EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №5(204)2025 – Eurasian Law Journal

CONTENT OF NUMBER AND SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

EURASIAN LAW JOURNAL №5(204)2025

CONTENT OF NUMBERSUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

COLUMN BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD
Eurasian Law Journal – the power of legal knowledge

PERSONA GRATA
V. A. Kartashkin:
International law like life and destiny. The power of international law and the future of human rights in the modern world
Interview with Vladimir Alexeevich Kartashkin, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BURYANOV Sergey Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Scientific Director of the Global Law Forum
BURYANOV Maxim Sergeevich
master of law, postgraduate student, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Moscow City Pedagogical University; expert of the Youth Council under the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation
GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD ORDER AND THE LAW OF FORCE. WHAT HAS LEAD TO THE AGGRAVATION OF FORCE GEOPOLITICAL CONFRONTATION IN THE MODERN WORLD AND IS THERE A PROSPECT FOR EVOLVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE HUMAN-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT? PART 1
The article examines the problems of globalization of the world order and the dominance of the law of force in modern international relations. The main trends and reasons for the aggravation of the power geopolitical confrontation in the context of modern global processes 4.0 are considered, and strategic directions for the development of international law for their settlement are determined. It is concluded that overcoming global challenges, including military ones, requires an evolutionary change in the paradigm of civilizational development from an unstable state-centric to a controlled human-oriented one. This requires significant reform of international law as a science, a system of principles and norms, as well as a set of academic disciplines. The need to reform universal international legal principles and norms in order to create conditions for the implementation of the principle of non-use of force or threat of force, taking into account the global processes and negative consequences of 4.0, based on a fundamentally new non-polar model of international relations is substantiated. In order to achieve global mutual respect, trust and cooperation, a transition is proposed from a legally incorrect and ineffective concept of religious freedom to an innovative concept of freedom of ideological choice, ensured by the ideological neutrality of states. It is concluded that in the medium and long term, the preservation and sustainable human-oriented development of human civilization will require a significant transformation of the world order through the development of global law, governance, education (including legal education), in turn based on the priority of digital human rights, embodied freedom, equality and justice in the context of global digital transformation.
Keywords. World order, global processes 4.0, digital transformation, global negative consequences of 4.0, international relations, geopolitical confrontation, international law, human rights, digital human rights, freedom of ideological choice, ideological neutrality of states, sustainable human-oriented development.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Brzezinski 3. The Great Chessboard: (America’s Domination and Its Geostrategic Imperatives) / Trans. from English O. Yu. Uralskaya. – M.: International Relations, 1998. – 448 p.
2. Biryukov P. N., Buryanov S. A. Insur Farkhutdinov: Ensuring Peace and Security in Eurasia (International Legal Assessment of Events in Syria): Interview with Doctor of Law, Editor-in-Chief of the Eurasian Law Journal Insur Zabirovich Farkhutdinov // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2015. – No. 10 (89). – P. 8-15.
3. Buryanov S. A., Buryanov M. S. In Search of an Adequate World Order. The Future of the Rule of Law in the Era of Digital Globalization 4.0 // Century of Globalization. – 2024. – No. 2 (50). – P. 127-140. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2024.02.10
4. Vylegzhanin A. N., Nefedov B. I., Voronin E. R., Magomedova O. S., Zotova P. K. The Concept of “Rules-Based Order” and International Law // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 6-21. DOI: 10.24833/0869-0049-2021-2-35-60
5. Kissinger G. World Order. – M.: AST, 2015. – 226 p.
6. Kochetov E. G. Globalization: a breakthrough in legal consciousness and thinking. (Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, state, law. XXI century. – M.: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.) // Law and politics. – 2001. – No. 5. – P. 148-151.
7. Kuksin I. N. Problematic aspects influencing the quality ofof modern professional legal education // Values and meanings. – 2014. – № 2 (30). – P. 74-77.
8. Lukashuk I. I. Interaction of international and domestic law in the context of globalization // Journal of Russian law. – 2002. – № 3. – P. 115-128.
9. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and the state // Journal of Russian law. – Moscow: Norma, 2001. – № 4. – P. 64-75.
10. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization and law // State and law. – 2005. – № 12. – P. 112-115.
11. Lukashuk I. I. Globalization, State, Law, 21st Century. – M.: Spark, 2000. – 279 p.
12. Lukashuk I. I. Globalistics: New Level of Thinking // Russian Justice. – 2003. – No. 5. – P. 71-72.
13. Lukashuk I. I. International Law. General Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 415 p.
14. Lukashuk I. I. International Law: Special Part: Textbook for Students of Law Faculties and Universities. Lukashuk I. I. – M .: Wolters Kluwer, 2005. – 517 p.
15. Lukashuk I. I. World order of the XXI century. (Globalization) // International public and private law. – 2002. – No. 1. – P. 4-10.
16. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Versailles-Washington system – 20 years of peace. experience of doctrinal study of problems of formation of a modern model of international relations in the context of development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 5 (144). – P. 36-43.
17. Farkhutdinov I. Z. War and peace in the context of international law. The experience of doctrinal research into the problems of forming a modern model of international relations in the context of the development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 2 (141). – P. 25-33.
18. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The doctrine of the Westphalian peace system: myths and realities // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 6 (133). – P. 21-31.
19. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Post-Utrecht Europe – endless wars in the 18th century. The experience of doctrinal research into the problems of forming a modern model of international relations in the context of the development of international law (continued) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 12 (139). – P. 22-33.
20. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Collapse of the Vienna System of International Relations at the Turn of the XIX-XX Centuries. Experience of Doctrinal Study of the Problems of Formation of a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of Development of International Law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. No. 3 (142). – P. 22-30.
21. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Role of Revolutions in the Formation of International Law. Experience of Doctrinal Study of the Problems of Formation of a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of Development of International Law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 1 (140). – P. 15-21.
22. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Treaty of Utrecht: The Beginning or the End of Westphalia? Experience of Doctrinal Study of the Problems of Formation of a Modern Model of International Relations in the Context of Development of International Law (continued) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 10 (137). – P. 23-29.
23. Farkhutdinov I. Z. Evolution of International Law — from Westphal to Versailles: monograph. – M.: INFRA-M, 2024. — 446 p. — (Scientific Thought). – DOI 10.12737/2135819.
24. Farkhutdinov I. Z. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. Who Started the First World War. Experience of doctrinal research into the problems of forming a modern model of international relations in the context of development of international law // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 4 (143). – P. 29-36.
25. Chumakov A. N. The Main Trends of Global Development: Realities and Prospects // The Age of Globalization. – 2018. – No. 4 (28). – P. 3-15. DOI: 10.30884/vglob/2018.04.01
26. Buryanov M. Global digital human rights in the implementation of the Global Digital Compact. – Kindle Edition, 2024. – 491 p.
27. Kaplan M., Brown M. The Private Sector on the Front Line. Big Tech and the Risky Blurring of Commercial and Security Interests. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/private-sector-front-line (date of access: 02.02.2025).
28. Fukuyama F. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. – Cornell University Press, 2004. – RUR 186

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BENCHUK Ekaterina Andreevna
student of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
SEMENOVA Kristina Andreevna
senior lecturer of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
PROSPECTS FOR INTRODUCING DUAL CITIZENSHIP BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
The Union State of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is a unique integration project for the post-Soviet space, which is based on the desire of the two sovereign states for closer cooperation. The interaction of states is revealed through the deepening of economic and social ties, support in foreign policy, the adoption of a large number of sectoral agreements, simplification of the procedure for admission to citizenship, and special conditions for migration registration. However, despite such a high level of integration in many areas, at the moment it is not possible to talk about dual citizenship. According to the author, this aspect is of great scientific and practical interest. This article will consider the prospects for the introduction of dual citizenship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.
Keywords: dual citizenship, second citizenship, legislation on citizenship, Union State, international treaty.
Article bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. Constitutional lexicon: state and legal terminological dictionary. – M., 2015. – P. 241
2. Vitruk N. V. General theory of the legal status of the individual. – M., 2008. – P. 143-144.
3. Reshetneva T. V. International treaties of the Russian Federation on the settlement of dual citizenship issues: comparative characteristics // Bulletin of Udmurt University. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 883-889.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
BOLYCHEVA Margarita Dmitrievna
Minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Congress Activities of the Republic of Bashkortostan
NIGMATULLIN Rishat Vakhidovich
Ph.D. n Law, professor, Head of International and integration law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Ufa University of Science and Technology
TRADE REPRESENTATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: HISTORY AND MODERNITY
Trade representation as an important instrument of foreign economic activity of the state has a long history. Established in the early 20th century as agencies of the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Tsarist Empire, they made a certain contribution to the development of trade with foreign countries. During the Soviet period, trade representatives contributed to the development of foreign economic and commercial ties of the USSR with foreign states, provided American supplies under Lend-Lease. At the present stage, there is a search for optimal organizational and legal forms of improving this significant state institution and strengthening its role in overcoming sanctions pressure and deepening cooperation with friendly countries.
Keywords: trade representation, consul, foreign trade, USSR, export, information support.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ampleeva T. Yu. Legal status of the institution of Soviet foreign representative offices in trade and civil matters (1917-1940) // Law and Management. XXI century. – 2019. – Vol. 15, No. 1 (50). – P. 32-41.
2. Zalyaev R. I. Soviet trade missions in Turkey // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. Series: Humanities. – 2009. – Vol. 151, No. 2-2. – P. 162-167.
3. Ivanov A. S. Pages of the history of Russian trade missions abroad // Russian Foreign Trade Bulletin. – 2006. – No. 11. – P. 51-58.
4. Kuwait and Russia during the reign of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah: Pages from the Russian and British archives. – M.: Aspect Press, 2012. – 96 p.
5. Naryshkin A. A. The role of foreign missions in the economic diplomacy of the Soviet Union // Bulletin of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Russia and the world. – 2021. – No. 2 (28). – P. 155-163.
