2016. – No. 1.
8. Makarova O. A. A New Stage in the Development of Legislation on State Legal Entities // Law. – 2017. – No. 10.
9. Morozov I. D. The Correlation of the Legal Status of a State Corporation with the Legal Status of a Public-Law Company: General and Specific // Modern Scientific Research and Innovations. – 2018. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2018/01/85276 (date accessed: 22.07.2025).
10. Romanovskaya O. V. Public-Law Companies: Innovations in the System of Legal Entities // Electronic Scientific Journal “Science. Society. State”. – 2017. – Vol. 5. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://esj.pnzgu.ru.
11. Torochkina T. P. Legal status of public-law companies in the Russian Federation // Sphere of Law. – 2020. – No. 4.
12. Shavalieva D. R. State corporations, state companies and public-law companies: features of the legal status // Scientific notes of the Kazan branch of the “Russian State University of Justice”. – 2020. – Vol. 16.
13. Shulyantiev I. A. Transformation of the status of state corporations in the context of the formation of the paradigm of economic development of Russia // Economy and management of the national economy. – 2019. – No. 12.

CIVIL LAW
KHALIKOV Artur Ramilevich
master of private law, National Research University “Higher School of Economics” (2020-2022), independent researcher, Moscow
PRIORITY STATUS OF THE AUTHORIZED BODY IN BANKRUPTCY CASES
This study is devoted to the issue of the need to give priority to the demands of the authorized body in bankruptcy cases. The author concludes that the authorized body is not an economically weak creditor for whom the bankruptcy of a particular debtor will entail significant negative consequences. At the same time, the authorized body is also not an involuntary creditor in the true sense of the word. In this regard, there are no compelling reasons in favor of granting the authorized body a priority position.
Keywords: Bankruptcy, involuntary creditor, priority of claims, authorized body, debtor, bankruptcy estate.
Bibliography
1. Grigoriev V. I. Involuntary creditors: is there a place for them in Russian legislation and doctrine? // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 12. – Pp. 162-199.
2. Malyshev K. I. Historical overview of the bankruptcy process // Selected works on the bankruptcy process and other institutions of commercial law. – Moscow, 2007. – 795 p.
3. Suvorov E. D. Problems of implementing the principle of equality of creditors of an insolvent debtor: dis. … Doctor of Law. – M., 2022.- 655 p.
4. Shershenevich G. F. Insolvency Doctrine. Kazan University Printing House. – Kazan, 1890.
5. Shishmareva T. P. Insolvency Institute in Russia and Germany. – Moscow: “Statut”, 2015. – P. 148.
6. UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law. – New York, 2005. – 385 p.
7. Bork R. Corporate insolvency law: a comparative textbook. – Cambridge, 2020.
8. Brown C. Revisiting the priority of taxation in corporate insolvency: An application of Dworkin’s rights thesis and equality theories. Professional Doctorate thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. – RUR 207
9. Finch V. Corporate insolvency law. Perspectives and Principles. Second edition. – Cambridge University Press. – 2009.
10. Goode R., Principles of corporate insolvency law. – London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2011. – 1081 p.
11. McCormack G., Keay A., Brown S. European Insolvency Law: Reform and Harmonization / Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. – 2016.
12. Omer Kimhi. Getting More Than Justice on Paper: Bankruptcy Priorities and the Crisis of Unpaid Wages // Hofstra Law Review. – 2015. – Vol. 44:107.
13. Sarra J. Widening the insolvency lens: The treatment of employee claims // International Insolvency Law: Themes and Perspectives / Edited by Paul. J. Omar. – Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2008. – P. 297.
14. Thomas H. Jackson, The Logic and the Limits of Bankruptcy Law. – BearBooks, 2001.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
AKHMETZYANOVA Gulnara Nafisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
VALIEV Eduard Adelevich
student, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; independent researcher
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE PROSECUTOR IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
The work is devoted to the study of the historical transformation of the prosecutor\’s role in the civil process. It analyzes the changes in the prosecutor\’s powers from the pre-revolutionary period to the present day, as well as the legislative innovations and the influence of political, economic, and social factors on the evolution of this institution. Special attention is paid to the balance between the protection of citizens\’ rights and the interests of the state, and the importance of the prosecutor as a defender of legal norms and justice is emphasized. The work examines various perspectives on the necessity of the prosecutor’s involvement in civil proceedings and suggests prospects for its development to ensure the rule of law and protect rights.
Keywords: prosecutor, civil proceedings, prosecutor’s participation, claim, grounds for participation.
Bibliographic list
1. Andreeva O. A., Yanovsky E. S. The Institute of Prosecutor’s Participation in Civil Proceedings in the History of the Russian State and Law // History of the State and Law. – 2012. – No. 21. – Pp. 38-41.
2. Bykova I. Yu., Evolution of Supervisory Proceedings in Civil Proceedings: Dis. … Cand. of Law. – Moscow, 2016.
3. Vakhtina E. S. Legal Status of the Prosecutor in Civil Proceedings // Legal Fact. – 2017. – No. 20. – P. 123-125.
4. Grishina Ya. S., Efimova Yu. V. Participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings: a textbook for universities. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – P. 308.
5. Zhilin G. A. Justice in civil cases. Current issues. – M.: Prospect, 2010. – P. 499.
6. Kazantsev S. M., History of the tsarist prosecutor’s office. – SPb.: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 1983. – P. 216.
7. Fadeev A. V., Prokudina N. O. Participation of the prosecutor in civil proceedings: current issues // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – No. 1-2. – pp. 208-210.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
ZVEREVA Anastasiya Alexeevna
postgraduate student of Civil and administrative litigation sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL); lawyer
THE RIGHT OF A SURVIVING RELATIVE TO USE FROZEN REPRODUCTIVE CELLS OR EMBRYOS: ISSUES IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE
Legal uncertainty in matters of reproductive technologies, particularly in the area of ​​posthumous reproduction, can lead to an increase in legal disputes, the resolution of which poses significant challenges for legal practitioners. Using specific court cases as examples, the author examines the following issues relating to posthumous reproduction: the legal status of human gametes and embryos after the death of genetic parents, as well as the rights of relatives to use and dispose of them; consent for posthumous reproduction. The analysis of the examined cases shows that partial regulation of relationships in the field of posthumous reproduction leads to violations of rights to family life, reproductive rights, and children’s rights to a name, care, and protection. Considering that each case of posthumous reproduction has its unique circumstances, this area should be clearly regulated while providing legal practitioners with the opportunity to find flexible solutions depending on the specific situation.
Keywords: court disputes, assisted reproductive technologies, posthumous reproduction, artificial insemination.
Article bibliography
1. Apolinskaya N. V. Human biological objects in the civil law of the Russian Federation: Cand. Sci. (Law) diss.: 12.00.03. – Irkutsk, 2009. – Pp. 29, 87-88, 151.
2. Afanasyev S. F. Civil procedural aspect of the implementation of reproductive rights and obligations // Bulletin of civil procedure. – 2013. – No. 6. – P. 68-69
3. Bonner A. T. Selected Works: in 7 volumes. Vol. VI. Problems of Administrative Justice, Special Proceedings, Civil and Medical Law. Legal Journalism. – M.: Prospect, 2017. – P. 327, 328.
4. Maleina M. N. Man and Medicine in Modern Law. Textbook. – M., 1999. – P. 78-79.
5. Mokhov A. A., Melikhov A. V. Cells as Objects of Civil and Other Legal Relations // Medical Law. – 2008. – P. 36-37.
6. Svitnev K. N. Review of law enforcement practice in cases related to challenging the refusals of civil registry offices to register children born as a result of the implementation of surrogacy programs // Family and housing law. – 2012. – No. 1 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” Stebleva E. V. Problems of implementing the rights of participants in surrogacy relationships: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.03. – M., 2012. – P. 123-124, 139-140.
7. Carson Strong, Jeffrey R. Gingrich, William H. Kutteh. Ethics of postmortem sperm retrieval: Ethics of sperm retrieval after death or persistent vegetative state // Human Reproduction. – 2000. – Vol. 15. Issue 4. – P. 739-745.
8. Chunyan D. What Happens to Embryos when the Would-Be Parents Die: The “Orphaned Embryos” Custody Dispute in China // Hong Kong Law Journal. – 2015. – Vol. 45. No. 3. – P. 941-961.
9. Francesca Negro, Renata Beck, Antonella Cotoia, Maria Cristina Varone. Posthumous sperm retrieval: a procreative revolution // Med Glas (Zenica). – 2021. – Vol. 18(1). – P. 114-121.

LABOR LAW
KOZHUKHOVA Galina Stanislavovna
senior lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
KOLODKINA Vera Nikolaevna
associate professor of Civil law sub-faculty, Rostov branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, retired judge
EMPLOYEE AS ​​A SUBJECT OF AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
This article examines some characteristics of an employee as a subject of labor relations and analyzes the genesis of the concept of \”employee\” in the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and modern periods of the development of the employment contract. The authors analyze labor legal capacity and its constituent elements, providing a detailed description in a comparative context with civil legal capacity, legal capacity, and tort capacity. According to the authors, the conditions characterizing an employee\’s labor legal capacity include volitional and age criteria. However, such factors as the employee\’s health, including both the physical and mental state of the individual participating in the labor relationship, should also be considered.
Keywords: labor relations, subjects of labor relations, individual, employee, labor legal capacity, age criterion, health status.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Labor Code of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2015) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 01/07/2002. – No. 1 (part 1). – St. 3.
2. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. – Moscow: Mir i obrazovanie, 2020.
3. Raizberg B. A., Lozovsky L. Sh., Starodubtseva E. B. Modern Economic Dictionary. – Moscow: INFRA M, 1999.
4. Goldberg A. S. English-Russian Energy Dictionary. – Moscow: RUSSO, 2006.
5. Sergeeva V. S. Business Dictionary. – Moscow: AST, 2001.
6. Antinazi A. Encyclopedia of Sociology. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sociology.niv.ru/doc/encyclopedia/socio/index.htm.
7. Abramov N. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. – M.: Russkie slovari, 1991.
8. Mitskevich A. V. Subjects of Soviet Law. – M., 1962. – P. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
9. Glozman V. A. Employment Contract in the Context of Scientific and Technological Progress. – Minsk, 1978. – P. 53. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
10. Pokrovsky I. A. Basic Problems of Civil Law. – M.: Statut, 1998. – P. 78, 120.
11. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by31.01.2016) // Collection of Laws of the Russian Federation. – 05.12.199. – No. 32. – Art. 3301.
12. Aleksandrov N. G. Labor Relations. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1991. – Pp. 171-173.
13. Begichev B. K. Labor Capacity of Soviet Citizens. – Moscow, 1972. – Pp. 71-73. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
14. Lushnikova M. V., Lushnikov A. M. Essays on Labor Law. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center Press, 2006. – Pp. 555-556.
15. Smirnov O. V. The Nature and Essence of the Right to Work in the USSR. – M., 1964. – P. 25. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
16. Bondarenko E. N. Labor legal capacity, legal capacity and legal facts // Journal of Russian Law. – 2003. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/.
17. Skobelkin V. N. Labor relations. – M.: Lawyer, 2002. – P. 165.

LABOR LAW
MUSATKIN Nikita Romanovich
postgraduate student of Labor law sub-faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION AGREEMENT: GROUNDS AND IMPLICATIONS OF RECOGNITION THE SEVERANCE PAY CLAUSE ILLEGAL
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, in its Resolution No. 40-P dated 13 July 2023 “On the case of the review of the constitutionality of Part Eight of Article 178 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in connection with the complaint of citizen N. F. Nesterenko”, significantly expanded the application of the principle of contractual regulation of labor and changed judicial practice’s approach on the payment of severance pay in case of dismissal of an employee by mutual consent agreement (Article 78 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). The author analyzes the individual grounds for recognition of the severance payment clause illegal, as well as the possible implications for the employee.
Keywords: employment termination agreement, severance payment, the principle of contractual regulation of labor.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Klepalova Yu. I. Limits of individual contractual regulation of labor relations // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 101-112.
2. Lyutov N. L. Severance Pay and Non-Competition Agreements with Executives // Lex Russica. – 2017. – No. 10. – P. 123-130.
3. Lushnikov A. M. Labor Rights in the 21st Century: Current State and Development Trends: Monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2016. – 268 p.
4. Zaitseva O. B. The Head of the Organization as a Subject of Labor Law: Monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2014. – 180 p.
5. Andreeva L. A., Gusov K. N., Medvedev O. M. On the Concept, Aspects, and Criteria of Illegal Dismissal // Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 3-10.

LAND LAW
PERELEKHOVA Tatyana Sergeevna
master of law, chief Legal Advisor of the State Budgetary Institution \”External Transport Agency\”
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University; associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
THE PROCEDURE FOR COORDINATING THE BOUNDARIES OF A LAND PLOT AS A GUARANTEE OF OBSERVANCE OF THE RIGHTS AND LEGITIMATE INTERESTS OF THE RIGHT HOLDERS OF ADJACENT LAND PLOTS: FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION
The article provides a comprehensive study of the features of the legal mechanism of the procedure for approving the boundaries of a land plot, the problems of its effective implementation in practice, and identifies ways to solve the identified problems through the analysis of regulatory legal regulation and research of archival judicial practice. In conclusion, it is concluded that due to the lack of proper legal regulation of the procedure for approving the location of land boundaries, at present, the rights of right holders of adjacent land plots are not fully protected. Based on the results of the study, a set of measures is proposed aimed at improving the legal regulation of the border coordination procedure.
Keywords: land-use boundaries coordination, land-use boundary establishment claim, adjacent land users, coordination act, land plot, independent method of protection.
Article bibliography
1. Motlokhova E. A. Protection of rights to land plots by filing a claim to establish boundaries // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 11 (194). – P. 99-109.
2. Ilyinykh A. L. Some issues of coordinating the location of land plot boundaries // Inter Expo Geo-Siberia. – 2023. – Vol. 3. No. 1. – P. 96-105.
3. SeLiverstov E. A. Foreign experience in notarial certification of transactions // Bulletin of science. – 2020. – Vol. 1. No. 2 (23). – P. 145-156.
4. Bochkarev A. E. The procedure for coordinating the boundaries of a land plot as a guarantee of compliance with the rights of adjacent landowners // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 4 (187). – pp. 60-67.

LAND LAW
ROMANICHEV Sergey Vyacheslavovich
senior lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
NAZAROVA Nadezhda Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
NAZAROV Sergey Nikolaevich
senior lecturer of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
GAPS IN THE CHANGES OF CERTAIN LEGISLATIVE ACTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON LAND USE
In this work, the authors have reviewed the main points of the new Federal Law No. 307-FZ dated August 8, 2024, which may cause a lot of controversy and questions during the implementation of the regulatory act. The relevance and novelty of this article are emphasized by the analysis of the new Law before its implementation, as well as the unique approach to presenting the topic and solving the identified problems. The article analyzes the cases of amending the law, highlighting two gaps: the problem of equalizing all landowners in terms of depriving them of their land rights in case of non-use; and the question of when the three-year period should be counted. The article proposes optimal ways to fill these gaps by updating existing legislation and amending the adopted regulatory act, which can be implemented now through clarifications and comments on the law. The authors believe that this topic will resonate with a wide audience.
Keywords: landowner, land plot, law, gardening, farming.

LAND LAW
PERELEKHOVA Tatyana Sergeevna
master of law, chief legal advisor of the St. Petersburg state budgetary institution “External Transport Agency”
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University; associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Science, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University
LEGAL ASPECTS OF RATIONAL USE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines legal issues of ensuring rational use and protection of agricultural lands. These lands play a decisive role in achieving food security goals, especially in the context of the introduction of sanctions against Russia by unfriendly countries. The article highlights the main problems that hinder the effective protection of agricultural lands, as well as ensuring rational use of natural resources in agriculture. Based on the results of the study, the authors made proposals for improving legal regulation in the field of rational use of agricultural land. The authors provide proposals for improving legal regulation in the field of rational use of agricultural land.
Keywords: agricultural land, rational use of natural resources, rational use and protection of land, state land control (supervision), legal liability, land violations
Article bibliography
1. Vedysheva N. O. Problems of agricultural land protection at the present stage // Bulletin of the O.E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 61.
2. Volkov G. A., Golichenkov A. K., Narysheva N. G. Problems of legal regulation of forest use and protection on agricultural lands // Environmental Law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 13-21.
3. Volkov S. N., Cherkashina E. V., Lipskiy S. A. Land management support for the involvement of unused agricultural lands into circulation // International Agricultural Journal. – 2022. – No. 3 (387). – P. 220-225.
4. Sukhanova I. F., Lyavina M. Yu. Food security in Russia under sanctions restrictions // International Agricultural Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 66. No. 1. – P. 171-187.

FINANCIAL LAW
VINNITSKIY Danil Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Director, Institute of Law BRICS, Head of Financial law sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
ZIMULKIN Maxim Igorevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Financial law sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOCTRINE OF TAX AND INTERNATIONAL TAX LAW IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF NORWAY (REVIEW OF THE TEXTBOOKS OF FREDERIK ZIMMER “SKATTERETT” AND “INTERNASJONAL INNTEKTSSKATTERETT”) [1], [2]
The textbooks “Skatterett” and “Internasjonal inntektsskatterett” provide an introductory course on the tax law of the Norway. They also cover specific aspects of international tax law related to income taxation. These publications enable the reader to gain knowledge of the fundamentals of the Norwegian tax system and the tax systems of the Nordic countries, as well as current issues of international tax law, in particular, transfer pricing and the prohibition of discrimination against participants in tax legal relations. The reviewed textbooks may be of particular interest to practicing lawyers. They are also relevant for students and faculty members of higher education institutions.
Keywords: tax, tax law, international tax law, tax law system, tax law of the Norway and the Nordic countries, income tax.
Bibliography
1. Zimmer F. Skatterett // Universitetsforlaget. – 2021. – Vol. 9. – P. 558.
2. Zimmer F. Internasjonal inntektsskatterett // Universitetsforlaget. – 2025. – Vol. 6. – P. 448.
3. Vinnitsky D. V., Kurochkin D. A., Rakov I. A. [et al.]. Financial Law (Public Finance Law): Doctrine, Legislation, Judicial Practice, Comparative Legal Analysis: Textbook. – Moscow: Legal House “Yustitsinform”, 2023. – 676 ​​p.
4. Vinnitsky D. V. Russian tax law: problems of theory and practice. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Legal center Press”, 2003. – 397 p.
5. Gracheva E. Yu., Ivlieva M. F., Sokolova E. D. Tax law: textbook. – Moscow: Yurist, 2005. – P. 223.
6. Tyutin D. V. Tax law: lecture course. – Moscow, 2021 // SPS “Garant”.
7. Smirnov D. A. Principles of modern Russian tax law. – Moscow: Yurlitinform Publishing House, 2009. – 312 p.
8. Kurochkin D. A. General Anti-Avoidance Rules in the BRICS States: A Comparative Legal Study / Edited by D. V. Vinnitsky. – Moscow: Yustitsinform Legal House, 2023. – 290 p.
9. Savitsky A. I., Arkhipov V. G. Prohibition of Tax Discrimination in Double Taxation Agreements between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan // Nalogoved. – 2012. – No. 7. – pp. 58-71.
10. Savitsky A. I. Tax Discrimination and Tax Benefits // Nalogoved. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 28-37.
11. Vinnitsky D. V. International Tax Law: Theoretical and Practical Issues. – Moscow: OOO Izdatelstvo STATUT, 2017. – 463 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
KARSKIY Valeriy Yanovich
master of laws, postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; legal adviser at Sovfracht JSC
SOME ISSUES OF REGULATION OF ACTIVITIES OF CRYPTO SERVICE PROVIDERS
The article examines key issues of regulation of crypto service providers in the context of active development of digital technologies and expansion of cryptocurrency use. Various national approaches to regulation are given, illustrated by examples from Russia, the USA, Japan, and the EU. Particular attention is paid to the lack of uniform international regulation and significant differences in national practice, which is associated with the lack of common classification approaches and differences in assessing the risks of crypto assets for financial systems.
Keywords: crypto services, legal regulation, financial assets, licensing, KYC, taxation of cryptocurrencies, data protection, consumer protection, international regulation, digital finance.
Article References
1. Alekseenko A.P. “Sources of Regulation of the Activities of Digital Asset Platform Service Providers in Russia and Abroad” // Legal Science and Practice. – 2022. – Vol. 18. No. 2. – Pp. 23-32.
2. Andreeva E.M. “Model of Legal Regulation of Cryptocurrencies in the Russian Federation // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2 (68). – P. 61-74.
3. Boyko S. A., Koltsa I. V., Stepanenkova M. A., Kupriyanov D. Yu. Development of legal regulation of the cryptocurrency sphere in Russia and the world // Proceedings of the III international scientific and practical forum on economic security “VIII VSKEB”. – 2022. – P. 352-361.
4. Kochergin D. A. Cryptoassets: “economic nature, classification and regulation of turnover” // Bulletin of international organizations. – 2022. – Vol. 17. No. 3. – P. 75-130.
5. Sidorenko E. L. Cryptocurrency and the future of digital finance. – M.: MGIMO-University, 2023. – Pp. 11-20.
6. Sidorenko E. L. Legal status of decentralized finance: towards the formulation of the problem” // Lex Russica. – 2023. – Vol. 76. No. 3. – Pp. 87-99.

FINANCIAL LAW
VOZHAGOV Maxim Vadimovich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ON THE ISSUE OF THE DIGITAL ASSETS MARKET’S PLACE WITHIN THE FINANCIAL MARKET SYSTEM
The article provides a substantive and functional analysis of the digital assets market. It examines the prerequisites for the formation of the digital assets market in Russia and assesses its place and role within the overall structure of the financial market. The term “digital asset” is analyzed in detail, including its content, and the types of digital assets are considered depending on their technical and economic characteristics. The author explores the content of the functional subsystems of the digital currencies and digital financial asset markets, paying special attention to the features of each subsystem. The author believes that the development of the digital assets market — taking into account its technological and financial legal characteristics — is an integral part of ensuring the economic and national security of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: digital financial assets, digital currency, digital assets, financial market, digitalization, security, financial control.
Article References
1. Guznov A. G. Financial and Legal Regulation of the Financial Market in the Russian Federation: Dis. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2016. – 493 p.
2. Plotnikova T. V., Kharin V. V. “Cryptocurrency: Evolution of Formation and Development Prospects” // Gaps in Russian Legislation. – 2018. – No. 4. – pp. 50-54.
3. Sitnik A. A. Blockchain Technology in Payment Systems. Current Issues of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 16 (5). – Pp. 42-54.
4. Guidance for inquiries regarding the regulatory framework for initial coin offerings (ICOs) // Swiss financial market supervisory authority (FINMA). – 2018. – 11 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
DMITRIEV Ivan Nikolaevich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
FINANCIAL SOVEREIGNTY AS ONE OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY IN AN ERA OF SANCTIONS PRESSURE
The article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of financial sovereignty, its historical evolution, and key elements. It considers the features of regulatory and legal regulation and international legal guarantees for ensuring financial sovereignty. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of mechanisms for protecting and strengthening the financial sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the context of contemporary economic and political challenges. These mechanisms include the Fast Payment System (FPS) and the World National Payment Card System, which ensure independence from the international Visa and Mastercard systems. Emphasis is placed on the importance of sovereignty for the sustainable development of the state, ensuring economic security, and the independence of the financial system.
Keywords: Financial sovereignty, International legal guarantees of financial sovereignty, State sovereignty, Financial and legal regulation, Legislation.
Bibliographic list
1. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of December 7, 2010, No. 1572-O-O.
2. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of May 19, 2009, No. 757-O-O, Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2015, No. 16-P.
3. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of July 20, 2011, No. 20-P.
4. Rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 596-O-O.
5. Rulings of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 737-O-O.
6. Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 1447-O-O; dated November 17, 2011.
7. Klishas A. A. Sovereignty. From the Struggle for Law to the Struggle for Sovereignty. – Moscow: International Relations, 2018. – 192 p. – ISBN 978-5-7133-1601-3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ibooks.ru/bookshelf/371556/reading (date of access: 09/25/2025).
8. Bayazitova G. I. “Six Books about the Republic” // The Great Russian Encyclopedia: scientific and educational portal – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bigenc.ru/c/shest-knig-o-respublike-6033b5/?v=6348848. (date of access: 02/20/2023).
9. Isaev I. A. Sovereignty and sovereignty: the space of alienation and power // Lex Russica. – 2016. – No. 5 (114). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/suverenitet-i-suverennost-prostranstvo-otchuzhdennosti-i-vlasti (date of access: 09/25/2025).
10. Bataille J. Sovereignty // The Damned Part. – M., 2000. – Pp. 390, 397, 341.
11. Chernyak L. Yu. On the relationship between state, popular and national sovereignty // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2006. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource].– Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-sootnoshenii-gosudarstvennogo-narodnogo-i-natsionalnogo-suverenitetov (Accessed: 11.10.2025).
12. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
13. Financial sovereignty of the state: theory and legal reality: monograph / Ed. E. Yu. Gracheva. – Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2024. – 344 p. – DOI 10/12737/2146795/.
14. Thalidzhokov E. Kh. Concept and essence of financial security and financial sovereignty: the relationship of concepts // Science Bulletin. – 2023. – No. 4 (61). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-suschnost-finansovoy-bezopasnosti-i-finansovogo.
15. Federal Law “On the National Payment System” of June 27, 2011 No. 161-FZ (latest revision) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation No. 27 of July 4, 2011 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
16. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2017 No. 208 “On the Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation through 2030” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation No. 20 of May 15, 2017 // SPS Garant.
17. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/about-us/un-charter/full-text (Accessed: 26.05.2025).
18. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/rights_and_duties.shtml.
19. Lease Agreement for the Baikonur Complex between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Bulletin of International Treaties. – 1998. – No. 10. – P. 9.
20. Convention between the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital of March 26, 1996 // Bulletin of International Treaties. – 2003. – No. 7. – P. 22.
21. Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation Resolution of June 7, 2000 No. 10-P On the case of verifying the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Constitution of the Altai Republic and the Federal Law “On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
22. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2024 No. 4146-r “On Approval of the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 with a Forecast up to 2036” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation No. 2 of January 13, 2025 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
23. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 18, 2022 No. 2317-r “On Amending the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05.11.2013 No. 2044-r and Approving Investment Project Passports (with Amendments and Supplements)” // SPS Garant.
24. Results of Monitoring the National Payment System for 2021–2022. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access Mode: www.cbr.ru.
25. Khamidulina S. G. Current Issues of Legal Regulation of the National Payment System of the Russian Federation // Legal Science. – 2022. – No. 12. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-natsionalnoy-platezhnoy-sistemy-rossiyskoy-federatsii (date of access: 17.02.2024).
26. Bank of Russia Instruction dated September 20, 2019 No. 5263-U “On the procedure for the provision by the Bank of Russia of services for the transmission of electronic messages on financial transactions to Russian legal entities” // SPS Garant.
27. Elena Yu. G. Financial sovereignty – myth or reality? // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2023. – No. 7 (107). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/finansovyy-suverenitet-mif-ili-realnost (date of access: 11.10.2025).
28. Lyubushkin V. A. Problems of defining sovereignty and its significance in the modern state and legal development of the Russian Federation // News of higher education institutions. Volga region. Social sciences. – 2022. – No. 4 (64). – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-opredeleniya-suvereniteta-i-ego-znachenie-v-sovremennom-gosudarstvenno-pravovom-razvitii-rossiyskoy-federatsii (Accessed: 11.10.2025).
29. Gorda A. S. De-dollarization of the global economy: causes, manifestations, consequences // Scientific Bulletin: finance, banks, investments. – 2024. – No. 1 (66). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dedollarizatsiya-mirovoy-ekonomiki-prichiny-proyavleniya-posledstviya (date of access: 10/11/2025).

FINANCIAL LAW
KAZAKOVA Natalya Yurjevna
Ph.D. in philological sciences, Ph.D. in art history, associate professor, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
TAXONOMY OF DIGITAL CURRENCIES
Issues related to the conceptualizationation and classification of digital currencies are highly relevant, particularly for the Russian-speaking legal community. This relevance stems from the underdeveloped and often contradictory nature of the conceptual framework surrounding digital ecosystems and their components. This terminological ambiguity negatively impacts the quality of both theoretical and applied research concerning the legal regulation of digital currencies and their various applications. This paper attempts to develop a taxonomy (hierarchical categorization) of digital and virtual currencies based on their functional features and key characteristics. The study employs comparative analysis, as well as formal-legal and doctrinal research methods. It examines the regulatory approaches to virtual and digital currencies across different jurisdictions and outlines the most significant emerging trends in this field.
Keywords: taxonomy, digital currencies, virtual currencies, cryptocurrencies, digital money, Bitcoin, decentralized virtual currencies, central bank digital currencies (CBDC).
Bibliography
1. Efremova T. F. Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: in 3 volumes. – Moscow: AST, 2006. – Vol. 3: P-Ya. – 974 p.
2. Zakharov G. G., Kharlanov A. S. Virtual currency: place in the financial system, features, advantages and disadvantages // Financial markets and banks. – 2021. – No. 10.
3. Shilov K. D., Zubarev A. V. Beyond Bitcoin: A Taxonomy of Cryptocurrencies in a Historical Perspective // ​​Finance: Theory and Practice. – 2024. – Vol. 28. No. 6. – P. 122-133. – DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2024-28-6-122-133.
4. Cryptocurrency as a means of payment: private law and tax aspects: monograph / Under the general editorship of M. A. Egorova. – Moscow: Prospekt, 2025. – 200 p.

TAX LAW
VERBOVOY Gleb Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
LEGAL STATUS OF THE LARGEST TAXPAYERS: DOCTRINAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS
The article examines the legal status of the largest taxpayers, whose key role in generating budget revenues makes them of particular interest to the state. It reveals a contradiction between their classification as an object of tax administration, which is common in doctrine and judicial practice, and their actual legal capabilities. The article reveals that the largest taxpayers are granted special rights and obligations through the mechanisms of horizontal monitoring and obtaining motivated opinions from tax authorities. It is determined that possessing such a set of rights indicates that they have elements of legal personality. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that the recognition of the largest taxpayers as independent subjects of tax legal relations is scientifically justified, which requires appropriate legislative consolidation of their status.
Keywords: largest taxpayers, tax law, legal personality, rights, tax administration.
Bibliography
1. Bazhenova V. I., Orlova E. N., Kireenko A. P. Tax Administration of Large Taxpayers: Global Trends and Features of the Russian Experience // Bulletin of UrFU. Series: Economics and Management. 2019. Vol. 18. No. 1. pp. 104-126.
2. Vinnitsky D. V. Russian Tax Law: Problems of Theory and Practice. St. Petersburg, 2003. 395 p.
3. Ginzburg L. Ya. Labor legislation: rights, responsibilities, scope of application // Soviet state and law. 1971. No. 11. pp. 42-49.
4. Ilyicheva M. A. Legal regulation of tax relations with the participation of the largest taxpayers: on the example of enterprises in the oil and gas industry: diss. … candidate of legal sciences. Moscow, 2016. 210 p.
5. Kamaliev T. Sh. Tax administration of the largest taxpayers: diss. … candidate of economic sciences. Moscow, 2009. 177 p.
6. Karataev A. S. Concept of tax potential of the largest taxpayers and methodology of its assessment: dis. … doctor of economic sciences. Yoshkar-Ola, 2011. 372 p.
7. Lyutova O. I. Reasoned opinion of the tax authority: legal nature and possibilities of appeal // Financial law. 2024. No. 6. pp. 19-21.
8. Mamonova I. V. Problems of fiscal rescript in Russian tax legislation // Taxes and financial law. 2014. No. 9. pp. 118-125.
9. Nersesyants V. S. General theory of law and state: Textbook for universities. Moscow, 1999. 539 p.
10. Osina D. M. Legal regulation of liability for violation of tax legislation in the United States of America: diss. … Cand. of Law. Moscow, 2020. 244 p.
11. Paizulaev I. R. Formation and development of the tax administration system in the Russian Federation (theoretical and practical issues): diss. … Doctor of Economics. Moscow, 2012. 405 p.
12. Ponomareva E. V. Subjects and quasi-subjects of law: theoretical and legal problemsDiss. … Cand. Sci. (Law). Yekaterinburg, 2019. 208 p.
13. Rodygina V. E. Transformation of the Institute of Tax Secrecy in the Context of the Digital Economy: Legal Aspects // Financial Law. 2019. No. 10. Pp. 20-24.
14. Shershenevich G. F. General Theory of Law. Issue 3. Moscow, 1912. 814 p.
15. Yunak A. A. Problems of Legal Regulation of Tax Control and Accounting of the Largest Taxpayers: Dis. … Cand. Sci. (Law). M., 2009. 169 p.

BUSINESS LAW
BORODINA Zhanna Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEML)
ABDULLAEVA Rumiya Rakifovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEML)
STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ASPECT
The article examines the features of the stock exchange in the financial markets system. As a result of the analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice, the authors conclude that, despite the existence of self-regulatory organizations and the formal autonomy of exchanges in developing internal rules, key decisions are actually concentrated in the hands of the Bank of Russia, which gives rise to hypertrophied centralization. In this regard, it is proposed to redistribute powers with an increased role for self-regulatory organizations and exchanges in developing their own standards, while maintaining general supervisory control by the state.
Keywords: stock exchange, financial market, exchange trading, securities, depositories, regulatory system, self-regulation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Zelenyuk A. N. The influence of the securities market on the development of the economy // Russian Foreign Economic Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 76-85.
2. Sizova Yu. S. State and development prospects of the Russian securities market // Economy and entrepreneurship. – 2021. – No. 10. – P. 166-170.
3. Securities Act of 1933. – Public Law. – Washington, D.C., 1933. – No. 73-22
4. Securities Exchange Act of 1934. – Public Law, Washington, D.C., 1934. – No. 73-291
5. Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments (MiFID II). – Official Journal of the European Union. – 2014. – L 173. – P. 349-496.
6. Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. – UK Public General Acts. – 2000. – 291 p.
7. Zhengquan Fa = Securities Law of the People\’s Republic of China [Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Zhengquan Fa]. – Beijing: National People’s Congress, 2005 (rev. 2019).
8. Financial Instruments and Exchange Act [Kin\’yū shōhin torihiki-hō]. – Tokyo: Financial Services Agency of Japan, 2006.
9. Sokha V. S. Evolution of the development of stock exchanges: world experience // Skif. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 19-22.