6. Nigmatullin R. V. Digital diplomacy as an instrument of foreign policy // Digital technologies and law: Collection of scientific papers of the I International scientific and practical conference. In 6 volumes, Kazan, September 23, 2022. Volume 2. – Kazan, 2022. – P. 325-334.
7. Ozerov O. B. Karim Khakimov: chronicle of life (on the fate of Islam and communism in Russia). – M.: Partnership of scientific publications KMK, 2020. – 232 p.
8. Teteriuk A. S., Bondarev M. D. Institute of Trade Missions of the Russian Federation at the present stage: Assessment of the interim results of its reform // Ars Administrandi (The Art of Management). – 2022. – Vol. 14, No. 2. – P. 202–232.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KUDRYASHOV Vladislav Vasiljevich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, State University of Education; Full State Counselor of the Russian Federation, 3rd Class
TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORDER: AN ISLAMIC ALTERNATIVE
The modern international financial system is fragmented into two parts by the type of regulation – traditional and Islamic. The first is based on secular (Christian) rules, the second – on religious norms of Islam. They are intertwined and interacted. The modern trend is the increasing institutionalization of the global Islamic financial sector, its strengthening and development, as well as integration with the traditional sector and increasing influence on it and on the national financial systems of non-Muslim countries.
The global market of Islamic financial instruments is in the growth stage, the number of Islamic commercial banks and other financial institutions is growing. It is assumed that networks based on religious principles can solve significant problems and, in general, will play a more serious role in many public issues (such as the environment and inequality) than secular associations.
The author believes that in the context of the transformation of the global world order, Islamic financial institutions can take key places in the global financial architecture, and Islamic forms of financing can become an alternative model of international financial relations.
Keywords: global financial architecture, transformation of world order, Islamic finance, internationalization, alternative financial relations, international standard-setting organizations
Bibliographic list of articles
1. An introduction to Islamic finance. Chartered Institute of Management Accountant. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cimaglobal.com/Study-with-us/Islamic-finance-qualifications/Islamic-finance-resources/Guide-introduction-to-Islamic-finance-/ (date of access: 01.01.2015).
2. Islamic Banking Bulletin, June 2014. Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ibd/bulletin/2014/IBB-Jun-2014.pdf (date of access: 09.01.2015).
3. Saqlain Sh. Internationalising Islamic Finance: Prospects & Challenges. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.islamicbanker.com/articles/internationalising-islamic-finance-prospects-challenges-0 (date accessed: 06.01.2015).
4. Kudryashov V. V. Integration of Islamic financial regulation: a global process // Financial law. – 2017. – No. 1.
5. Islamic Financial Services Industry Stability Report 2013, Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ifsb.org/publication-document/islamic-financial-services-industry-stability-report-2013/ (date of access: 27.04.2025).
6. El-Korchi M. The Islamic financial system is gaining momentum // Finance & Development, December 2005 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2005/12/qorchi.htm (date of access: 31.11.2023).
7. Sundaram G. K. K. How Crisis-resistant is Islamic Finance? In «International Monetary and Financial Law. The Global Crisis». Ed. by Giovanoli M., Devos D. – New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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11. Financial Stability Board. Key Standards for Sound Financial Systems. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fsb.org/work-of-the-fsb/about-the-compendium-of-standards/key_standards/ (date of access: 27.04.2025).
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13. Islamic insurance (takaful): sharia. standard No. 26. Trans. from English. / Org. accounting and audit of Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI); [Ed. [advice: R. R. Vakhit et al.]. – M.: Islamic book, 2010.
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21. Wilson R. Islamic Banking in the West / Handbook of Islamic Finance / Ed. M. Kabir Hassan, Marvin K. Lewis. – Astana: ID “Saryarka”, 2010.
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INTERNATIONAL LAW
MIKRINA Valentina Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Acting Head of Public law sub-faculty, Odintsovo branch, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia
OLSHANOVA Yuliya Dmitrievna
student of the 4th course of the bachelor majoring in “International Law and Comparative Jurisprudence”, Odintsovo branch, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FIGHT AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
The article examines the international legal regulation of the fight against illicit trafficking cultural property, which is one of the urgent problems of the modern cultural and legal space. The article analyzes the main international treaties, including the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, aimed at preventing illicit trafficking of cultural property and creating mechanisms for its return. Particular attention is paid to law enforcement practices, difficulties of international co-operation and conflicts of national legislation that hinder effective restitution. Current trends in the regulation of this area, the need to improve control mechanisms and the need to expand international co-operation for the protection of cultural heritage are discussed.
Keywords: international legal regulation, illicit trafficking, cultural property, restitution, international co-operation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. United Nations Security Council Resolution 2347 (2017). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.un.org/en/S/RES/2347.-2017 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
2. The Unesco Courier: 50 Years of the Fight Against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Goods. – 2020. – P. 29. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374570_eng (date of access: 17.03.2025).
3. Collectif. L’invention du Grand Louvre. – Éditions Odile Jacob, 2001. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.odilejacob.fr/catalogue/art-et-litterature/architecture-urbanisme/invention-du-grand-louvre_9782738110206.php (accessed: 17.03.2025).
4. Message from Ms Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, on the occasion of the International Day against Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property, 14 November 2020. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391910_rus (accessed: 17.03.2025).
5. Archival materials of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation for the period from 1921 to 1954 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.unesco.org (date of access: 17.03.2025).
6. Kulemzin A. M. Historical cultural monuments and their protection: a teaching aid for universities / A. M. Kulemzin. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: Publishing house Yurait, 2025. – 103 p. – (Higher education). [Electronic resource]. https://urait.ru/bcode/559248 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
7. Vitaly Churkin: Roerich anticipated the events of the century. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.un.org/ru/audio/2015/04/1027591 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
8. Charter of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (London, November 16, 1945), art. 1 p. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/2540500/ (date of access: 17.03.2025).
9. UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (Rome, June 24, 1995). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901898389 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
10. Toman Jiri. Protection of cultural values in case ofarmed conflict: commentary on the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the Protocol thereto, signed. May 14, 1954 in The Hague, and other international legal instruments relating to such protection: [trans.]. – Moscow: UNESCO Publishing House, Magister-Press Publishing House, 2005. – 542 p.
11. Review of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: the Hague Convention of 1954 Boylan, Patrick J. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000100159.locale=ru (date of access: 17.03.2025).
12. Museum International № 185 Vol XLVII, № 1, 1995. – P. 59. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000102166 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
13. First Protocol (The Hague, 1954) to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000152600_rus (date of access: 17.03.2025).
14. Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954, The Hague, March 26, 1999, article 9 (1) and article 21. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/hague_conv_2nd_prot.shtml (date of access: 17.03.2025).
15. Inter-Allied Declaration Against Acts of Dispossession Committed in Territories Under Enemy Occupation or Control (vol. II, ch. 12, § 437). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.lootedartcommission.com/inter-allied-declaration (date of access: 17.03.2025).
16. Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Italy, Article 12 (§ 472) and Article 37 (§ 450). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://jusmundi.com/en/document/treaty/en-treaty-of-peace-with-italy-1947-treaty-of-peace-with-italy-1947-monday-10th-february-1947 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
17. UN Security Council resolutions 686, 2 March 1991, § 2(d), 687, 3 April 1991, § 15, and 1284, 17 December 1999, preamble and § 14. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/ru/content/resolutions-adopted-security-council-1991 (date of access: 17.03.2025).
18. Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 64-FZ “On Cultural Values Transferred to the USSR as a Result of World War II and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation” (with amendments and additions). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/12111286/ (date accessed: 17.03.2025).
19. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 20.07.1999 No. 12-P “On the case of verifying the constitutionality of the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 “On cultural values transferred to the USSR as a result of World War II and located on the territory of the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_23938/ (date accessed: 17.03.2025).
20. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of 26.02.2021 No. 323-O “On refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Pevzner Alexander Evseevich on the violation of his constitutional rights Article 401.6, paragraph 6 of part one of Article 401.14 and part one of Article 401.16 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-konstitutsionnogo-suda-rf-ot-26022021-n-323-o/ (date of access: 17.03.2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
VASILJEV Alexander Dmitrievich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
THE SPECIFICS OF REGULATION AND RULE-MAKING POWERS OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL LAW: AN EXAMPLE OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FINANCIAL STABILITY BOARD
The article concerns the problems of lawmaking norms on international financial law; the function instruments for global system financial regulation, in regard to the analysis and systematization of general and subordinates standards for regulating financial markets.
The article examines the legislative activities of non-governmental international non-profit organizations aimed to establish legitimate informal obligations through advisory provisions and principles providing for the sustainable stability of financial markets.
The special features of international financial legal regulation are based not only on the application for flexible law as an effective instrument for providing the interests of financial relations, but also on the implementation of control measures on capital market; in according to establish legal obligations for States in order to overcome financial system crises, to constitute the stability on financial markets.
Keywords: lawmaking, obligations, soft law norms, non-governmental internshiponal organizations, informal obligations, Financial Stability Board (FSB), The Compendium of Standards, financial regulation standards, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), financial risks, limitation of liability.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Boyle A. Soft law in international law-making // Malcom D. Evans (ed.), International law, 2nd edition. Oxford, O.U.P. 2006. Christine Chinkin. The Making of International Law. Oxford: OUP, 2007. 212 p.
2. Arner D. W., Taylor M. W. The global financial crisis and the financial stability board: hardening the soft law of international financial regulation? // Univ. New South Wales Law J 32. 2009. Pp. 488-513
3. Silvestrov S. N. The Financial Stability Board as the Fourth Pillar of the Global Financial System // Finance: Theory and Practice. 2014. No. 6. P. 84-91.