BUSINESS LAW
ZHIVODROVA Svetlana Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Management and public administration sub-faculty, Penza State University
MURDYAEVA Arina Vladimirovna
student of the bachelor\’s degree of the 3rd course of the 38.03.06 “Trade”, Penza State University; independent researcher
THE CONCEPT AND ROLE OF REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the study of the actual problem of creating comfortable conditions for the development of business in the Russian Federation through the implementation of regulatory impact assessments, thereby promoting import substitution, increasing employment, and improving the well-being of the population. The article analyzes the concept, significance, and content of regulatory impact assessments. It identifies the socio-economic potential of regulatory impact assessments as an effective means of systemically influencing business development by public authorities, leading to the achievement of indicators of the effectiveness of society and the state.
Keywords: assessment of regulatory impact, public authorities, norm-setting activities, regulatory legal act, effectiveness and efficiency of public regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Davydova M. L. Regulatory Impact Assessment as a Type of Law-Making Expertise and a Tool for Smart Regulation // Legal Technology. – 2022. – No. 16. – pp. 103-108.
2. Zelepukin R. V., Lipuntsova A. V. Regulatory Impact Assessment: Problems of Legal Regulation and Involvement of the Business Community in the Procedures // Current Problems of State and Law. – 2021. – T. 5. No. 19. – P. 388-399.
3. Rassolova I. Yu., Mudarisov R. Z., Garipova F. M. Regulatory Impact Assessment as a Necessary Element of Economic and Social Policy of a Modern State // Discussion. – 2022. – No. 1 (110). – P. 32-38.
4. Jacobs Scott H. An Overview of Regulatory Impact Analysis in OECD countries // Regulatory Impact Analysis: Best Practices in OECD countries. Paris. OECD publications. – 1997. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://regulatoryreform.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Jacobs-Deighton-Smith-Regulatory-Impact-Analysis-Best-Practices-in-OECD-Countries-OECD-1997.pdf.

CORPORATE LAW
SEMENOVICH Kristina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Commercial law sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University, director of the Center for Energy Law, St. Petersburg State University
GORBACHEV Artem Arturovich
master student of the 2nd year, specialty “Business law”, St. Petersburg State University; independent researcher
CONVERTIBLE LOAN AGREEMENT IN A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of a convertible loan agreement concluded by a limited liability company. It examines the main characteristics of this contractual construction, Special attention is paid to the moment of including such an agreement, potential parties involved, the hybrid structure of the deal, the fate of the loan amount exceeding the nominal value of the converted share. The authors note the actual inconsistency of the agreement in question with its intended investment purpose. The research materials may be of interest both to the scientific community and to practicing specialists in corporate law and related fields.
Keywords: convertible loan agreement, increase in authorized capital, real and consensual contracts, notarial form.
Article bibliography
1. Ananyev R.V. The Place of a Convertible Loan Agreement in the System of Civil-Law Contractual Structures // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 11 (186). – P. 149-152.
2. Belitskaya A.V., Lauts E.B. Distinction between Investment and Loan Obligations for Tax Purposes: Legal Aspect // Banking Law. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 30-38.
3. Badulina E. V., Bandurina N. V., Borisenko A. A., et al. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Financial Transactions. Article-by-Article Commentary to Chapters 42-46 and 47.1 / Ed. by P. V. Krasheninnikov. – Moscow: “Statut”, 2018. – 400 p.
4. Contract Law (General Part): Article-by-Article Commentary to Articles 420-453 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / Ed. by A. G. Karapetyan. – Moscow: M-Logos, 2020. – 1452 p.
5. Lomakin D. V. Convertible Loan Agreement: Legal Nature and Qualification // Bulletin of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 33-47.
6. Meyer D.I. Russian civil law (2 hours). Based on the corrected and expanded 8th ed., 1902. Ed. – 3rd, correct. – M.: “Statute”, 2003. – 831 p.
7. Scientific and practical commentary on the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”: in 2 volumes. Volume 1 / Edited by I. S. Shitkina; Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosova, Legal Fact. – M.: “Statute”, 2021.

INFORMATION LAW
DAVUDOVA Saida Yamudinovna
associate professor of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
RAGIMHANOVA Kamilla Tagirovna
senior lecturer of Information law and informatics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF DIGITAL FOOTPRINT AND DIGITAL PROFILE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION
The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the active development and penetration of digital technologies and electronic systems into human daily life has led to the emergence of the concept of “digital footprint”, which is also found in the interpretation of “Internet footprint”, “cyber footprint”, “digital footprint”, “digital shadow”. In a broad sense, a digital footprint is used to denote the ability of digitized information to leave a \”mark\” on the path from user to user in a digital environment; to track, obtain information about its movement and transformation in order to collect, process and analyze data. In a narrower sense, a digital footprint is information about a person\’s actions that they leave on the global Internet or digital devices/platforms. In the information age, the protection of individual rights requires special attention from lawyers. The rapid development of technology, from behavioral analytics to social ratings, is significantly ahead of the regulatory framework. This discrepancy posesa serious threat to fundamental human rights – equality before the law, freedom of expression, confidentiality of communications and personal space. The legal regulation of digital profiles and footprints is becoming critically important in light of the large-scale accumulation of personal data. Commercial companies and government agencies are actively using credit scoring algorithms and other methods of assessing citizens, which underlines the need to create reliable legal mechanisms in a modern society where information technology plays a crucial role. The legal aspects of digital identity face the lack of a clear regulatory framework in Russian legislation. Existing legal categories such as “personal data” and “information about user activity” do not fully reflect the complexity of the digital personality as a legal construct. Among the key theoretical and practical tasks in this area are: the legal definition of the digital profile and footprint, the establishment of acceptable limits for information processing, the creation of systems to protect the rights of digital data subjects, as well as the formation of control mechanisms and liability for violations in this area.
Keywords: digital footprint, digital profile, neural network, digital law, automation, digital technologies, legal regulation, artificial intelligence.
Article bibliography
1. Belyaeva, L. M. Legislation on digital technologies in Russia // Journal of Russian legislation. – 2025. – No. 1. – pp. 102-110.
2. Volkov, A. N. Digital footprint as an object of civil rights // Russian legal bulletin. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 43-51.
3. Denisova E. S. National Legislation and Digital Security // Bulletin of Law. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 89-97.
4. Donchenko Ya. A., Domashchenko D. A. Legaltech in Russia: Technological Independence, National Security // Young Scientist. – 2023. – No. 18 (465). – P. 324-325.
5. Egorov S. A. Digital Profile as an Object of Legal Regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – No. 10. – P. 88-96.
6. Ershova I. V. Legal Status of Digital Trace in the Context of Digitalization // Bulletin of the Law University. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 45-53.
7. Zaitseva E. V. Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Digital Profile // Journal of Digital Technologies and Law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 10-18.
8. Ivanov P. M. Algorithmic Transparency and Digital Profile // Digital Law Bulletin. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 35-44.
9. Kozlova N. P. The Right to Be Forgotten in the Digital Age // Information Law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 112-119.
10. Krylova M. D. Legal Mechanisms for the Protection of Digital Data // Information Law. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 98-107.

INFORMATION LAW
DE APRO Sona Vaganovna
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty of the Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
STAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CREATION: LEGAL ISSUES
The article discusses the main approaches to the development of AI systems. It demonstrates the multi-layered structure that underlies the creation of AI systems. It notes the need to develop “rules of conduct” for AI, implying its internal “normative” reaction to the actions (and their results) that it performs. Such rules are necessary to ensure the explainability of the logic behind the actions of AI systems. It is substantiated that at the stage of software development, it is necessary to build in a layer of rules for the normative “behavior” of AI, i.e., it is necessary to “program” AI so that its actions and the results it produces correspond to the norm.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, stages of AI creation, normative activity of AI, normative activity of AI, artificial intelligence law, AI explainability, artificial ethics
Article bibliography
1. Azarnova T.V., Barkalov S.A., Polukhin P.V. Development of a hybrid algorithm for learning the structure of a dynamic Bayesian network based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method // Bulletin of SUSU. Series: Computer technologies, control, radioelectronics. – 2018. – No. 4.
2. Alekseeva E. A. Confrontation between Symbolism and Connectionism in the History of Artificial Intelligence Development // Electronic Scientific and Educational Journal “History”. – 2020. – Vol. 11. No. 11 (97).
3. Baturin Yu. M. Metamorphoses of Information Law // Transformation of Information Law. Monograph. – Moscow, 2023.
4. Baturin Yu. M. On the Construction of Standards of Artificial Ethics of Robots // Sociology of Science and Technology. – 2024. – Vol. 15. No. 4.
5. Baturin Yu. M. Mysterious Space of the Internet (Preface to the Third Edition) // Rassolov I. M. Law and the Internet. Theory of Cybernetic Law. – M.: Norma INFRA-M, 2021.
6. Bulyga F. S. Heuristic algorithms for training ultra-preciseneural networks in the framework of face recognition technology // StudNet. – 2021. – No. 5.
7. Kaplunov T. G. Application of genetic algorithms for training a neural network // Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute named after A.P. Chekhov. – 2015. – No. 1. – Pp. 63-67.
8. Lopashenko N. A. New realities of crime in the digital world and in the era of artificial intelligence and the criminal-legal response to them: is it worth “bending under the changing world”? In the book: Criminal law in the era of artificial intelligence and digitalization. Collection of papers based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation within the framework of the I Saratov International Legal Forum, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Saratov State Law Academy. – Saratov, 2021.
9. Neznamov A., Naumov V. Model Convention on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. Rules for the Creation and Use of Robots and Artificial Intelligence. Version 1.0.: Research Center for Problems of Regulation of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, 2017.
10. Polyakov G. I. Current State of Neural Theory. – In the book: “Some Theoretical Issues of the Structure and Activity of the Brain”. – Moscow: Medgiz, 1960.
11. Filipova I. A. Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: A Study Guide. – 3rd edition, updated and supplemented. – Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State University, 2025.
12. EURON Roboethics Roadmap / Project coordinator G. Veruggio. – Genoa, 2006.
13. Schrimpf M., Blank I. A., Tuckute G., Kauf C., Hosseini E. A., Kanwisher N., Tenenbaum J. B., Fedorenko E. The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2021. – Vol. 118 (45). – Art. e2105646118.

INFORMATION LAW
KIRICHENKO Artem Viktorovich
postgraduate student of Computer law and information security sub-faculty, Faculty of the Higher School of Public Audit, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
LEGAL COLLISIONS IN INFORMATION DISSEMINATION ON SOCIAL MEDIA: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL CONTEXTS
Legal conflicts in the regulation of digital communications represent a systemic challenge in Russian legal doctrine, driven by the dynamic and cross-border nature of social networks. The lack of adaptation of traditional legal institutions to the specifics of online interactions provokes clashes between imperative and dispositive norms, as well as semantic ambiguity in legislation. The analysis identifies three levels of conflicts: intrastate (contradictions within national law), interstate (jurisdictional disputes), and conflicts between national and international norms. Key recommendations include developing flexible mechanisms for resolving contradictions through the lens of norm hierarchy, adapting law enforcement to the digital environment, and strengthening the principle of legal certainty. The result would be a reduction in regulatory conflicts over online platforms while maintaining a balance between state control and the autonomy of digital space.
Keywords: legal conflicts, digital communications, social networks, imperative norms, dispositive norms, cross-border nature, legal certainty, regulation of online platforms.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vakhrameev R. G. Structure of the constitutional right to information // Current problems of Russian law. – 2013. – No. 6. – P. 4.
2. Gubanov D. A., Novikov D. A., Chkhartishvili A. G. Social networks: models of information influence, control and confrontation. – M.: Fizmatlit, 2010. – 228 p.
3. Komkova G. N., Toguzaeva E. N., Tyumeneva N. V. Legal bases of electronic interaction between society and the state in the sphere of increasing the information and communication culture of the population of Russia // Problems and challenges of the digital society: trends in the development of legal regulation of digital transformations: in 2 volumes / Ed. N. N. Kovaleva. – Saratov: Publishing house of Sarat. state legal. acad., 2020. – Vol. 1. – Pp. 112-121.
4. Kulikova S. A., Chulisova Yu. A. Legal regulation of information dissemination in social networks: legislative innovations and law enforcement prospects // Bulletin of the Saratov University. New series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. – 2021. – Vol. 21. No. 2. – Pp. 178-187.
5. Markaryan R. V. Improving the legal regulation of information dissemination through information and communication networks in the Russian Federation: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.14. – M., 2011. – 180 p.
6. Mikhnevich S. Yu., Tejar A. A. Evolution of the concept of interoperability of open information systems // Digital transformation. – 2023. – T. 29. No. 2. – P. 60-66.
7. Polyakova T. A., Minbaleev A. V., Naumov V. B. [etc.]. Transformation of information law. – M.: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2023. – 256 p.
8. Cheremisina M. E. Legal Status of Subjects on the Internet: Cand. Sci. Dis.: 12.00.01. – Moscow, 2020. – 251 p.
9. Shcherbovich A. A. Conflicts of Rights in the Regulation of Online Platforms in Russia // Comparative Constitutional Review. – 2021. – No. 6 (145). – P. 106-122.
10. Balkin J. M. Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation // UC Davis Law Review. – 2018. – Vol. 51. No. 3. – P. 1149-1210.
11. Keller D. The Right Tools: Europe’s Intermediary Liability Laws and the EU Digital Services Act // Berkeley Technology Law Journal. – 2021. – Vol. 36. No. 2. – P. 505-570.
12. Gillespie T. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media. – New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018. – 272 p.
13. Suzor N. P. Lawless: The Secret Rules That Govern Our Digital Lives. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. – 212 p.
14. Legal Interoperability and the FAIR Data Principles: An X-officio study commissioned by the EOSC FAIR Working Group. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354010035_Legal_Interoperability_and_the_FAIR_Data_Principles_An_X-officio_study_commissioned_by_the_EOSC_FAIR_Working_Group (date of access: 05.10.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
AVERINSKAYA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Irkutsk State University
THE FIRST STAGES OF PROBATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the regulatory framework for probation in the Russian Federation, studies the meaning of the term “probation” and provides its legislative definition. A comparative approach to studying this institution in near and far abroad countries is explored. Based on the Federal Law of Russia “On Probation”, the following types of probation are analyzed: executive, penitentiary and post-penitentiary. The results of executive probation are analyzed using the example of the Irkutsk Region for 2024.
Keywords: types and subjects of probation, comparative study of probation, persons subject to probation.
Bibliographic list
1. Federal Law of 06.02.2023 No. 10-FZ (as amended on 29.05.2024) “On Probation in the Russian Federation” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.01.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 06.02.2023. – No. 6. – Art. 917.
2. Official website of Altai Krai. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://barnaul.org/committee_information/administratsiya-tsentralnogo-rayona/inaya-inform1atsiya/chto-takoe-probatsiya.html#:~:text=%D0.
3. Sadykov A. U. Prospects for the Probation Institute in Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://wiselawyer.ru/poleznoe/51436-perspektivyinstituta-probacii-sovremennoj-rossii (date of access: 19.03.19).
4. FSIN: The result of probation is a low recidivism rate among former convicts // Interfax. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.interfax.ru/interview/1005404#:~:text=-%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%E2%80%93%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF.
5. Official website of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Irkutsk Region. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fsin.gov.ru/structure/inspector/iao/statistika/Kratkaya%20har-ka%20UIS/.

CRIMINAL LAW
BICHENOVA Anna Rolanadievna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
VIRYASOVA Yuliya Olegovna
cadet of the 3rd course, Faculty of Law, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia; independent researcher
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR OCCUPYING THE HIGHEST POSITION IN THE CRIMINAL HIERARCHY: APPLICATION PRACTICE AND CURRENT PROBLEMS OF COUNTERING THE AUE MOVEMENT
The article analyzes current trends and problems of criminal law counteraction to organized crime in Russia, with an emphasis on criminal liability for occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy (art. 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). It is noted that the legislative tightening and the introduction of independent responsibility for the status of a criminal leader is due to the high level of public danger of such persons, their systemic influence on the organization and coordination of criminal activities, as well as active opposition to the detection of crimes. The lack of a clear definition of the status of a “criminal authority” or a “thief in law” in Russian law is emphasized; this significantly complicates the qualification and proof of this corpus delicti in practice.
Keywords: organized crime, the highest position in the criminal hierarchy, Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, thief in law, criminal authority, determinants of crime.
Bibliography
1. Criminal Law of the Russian Federation. General Part. Textbook. – Second edition, revised and enlarged. / Ed. by Dr. of Law, Professor L. V. Inogamova-Khegay, Dr. of Law, Professor A. I. Rarog, Dr. of Law, Professor A. I. Chuchaev. – M.: Law Firm “Contract”: INFRA-M, 2011. – 560 p.
2. Criminal Law of Russia. General and Special Parts: textbook for bachelors / Ed. A. I. Rarog. – M.: Prospect, 2014. – 496 p.
3. Criminal Law of Russia. General Part: Textbook / Ed. B. V. Zdravomyslov. – M.: Yurist, 2011. – 678 p.
4. Egorova N. A., Egorov A. G. Criminal Liability for Occupying a High Position in a Criminal Hierarchy: Continuation of the Discussion // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2020. – No. 1 (52).
5. Belsky S. V. The concept of a higher position in a criminal hierarchy (Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2023. – No. 3 (65).
6. Zvonov A. V. Symbols and signs of the international public movement “A.U.E.” used as symbols // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2025. – No. 1.
7. Lebedev V. M. Commentary on the Criminal CodeRussian Federation / Ed. V. M. Lebedev. – 13th edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2013. – 1069 p.
8. Decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in case No. AKPI24-1005 of December 16, 2024 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 04/15/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
VASEVA Irina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia
OGARKOV Alexander Veniaminovich
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia
ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CONVICT RENTALS IN THE USA: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
The article examines the trends in the formation and development of the use of convict labor by entrepreneurs in the United States. Convict rentals began in Alabama in 1846 and continued until July 1, 1928. The issue is becoming relevant in connection with the development of the institution of private prisons in the United States at the present stage. In 1883, about 10 percent of Alabama\’s total income came from convict rentals. In 1898, 73 percent of the total income came from the same source. The author concluded that the mortality rates among rented prisoners were about 10 times higher than the mortality rates of prisoners in states that did not use slave labor.
Keywords: rent of convicts, exploitation in the USA, slave labor, private prisons.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Harry Elmer Barnes The Economics of American Penology as Illustrated by the Experience of the State of Pennsylvania // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 29. No. 8 (Oct., 1921). pp. 617-642.
2. Henry Calvin Mohler. Convict Labor Policies, Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 15. No. 4 (Feb., 1925). pp. 530-597.
3. Jackson H. T. Prison Labor. American Journal of Crim. Law and Criminology. 1927. No. XVIII. P. 230.
4. Proceedings of the annual congress of American Prison Association at Jacksonville. Florida. No. V. 1921. P. 23-64.
5. Foinitsky I. Exile in the West in its historical development and current state. 1881. P. 38.

CRIMINAL LAW
GULOMOV Saidshokh Murodalievich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL LEGAL ASSESSMENT OF KIDNAPPING, PROBLEMS AND QUALIFICATIONS
This study provides a systematic criminal law analysis of the offense of \”kidnapping\” under Article 126 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The work thoroughly examines the fundamental elements of the crime, its objective and subjective characteristics, with particular emphasis on the three-stage structure of the objective aspect – seizure, movement, and detention of the victim. Significant attention is paid to analyze qualified and especially qualified elements of this crime, as well as complex issues of distinguishing it from related offenses – illegal deprivation of liberty (Article 127 of the Criminal Code) and hostage-taking (Article 206 of the Criminal Code). The research identifies and critically examines systematic shortcomings in law enforcement practice, including controversial aspects of qualifying kidnapping combined with murder, and gaps in the legislative technique of constructing sanctions. Based on the analysis, specific proposals for improving criminal legislation have been formulated, including the unification of criteria for distinguishing related criminal offenses and modernizing legal norms to account for new forms of criminal activity.
Keywords: kidnapping, criminal liability, qualification of crimes, illegal deprivation of liberty, hostage-taking, problems of distinguishing offenses, criminal law characteristics, improvement of legislation.
Article References
1. Son A.K., Medvedev S.S. Criminal-legal characteristics of kidnapping // Science today: tasks and solutions: Proceedings of the international scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts, Vologda, May 30, 2018. Volume Part 2. – Vologda: OOO “Marker”, 2018. – pp. 141-142.
2. Dudyrev A. V. Features of the criminal-legal characteristics of kidnapping // Colloquium-Journal. – 2019. – No. 28-11 (52). – Pp. 13-16.
3. Nazarov S. V. Crimes against the person. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Law Academy, 2019. – 136 p.
4. Kovalkova A. S. On the issue of the technique of constructing sanctions for norms on crimes against personal freedom in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Demidov Law Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 14. No. 2. – Pp. 214-222.
5. Nurkaeva T. N. Contradictions of the law, theory and judicial practice in the departmentissues of qualification of murder, violent sexual crimes, crimes against freedom and personal integrity // Legal Bulletin of Samara University. – 2023. – Vol. 9. No. 2. – Pp. 79-84.

CRIMINAL LAW
EVLUSHINA Darya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy MIA of Russia
ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION OF ECONOMIC CRIMES COMMITTED USING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
In this article, the author outlines the relevance of this topic, and notes the factors that contribute to the criminalization of individual sectors of the country\’s economy. The author states data on the colossal damage from crimes in this area, and also notes the problems of detection and investigation. Provides an algorithm of actions of an investigator for economic crimes using information technologies at the initial stage of the investigation. Highlights the tactical features of the production of individual investigative actions, the use of special knowledge. In conclusion, the author proposes a list of measures aimed at counteracting organized crime in the area under consideration.
Keywords: investigative actions, economic crimes, IT technologies, investigation.
Article References
1. Statistical data on economic crimes in Russia for 2021-2023. – Statista. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1041662/russia-number-of-economic-crimes/ (accessed: March 20, 2025).
2. Extended meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/76408 (date accessed: 20.03.2025).
3. Shmatov V. M. Fight against economic crime and operational-investigative support // Modern methods of countering crimes in the economic sphere committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies: collection of articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – 2022.
4. Rozhkova A. Yu. Current issues of investigating economic crimes in the context of digitalization // Forensic science: Current issues of theory and practice. Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – 2020.
5. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001.
6. Bondar K. A. Features of search tactics in the investigation of crimes in the economic sphere // Science, technology and education. – 2020.
7. Rossinskaya E. R. Problems of using specialized knowledge in forensic examination of computer crimes in the context of digitalization // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). – 2019. – No. 5 (57).

CRIMINAL LAW
EFREMOVA Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg University of the FPS of Russia
CURRENT TRENDS IN PUBLIC POLICY ON COMBATING CRIME
Crime at the present historical stage is one of the threats to state security. The negative trends observed in recent years in the field of certain types of crime require the development of an appropriate State policy and timely proactive response from law enforcement agencies. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of the directions and content of state policy in the field of combating crime. The current statistical data for the first half of 2025 has been studied in comparison compared to the same indicator last year. The types of crime for which there is an increase in indicators and requiring special attention in the field of their prevention have been identified. The legal regulation that forms the basis of state policy in the field of combating crime is analyzed. Measures to improve state policy in the field of combating crime are proposed.
Keywords: concept; strategy; public policy; crime prevention state regulation; anti-criminal policy; crime; crime trends.
Article bibliography
1. Bikkinin I. A., Mutsalov S. I. Anti-crime strategy of the state: theoretical and practical aspects of implementation // Bulletin of the Chechen State University. – 2020. – No. 4 (40). – Pp. 99-115.
2. Dzhatiev V. S. On Russian anti-crime policy // Criminology: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2024. – No. 2 (33). – Pp. 31-37.
3. Kolemasov V. N. State policy in the field of crime prevention in Russia: history and modernity // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Social sciences. – 2011. – No. 4 (20). – pp. 52-59.
4. Kondratyuk S. V. Anti-criminal politicianand the state and economic indicators of its effectiveness // Law and Order: History, Theory, Practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (40). – P. 139-146. – DOI: 10.47475/2311-696X-2023-40-1-139-146.
5. Kraynova N. A. Some trends in modern domestic state policy in the field of crime prevention // Law enforcement. – 2024. – Vol. 8. No. 2. – P. 102-111.
6. Nevsky S. A, Sychev E. A. The current criminal situation and the main directions of crime prevention in the Russian Federation // Historical and socio-educational thought. – 2011. – No. 3 (8). – P. 119-125.
7. Shchestakov D. A. Criminological legislation and the law on combating crime // Criminology: yesterday, today, tomorrow. – 2013. – No. 1 (28). – P. 49-50.

CRIMINAL LAW
KERAMOVA Saida Nazirovna
Senior lecturer of Administrative, financial, and customs law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THE PROBLEM OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN THE CIVIL SERVICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN
The transformation of public administration requires solving the problems of public service. The civil service is closely interconnected with the state and is essential for the implementation of public administration. Scientists from various branches of law are engaged in the study of theoretical issues related to public service. The study of public service is relevant in the context of modern challenges that require high competence and responsibility from civil servants. In addition, the improvement of public service institutions helps strengthen public confidence in government agencies and increase administrative efficiency. The article is written using the following research methods: logical, system analysis, generalization method, analysis, etc.
Keywords: public service, corruption, anti-corruption, civil servants, public policy.
Article bibliography
1. Balitsky, I. I., “Legal Foundations for Combating Corruption in the State Civil Service in the Context of Digitalization,” Change Management: Trends in Russian Economics, Politics, and Law. Proc. of the XII Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conf. – 2023. – P. 347-350.
2. Dusheiko A. A. Prospects for improving the regulatory system of state and municipal service in the Russian Federation. // Young scientist. – 2024. – No. 20 (362). – P. 333-335.
3. Matveeva O. N. Anti-corruption measures in the civil service in Russia and legal collisions of anti-corruption measures // Scientific research: fundamental and applied aspects. Coll. art. Int. scientific and practical conf. – Penza, 2023. – P. 247-250.
4. Khachaturov R. L. Administrative law of the Russian Federation. – St. Petersburg: Legal Center-Press, 2007. – P. 299.

CRIMINAL LAW
KRASKOVSKIY Yan Eduardovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Criminal Law Sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Penza State University
NEKRASOV Alexander Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, Samara
CERTAIN TYPES OF PENITENTIARY CRIMES COMMITTED IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PRE-TRIAL DETENTION FACILITIES OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA
The author has scrupulously analyzed the statistics of crimes committed in 2023-2024. He concludes that the events that took place in Surovikino, Volgograd region, and in the Rostov pre-trial detention center in 2024 are a dramatic tragedy not only for the department, but for the entire society. The author noted the extremely weak prison security in the penitentiary system. There has been a tendency to replenish places of detention with dangerous and especially dangerous convicts, including radical convicts among migrants. The author suggests taking a number of measures to improve the situation in the department, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, in order to prevent such cases in places of detention.
Keywords: crimes in places of deprivation of liberty, terrorist act, crimes against employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service, especially dangerous crimes, speeches by the Director of the Federal Penitentiary Service A. A. Gostev, crime prevention, corruption, complex special contingent, special preventive measures, tasks facing the employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service, technical means, probation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: Fsin.gov.ru 2023.
2. Electronic resource: March 10, 2024 – date of the FSIN of Russia board meeting, speech by FSIN of Russia Director A. A. Gostev.
3. Electronic resource:UIS Vedomosti. – Moscow, 2023. – No. 3.
4. Electronic resource: March 10, 2024 – date of the FSIN of Russia board meeting, speech by Minister of Justice K. A. Chuichenko.
5. The concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation through 2030 was approved by RF Government Order No. 1138-r of April 29, 2021.
6. Electronic resource: Moscow, March 21, 2024 – RIA Novosti.
7. Electronic resource: June 27, 2024 Source: Russian News Agency “TASS”.
8. Federal Law of February 6, 2023 No. 10-FZ “On Probation in the Russian Federation”.
9. Speech by Director of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation A. A. Gostev at the session “Penitentiary Policy of the State: Role in Reducing Recidivism” at the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum on June 28, 2024.
10. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. – M.: “Omega” as of October 1, 2024: Art. 313 and Art. 70 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
11. Electronic resource: June 16, 2024 – RIA Novosti.
12. Electronic resource: August 19, 2024 – LENTA RU.

CRIMINAL LAW
LAVROV Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal Substantive and Penal Law Studies Sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
DVORYANOV Ilya Borisovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of International police cooperation and countering crime via the channels of Interpol sub-faculty, All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the MIA of Russia
ADMINISTERING CONFISCATION OF ASSETS CONSTITUTING PROCEEDS OF CRIME: CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOCTRINAL MODEL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ISSUE IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL AVERMENT (DIGEST OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDY)
In the article at the hand of the authors examine inter-branch institution of asset confiscation – a criminal remedy distinct from the punishment of offenders, in light of the most pressing issues pertaining to its practical application, which stems from the legislative deficit in criminal procedural provisions. The reader’s attention is drawn, in particular, to the lack of provisions shifting the burden of proof of the legal origin of the property to the owner. The paper also addresses specific issues related to the development of a model for the application of this criminal remedy by the domestic legal doctrine, primarily by the criminal jurisprudence, on the basis of the major civilization achievements in the field of enforcing law and order.
Keywords: confiscation of assets, penal-law remedies, guideline Explanations of the Russian Federation Supreme Court Plenary Sessions, inter-branch institute, averment.

CRIMINAL LAW
LYKOV Dmitriy Andreevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
GOLOVITSYNA Valeriya Konstantinovna
student of the 5th course, Institute of Law, Volgograd State University; independent researcher
Is it possible to recognize persons serving sentences of imprisonment by a court verdict as victims under Article 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation?
This article examines the complex and multidimensional issue of the possibility of recognizing persons serving sentences of imprisonment under a court verdict as victims under article 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (unlawful imprisonment). The relevance of this issue is due, on the one hand, to the humanistic principles of criminal law aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of every person, regardless of their legal status, and, on the other, to the special legal situation of those sentenced to imprisonment, which significantly restricts their rights and freedoms.
Keywords: crimes against the person, penal enforcement system, rebellion, serving sentences, imprisonment, unlawful imprisonment of persons in places of detention.
Article bibliography
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993) (taking into account the amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 No. 6-FKZ, of 30.12.2008 No. 7-FKZ, of 05.02.2014 No. 2-FKZ, from 01.07.2020 No. 11-FKZ, from 06.10.2022) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 12/25/1993. – No. 237.
2. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993) (taking into account amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 No. 6-FKZ, of 30.12.2008 No. 7-FKZ, of 05.02.2014 No. 2-FKZ, of 01.07.2020 No. 11-FKZ, of 06.10.2022) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2020. – No. 144.
3. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistic Studies; edited by A. P. Evgenyeva. – 4th ed., reprinted – Moscow: Russian language, Polygraphresources, 1999.
4. Criminal Code of the Russian Federationof May 24, 1996, No. 63-FZ (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on March 23, 2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. -1996. – No. 25. – Art. 2954.
5. Serebrennikova AV, Lebedev MV Multiple Objects of a Crime Using Art. 206 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Hostage Taking) / A. V. Serebrennikova, M. V. Lebedev: Interactive Plus Scientific Cooperation Center, 2017. – Pp. 1-4.
6. RBC website. “Hostage Taking in a Colony Near Volgograd. What is Known.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/society/23/08/2024/66c86fce9a79475889f1640d.
7. Gazeta.ru. “How did they even get there?” Why did the terrorists manage to take hostages in the pre-trial detention center. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2024/06/16/19250605.shtml.
8. Resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of 24.12.2019 No. 58 “On judicial practice in cases of kidnapping, illegal deprivation of liberty and human trafficking” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2019. – No. 296.
9. Vityugov I. A. Illegal deprivation of liberty: concept, features, liability. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urfac.ru/?p=1047.
10. Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of July 4, 2022 No. 110 “On approval of the Internal Regulations of pre-trial detention facilities of the penal system, the Internal Regulations of correctional institutions, and the Internal Regulations of correctional centers of the penal system” // SPS “Garant”.

CRIMINAL LAW
LYAPICHEVA Natalya Sergeevna
Lecturer of Administrative activities and public order protection sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
THE PROBLEM OF YOUTH CRIME: APPROACHES AND PREVENTION METHODS
This article focuses on the formation of legal culture in society, beginning with the growing generation in the process of personal growth. The study analyzes data on criminal acts committed by persons under the age of adulthood, and also considered various strategies for preventing crime in this age category. As part of the research, the author identifies the key players in the system of preventing crimes among youth. The author analyzes their areas of responsibility and the specific features of their work in preventing criminal acts among minors. Special attention is given to family misery as one of the significant factors contributing to the commitment of crimes by teenagers. the analysis of crime among minors is of great importance for society, due to both ethical and broad social factors. indicators that represent the current state, changes, and composition of crimes committed by youth are an important indicator of society\’s maturity. They have a significant impact on the social environment, as well as on the economic and political stability of the state.
Keywords: teenage crime, teenage crime prevention, regulatory base, legal responsibility.
Bibliographic list
1. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ (as amended on April 21, 2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on May 2, 2025). [Electronic resource].
2. Federal Law of June 24, 1999, No. 120-FZ “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Delinquency of Minors” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on April 1, 2025). [Electronic resource].
3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssla-av.ru/novosti/news/statistika-podrostkovoj-prestupnosti-v-rossii-2024god-osnovnye-cifry.html.
4. Ermishina N. S., Sharoeva A. A. Juvenile delinquency as a result of the process of deviant socio-psychological adaptation // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2025. – No. 1 (162). – P. 252.
5. Danelyan R. S. [et al.]. Juvenile delinquency / Edited by A. V. Rostokinsky. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2022. – P. 124.