4. Brummer C. Soft law and the global financial system // 2nd edition. Cambridge: CUP, 2015.
5. Boyle A. Some reflections on the relationship of treaties and soft law. (1999). No. 48. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-and-comparative-law-quarterly/article/abs/some-reflections-on-the-relationship-of-treaties-and-soft-law/4014004FC3F86A95D8B1FDB2E2291112
6. Brummer C. A. Compliance-Based Theory of International Financial Law. In Soft Law and the Global Financial System: Rulemaking in the 21st Century (Pp. 115-176). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2011. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/soft-law-and-the-global-financial-system/compliancebased-theory-of-international-financial-law/AE1CF912A5EFD95223451E5840D63827
7. Brummer C. Minilateralism: how trade alliances, soft law, and financial engineering are redefining economic statecraft. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
8. Kostina A. A., Bakunova T. V. The role of the IMF in assessing the development prospects of national economies. – Text: electronic // Spring Days of Science: collection of reports of the International Conference of Students and Young Scientists (Ekaterinburg, April 21-23, 2022). Ekaterinburg: UrFU, 2022. P. 1182-1185.
9. Bizhan A., Ejazi E. Study of the role of the International Monetary Fund in the process of resolving financial crises on the example of Greece // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Economics. 2021. Vol. 29, No. 3. P. 524-536. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-3-524-536
10. Chen J. Soft Law and the Global Financial System, 25 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 1561 (2011). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=eil

INTERNATIONAL LAW
GRUSHIN Yuriy Olegovich
postgraduate student of the 3rd course of Integration and European law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
ARTICLE 40 OF THE DIGITAL SERVICES ACT AND OBLIGATIONS TO ENSURE TRANSPARENCY OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS
This article examines the transparency procedure for digital platforms introduced by Article 40 of the Digital Services Act. The provisions of this article require digital platforms to provide researchers with access to their data for the purposes of analyzing systemic risks and assessing risk countermeasures frameworks. At the same time, Article 40 of the DSA assigns part of the powers to supervise the activities of digital platforms to voluntary researchers in order to simplify the activities of national and supranational authorities. The possibility of implementing Article 40 of the DSA raises a number of questions, which may be resolved by a delegated act adopted by the European Commission.
Keywords: digital platform, transparency, European Union, platform economy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Kashkin S. Yu., Chetverikov A. O., Altukhov A. V. Fundamentals of platform and ecosystem law: textbook / Responsible. ed. S. Yu. Kashkin. – Moscow: RUSAINS, 2022. – 112 p.
2. Helberger N., Samuelson, P. The Digital Services Act as a Global Transparency Regime, VerfBlog, 2024/3/07. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://verfassungsblog.de/the-digital-services-act-as-a-global-transparency-regime/, DOI: 10.59704/06c97b13f47ed11c. (date of access: 30.03.2025)
3. Husovec, M. How to Facilitate Data Access under the Digital Services Act (May 19, 2023). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4452940 (access date: 03/30/2025)
4. Liesenfeld, A. The Legal Significance of Independent Research based on Article 40 DSA for the Management of Systemic Risks in the Digital Services Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. Published onlinene 2024:1-13. doi:10.1017/err.2024.61.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
KOROLEV Pavel Sergeevich
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL TAX ARCHITECTURE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPING STATES
This article examines the significance of international tax cooperation within the context of sustainable development in developing countries. The relevance of this topic stems from the insufficient effectiveness and inclusivity of the existing international tax architecture, which hinders the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The author analyzes initiatives proposed by the UN Secretary-General and the General Assembly, as well as various international human rights mechanisms aimed at reforming international tax cooperation. Particular emphasis is placed on the proposal for the development of a UN framework convention on taxation and the necessity of increasing the global minimum tax rate for multinational corporations. The conclusion highlights the importance of the proposed reforms for promoting development and social justice.
Keywords: sustainable development, developing countries, Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs, global tax architecture, international tax cooperation, UN, CESCR, IBRD, IMF, G20.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abashidze A.Kh. Legal nature of obligations of states parties to the International Covenants on Human Rights // Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: legal sciences. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 209-222.
2. International protection of economic, social and cultural human rights: a textbook / Ed. A.Kh. Abashidze. – M .: RUDN University, 2020.
3. Solntsev A.M. Climate change: international legal dimension // Moscow journal of international law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 60-78.
4. Sorokina E.A. Fundamentals of international tax law / Ed. A.Kh. Abashidze. – M.: RUDN, 1999.
5. Templeton, Jessica, Hillary Rosentreter, and Lynn Wagner. 2025. Summary of the Organizational Meeting of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation. Earth Negotiations Bulletin/IISD. – Vol. 23. – No. 15. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://enb.iisd.org/un-framework-convention-international-tax-cooperation-organizational-session-summary.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
LI Yixuan
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH THE CIS MEMBER STATES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
This paper analyzes the strategy of the Russian Federation in the field of international cooperation with CIS partner states in order to counter international terrorism. The level of the threat of terrorism at the global level is constantly growing, which emphasizes the importance of close cooperation between nations in this area. The multifaceted partnership of the Russian Federation with the CIS members is focused on the implementation of a comprehensive approach to ensuring common national and regional security. The key factor in this cooperation is the development and implementation of joint multilateral and bilateral agreements that allow standardizing methods for combating terrorism and extremist activities. Particular importance is attached to the exchange of information, experience and strategies for effectively countering terrorist threats, including criminal financial transactions intended to support terrorism. The effectiveness of this political practice largely depends on the coordination of actions within the CIS and the strengthening of the legislative framework aimed at suppressing the financing of terrorism and blocking attempts to legalize the proceeds of crime. Such measures are the foundation for building a sustainable system for countering new security threats and significantly strengthening the international legal order.
Keywords: counter-terrorism activities, international cooperation, international law, Commonwealth of Independent States, international organizations, transnational criminality.
Article bibliography
1. Bartosh A. A. Fundamentals of international security. Organizations for ensuring international security [Text]: a textbook for universities. – 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait, 2024. – 429 p.
2. Treaty of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Combating the Legalization (Laundering) of Incomes, pobtained by criminal means, the financing of terrorism and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction of October 15, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/146045/CIS_AML.pdf.
3. Treaty on cooperation of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the fight against terrorism of 04.06.1999 // Bulletin of international treaties. – 2006. – No. 9.
4. Treaty on a comprehensive strategic partnership between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran of February 17, 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/supplement/6258.
5. Agreement of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States on cooperation in the material and technical support of competent authorities engaged in the fight against terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism dated 05.12.2012 // Legislation of the CIS countries. – 2012.
6. Agreement on cooperation in the training of specialists of anti-terrorist units in educational institutions of the competent authorities of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 15.02.2015 // Bulletin of international treaties. – 2016. – No. 12.
7. Agreement on cooperation of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the fight against crime dated 14.09.1999 // Bulletin of international treaties. – 2000. – No. 3.
8. Agreement on the exchange of information within the Commonwealth of Independent States in the field of combating terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism, as well as their financing dated 03.11.2017 // Legislation of the CIS countries. – 2017.
9. Agreement on the exchange of information in the field of combating crime dated 25.07.2010 // Bulletin of international treaties. – 2011. – No. 1.
10. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation dated 18.12.2001 No. 174-F3 (as amended on 22.04.2024) // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 52. – P. 4921.
11. Coordinating Council of Prosecutors General of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ksgp-cis.ru/about (access date: 03/31/2025).

INTERNATIONAL LAW
TATARINTSEV Kirill Yurjevich
postgraduate student of the 4th course in the direction of preparation International Legal Studies, Diplomatic Academy of MFA of Russia
REDUCTION OF STATELESSNESS IN EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY PARTNER STATES: INTERNATIONAL LAW MECHANISMS TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGE
The article highlights the international law mechanisms and their application in order to reduce statelessness in the East African Community (EAC). According to a 2023 report by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees it has been a 32% increase in the number of internally displaced and stateless persons in the Great African Lakes – region where most of the EAC countries are located. The unresolved problem leads to widespread human rights violations, social tensions, marginalization and isolation of groups, and the involvement of vulnerable persons in international and cross-border crime. The efforts of the UN and the African Union to address the issue of statelessness are described. The participation of EAC countries in relevant international legal mechanisms is assessed.
Keywords: stateless persons, nationality, international human rights law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Danelyan A. A., Gulyaeva E. E. Global security and international law. – Moscow: Quantum Media, 2023.
2. Karpovich O. G., Sidorova G. M., Shangaraev R. N., Shakhalova. A. A. Africa and the contours of the emerging world. – Moscow: Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, 2024.
3. Christian B. P. and Thomas G. H. Citizenship as Legal Infrastructure // German Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8.
4. Mustafayeva M. M. Constitutional regulation of the rights of citizens and stateless persons in East African countries: a comparative analysis // Legal Initiative. – 2011. – No. 2 – P. 13.
5. Batchelor K. International legal system concerning issues of statelessness and access of stateless persons // Journal of international law and international relations. – 2011. – № 2.
6. Abashidze A. Kh., Solntsev A. M. Stateless persons and non-citizens in the light of modern international law. // Modern law. – 2012. – № 10. – P. 101.
7. Yastrebova A. Yu. International legal mechanisms for regulating migration: doctrinal approaches and experience of the Russian Federation. dis. … for the degree of Doctor of Law. – Moscow, 2017.

INTERNATIONAL LAW
TWUMASI Rebecca Maame Afia Fosuwaa
postgraduate student of International law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
IMPLEMENTATIONS OF UN CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA
This paper deals with the implementations of the UN Convention in combating desertification as a major problem in the Republic of Ghana. The loss of soil fertility, biodiversity and vegetation cover, as well as the reduction of biodiversity has made land unsuitable for agricultural and economic activities. Hence, the UN adopted some resolutions, and the government also made a deliberate and conscious effort by implementing national legislation and state mechanisms to combat these challenges.
Keywords: Desertification, Combat, Implement, International environment law.
References
1. Imoikor J. Desertification in Ghana: A Problem with Many Faces. – 2023 (5/8/2024]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://alafarika.org/4232/desertification-in-ghana-a-problem-with-many-faces/
2. Solntsev A. M. Climate change: international legal dimension // Moscow Journal of International Law. – 2018. – No. 106 (1). – Rr. 60-78. (In Russ.)

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
DUBROVIN Mikhail Andreevich
senior lecturer of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, A. G. and N. G. Stoletov Vladimir State University
RUSSIA AND THE MAGHREB COUNTRIES: DISCUSSION ON THE RESUMPTION OF INTERSTATE PARTNERSHIP AND LEGAL REGULATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS
The article examines the specifics of building interstate relations using the example of the Russian Federation and the Maghreb countries in a multipolar world order. The retrospective prerequisites that served as the basis for the cyclical nature of the interaction between the participating countries and the legal framework governing the geopolitical interface are studied. The author’s opinions on the prospects of a comprehensive and equal strategic partnership based on respect for the primary pursuit of national interests are outlined.
Keywords: Russia, Maghreb, legal regulation, national interests, colonialism, neocolonialism.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Cassese A. Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. – 375 p.
2. Lenin V. I. The Socialism Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination on Institute of Marxism-Leninism. – M.: Progress Publishers, 1968. – 945 p.
3. Nawaz M. K. The Meaning and Range of the Principle of Self-Determination // Duke Law Journal. – 1965. – № 1. – P. 82-101.
4. Dantzig B. M. A Forgotten Page from the History of Russian-Moroccan Relations in the Last Quarter of the 18th Century // Middle East. – M., 1976. – P. 146-152.
5. Kagramanov A. K. The Right to Self-Determination of Peoples and the Emerging world order // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 154-163.
6. Tolstykh V.L. Three ideas of self-determination // Eurasian law journal. – 2014. – No. 9. – P. 65-72.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ROZHNOV Sergey Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, Dean of the Faculty of Law, Head of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, I. M. Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
ON SOME ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING OF OBJECTS OF FEDERAL SIGNIFICANCE
The article examines certain issues of legal regulation of objects of federal significance. It is noted that the legal procedure for the declarative placement of objects of federal significance in newly annexed territories does not contain any requirements regarding the planning of such objects. The article focuses on the need to study the experience of the Soviet period in the territorial placement of objects of national importance and protected by the NKVD troops of the USSR. It is substantiated that the legal regulation of issues of placement of objects of federal significance allows us to consider territorial planning as a way of managing future federal real estate, and definitions such as “objects of federal significance”, “objects of national defense and state security” and “capital construction objects of federal significance” contained in legal acts regulating territorial planning require correlation.
Keywords: territorial planning, objects of federal significance, NKVD troops of the USSR, real estate, legal regulation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Balabenko E. V. Analysis of existing documentation on territorial planning and urban development regulation of the administrative territory of the city of Makeyevka // Actual problems of urban development: a collection of articles based on the materials of the open VII International in-person and correspondence scientific and practical conference of young scientists. – 2023. – P. 16-18.
2. BarAnenkov V. V. Military department as a system of legal entities: concept, essence and legal nature // Military law. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 105-113.
3. Baranov V. P., Miner V. L., Shtutman S. M. Internal troops: historical essay. – M .: Editorial board of the magazine “On duty”, 2007. – 271 p.
4. Berkutov A. S., Klimov A. A., Martynyuk Yu. A., Chentsov A. S., Shtutman S. M. History of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. T. 3 (1941-1945): Military-historical work. – M.: Editorial Board of the magazine “On duty” of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2011. – 424 p.
5. Internal troops and internal affairs bodies during the Great Patriotic War. 1941 – 1945: materials of the scientific and theoretical conference, Leningrad. – L.: VPU MVD USSR, 1976.
6. Deryugin A. A., Krizhanovskaya G. N., Lysenkov S. G., Nikonov D. A. Troops and law enforcement agencies of St. Petersburg: history and modernity: monograph. – M.: INFRA-M, 2024. – 174 p.
7. Vuets L. V. Improvement of the structure of processes that make up the organization of territorial planning of the region // Fotinsky readings – 2023 (autumn meeting): collection of materials of the X International scientific and practical conference. – Izhevsk: UIR Izhevsk State Technical University named after M. T. Kalashnikov, 2024. – P. 21-28.
8. Gashchenko V. A. Organizational structure of the NKVD troops of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941 – 1945) // Yakovlev readings: collection of scientific articles of the II Interdepartmental scientific and practical conference with international participation: in 2 parts. – Novosibirsk, 2023. – P. 82-85.
9. Grishchenko V. V. On the issue of ensuring legality and law and order in the protection of facilities of national importance // Bulletin of the University. – 2014. – No. 7. – P. 166-169.
10. Deryugin A. A., Krizhanovskaya G. N. Legal regulation of service and combat activities of the NKVD troops of the USSR in the first period of the Great Patriotic War: problems and lessons // Political history of Russia: past and present: historical readings “Gorokhovaya, 2”. – St. Petersburg, 2022. – P. 8-20.
11. Zakhartsev S. I., Klimenko O. A., Mirzoev A. K., Salnikov M. V., Tretyakov I. L. Sovereignty of the Russian Federation: modern threats and ensuring military security // The world of politics and sociology. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 120-139.
12. Zakhartsev S. I., Klimenko O. A., Mirzoev A. K., Salnikov M. V., Tretyakov I. L. Sovereignty of the Russian Federation: Modern Threats and Ensuring National Security // Legal Science: History and Modernity. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 69-94.
13. Ismagilov I. R., Mikulenko F. A., Prokofiev K. G. Property as a Moral and Legal Value (Experience of Classical Philosophy of Law) // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8 (195). – P. 60-62.
14. Ismagilov I. R., Maksimov A. A., Mikulenko F. A., Prokofiev K. G. Formation of the concept of property as a moral and legal value in the early works of G.V.F. Hegel // Theory of State and Law. – 2024. – No. 3-1 (39). – P. 100-108. – DOI: 10.25839/MATGIP_2024_3-1_39_100.
15. Ismagilov R. F., Kurzenin E. B. Chislov A. I. Property and its legal protection (some curious short stories) // The world of politics and sociology. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 121-130.
16. Kiiko A. Yu., Utkin N. I., Shenshin V. M. NKVD Troops of the USSR from the Great Patriotic War (1941 – 1945) to the present // Theory of State and Law. – 2024. – No. 3-2 (40). – P. 57-71.
17. Kim O. L., Ushakova E. V., Voronina E. V., Fugalevich E. V. Resource support for territorial development of a municipality // Economy and Management. – 2018. – No. 9 (155). – P. 80-86.
18. Krizhanovskaya G. N., Deryugin A. A. Formal and legal grounds for the activities of the NKVD troops of the USSR to ensure internal security during the Great Patriotic War // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Military Institute of the National Guard Troops. – 2021. – No. 2 (15). – P. 121-125.
19. Kudashkin A. V. Military organization of the state: concept, structure, legal status, problems of institutionalization // Military law. – 2015. – No. 1. – P. 1-16.
20. Lysenkov S. G., Sidorenko V. P. Internal troops: pages of history: Monograph. – SPb.: St. Petersburg Military Intelligence Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001. – 174 p.
21. Mamyasheva D. R. Acts of strategic planning: theoretical and legal research: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. 5.1.1. – M., 2023. – 26 p.
22. Mamyasheva D. R. External legal form and content of acts of strategic planning // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2023. – No. 6 (181). – P. 86-92.
23. Mamyasheva D. R. Concept and features of acts of strategic planning // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAN. – 2023. – Vol. 18, No. 4. – P. 78-107.
24. Maskaeva K. A. Territorial planning for small towns // Formation of a competitive environment, competitiveness and strategic management of enterprises, organizations and regions: collection of articles of the IX International scientific and practical conference. – Penza, 2024. – P. 223-226.
25. Political and legal management and threats to the sovereignty of the statedatsva: monograph / Ed. by V. P. Salnikov. – 2nd ed., corrected. and add. – M .: INFRA-M, 2024. – 423 p.
26. Postulga L. V. Problems of legal regulation of documents of territorial planning of municipalities // Sovereignty of Russia and its legal development in the context of restrictive measures: collection of materials of the XI (68) annual scientific and practical conference of the North Caucasus Federal University. – Stavropol, 2024. – P. 125-129.
27. Rodin A. V. Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky and his contribution to the legal regulation of territorial planning of state objects // Theory of state and law. – 2024. – No. 3-2 (40). – P. 140-146.
28. Rodin AV Legal regulation of territorial planning of defense and security facilities of the Arctic zone as a factor in the territorial integrity of Russia // Actual problems of ensuring the security of an individual, society and the state in modern geopolitical conditions: collection of scientific papers of the All-Russian interuniversity round table. – St. Petersburg, 2024. – P. 171-175.
29. Rodin AV Legal regulation of territorial planning of individual defense and security facilities of internal troops in the 1960s (historical and legal aspect) // Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 57-65.
30. Rodin AV, Lysenkov SG Sources of legal regulation of territorial planning of defense facilities and ensuring the security of the USSR // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 12 (228). – P. 79-82.
31. Romanovskaya VB, Salnikov MV, Silantyeva VA Spiritual security in modern Russian society: threats and ways to overcome them // The rule of law: theory and practice. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 52-60.
32. Ryabukhina PG Optimization of urban zoning and territorial planning processes in municipalities // Actual problems and prospects for the development of social sciences: collection of scientific papers of the I All-Russian scientific conference of young scientists. – Ufa, 2024. – P. 116-122.
33. Salnikov VP, Stepashin SV, Yangol NG Internal affairs agencies of the North-West of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. – SPb.: Lan, 1999. – 224 p.
34. Salnikov S. P., Prokofiev K. G., Silantyeva V. A., Klimenko O. A., Silantyeva N. V. Sovereignty of the Russian Federation: Modern Threats and Ensuring Spiritual Security // The World of Politics and Sociology. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 139-150.