CRIMINAL LAW
PALIY Viktoriya Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LAW ASSESSMENT OF THE PARTICIPATION OF TWO OR MORE PER-SONS IN THE COMMISSION OF A GROUP CRIME
The participation of two or more persons is an objective sign of complicity and indi-cates the minimum number of active criminals (art. 32 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Following a well-established doctrinal position, the interaction of not all per-sons constitutes complicity, it must be at least two participants capable of criminal responsi-bility. Despite the fact that the institution of complicity is traditional for Russian criminal law, for a long time the issue of the possibility of recognizing a group crime committed by one subject with the participation of two or more non-subjects has been debated in the liter-ature. In addition, current judicial practice also points to contradictory approaches in assessing the quantitative character of a group crime. This is due to the lack of a clear legislative position on this issue, the ambiguous interpretation of the norms of the General Part of the Criminal Code by the supreme judicial body of the Russian Federation, and, as a result, the arbitrary application of the norms on participation in established judicial practice.
Keywords: group of persons, performer, plurality of participants, involvement, collaboration, co-executor, complicity, forms of co-participation.
Bibliography
1. Kostrova, M.B. “The “Implicit” Variability of Legal Positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and Its Impact on the Practice of Applying Criminal Law Norms” // Criminal Law: Development Strategy in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference. – M.: RG-Press, 2018. – P. 417-421.
2. Garbatovich D. A. Complicity in a crime with an “unfit” subject: problems of literal interpretation of the criminal law // Court Administrator. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 32-34.
3. Klepitsky I. A. Participation of an insane person in the commission of a crime // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 135-140.
4. Esakov G. A. Qualification of joint commission of a crime with a person not subject to criminal liability: a new turn in judicial practice // Criminal law. – 2011. – No. 2. – P. 10-15.
5. Tagantsev N. S. Course of Russian criminal law. General Part. Book 1: Theory of Crime. – St. Petersburg, 1880.
6. Meleshko D. A. Complicity and Other Forms of Involvement of Several Persons in the Commission of a Crime Complicity and Other Forms of Involvement of Several Persons in the Commission of a Crime // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2022. – No. 10. – Pp. 72-80.
7. Pudovochkin Yu. E. Features of the Objective Side of a Crime Committed in Complicity // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2018. – No. 3 (70). – Pp. 3-8.
8. Molchanov D. M. The Perpetrator of a Crime with and without Complicity: a Universal Role in the Diversity of Legal Constructions // Lex russica. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 107-121.
9. Rarog A. I., Esakov G. A. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation’s Understanding of a “Group of Persons” Corresponds to the Principle of Fairness // Russian Justice. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 51-53.
10. Yani P. S. Problems of Understanding Complicity in Judicial Practice // Legality. – 2013. – No. 7. – P. 44-49.
11. Gostkova D. Zh. Crimes with an “Unfit Subject” // Russian Investigator. – 2022. – No. 11. – P. 15-18.
12. Shikhanov V. N. Participation in the Commission of a Crime with Persons Not Subject to Criminal Liability: Approaches to Legal Assessment in Modern Judicial Practice // Legal Science and Law Enforcement Practice. – 2014. – No. 2 (28). – P. 52-62.
13. Zvecharovsky I. E. Committing a Crime in Complicity: Problems of Qualification // Legality. – 1999. – No. 11. – P. 32.

CRIMINAL LAW
SENINA Elena Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Director of the Institute, G. B. Mirzoev Mediation at the Russian University of Advocacy and Notary
COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE MODELS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
The article offers a comparative legal analysis of restorative justice models (VOM/VORP, family and community group conferencing, community courts, compensation agreements) within the Anglo-American and continental European legal traditions. It shows how normative safeguards (voluntariness, confidentiality, mediator neutrality, the priority of victims’ rights) and procedural integration at the pretrial, trial, and post-sentencing stages determine the legal consequences of agreements. The paper also outlines the limits of applicability of these models (cases of domestic violence, risk of secondary victimization, strategic admissions of guilt) and the requirements for the institutional design and support of restorative programs.
Keywords: restorative justice, VOM/VORP, family and community group conferencing, compensation agreements, procedural integration, victims’ rights.
Article References
1. Andrusenko S. P., Vlasov I. S. The Restorative Justice Model as an Element of Legal Protection for Crime Victims in the USA // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2019. – No. 1. – pp. 88-93. – DOI: 10.12737/art.2019.1.10.
2. Karnozova L. M. Restorative justice in Russia: practice and problems of institutionalization // Bulletin of restorative justice. – 2018. – No. 15. – Pp. 38-42.
3. Markov R. S., Kozlova A. I. Critical comments on the new bill on the participation of a mediator in divorce // Mediation in modern society: new vectors of interaction in the legal sphere: Proc. Int. scientific-practical. conf. – Lipetsk: LSPU named afterand P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 2025. – P. 196-200.
4. Makhov V. N., Vasilenko A. S., Chebukhanova L. V. Elements of restorative justice in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2017. – No. 35. – P. 107-121. – DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2017-35-107-121.
5. Senina E. N. Foreign experience of restorative justice and mediation in resolving criminal-law conflicts // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 209-214. – DOI: 10.24412/2073-0454-2022-4-209-214.
6. Senina E. N. Foreign experience of restorative justice and mediation in resolving criminal-law conflicts // Education and Law. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 265-270. DOI: 10.24412/2076-1503-2021-8-265-270.
7. Trafimchik I. International standards in the field of restorative justice in criminal cases // Justice of Belarus. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 72-75.

CRIMINAL LAW
KHALIULLINA Aigul Faatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, First Deputy Director, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PROBLEMS OF CONDUCTING FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES COMMITTED USING INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The article discusses the current problems of conducting forensic examinations in the investigation of crimes committed using information and telecommunication systems. The rapid development of digital technologies and their active use not only in everyday life, but also in criminal activities, it requires practitioners to consult with experts. In these circumstances, conducting forensic examinations becomes an effective source of evidence. However, conducting forensic examinations presents technical challenges related to the proper formulation of questions, assessing the competence of experts, and evaluating the evidence obtained, which requires further theoretical development.
Keywords: digital traces, detection, fixation, removal of digital traces, special knowledge, forensic expertise, information and telecommunication systems, and crime investigation.
Article References
1. Podolny, N. A., “Investigation of Crimes Constituting Youth Organized Crime.” Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2007.
2. Shevchenko, E. S., “Tactics of Investigative Actions in Investigating Cybercrimes”: Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – M., 2016. – P. 112.
3. Bagmet A. M., Khmeleva A. V. Forensic linguistic examination // Theoretical and applied aspects of the use of specialized knowledge in criminal and civil proceedings. – Issue 6. – P. 52.
4. Kot E. A. Investigation of crimes committed on the Internet related to inciting a minor to suicide: diss. … Cand. of Law. – Kaliningrad, 2022. – P. 194-195.
5. Sekerazh T. N. Psychological study of information materials on cases of violation of sexual inviolability of minors, committed with the help of information and telecommunication networks // Theory and practice of forensic examination. – 2022. – T. 17. No. 1.

CRIMINAL LAW
KHAMZYAEVA Yulia Radikovna
Ph.D. in Law, lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, Kazan Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
ISSUES OF QUALIFICATION OF FAILURE TO REPORT A CRIME
The article examines legislative gaps and the issues that arise in the practical application of Article 2056 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In order to eliminate the conflicts of the article, it is proposed to include a direct reference to the need to report the crime as soon as possible. The author also expresses the opinion that it is advisable to include in the article a provision on reporting information not only about the person(s) preparing, committing, or having committed a terrorist crime, but also about the need to provide all relevant information. The article demonstrates the relationship between failure to report a crime, false denunciation, and refusal to testify.
Keywords: terrorism, terrorist crimes, failure to report a crime, deadline for reporting a crime, information about a crime, false accusation, refusal to testify, and denunciation.
Article Bibliography
1. Vissarov A. V. “Opportunity and Time in Law: Some Aspects” // Bulletin of the Mari State University. – 2017. – Vol. 3. No. 4 (12). – P. 56.
2. Darovskikh S. M., Darovskikh O. I. Timeliness as a criterion for the effectiveness of criminal procedural activity // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 17.
3. Kuzakbirdiev S. S. Timeliness of the implementation of legal regulations as an essential feature of the implementation of legal norms // BulletinAcademy of Law and Management. – 2017. – No. 3 (48). – P. 55.
4. Khamzyaeva Yu. R. Criminal-legal and criminological aspects of countering terrorism in Russia and foreign countries (using the example of member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization): diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.08. – Kazan, 2017. – pp. 97-105.

CRIMINAL LAW
AL-ZYARAH Bahauldeen Faaiz Sahib
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
HUSSEIN Anmar Talal Hussein
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS IN IRAQ
This article examines the criminal liability of juveniles in Iraq through the lens of national legislation, Islam jurisprudence, and international legal standards. The study analyzes Iraq’s Law No. 76 of 1983 “On the Guardianship of Minors”, identifying its principal provisions and their correlation with the principles of Sharia law and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Special attention is devoted to the determination of the age of criminal responsibility, types of punishment, and the use of alternative corrective measures. A legal comparative analysis is conducted between the Iraqi juvenile justice framework and the corresponding systems of Egypt, Jordan, Russia, and selected European countries. The author concludes that Iraq’s juvenile justice system represents a hybrid legal model that integrates religious traditions with contemporary international standards. The study emphasizes the need for further institutional strengthening and reform of the juvenile justice system in Iraq to ensure greater compliance with global human rights norms.
Keywords: Iraq, juveniles, criminal liability, Islamic law, juvenile justice, Convention on the Rights of the Child, comparative legal analysis.
References
1. The Guardianship of Minors Law of Iraq No. 76 of 1983 (as amended).
2. Saadi, Watiba Dawood. Analysis of the Guardianship of Minors Law of Iraq, Al-Huquqi Magazine. – Baghdad, 1983.
3. Ibn Majah. Sunan, Hadith No. 2041.
4. Convention on the Rights of the Child, United Nations, 1989.
5. The Guardianship of Minors Law of Iraq No. 76 of 1983 (as amended).
6. Saleh M. A. Social Preconditions for Juvenile Delinquency in Iraq. – Baghdad, 2017.
7. Ibn Qudamah, Al-Mughni. – Cairo, 1992.
8. Convention on the Rights of the Child. – United Nations, 1989.
9. Al-Haj I. A. Problems of Applying Measures of Influence to Minors in Iraq // Law Journal. – 2020.
10. The Guardianship of Minors Law of Iraq No. 76 of 1983 (as amended).
11. Ahmed J. Social Aspects of Applying Fines to Minors. – Baghdad, 2015.
12. Salim H. Confiscation of Property as a Measure of Influence on Minors // Law Journal. – Basra, 2019.
13. Ismail D.H. Resocialization Programs in Correctional Schools. – Diyala University, 2011.
14. UNICEF Report on the Juvenile Justice System in Iraq. – Geneva, 2018.
15. Taha N.R., Hussein Z.A. Tadbiry on the Rehabilitation of Juvenile Offenders. – An-Nahrain University, 2020.
16. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice // The Beijing Rules. – 1985.
17. Jordanian Juvenile Justice Law No. 32 of 2014.
18. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 2025.

CRIMINAL LAW
AL’-MASAFIR Durajd Mohammed Hassun
postgraduate student, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
PROSPECTS FOR THE HUMANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTION OF DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY IN MUSLIM CRIMINAL LAW: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NATIONAL SPECIFICS
The article examines the prospects for the humanization of the institution of deprivation of liberty in the legal systems of Muslim countries. The aim of the work is to identify the potential and directions for reforming penitentiary systems based on the synthesis of the principles of Islamic law and international standards for the treatment of prisoners. The methodological basis is comprised of comparative legal, historical legal, and formal legal methods. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a comprehensive model of reforms that takes into account both the doctrinal foundations of Islamic criminal law (maqasid al-shari\’a) and the norms of international law. As a result, it is proven that the humanistic potential of the Islamic legal tradition (the principles of mercy, islah, diyya) creates a solid foundation for the implementation of international standards. Specific recommendations have been developed for improving legislation and law enforcement practices, including the differentiation of punishments, the development of alternative sanctions, and the reform of penitentiary institutions.
Keywords: humanization of punishment, deprivation of liberty, Islamic criminal law, international standards, Islamic legal family, prison reform, maqasid al-shari\’a, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE.
Bibliography
1. Al-Mana H. A., “The Saudi Arabian Judicial System,” Arab Law Quarterly, 2018, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 30-45.
2. Al-Saduqi A. R., “Imprisonment in Islamic Law: A Comparative Study.” – Riyadh: Dar al-Watan, 2010. – 295 p.
3. Ash-Shatibi I. Harmonization of the Semantic Principles of Sharia (Al-Muwafaqat). – Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiya, 2003. – Vol. 2. – 520 p.
4. Zubkov A. I. Criminal-executive law. – Moscow: Norma, 2019. – 448 p.
5. UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules). – UN General Assembly Resolution 70/175 of 17 December 2015
6. Sarsembayev M. A. Interaction of Religious and Secular Law in Muslim Countries. – Almaty: Zheti Zhargy, 2005. – 320 p.
7. Seliverstov V. I. Criminal-executive law of Russia. – Moscow: Jurisprudence, 2021. – 568 p.
8. Criminal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran (as amended and supplemented in 2023). – Tehran: Parliament of the IRI, 1991/2023.
9. Federal Law No. (3) of 1987 on the Criminal Code of the UAE (with the latest amendments in 2022). – Abu Dhabi: Ministry of Justice of the UAE, 1987/2022.
10. Tsmay A. M. Evolution of imprisonment in Muslim law // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 210-235.
11. Annual Report on Prison Conditions in the Middle East and North Africa. – London: Amnesty International, 2022. – 89 p.
12. Kamali M. H. Punishment in Islamic law: a critique of the Hudud bill of Kelantan, Malaysia // Arab Law Quarterly. – 2019. – Vol. 33. No. 2. – P. 200-250.
13. Peters R. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. – 224 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
VASEVA Irina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia
THE CONTRACT SYSTEM IN THE PENAL LAW OF THE USA IN THE END OF THE 19TH- BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURIES
The article examines the main stages of the existence of the contract system in the US penitentiary system. A characteristic feature of this system is that the payment for prisoners\’ labor did not go to their benefit, but to the treasury of the state according to the norms established in the contract, and only in a few states did the prison administration give them a meager incentive for their work. As a general rule, the labor of prisoners under the system was used within the walls of the prison, and not in the enterprises and plantations of an industrialist, as we observe under the rent-bonded system, and in most cases was of an industrial nature.
Keywords: contract system, penal law, rent-bonded system, USA, forced labor, convicts.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Harry Elmer Barnes. The economics of American penology as illustrated by the experience of the state of Pennsylvania // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 29. No. 8 (Oct., 1921). pp. 617-642.
2. Henry Calvin Mohler. Convict labor policies // Journal of the American institute of criminal law and criminology. Vol. 15. No. 4 (Feb., 1925). pp. 530-597.
3. Jackson H. T. Prison Labor. American Journal of crim. law and criminology. XVIII 1927 No. R. 230.
4. Louis N. Robinson Penology in the U.S. Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1921. pp. 159-160.

CRIMINAL LAW
DRONOV Nikita Nikolaevich
postgraduate student, Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law
KOLESNIKOV Vladislav Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student, Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law
ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF FORCED AND CRIMINAL HUMAN EXPLOITATION
The article examines the concept of human exploitation and its relation to the concept of criminal exploitation. The author analyzes various definitions of these concepts and offers his own definition of criminal human exploitation. Special attention is paid to the problem of illegal surrogacy and its connection with the criminal exploitation of children. The article raises important social issues related to illegal surrogacy, child trafficking and the lack of proper legislative regulation in this area. The author suggests specific measures to address these issues, including clarifying the distinguishing features of legal surrogacy from criminal child trafficking.
Keywords: human exploitation, criminal exploitation, surrogacy, child trafficking, legislation, social problems.
Article References
1. Butler, E. A. Unnamed Agreements: Some Theoretical and Practical Issues: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. Moscow, 2006. 185 p.
2. Gridneva, O. V. Surrogacy Agreement: Peculiarities of Its Legal Nature. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://nauka-rastudent.ru/19/2784.html. (Accessed: 15.01.2025).
3. Evstifeeva E. V. Theoretical Problems of Criminal Liability for Human Trafficking. Dis. … Cand. Sci. (Law). – Saratov, 2002. – 197 p.
4. Zhuravleva S. P. Legal Regulation of the Surrogacy Agreement in the Russian Federation: Dis. … Cand. Sci. (Law). – Moscow, 2011. – 175 p.
5. Kovalenko V. I. Theoretical and Applied Problems of Combating Criminal Exploitation of Human Beings: Criminological Research: Dis. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2017. – 515 p.
6. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academician. Sciences, Institute of Rus. language them. V. V. Vinogradova. – 4th ed., add. – M.: A Temp, 2006. – 938 p.
7. Pestrikova A. A. Obligations of surrogacy: abstract. dis. …cand. legal Sci. – Kuban, 2007. – 19 p.
8. Pudovochkin Yu. Responsibility for human trafficking under Russian criminal law // SKO. – 2007. – No. 3 (60). – [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/otvetstvennost-za-torgovlyu-lyudmi-po-rossiyskomu-ugolovnomu-pravu (Accessed: 29.03.2025).
9. Retneva N. I. Criminal Liability for Human Trafficking: Improving Legislation and Its Application: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Minsk, 2006. – 20 p.
10. Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes / Ed. by A. P. Evgenyeva. – Moscow, 1983. – Vol. 3. – 749 p.
11. Trinchuk V. M. Criminological Characteristics and Prevention of Crimes in the Sphere of Labor Relations: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Omsk, 2006. – 27 p.
12. Shakin V. B. The concept of criminal exploitation of people: Criminal exploitation in the criminal legislation of Russia // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2001. – No. 3. – P. 75-79.

CRIMINAL LAW
KARAPETYAN Robert Melsikovich
postgraduate student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
NEW RISKS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS INFRINGEMENT IN THE METAVERSE: CRIMINAL LAW PROBLEMS
The article is devoted to the analysis of new challenges in the field of intellectual property protection arising in the context of the development of metaverses as complex digital ecosystems. The article argues that the metaverse, being a virtual “sandbox” with minimal restrictions for users, creates an ideal environment for mass violations of copyright, trademark rights, works of art and other results of intellectual activity. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of the existing judicial practice demonstrating the ineffectiveness of traditional legal mechanisms in the digital environment. The key problems are the anonymity of users and the decentralized architecture of platforms, which prevent violators from being identified and brought to justice. To solve these problems, a set of measures is proposed, including: establishing increased liability for the administration of metaverses for the lack of “digital hygiene” tools, introducing mandatory user verification procedures (including using biometrics), developing specialized criminal law norms that take into account the specifics of virtual spaces. The conclusions of the article indicate the need to create an adaptive system of intellectual property protection that combines technological and legal instruments to counter modern risks.
Keywords: intellectual property objects, digital environment, criminal liability, violation of exclusive rights, decentralized networks, legal regulation of the metaverse, user identification.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Trout J. Big brands – big problems / Trans. from English – SPb.: Piter, 2009. – 249 p.
2. Ball M. The Metaverse: How It Changes Our World / Translated from English. – Moscow: Alpina Publisher, 2023. – 496 p.
3. Nikolaev L. L. Legal Regulation of Intellectual Property in the Metaverse // Current Issues of Modern Scientific Research: Collection of Articles from the XI International Scientific and Practical Conference, Penza, May 5, 2024. – Penza: Science and Education (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2024. – pp. 158-160.
4. Levina T. S. Features of theImplementation of copyright in the virtual space of the metaverse // Academy of Law. – 2023. – No. 3 (3). – P. 4-10.
5. Russkevich E. A., Shindyaev N. D. Virtual game property as an object of criminal encroachment // Art of Jurisprudence. – 2024. – No. 3 (11). – P. 82-89.
6. World Intellectual Property Organization, issuing body. Metaverse. – Geneva, Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2024. – 12 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
MATROSOV Anton Alexeevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal procedure and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
THE PRACTICE OF COUNTERING PYRAMID SCHEMES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, INCLUDING APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL LAW MEASURES
The article examines the aspects of countering illegal activities related to the creation and maintenance of pyramid schemes in the territory of the Republic of South Africa (RSA), including application of criminal law measures. In particular, the role of entities (government agencies) whose functions include countering pyramid schemes is highlighted; the provisions of the RSA Consumer Protection Act, which reveals the essence of pyramid schemes and similar schemes, liability, including those related to the use of criminal law measures, are analyzed; examples (including case law) of the implementation of policies aimed at countering pyramid schemes are given.
Keywords: pyramid schemes, measures of criminal legal impact, South Africa.
Bibliography
1. Criminal Law of the BRICS Countries. General Part: Founding Countries: Textbook / M. A. Ignatova, L. R. Klebanov, O. A. Kuznetsova, M. M. Madzhumaev, G. A. Rusanov, A. A. Chistyakov. – Moscow: RUDN University, 2024. – [Electronic resource].

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
BEGOVA Dinara Yakubovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PIRMAGOMEDOV Ragim Aydinovich
magister student of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MODERN PROBLEMS OF ENSURING THE SAFETY OF VICTIMS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
The study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of victim protection mechanisms in the Russian criminal process. Conceptual issues of crime victim safety are examined, including the conceptual framework and procedural aspects. Significant gaps in legal regulation have been identified: the absence of protection for individuals before the initiation of criminal proceedings, insufficient procedural rights of victims to apply for security measures, and the disproportionality of compensation payments. An assessment of the effectiveness of existing state protection measures and material guarantees has been conducted. Recommendations for improving legislation to strengthen the legal protection of victims have been formulated, including enhanced judicial control and expansion of the system of material guarantees.
Keywords: victim, criminal proceedings, protective measures, state protection, judicial control, material guarantees, compensation payments.
Bibliography
1. Bagautdinov, F. N. Public and Personal Interests in Russian Criminal Proceedings and Guarantees for Ensuring Them During Preliminary Investigation: Diss. … Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2004. – pp. 156-158.
2. Alekseev, I. M., Danilyan, A. S., Lozovsky, D. N., et al. Activities of units to ensure the safety of persons subject to state protection: textbook: in 3 parts. Part 1. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2023. – pp. 73-74.
3. Divaev A. B., Kiselev A. M. Some criminal-procedural and operational-search aspects of ensuring the safety of participants in criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2018. – No. 4. – pp. 142-149.
4. Levchenko O. V., Mishchenko E. V. The victim and his safety in criminal proceedings: theoretical aspect // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2022. – No. 4. – pp. 40-46.
5. Makarova O. V. Ensuring the safety of persons contributing to the prevention and detection of corruption crimes // Journal of Russian Law. – 2015. – No. 7. – P. 82-88.
6. Rygalova K. A. Judicial review as an independent criminal procedural function // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2017. – No. 1 (73). – P. 98-102.
7. Khatypov R. N., Nikolaev E. M. Disclosure of the victim’s true information during the trial is a threat to his safety // Collection of works: International scientific and practical conferenceConference “The Rule of Law: Problems of Understanding and Implementation. Ufa, April 16-17, 2015.” – Ufa, 2015. – P. 105-110.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KAZMIROV Maxim Alexandrovich
senior lecturer of Civil, administrative and criminal process sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk, Judge of the Irkutsk Regional Court in honorary retirement
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE PRINCIPLE OF ADVERSARIAL PROCESS BY THE EXAMPLE OF USING SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE BY PARTICIPANTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE PROCESS OF PROVING
In this article and its continuation (part 2), using the example of the use of special knowledge in criminal proof, controversial issues are raised regarding the possibility and necessity of continuing The operation of the principle of adversarial proceedings in the spirit of the Anglo-Saxon legal system in the Russian criminal process at the pre-trial stage, with the potential possibility of carrying out two parallel investigations carried out by the defense and the prosecution, in comparison with the possibility of expanding the operation of the principle of “favoring the defense” in relation to the stage of preliminary investigation of the Romano-Germanic (continental) type.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, principle of adversarial process, principle of favoring the defense, special knowledge, process of proof, expert opinion, Anglo-Saxon legal system, Romano-Germanic (continental) legal system.
Bibliography
1. Gromov N., Smorodinova A., Soloviev V. Expert opinions: from the opinion of a legal expert to the conclusions of a physician (review of practice) // Russian Justice. – 1998. – No. 8. – P. 29-30.
2. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure: [in 2 volumes] / [revised and enlarged edition]. – Moscow: Nauka, 1968-1970. – V. 1. – 460 p.
3. Strogovich M. S. The nature of Soviet criminal procedure and the adversarial principle / Institute of Law of the USSR Academy of Sciences. – Moscow: Yurizdat, 1939. – 152 p.
4. Criminal procedural law: textbook for bachelor’s, specialist’s, master’s and postgraduate studies (adjunct) / Under the general editorship of V. M. Lebedev. – 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Norma, INFRA-M, 2025. – 936 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2178011 (date accessed: 09.08.2025).
5. Smirnov A. V., Kalinovsky K. B. Criminal Procedure: textbook / General editor A. V. Smirnov. – 8th ed., revised. – Moscow: Norma, INFRA-M, 2025. – 784 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/2166289 (date accessed: 09.08.2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KACHUROVA Elizaveta Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
RYBAKOVA Anastasiya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal law sub-faculty, East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
BONDARENKO Veronika Vyacheslavovna
magister student, Faculty of Training Specialists for Complex Systems (Faculty of Law), East Siberian branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Irkutsk
THE PROBLEMS OF DISTINGUISHING COMMERCIAL BRIBERY AND FRAUD FROM RECEIVING A BRIBE
The article discusses some of the problems of distinguishing commercial bribery from fraud and receiving a bribe in the criminal law qualification. Some features of the elements of each of the types of crimes under consideration are highlighted, the consideration of which can help in resolving qualification issues. The potential overlap of these crimes is also being investigated, especially in cases where corrupt practices are intertwined with fraudulent activities. Analyzing judicial practice, the legislation of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – RF), and scientific works, it is proposed to clarify the criteria for distinguishing these crimes and to propose recommendations for improving legal consistency in law enforcement practice.
Keywords: corruption, qualification of crimes, legislation, taking bribes, commercial bribery, fraud.
Article Bibliography
1. Arkhipova, A. N., “Distinction between Bribery and Related Offenses,” Young Scientist, 2019, No. 22 (260), pp. 272–274.
2. Criminal Law. Special Part: Textbook for Universities, Editors-in-Chief A. V. Naumov and A. G. Kibalnik, 6th edition, revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 564 p.
3. Shalygina E. S. Commercial bribery: criminal-legal and criminological aspects: Diss. … Cand. of Law. Chelyabinsk, 2010. – 189 p.
4. Budatarov S. M. Receiving a bribe: criminallegal characteristics: diss. … cand. jurid. sciences. – Tomsk, 2004. – 231 p.
5. Zhapov D. G. The relationship between commercial bribery and related crimes // Bulletin of science and education. – 2019. – No. 11-1 (65). – Pp. 77-79.
6. Sverchkov V. V. Criminal law. Special part: textbook for universities / 12th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 421 p.
7. Elsukova D. B., Efendiev T. S. The main differences between bribery and commercial bribery // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 10. – No. 1 (97). – P.286-288.
8. Aleksandrov I. V. Forensic Science: Tactics and Methods: Textbook for Secondary Vocational Education. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 313 p.
9. Bochkarev S. A., Radchenko O. V. And Still: Fraud or Bribery? // Legality. – 2013. – No. 1. – P.35-38.
10. Fomenko E. V. Legal Foundations for Combating Bribery: Textbook for Universities. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2025. – 165 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KOLESNIKOVA Nadezhda Arkadjevna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Tula branch, International Law Institute; Chief of Staff of the MIA of Russia in Tula
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines current trends in the digitalization of legal proceedings, as well as the possibility of using artificial intelligence programs in criminal evidence and judicial decisions. The need for digitalization of criminal proceedings and the introduction of computer programs based on artificial intelligence into their individual elements is quite relevant and is often discussed at the current stage of development. However, this approach requires special balanced legislative support, as it affects an important area of ​​constitutional rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens.
Keywords: digitalization, artificial intelligence, criminal procedure, judicial proceedings, evidence.
Bibliography
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001, No. 174-FZ (as amended on July 31, 2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. December 24, 2001. No. 52 (Part I). Art. 4921.
2. Federal Law of July 29, 2018 No. 228-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. July 30, 2018. No. 31. Art. 4817.
3. Federal Law of December 27, 2018 No. 533-FZ “On Amendments to Articles 76.1 and 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. December 31, 2018. No. 53 (Part I). Art. 8459.
4. Federal Law of 30.12.2021 No. 501-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 03.01.2022. No. 1 (Part I). Art. 70.
5. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2012 No. 3 “On Amendments to Certain Resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. No. 35. 17.02.2012.
6. China to Shut Down ZeroTrust Artificial Intelligence – It Has Been Too Successful in Combating Official Corruption in the Country // Hi-Tech. [Electronic Resource]. – Available at: https://hightech.fm/2019/02/04/zerotrust (Accessed: 17.06.2025).
7. Eremeev D. V. Prospects for Using Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal Sciences. 2022. Vol. 8 (74). No. 1. P. 141.
8. Kolokolov N. A. Once Again on Artificial Intelligence in Justice // Criminal Proceedings. 2020. No. 4. P. 6.
9. International Conference “Court of the 21st Century: Technologies in the Service of Justice” // Government of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://government.ru/all/32690 (date accessed: 11.08.2025).
10. Plakhota K. S. Use of videoconferencing by an investigator (inquiry officer) in the performance of investigative actions // Bulletin of Tula State University. 2022. No. 1. P. 33
11. Fomin D. A. Judicial discretion (abstracts of a speech at the first Moscow law enforcement forum) // Judicial discretion: collection of articles / E. V. Avdeeva, G. A. Agafonova, M. D. Belyaev et al.; eds. O. A. Egorova, V. A. Vaipan, D. A. Fomin; compiled by A. A. Suvorov, D. V. Kravchenko. M.: Justitsinform, 2020. P. 36.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KOSENKO Olga Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Sibai Institute (branch), Ufa University of Science and Technology
SAFAROV Vladislav Railevich
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Sibai Institute (branch), Ufa University of Science and Technology
KARACHKOVA Violetta Vladimirovna
student of the 3rd course, Faculty of Economics and Law, Sibai Institute (branch), Ufa University of Science and Technology; independent researcher
THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE DECREE OF THE STATE DUMA ON AMNESTY AS A BASIS FOR EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY
This article analyzes the legal nature of the State Duma\’s amnesty resolution as a basis for exemption from criminal liability. It examines the relationship of the amnesty act to other criminal law provisions, its jurisdictional basis and adoption procedure, and its impact on law enforcement. It identifies the specific features of amnesty as a legal institution, focusing on its unique nature and differences from other methods of exemption from criminal liability. The article explores the legal status of the resolution, its legal force, and its practical application within the criminal law system, and examines the theoretical and practical aspects of its use to implement the principles of humanism and justice.
Keywords: amnesty, resolution of the State Duma, criminal liability, exemption from criminal liability, legislative power, law enforcement, criminal punishment, rehabilitation, criminal legislation.
Article References
1. Belyaev V. P. Control and Supervision in the Russian State: Monograph. – Moscow: Prospect, 2005. – 272 p.
2. Glushko E. K. State Control (Supervision): Problems and Trends of Legal Regulation. – Moscow: TEIS, 2016. – 127 p.
3. Zubarev S. M. On the Current Stage of Supervisory Activity Reform in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Kutafin University. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 13-23.
4. Mitskevich L. A., Vasilyeva A. F. State Control (Supervision) and Business. Balance of Rights and Responsibilities: A Textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2018. – 64 p.
5. Legal Regulation of State Control: A Monograph / Ed. A. F. Nozdrachev. – Moscow: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, 2020. – 479 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
LARIN Viktor Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, S. A. Yesenin Russian State University
ZAKOPYRIN, Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
ON THE ISSUE OF CRIMINAL LAW PROTECTION OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN PENAL SYSTEM
The article examines certain areas of improvement of the criminal law anti-terrorist protection of institutions of the Russian penal system. Based on the analysis of the regulation of legal liability for false reports of acts of terrorism in different countries, general trends and typological models of criminalization of false reports of terrorism have been identified. The authors conducted a large-scale comparative legal analysis of the criminal legislation of more than 15 countries – from the USA, Great Britain and Western European countries to the CIS and Asian countries. Special attention is paid to the qualifying features of a criminally punishable act, sanctions, and opportunities for improving Russian criminal legislation, taking into account international experience, and improving the criminal and anti-terrorist security of state facilities.
Keywords: terrorism, false reports, criminal liability, anti-terrorist protection, penal enforcement system, international experience in regulating responsibility for reporting an act of terrorism.
Article References
1. Teslenko A. V. On the Addressee of a Deliberately False Denunciation: A Comparative Legal Analysis of the Legislation of the Russian Federation, Continental European Countries, and the United States // Law and Politics. – 2016. – No. 12. – Pp. 1466-1472.
2. Kulikova G. L. Deliberately False Report of an Act of Terrorism: A Criminal-Law and Criminological Study: Diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2004. – 222 p.
3. Torgovchenkov V. I. Criminal liability for knowingly false report of an act of terrorism: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2013. – 25 p.
4. Magomedova A. A. Criminal-legal and criminological analysis of knowingly false report of an act of terrorism: based on materials of the Republic of Dagestan: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Makhachkala, 2004. – 184 p.
5. Irzhanov A. S. British legislation in the fight against terrorism // Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – 2009. – No. 2 (14). [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/britanskoe-zakonodatelstvo-v-borbe-s-terrorizmom).