35. Sidorenko V. P. Internal Troops in the Great Patriotic War. – SPb.: SPbVI VV MVD of Russia, 2006.
36. Simora P. U., Rimsky V. P., Rimskaya O. N. Philosophy of Ownership // Science. Art. Culture. – 2022. – No. 4 (36). – P. 114-140.
37. Smorchkova L. N. On the relationship between the concepts of “property of a military organization”, “military property”, “military property” // Military Law. – 2020. – No. 6 (64). – P. 81-87.
38. Tkachenko N. A. The problem of property in social philosophy // Philosophy and society. – 2004. – Issue No. 1 (34).
39. Khabibulin A. G., Anishchenko A. V., Anishchenko V. N., Anishchenko E. V., Vyborny A. N. Financial sovereignty and financial security of Russia: threats and risks: monograph // Under the general editorship of A. G. Khabibulin. – 2nd ed., expanded. and supplemented. – M.: Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov. Higher School of Public Audit, 2023. – 480 p.
40. Chicherin B. N. Property and the State. In 2 volumes. – M.: Martynov type, 1882-1883.
41. Shakhbazov R. A., Krizhanovskaya G. N. Tasks of the NKVD troops during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 // Participation of the NKVD troops in the Great Patriotic War (on the 70th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War): a collection of scientific articles from the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2015. – P. 135-137.
42. Sheve Z. N. Property as a subject of philosophical understanding: dis. … cand. philos. sciences. – Ufa, 2012. – 164 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SALIMOV Magomed Rajabovich
master of Islamic sciences, Bolgar Islamic Academy, Bolgar
TRENDS IN THE METHODOLOGY OF MUSLIM LAW
The study is dedicated to the analysis of the methodology of Muslim law (usul al-fiqh), which has evolved over centuries and influenced the development of the Islamic legal system. A pivotal moment was the creation of Imam al-Shafi’i’s work “Ar-Risala”, which laid the foundation for a systematic approach to interpreting Sharia. Four trends are examined: the Mutakallimun school (rational approach), the Fuqaha school (practical approach), the combined school (synthesis of the two methods), and the al-Shatibi school (emphasis on the higher objectives of Muslim law). Their characteristics, contributions to legal thought, and impact on contemporary legal practice are analyzed. The need for further study of these approaches is highlighted to understand the Islamic legal system and adapt it to modernchallenges.
Keywords: legal methodology, Islam, legal schools, al-Shafi’i, al-Hanafi.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Shatibi. Al-Muafakaat [Concordances]. – Kazan: Typo-lithography of the Imperial University, 1909. – 189 p. (in Arabic).
2. Abu-Naqib Ishmuhammad ibn Dinmuhammad at-Tuntari. Al-Tawshikh hashiyat al-Tawdih wa al-Talwih [Abstract, notes and waves]. – T. 1. – Kazan: Printing house of B. L. Dombrovsky, 1896. – 260 p. (in Arabic).
3. Al-Alwani Taha Jabir. Usul al-fiqh manhaj bakht wa ma’rifa [Methodology of Islamic law. Research and method of knowledge]. Higher Institute of Islamic Thought. – Virginia, USA, 1995. – 55 p. (in Arabic).
4. Ash-Shawkani, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Yamani. Al-Badr at-tali’ bi-mahasin min ba’d qarn sabi’ [The clear full moon of the features of the period after the seventh century]. – T. 2. – Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifa, 375 p. (in Arabic).
5. As-Sakhawi, Shams ad-Din Abu al-Khayr Muhammad ibn Abdur-Rahman. Ad-Dawa’ al-lami’ li-ahli al-qarn at-tas’ [The Bright Light of the People of the Ninth Century]. – T. 8. – Beirut: Maktubat al-Hayat, 300 p. (in Arabic).
6. As-Suyuti, Abdur-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. Bughiyat al-wa’a fi tabakat al-lugawiyn wa an-nahu [The Role of the Conscious in Linguistics and Grammar]. – T. 1. – Libya: Al-Maktuba al-Asriyya, 607 p. (in Arabic).
7. Haji Khalifa Mustafa ibn Abdullah Katib Jalbi al-Qustantiniya. Kashf az-zunun ‘an usami al-kutub wa al-funun [Exposing Doubts About Books and Arts]. – V. 1. – Baghdad: Maktubat al-Mussana, 1941. – 940 p. (in Arabic).
8. Ash-Shafi’i. Ar-Risala (with theological and textual analysis by Ahmad Shakir). Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiya. – Beirut, 1 p. (in Arabic).
9. Mas’ud ibn Musa Fulusi. Madrasat al-mutakallimin wa manhajha fi dirasat usul al-fiqh [The School of Theologians and its Methodology in the Study of Usul al-Fiqh]. Maktubat al-Rushd Nashirun, Riyadh. – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (in Arabic).
10. Muhammad Abu Zahra. Usul al-fiqh [Methodology of Islamic law]. Arabic printing house. – Cairo, 20-22 p. (in Arabic)
11. Az-Zahrawi M. A., Salimov M. R. Methodology of Ibn al-Humam in his book “at-Tahrir fi usul al-fiqh”. Minbar. Islamic studies. – 2023. – No. 16 (4). – P. 848-858. (in Russian).
12. Muhammad al-Laknawi. Al-Fawaid al-bahiyya fi tarajim al-Hanafiyya [Precious pearls in the biographies of the Hanafis]. Ed. Muhammad al-Na’asani. – Cairo: Dar al-Sa’ada, 1906. – 249 p. (in Arabic).
13. Muhammad Mustafa Shalabi. Usul al-fiqh al-Islami [Methodology of Islamic Law]. Al-Jami’iya Printing House. – Beirut, 40 p. (in Arabic) ‘Ujayl Jasim an-Nashmi.
14. Muqaddimat ‘ilm usul al-fiqh [Introduction to the Methodology of Islamic Law] // Journal of Sharia and Islamic Studies. – Kuwait University, 1984. – No. 2. – 189 p. (in Arabic).

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
ULAEVA Nataliya Lvovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of law and state sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CATEGORY OF “NEGATIVE (NEGATIVE) LEGAL FACTS”
The article reveals the general theoretical aspects of the category of “negative legal facts”, their nature and content. The general provisions of the theory of legal facts are substantiated and the issues of the place and role of positive (positive) and negative (negative) legal facts in them are touched upon, a parallel is drawn between them, and different points of view regarding their differentiation and special relationship are reflected. Attention is paid to the traditional, expansive, and compromise (synthetic) approaches and their supporters, which have become entrenched in the scientific literature. The semantic justification of the existence and legal “life” of negative legal facts within the framework of these approaches is revealed. Special emphasis is placed on the main problematic aspects of clarifying the theoretical and legal foundations of negative legal facts, determining their place and role, both in the subject of proof and in the mechanism of legal regulation. Measures are being identified, the implementation of which will strengthen the theoretical foundations of the general theory of legal facts in general.
Keywords: negative legal facts, legal facts, life circumstances, law enforcement, legal norms, law, legal consequences, conditions through denial, deficit conditions, positive legal facts, traditional approach, expansive approach, compromise approach, legal relations, mechanism of legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Arzamasov Yu. G., Nazaikinskaya V. A. Theoretical and legal xcharacteristics of negative facts and the possibility of proving them // Theory of State and Law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 15-30.
2. Zernin N. V. Legal facts in Soviet copyright: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – Sverdlovsk: Sverdlovsk. Order of the Red Banner of Labor Law Institute named after R. A. Rudenko, 1984. – P. 14.
3. Krasavchikov O. A. Legal facts in Soviet civil law. – M.: Legal Literature, 1958. – P. 15.
4. Khalfina R. O. General doctrine of legal relations. – M.: Statute, 2004. – P. 287.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
COMMUNICATION AS A FACTOR OF SUCCESS IN THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF A MODERN LAWYER
This research is aimed at studying the phenomenon of legal communication in modern society. The study analyzes the role of communication in the process of becoming a lawyer as a professional, identifying its main functions and goals. Particular attention is paid to the study of various methods and tools of legal communication, as well as their impact on the effectiveness of a lawyer’s professional activities. The article examines the specific features of communication of modern lawyers in the context of the formation of professional competence. The key functions, goals, and tools of legal communication are identified, and its significance for successful professional activity is analyzed.
Keywords: communication, professional activity, lawyer, jurisprudence, communicative competence, interpersonal interaction.
Article bibliography
1. Artemenko N. A. Specifics of communicative competence of a lawyer and organization of quality control of its formation // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 18-23.
2. Bryzhinskaya A. A. The role of communicative competence in resolving disputes and conflicts // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 57-59.
3. Kovalev A. G. Psychology of personality. – M.: Publishing house: “Prosveshchenie”, 1965. – 288 p.
4. Usmanova E. F., Khudoikina T. V., Adaeva O. V. Formation and development of legal and communicative competence within the framework of higher legal education // Prospects of science and education. – 2023. – No. 5. – P. 245-258.
5. Usmanova E. F. Speech communication in legal practice: diss… Cand. of Law. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2005. – 188 p.
6. Kholmatova G. Communicative competence in the system of professional training of a specialist // Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2024. – V. 4, No. 1. – P. 94-99.
7. Khudoykina T. V., Geraskina T. A. Features of communicative competence in resolving legal disputes and conflicts // International Journal of Humanitarian and Natural Sciences. – 2023. – No. 6. – P. 200-202.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
TSUKANOVA Elena Yurjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
SINENKO Vladimir Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Labor and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
VLASOVA Ulyana Alexandrovna
assistant of Labor and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
FEATURES OF THE COMPREHENSIVE CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION
This article draws attention to the fact that the process of codification has significant features depending on the branch of legislation in which it is carried out. Taking this into account, two types of codification are distinguished: branch (carried out within the framework of basic branches of legislation) and complex (carried out within the framework of complex branches of legislation). It is concluded that complex codification, in terms of the degree of structural complexity, is a lower form of systematization compared to branch. Complex acts use normative structures already developed in independent legal branches.
Keywords: systematization of legislation, codification, branch codification, complex codification, legal structure.
Article bibliographic list
1. Alekseev S. S. The structure of Soviet law. – M.: Legal Literature, 1975. – 264 p.
2. Gabbasov A. B. Theoretical problems of complex codification of legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstanan // Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – 2008. – No. 4 (12). – P. 25-29.
3. Kononov P. I. On the systematization of Russian administrative law and legislation // Administrative law and process. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 6-11.
4. Matyunin M. F. Formation of complex entities in the system of Russian legislation as a factor in intersectoral codification // Actual problems of economics and law. – 2011. – No. 3. – P. 197-201.
5. Milushin M. I. Formation of complex entities in the system of legislation of the Russian Federation: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2003. – 20 p.
6. Pigolkin A. S. Problems of systematization of the legislation of the Russian Federation // Law: creation and interpretation / Ed. A. S. Pigolkin. – M.: Spark, 1998. – Pp. 56-64.
7. Rakhmanina T. N. Actual problems of complex codification // Problems of improvement of Soviet legislation: Works. Issue 25. – M.: Publishing house VNIISZ, 1983. – Pp. 10-19.
8. Rakhmanina T. N. Codification of legislation. – M.: Jurist, 2005. – 141 p.
9. Simaeva E. P. On the issue of formation of complex branch of law in the system of law of Russia and Canada // Power. – 2010. – No. 7. – P. 115-118.
10. Tsukanova E. Yu., Sinenko V. S. Codification as a form of law-making activity // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 8 (195). – P. 71-72.
11. Chashin A. N. Prerequisites for the codification of service legislation // Administrative law and process. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 42-43.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
GUSAROV Artem Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs Vladimir State University
RISK AS A MEANS OF OVERCOMING UNCERTAINTY IN LAW (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND LEGAL PRACTICE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
In this article, the author examines the problem of risk as a means by which uncertainty in law is overcome. The essence of the principle of certainty of law and its antipode in the form of uncertainty is revealed from the theoretical and legal positions. The relationship between risk and uncertainty is characterized. The probabilistic nature of the risk is revealed, assuming the achievement of a positive result as one of the possible options for the development of legally significant events. Using examples from the environmental and legal practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the possibility of risk overcoming uncertainty is illustrated.
Keywords: uncertainty of law, certainty of law, legal risk, environmental and legal risk, constitutional control, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vizir P.I., Ursul A.D., Dialectics of certainty and uncertainty. – Chisinau: Publishing house “SHTIINTSA”, 1976. – 124 p.
2. Vlasenko N. A. Uncertainty in law: nature and forms of expression // Journal of Russian law. – 2013. – No. 2 (194). – P. 32-44.
3. Vlasenko N. A. Problems of legal uncertainty: course of lectures. – M .: Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation: INFRA-M, 2015. – 176 p.
4. Derbysheva E. A. The principle of legal certainty: concept, aspects, place in the system of principles of law: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – Ekaterinburg, 2020. – 33 p.
5. Mamchun V. V. Law enforcement risk: problems of theory: monograph / Ed. V. M. Baranova. – Vladimir: Vladimir Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice of Russia, 2001 (RIO VUI of the Ministry of Justice of Russia). – 135 p.
6. Mezhekkey A. V. Judicial lawmaking in modern Russia: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. – M., 2023. – 24 p.
7. Misnik G. A. Concept and types of environmental risks. // Law and Politics. – 2009. – No. 4. – P. 867-874.
8. Polischuk N. I. Axiological essence of the principle of legal certainty // Legal state: theory and practice. – 2018. – No. 3 (53). – P. 72-80.
9. Tretyakovich E. V. Semantic uncertainty in Russian law // International journal of humanitarian and natural sciences. – 2018. – No. 5-2. – P. 285-290.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
PRIKHODKO Sergey Olegovich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGAL VALUES
This article is devoted to the theoretical and philosophical aspects of the legal matter, expressed in the value dimension. The article outlines the role of axiology and values in general in the development of social relations; discusses issues regarding the origin of legal values and their evolution. The stages of the development of legal values are highlighted and their characteristic features are considered. The analysis of theories and teachings on the phenomenon of legal values are carried out, in particular, by the positions of philosophers researching this topic, characteristic of a certain historical period, are given.
Keywords: legal values, axiology, legal relations, philosophy of law, legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Kant I. Fundamentals of the metaphysics of morality // Works: in 6 volumes. – Moscow, 1965. – Vol. 4. – Part 1.
2. Lang P. P. Axiological dimension of legal matter: theoretical and utilitarian-practical aspects. – M.: OOO “Poligraficheskoe obedinenie “Standart”, 2021. – P. 192.
3. Lang P. P. Axiology of law enforcement practice as the quintessence of legal matter // Protection of human and civil rights and freedoms: theory and practice: collection of articles by participants of the International scientific and practical conference (I International School-seminar of young legal scholars). Moscow, September 10, 2019 / Ed. by V. V. Kazakov, K. A. Komogortseva; University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation; Moscow Finance and Law University MFUA. – 2020. – P. 52-57.
4. Mordovina L. V. Nature and essence of kindness // Analytics of cultural studies. – 2014. – No. 29. – P. 6.
5. Pufendorf S. O. Duties of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law [trans. Krechetovsky]. – 1726. – Book 2. – P. 465.
6. Rybakov O. Yu. Philosophy of Peahen: Textbook. – 2018. – P. 224.
7. Baburin S. N., Berezhnov A. G., Vorotilin E. A., et al. Philosophy of Law. Lecture Course: Textbook: in 2 volumes. V. 1 / Ed. M. N. Marchenko. – Original layout. – 2017. – P. 552.
8. Ross W. D. Foundation of Ethics // Oxford. – 2000.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
SAMOYLOVA Zhanna Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
COUNTERING TERRORISM AS A MANIFESTATION OF ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP
Terrorism today has a serious destabilizing effect on the development of society, threatens the physical security of citizens, and undermines the foundations of democratic consciousness and civic responsibility. An important step in countering these threats is the formation of an active civic position and the social indifference of members of civil society who are able to resist ideologies based on violence and hatred. The article notes that preventing and countering extremism and terrorism is not only the task of the state, but to a large extent, it is also the task of representatives of civil society.
Keywords: terrorism, counter-terrorism measures, terrorist act, ideology of counter-terrorism, civic engagement, civic position, social activism, public opinion, tolerance, national security.
Article bibliography
1. Ivantsov S. V., Borisov S. V., Uzembaeva G. I., Muzychuk T. L., Tishchenko Yu. Yu. Actual problems of improving the system of measures of criminological prevention of extremist crimes committed with the use of information and telecommunication networks // All-Russian Criminological Journal / Russian journal of criminology. – 2018. – No. 6
2. Kashirkina A. A., Morozov A. N. Theoretical approaches of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) to the assessment of legislation on combating terrorism: international legal discourse and problems of implementation // All-Russian Criminological Journal / Russian journal of criminology. – 2020. – No. 3.
3. Kryazhev V. S. On the need for an integrated approach to the study of terrorism and extremism for the purposes of ensuring national security // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2023. – No. 3.
4. Recommendations on the interaction of the media, civil society institutions with government agencies in the prevention of terrorism and extremism, forms and methods of their propaganda activities. – M.: University Book, 2010. – 16 p.

THEORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Tatyana Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in cultural studies, associate professor, associate professor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
A TELEVISION COMMUNICATION EVENT AS A SPECIFIC FORM OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION
This research is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of a television communicative event as a multifaceted socio-cultural phenomenon through which the role-playing practices of political subjects are realized. The study involves a detailed examination of the structural components of a television event, their interrelation with political communication,as well as the role of the media in shaping public opinion and legitimizing political power. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of various communication subjects – journalists, politicians, experts, and the audience – in the process of creating and perceiving television content.
Keywords: television event, political communication, media culture, social actors, role-playing practices, political process, public opinion.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseeva A. V. Media discourse in the space of political communication // Communicology. – 2020. – Vol. 8, No. 4. – P. 15-21.
2. Volodenkov S. V. Internet communications in the global space of modern political governance: towards a digital society. – M.: Prospect Publishing House, 2021. – 416 p.
3. Efanov A. A., Yudina E. N. Media effects in a modern neo-information society // Communicology. – 2021. – Vol. 9, No. 4. – P. 136-147.
4. Zakharov E. E. Television as a cultural and communicative system: directions of evolution and modern boundaries // Observatory of Culture. – 2021. – Vol. 18, No. 5. – P. 468-478.
5. Kemarskaya I. N. Dramaturgy of television spectacle as an analogue of the syntax of audiovisual language // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Literary criticism, journalism. – 2021. – V. 26, No. 1. – P. 99-106.
6. Rechitsky L. A., Kharybin E. V. A person in the communicative-communication coordinate system // Journalist. Social communications. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 31-50.
7. Saryan V. K., Levashov V. K. The main trends in the development of information and communication systems for making public administration decisions // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 33-42.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
NECHEVIN Dmitriy Konstantinovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
THE HISTORY OF THE ADOPTION OF CHRISTIANITY: THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SLAVIC STATE
The article examines the influence of religion on the adoption of Christianity, historical issues, the formation and development of the Slavic state.
Keywords: great reforms, religion, Christianity, European civilization, Metropolia, baptism, khaganate, Slavic state, churchyard, autocracy, absolutism.
Article bibliography
1. The Bible. Books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. Canonical. In Russian translation. With parallel passages. Bible societies. – P. 79.
2. Religion comes from the Latin verb religare, meaning “to bind”, “to connect”. Religion is the union of human piety with God.
3. The Koran. Semantic translation by Professor B. Ya Shidfar. – M.: Umma, 2003. – P. 185.
4. The cuneiform text from the Code of Hammurabi, carved on basalt steles in the sanctuary of the god Marduk in Babylon. Within the walls of the temple, they contained legal training, legal education and crime prevention. The code of laws was based on Semitic norms (for example, “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”). Bodo Harenberg. Chronicle of Mankind. Translated from English. – Second ed. – M., 2000. – P. 42.