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MALAMAGAMEDOVA Aida Ruslanovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
HUMANIZATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the implementation of the principle of humanism in criminal proceedings. The author notes that, despite the absence of a direct reference to this principle in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, it is reflected in its norms. Special attention is given to the analysis of recent legislative changes aimed at strengthening the institution of protection and minimizing restrictions on individual rights during criminal proceedings. According to the author, the modernization of criminal procedure norms leads to a more comprehensive reflection of humanistic principles in law enforcement practice, which contributes to the harmonization of the interests of individuals, society, and the state.
Keywords: criminal process, criminal proceedings, humanization of the criminal process, principle of humanism in the criminal process.
Article bibliography
1. Berezhko E. V. Moral Foundations of Criminal Procedure: A Textbook; Orenburg State University. – Orenburg: OSU, 2013. – 206 p.
2. Malamagamedova A. R. Humanitarian Content of Moral and Confessional Elements of the Criminal Procedural Form // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2015. – No. 3 (17). – P. 40-47.
3. Zaitsev E. A., Kiselev Ya. S., Korenevsky Yu. V., Strogovich M. S. Problems of judicial ethics / Ed.: Strogovich M. S. – M.: Nauka, 1974. – 612 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MELNIKOVA Ekaterina Fedorovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
TETERKINA Oksana Igorevna
senior lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES TO PREVENT COUNTERACTION TO THE INVESTIGATION OF REMOTE THEFTS
This article examines the specifics of overcoming countermeasures against remote thefts using the internet and mobile devices. Despite the measures taken by law enforcement agencies, remote thefts using information and telecommunications technologies are rapidly gaining momentum. Fraudsters skillfully exploit all available information and modern technologies, understanding human psychology to coerce victims into revealing all their personal information. The authors examine the concept of countermeasures against investigations, analyze modern approaches to combating cybercrime, and offer suggestions for improving the investigation of this type of crime.
Keywords: preliminary investigation, counteraction to crime investigation, investigator, remote theft, suspect, accused.
Article References
1. The State of Crime in the Russian Federation for January–December 2024; for January–August 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф (date of access: 10.09.2025).
2. Karagodin V. N. Overcoming Resistance to Preliminary Investigation. [Text]. – Sverdlovsk: Publishing House of the Ural University, 1992. – 176 p.
3. Forensic Support for the Activities of the Criminal Police and Preliminary Investigation Bodies / Ed. by T. V. Averyanov and R. S. Belkin. – Moscow, 1997. – P. 129.
4. Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the National Payment System” dated July 24, 2023 No. 369-FZ // Accessed from the SPS “Consultant-Plus (date of access: September 15, 2025).
5. Bogomolov A. I. Combating Computer Crime: Legislation, Practice // Young Scientist. – 2024. – No. 2 (501). – Pp. 170-172.
6. News from the official website of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/news.
7. News from the official website of JSC “ROSBUSINESSCONSULTING”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MISHCHENKO Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Dean, Faculty of Law, Orenburg State University
PROTECTING THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRIVATE LIVES OF CITIZENS IN THE NORMS OF THE LEGISLATION OF PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA
The article presents a historical and legal analysis of the formation of legal protection of confidential information about the private life of citizens in criminal proceedings, as a sphere of relations that most affect the rights of citizens. It is pointed out that the Russian legal system has always attached special importance to certain information of a private, personal and family nature, and the legislator has taken certain measures aimed at limiting the dissemination of information about the private lives of participants in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the presence in pre-revolutionary Russian legislation regulating criminal proceedings of some of the norms concerning non-intrusion into the private lives of citizens is due to moral and ethical standards.
Keywords: Russian criminal procedure legislation; protection of confidential information; inviolability of private life; personal and family secrets; protection of human rights.
Article bibliography
1. Gontar S. N., Uvarov N. A. Genesis of the formation and development of the constitutional right of an individual to privacy in criminal proceedings (from the beginning of the formation of Russian statehood to the beginning of the 20th century) // World of science, culture and education. – 2014. – No. 5 (48). – P. 301-303.
2. Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments of 1845 // P. A. Stolypin Museum of the History of Russian Reforms. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://museumreforms.ru/node/13654 (date of access: 09/11/2025).
3. Kornakova S. V. Logical Foundations of Criminal Procedure Proof: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Irkutsk, 2008. – 22 p.
4. Koni A. F., Sluchevsky V. K. [et al.]. The Charter of Criminal Procedure: A Systematic Commentary / Under the general editorship of prof. M. N. Gernet. Issue III. Articles 249-594. – M.: Publishing House of M. M. Ziv, 1914.
5. Rezon A. K. Criminal Code: Brief Summary of Its Chapter Provisions in Comparison with Current Law: With Appendices of Comparative Indexes of Articles of the New Criminal Code and the Code and Statute on Punishments / Comp. A. K. von-Rezon. – St. Petersburg: Ya. A. Kantorovich, 1903. – 331 p.
6. Statute of Criminal Procedure: Systematic Commentary / A. F. Koni, V. K. Sluchevsky [and others]; under the general editorship of prof. M. N. Gernet. – Issue III. Articles 249-594. – M.: Publishing House of M. M. Ziv, 1914. – 583 p.
7. Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 3: in 33 volumes. Vol. 17. – St. Petersburg: State Printing House, 1885-1916. – No. 14233.
8. Russian Legislation of the 10th-20th Centuries, edited by O. I. Chistyakov. – Vol. 8. – Moscow: Legal Literature, 1986.
9. Kamalova G. G. History of Protecting the Confidentiality of Information in Russia // Dialogue with Time. – 2019. – Issue 66. – Pp. 336-337.
10. Kornakova S. V. On the Principle of Justice // Siberian Criminal Procedure and Forensic Readings. – 2014. – No. 2 (6). – pp. 64-70.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PEREKRESTOV Vadim Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
FANTROV Pavel Petrovich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
FEATURES OF THE PROCEDURAL ORDER FOR THE PROSECUTOR TO RETURN A CRIMINAL CASE TO Eliminate OBSTACLES TO ITS CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE ON THE MERITS
The subject of this study is the procedural order for the court to return criminal case materials to the prosecutor. Current criminal procedural legislation is characterized by a lack of specific norms regulating the prosecutor\’s powers regarding a criminal case received from the court. The nature of the prosecutor\’s actions and those of the preliminary investigation bodies aimed at addressing violations identified by the court is determined by the character and severity of these violations. The authors of the article propose the implementation of a legally established sequence of actions to be taken by the court when making a decision to return the case, as well as the documentation of the legal consequences of that decision and the establishment of the procedure for the further procedural movement of the criminal case materials returned to the prosecutor.
Keywords: criminal case, prosecutor, court, ruling, determination, preliminary hearing, criminal procedure.
Article References
1. Ermolaeva T. A., Markina E. A. “Returning a Criminal Case to the Prosecutor: New Positions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation” // Criminal Procedure. – 2025. – No. 3 (243).
2. Kuryakhova T. V. “Elimination by the Investigator of Violations Impeding the Court’s Consideration of a Criminal Case.” – Omsk: Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2014.
3. Lupinskaya P. A. Decisions in criminal proceedings: theory, legislation, practice. – M.: Infra-M., 2010.
4. Resolution of the Central District Court of Krasnoyarsk dated July 30, 2024, in case No. 1-388/2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/LtYkxxkwQYI/?ysclid=mf12dxaw2j973308046 (date of access: September 1, 2025).
5. Ryabinina T. K. The stage of scheduling a court hearing as a legal institution, a stage of criminal proceedings and procedurallegal activity of the court // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Law. – 2019. – No. 34.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
POVALYAEV Eduard Andreevich
senior lecturer of Operational-investigative activities and specialized equipment sub-faculty, Luhansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
CIRCUMSTANCES TO BE ESTABLISHED AT THE STAGE OF INITIATION OF A CRIMINAL CASE ON THE FACTS OF FRIEND TRAFFICKING COMMITTED BY AN ORGANIZED GROUP
The article examines the key circumstances that need to be established at the stage of initiating a criminal case on the facts of drug trafficking committed by an organized group. The article analyzes the specifics of identifying participants in a criminal organization, the mechanisms for carrying out illegal activities, as well as the importance of timely and comprehensive identification of circumstances for effective investigative actions and further prosecution. Special attention is paid to legal aspects, as well as methods and means of collecting evidence to ensure the completeness and reliability of established facts.
Keywords: narcotic drugs, organized group, operational search activities, survey, verification purchase, controlled delivery, surveillance, initiation of criminal proceedings, circumstances to be proven.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. State of crime in Russia for January-December 2023. Statistics. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://portal.tpu.ru/SHARED/n/NIKOLAENKOVS/student/risk_management/Состояния%20престоности%20в%20Росс1.pdf (date of access: 15.07.2025).
2. Babichev D. A. Prosecutor’s supervision over the legality of operational-search decisions on documenting the criminal activities of organized drug groups // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. – 2018. – Vol. 24. No. 3. – Pp. 284-288.
3. On operational-search activities: Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ // Reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 15.07.2025).
4. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ // Information and legal system “Legislation of Russia”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 15.07.2025).
5. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 10, 2010 No. 12, Moscow “On the judicial practice of considering criminal cases on the organization of a criminal community (criminal organization) or participation in it.” [Electronic resource]. – Available at https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_101362/ (accessed on 16 July 2025).
6. Klyuchko R. N., Gorenchuk A. A. Criminological characteristics of persons committing crimes in the sphere of illegal drug trafficking carried out using information and communication networks // Bulletin of the Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Series 4. Jurisprudence. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 1. – P. 101-109.
7. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 08.12.2001 No. 174-FZ. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/ (Accessed: 17.07.2025).
8. Bykov V. M. Problems of Investigation of Group Crimes: Abstract of a Doctor of Law Dissertation: 12.00.09 / Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – Moscow, 1992. – P. 14.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
POPOV Igor Vadimovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Deputy Head of Penal enforcement law and organization of the execution of sentences not related to the isolation of convicts from society sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
POPOV Viktor Mikhaylovich
Global Managing Director of Polad Group, inventor and innovator
SHIRSHAEV Sergey Alexandrovich
Director of BSV-Group LLC, developer and manufacturer of equipment and software for the monitoring system
THE PRACTICE OF USING AN ELECTRONIC MONITORING SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLED ENTITIES (SAMPLE) IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD
In this article, the authors consider the foreign and domestic experience of using an electronic monitoring system for controlled entities, the main problems and features of using samples. The authors analyzed problematic issues and concluded that updating foreign experience in the use of electronic monitoring of controlled entities is necessary to improve the technical, organizational and legal aspects of the SEMPL in Russia. There is an ongoing process of improving legislation in foreign countries and the Russian Federation in the field of electronic monitoring. Optimization of the SEMPL in Russia in the context of digitalization of the penal correction system in accordance with the Concept of the development of the penal correction system in the Russian Federation until 2030 requires special attention to the effectiveness of control and respect for the legitimate rights of controlled persons.
Keywords: electronic monitoring system, electronic wristband, suspect, accused, convicted, controlled entities, foreign experience.
Article bibliography
1. Golubtsova K. I., Gerasimov A. A. Features of the electronic monitoring system of controlled persons in foreign countries // Bulletin of Kuzbass University. – 2018. – No. 2 (35). – P. 25-31.
2. Ozersky S. V., Popov I. V., Shirshaev S. A. Modern conceptual and technical directions for the development of the electronic monitoring system of controlled persons in Russia: monograph / Federal Penitentiary Service, Samara Law Institute. – Samara: Samara Law Institute. In-t FSIN of Russia, 2020. – 115 p.
3. Isykuev U. Special-purpose electronic equipment: electronic monitoring systems for supervised persons // Modern electronics. – 2025. – No. 2. – Pp. 34-45.
4. Timofeeva E. A., Motin O. A. On the issue of foreign practice of using an electronic monitoring system for supervised persons // Penitentiary science. – 2014. – No. 4 (28). – Pp. 89-94.
5. Technologies of ideas: T1 spectrum. // Official website: news: FSIN of Russia will improve electronic bracelets to more often place people under house arrest instead of pre-trial detention. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cnews.ru / news / top / 2024-07-31_fsin_uluchshaet_elektronnye (date accessed: 22.07.2025).
6. Ulendeeva N. I. Foreign experience of using SEMPL in the execution of sentences not related to imprisonment: collection of conference papers. // Current issues of law, economics and management: IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists with international participation (Ulyanovsk, April 29, 2022) / Editorial board: T. A. Makarova [et al.]. – Cheboksary: ​​Publishing House “Sreda”, 2022. – P. 233-236.
7. Electronic monitoring of people [electronic resource]: informative for the social protection policy network / National Council of Justice, United Nations Development Program, National Secretariat for Penal Policies; coordination of Luís Geraldo Sant\’ana Lanfredi… [et al.]; translation of Intradoc Ltda. Brasilia: National Council of Justice, 2023. – 73 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
RASTOPHIN R.A.
Deputy Chief of Internal Security of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the city of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, colonel of police
THE COMPETENCE OF THE PROSECUTOR\’S OFFICE IN THE APPLICATION OF COERCIVE MEASURES RESTRICTING THE FREEDOM OF CITIZENS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
The article, which is an author\’s material, examines the competence of the prosecutor\’s office in the application of coercive measures restricting the freedom of citizens in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany. The relevance of the comparative legal study is justified by the similarity of the criminal process in Russia and Germany, as well as the fundamental nature of the German doctrine and legislation, which has remained unchanged since the adoption of the German Criminal Procedure Code in 1877. This source of procedural law has had a great influence on the formation of Russian science and law and is of interest to Russian researchers. The use of coercive measures continues to be one of the key institutions of procedural law in both Russia and Germany. This publication will be useful to all practical specialists dealing with issues of criminal procedure law.
Keywords: criminal procedure, freedom of a citizen, measures of procedural coercion, preventive measures, arrest, imprisonment, prosecutor’s office, control, supervision.
Bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28399/ (date of access: 02.08.2025).
2. Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalns.com/download/books/cons/germany.pdf (date accessed: 5.08.2025).
3. The Criminal Procedure Code of Germany of 1 February 1877, as amended on 21 February 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/englisch_stpo.html (date accessed: 15.08.2025).
4. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.09.2025). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ (date of access: 10.08.2025).
5. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 31.07.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into forceEnglish: (effective from 01.09.2025). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/ (accessed on 10.08.2025).
6. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on 28.12.2024). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_12940/ (accessed on 10.08.2025).
7. Federal Law “On the Detention of Suspects and Accused of Committing Crimes” dated July 15, 1995 No. 103-FZ. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/1305540/ (date of access: 10.08.2025).
8. Federal Law “On the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation” dated 17.01.1992 No. 2202-1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_262/ (date of access: 5.08.2025).
9. Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization and Activities of State Authorities of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_404070/ (date of access: 5.08.2025).
10. Federal Law on the Judiciary of January 27, 1877, as amended on July 1, 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gvg/index.html (date of access: 15.08.2025).
11. Law of the Russian Federation of July 2, 1992 No. 3185-1 “On Psychiatric Care and Guarantees of Citizens’ Rights in Its Provision. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_4205/ (date of access: 10.08.2025).
12. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 19.12.2013 No. 41 “On the practice of applying the legislation on preventive measures in the form of… – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/own/8379/ (date of access: 2.08.2025).
13. Gladkov I. V. On the activities of the prosecutor’s office of the Federal Republic of Germany (internship experience at the Bavarian State Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-deyatelnosti-organov-prokuratury-v-frg-opyt-stazhirovki-v-bavarskom-gosudarstvennom-ministerstve-yustitsii-i-zaschity-prav/viewer.
14. Mekhmanov I. I. Legal status of the prosecutor’s office in Germany // International journal of conference series on education and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ijorces.org/index.php/ojs/article/view/401.
15. Nikitin E. L., Kustov M. N. Prosecutor’s supervision of the implementation of laws by the administrations of bodies and institutions executing punishment, places of detention and remand in custody: a tutorial. – Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2018. – P. 56.
16. Taking into account the position of the prosecutor’s office, the court chose a preventive measure in the form of detention for the accomplice of the telephone scammers. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://epp.genproc.gov.ru/web/proc_77/mass-media/news?item=107794429 (date of access: 10.09.2025).
17. Arrest of a suspect in membership in the foreign terrorist organization “Islamic State”. Press release of the Federal Prosecutor General’s Office of Germany. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2025/Pressemitteilung-vom-17-06-2025-engl.html?nn=677796 (date accessed: 15.08.2025).
18. A new arrest warrant has been received in connection with the alleged terrorist attack at a bar in Bielefeld. Press release of the Federal Prosecutor General’s Office of Germany. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2025/Pressemitteilung-vom-25-06-2025-engl.html?nn=677796 (access date: 08/15/2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SIDIROPULO Irina Georgievna
lecturer of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
GROUNDS AND LIMITS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR COMPLICITY IN A CRIME
The article discusses the grounds and limits of criminal liability for complicity in a crime. The key principles of responsibility of accomplices are analyzed, including a differentiated approach to the qualification of their actions depending on their role in the crime. Attention is paid to the issues of the excess of the performer, the individualization of punishment and the specifics of the responsibility of the organizers, instigators and accomplices. The problems of individualizing punishment are considered, taking into account the nature and degree of participation of each accomplice, as well as controversial issues of assessing their role in the crime. It emphasizes the need for a strictly individual approach in assessing mitigating and aggravating circumstances, as well as in qualifying the actions of participants in organized criminal groups. ItIt is concluded that the institution of complicity is based on a combination of the collective nature of the crime and individual responsibility, which requires the law enforcement officer to take into account both the general characteristics of the act and the personal role of each participant.
Keywords: criminal liability, complicity in a crime, perpetrator, organizer, instigator, accomplice, excess of the perpetrator, differentiation of punishment.
Article bibliography
1. Shatov S. A. On the Issue of the Specifics of Criminal Liability of Accomplices to a Crime // Current Issues of Appointment and Execution of Criminal Punishments: Proceedings of the Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conf. – 2016. – pp. 195-201.
2. Yani P. S. Problems of Understanding Complicity in Judicial Practice // Legality. – 2013. – No. 7. – P. 24-28.
3. Zdravomyslov B. V. Criminal Law of Russia. General Part: Textbook. – Moscow, 1996. – 512 p.
4. Mirzoyan V. G. Grounds for Criminal Liability for Incitement to Commit Crimes // Society and Law. – 2011. – No. 5 (37). – P. 179-182.
5. Pozdeeva V. A. Excess of the Perpetrator of a Crime: Qualification Issues // Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice. – 2016. – No. 1 (143). – P. 19-22.
6. Petrasheva N. V. Current Issues of Legislative Regulation of the Institute of Excess of the Perpetrator of a Crime Committed in Complicity in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation // Jurist-Pravoved. – 2014. – No. 4 (65). – P. 64-67.
7. Bezborodov D. A. Liability of accomplices in excess // Scientific Bulletin of the Tyumen Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: collection of scientific papers. – 2004. – P. 50-53.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SOBOLEVA Anastasiya Evgenjevna
adjunct of Management of crime investigation bodies sub-faculty, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF THE CATEGORY OF EXPEDIENCY IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the category of expediency as both a methodological and practical guideline in criminal proceedings, emphasizing its relationship with legality, discretion, and justice. Through historical-legal and dogmatic analysis, the thesis of “embedded expediency” is substantiated as an internal mechanism for implementing the principle of legality rather than its antithesis. An original authorial definition of expediency in criminal procedure is proposed, along with an operational five-factor matrix (goal, legal boundaries, proportionality, expected social outcome, and controllability). The article identifies the main areas where expediency is manifested—such as termination by reconciliation, active repentance, judicial fines, and pre-trial cooperation agreements—and outlines the procedural safeguards necessary for their lawful application. Recommendations are formulated for the normative and methodological strengthening of expediency in law enforcement and judicial practice.
Keywords: expediency, legality, judicial discretion, proportionality, criminal procedure, reconciliation, pre-trial cooperation, judicial fine, restorative justice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Golovko L.V. Alternatives to criminal prosecution in modern law. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
2. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure. – Moscow: Nauka, 1968.
3. Great Soviet Encyclopedia / 3rd ed. – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. – Article “Expediency”.
4. Roman Private Law: textbook / Ed. by I. B. Novitsky, I. S. Peretersky. – Moscow: Yurist, 1998.
5. Poznyshev S. V. Basic issues of the doctrine of punishment: Research by Associate Professor of Imperial Moscow University S. V. Poznyshev. – Moscow: University Press, 1904.
6. Cheltsov M. A. Soviet criminal procedure. – M.: Yurizdat, 1951.
7. Elkind P. S. Issues of the Theory of Evidence in Soviet Criminal Procedure. – M.: Legal Literature, 1970.
8. Vyshinsky A. Ya. Theory of Judicial Evidence in Soviet Law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1941.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SOKOLOV Yuriy Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Information law, professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, V. F. Yakovlev Ural State Law University, Yekaterinburg
ON THE NATURE OF ELECTRONIC TRACES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The topic and content of this publication stems from the widespread use of diverse sources of electronic information in evidence. Therefore, this article examines the nature of the electronic trace created by the widespread use of subscriber terminals (devices) in crimes. It examines the concept of traces of crime, which is currently in use in forensic science and codified in criminal procedure law. It critically analyzes the popular concept of “digital traces” among criminologists as potential sources of forensically significant electronic information. It argues that software plays a key role in the creation and subsequent comprehensive analysis of forensically significant information. A number of controversial conclusions characterizing the nature of the electronic trace are offered.
Keywords: electronic forensically significant information, electronic storage media, levels of information presentation, software.
Bibliography
1. Agibalov V. Yu. Virtual Traces in Forensic Science and Criminal Procedure: Abstract of a Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. Voronezh, 2010. 24 p.
2. Bagmet A. M., Bychkov V. V., Skobelin S. Yu., Ilyin N. N. Digital Traces of Crime: Monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2021, 168 p.
3. Belkin R. S. Forensic Science: Today’s Problems. Current Issues in Russian Forensic Science. M.: NORMA-INFA-M, 2001. 240 p.
4. Vekhov V. B. Electronic Trace Path: Concept, Features of Forensic Computer-Technical Investigation // Criminal Proceedings: Procedural Theory and Forensic Practice. Proceedings of the VII International Scientific and Technical Conference. Alushta, April 25-26, 2019. Pp. 18-20.
5. Vekhov V. B. Forensic Science of Computer Information and Means of Its Processing: Abstract of Doctor of Law Dissertation. Volgograd, 2008. 60 p.
6. Volevodz A. G. Combating Computer Crimes: Legal Foundations of International Cooperation. Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2002. 485 p.
7. Information technologies in legal activity: textbook for the academic bachelor’s degree / General editor P. U. Kuznetsov. 3rd edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2016. 325 p.
8. Lytkin N. N. Using Computer-Technical Traces in Investigating Property Crimes: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. Moscow, 2007. 24 p.
9. Nesterov A. V. Virtual Traces in Forensic Science: Textbook. Moscow: KNORUS, 2021. 154 p.
10. Pershin A. N. Documented Information: Forensic Approaches to the Concept and Research: Monograph. Moscow: Prospect, 2020. 312 p.
11. Sebyakin A. G. Tactics of Using Knowledge in the Field of Computer Technology: Monograph. M.: Yurlitinform, 2023. 181 p.
12. Smushkin A. B. Virtual Traces in Forensic Science // Legality. 2012. No. 8. pp. 43-48.
13. Theory of Information and Computer Support for Forensic Activity: Monograph / Ed. by E. R. Rossinskaya. M.: Prospect, 2022. 256 p.
14. Usov A. I. Forensic Research of Computer Tools and Systems (Fundamentals of Methodological Support): Study Guide / Ed. by Prof. E. R. Rossinskaya. M.: Exam: Law and Law. 2003. 368 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
STEPANENKO Yuriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
PLYUSNINA Evgeniya Nikolaevna
student, Irkutsk National Research Technical University; independent researcher
THE CONCEPT AND LEGAL NATURE OF PAROLE
This article analyzes the concept and legal nature of parole from serving a criminal sentence, as provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The paper also examines the experience of applying password, identifies the main shortcomings, and proposes ways to resolve them. The issues of socialization of convicts released from serving a criminal sentence are considered, the main goal of which is to prevent the growth of recidivism of persons released from places of isolation from society. The authors of the article analyze the problem of civil society’s attitude toward individuals who have been granted early release from punishment and propose ways to resolve the identified shortcomings.
Keywords: parole, crime, places of imprisonment, conditions of isolation of the convicted person from society, socialization of convicted persons released from serving a criminal sentence, recidivism, correction of convicted persons, criminal punishment.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation: adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020 (taking into account amendments of December 30, 2008, No. 6-FKZ, December 30, 2008, No. 7-FKZ, February 5, 2014, No. 2-FKZ, dated July 21, 2014 No. 11-FKZ; dated March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2020. – July 4.
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation dated June 13, 1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on April 21, 2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on May 2, 2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ (date of access: 24.07.2025).
3. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/ (date of access: 24.07.2025).
4. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 21.04.2009 No. 8 (as amended on 25.06.2024) “On the judicial practice of parole, replacement of the unserved portion of the sentence with a more lenient type of punishment.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_87192/ (date accessed: 24.07.2025).
5. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 07.06.2022 No. 14 “On the practice of applying by courts, when considering criminal cases, the legislation regulating the calculation of the period of expiration and the procedure for expunging a criminal record.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_418734/ (date accessed: 24.07.2025).
6. Stepanenko Yu. S. Problems of social adaptation of persons released from criminal punishment // Glagoliy of justice. – 2020. – No. 1 (23). – pp. 28-29.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CHEKULAEV Dmitriy Petrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process, justice and prosecutor\’s supervision sub-faculty, Law Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
“TOUGH” DETENTIONS THROUGH THE LENS OF MEDIATIZATION AND THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
Through the prism of the presumption of innocence and the ethical principles of law enforcement agencies, the article examines the issues of the permissibility of posting videos and comments related to the detention of persons on suspicion of committing a crime in the mass media. The current practice of publishinginformation about the detention of suspects, posted on the initiative of law enforcement agencies, is criticized in cases where such information is not related to the need to identify eyewitnesses or victims, but contains accusation of a person\’s guilt in committing a crime before being condemned by a court. It seems that domestic criminal procedure science needs to expand the scope of the principle of the presumption of innocence. Accordingly, any suspect detained should be treated as an innocent person, minimizing possible physical and psychological impacts, and especially avoiding spreading negative information about their detention as a person guilty of committing a crime to an unlimited number of people in the media.
Keywords: media space, media publications, detention, presumption of innocence, ethics of law enforcement officers, respect for the honor and dignity of an individual.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Course in criminal procedure / Ed. L. V. Golovko. – Ed. 4th. – M.: Statut, 2025.
2. Povorova E. A. Media turn in the post-truth era and the judiciary // Russian Justice. – 2025. – No. 2. – P. 66-74.
3. Rossinsky S. B. Detention of a suspect: a constitutional-interdisciplinary approach: monograph. – M.: Prospekt, 2019.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ALIBAEVA Guzel Aidarovna
researcher attached to write a candidate dissertation, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCEDURAL AUTONOMY OF THE INVESTIGATOR IN MAKING PROCEDURAL DECISIONS
The investigator is now assigned to the prosecution and performs a complex, labor-intensive part of criminal procedure. In the field of criminal procedure, one of the current issues is the problem of procedural autonomy of the investigator and its implementation – how independent the investigator is in taking procedural decisions, conducting investigative actions and other procedural actions, Especially given the legal restrictions imposed in the form of obtaining court decisions and consent from the head of the investigative body. This article analyzes the problems of implementation by the investigator of the principle of procedural autonomy in the adoption of procedural decisions.
Keywords: procedural decisions, investigator, procedural independence, competence, investigation, crime.
Bibliography
1. Darmaeva V. D. Ensuring the procedural independence of the investigator – a necessity of modern realities // Russian investigator. – 2020. – No. 4. – pp. 34-37.
2. Popov D. P. Independence of the investigator: problematic aspects of determining the legal essence and functional purpose // Russian investigator. – 2020. – No. 11. – pp. 19-23.
3. Strogovich M. S. On the preparation of the draft Criminal Procedure Code of the USSR // Socialist Legality. – 1946. – No. 7-8. – P. 9.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
BRYUKHANOVA Alena Dmitrievna
postgraduate student of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ulyanovsk State University
ON THE QUESTION OF THE NEED TO INTRODUCE THE INSTITUTE OF INVESTIGATIVE JUDGES
The discussion about the institution of “investigative judges” has been going on in Russian legal science since about 2012. At the same time, there is still no consensus on the need to introduce this institution into the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. In this article, the author examines the need to reform the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation by introducing the institution of “investigative judges” or “judges for freedoms and imprisonment”. The activities of the “investigative judges” are based on the control of the preliminary investigation bodies and the timely elimination of violations at this stage. The author raises and discusses relevant issues in this area. The differentiation of the institution of “investigative judges” and the institution of “judicial investigators” is carried out. Answers are given to questions about the role and powers of the investigating judge. It is concluded that this institution is necessary in the criminal procedure of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: investigative judge, judicial proceedings, preliminary investigation, equality of the parties, adversarial proceedings, criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Belonosov V. O. Investigative judge under the French Code of Criminal Procedure // Rule of law: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (75). – P. 8-17.
2. Golovko L. V. Reform of criminal procedure in France // State and Law. – 2001. – No. 8.
3. Gutsenko K. F., Golovko L. V., Filimonov B. A. Criminal procedure in Western states. – M., 2002.
4. Derishev Yu. V., Nikolyuk V. V. Optimization of pre-trial proceedings in criminal proceedings in Russia: monograph. – Krasnoyarsk, 2003.
5. Kalinovsky K. B. Criminal proceedings in modern foreign states: Textbook. – Petrozavodsk: PetrSU Publishing House, 2000.
6. Kovtun N. N. Institute of specialized investigative judges: towards a discussion of the vectors of legislative will // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – 2015. – No. 2.
7. Kovtun N. N. Investigator and investigative judge – different subjects of legal relations // Criminal justice: connection of times: Selected materials of the international conference, St. Petersburg, October 6-8, 2012. – Saint Petersburg: Aktion-media, 2012.
8. Kovtun N. N. On the Concept and Content of the Term “Judicial Investigator” (“Investigative Judge”) // Russian Judge. – 2010. – No. 5.
9. Kovtun N. N. On the Predetermined Inner Conviction of Judges in Judicial Review Proceedings and Stages of Criminal Proceedings in Russia: the Question of Tactics or Strategy of Judicial Review // Scientific Works of the Moscow Academy of Economics and Law: Issue No. 24. – Moscow: MAEP, 2009.
10. Kovtun N. N. Specialized Investigative Judge: Pros and Cons // Russian Justice. – 2010. – № 9.
11. Kovtun N. N., Bukhranova T. S. The Institute of a Forensic Investigator and a Specialized Investigative Judge in the Context of the Experience of Countries with a Continental Law System // The Russian Investigator. – 2011. – № 17.
12. Koni V. V. Forensic Investigator in Criminal Proceedings // Current Issues of Russian Law. – 2016. – № 8.
13. Mashovets A. O. Options for Introducing the Institute of an Investigative Judge in Pre-Trial Criminal Proceedings // Bulletin of SUSU. Series “Law”. – 2015. – № 4.
14. Morshchakova T. G. Counter-Reform: Threat and Reality // Comparative Constitutional Review. – 2005. – № 3 (52).
15. Poddubnyak A. A., Ablaeva D. S. The Institute of Investigative Judges in Russia: Problems and Prospects // Scientific Notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal Sciences. – 2019. – No. 1.
16. Predeina A. K. The Institute of Investigative Judges and the History of Its Emergence in Domestic Law // Young Scientist. – 2023. – No. 46 (493).
17. Rudich V. V., Fetishcheva L. M. Draft Amendments on the Investigative Judge as an Entity Authorized to Apply Significant Measures of Criminal Procedural Coercion // Russian Investigator. – 2015. – No. 17.
18. Rudich V. V. The Mechanism for Applying Preventive Measures in Russian Criminal Proceedings. Diss. … Doctor of Law. – Ulyanovsk, 2020.
19. Ryabinina T. K. Should There Be an Investigative Judge in Russian Criminal Procedure? // Criminal Procedure and Forensic Problems of Combating Crime. – Orel, 2015.
20. Smirnov A. V. The Institute of Investigative Judges: The Path to Advocacy in Criminal Procedure // Eurasian Advocacy. – 2015. – No. 1 (14).
21. Telegina V. A. On the Issue of Establishing the Institute of Investigative Judges // Scientific Notes of OSU. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2015. – No. 2.
22. Tumanyants A. R. Investigative Judge as a Subject of Criminal Procedure Activity // Criminal Procedure. – 2013. – No. 1.
23. Chaplygina V. N. “Court investigator” and “investigating judge”: the relationship and purpose of the concepts // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 4 (59).
24. Chuprin D. A. The need to introduce an investigative judge into criminal proceedings in Russia // International Student Scientific Bulletin. – 2018. – No. 1.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
POYA ABDULL Jamil
postgraduate student of the 3rd semester of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
A STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED, THE VICTIM, AND THE WITNESS BASED ON ARTICLE 6 OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF IRAN
Article 6 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran emphasizes the observance of the rights of the accused, the victim, and the witness, and considers that a fair trial depends on adherence to such principles as the impartiality of the judiciary, respect for legal freedoms, preservation of human dignity, and the guarantee of the defendant’s right to defense. This study examines the provisions of this article using a descriptive-analytical approach and explains its role in the Iranian legal system. According to this article, the accused has rights such as the presumption of innocence, the right to defense, access to a lawyer, and protection against unlawful detention. The rights of the victim also include legal protection, access to judicial authorities, and the possibility of receiving compensation within the framework of the law. On the other hand, witnesses are also under legal protection so they can participate in the judicial process without fear. This study analyzes the legalfoundations of Article 6, examines its role in ensuring criminal justice, and emphasizes the importance of its precise implementation for achieving a fair trial.
Keywords: Criminal procedure, rights of the accused, rights of the victim, witness protection, fair trial, criminal justice.
References:
1. The right to a fair trial is a fundamental norm of international human rights law, encompassing the rights of the accused to equality before the law, presumption of innocence, and adequate defense facilities.
2. Trechsel S. (2005). Human Rights in Criminal Proceedings. Oxford University Press.
3. The recognition of victims\’ participatory rights in criminal proceedings reflects a shift from a purely state-centered model to one that acknowledges the dignity and interests of those harmed by crime.
4. Doak J. (2008). Victims\’ Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice: Reconceiving the Role of Third Parties. Hart Publishing.
5. Effective witness protection mechanisms are indispensable for ensuring both the integrity of testimony and the safety of individuals who cooperate with justice systems.
6. Groenhuijsen, M. (2014). The Rights of Victims and the International Criminal Court // International Criminal Law Review. 2014. No. 14 (1). P. 1-35.
7. Divergences in procedural safeguards between civil and common law systems often hinge on cultural and historical conceptions of justice, yet international human rights instruments provide a unifying framework.
8. Damaska ​​M. (1986). The Faces of Justice and State Authority: A Comparative Approach to the Legal Process. Yale University Press.
9. While Iran’s legal system incorporates Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), its adherence to international fair trial standards remains contested, particularly regarding pre-trial rights and judicial impartiality.
10. Ansari A. (2016). Criminal Justice and Human Rights in Iran. Cambridge University Press.
11. The presumption of innocence is not merely a procedural formality but a cornerstone of justice that places the burden of proof squarely on the prosecution.
12. Ashworth A. (2006). Principles of Criminal Law. Oxford University Press.
13. The tension between the rights of the accused and the interests of victims must be carefully balanced to avoid undermining either the fairness of the trial or the restorative potential of justice.
14. Zedner L. (2002). “Victims” In The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford University Press.