5. World History / Ed. G. B. Polyak, A. N. Markova. – M., 2000. – P. 50.
6. Likhachev D. S. Reflections. – Ya., 1991. – P. 238.
7. Ishamova A. O. History of Russia in Stories for Children. – M., 1994. – P. 21.
8. Likhachev D. S. Reflections. – Ya., 1991. – P. 246.
9. Kostomarov N. I. The Beginning of Autocracy in Ancient Rus // Raskol. – M., 1994. – P. 134-136 @@ Puzdrach Yu. V. Formation of Constitutionalism in Russia: Theoretical and Historical Aspects of the Development of Russian Statehood. – M.: Manuscript, 2001. – P. 13.
10. Soloviev S. M. The Beginning of the Russian Land. – SPb., 1879. – P. 18.
11. Karamzin N. M. Note on Ancient and Modern Russia in Its Political and Civil Relations. – M.: Nauka, 1991. – P. 16.
12. Pushkin A. S. Memories in Tsarskoe Selo.
13. Aziezer A. S. Russia: Critique of Historical Experience. – T. 1. – M., 1991.
14. Van Regemoerter J-L. The Decline of Serfdom 1976-1855. – M., 1971.
15. Gordin Ya. A. Revolt of the Reformers. – L., 1989.
16. Yezhov V. V. The most famous conspiracies and coups in Russia. – M., 2002.
17. History of the state and law of Russia. – M., 1998.
18. History of the Fatherland from ancient times to the present day. – M., 1999.
19. Kyustin A. Nikolaevskaya Russia. – M., 1990.
20. Korelin A. P. The nobility in post-reform Russia 1861-1904. – M., 1979.
21. Klyuchevsky V. O. Works. – M., 1959.
22. Milyukov P. N. Memories. – M., 2017.
23. Mironenko S. V. Pages of the secret history of autocracy. Political history of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. – M., 1990.
24. Pipes R. Russia under the old regime. – M., 1993.
25. Handbook of the history of Russia. – M., 1997.
26. Tarle E. V. Crimean War. Works in 2 vols. –M., 1959.
27. Cherkasov P., Chernyshevsky D. History of Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to Nicholas II. – M., 1994.
28. Nechevin D.K., Kolodkin L.M. History in Persons: Maria Bochkareva – Hero of the First World War // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 3 (118). – P. 152-160.
29. Schilder N.K. Emperor Nicholas I. His Life and Reign. – M., 1997.
30. Eidelman N.Ya. “Revolution from Above” in Russia. – M., 1989.
31. Justiz von Katarina 2 bis 1917. – Zeiden, 1972.
32. Rarpomich V. Imperial Russia. 1801-1917. – NY, 1932.
33. Lincoln W. B. Nicolas I: Emperor and autocrat of all the Russia as London. – 1978.
34. Dolinko V. I. Historical aspect of criminal-legal protection of economic security of the Russian state // Works of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 1 (49). – P. 80-87.
35. Anna Akhmatova about Stalin (December 21, 1949 (Stalin’s 70th anniversary)).
36. Omar Khayyam.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
AZIZOVA Pasikhat Magomedovna
Ph.D. in historical sciences, lecturer of Criminal law and state law disciplines sub-faculty, Dagestan State University of National Economy, Makhachkala
SOME FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE FEUDAL STATE AND FRENCH LAW
The article examines the features of the feudal state and the legal system of France, tracing their evolution from the early Middle Ages to Modern times. The article analyzes the key features of feudalism, the structure of power, the sources of law, the judicial system, as well as the processes that led to the transformation of the feudal system, its influence on law and society, class relations and the system of vassalage, unique in its sense. The article reveals the peculiarities of the formation of this state as an example of the creation of law and statehood in European countries.
Keywords: feudalism, France, legal system, feudal law, royal power, seigneurial power, customary law, Roman law, the Middle Ages.
Article bibliographic list
1. Electronic resource. – Access mode: https://mmkaz.narod.ru/igpzs/lectures/l11_feod_france.htm.
2. Kolesnitsky N. F. Feudal state (VI-XV centuries). – M .: Education, 1967. – 71 p.
3. Almukhametova M. Sh., Kuznetsov A. V. History of the state and law of foreign countries: a tutorial. – Tyumen: Publishing house of Tyumen state University, 2019. – P. 57.
4. Electronic resource. – Access mode: http://www.kgau.ru/distance/ur_1/igpzs_rp/t11.html.

HISTORY OF THE STATE AND LAW
PROKHOROV Vladimir Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in historical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
STRENGTHENING THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND TRAINING SYSTEM OF LOCAL AIR DEFENSE IN CRIMEA (OCTOBER 1940 – JULY 1941)
The article examines the process of strengthening the organizational and staff structure and the training system of the local air defense of Crimea in October 1940 – July 1941. It highlights the complex of conditions and reasons that influenced the creation of the peninsula’s air defense units and their inclusion in the NKVD system of the Crimean ASSR. Their deployment, internal structure, staff changes, primary and auxiliary functions are shown. The main areas of combat training of the air defense units and the problems in organizing the training process are determined.
Keywords: local air defense, NKVD of Crimea, air defense headquarters, combat training plan, NKGB, Crimean ASSR.
Article bibliography
1. Dorokhov V. Zh. History of the internal affairs bodies of Russia. – Far Eastern Legal Institute. – Khabarovsk: RIO DVUI MVD of Russia, 2015. – 228 p.
2. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Crimea (hereinafter – Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Crimea). [Electronic resource]. F. 1. Op. 1. D. 87.
3. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Crimea. [Electronic resource] F. 1. Op. 1. D. 92.
4. Rybnikov V. V., Aleksushkin G. V. History of law enforcement agencies of the Fatherland. – M.: Publishing house “Shchit-M”, 2008. – 296 p.
5. Gusev A. V. Preparation of formations of the local air defense system of the NKVD of the USSR for defense against air and chemical attacks in the first period of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // State and Law: Evolution, Current State, Development Prospects (for the 25th anniversary of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). [Electronic resource]: in 2 parts. Proceedings of the XX International Scientific and Theoretical Conference. – St. Petersburg, April 27-28, 2023. Part 1 / Ed. by N. S. Nizhnik; compiled by N. S. Nizhnik, M. V. Savelyeva. – St. Petersburg, 2023. – P. 1022.
6. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [Electronic resource] F. 1. Op. 1. D. 90.
7. Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [Electronic resource] F. 1. Op. 1. D. 95.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
FURMAN Felix Pavlovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Social sciences sub-faculty, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
POLITICAL AND LEGAL IDEOLOGY AND VIEWS OF PYOTR TKACHEV
This article analyzes the political and legal concepts of Pyotr Nikitich Tkachev, a prominent Russian revolutionary of the mid-nineteenth century. The focus is on the key postulates of his ideology: the theory of socialist revolution, detailed criticism of liberal ideas and the Western European model of Russia’s development, as well as a detailed consideration of the role of intellectuals and revolutionary minorities in the processes of socio-economic transformation. The aim of the article is to comprehensively comprehend the theoretical heritage of Peter Tkachev and its influence on the development of radical political movements in Russia.
Keywords: political ideology, legal ideology, political views, revolutionary ideas, social and legal concepts, socialist ideology, law and state.
Article bibliography
1. Matyukhin A. V. Proto-Bolshevism of Peter Tkachev // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 174-184.
2. Milovanov K. Yu. Enlightenment ideology of Russian populism // Domestic and foreign pedagogy. – 2018. – Vol. 2, No. 4. – P. 37-47.
3. Rudakova Yu. V. The concept of social progress in the socio-political concept PN Tkacheva // Politics and Society. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 1719-1723.
4. Stepanov A. N. Peasant Democrats: Aesthetic Aspects of Society // Bulletin of Moscow State Pedagogical Univ. Series: Philosophical Sciences. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 119-129.
5. Tkachev P. N. Selected Works: in 6 volumes. Vol. 6. – M.: All-Union Society of Convicts and Exiled Settlers, 1932-1937. – 346 p.
6. Tkachev P. N. Storehouses of Wisdom of Russian Philosophers. – M.: Pravda, 1990. – 380 p.
7. Khudoleev A. N. Personality of PN Tkacheva in the context of the post-reform era // New look. International Scientific Bulletin. – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 58-79.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
VOPILOV Nikolay Nikolaevich
competitor for the degree of candidate of legal sciences, Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University; lawyer engaged in private practice
JUDICIAL PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW: EVOLUTION AND PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION IN THE RUSSIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
This article briefly analyzes judicial precedent as a source of law in various legal precedent systems, and suggests using judicial precedent in the Republic of Armenia based on the Courts of Cassation for implementation in the Russian Federation.
It is proposed to legislate some judicial acts of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as precedents exclusively for acts of interpretation, that is, not a law-making act, but of a law enforcement nature.
The purpose of which will be to ensure the unity of judicial practice, its predictability and minimizing the arbitrary discretion of judges of lower courts in the interpretation and application of legislative norms.
Keywords: mononorms, sources of law; judicial precedent, judicial precedent of interpretation, judicial practice, legal system; continental legal system, Anglo-American legal system, decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, unity of judicial practice, judicial discretion.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bogdanovskaya I. Yu. Case law. – Reprint reproduction of the 1993 edition – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2018.
2. Vopilov N. N. Features of judicial precedent in the continental (European) and Anglo-American legal systems: a comparative analysis // Education and Law. – 2022. – No. 12.
3. David R., Geoffrey-Spinosi K. The main legal systems of our time: [translated from French]. – M .: International Relations, 2009.
4. Zagaynova S. K. Judicial precedent: problems of law enforcement. – M .: NORMA, 2002.
5. Kalinin A. Yu., Komarov S. A. Form (source) of law as a category in the theory of state and law // News of higher educational institutions. Jurisprudence. – 2000. – No. 6 (233).