CRIMINALISTICS
KOSTYUCHENKO Oleg Georgievich
Ph.D. in Law, senior investigator-criminologist of the Main Investigative Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in Moscow
HIGH-TECH INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES
The article examines the signs of high-tech technology in criminology, as well as the use of such tools in investigative activities. Modern legal systems are increasingly integrating high-tech tools, which leads, among other things, to the formation of new methods and techniques in the investigation of crimes. This highlights the need for constant research in this area. The mechanism of investigative activity highlights the most common actions of its implementation. Examples of the use of specific high-tech tools in the investigation of crimes are given. The advantages of using high-tech tools in the investigator’s activities and the role of the latter in their use are listed. The author’s concept of high-tech investigative activity is given.
Keywords: crime investigation, high technologies, high-tech tools in criminology, high-tech investigative activities.
Article bibliography
1. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: concept, genesis, and prospects // Bulletin of RUDN University. Series: Legal sciences. 2021. Vol. 25. No. 4. pp. 735-749.
2. Bertovsky L. V., Kostyuchenko O. G. High-tech tactical operation “Inspection of the crime scene”: monograph. M.: Yurlitinform, 2024. 200 p.
3. Kustov A. M., Forensic Science Theory on the Mechanism of Crime: Diss. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.09. M., 1997. 355 p.
4. Nesterov A. V. Universal Criterion of the Level of High-Tech // Competence. 2019. No. 6. Pp. 4-11.
5. Manova N. S., Franciforov Yu. V. Criminal Procedure: A Short Course of Lectures. M.: Yurait, 2014. P. 90.

CRIMINALISTICS
KRASNENKO Yuriy Vladimirovich
lecturer of Criminal process sub-faculty, I. D. Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
MODERN TECHNICAL MEANS AND METHODS OF EVIDENCE RECORDING USED IN CRIMINALISTIC ACTIVITIES
The effectiveness of crime detection and investigation of criminal cases depends on the quality of collecting evidence in the course of inveInvestigative actions. The article discusses modern technical and criminalistic tools and methods of evidence capture used in the criminalistic activities of crime detection and investigation. In the course of studying the issue, the author analyzed the features of complex, contactless, objective, and integrated approaches, compliance with which is necessary to capture evidence in modern conditions. The application features of scanning technology, unmanned aerial vehicles, expert light sources, mobile forensic laboratories, and complexes are presented.
Keywords: criminalistic activity, investigative actions, technical means, evidence.
Article bibliography
1. Kuznetsova A. V. “Modern means of recording information used by a specialist during crime scene examination” // Novyi yuridicheskie vednik. – 2021. – No. 6 (30). – P. 31-33.
2. Sevastyanov P. V. Development of methods and means of recording non-verbal evidentiary information based on 3D scanning technology // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4 (68). – P. 171-177.
3. Katermin V. S. Photogrammetry: 3D model from photographs // Current scientific research in the modern world. – 2021. – No. 12-11 (80). – P. 89-94.
4. Katorgina N. P. Possibilities of using modern digital technologies in recording the scene of a crime in hard-to-reach areas // Bulletin of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 4 (42). – P. 114-121.
5. Ksendzov Yu. Yu. Modern Possibilities of Technical and Forensic Support for Crime Investigation // Problems of Modern Legislation of Russia and Foreign Countries: Proceedings of the XI International Scientific and Practical Conference, Irkutsk, September 5, 2022. – P. 188-193.

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor of Procedural Law Sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
FORENSIC MICROBIOME EXAMINATION: POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES; PROBLEMS OF FORMATION OF METHODOLOGICAL, SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASE
The article substantiates the author\’s position on the availability of potential opportunities for the formation of methodological, scientific, technical and hardware-software bases of forensic microbiome examination, using scientific and theoretical knowledge and empirical developments in the field of innovative forensic biometric technology based on the properties of the human microbiome and the microbiome in general (environment, objects) for identification, verification and diagnosis of personality., objects, etc.). The article describes the properties of the human microbiome that are of systemic and methodological importance for forensic microbiomic biometric technology, analyzes the basic provisions of the expert method of personality recognition from the point of view of microbiology. The study identified a range of issues that can potentially be resolved in the course of a forensic microbiome examination, as well as a list of criminal manifestations, during the investigation of which its conclusion can be used as objective evidence (in the case of appropriate regulatory registration and consolidation of this type of examination as a source of evidence recognized as such by the court). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that forensic microbiome examination will effectively solve the tasks of criminal proceedings related to the detection and investigation of crimes by facilitating the identification and confirmation of the identity of the suspect (his involvement in the commission of illegal activities).
Keywords: forensic microbiome examination, microbiome, human microbiome, microbiome footprint, biometric technology, forensic identification, verification and personality diagnostics.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Dominguez-Bello M. G. et al. Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer // Nature Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 92. No. 6. – P. 263-271.
2. Beaud D. Tailliez P. & Anba-Mondoloni J. Genetic characterization of the beta-glucuronidase enzyme from a human intestinal bacterium, Ruminococcus gnavus // Microbiology (Reading, England). – 2021. – Vol. 281. No. Pt 7. – P. 2419-2430.
3. Bhaduri S. et al. Infection prophylaxis in acute leukaemia patients: comparison of selective and total antimicrobial decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract // Folia Haematologica (Leipzig, Germany). – 2024. – Vol. 62. No. 5. – P. 407-419.
4. Koenig J. E. et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome // Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. – 2022. – Vol. 211. – P. 4348-4356.
5. Klotz U. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfasalazine and its metabolites in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2024. – Vol. 713. No. 29. – P. 1321-1336.
6. Lindenbaum J. et al. Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2021. – Vol. 955. No. 19. – P. 739-744.
7. Peters U. Falk L.C. & Kalman S. M. Digoxin metabolism in patients IU // Archives of Internal Medicine. – 2023. – Vol. 698. No. 11. – P. 1093-1102.
8. Ridaura V. K. et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2023. – Vol. 461. No. 6810. – P. 141-149.
9. Saha J. R. et al. Digoxin-inactivating bacteria: identification in human gut flora // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2024. – Vol. 427. No. 4994. – P. 343-357.
10. Gratwohl A. Baldomero H. & Sureda A. Indications for and current practice of allogeneic and autologous HSCT // The EBMT handbook-haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. European School of Hematology. – Paris, France, 2022. – P. 292-305.
11. Wallace B. D. et al. Structure and Inhibition of Microbiome p-Glucuronidases Essential to the Alleviation of Cancer Drug Toxicity // Chemistry & Biology. – 2023. – Vol. 19. No. 7. – P. 1038-1049.
12. Ubeda C. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans // The Journal of Clinical Investigation. – 2020. – Vol. 120. No. 12. – P. 4332-4341.
13. Ubeda C. et al. Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization // Infection and Immunity. – 2023. – Vol. 201. No. 7. – P. 965-973.
14. Udayappan S. D. et al. Intestinal microbiota and faecal transplantation as treatment modality for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus // Clinical and Experimental Immunology. – 2024. – Vol. 297. No. 4. – P. 84-89.
15. Zhang X. et al. Structural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats // PloS One. – 2022. – Vol. 7. No. 8. – P. 425-431.
16. Vershinin N. N. Identification properties of the human microbiome // Scientific journal “Legal Fact”. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 129-134.
17. Kuntseva A. V. Forensic value of the human microbiome for achieving the goals and solving the problems of criminal proceedings // Legal Science and Practice. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 78-82.
18. Shatsky V. A. Properties of the human microbiome as the basis for the method of forensic identification of a person // Problems of Law: Theory and Practice. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 149-154.

CRIMINALISTICS
SIROTININ Dmitriy Alexeevich
senior lecturer of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Rostov branch, St. Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee
SOME ORGANIZATIONAL AND TACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE SEIZURE OF PROPERTY IN ORDER TO COMPENSATE FOR THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY A CRIME
This article examines trends and tactical aspects of implementing measures to ensure compensation for damages caused by a crime during a preliminary investigation. It addresses issues related to the organization of investigative and other procedural actions to determine the extent of damages, identify the assets of suspects and accused persons, and record forensically significant information in procedural documents, including in support of a motion to seize property. It also proposes ways to improve the procedural procedure for seizing property and investigative tactics to increase the effectiveness of measures to compensate for damages caused by a crime.
Keywords: seizure of property, compensation for property damage and moral damage, procedural recording of information about property, establishment of property and its value for the purpose of seizure during a preliminary investigation.

CRIMINALISTICS
SMIRNOVA Svetlana Arkadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of Forensic expertise sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
SUROVAYA Olesya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, assistant of Forensic expertise sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
BRITVAK Nikita
postgraduate student of Forensic expertise sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
MANDATORY FINGERPRINT REGISTRATION OF FOREIGNERS AS A FACTOR IN STRENGTHENING OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
This article examines the prospects for introducing mandatory fingerprint registration of foreigners in the Republic of Kazakhstan and its impact on border and national security. Modern personal identification technologies used by Kazakhstani border guards are explored. The Russian Federation\’s experience in organizing biometric identification at the state border is analyzed. It is shown that to combat modern threats to national security, it is necessary to improve the border control system to prevent criminal elements from entering the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Keywords: national security, fingerprinting, biometric identification, passport control, illegal migration, Republic of Kazakhstan.
Article bibliography
1. Artemyeva I.V., Aseyev D.V. Illegal labor migration as a threat to national security and the development of measures to overcome it // Bulletin of higher educational institutions. Sociology. Economics. Politics. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 18-25.
2. Ibadov R.R., Ibadov S.R., Katkov D.N., Voronin V.V., Fedosov V.P. Fingerprint recognition and restoration // Bulletin of SFedU. Technical sciences. – 2018. – No. 3 (197). – P. 6-14.

CRIMINALISTICS
TIMCHENKO Nikita Nikolaevich
senior commissioner for particularly important cases of the Department of administrative investigations of the Central Electronic Customs of the Central Customs Administration of the Federal Customs Service of Russia
INTERROGATION OF EMPLOYEES OF BODIES AND AGENTS OF CURRENCY CONTROL AS WITNESSES AS A NECESSARY INVESTIGATIVE ACTION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS, THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR WHICH IS PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 193.1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In modern geopolitical and economic conditions, criminalistic support for the activities of law enforcement agencies in carrying out their tasks to combat crime related to the withdrawal of capital abroad, as encroaching on the normal functioning of the monetary sector of the economy of the Russian Federation, is of particular importance. Based on the results of the ongoing research, this article concludes that the interrogation of representatives of bodies and agents of currency control is one of the key investigative actions carried out as part of the investigation of this category of crimes. Its importance lies in the fact that the information is obtained as a result of interrogations allows the investigator (inquirer) to assess the current investigative situation, put forward investigative versions and proceed to the procedural ways of checking them.
Keywords: criminalistics, investigation, investigative actions, interrogation, currency crime, customs authorities, tax authorities.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Komissarov V. Ya. Interrogation tactics // Tactics of investigative actions. Saratov, 2000.
2. Crime Investigation Guide: A Textbook / Head of the Authors’ Col., Doctor of Law, A. V. Grinenko. Moscow: NORMA Publishing House (NORMA-INFRA-M Publishing Group), 2002. Page 464.

CRIMINALISTICS
TUTOVA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, senior lecturer of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol, major of police
GRIGORUS Lyudmila Nikolaevna
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
IMPROVING FORMS AND METHODS OF COUNTERING CRIMES COMMITTED USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
The article examines the existing forms and methods of countering crimes committed using information and communication technologies. It describes the key trends that determine the need for continuous improvement of measures to counter IT-crime. The current system of countering ICT crimes in the Russian Federation includes a set of methods and forms that can be divided into three main groups: preventive, operational-search, and procedural. The author notes that improving the forms of countering IT crime requires a comprehensive approach and describes several key areas of this process.
Keywords: IT crime, information and communication technologies, problems of crime prevention, ways of crime prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Grigorus, L. N., Tutova, O. V., “NFT as a means of legalizing (laundering) criminal proceeds,” Information TechnologiesTechnologies in the activities of internal affairs bodies: a collection of scientific papers from the International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, April 18, 2024. – Moscow: Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – pp. 75-78.
2. Raskina T. V. On some aspects of organizing counteraction to crimes committed in the field of information and communication technologies in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 2 (94). – pp. 61-69.
3. Temirbekov K. A. Counteraction to cybercrime in Russia and foreign countries: a comparative legal analysis // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 11 (198). – pp. 327-329.

CRIMINALISTICS
FAYZULLINA Alina Anisovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PROBLEMS OF USING INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS IN TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE “CRIMINALISTICS”
Modern education is focused on the active involvement of students in the educational process, which makes the use of interactive teaching methods an important aspect of educational development. The introduction of interactive teaching methods can improve the effectiveness of teaching legal disciplines, as such methods contribute to a deeper understanding of the material and the development of critical thinking. The use of interactive methods in teaching the discipline “Criminalistics” contributes to the development of professional competencies in students necessary for the effective organization of the detection, disclosure, and investigation of crimes, as well as self-organization skills in the implementation of criminalistic activities.
Keywords: interactive teaching methods, teaching legal disciplines, criminalistics, education, active learning, students, learning processes, innovations in education, learning effectiveness, pedagogical technologies.
Bibliography
1. Vyatkin A. N. On the Issue of a Specific Methodology for Investigating Cybercrimes: An Interdisciplinary Aspect // Law and Justice. 2024. No. 1. pp. 172-177.
2. Zhadan V. N. Experience in Applying Interactive and Innovative Forms and Methods of Teaching in Teaching Legal Disciplines // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. 2018. Vol. 7. No. 3 (24). Pp. 200-209.
3. Fabrikov M. S. Modern educational technologies: textbook. Vladimir: VlSU Publishing House, 2021. 224 p.
4. Danshin M. V., Motyakova O. A. Actual problems of teaching forensic science: today’s challenges and trends // Criminological journal. 2024. No. 2. P. 49-56.

CRIMINALISTICS
SHOGENOV Alan Aslanovich
postgraduate student, Moscow University for Industry and Finance “Synergy”
FEATURES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE METHODOLOGY OF EXPERT EXAMINATION OF MECHANICAL LOCKS AS OBJECTS OF FORENSIC TRACE EXAMINATION
The article pays attention to the features of the methodology of expert trace examination of mechanical locks, as well as the difficulties that arise for an expert when studying mechanical locks unlocked by various unauthorized methods. The author describes in detail the concept of the methodology and the stages of the tracological examination of mechanical locks and also examines the main features and disadvantages of the methodological recommendations and standard methods of examining mechanical locks available at the location of the forensic expert when appointing the initiator of the forensic tracological examination. As a result, the author has formed the main shortcomings and proposed the possibilities of their elimination for the formation of more objective methods for the study of mechanical locks as objects of forensic trace examination.
Keywords: forensic examination, traceological examination, traceological examination of mechanical locks, methods of expert examination.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Mechanical locks: Technologies. Safety. Choice. Service: reference manual / ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia; under general ed. Yu. M. Dildina, V. V. Krylova; [authors and compilers: I. S. Nikitin, E. N. Pozdnyakov, A. V. Rodzivilova, V. N. Skripkin]. – M.: InterKrim-press, 2011. – 208 p.
2. Khrustalev V. N. Theory of forensic examination: a tutorial. – M.: KNORUS, 2021. – 242 p. – (Bachelor’s and specialist’s degrees).
3. Mailis N. P. Traceology and trace examination: a lecture course. – M.: Russian State University of Printing Arts, 2015. – 235 p.
4. Kondakov A. V., Dontsov D. Yu., Monin A. G. Expert examination of mechanical locks: a tutorial. – Volgograd: VA MVD of Russia, 2019. – 108 p.

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, Assoc.iate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
USING THE CAPABILITIES OF FORENSIC BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE MICROBIOME TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME
The article substantiates the author\’s position that the potential biometric technology under study, based on the properties of the human microbiome, as well as the microbiome of the environment (objects, objects), makes it possible to effectively solve the tasks of criminal proceedings related to the detection and investigation of crimes by facilitating the identification and confirmation of the identity of the suspect (his involvement in the commission of illegal activities). The study defines the fundamental concepts of the new biometric technology, such as the microbiome, the microbiome footprint (“microbiome signature”), the microbiome profile, and the human microbiome signature. The article describes the properties of the human microbiome that are of systemic and methodological importance for forensic biometric technology related to identification, verification and diagnosis of personality. At the same time, one of the results of the study is the substantiation of the fact that the human microbiome trace, which has all the necessary identifying properties, is in fact not subject to concealment in the process of providing criminal counteraction to the process of disclosure and investigation of crimes, which additionally indicates the potentially high efficiency and effectiveness of the studied biometric technology of human recognition.
Keywords: biometric technology; forensic identification, verification and diagnosis of personality; microbiome; human microbiome; microbiome footprint; microbiome profile; microbiome signature; crime detection and investigation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Van der Waaij D. Berghuis-de Vries J. M. Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice // The Journal of Hygiene. – 2021. – Vol. 439. No. 7. – P. 603-619.
2. Ben-Neriah Y. Epithelial NF-kappaB maintains host gut microflora homeostasis // Nature Immunology. – 2019. – Vol. 6. No. 8. – P. 499-511.
3. Wu G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes // Science (New York, N.Y.). – 2021. – Vol. 44. No. 6252. – P. 205-211.
4. Klotz U. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of sulfasalazine and its metabolites in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2020. – Vol. 463. No. 21. – P. 1239-1246.
5. Lindenbaum J. Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy // The New England Journal of Medicine. – 2022. – Vol. 4135. No. 17. – P. 763-744.
6. Ubeda C. et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans // The Journal of Clinical Investigation. – 2020. – Vol. 120. No. 12. – P. 4332-4341.
7. Sanchez-Ramirez C. et al. Long-term use of selective digestive decontamination in an ICU highly endemic for bacterial resistance // Critical Care (London, England). – 2018. – Vol. 22. No. 1. – P. 141.
8. De Jonge E. et al. Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: a randomized controlled trial // Lancet (London, England). – 2023. – Vol. 461. No. 9529. – P. 1033-1036.
9. Zaura E. et al. Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective / E. Zaura et. ii Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. – 2024. – Vol. 3. – P. 85.
10. De Steenhuijsen Piters. Dysbiosis of upper respiratory tract microbiota in elderly pneumonia patients // The ISME journal. – 2022. – Vol. 11. No. 1. – P. 99-111.
11. Vershinin N. N. Identification properties of the human microbiome // Scientific journal “Legal Fact”. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 129-134.
12. Gaivoronskaya E. A. Possibilities of Using the Properties of the Human Microbiome in Detecting and Investigating Crimes // Forensic Science: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 147-151.
13. Kuntseva A. V. Forensic Value of the Human Microbiome for Achieving the Goals and Solving the Problems of Criminal Proceedings // Legal Science and Practice. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 78-82.
14. Korosteleva T. I., Kurmaeva D. A. Identification Potential of the Human Microbiome, Crime Scene, Items (Objects) for Detecting and Investigating Crimes // Electronic Scientific Journal “Science Diary”. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 79-84.
15. Kovtun G. I. Innovations in the methodology and practice of forensic human identification // Scientific horizons. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 187-191.
16. LabKovskaya D. V. Innovations in the Field of Forensic Use of Biometric Technologies // Forensic Expertise. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 214-219.
17. Marchenko K. D. Forensic Identification of a Person Taking into Account the Properties of the Human Microbiome // Problems of Law: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 177-182.

FRIENDLY STUDY
CHAKIEV Murat Akhmedovich
Senior Lecturer of Criminology Sub-faculty, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
MYALITSYNA Mariya Andreevna
adjunct, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE STORAGE AT THE PRE-TRIAL STAGES OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article examines the current problem of defining the concept of material evidence in the modern criminal procedure of Russia. The authors analyze the evolution of ideas about material evidence from the pre-revolutionary period to the present day, identifying existing theoretical approaches and their practical application. Particular attention is paid to the problem of expanding the list of objects recognized as material evidence, including large real estate objects, production complexes, and large batches of goods. The paper examines the difficulties associated with the storage of such material evidence and their impact on the economic interests of participants in criminal proceedings. Based on the analysis of judicial practice and law enforcement activities, the authors identify existing contradictions between the interests of justice and the interests of society. The article proposes ways to improve legal regulation in this area, aimed at finding a balance between public and private interests.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings, material evidence, storage of material evidence, seizure of property
Bibliography
1. Vyshinsky A. Ya. Theory of Evidence in Soviet Law. Moscow, 1941.
2. Dobrovolskaya T. N. Principles of Soviet Criminal Procedure. Theoretical and Practical Issues. Moscow, 1971.
3. Kalnitsky V. V. Immediacy of Trial and Evidentiary Activity of Investigative Bodies: A Manual. Omsk, 2019.
4. Kozlovsky P. V. Handling Material Evidence: Competition between Public and Private Interests // Scientific Bulletin of the Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2020. No. 3.
5. A. A. Harutyunyan, L. V. Brusnitsyn, O. L. Vasiliev, et al. Criminal Procedure Course / Ed. by L. V. Golovko. 3rd edition, corrected and augmented. Moscow, 2021.
6. Criminal Procedure Course / Ed. by D.Sc. (Law), prof. L. V. Golovko. 2nd edition, corrected. Moscow: Statut, 2017.
7. M. A. Myalitsyna. Handling Material Evidence // Problems of Improving Russian Legislation: Collection of Abstracts of the All-Russian (with International Participation) Scientific Conference of Cadets, Listeners, and Students, Barnaul, April 10-14, 2023. Barnaul: Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024.
8. Strogovich M. S. Criminal Procedure. Moscow, 1946.
9. Tsokolova O. I. Actual Problems of Storage, Accounting, and Transfer of Material Evidence // Modern Problems of Proof and Decision-Making in Criminal Procedure. Social Technologies and Legal Institutions: Proc. of the International Scientific and Practical Conf., dedicated to the 95th anniversary of prof. P. A. Lupinskaya. Moscow, 2016.
10. Fomchenkov T. Ordered to Destroy. The Shelf Life of Seized Illegal Alcohol Will Be Drastically Reduced // Ros. Gazeta. 2018. May 15.

CRIMINOLOGY
BOCHKAREVA Elena Vadimovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, Institute of International Law and Economics, A. S. Griboyedov Moscow University
THE ROLE OF BIG DATA IN CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF CRIME SELF-DETERMINATION
In the context of digital modernization and rapid progress of Big Data analysis technologies, their use in criminological research is becoming especially important. This demand is associated with the need to improve approaches to the study of crime, both in general and in its individual manifestations – self-determination of crime, as well as to create effective ways to combat it in the period of rapid increase in information volumes. Modern problems require criminology to develop new strategies for analyzing criminal acts based on innovative technologies for processing and studying data. Big Data opens up unprecedented prospects for studying crime in all its complexity, identifying non-obvious connections and predicting the criminogenic situation. The main objective of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the potential for using Big Data technologies in criminological research and assessing their impact on the development of modern criminological science. To solve this problem, it is necessary to consider the theoreticalal principles of using Big Data in criminology, identify their features, determine the possibilities of predicting crimes based on the analysis of large volumes of data, and formulate proposals for the practical implementation of Big Data in criminological research. The methodological basis is: general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and methods of working with big data (machine learning, data mining). The theoretical value of the work lies in the development of the methodology of criminological research, the creation of a theoretical basis for the application of Big Data in criminology and the expansion of knowledge about the possibilities of analyzing crime and its manifestations. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of criminological forecasting and improving the quality of analysis of criminal phenomena.
Keywords: Big Data, Criminology, Self-Determination of Crime, Crime Determination, Crime
Article References
1. Sukhodolov A. P., Ivantsov S. V., Molchanova T. V., Spasennikov B. A. Big Data as a Modern Criminological Method for Studying and Measuring Organized Crime // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 13. No. 5. – Pp. 718-726.
2. Bekov B. B., Dzaurova L. U. Crime Forecasting Using Artificial Intelligence // Legal Gnoseology. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 119-124.
3. Ishchuk Ya. G., Pinkevich T. V., Smolyaninov E. S. Digital Criminology. – Moscow: Publishing House of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2021. – 244 p.
4. Sudakova T. M. Theory and Methodology of Big Data: A Criminological and Epistemological Perspective // ​​All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2025. – Vol. 19. No. 2. – P. 126-136.
5. Sukhodolov A. P., Ivantsov S. V., Molchanova T. V. [et al.]. Digital Criminology: Mathematical Methods of Forecasting (Part 1) // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2018. – Vol. 12. No. 2. – P. 230-236.
6. Aliyu A. Crime Analysis and Intelligence System Model Design using Big Data. International Journal of Computer Applications. – 2020. – Vol. 175. No. 22. – P. 12-21.
7. Silva S., Neiva L. The views about Big Data among professionals of police forces: A scoping review of empirical studies // International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2023.
8. Churakov A. N., Vlasov A. S. Use of “big data” in criminology: international experience and prospects for application in Russia // Problems of enterprise development: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 1-2. – pp. 151-155.

CRIMINOLOGY
ILJINA Olga Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law enforcement sub-faculty, Penza State University
FROLOV Dmitriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Law enforcement sub-faculty, Penza State University
CRIMINOLOGICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF COUNTERING MIGRATION CRIME IN MODERN CONDITIONS
The discussion of migration policy changes intensified after the terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall on March 22, 2024. Recently, cases have also become more frequent when participants and veterans of a Special Military Operation (SVO) become victims of violent attacks by migrants. In some cases, groups of radical, anti-Russian migrants specifically choose people in the form of members of SVO forces (often with combat wounds) as victims of their aggression, provoke them into conflict, attack a group of people, insulting and shouting extremist slogans. According to the logic of any sane citizen, such incidents should be mercilessly punished by law enforcement and judicial authorities, since in wartime such actions amount to terrorism and encroach on state security. However, despite the fact that several high-profile cases were brought under the control of the Chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, the overall reaction of the authorities is rather restrained. Meanwhile, such cases are so egregious that they do not allow us to adhere exclusively to legal terminology, so I would like to note that such crimes should be punished “according to the laws of wartime”. The purpose of the work is to study criminological, organizational and legal aspects of countering migration crime in modern conditions. It is concluded that countering migration crime should be comprehensive and multidimensional.
Keywords: migration, migration crime, law enforcement agencies, detection, prevention, counteraction, criminological factors.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Gabdullina E. You can leave without trial // Business magazine “Kommersant”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6609596. (date accessed: 09/01/2025).
2. Abyzov R. M., Botvin, I. V. Migration crime in Russiaand: problems of determination and prevention // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3 (55). – Pp. 56-62.
3. Sokov V. S. Organization of illegal migration: problems of prevention and ways to solve them // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 2 (61). – Pp. 603-606.
4. Fedorova Yu. A. The problem of migrant crime // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 11 (249). – Pp. 111-113.
5. Putin ordered a “radical update” of approaches to migration policy // Internet publication “Kommersant”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kommersant-ru.turbopages.org/turbo/kommersant.ru/s/doc/6610966 (date accessed: 09/01/2025).
6. Rodionov D. The Investigative Committee of Russia records a steady increase in crimes committed by migrants // Internet publication “Rhythm of Eurasia”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ritmeurasia.ru/news–2024-05-25–sledstvennyj-komitet-rossii-fiksiruet-neuklonnyj-rost-prestuplenij-migrantov-73535 (date accessed: 09/01/2025).
7. Gromova A. The State Duma called diasporas “mafia structures” // Internet publication “Gazeta.Ru”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2024/01/17/18141769.shtml (access date: 09/01/2025).

CRIMINOLOGY
MAGOMEDOVA Aminat Mustafaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS OF MONITORING JUVENILES SUBJECT TO COMPULSORY EDUCATIONAL MEASURES
The relevance of this study stems from the objective need to identify systemic shortcomings in the monitoring mechanism and find ways to overcome them to improve the effectiveness of juvenile reoffending prevention. The object of this study is the social relations that develop during the monitoring of juveniles released from criminal liability under compulsory educational measures. The subject of this study is the norms of Russian criminal and penal law governing this institution, as well as the practice of their application. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the problems of monitoring juveniles subject to compulsory educational measures in the current Russian context. It is concluded that the success of monitoring juveniles is subject to compulsory educational measures depends on a paradigm shift from formal prohibition to social rehabilitation, where monitoring should be perceived not as a system of restrictions and supervision, but as a tool for assistance, support, and positive direction in the adolescent\’s personal development. Only then will the institution of compulsory educational measures be able to fully realize its corrective and preventative potential, contributing not only to a reduction in recidivism among juveniles but also to their successful integration into society as law-abiding and socially responsible citizens.
Keywords: legal influence, social responsibility, supervision, legal uncertainty, inspection.
Article bibliography
1. Tabolina K. A., Dzheyranova Z. R. Improvement of the procedure for applying compulsory educational measures // Current problems of Russian law. – 2019. – No. 9 (106). – P. 106-114. – DOI 10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.106-114. – EDN TXOATM.
2. Burakov I. V. Compulsory educational measures: problems of application // Epomen. – 2021. – No. 52. – Pp. 117-125. – EDN FCNNBY.
3. Peschanskaya N. A. Some problems of application of compulsory educational measures // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2020. – No. 12 (192). – Pp. 191-194. – DOI 10.47643/1815-1337_2020_12_191. – EDN MWWATE.
4. Supataeva Zh. E. Problems of appointment of compulsory educational measures to minors // News of higher education institutions of Kyrgyzstan. – 2015. – No. 12. – P. 75-77. – EDN VUBWAP.
5. Belareva O. A., Pisarevskaya E. A. Release of minors from criminal punishment with the use of compulsory educational measures: legal nature and prospects of application // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2022. – No. 1 (50). – P. 18-29. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osvobozhdenie-nesovershennoletnih-ot-ugolovnogo-nakazaniya-s-primeneniem-priniditelnyh-mer-vospitatelnogo-vozdeystviya-pravovaya (date of access: 09/25/2025).

CRIMINOLOGY
NASREDDINOVA Kristina Aleksandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Samara law Institute of the FPS of Russia
PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND CAUSING MINOR BODILY HARM: CRIMINOLOGICAL AND CRIMINAL-LAW ANALYSIS
The analysis of criminal law and criminological signs of minor harm to health and beatings is of practical interest in terms of forecasting and planning measures to prevent the crimes under study, especially given and recognizing the high latency of the acts in question. This article is devoted to the study of statistical data, which made it possible to fully analyze the state and dynamics of crimes provided for in Articles 115, 116, 116.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for 2019-2024 in relation to which judicial acts in criminal cases were issued, according to the information presented on the official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. And taking into account the fact that in any legal state the health of any person is the highest value and a special object of protection, the analysis of the criminal law gaps existing in the current version of the articles under consideration is of particular practical interest. This is especially related to the fact that in modern society the issues of prevention of family violence and the reasons for their commission are repeatedly raised. Criminal law prevention measures are undoubtedly one of the most effective measures to protect the violated interests of a person. In this regard, the author’s proposals to improve the norms aimed at protecting the bodily integrity of the person are of scientific and practical interest.
Keywords: eating, slight harm to health, victim of crime, family violence, law enforcement.
Article References
1. All statistical data on crime in the Russian Federation were presented based on an analysis of materials from the official website of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (section “Judicial Statistics”). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/ (date accessed: 09/02/2025).

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
IGNATENKOVA Irina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Smolensk State University
IBRAGIMOV Timur Safar Ogly
student of the 2nd course, Faculty of History and Law, Smolensk State University
LANGUAGE RIGHTS IN RUSSIAN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS: CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES, IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article analyzes current problems of ensuring linguistic rights of court participants in the Russian Federation in the context of the multinational nature of the state and migration processes. The study examines systemic deficiencies in the interpreter institute, including competency criteria and quality of legal terminology translation. The specifics of linguistic rights in the context of integrating new federal subjects are considered. Based on judicial practice, typical violations are identified and improvement measures are proposed, including the creation of a federal law on court interpreters, a unified certification system, and specialized court translation centers.
Keywords: linguistic rights, court proceedings, interpreter, constitutional guarantees, fair trial, new federal subjects, legal regulation.
Article References
1. Alontseva E. Yu. “Interpreter Participation in Criminal Proceedings: A Historical and Comparative Legal Analysis” // Police Activity. 2022. No. 6. pp. 71-84.
2. Belov S. A., Kropachev N. M. “The Concept of the State Language” // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Language and Literature. 2020. Vol. 17. Issue 1. pp. 4-21.
3. Bukhanov A.I. The Current Issue of Interpreter Participation at the Preliminary Investigation Stage // Issues of Russian and International Law. 2021. Vol. 11. No. 8A. Pp. 171-178.
4. Golikova N. L. Sign Language Interpreter in the Process of Realizing the Constitutional Right to Use One’s Native Language in Legal Proceedings // International Research Journal. 2024. No. 6 (144). Pp. 48-52.
5. Zagoryan S. G., Misnik I. V. Interpreter and His Role in Modern Russian Criminal Proceedings // Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Social Sciences. 2024. No. 6. Pp. 289-295.
6. Nureyev A. G. Implementation of the Principle of the National Language of Legal Proceedings in Civil Procedure // Actual Issues of Russian Law. 2020. No. 8. Pp. 166-175.
7. Pavlyuk Yu. B. On Some Features of the Application of the Norms Governing the Use of State Languages ​​of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in Domestic Legal Proceedings // Education and Law. 2023. No. 7. Pp. 166-169.
8. Pastukhova S. S. On the Possibility of Participation of a Minor as an Interpreter in Civil Proceedings // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. 2024. No. 1. Pp. 98-105.
9. Abramova A. I. Problems of Providing Translation Services in Courts of General Jurisdiction // Russian Judge. 2020. No. 5. Pp. 45-49.
10. Vasiliev S. V. Linguistic Rights of Participants in Criminal Proceedingsdstva: Theory and Practice // Criminal Procedure. 2021. No. 3. Pp. 22-28.
11. Grigorieva O. N. Current Issues of Implementing the Principle of the Language of Legal Proceedings // Legality. 2022. No. 7. Pp. 34-38.
12. Demidova E. A. Problems of Interpreter Qualifications in Russian Legal Proceedings // Magistrate Judge. 2023. No. 4. Pp. 18-22.
13. Ermakova K. P. Language Rights as an Integral Part of the Right to a Fair Trial // Constitutional and Municipal Law. 2020. No. 6. Pp. 67-71.
14. Zhdanova Yu. A. Institute of Interpreters in Civil Proceedings: Problems and Development Prospects // Arbitration and Civil Procedure. 2021. No. 8. Pp. 28-32.
15. Ivanov P. S. Digitalization of Translation Services in Legal Proceedings: Possibilities and Limitations // Information Law. 2024. No. 2. Pp. 15-19.
16. Kozlova M. V. Foreign Experience in Organizing the Institute of Court Interpreters // Comparative Constitutional Review. 2022. No. 4. Pp. 89-95.
17. Lebedev A. N. Legal Regulation of Translators’ Activities: The Need for Reform // Russian Justice. 2023. No. 3. Pp. 56-60.
18. Morozov D. I. Liability of Interpreters in Legal Proceedings // Criminal Law. 2021. No. 9. Pp. 78-83.
19. Novikova E.V. Professional training of judges on issues of ensuring linguistic rights // Russian judge. 2024. No. 1. Pp. 42-46.
20. Petrov A.S. Public oversight of compliance with linguistic rights in legal proceedings // Constitutional Law: Eastern European Review. 2023. No. 2. P. 134-139.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
GUKALOV Andrey Alexeevich
lecturer of Operational investigative activities and special equipment sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OPERATIONAL EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLEGAL VEHICLE OWNERSHIP
The article is devoted to the legal and criminalistic assessment of the operational experiment as an operational search measure in the structure of countering the illegal seizure of vehicles in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the positions of the courts and the opinions of domestic scientists, it is proven that an operational experiment, while complying with the requirements of the law, has a high evidentiary value, reduces the latency of \”hijackings\” and helps to identify organized groups. At the same time, the need for a strict distinction between the legality of conducting an operational experiment and provocation of a crime is emphasized. Proposals are formulated to improve the legal regulation and practice of documenting the results of an operational experiment in order to ensure its admissibility and to give its results the status of criminal procedural evidence. The purpose of this work is to comprehensively characterize the importance of an operational experiment in the fight against illegal seizure of vehicles, outline the legal framework, risks, and best practices of its application, and summarize the positions of leading scientists and judicial practice.
Keywords: operational search activities, operational experiment, illegal seizure of a vehicle, theft, provocation of a crime, admissibility of evidence.
Bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. On the Police: Federal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.
5. Law on Operational Investigative Activities: Federal Law of 12.08.1995 No. 144-FZ.
6. Rumyantsev, N. V. Operational Experiment as an Investigative Measure // Man: Crime and Punishment. – 2018. – Vol. 26 (1-4). No. 1. – Pp. 39-42.
7. Demchuk S. D. And Again on the Provocation of a Crime // Legal Science and Law Enforcement Practice. – 2015. – No. 32. – Pp. 103-110.
8. Shumilov A. Yu. Operational Investigative Activity: Textbook. – Moscow: Yurait, 2019. – 432 p.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
OLIFIRENKO Ekaterina Pavlovna
Ph.D. in political science, associate professor of Criminal law sub-faculty, North Caucasus State Academy, Cherkessk
THE SPECIFICS OF REGULATING AND EXERCISING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS BY BAILIFFS
The author of the article examines the specific features of the functioning of the supervisory authority in the mechanism of ensuring law and order in the activities of officials and ordinary staff of the bailiff service in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the key problems that arise in the process of organizing and implementing this area of ​​supervisory activity. The author also pays attention to the research and disclosure of the content of the legal nregulations governing the activities of the prosecutor’s office in this area. Within the framework of the stated topic, a number of legislative proposals have been formulated aimed at developing a uniform practice of supervision by all parts of the prosecutor’s office system.
Keywords: prosecutor’s office, prosecutorial supervision, supervisory agency, bailiff, enforcement of laws, legal norms, powers, interaction.
Article references:
1. Vinokurov A. Yu., Grishin A. V. Prosecutor’s supervision of law enforcement by bailiffs: a manual. – Moscow: Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, 2012. – 54 p.
2. Mytsykov A. Ya., Makarchenko V. A. Organization of the Work of the City (District) Prosecutor’s Office: a methodological manual / Under the general editorship of S. I. Gerasimova. – M., 2001. – 297 p.
3. Pak V. A. Prosecutor’s supervision over the execution of laws by bailiffs to ensure the established procedure for the activities of the courts: diss. … Cand. of Law: 12.00.11. – M., 2013. – 222 p.
4. Verification of law enforcement by the prosecutor: a manual / Under the general editorship of N. V. Subanova. Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation; Academy of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. – M., 2015. – 124 p.
5. Vinokurov A. Yu., Vinokurov Yu. E. Prosecutor’s supervision: a textbook for universities / Under the general editorship of A. Yu. Vinokurov. – 6th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2024. – 480 p.
6. Ryabtsev V. P. Prosecutor’s Supervision: Lecture Course. – M.: Norma, 2006. – 286 p.
7. Troshina N. V. Organizational and Legal Foundations of Prosecutor’s Supervision over the Enforcement of Laws by Bailiffs: Diss. … Cand. Sciences (Law): 12.00.11. – M., 2019. – 214 p.

PROSECUTOR’S SUPERVISION
BASOV Andrey Vitaljevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Head of State and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean Law Institute (branch), University of the Prosecutor\’s Office of the Russian Federation, Simferopol
LYUBIMSKIY Ruslan Viktorovich
student of the 3rd course, Crimean Law Institute (branch), University of the Prosecutor\’s Office of the Russian Federation, Simferopol; independent researcher
PRACTICE OF IMPLEMENTING PROSECUTORIAL RESPONSE MEASURES IN ENSURING THE RIGHTS OF SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION (SMO) PARTICIPANTS: REGIONAL SPECIFICS
The article analyzes the practice of prosecutorial supervision in ensuring the rights of participants in the special military operation (SMO) and their families. It examines specific aspects of implementing various social support measures and highlights challenges in their implementation due to inconsistencies between federal and regional legislation. Particular attention is given to regional specifics, using the Republic of Crimea as an example. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practices, measures are proposed to unify procedures and improve specific regulatory legal acts. The study’s novelty lies in systematizing typical violations and developing recommendations for consistent law enforcement. The results can be used to optimize prosecutorial supervision, strengthen social protection, and develop state programs to support SMO participants.
Keywords: prosecutorial supervision, social guarantees, SMO participants, regional specifics, administrative law.
Article References
1. Genesis of the Protection of the Socioeconomic Rights of Military Personnel in the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/genezis-zaschity-sotsialno-ekonomicheskih-prav-voennosluzhaschih-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii (Accessed: 14.08.2025).
2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Veterans” dated 12.01.1995 No. 5-FZ // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1995. – No. 3. – Art. 168 as amended and supplemented on 21.04.2025.
3. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 03.04.2023 No. 232 “On the Establishment of the State Fund for the Support of Participants in the Special Military Operation “Defenders of the Fatherland”” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 15. – Art. 2660 as amended and supplemented on 20.03.2025;
4. Zhuravleva M. A., Berestova L. I. Priorities of state policy on organizing social protection of participants in the SVO // Civil Service. – 2023. – No. 4. – Pp. 88-92.
5. Law of the Republic of Crimea dated 15.01.2015 No. 66-ZRK/2015 “On the provision of land plots owned by the Republic of Crimea or municipal property, and certain issues of land relations” (as amended and supplemented on 30.05.2025). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://mzem.rk.gov.ru/documents/1951973b-cdb5-4ee2-bcac-64361aea8a70 (date of access: 08/14/2025).
6. Bobkov V. N., Odintsova E. V., Chashchina T. V. On social guarantees for participants in a special military operation and their family members // Social and labor research. – 2024. – No. 54 (1). – P. 138-146. DOI: 10.34022/2658-3712-2024-54-1-138-146.
7. Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Igor Krasnov delivered a report to the Federation Council // Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://epp.genproc.gov.ru/web/gprf/mass-media/news?item=101841631 (date accessed: 10.08.2025).
8. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the Regulation on the conscription of citizens of the Russian Federation for military service” dated 11.11.2006 No. 663 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2006 – No. 47. – Art. 4894 with change. and additional in ed. from 08.26.2025.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
GORIN Kirill Yurjevich
Deputy Head of the Physical Fitness Department, I. F. Shilov Far Eastern Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Khabarovsk
KONOVALENKO Yuriy Gennadjevich
Deputy Head of Physical training sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
SELF-DEFENSE AND COMBAT TECHNIQUES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF EMPLOYEES OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
In the context of rising crime rates and the increasing incidence of active resistance during the apprehension of offenders, improving the effectiveness of service-applied physical training for employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation is becoming particularly relevant. This article analyzes statistical data on the use of physical force, including combat techniques, in the practical work of police officers. Based on a survey of 30 employees of various units (patrol and patrol police, traffic police, district police officers), significant gaps in tactical and technical training were identified: more than 85% of respondents noted the insufficient effectiveness of the techniques used and the need to involve colleagues to complete the apprehension. The author substantiates the need to improve the curriculum in the discipline “Physical Fitness” by increasing the proportion of practical classes in combat techniques, introducing regular master classes, and utilizing the infrastructure of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Organizational measures are proposed to improve the level of personnel readiness for action in emergency service situations.
Keywords: self-defense, combat wrestling techniques, law enforcement officers, combat wrestling techniques, physical training, service-applied training, tactical effectiveness.
Article References
1. Federal Law of 07.02.2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police” (as amended on 28.12.2024) // Consultant Plus Legal Reference System.
2. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 02.02.2024 No. 44 “On Approval of the Procedure for Organizing the Training of Personnel for Positions in the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Russian Federation” // Consultant Plus Legal Reference System.
3. Afov A.Kh. Improving Combat Wrestling Skills in the Process of Physical Training at Universities Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Scientific Review: Humanitarian Research. – 2018. – No. 2. – Pp. 14-20.
4. Dadov AV Efficiency of Training Police Officers in the Use of Physical Impact // Education. Science. Scientific Personnel. – 2020. – No. 2. – Pp. 210-212.
5. Kodzokov AK, Kanukoev AM Methodology for Teaching Protective Actions against Blows to Students of Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Pedagogical Journal. – 2020. – Vol. 10. No. 3-1. – Pp. 488-493.
6. Meshev IH Theoretical Foundations of Teaching Combat Techniques to Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Physical Education and Sports: Current Issues of Theory and Practice: Coll. scientific. tras. based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical. conf. – 2017. – P. 119-127.
7. Serebryannikov V. A., Liguta V. F., Krysin M. V., Gorin K. Yu., Tsekunov S. O., Mudrenko N. A., Netbay S. G. Methodology for organizing physical training of employees of internal affairs bodies: a teaching aid / Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – Khabarovsk: RIO DVUI MVD of Russia, 2022. – 348 p.
8. Tkhazeplov R. L. Formation of skills in the use of combat wrestling techniques among students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 274-276.
9. Khazhirokov V. A. Limits of the legality of the use of physical force, special means and firearms by police officers // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2020. – T. 13. No. 4. – P. 138-141.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
GABRIELOVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
DERYABKIN Alexey Alexandrovich
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
ORGANIZINGPROJECT-BASED LEARNING IN TRAINING SPECIALISTS FOR INTERNAL AFFAIRS AGENCIES: PROCEDURE AND MECHANISM
This study examines current issues in organizing project-based learning in training specialists for internal affairs agencies in criminal-focused disciplines. The specifics of the project-based approach in the context of legal education at the Ministry of Internal Affairs\’ higher education institution are examined, identifying its stages, forms, and advantages. A procedure for organizing project-based learning is proposed, including preparatory, research, practical, and reflective stages. Examples of relevant project-based ideas in criminal law, criminal procedure, and forensic science are presented, along with recommendations for their implementation. This article may be useful for instructors and methodologists at the Ministry of Internal Affairs’ higher education institutions working to improve the educational process and implement innovative teaching technologies.
Keywords: project-based learning, legal education, criminal law, criminal procedure, forensic science, professional competencies, police officers, project.
Article References
1. Emlyutina I. A. The Method of Educational Projects and its Learning Opportunities; Project-Based Learning as an Activity-Based Learning Technology // Professional Education and Society. – 2014. – No. 2 (10). – Pp. 21-26. – EDN SFJFBL.
2. Rybina I. R., Popova I. Yu. Project-Based Learning as an Element of Organizing Educational Activities in the Context of Modern Education // Scientific Notes of OSU. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2014. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/proektnoe-obuchenie-kak-element-organizatsii-uchebnoy-deyatelnosti-v-kontekste-sovremennogo-obrazovaniya (date of access: 10/09/2025).

EDAGOGY AND LAW
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher of the Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System, FGA “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation”
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES AS AN ELEMENT OF UPBRINGING OF JUVENILE CONVICTS IN EDUCATIONAL COLONIES
The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence, specifics and significance of the spiritual and moral education of juvenile convicts in conditions of educational colonies (VC). The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of spiritual and moral education, its role in the process of re-socialization, and the specifics of its implementation in the penitentiary environment, taking into account the psychological characteristics of the contingent. The main approaches, methods and problems of the organization of spiritual and moral education in the VC are analyzed, and the need for an integrated and individualized approach is substantiated. Effective spiritual and moral education programs aimed at reducing the level of recidivism among minors are considered.
Keywords: spiritual and moral education, penal enforcement system, juvenile convicts, educational colonies, value orientations, personality of a minor, penitentiary system, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, correction, re-socialization.
Article bibliography
1. Dodueva, O. F., “Moral and Patriotic Education of Juvenile Convicts Serving Sentences in Correctional Colonies,” in: Perspectives of Science. 2020, no. 11 (134). – P. 25-27.
2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values” // SPS “Consultant Plus”.
3. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on 24.02.2021). Article 9. Basic Means of Correction of Convicts.
4. Bondarevskaya E. V. Value Foundations of Personally Oriented Education // Pedagogy. – 1995. – No. 4. – P. 44-52.
5. Minkovsky G. M. Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency. – M.: Legal Literature, 2019. – 320 p.
6. Electronic resource: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Zorina N. S. Principles of studying the personality of a minor convict // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – Pp. 483-484.
8. Kuznetsova I. A., Aleksandrov B. V., Meyer Yu. A. Psychological characteristics of juvenile convicts // Azimuth of scientific research: pedagogy and psychology. – 2018 – Vol. 7. No. 4 (25). – Pp. 318-322.
9. Dugenets A. S., Pavlova L. V. Theoretical and legal foundations for organizing educational work with those sentenced to imprisonment for crimes against sexualinviolability of minors // The penitentiary system and society: experience of interaction: collection of materials of the XI International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 145th anniversary of the penal system of the Russian Federation, Perm, April 3-5, 2024. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2024. – Pp. 139-144.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
IVANOVA Svetlana Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, master of law, associate professor, associate professor of Pedagogy and digital didactics sub-faculty, Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
LEGAL BASIS FOR ACTIVITIES WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS IN MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The problem of defining the legal basis for working with artificial intelligence systems is one of the most pressing issues in modern society. The inevitability of its application in all areas of life is evident, leading to innovative social relations and, consequently, the creation of an appropriate legal framework. The author presents the results of a legal analysis of research on the use of artificial intelligence. The article systematizes the main documents regulating public relations that arise during the development, implementation, and use of artificial intelligence systems within the educational process of a medical university. The article highlights the main idea behind creating these documents, the main concepts related to artificial intelligence, and the principles of working with it.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal personality, legal framework for the educational process, ethics of using artificial intelligence, humanistic approach, and data privacy and security.
Article References
1. Kamyshansky, V. P., “On the National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence,” Vlast’ Law (2020), no. 1 (41), pp. 13-17.
2. Balashova, A. I., “Artificial Intelligence in Copyright and Patent Law: Objects, Subjects of Legal Relationships, Terms of Legal Protection,” Journal of the Intellectual Property Court (2022), no. 2 (36). – P. 90-98.
3. Chesterman S. Artificial intelligence and the limits of legal personality // International and comparative law quarterly. – Cambridge, 2020. – Vol. 69. No. 4. – P. 819-844.
4. Sviridova E. A. The problem of liability of artificial intelligence through the prism of the concept of civil liability of France” // Education and Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 516-523.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
TIMOSCHUK Alexey Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
CHIRIKIN Viktor Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Vladimir branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
PROFESSIONAL FAMILY SUCCESSION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM
Dynasty plays a significant role in replenishing law enforcement officers who require internal readiness for public service in the field of security. Dynasty in certain sensitive areas, including penitentiary security, should be attributed to the area of ​​public interest, which not only does not conflict with the values ​​of sustainability of this subsystem, but also contributes to it. Irrational subjective interest, transferred to the public sphere, is objectified and acquires specific content: stability, security, legality, statehood, sovereignty. Dynasty in the penal system is one of the ways of realizing public interest, where the personal and the public, the corporate and the state meet.
Keywords: succession, dynasty, personnel training, penal system, FPS, law enforcement agencies, security, tradition, generational change.
Article bibliography
1. Chirikin V. A. The role of the moral and legal club “Russian statehood: history and modernity” in the formation of civic position and sense of patriotism of students // The place and role of theoretical and historical legal disciplines in the formation of civic position and sense of patriotism of students. – Vladimir: VF RANEPA, 2024. – pp. 103-106.
2. Chirikin V. A. Traditional spiritual and moral values ​​as the foundations of modern Russian statehood // Russian statehood in the geopolitical space of the 21st century: competition, partnership, values. – Vladimir: VF RANEPA, 2024. – Pp. 196-200.
3. Timoshchuk A. S. Globalization and localization of values: the dialectic of the cultural process // Modern problems of artsnational culture and education (regional aspect). – Vladimir: VF RAGS, “Sobor”, 2009. – Pp. 58-59.
4. Timoshchuk A. S., Trofimova N. N. Public organization of veterans of the Military Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in patriotic education of cadets // Penal system: pedagogy, psychology and law. – Tomsk: TIPK, 2019. – Pp. 309-314.
5. Timoshchuk A. S., Trofimova N. N. Current issues of training specialists for the penal system // The penal system at the present stage and the prospects for its development. – Ryazan: Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2020. – P. 284-289.
6. Polischuk N. I., Tolchenkon D. A., Kurdyukova E. A. Analytical review of the results of a comprehensive study of motivational attitudes that determine the choice of service in institutions and bodies // Bulletin of the public research laboratory “Interaction of the penal system with civil society institutions: historical, legal and theoretical-methodological aspects”. – 2019. – No. 17. – P. 166-187.
7. Ogorodnikov V. I., Letunov V. N. Personnel of the penal system of Russia at the present stage // Criminal Executive Law. – 2015. – No. 3 (21). – P. 116-121.
8. Chernyshov I. N. Economy and the penitentiary system: search for a model of cooperation // National interests: priorities and security. – 2015. – No. 42. – P. 52-62.

PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW
GUSEVA Ekaterina Vasiljevna
Ph.D. in psychological sciences, associate professor of legal psychology, pedagogy and organization of educational work with convicts sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
DEREN Ivanna Ivanovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
DVORETSKIY Dmitriy Alexandrovich
lecturer of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Pskov branch, University of the FPS of Russia
MODERN ASPECTS OF OVERCOMING MALADAPTATION OF CONVICTED WOMEN WHILE SERVING THEIR SENTENCES WITHOUT ISOLATION FROM SOCIETY
The article considers modern aspects of the problem of maladaptation of women serving sentences without isolation from society in accordance with the penal enforcement legislation of the Russian Federation. The causes of chronic maladjustment as a factor in the commission of repeated crimes are analyzed. The necessity of applying comprehensive legal and psychological measures to overcome the state of maladaptation is substantiated. The mechanisms of psychological support through individual and group forms of work within the framework of current legislation are described. The officially approved programs of the Federal Penal Service of Russia aimed at preventing repeat criminality among conditionally convicted women are being considered.
Keywords: adaptation, maladaptation, convicted women, crime prevention, psychological safety, correctional and educational programs.
Article bibliography
1. Guseva E. V. Means and methods of education of convicts and their influence on the effectiveness of correction // Scientific notes of P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2022. – No. 12 (214). – P. 160-163. – DOI 10.34835/issn.2308-1961.2022.12.p160-163. – EDN NLXRJH.
2. Deren I. I., Kuznetsov Yu. V. Quality of Higher Education as One of the Conditions for Development of a Modern Economy // Economics of Education. – 2024. – No. 5 (144). – Pp. 27-36.
3. Deren I. I. Economics of Education: Regional Aspect and Aspect of Interaction with Universities of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia // In the collection: Problems and Prospects for the Development of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Sciences: Pedagogy, Psychology, Economics, Jurisprudence. Collection of Scientific Articles. – Saratov, 2024. – Pp. 198-204.
4. Egorov D. G. On the Role of the Model of the Human Psyche in the Strategy of Psychocorrectional Work with Prisoners: Are Christian Concepts of Man Outdated? // In the collection: IV International Penitentiary Forum “Crime, Punishment, Correction”. Collection of abstracts of speeches and reports of participants, for the 140th anniversary of the penal system of Russia and the 85th anniversary of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, in 10 volumes, 2019. – Pp. 242-245.
5. Ezhova O. N. Individual psychological characteristics of the personality of convicted women as determinants of recidivism // Bulletin of the Samara Law Institute. – 2022. – No. 2 (48). – P. 101-108.
6. Makarkina O. E., Dvoretsky D. A. Key points in the maladjustment of convicted women registered with criminal-executive inspectorates // The criminal-executive system at the present stage, taking into account the implementation of the Concept for the development of the criminal-executive system of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030: a collection of abstracts of speeches and reports of participants in the International scientific-practical conference on the problems of executioncriminal penalties, Ryazan, November 17-18, 2022. Volume 2. – Ryazan: Academy of Law and Management of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2022. – P. 249-253. – EDN WYPJRL.

STATE AND LAW
BULAVINA Darya Vladimirovna
Head of the Administrative and Personnel Department, N. S. Alferov Ural State University of Architecture and Arts, Yekaterinburg
EMPLOYEE BONUSES AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS FOR ACHIEVING NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The article is devoted to the study of innovations in labor legislation regarding the regulation of employees\’ remuneration, namely, the procedure for paying the incentive part of the salary (bonus), as well as the restrictions related to reducing the bonus amount due to an employee\’s disciplinary offense during a certain period of work. This topic is relevant due to the importance of using the mechanism of employee incentives to achieve national goals. The article analyzes the emerging judicial practice on this issue and the challenges faced by employers in applying existing regulations.
Keywords: national goals, sustainable development, incentive part of wages, bonus, decrease in wages, demotion.
Article References
1. Adamchuk V. V. et al. Labor Economics: textbook edited by V. V. Adamchuk. – Moscow: ZAO FISTATINFORM, 2010. – 400 p.
2. Ivanchina Yu. V. Functions of Labor Law as a Reflection of Socially Significant Needs: diss. … Doc. of Law: 12.00.05. – Ekaterinburg, 2019. – P. 17.
3. Magun V. S. Structure and Dynamics of Labor Values ​​of the Russian Population (Based on International Studies of the 1990s) // Russia: A Transforming Society / Ed. by Yadov V. A. – Moscow, 2001.
4. Maslow A. Motivation and Personality. 3rd ed. / Translated from English. – St. Petersburg, 2008.
5. Salikova N. M. Legal Regulation of Remuneration in the Russian Federation (Theoretical and Practical Issues): Dis. … Doctor of Law. – Ekaterinburg, 2003. – 441 p.
6. Salikova N. M., Batukhtina E. M. Deprivation of a Bonus for Violation of Labor Discipline: Legal Positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 4-12. – DOI 10.34076/2410_2709_2023_6_4. – EDN EHOTUP.

STATE AND LAW
DZYUBAN Valeriy Valerjevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, professor of Humanities sub-faculty, Russian Customs Academy, Lyubertsy
ZAKOPYRIN Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Academy of Law and Management of the FPS of Russia
SABARAIKIN Semyon Vasiljevich
senior lecturer of Physical education sub-faculty, Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, M. K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University, Yakutsk
THE MAIN MEASURES OF THE STATE POLICY IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
The article presents a comparative institutional analysis of key state policy measures in the field of physical culture and sports, aimed at assessing the differences and intersections of domestic and foreign practices in the context of the priorities of mass recovery and strengthening the health of the nation. The author uses methods of a systematic review of regulations and international charters, comparative national strategies and financing models, as a result of which two dominant blocks of measures are identified – codified regulatory and multichannel financial support – as well as an institutional dichotomy: mature, diversified and monitored foreign models and program-oriented, infrastructurally focused, but fragmented Russian practice. Based on the identified gaps, practical and policy recommendations are formulated for the development of a unified regulatory framework (including the idea of ​​a Sports Code), diversification of funding sources with increased municipal autonomy and incentives for the private and public sectors, the introduction of systematic quality monitoring and evidence-based assessment of social effects, as well as selective and adaptive borrowing of foreign instruments, taking into account the demographic, economic, and institutional features of Russia to increase the accessibility, sustainability, and effectiveness of mass recreational sports.
Keywords: public policy, sports, mass sports, legal regulation, financing, codification, monitoring, adaptation of foreign experience, municipal programs, national health.
Article bibliography
1. Bredikhin A.V., Zakopyrin V.N., Lustin Yu.M. On the definition of the concept of “regional community” in the context of modern sociocultural transformations // Eurasian Law Journal, 2024. No. 6 (193). P. 526-527.
2. BrEdikhin A. V., Fokina N. Yu., Allahverdiyeva F. Kh. Mechanisms and factors of influence of youth public associations on the political process in the Russian Federation. Moscow: ANO CEMI, 2025. 167 p.
3. Bronnikova E. M., Vinogradova M. V., Shatsky A. A., Kulyamina O. S. Socio-economic factors influencing the increase in the proportion of the population systematically engaged in physical activity and sports // Service in Russia and abroad. 2022. No. 2 (99). P. 170-181.
4. Gridina N. A. Public administration of physical culture and sports in foreign countries // Manager. Bulletin of the Donetsk State University of Management. 2016. Pp. 30-35.
5. Kuvachev M. S. Features of Formation of State Policy in the Sphere of Physical Culture and Sports in Russia and Abroad // Vestnik nauki. 2024. No. 1 (70). Pp. 540-548.
6. Markova A. S. Aspects of Public Administration in the Sphere of Physical Culture and Sports in a Number of Foreign Countries // Scientific Notes of Lesgaft University. 2022. No. 7 (209). Pp. 256-263.
7. Maslova M. S. The Importance of Physical Culture and Sports Activities in the Lives of University Students // Arkhont, 2025. No. 10 (61). Pp. 91-96.
8. Pilipenko Z. S. The Influence of Sports on the Formation of Student Personal Qualities // Arkhont. 2025. No. 10 (61). P. 97-101.
9. Tsinchenko G. M., Orlova I. S. State policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of physical culture and sports // Management issues. 2019. No. 3 (39). P.76-88.

STATE AND LAW
KOLTYRIN Vadim Igorevich
senior lecturer of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, junior researcher of the Legal Regulation in the Context of Digitalization Research Laboratory, Volgograd State University
LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE AS A DRIVING FORCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF TELEMEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES
This study examines the practical problems associated with the application of current legislation on the provision of medical care using information and communication technologies (telemedicine) that arise in the judicial system and law enforcement agencies. The relevance of this legal issue is due to its fundamental novelty, which is caused by the lack of effective regulation at the legislative level, as evidenced by the level of judicial review of disputes that are almost always subject to judicial control by the cassation and Supreme courts. In light of this relevance, the study analyzes the judicial practice in this area over the past few years. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic groups of relationships and trends that shape the consideration of legal disputes in the field of telemedicine technologies. As a result of the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to streamline judicial practice by adopting a thematic review that would systematize the existing material and provide guidelines for further consideration of disputes, as there are currently no unified standards for resolving disputes.
Keywords: telemedicine, application of telemedicine technologies, liability for improper provision of medical care, legal regulation of relations related to the provision of medical care using modern information and communication technologies, and the system of judicial acts.
Article Bibliography
1. Federal Law of December 10, 1995, No. 196-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) “On Road Safety.” Accessed from the ConsultantPlus legal reference system.
2. Federal Law of November 21, 2011, No. 323-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2024) “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation.” Accessed from the ConsultantPlus legal reference system.
3. Resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated April 7, 2023 No. 69-AD23-1-K7. Accessed from the ConsultantPlus legal reference system.
4. Determination of the Seventh Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated February 13, 2024, in Case No. 88-3568/2024. Accessed from the ConsultantPlus legal reference system.
5. Determination of the Ninth Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated February 6, 2025 No. 88-819/2025. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Determination of the Seventh Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated September 4, 2025, No. 88-11682/2025. Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Grishin S. M., Odintsov S. V. Trends in e-healthcare and features of the practice of considering disputes on the provision of medical services using digital technologies // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – 2024. – Vol. 20. No. 5. – Pp. 43-50. DOI: 10.33693/2541-8025-2024-20-5-43-50. EDN: FOTCAI
8. Simonyan R. Z., Bocharova E. E. Liability of medical organizations for violations in the provision of online medical consultations // Innova. – 2023. – Vol. 9. No. 4. – P. 58-60.
9. Usenkov I. A. Stability of legislation on telemedicine: current issues // Law and Politics. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 30-40. DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2024.3.70044 EDN:XFDLWYURL: [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70044

STATE AND LAW
KUDRIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Public administration and history sub-faculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
VASEVA Irina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm Institute of the FPS of Russia, lieutenant colonel of the internal service
ON THE QUESTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT REGULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
This article is examined the historical stages of the development of the collective bargaining agreement in Russia and Belarus. It analyzes the legal framework for collective bargaining relations during the Soviet period (1917 – 1991), the specifics of legal regulation under the command-administrative system, and the transformation of this institution in the post-Soviet period. The continuity of individual legal decisions and their impact on the modern system of social partnership are noted. It is concluded that the collective agreement has evolved from a tool for resolving social conflicts between hired labor and capital to an institution that ensures a balance of interests between workers, employers, and the state. The significance of this institution extends beyond labor law in the narrow sense and encompasses social policy, serving as an important element in the development of a fair and sustainable model of social and labor relations in the EAEU countries.
Keywords: collective bargaining agreement, social partnership, labor relations, trade unions, state, Russia, Belarus, EAEU.
Article bibliography
1. Volk E. A. Regulatory agreements in labor law. – Minsk: Amalfeya, 2013. – P. 11.
2. Goncharov A. F. History of the state and law of the USSR: in 2 parts. / Ed. G. S. Kalinin. Part 2. – Moscow: Publishing house of Legal lit., 1966. – P. 245.
3. Davidyuk P. G. Trade union movement: history, theory, practice. – Minsk: MITSO, 1999. – P. 41.
4. Kiselev I. Ya. Labor law of Russia. Historical and legal study. – M.: INFRA-NORMA, 2001. – P. 72.
5. Kovaleva E. A., Kovaleva T. V. Essays on the history of labor law in Belarus. – Gomel: GSU im. F. Skorina, 2015. – P. 96.
6. Kuznetsov V. V. On the conclusion of collective agreements for 1947 – M.: Profizdat, 1947. – P. 5.
7. Lyakh G. I. Collective agreement at the enterprise. – Minsk: Science and Technology, 1981. – P. 164.
8. Soviet Labor Law / Ed. by N. G. Alexandrov. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Legal Literature, 1949. – P. 113.
9. Tomashevsky K. L. Essays on Labor Law. History, Philosophy, Problems of Systems and Sources. – Minsk, 2009. – P. 335.
10. Tomashevsky K. L. The System of Sources of Labor Law of Belarus (History, Theory, and Practice). – Minsk, 2013. – P. 234.
11. Labor Law of Russia / Ed. by A. M. Kurennoy. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – P. 329.
12. Collective agreement for the glass factories “Trudy”, “Novka”, “Dombal”, “Profintern”, “October”, “Komintern”, “Ilyich”, Belgossteklotrest and its departments in 1925. – Minsk, 1925. – P. 64.

STATE AND LAW
LOSENKOV Oleg Igorevich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Economic Security, Astrakhan State Technical University
KOLOMINA Polina Viktorovna
magister student in 04/38/04 “State and Municipal Administration”, Astrakhan State Technical University; independent researcher
THE SPECIFICS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF THE INSTITUTE OF COMMISSIONERS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the principles, functions and problems of the functioning of the Office of Commissioners in the Russian Federation on the basis of research and analysis of general theoretical provisions. Analyzing the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international acts, the authors conclude that the relevant institution should act as a leader in the framework of relations between society and the state. The article concludes that the institution of human rights commissioners in the Russian Federation should ensure the integration of both society and public institutions.
Keywords: ombudsman, functions, commissioner, subject, Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Article Bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote) of December 12, 1993 (with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, July 4, 2020.
2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Adopted and proclaimed by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, April 5, 1995.
3. UN General Assembly Resolution of December 20, 1993, No. 48/134, “National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights” // Garant Reference and Information System.
4. Memorandum on the Establishment of the Eurasian Alliance of Ombudsmen, December 5, 2017 // Official Portal of the Eurasian Alliance of Ombudsmen. – [Electronic Resource]. – Access mode: https://eoalliance.org/information/objectives.php (date accessed: 30.04.2025).
5. Principles for the protection and strengthening of the Ombudsman institution (Venice Principles), adopted by the Venice Commission at its 118th plenary session (Venice, 15-16 March 2019), approved by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe at the 1345th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies, by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Resolution 2301(2019) of 2 October 2019, by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe, Resolution 451(2019) of 30 October 2019 // Official portal of the Council of Europe. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2019)005-rus (access date: 04/30/2025).

POLICY AND LAW
IGNATJEVA Irina Valentinovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Journalism and marketing technologies sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Social networks play a significant role in the political life of the country, influencing elections, political campaigns and public protests. Internet platforms allow you to quickly disseminate information, organize events and attract attention to them. Legal regulation of social networks is carried out by Federal Laws No. 126-FZ “On Communications”, Federal Law No. 436-FZ “On the Protection of Children from Information Harmful to Their Health and Development”, Federal Law No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technology and Information Protection”. The Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media is the supervisory authority for social networks in Russia. The agency creates and maintains a register of social networks to monitor their compliance with the requirements of Russian legislation. In addition, the Russian Federation has a roadmap for the development of system-wide software until 2030, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on December 16, 2022. Since January 7, 2025, the RF Government Resolution of December 28, 2024 No. 1963 “On Certain Issues of Dissemination of Information on Social Networks” has been in effect. Nevertheless, negative content appears on social networks. The author analyzes this situation and suggests effective measures to eliminate it.
Keywords: social networks, online platform, online campaign, flash mob, fake information, hashtag, geolocation, clickbait content.
Article References
1. Archakova, M.A., “Specifics of the Spread of Political Fakes” // Communicology. – 2023. – No. 1. – pp. 53-62.
2. “The Attack on Aeroflot Was the Last Straw: Russian Hackers Launch a Cyberwar Against Europe.” [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://mosregtoday.ru/news/interesnoe/ataka-na-aeroflot-stala-poslednej-kaplej-rossijskie-hakery-zapuskajut-kibervojnu-protiv-evropy/ (date of access: 05.08.2025).
3. Urtaeva E. B. The influence of social networks on the development of political communications in the new digital reality // Society: politics, economics, law. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 40-49.
4. Yandubaev A. V. The influence of social networks on the formation of public opinion in modern conditions // Modern scientific research and innovation. – 2024. – No. 7. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://web.snauka.ru/issues/2024/07/102349 (date of access: 08/05/2025).

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
BALYNSKAYA Natalya Rinatovna
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Journalism, advertising and public relations sub-faculty, Institute of Media, Social Sciences and Humanities, National Research South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
SHKURKO Natalya Sergeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Cultural studies sub-faculty, Institute of Languages ​​and Culture of the Peoples of the North-East of the Russian Federation, M. K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University, Yakutsk
PETROVA-YADREEVA Yana Alexandrovna
senior lecturer of Arctic law and the rights of the Asia-Pacific region sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL CHANGES
Political communications have always been an integral part of political processes at various levels of policy implementation, from the municipal level to the international level. Many studies have been conducted on the impact of political communications on the behavior of all actors in the political process. Some researchers focus on the political system, where political communications play a crucial role. Others explore the specific aspects of the political process, where political communications also play a significant role. It should be noted that the role of political communications in the decision-making process and in influencing the masses has been studied in various countries, and of course, the political regime that prevailed in each country has left its mark on the formation of research schools in this area. However, today, when the world has entered the global world political space, we can note that there have been qualitative changes that prompt us to reconsider the specifics of political communications as one of the leading socio-political institutions that determine the development of global politics.
Keywords: globalization, communication, global politics, political technologies, trends.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Balynskaya N. R. Political and media process in the Russian Federation: current state // Economics and politics. – 2015. – No. 1 (4). – P. 5-7.
2. Bredikhin A. V., Erasova E. A. “New Media” as a Tool in the Implementation of “Color Revolutions” // Bulletin of MGUTU named after K. G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University). Series of Social Sciences. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 54-66.
3. Bredikhin A. V., Sorokoumov E. A. “New Media” in the System of Political Conflicts // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 11 (186). – P. 483-484.
4. Buryanov S. A. Globalization, Geopolitical Confrontation and the New World Order: Status, Problems, Prospects // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 12 (199).
5. Gavrilov S. D., Morozov S. I. Communication strategies in the public political space of Russia: from integration to protest // Law and Politics. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 25-34.
6. Kaminskaya T. L. New trends in Russian political communication // Political linguistics. – 2020. – No. 6 (84). – P. 12-18.
7. Kochkin R. A. Innovative technologies in political communication: prospects and challenges // Cognitive sciences in the information society. – 2022. – Vol. 2. No. 2. – P. 1-7.
8. Krainova K. A. New communication practices in the field of managing political and communicative processes // Modern problems of science and education. – 2013. – No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://science-education.ru/article/view?id=8331 (date of access: 09/14/2025).
9. Laliev H. E. Transformation of political communication in the Internet era: functions and influence on socio-political processes // State and municipal administration. Scientific notes. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 269-273.

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
KHAIRULLINA Nursafa Gafurovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, professor, professor of Marketing and municipal management sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
USTINOVA Oksana Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Marketing and Municipal Management sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
FILIPPOVA Irina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Economics and organization of production sub-faculty, Tyumen Industrial University
IMPLEMENTING THE RIGHT TO IDENTITY FOR RURAL RESIDENTS: RESEARCH RESULTS
This article examines a topic relevant to multiethnic Russian regions in general and the Tyumen Oblast in particular: the realization of identity rights through the development of unifying value-based and sociocultural foundations of identification with one\’s small homeland among today\’s rural youth. The transformation and recent achievements taking place in our country have affected and influenced various spheres of human activity. Global processes have long tabooed revivalist values, while the SVO, conversely, has highlighted the values ​​of patriotism and service to one’s homeland.
Keywords: right to live in rural areas, right to preserve traditions, right to participate in cultural events, identity, identification, rural youth, small homeland.
Article References
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012, No. 1666 “On the Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation through 2025” (as amended). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://base.garant.ru/70284810/ixzz6eXjZ16BZ (date of access: 09/22/2025).
2. Khairullina N. G. All-Russian civic identity: results of a survey of Tyumen youth // Intercultural and interreligious dialogue in Russian regions. – Tyumen: TIU, 2022. – Pp. 174-186.
3. Khairullina N. G. All-Russian civic identity: results of a survey of Tyumen youth // In the collection: Problems of Formation of a Single Space of Economic and Social Development of the CIS Countries (CIS-2021). Proceedings of the Annual International Scientific and Practical Conference. In 2 volumes. Editors O. M. Barbakov, Yu. A. Zobnin. – Tyumen, 2022. – Pp. 409-414.
4. Khairullina N. G. All-Russian civic identity: assessments of youth of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug // In the collection: University science: problems of training specialists. Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference. Editor-in-chief M. L. Belonozhko. – Tyumen, 2022. – Pp. 256-259.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GABRIELOVA Yuliya Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Criminal law disciplines and forensics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL MARKETING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GASTRONOMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
This study analyzes the impact of emotional marketing on key performance indicators of gastronomic businesses. The paper systematizes the ways in which emotional marketing influences consumer loyalty, visit frequency, sales volume, and brand perception. Based on statistical data and research findings, it is confirmed that emotional strategies, such as visual and sensory stimuli, personalized offers, and active use of social media, have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the gastronomic business environment. The article focuses on the role of emotional intelligence, neuromarketing, and local cultural characteristics and traditions in shaping consumers\’ emotional attachment. It is shown that companies that focus on emotions demonstrate increased profitability, higher customer lifetime value, and higher retention rates, which allows them to strengthen their competitive position in the market.
Keywords: gastronomic business environment, emotional marketing, emotional strategies, emotional intelligence, neuromarketing.
Article bibliography
1. Agafonova, A. N. Emotional Marketing as a Key to Irrational Consumer Behavior // Scientific Forum: Economics and Management: Collection of Articles Based on the Materials of the VIII International Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. 6 (8): Limited Liability Company “International Center for Science and Education”, 2017. – Pp. 15-20. – EDN WOPGGW.
2. Tikhomirova, I. V., Zhebalov, V. G. Event Marketing: Methods of Practical Implementation // Eurasian Union of Scientists (ESU). – 2015. – No. 9 (18). – P. 111-114.
3. Harvard Business Review. The New Science of Customer Emotions. – Text: electronic // Harvard Business School Publishing: official website. – 2015. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://hbr.org/2015/11/the-new-science-of-customer-emotions (date of access: 09/20/2025).
4. Gallup Website. – Text: electronic // Gallup: official website. – 2017. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.gallup.com/home.aspx (date of access: 09/22/2025).
5. McKinsey Quarterly 2018 Number 1 Overview and Full Issue. – Text: electronic // McKinsey & Company: official website. – 2018. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/strategy%20and%20corporate%20finance/our%20insights/mckinsey%20quarterly%202018%20number%201%20overview%20and%20full%20issue/mckinsey-quarterly-2018-number-1-overview-and-full-issue.pdf (accessed: 22.09.2025).
6. Nielsen 2016 Year in Review. – Text: electronic // Nielsen: official website. – 2016. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sites.nielsen.com/yearinreview/2016/ (date of access: 09/20/2025).
7. The 2020 Sprout Social Index: Above and Beyond. – Text: electronic // Sprout Social. – 2020. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://media.sproutsocial.com/uploads/2020 (date of access: 09/15/2025).
8. Cision Press Releases. – Text electronic // Cision: official website. – 2021. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cision.com/about/press-releases/2021-press-releases/ (date of access: 09/21/2025).
9. Customer Loyalty Engagement Index. – Text: electronic // Brand Keys: official website. – 2019. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://brandkeys.com/customer-loyalty-engagement-index/ (date of access: 09/20/2025).
10. Yelp (2018). – Text: electronic // Yelp: official website. – 2018. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.yelp.com/collection/boTzsu7uz_bJdCVrnHlwJw/Yelp-2018?msockid=1668a160f1d7648f10e3b5e4f0f66509 (date of access: 09/21/2025).
11. Neuromarketing Yearbook 2017. – Text: electronic // Neuromarketing Science & Business Association: official website. – 2017. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://neuromarketing-association.com/news/250-neuromarketing-yearbook-2017-out-now (date of access: 09/20/2025).
12. The Vision 2020 Summary. – Text: electronic // WGSN: official website. – 2020. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.wgsn.com/assets/marketing/emails/2018/vision_2020_pt1/TheVision2020_Summary.pdf (date of access: 09/22/2025).
13. Zhdanova O. S., Gabrielova Yu. V. Information and communication systems of emotional marketing in the gastronomic business environment // In the collection: Modern information technologies in the context of new challenges. Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific Internet Conference. – Donetsk, 2025. – P. 50-51.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GOLUBEVA Tatyana Vladimirovna
Senior lecturer, Smolensk branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
NIKOLAENKO Andrey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Economical sciences, associate professor, chief researcher, FSBI “Analytical Center”, Moscow
ZAITSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in Economical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director of the Center for Technology Management in Bioengineering Research Institute of Public Policy and Management of the Sectoral Economy; professor of Banking and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, State University of Management, Moscow
DEFINING THE CONCEPT OF “RESILIENCE” IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
In the article, the authors define the essence of resilience as a concept that describes the ability of an individual or a system to adapt to changes in the environment. It is established that the resilient approach involves not only minimizing risks, but also using emerging opportunities to transform the economic system into a more sustainable one. Resilience acts as a theoretical and practical approach that allows identifying vulnerabilities in systems and developing strategies to increase their sustainability. The following features of the resilient approach are highlighted: a dynamic balance between current efficiency and long-term resilience; maintaining a dynamic balance between robustness and flexibility; the ability of the system to accept unpredictable risks without interrupting growth; the need to prepare for the next shocks during periods of uncertainty.
Keywords: resilience, sustainability, industry, industrial enterprises.
Article bibliography
1. Holling C. Resiliency and stability of ecological systems // Annual Review of Ecological Systems. – 1973. – Vol. 4. – P. 1-23. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802.
2. Lele S. Resilience, sustainability environmentalism // Environment and Development Economics. – 1998. – Vol. 3. Iss. 2. – P. 221-262. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development-economics/article/abs/resilience-sustainability-environmentalism/A023DA0563F1C2DC0E70D7F0377AD24F.
3. OECD, SIDA. Resilience systems analysis: Learning and recommendations report. – Paris: OECD Publishing, 2017.
4. Hallegatte S. Economic Resilience: Definition and Measurement. The World Bank / Climate Change Group – Office of the Chief Economist // Policy Research Working Paper. – 2016. – No. 6852. – P. 44.
5. Holling C. Resiliency and stability of ecological systems // Annual Review of Ecological Systems. – 1973. – Vol. 4. P. 1-23. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096802.
6. Akberdina V. V. Resilience factors in the Russian economy: a comparative analysis for the period 2000-2020 // National interests: priorities and security. – 2021. – Vol. 17. No. 8. – P. 1412-1432.
7. Smorodinskaya N.V., Katukov D.D. Resilience of Economic Systems in the Era of Globalization and Sudden Shocks // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2021. – No. 5. – Pp. 93-115.
8. OECD. A systemic resilience approach to dealing with COVID-19 and future shocks. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2020.
9. Smorodinskaya N.V., Malygin V.E. Resilience as a Strategic Imperative in the Era of Uncertainty // Economic Strategies. – 2021. – No. 6. – Pp. 58-62.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GORYUNOV Leonid Yurjevich
First Deputy General Director of ANO “International Center of Excellence in the field of sustainable management of natural resources”, Moscow
BUSINESS PRACTICES IN THE FIELD OF MINERAL RESERVES AUDIT: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
The article is devoted to the systematization and generalization of approaches to the formation of business practices in the field of mineral reserves audit, as well as the development of proposals for its integration into the legal and corporate practice of Russia. The author analyzes the theoretical aspects of custom formation, its content, application features and mechanisms of interaction with current legislation and international standards. A comprehensive analysis of the procedural and institutional aspects of custom certification through the Chamber of Commerce and Industry is proposed, taking into account international experience (CRIRSCO, SPE-PRMS) and national peculiarities. Prospects for the development of the inventory audit system are being determined, including the integration of national approaches with international standards (CRIRSCO, SPE-PRMS, and UN recommendations).
Keywords: audit of reserves, subsurface use, expert qualifications, professional ethics, self-regulation, soft regulation, CRIRSCO, SPE-PRMS, business practices, Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Bibliographic list
1. Braginsky, M. I., Vitryansky, V. V. Contract Law. Book One. General Provisions. Moscow: Statut, 1998. 682 p.
2. Vlasova, N. V. International Commercial Contracts as Means of Self-Regulation // Commercial Law. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 98-105.
3. Gavrilov E. P. Business Customs in Entrepreneurial Practice // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 12-28.
4. Zaloilo M. V. Fragmentation as a Modern Trend in the Development of the Legal Space // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 27-49.
5. Kozlova N. V., Filippova S. Yu. Custom in Civil Law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 45-57.
6. Pepeliaev S. G. Business Customs in the Practice of Legal Services // Law. – 2018. – No. 6. – P. 45-52.
7. Lawmaking in the Context of International Regionalization: Monograph. – M.: IZiSP: INFRA-M, 2025. – 224 p.
8. Rafalyuk E. E., Zaloilo M. V., Vlasova N. V. Concepts, Types and Forms of Eurasian and Latin American Integration Associations (Comparative Legal Analysis) // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 154-168.
9. Regional Integrations of the States of Eurasia and Latin America: Public and Private Law Aspects: Monograph. – M.: IZiSP: RIOR, 2016. – 367 p.
10. Starkov O. V. Soft law in regulating resource markets // Economy and Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – Pp. 34-42.
11. Shershenevich G. F. Course in commercial law. Volume I. – M.: Statut, 2003 (reprint of the 1912 edition). – 480 p.
12. Nye J. S. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. – New York: Public Affairs, 2004.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
ZAITSEV Alexey Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Director of the Center for Technology Management in Bioengineering Research Institute of State Policy and Management of the Sectoral Economy, Professor of the Department of Banking and Entrepreneurship, State University of Management, Moscow
NIKOLAENKO Andrey Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Chief Researcher, FSBI “Analytical Center”, Moscow
MASHEGOV Peter Nikolaevich
Ph.D in economical sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Information Management and Information and Communication Technologies named after V.V. Dick Moscow Financial and Industrial University \”Synergy\”, Moscow
APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING THE TOOLS OF INTRA-COMPANY PLANNING OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE
The article highlights the functions of intra-company planning of industrial enterprises (defining goals and developing strategies to achieve them; coordinating the activities of business units; optimal allocation of resources; monitoring and evaluating the company\’s activities; reducing future uncertainty; attracting investments). The study presents the results of the systematization of approaches to the classification of intra-company planning tools; it is revealed that when establishing a combination of tools, one can adhere to the situational approach. It is argued that it is necessary to rely on an integrated approach, which assumes that the formation of plans is based on the use of various tools, taking into account their interrelationship and complementarity.
Keywords: intra-company planning, intra-company planning tools, industrial enterprises.
Bibliography
1. Ansoff I. Strategic Management. – Moscow: Economica, 1989. – 303 p.
2. Stepanova G. N. Strategic Management. Planning at the Enterprise: Textbook. – Moscow: MGUP Publishing House, 2001. – 136 p.
3. Mironova A. V. The Essence of the Intra-Company Planning Process at Modern Industrial Enterprises // Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University. Transactions of Murmansk State Technical University. – 2006. – Vol. 9. No. 4. – P. 647-650.
4. Melnik E. S. Instruments of intra-firm planning at enterprises // Young scientist. – 2011. – No. 9. – P. 97-99.
5. Kyshtymova E. A., Lytneva N. A. Instruments of the mechanism of intra-firm and strategic planning of industrial enterprises // Bulletin of OGIET. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 50-56.
6. Goloshchapova V. V. Formation of instruments of intra-firm and strategic planning // Issues of regional economics. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 74-78.
7. Zimina L. Yu. Methodological foundations of intra-firm planning: a tutorial. – Ulyanovsk: UlSU, 2007. – 115 p.
8. Kuleshov S. A. Development and application of a set of tools for internal planning at the enterprises of the space industry: specialty 08.00.05: abstract of a candidate of economic sciences dissertation. – Korolev, 2013. – p. 10.
9. Titov V. I. Economics of the enterprise: textbook. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. – 416 p.
10. Shmalen G. Fundamentals and problems of enterprise economics. Translated from German. – Moscow: Finance and statistics. – 510 p.
11. Shmyreva M. B. Formation and implementation of internal planning tools at machine-building enterprises: specialty 08.00.05: abstract of a candidate of economic sciences dissertation. – Voronezh, 2010. – 25 p.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KUZNETSOVA Marina Nikolaevna
Professor of General mathematics and natural sciences sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Law University
SHAVALEEV Rustem Failevich
competitor of General mathematics and natural sciences sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Law University
ANTIMONOPOLY REGULATION IN THE IT MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of legal conflicts arising between antitrust regulation and import substitution policy in the field of information technology. The impact of government support measures for domestic companies in the field of information technology on the competitive dynamics of the market is studied, revealing systemic contradictions between the creation of “national champions” and the principles of protecting competition. Based on the study of modern law enforcement practice and foreign experience, proposals are formulated to improve legislation aimed at achieving a balance between the tasks of ensuring technological sovereignty and maintaining a healthy competitive environment.
Keywords: antimonopoly regulation, import substitution, competition, technological sovereignty, government support
Article bibliography
1. Kalyatin V. O. Problems of antimonopoly regulation of digital platforms in the context of import substitution // Law. – 2021. – No. 12. – pp. 78-92.
2. Zhevnyak O. V. Digital platforms as a type of economic market relations and reflection of this aspect in the legal regime of digital platforms // Legal studies. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 96-127.
3. Filosa C., Jovanovic M., Agostini L., Nosella A. Pivoting B2B platform business models: From platform experimentation to multi-platform integration to ecosystem envelopment // International Journal of Production Economics. – 2025. – Vol. 280. – Article 109466.
4. Jovanovic M., Sjödin D., Parida V. Co-evolution of platform architecture, platform services, and platform governance: Expanding the platform value of industrial digital platforms // Technovation. – 2022. – Vol. 118. – Article 102218.
5. Katz M. L. Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility / M. L. Katz, C. Shapiro // The American Economic Review. – 1985. – Vol. 75. No. 3. – P. 424-440.
6. Vasilyeva I. A., Valova Yu. I. Problems of antitrust regulation in the context of digitalization // Innovative economy: prospects for development and improvement. – 2022. – No. 1 (59). – P. 21-26.
7. Bronskaya Yu. K., Vasilyeva A. S., Gusmanov I. U., et al. Conceptual foundations of the development of the national innovation system of Russia: structural and technological modernization of the domestic economy, socio-economic and technological factors of development: monograph / Ed. E. A. Polischuk, O. A. Podkopaev. – Samara: NITs PNK, 2025. – 268 p.
8. Konovalova M. E., Kuzmina O. Yu. Financial ecosystems in the era of digital technology development (on the example of Sberbank PJSC) // Issues of innovation economics. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 1. – P. 361-380.
9. Stepnov I. M., Kovalchuk Yu. A. Finance of Business Ecosystems: Modern Agenda and Challenges // Finance: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – Vol. 27. No. 6. – Pp. 89-100.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
PALIY Kristina Romanovna
Ph.D. in political science, Head of Educational Program “Management”, associate professor of Management sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE POLICY FOR THE PROTECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN ST. PETERSBURG: KEY INSTITUTIONS AND LEGAL MECHANISMS
The article analyzes the institutional and legal mechanisms for implementing state policy on the preservation of St. Petersburg\’s architectural heritage. Using system and comparative legal approaches, the multi-level structure of cultural heritage protection management is studied, and contradictions in the distribution of powers between federal and regional authorities are identified. The research demonstrates the need for legislative unification, development of public participation mechanisms, and enhanced interdepartmental coordination to ensure effective protection of the city\’s unique historical and cultural potential.
Keywords: architectural heritage, state policy, St. Petersburg, urban conservation organizations, heritage preservation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Andryushina L. E. State protection of cultural heritage sites of St. Petersburg // StudNet. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 257-264.
2. Marushina N. V. “The Historic Center of St. Petersburg and Associated Groups of Monuments” Today and Tomorrow: Problems and Tasks of Managing a World Heritage Site // Cultural Heritage of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4 (43). – P. 137-147.
3. Paliy K. R. On the Issue of Public-Private Partnership in the Sphere of Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites of St. Petersburg // Management Consulting. – 2019. – No. 5 (125). – P. 140-150.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
SARAEVA Oksana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Management and service sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
STARTUP AS A FORM OF FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK: LEGAL ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION, POSSIBLE RISKS AND CONFLICTS
The article considers a startup as a form of final qualifying work, which is part of the project “Digital Economy in the Russian Federation”, which was developed to support talented youth. The author considers possible risks that can negatively affect the success of a startup project, as well as conflicts that may arise for various reasons. The author examines the pros and cons of a startup as a final qualifying work, focuses on existing problems, draws significant conclusions, and makes significant proposals.
Keywords: startup, final qualifying work, business project, boiling points, pitch deck, risks, conflicts.
Article References
1. A New Diploma: How a TPU Student Can Defend Their Thesis as a Startup. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://news.tpu.ru/news/2019/03/05/34439/ (accessed: July 11, 2025).
2. Spirin E. Ready! Attention! Up! A Startup Will Replace a Diploma in 2019. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://pravda-nn.ru/news/na-start-vnimanie-ap-startap-zamenit-diplom-v-2019-godu/ (Accessed: July 12, 2025).
3. The University provides a wide range of opportunities for developing student startups. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://rsr-online.ru/news/2023/4/12/universitet-predostavlyaet-bolshoj-pul-vozmozhnostej-dlya-razvitiya-studencheskih-startapov/ (Accessed: July 11, 2025).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
SUSLOV Yuriy Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor of Management sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg
SUSLOV Evgeniy Yurjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Management sub-faculty, North-Western Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg
LEGAL ASPECTS OF STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIA
The research is devoted to the analysis of the legal foundations of state project management in modern Russian administrative practice. The article considers the evolution of the regulatory framework governing the organization and functioning of project activities in the system of federal and regional authorities. The legal characteristics of the various phases of the project cycle in the public sector, including initiation, planning, implementation, monitoring and completion, are studied. The specific legal risks of government projects and the tools for their neutralization are identified. Parallels are drawn between the Russian legal model and foreign standards of project management. The methodological framework includes comparative legal analysis, documentary research and a systematic approach. The results demonstrate the need to optimize legal regulation to improve the effectiveness of public project management.
Keywords: state project management, administrative and legal regulation, national projects, budget planning, contract system, public procurement, project documentation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vasiliev A.I. Organization of project management in government bodies // State power and local self-government. – 2016. – No. 2. – S. 15-28.
2. Vechernin D. S. Legal regulation of project management as a tool for implementing state import substitution programs // Administrative law and process. – 2020. – No. 4. – Pp. 67-82.
3. Zapolsky S. V. Legal support of priority national projects // Reforms and law. – 2020. – No. 3. – Pp. 124-138.
4. Mekha V. A. Regulation of the implementation of national projects in the Russian Federation: problems and development prospects // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2023. – Vol. 13. No. 6A. – Pp. 107-112.
5. Moiseev A. V. Project management technology in the public administration system // Public administration. Electronic bulletin. – 2022. – No. 2. – Pp. 45-59.
6. Rubtsov S. V., Gareeva N. B. Development of a Project Management System in the Public Sector // Fundamental Research. – 2021. – No. 8. – Pp. 112-126.
7. Shevelko D. A. National Projects in the Results-Based Budgeting System: Legal Aspect // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2022. – Vol. 15. No. 5. – Pp. 117-138.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
MEKHDIEV Elnur Tadzhaddinovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of World economy and world finance sub-faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
PUCHNINA Elizaveta Alexandrovna
bachelor of World economics sub-faculty, Faculty of International Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MIA of Russia
THAILAND\’S ROLE IN THE GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM ASSEMBLY TO INNOVATION
This article analyzes Thailand\’s evolution in the global automotive industry, tracing its path from a significant manufacturing hub to an innovation center specializing in next-generation vehicles. It examines the key factors that have contributed to Thailand\’s transformation into the “Detroit of the East”, including the development of manufacturing capacity capable of producing over 2 million vehicles annually and a strategically advantageous geographic location within the ASEAN region. Particular attention is paid to innovation and national projects aimed at stimulating the production of high-value-added goods. The accelerated development of an electric vehicle (EV) ecosystem, facilitated by strategic investments and policies of the Board of Investment (BOI), is examined in detail. Another important factor stimulating manufacturing is the “Thailand 4.0” program and the development of the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), which includes major infrastructure projects worth US$17.33 billion focused on the digitalization and automation of industry, including the development of port facilities.
Keywords: Automotive industry, Thailand, global supply chain, \”Detroit of the East electric vehicles, ASEAN automotive cluster.
Article bibliography
1. Zbrodina E. Yu. Features, factors, and directions of production chain relocation by global automotive transnational companies // Global Economy and Education. – 2023. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-faktory-i-napravleniya-vynosa-proizvodstvennyh-tsepochek-globalnymi-avtomobilestroitelnymi-transnatsionalnymi (date of access: 03.10.2025).
2. Official website of Thai automakers. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://data.thaiauto.or.th/auto/auto-stat/auto-stat-sale/auto-sale-volume-inter.html
3. Official website of the Federation of Thai Industries. Statistics. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fti.or.th/DataCenter/Industry-statistics
4. Official website of the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers OICA. Production statistics for 2023. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2023-statistics/ (date of access: 15.10.2024)
5. Rachkov S. A. Factors in the development of the global automobile industry // Bulletin of Eurasian Science. – 2022. – Vol. 14. No. 1. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.today/PDF/05ECVN122.pdf

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
PARSHIN Evgeniy Alexeevich
postgraduate student of World economy sub-faculty, P. A. Stolypin International Institute of Informatization and Public Administration
THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (CHINA) AS A NEW MODEL OF MEGA-REGIONAL INTEGRATION
China\’s economy is considered one of the most dynamic on the stage of global economic relations. In less than half a century, China has transformed from a laggard state into an economic superpower, making a significant contribution to the global economy. An important role in this process is played by the “One Belt, One Road” strategy, which decisively changes the geo-economic picture of the world. This project Provides an incentive for the economic growth of the participating countries by offering an alternative approach to Western-oriented globalization. However, differences in the level of development of institutions, economics, and culture between the participants can be seen as signs of a new form of neocolonialism in the part of China.
Keywords: SCO, BRICS, EAEU, Belt and Road Initiative, Russian-Chinese cooperation.
Article bibliography
1. Bolaev A. V., Mantaeva E. I. “China’s Role in Global Outbound Foreign Direct Investment Flows in the Context of the Implementation of the Belt and Road Strategic Initiative” // EPP. – 2024. – No. 8. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-kitaya-v-globalnyh-potokah-ishodyaschih-pryamyh-inostrannyh-investitsiy-v-kontekste-realizatsii-strategicheskoy-initsiativy (date accessed: 04.10.2025).
2. Bolaev A. V., Bondarenko V. A. Issues of increasing the role of China in the global economy in the context of the implementation of the strategic initiative “One Belt, One Road” // Economic relations. – 2024. – No. 1. – Pp. 177-194. – 10.18334/ eo.14.1.120643.
3. Liang Dongzheng. Foreign economic cooperation within the framework of the strategy “One Belt, One Road” // Economy and Society. – 2025. – No. 3-1 (130). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vneshneekonomicheskoe-sotrudnichestvo-v-ramkah-strategii-odin-poyas-odin-put (date of access: 04.10.2025).
4. Mantaeva E. I., Bolaev A. V. The role of China as an exporter of goods to countries and territories participating in the strategic initiative “One Belt, One Road” // EPP. – 2024. – No. 4. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-kitaya-kak-eksportera-tovarov-v-strany-i-territorii-uchastnitsy-strategicheskoy-initsiativy-odin-poyas-i-odin-put (date of access: 04.10.2025).
5. Feng Shuhan. The Impact of the One Belt, One Road Megaproject on the Russian Economic Sphere // Economy and Business: Theory and Practice. – 2025. – No. 3 (121). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-megaproekta-odin-poyas-odin-put-na-rossiyskuyu-ekonomicheskuyu-sferu (date of access: 04.10.2025).

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ALSHEVSKAYA Larisa Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy, sociology and history sub-faculty, A. A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Agrarian University
DISCUSSION ON CREATIVITY IN V. V. ROZANOV\’S (1856 – 1919) PHILOSOPHY
This article presents the results of a study examining one of the most pressing contemporary topics – creativity. Drawing on the emotional constructs of V.V. Rozanov, one of the most renowned and distinctive Russian philosophers of the turn of the last century, it presents an unconventional approach to the prerequisites, emergence, and realization of the creative process in human life. The objective and subjective sources of creativity are identified, and a comparative and functional analysis of the subjective and objective factors influencing the emergence and development of creativity is conducted. The goal-setting guidelines for this process and the means for achieving them are outlined. The specificity and interrelationships of various art forms are explored. It is concluded that human-created creative reality does not compete in relevance with the creator in the highest sense, but rather, bears witness to them. The article summarizes Rozanov’s research into the content, meaning, and prospects of human creative activity.
Keywords: V. V. Rozanov, creativity, spirit, philosophy, poetry, forms of creativity.
Bibliography
1. Balmont K. D. Collected Works: In 7 Volumes. – Vol. 1. – Moscow: Book Club Knigovek, 2010. – 504 p.
2. Bely A. Symbolism as a Worldview. – Moscow: Respublika, 1995. – 528 p.
3. Vekhi: Anthology of Russian Journalism. – Moscow: Griffin, 2007. – 272 p.
4. Gershenzon M. O. Creative Self-Consciousness // Vekhi: Anthology of Russian Journalism. – M.: Griffin, 1909. – Pp. 109-138.
5. Gippius Z. N. Collected Works. – M.: Russkaya Kniga, 2001. – 560 p.
6. Rozanov V. V. On Understanding. – St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1994. – 536 p.
7. Soloviev V. S. Philosophy of Art. – M.: Yurait, 2018. – 196 p.
8. Uralsky M. Vasily Rozanov as a Provocateur of the Spiritual Turmoil of the Silver Age. – St. Petersburg: ALETEYYA, 2022. – 566 p.
9. Fateev V. A. Biography of Vasily Rozanov. – M.: Pushkinsky House, 2013. – 1088 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
ANANCHENKOVA Polina Igorevna
Ph.D. in economic sciences, Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management, Moscow City Department of Healthcare
PHILOSOPHY OF LONGEVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY: BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND CULTURE
This article is devoted to the philosophical understanding of old age as a special form of human temporal existence. Unlike traditional approaches focused on medical, demographic, or social aspects, the author examines old age through the lens of a subjective experience of time. The article analyzes how the perception of the past, present and future changes in old age, as reflection, nostalgia, a sense of finiteness and the desire for inner completeness increase. It is concluded that old age is not just the last stage of a biographical line, but also a phenomenon in which much of what makes a person truly human is concentrated: memory, gratitude, acceptance, caring, striving for meaning and dignity at the end of the path. It requires a new language, a new philosophical framework and recognition of its value not as a remnant, but as a possible peak of human life.
Keywords: old age, temporality, philosophy of time, existence, memory, identity, deceleration, authenticity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Augustine Aurelius. Confession / Aurelius Augustine; lane from lat. M. Sergeenko. – St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2024.
2. Améry J. The Power of Age: Lessons of Old Age for Families and Youth. – St. Petersburg: Aletheia Publishing House, 2015.
3. Bergson A. Creative Evolution. – Moscow: Eksmo Publishing House, 2019.
4. Lukyanov O. V. Existential Analysis and the Nature of Time. The Transtemporal Character of Existential Experience // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – 2007. – No. 299. – Pp. 164-170.
5. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception / Ed. by I. S. Vdovina, S. L. Fokin. – St. Petersburg: Juventa, 1999.
6. Ricoeur P. Time and Story. T. 1: The Historian’s Present and the Fictional Time of the Story / Translated by S. N. Zenkin. – Moscow: Izdatelstvo gumanitarnoy literatury, 2004. – Pp. 11-63.
7. Frankl V. Man’s Search for Meaning. – Moscow: Progress, 1990.
8. Heidegger M. Being and Time. – Moscow: Ad Marginem, 1997.
9. Husserl E. Phenomenology of the Inner Consciousness of Time. – Moscow: Gnosis, 1994.
10. Erikson E. G. Childhood and Society / Translated from English. – St. Petersburg: Lenato, AST, University Book Foundation, 1996.
11. Jonas H. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. – Zürich: Buchclub Ex Libris, 1987.
12. Jonas H. The Phenomenon of Life. – Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2001. – P. 225-234.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
VEZLOMTSEV Viktor Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Philosophy and history sub-faculty, Academy of Law Management of theFPS of Russia
CULTURAL CODES OF CORRUPTION: HOW TRADITIONS SHAPE THE PERCEPTION OF VIOLATIONS
In this article, corruption is considered as a social phenomenon that can be perceived in different ways depending on cultural norms, historical traditions and systems of social values. The author provides a comparative analysis of different approaches to corruption practices: bribery, nepotism and protectionism in different regions of the world, such as the West, East Asian countries, the Islamic world and in African countries. The author demonstrates that actions that are considered corrupt in the Western world can be perceived as a social norm in other cultures. In countries where the culture of relationships dominates, personal honor, family loyalty, respect for hierarchy, and mutual obligations will be the main regulators in relationships. Western societies, in turn, adhere to universal rules, rely on the law, formal institutions, and individual responsibility. This difference in approaches gives rise to different grounds for condemning corrupt practices. The article pays special attention to such social phenomena as waste in the Middle East, family business in East Asia, informal resource allocation in traditional African societies and the legal culture of the West. The article emphasizes that attempts to universalize anti-corruption strategies without taking into account cultural specifics will often prove ineffective. Instead of unification, the article suggests respect and consideration for local anti-corruption practices. In conclusion, it is concluded that it is necessary to preserve cultural diversity as the main condition for stable social development in the context of globalization.
Keywords: corruption, cultural norms, bribery, intercultural differences, anti-corruption.
Bibliographic list of articles
1 Adaman F. A., Çarkoglu and B. Senatalar. Corruption in Turkey: Results of a diagnostic household survey. February,2001.
2 Ambraseys N., Bilham R. Corruption kills. Nature.2011. Vol. 469 (7329).
3 Bellow A. In praise of nepotism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2004. P. 576.
4 Haberman S. The ways of taking responsibility. New York Times: NYC, 1996 (July 26). 5 Perman S. Taking the pulse of family business, Business Week, 2006 (February 13). 6 Kozlov A. V. “IMF assessed the link between corruption and the consequences of natural disasters” // Vedomosti, November 9, 2023.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VOROKHOBOV Alexander Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Privolzhsky branch, M. V. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; professor of Philosophy and theology sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
ROZINA Tatyana Yurjevna
lecturer of Theory and practice of foreign languages ​​and linguodidactics sub-faculty, K. Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
GORLACHEV Vladimir Yurjevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, Chief Specialist-Expert of the Department of Environmental Protection and State Environmental Expertise of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Kamchatka Krai
PHILOSOPHICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: SYSTEMATIZATION AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS
The article systematizes and analyzes the philosophical and epistemological principles that are fundamental to scientific research. Particular attention is paid to the principle of objectivity. The complementary nature of the principles under consideration is pointed out, which, complementing each other, allow us to develop a reliable methodological basis for scientific research.
Keywords: philosophical methodology, epistemology, scientific knowledge, criteria of scientificity.
Article bibliography
1. Kvyatkovsky G. Yu., Yakovleva T. A. Specialized knowledge as a factor in the integration of the professional community of artists // Bulletin of Minin University. – 2025. – Vol. 13. No. 2 (51).
2. Semikopov D. V., Spirin V. K. Metaphysical personalism and existential personalism // Bulletin of Minin University. – 2025. – Vol. 13. No. 2 (51).
3. Vorokhobov A. V., Ulanov M. V. The Problem of Method and Development of a Model for Studying the History of Philosophy // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 9 (184). – P. 302-304.
4. Vorokhobov A. V., Ulanov M. V. Critique of the Neo-Kantian Concept of the History of Philosophy in the Context of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s Hermeneutic Approach // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 10 (185). – P. 354-356.
5. Vorokhobov A. V., Zimina M. V., Merzlyakova A. V. Conceptualization of the Methodology for Studying the History of Philosophy // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 529-530.
6. Vorokhobov AV, Zimina MV, Pronina NS Problems of developing a methodology for studying philosophy // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 4 (203). – P. 555-557.
7. Vorokhobov AV Interpretation of the ontological argument in the philosophical theology of Charles Hartshorne // Christian reading. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 115-126.
8. Vorokhobov AV Genesis and evolution of the anti-metaphysical trend in the philosophy of modern times // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Philosophy. Sociology. Political Science. – 2021. – No. 63. – P. 64-74.
9. Vorokhobov A. V. Specification of axiological experience and ontological nature of values ​​// State and law in a changing world: legal priorities for preserving and strengthening traditional Russian spiritual and moral values ​​(for the Year of the Family in the Russian Federation): Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Nizhny Novgorod, March 21, 2024. – 2025. – P. 17-21.
10. Kostadinovich D., Bondareva Ya. V. General scientific algorithm of cognition and forms of scientific research // Bulletin of Moscow Region State University. Series: Philosophy. – 2022. – No. 2. – P. 15-21.
11. Stepin V. S. Features of scientific knowledge and criteria for types of scientific rationality // Epistemology and philosophy of science. – 2013. – T. 36. No. 2. – P. 78-91.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KLIMOV Sergey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, professor of Philosophy, sociology, and history sub-faculty, Russian Open Academy of Transport, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
GLOZMAN Olga Sergeevna
Ph.D. in technical sciences, associate professor of the Higher Engineering School, Russian Open Academy of Transport, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONS FOR COMPREHENDING THE ESSENCE OF THE CITY IN THE ONTOLOGICAL MODE
The study identifies two fundamental dimensions of city existence based on M. Heidegger\’s theory of modes. Further, the ontological mode of city existence is considered in detail. As a result, a socio-philosophical model of urban analysis is formed through the prism of I. Kant\’s transcendental philosophy. Transcendental analysis is a necessary tool that allows to identify the conditions under which a city can be a city in its essential fullness. The article proves that a city is a phenomenon of human experience and is constituted by a priori structures of consciousness, space and time. Unlike traditional sociological or urban planning approaches, the emphasis is on the conditions of the possibility of the existence of urban reality. The study includes an interdisciplinary review of scientific works on philosophy and sociology.
Keywords: ontological mode, transcendental analysis, city, urban life cycles, ontological characteristics of the city.
Bibliography
1. Heidegger M. Being and Time / Translated from German by V. V. Bibikhin; introduction by I. V. Minakov. – Kharkov: “Folio”, 2003. – 503 p.
2. Frolova S. M. The City as a Space of Everyday Being // Bulletin of the Volga Region Academy of Public Administration. – 2014. – No. 1 (40). – Pp. 74-79. – EDN SALCMB.
3. Palamarchuk M. L. The City as a Phenomenon in the Framework of Social Space-Time // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen. – 2008. – No. 63-1. – P. 242-248. – EDN LTHAHP.
4. Ageeva E. Yu. City as a socio-cultural formation (Functional and typological analysis): specialty 24.00.01 “Theory and history of culture”: abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2005. – 48 p. – EDN ZNCZBN.
5. Esakov V. A. City as a social reality (Philosophical and sociological analysis): specialty 09.00.11 “Social philosophy”: dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. – M., 1999. – 144 p. – EDN NLMWGF
6. Vakhshtayn V. S. Imagining the City. Introduction to the Theory of Conceptualization. – Moscow: Editorial Board of the Journal “New Literary Review”, 2022. – 576 p. – EDN HTGZDQ.
7. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason / Translated from German by N. Lossky. – Moscow: Nauka, 1999. – Pp. 45-78.
8. Kant I. Physical Geography. Part 1. – Kaliningrad: Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, Museum-Reserve “Museum of the World Ocean”, 2023. – 500 p.
9. Zatsepilin Yu. V. Ontological Analysis of the City as a Form of Social Being: specialty 09.00.01 “Ontology and Theory of Knowledge”: dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. – Magnitogorsk, 2002. – 152 p. – EDN QDORIB.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOBYLKIN Roman Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
KHARKOVA Natalya Nikolaevna
associate professor of Philosophy, bioethics and law sub-faculty, N. P. Grigorenko Institute of Public Health, Volgograd State Medical University
SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF YOUTH (BASED ON THE LIFE OF A DON COSSACK – K. I. NEDORUBOV)
This article attempts to update patriotic education based on the life of a Don Cossack, a participant in three wars – Konstantin Iosifovich Nedorubov (1889-1978). As in all turning points in the history of our country, during the First World War, the Cossacks stood up to defend their Fatherland. The Cossacks have always been on guard for the security of our country. Many of them became real heroes and were deservedly awarded one of the main awards of Russia – the Order of St. George. The turning point in the life of the entire Cossacks was the October Revolution of 1917. This event divided society into supporters of the new government and the old one and led to the beginning of the Civil War (1918-1920). Another test for the whole country was the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The difficult life of K. I. Nedorubov is an example for young people of how to live and work for the good of their homeland. Such examples are especially relevant now, when Russia is going through difficult times.
Keywords: First World War, Civil War, Great Patriotic War, historical heritage, patriotic education, Homeland.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Babichev D.S. For the Motherland, for the power of the Soviets // Courage remains for centuries. Monuments to the Military Glory of the Don / Ed. team: D. G. Pavlov, N. M. Skrebov, A. G. Tereshchenko. – Rostov-on-Don: Rostov-on-Don Book Publishing House, 1975. – 127 p.
2. Kobylkin R. A., Medvedeva L. M. Historical Memory of Alexander Nevsky in the Contemporary Cultural Industries of Volgograd. In the collection: The Mortal and the Eternal: Cultural Industries in Social Contexts. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Comp. and editors: S. A. Malenko, A. G. Nekita. – Veliky Novgorod, 2023. – 208 p.
3. Konstantin Iosifovich Nedorubov. / Ed. by S. A. Kokorin, Yu. F. Boldyrev, S. A. Argastseva, M. M. Samko. – Volgograd: Panorama, 2009. – 352 p.
4. Kudin V. A. On the 100th Anniversary of the Beginning of World War I // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2014. – No. 2 (62).
5. The Last War of the Russian Empire. Russia, the World on the Eve, During and After World War I Based on Documents from Russian and Foreign Archives. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. – Moscow, November 7-8, 2004. – M.: Nauka, 2006. – 388 p.
6. Reports of the Soviet Information Bureau. V. 3. July-December 1942. – M.: SOVINFORMBURO Publication, 1944. – 434 p.
7. Tokarev N. A. Buda Longs. Notes of a War Correspondent. – M.: Moskovsky rabochy, 1971. – 335 p.
8. Filippova A. Don Cossack, Hero of the Country, Crosses and Stars of Konstantin Nedorubov // Rodina. – 2013. – No. 1.
9. Shalygin V. V. My Native Cossack Land. Ust-Medveditsky Okrug of the Don Host Region / Author-compiler. Member of the Union of Journalists of Russia V. V. Shalygin. – 2nd edition. – Volgograd: Stanitsa-2, 2004. – 368 p.
10. Sholokhov M. A. On the Don // Collected Works in 8 volumes. Vol. 8. Essays, articles, feuilletons, speeches. – M.: Fiction, 1986. – 384 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MUKHAMETZHANOVA Vinera Sayarovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Ethics sub-faculty, Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia
ZHELNINA Yana Romanovna
Patrice Lumumba Peoples\’ Friendship University of Russia; independent researcher
ETHICS OF INTERACTION WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AGENTS
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the ethical and legal components of artificial intelligence in the context of widespread high technology. New ethical challenges related to attachment to artificial intelligence agents, data manipulation, and the phenomenon of deepfakes are being investigated in detail. Within the framework of the legal framework, the existing measures for regulating interaction with artificial systems are analyzed. As practical alternatives, the authors propose digital labeling of content created using artificial intelligence and the development of special protection mechanisms for vulnerable users. Special attention is paid to the use of emotional artificial intelligence, which contains potential threats to society. The synthesis of the provisions of regulatory legal acts and theoretical developments in the field under consideration allows us to conclude that it is necessary to develop specific legal and social mechanisms to protect human autonomy from possible risks associated with the use of smart machines.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, ethics of artificialintelligence, agents of artificial intelligence, psychological attachment, data manipulation, deepfake, emotional artificial intelligence, legal regulation of artificial intelligence.
Article bibliography
1. Artamonov V. A., Artamonova E. V. Artificial Intelligence and Security: Problems, Misconceptions, Reality, and the Future // Russia: Development Trends and Prospects. – 2022. – No. 17 (1). – P. 585-594.
2. Bodrov N. F., Lebedeva A. K. The Concept of Deepfake in Russian Law, Classification of Deepfakes, and Issues of Their Legal Regulation // Legal Studies. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 26-41.
3. Dobrobaba M. B. Deepfakes as a Threat to Human Rights // Lex Russica. – 2022. – Vol. 75. No. 11. – Pp. 112-119.
4. Zinkovskaya A. V., Olomskaya N. N. Manipulation of human consciousness by means of artificial intelligence as a humanitarian problem of the 21st century // Russian social and humanitarian journal. – 2024. – No. 1. – Pp. 258-276.
5. Krasovskaya N. R., Gulyaev A. A. Technologies of consciousness manipulation using deepfakes as a tool of information warfare in the political sphere // Power. – 2020. – No. 4. – Pp. 93-98.
6. Moiseenko M. V. The influence of emotional artificial intelligence on the communication process // Medicine. Sociology. Philosophy. Applied research. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 66-70.
7. Mukataeva A. K. Digital empathy and psychological well-being: Features of youth interaction with AI assistants // Endless light in science. – 2025. – No. 30. – P. 46-51.
8. Ushkin S. G., Koval E. A. Alice, are you following me? Perception of privacy in the narratives of users of “smart” speakers // Monitoring public opinion: economic and social changes. – 2023. – No. 3 (175). – P. 23-40.
9. Khaidarova N. T. K. Privacy and data protection taking into account the use of artificial intelligence in work processes // Central Asian Journal of Education and Innovation. – 2024. – T. 3. No. 5. – P. 137-141.
10. Grace Katja, Salvatier John, Dafoe Allan, Zhang Baobao, Evans Owain. When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. – 21 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
RUDKEVICH Elena Yurjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Branch of the Military Educational Scientific Center, Professor N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin Air Force Academy in Syzran
PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE MODERN SOCIAL SPACE: ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE
Many works have been devoted to the study of photography as a representative element of social reality. However, it should be noted that the large-scale technical and technological changes that have taken place in the field of photography have significantly altered both the socio-ontological status of photography and its role in modern society. Photography has only recently been recognized as a cultural and artistic phenomenon, specifically in the second half of the 20th century. Until the 1960s, photography was mostly seen as an experimental or documentary tool for capturing events or historical figures. Having firmly entered the territory of culture, photography has shown its ability not only to reproduce events, people, and objects of the past with documentary accuracy, but also to create something new, which manifests itself in the construction of a completely independent reality. Since its inception, photography has been creating new social practices, including different forms of visualizing objects.
Keywords: culture, modern society, photography, image, social space.
Article bibliography
1. Barthes, R. Camera lucida. Commentary on photography. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press, 2011, 272 p.
2. Benjamin, W. The Work of Art in the Age of Technical Reproduction. Selected Works. Moscow: Progress, 1968, pp. 201-264.
3. Sontag, S. On Photography. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press, 2013, 272 p.
4. Creary, J. Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Nineteenth-Century Modernity. – M.: V-A-C press, 2014. – 248 p.
5. Flusser V. About photography. – M.: OOO «Ad Marginem Press», 2025. – 124 p.
6. Rouillet A. Photography. Between document and contemporary art. – St. Petersburg: Cloudberry, 2014. – 712 p.
7. Petrovskaya E. Antiphotography. – M.: Tri kvadrata, 2003. – 112 p.
8. Vartanov A. S. Photography: document and image. – M.: Izd-vo «Planeta», 1983. – 272 p.
9. Burke P. The historian’s view: how photographs and images create history. – M.: Eksmo, 2023. – 368 p.
10. Cartier-Bresson A. Imaginary Reality. – M.: Limbus Press, K. Tublin Publishing House, 2010. – 128 p.
11. Kondratyev E. A. Photography in the “lens” of philosophy // Questions of Theory and Art. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 46-62.
12. Rudkevich E. Yu. The system of values ​​aboutsocieties: structural analysis // Power. – 2007. – Pp. 92-95.
13. Grigorieva A. V. Phenomenology of the social in the photographic image: sociocultural aspects of the study of advertising photography // Bulletin of RUDN, Sociology series. – 2009. – No. 2. – Pp. 30-41.
14. Flusser V. For the philosophy of photography. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of St. Petersburg University, 2008. – 146 p.
15. McLuhan M. G. Understanding media: External extensions of man. – Moscow: Kuchkovo pole, 2018. – 464 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
STANKEVICH Dmitry Vladimirovich
assistant of the Higher School of Engineering, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN MIGRATION IN THE MODERN WORLD
The article examines population migration in the modern world, which is becoming one of the key global processes that have a significant impact on the socio-economic development of countries, culture and politics. The phenomenon of global migration is being investigated, the historical patterns of this phenomenon in the last century, its versatility and dynamics are analyzed from the point of view of social, cultural and economic aspects. Particular attention is paid to migration policy in Russia, where, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, society and the state have not determined the optimal framework and quality of migration flows.
Keywords: migrant, labor migration, migration policy, resettlement of people, indigenous population, economic process.
Article References
1. Loginova T. P., Lyadova E. V. International Labor Migration in the Economy of Modern Russia // Bulletin of the Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law. – 2024. – No. 1 (104). – P. 170-179. – DOI 10.21295/2223-5639-2024-1-170-179. – EDN REIZHE.
2. Luzina T. V. The Role of International Labor Migration in the Development of the Russian Labor Market in Modern Conditions // Financial Studies. – 2024. – Vol. 25. No. 3 (84). – Pp. 25-36. – DOI 10.54220/finis.1991-0525.2024.84.3.002. – EDN GDRWSV.
3. Kassyura E. V., Kolesnikova T. V. Shift in Migration Flows to Russia from Central Asian Countries to Far Abroad Countries: Opportunities and Challenges // Modern Science: Current Issues, Achievements and Innovations: Collection of Articles from the XXXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference, Penza, January 25, 2025. – Penza: ICNS “Science and Enlightenment” (IP Gulyaev G. Yu.), 2025. – P. 39-42. – EDN RUQYZX.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
TIMOSCHUK Elena Andreevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social sciences and humanities sub-faculty, Vladimir branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation; associate professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Vladimir branch, Volga Region Research Medical University
NAZAROVA Marina Grigorjevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socioeconomic disciplines sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
INGARDEN\’S REALISTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
Roman Ingarden established close ties with Husserl\’s philosophical circle while still a student. Ingarden began his studies at the university in Poland, continued them in Göttingen from 1912, and then followed Husserl to Freiburg, where he completed his studies. In 1918, he defended his doctoral dissertation on Bergson\’s concept of intuition and returned to Poland the same year. Ingarden initially taught at the universities of Lviv and then Kraków, but in 1950 he was suspended from teaching on charges of idealism and only regained his teaching license six years later. Husserl’s conviction that phenomenological philosophy is a rigorous, eidetic science had a profound influence on him. In addition to epistemological questions, Ingarden was interested in aesthetics. His best-known work, “The Literary Work of Art” (1931), subjects the work of art to phenomenological analysis.
Keywords: realism, realistic phenomenology, intentionality, Husserl, Ingarden, constitution, points of uncertainty, multilayeredness.
Bibliography
1. Timoshchuk, E. A., “The Evolution of the Phenomenological School,” III Stepanov Readings. The Formation and Development of Scientific Knowledge in Russia and the World: History and Modernity. – Krasnoyarsk, 2025. – P. 492-502.
2. Timoshchuk A. S. Intentionality and concretization as forms of ordering the world in the phenomenology of R. Ingarden // The mortal and the eternal: social rituals in the mythologized space of the modern world. – Veliky Novgorod, 2008. – P. 334-337.
3. Nazarova M. G., Timoshchuk A. S., Timoshchuk E. A. Vladimir phenomenological school of R. A. Kurenkova // “III Russian Aesthetic Congress: Aesthetics in Times of Global Change. – Vladimir: Arkaim, 2023. – Pp. 47-48.
4. Nazarova M. G., Timoshchuk E. A. Phenomenological and Aesthetic Description of the Life-World // Context and Reflection: Philosophy of the World and Man. – 2023. – Vol. 12. No. 2-1. – Pp. 252-260.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TARASOV Alexey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Head of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
IVANOVA Elena Ivanovna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
LEZAREVA Kseniya Grigorjevna
student, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Lipetsk State Pedagogical University; independent researcher
EXISTENTIAL VULNERABILITY AND THE SEARCH FOR SOLIDARITY: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN AN ERA OF UNCERTAINTY
This article explores key issues in philosophical anthropology in the context of contemporary challenges. The analysis focuses on the human condition, characterized by increasing uncertainty, existential anxiety, and the experience of one\’s own vulnerability. The author draws on the methodological framework of classical existential and phenomenological anthropology to apply it to understanding new social and anthropological realities. The central thesis of the work is that it is precisely through the recognition of ontological vulnerability and finitude, rather than their denial, that new foundations for genuine human solidarity can be formed. This thesis is developed through dialogue with the concepts of contemporary thinkers, allowing us to outline the contours of a new anthropological model based on interdependence and an ethical of care.
Keywords: philosophical anthropology, existentialism, phenomenology, vulnerability, finitude, uncertainty, solidarity.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kaverina O. G., Menzhulina A. S. Digital transformations in vocational education // Humanitarian Studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 40-48.
2. Kosygina E. A. Features of pedagogical work on the formation of motivation for educational activity among students studying in the direction of training “Special (defectological) education” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 68-75.
3. Panfilova A. A., Cherenkova S. V. Use of digital educational resources in the practical training of students // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. –2025. – No. 1 (34). – P. 54-58.
4. Prutskov A. V. Teaching programming in Java at a university: pedagogical aspects // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 62-68.
5. Pushnova V. V. Comparative analysis of the concepts: “digital literacy” and “computer literacy” as system-forming components of the subject “Computer Science” // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2025. – No. 2 (35). – P. 49-57.
6. Ryabukhina E. A., Safonov V. I., Firsova S. A. Determining options for choosing future professional training of university applicants by means of organizing online testing // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 48-57.
7. Stoyanov A. S. Abolition of gender differentiation in technology lessons: students’ expectations // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 4 (33). – P. 86-100.
8. Suravtsova Yu. S., Korovko I. L. Stylization of graphics in the video game environment // Humanitarian studies of Central Russia. – 2024. – No. 3 (32). – P. 84-92.
9. Trubitsyn D. V. Globalization, modernization and national identity: a positive synthesis of data on the dynamics of macrosystems // Questions of philosophy. – 2025. – No. 7. – P. 56-67.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
FAYZULLIN Fanil Saitovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, academician, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan; chief researcher of the Department of Scientific Research, Ufa University of Science and Technology
SAMSITDINOV Ilfat Zakievich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor of Russian history, historiography and source studies sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
TRAJECTORIES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY IN MODERN RUSSIA: INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND PROMOTION PRACTICES
The article analyzes the key challenges of social mobility in contemporary Russia and proposes strategies to enhance it. Special attention is given to the role of education as the primary tool for vertical advancement and to social elevators that facilitate status transformation. The authors emphasize the need to overcome regional disparityies, as well as the influence of cultural policies and microsocial factors, including the family, on shaping aspirations for success. The focus is on the importance of a comprehensive, integrated approach to building a just society with equal opportunities for individual self-realization.
Keywords: Russia, social mobility, education, social elevators, regional inequality, cultural capital, equality of opportunity.
Article bibliography
1. Fayzullin F. S. Forecasting the social development of Russian regions // Economics of the social sphere. 2018. pp. 132-152.
2. Toshchenko Zh. T. Evolution of ideas of the social structure of Russian society // Sociological research. 2022. No. 10. Pp. 62-73.
3. Golenkova Z. T., Kosharnaya G. B., Kosharny V. P. The Impact of Education on Improving the Competitiveness of Employees in the Labor Market // Integration of Education. 2018. Vol. 22. No. 2 (91). Pp. 262-273.
4. Chernysh M. F. Social Institutions and Mobility in a Transforming Society. Moscow: Gardariki, 2005. 254 p.
5. Shabunova A. A. Social Structure and Mobility in Russian Society. Vologda: ISEDT RAS, 2015. 172 p.
6. Samsitdinov I. Z., Samsitdinov I. Z. Social Mobility in the Region: Conceptual Model and Empirical Research // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University. N.I. Lobachevsky. Social Sciences Series. 2024. No. 3 (75). P. 182-188.
7. Fayzullin F.S., Samsitdinov I.Z. Problems of Social Mobility in Modern Society // Culture, Personality, Society in the Modern World: Methodology, Experience of Empirical Research. XI International Conference, Yekaterinburg, March 19-20, 2008: in 5 parts. Yekaterinburg, 2008. Part 1. P. 56-60.
8. Bourdieu P. Structure, Habitus, Practices // Modern Social Theory. Novosibirsk, 1995.
9. Fayzullin F.S., Markovchina A.V. Social Stratification of Modern Russian Society: Its Criteria and Trends. Ufa, 2007. P. 106.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Irina Irikovna
senior lecturer, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LUKMANOVA Regina Aidarovna
postgraduate student of the 4th year of study, Ufa University of Science and Technology
DYNAMICS AND STATICS IN CHARITY WORK: A STUDY OF PROCESSES AND SUSTAINABILITY
Charity plays a key role in the socio-economic development of society, providing support to vulnerable groups and mitigating the consequences of crises. However, its effectiveness depends on the balance between dynamic processes (flexibility, adaptation to changes) and static elements (stability, resource sustainability). In times of instability, pandemics, and geopolitical challenges, understanding this balance becomes particularly important. It is crucial to consider the influence of public opinion and trust in charitable organizations, which form the foundation for successful engagement with donors and recipients of aid. In addition, a systematic approach allows for the development of long-term strategies, minimizing risks, and increasing the overall sustainability of charitable initiatives.
Keywords: charity, dynamics, statics, endowment, NGO.
Bibliography
1. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow, 1988. pp. 46, 354.
2. Ermakova, A. A., On the Specifics of Formulating the Problem of Social Statics and Dynamics in the History of Philosophical Thought. Tambov University Bulletin. Series: Humanities. 2007. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ob-osobennostyah-postanovki-problemy-sotsialnoy-statiki-i-dinamiki-v-istorii-filosofskoy-mysli/viewer.
3. Lukmanova R. A., Shaikhutdinova I. I. Information tools for popularizing a positive attitude towards charitable activities and mentoring// Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 4 (191). – P. 531-533.
4. Rakhmatullina Z. Ya. The world is held together by culture: philosophical understanding. – Ufa: RIC BashSU, 2021. – P. 8-9.
5. Lukmanova R. A., Shaikhutdinova I. I. The role of a volunteer in the modern world. Bulletin of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after. M. Akmulla. – 2023. – T. 1. No. S1 (66). – pp. 197-202.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
CHIRKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
assistant of Oriental languages ​​and cultures sub-faculty, Pyatigorsk State University
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL VALUES IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS OF MODERN SOCIETY
The article highlights the problem of the role of traditional values ​​in the sociocultural dynamics of modern society. Objective: analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to the problem of studying the role of traditional values ​​in the sociocultural dynamics of modern society. Objectives: to describe the content, essence and functions of values ​​as elements of sociocultural reality; to reveal the essence and role of traditional values ​​in the context of their influence on the sociocultural dynamics of modern society; to describe the role of traditional values ​​on the model of modern sociocultural dynamics of Russian society. The essence of value in the context of its influence on sociocultural dynamics is revealed from the standpoint of systemic, sociocultural and axiological approaches. Traditional values ​​form the core of the axiological space of social systems, implement their functions at the level of individual, group and public consciousness, ensuring the sustainability and stability of society. The axiological space of Russian society is fundamentally different from the neoliberal value systems actively introduced into its socio-cultural space, which gives rise to crisis phenomena in modern socio-cultural dynamics.
Keywords: values, traditional values, socio-cultural dynamics, axiological crisis, spiritual and moral values, neoliberalism.
Article bibliography
1. Baklanov I., Baklanova O. Social norm as a functional basis of sociality: the problem of forming and maintaining traditions // Patria. – 2025. – Vol. 2. No. 1 (5). – Pp. 75-88.
2. Baklanov I. S., Baklanova O. A. Sociocultural foundations of Russian civilization // Contours of the civilizational future of Russia. – Moscow: Fortia Press, 2024. – P. 210-233.
3. Golubeva A. R. Conscience in the Philosophical, Ethical and Didactic Dimensions // The World of Science, Culture, Education. – 2022. – No. 1 (92). – P. 151-154.
4. Lyakhov A. V. Ethical Dialectics of Traditions and Innovations in Domestic Spiritual Culture: Ethical and Philosophical Analysis: Dis. … Candidate of Philosophical Sciences. – Ivanovo, 2022. – 157 p.
5. Rudakov A. B. Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values ​​in the Context of the Problems of Russian Civil Identity // Cultural Studies Journal. – 2021. – No. 16 (265). – P. 145-163.
6. Steblyaks V. V., Epanchintseva I. Yu. Value Foundations of Socio-Cultural Activity // Culture and Civilization. – 2018. – Vol. 8. No. 1A. – P. 61-70.
7. Timofeeva O. V. Formation and Broadcasting of Spiritual Values ​​in Modern Society: Abstract of Candidate of Philosophical Sciences Dissertation: 09.00.11. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2014. – 197 p.
8. Ustilencev K. A. Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values ​​as an Object of Legal Research // Law and Management. XXI Century. – 2024. – No. 20 (1). – P. 44-51.
9. Chirkova E. A., Baklanov I. S., Bondarenko N. G. Values ​​in the sociocultural dynamics of modern societies: a philosophical analysis. – Pyatigorsk, 2024. – 176 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
IKHSANOV Artur Uralovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN PRESERVING ETHNIC IDENTITY
This article examines the key role of culture as a fundamental mechanism for preserving and transmitting ethnic identity in a globalizing world. It analyzes the main elements of culture (language, traditions, symbols) that serve as markers of belonging to a group. It is through cultural practices, language, customs, and traditions that a unique ethnic identity is formed, which allows people to retain their originality in the context of the universalization of world values ​​and standards. This concludes that it is important to take into account the cultural component to support ethnic groups and harmonize interethnic relations. Culture, as the basis of traditions, forms a holistic idea of ​​the people, helping to preserve unique features and values ​​throughout generations.
Keywords: ethnic identity, culture, traditions, language, multiculturalism.
Article bibliography
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2. New TikTok trend: more and more videos featuring national costumes are being published. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://am.sputniknews.ru/20200728/Novyy-TikToktrend-publikuetsya-vse-bolshe-video-s-ispolzovaniem-natsionalnykh-kostyumov-23906798.html.
3. Russia’s First Ethnographic Theater: How Art United Cultures. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://spbcult.ru/articles/iskusstvo/pervyy-etnograficheskiy-teatr-rossii-kak-iskusstvo-obedinilo-kultury/.
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5. Yamal will become a center of ethnocultural tourism. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sever-press.ru/news/obschestvo/jamal-stanet-centrom-jetnokulturnogo-turizma-klaster-na-poljarnom-urale-pozvolit-rossijanam-okunutsja-v-byt-korennyh-narodov/.
6. Phinney J. S. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. – 1990. – P. 45-48.

BOOK REVIEW
KARTASHKIN Vladimir Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, chief researcher, Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
BURYANOV Sergey Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Scientific Director of the Global Law Forum
In search of ways to overcome a new global catastrophe. A doctrinal approach to rethinking interwar international legal relations of the 20th century is explored in the monograph by Ph.D. in Law Insur Zabirovich Farkhutdinov, “The Evolution of International Law from Versailles to Munich (1919-1938). Myths and Realities”.
In the context of the current escalation of a multipolar geopolitical confrontation fraught with nuclear self-destruction of humanity, a monograph by Insur Zabirovich Farkhutdinov is considered. Review of the scholarly publication: Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Evolution of International Law from Versailles to Munich (1919-1938). Myths and Realities: monograph / I. Z. Farkhutdinov. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2025. – 496 p. – (Scientific Thought). – DOI 10.12737/2188100. It is concluded that the possibility of overcoming the geopolitical confrontation and preventing a new global catastrophe in the 21st century will depend on the development of new international legal approaches based on an adequate rethinking of the experience of international relations during the interwar period of 1919-1938.
Keywords: international relations, international law, evolution of international law, geopolitical confrontation, globalization, I. I. Lukashuk.
Article bibliography
1. Buryanov M. S. Digital human rights in the context of global processes: theory and practice of implementation: monograph / Ed. S. A. Buryanov. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2024. – 148 p.
2. Buryanov S. A. The meaning and prospects of internationally recognized human rights, including freedom of thought, conscience and religion, in the context of the globalization of social relations // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 12 (91). – P. 25-28.
3. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Globalization of World Order and the Law of Might. What Led to the Exacerbation of Power Geopolitical Confrontation in the Modern World and Is There a Prospect for Evolving Towards Sustainable Human-Centered Development? Part 1. // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2025. – No. 5 (204). – P. 23-27.
4. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. Human Rights as a Key Factor in Achieving Sustainable Managed Development // The Century of Globalization. – 2022.– No. 4 (44). – P. 97-110. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2022.04.07
5. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S., Nikitaev D. M. The Right to Freedom of Conscience in the Context of Global Processes: Theory and Practice of Implementation in the Russian Federation. (Master’s program). Monograph. Under the scientific editorship of S. A. Buryanov. – Moscow: Rusains, – 2020. – 236 p.
6. Lukashuk I. I. Interaction of International and Domestic Law in the Context of Globalization // Journal of Russian Law. – 2002. – No. 3. – Pp. 115-128.
7. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and the State // Journal of Russian Law. – M.: Norma, 2001. – No. 4. – P. 64-75.
8. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and Law // State and Law. – 2005. – No. 12. – P. 112-115.
9. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, State, Law, 21st Century. – M.: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.
10. Lukashuk I. I. Globalistics: New Level of Thinking // Russian Justice. – 2003. – No. 5. – P. 71-72.
11. Lukashuk I. I. International Law. General Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 415 p.
12. Lukashuk I. I. International Law: Special Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. Lukashuk I. I. –M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 517 p.
13. Lukashuk I. I. World Order of the 21st Century. (Globalization) // International Public and Private Law. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 4-10.
14. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Versailles-Washington System – 20 Years of Peace. Experience of Doctrinal Research of the Problems of Formation of a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of the Development of International Law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 5 (144). – P. 36-43.
15. Farkhutdinov I. Z. War and Peace in the Context of International Law. Experience of Doctrinal Research into the Problems of Forming a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of the Development of International Law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 2 (141). – Pp. 25-33.
16. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. Who Unleashed the First World War. Experience of Doctrinal Research into the Problems of Forming a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of the Development of International Law //Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4 (143). – P. 29-36.
17. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Doctrine of the Westphalian Peace System: Myths and Realities // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 6 (133). – P. 21-31.
18. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Post-Utrecht Europe – Endless Wars in the 18th Century. An Experience of Doctrinal Research into the Problems of Formation of a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of the Development of International Law (continued) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 12 (139). – P. 22-33.
19. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Collapse of the Vienna System of International Relations at the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries. The experience of doctrinal study of the problems of formation of a modern model of international relations in the context of development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 3 (142). – P. 22-30.
20. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The role of revolutions in the formation of international law. The experience of doctrinal study of the problems of formation of a modern model of international relations in the context of development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 1 (140). – P. 15-21.
21. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Treaty of Utrecht: the beginning or the end of Westphalia? The experience of doctrinal study of the problems of formation of a modern model of international relations in the context of development of international law (continued) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 10 (137). – P. 23-29.
22. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of International Law — from Westphal to Versailles: monograph. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2024. – 446 p. – (Scientific Thought). – DOI 10.12737/2135819.
23. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of International Law from Versailles to Munich (1919-1938). Myths and Realities: monograph. – Moscow: INFRA-M, 2025. – 496 p. – (Scientific Thought). – DOI 10.12737/2188100.