6. Mkrtumyan A. Yu. Judicial precedent in the civil law of Russia and Armenia: diss. … Doctor of Law: 12.00.03: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – M., 2011.
7. Walker R. The English judicial system: [translated from English]. – M.: Legal lit., 1980.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
ROMANOVA Natalya Vladimirovna
senior lecturer of Civil and labor law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Northwestern Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
NATIONALIZATION AS A WAY OF ACQUIRING PROPERTY RIGHTS: THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD 1945-1948
The topic of nationalization and confiscation in European countries in the period 1945-1948 is characterized by the multifaceted aspects of its aspects. In addition to the legal aspect, it is indicative to mention the political, economic, social and moral aspects. The above combines an interest in law, history and the social sciences as such. This topic is relevant for study in modern conditions. Despite the fact that the first stage of nationalization took place about eighty years ago, a certain echo of these events remains to this
day in European history, on the example of the Czech Republic. This echo is manifested mainly in the relationship with the Czech (or Slovak) economic transformation after 1989 and the related restitution and privatization legislation of the 1990s. A reverse process had to take place, in the course of which state property, carefully concentrated under the previous regime, was again transformed into private property, while at the same time looking for a limit to what still had to be left to the state. The above-mentioned legislation has become, among other things, the subject of many court proceedings and has attracted the attention of not only experts, but also the general public. The case law of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic has also played a decisive role with regard to restitution laws. It should be emphasized that the topic of church restitution, which is sensitive to Czech society, is of particular importance, especially
after the promulgation of Act No 428/2012 Coll. on the division of property with churches and religious societies. From an international point of view, the most notable of these was the global financial and economic crisis that broke out in the second half of 2008. This crisis has led to renewed discussions about increasing state intervention in national economies. One of the instruments was considered nationalization, which raised the question of whether there is still room for this political-economic instrument
in individual legal systems. It should be emphasized that these were also developed countries led by the United States, Great Britain and Germany. Currently, many experts fear that this crisis could recur in the near future.
Keywords:Law, case law, property law, private property, nationalization, confiscation, restitution, European law, European legal tradition.
Bibliographic list of articles
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a některých organizací a ústavů.
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a národních podniků tohoto oboru.
25. zákon č. 123/1948 Sb., o znárodnění polygrafických podniků.
26. zákon č. 137/1948 Sb., o postátnění Československého rozhlasu.

HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW
SEMENOV Andrey Alexandrovich
associate of Adjunct and Doctoral studies of the Military Research Center, Zhukov Military Academy of the National Guard of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg
LEGAL REGULATION OF PARTY AND POLITICAL WORK IN THE NKVD TROOPS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
The article will cover several key topics. First, an analysis of the system of legal acts regulating the activities of the NKVD will be carried out, which will make it possible to understand exactly which norms and rules were in force at that time. Secondly, the influence of the party leadership on the NKVD will be investigated, which will help to identify how party instructions shaped the practice of security agencies. The third important aspect will be the study of the role of the NKVD in organizing the partisan movement, which is especially relevant in light of modern research that emphasizes the importance of guerrilla warfare in the context of the overall strategy of the war.
Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, party and political work, legal regulation.
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
VOLKOVA Svetlana Iljinichna
postgraduate student of State and administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
TECHNOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY IN THE INFORMATION SPHERE AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE EXERCISE OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY: STRUCTURE AND PUBLIC LAW REGULATION
The article explores the concept of sovereignty in the information sphere as a condition for the implementation of state sovereignty. It analyzes the forms in which sovereignty manifests in the informational domain. Particular attention is given to the implementation of norms that ensure the supremacy and independence of state authority in controlling data operations (“data sovereignty”), as well as to public-law mechanisms for protecting the state in this sphere. The article substantiates the link between a state’s level of technological autonomy and its capacity to regulate and protect critically important information infrastructure. The role of public-law institutions in shaping a stable and sovereign national information and technology environment is examined. Legal approaches to contemporary scholarly assumptions about the essence and structure of state sovereignty in the context of digitalization are analyzed. The article concludes that comprehensive legal regulation of this area of social relations is advisable, based on a balance of prohibitions and permissions.
Keywords: information, data, public law regulation, information sphere, data sovereignty, information sovereignty, technological sovereignty, state sovereignty.
Article bibliography
1. Saveliev A. I. Commentary on the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” (article by article). – M.: Statut, 2015. – 320 p.
2. Kuznetsov P. U. Fundamentals of Information Law. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – 312 p.
3. Kapustin A. Ya. State sovereignty in cyberspace: international legal dimension // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2022. – Vol. 18, No. 6. – P. 99-108.
4. Terentyeva L. V. The concept of state sovereignty in the context of globalization and information and communication processes // Journal of the Higher School of Economics. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 187-200.
5. Gubkina A. I., Mamychev A. Yu., Miroshnichenko O. I. State sovereignty: socio-political transformation in the context of modern cyber realities // Baltic Humanitarian Journal. – 2019. – Vol. 8, No. 4 (29). – pp. 354-358.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
BERLYAVSKIY Leonid Garrievich
Ph.D. in Law, Ph.D. in historical sciences, professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Rostov State University of Economics (RINE)
OSTAPOVICH Igor Yurjevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
SUVERENIZATION OF JUDICIAL POWER IN THE LIGHT OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article is devoted to the sovereignty of judicial power in the light of the constitutional reform of 2020 in the Russian Federation. It is noted that the most important beginning of the sovereignty of judicial power is the strengthening of the authority of the Constitutional Court as the highest judicial body of constitutional control in the Russian Federation exercising, on the basis of part 1 of article 125 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, judicial power through constitutional legal proceedings in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, ensuring the supremacy and direct action of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the entire territory of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: sovereignty, judicial power, constitutional reform, Constitution, Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of articles
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GADZHIEV Alisultan Shamsulaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
MANZHOV Daud Gadzhiattaevich
magister student of the 2nd year of study at Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
DIGITALIZATION OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM: LEGAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING EQUAL ELECTORAL RIGHTS
The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the electoral system digitalization process as a factor in modernizing electoral procedures and ensuring the implementation of the principle of equal suffrage. The paper examines the stages of introducing digital innovations into electoral processes, the specifics of blockchain technology application, and remote electronic voting. The authors analyze technological, legal, and social aspects of the digital transformation of the electoral system, identify the advantages and risks of digitalization, and examine the experience of electronic voting in Russia and foreign countries.
Keywords: digitalization, electoral system, blockchain, remote electronic voting, information security, electoral activity, digital monitoring, election legitimacy.
Article bibliography
1. Erokhina O. V. Electronic voting technologies in Russia // Bulletin of the University. – 2019. – No. 11. – P. 5-11.
2. Nabatnikova E. A. DEV (remote electronic voting) in the Russian Federation // Smart digital economy. – 2022. – Vol. 2, No. 1. – P. 26-32.
3. Sadykov R.R. Directions for Ensuring the Security of the “Electoral Blockchain” // Citizen. Elections. Power. – 2022. – No. 4 (26). – P. 192-203.
4. Smirnova Yu. G. Electoral Process in the Context of Digitalization: Political and Legal Analysis of the Development of Online Voting Technology in Russia // Creative Economy. – 2024. – Vol. 18, No. 6. – P. 1395-1412.
5. Kotikova D.V. On the Problem of Legal Regulation of Remote Electronic Voting // Citizen. Elections. Power. – 2020. – No. 2 (16). – P. 174-182.
6. Khashig A.R. Digitalization of the Electoral System as a Way to Optimize the Procedure for Organizing and Holding Elections // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University. N.I. Lobachevsky. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 206-209.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
GAZIMAGOMEDOVA Naida Abulmuslimovna
senior lecturer of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF CITIZENS: REGIONAL ASPECT
The article shows that the implementation of citizens’ rights and freedoms is a multifaceted task, the solution of which requires an integrated approach and interaction of all levels of government in close cooperation with civil society institutions. Modern trends in human rights practice, international experience and regional characteristics, in particular, the subjects of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasian Federal District, are the main factors determining the directions of development of the human rights guarantee system. Taking effective measures in this area can not only increase the level of social protection of citizens, but also become an important factor in stabilizing the socio-political situation in the country and its regions, which ultimately contributes to the formation of a legal state where human rights are an indisputable value.
Keywords: ensuring the rights of citizens, constitutional and legal foundations for the protection of rights, mechanisms for ensuring the rights of citizens, North Caucasian Federal District.
Article bibliography
1. Avakyan S. A. On the role of constitutional law in the context of new tasks and conceptual solutions for the political future of Russia // Bulletin of Moscow University. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 3-21.
2. Gazimagomedova N. A. Problems of protecting human and civil rights and freedoms: regional aspect (based on the materials of the North Caucasian Federal District) // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2022. – No. 8. – P. 53-57.
3. Gazimagomedova N. A. Problems of constitutional and legal support for human and civil rights and freedoms in the constituent entities of the North Caucasian Federal District // Law and State: Theory and Practice. – 2024. – No. 11 (239). – P. 191-194.
4. Kobzeva E. I. On the issue of ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms // National Association of Scientists. – 2017. – No. 6 (33). – P. 68-70.
5. Stukalova T. V. Actual problems of ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual by the internal affairs bodies during the preliminary investigation / Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2016. – No. 2 (34). – P. 447-451.
6. Khozikova E. S. Constitutional and legal foundations for ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Moscow Institute of Public Administration and Law. – 2015. – No. 11. – P. 14-19.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
ELANSKAYA Darya Alexandrovna
postgraduate student of State and administrative law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
CIVIL PEACE AND ACCORD AS AN ELEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONSENSUS
This article is devoted to the theoretical and legal analysis of the term “civil peace and accord”. Examining this category in connection with the President of the Russian Federation’s function of ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of bodies within the unified system of public authority, the author concludes that these concepts are interrelated, which makes it possible to justify the existence of a two-level mechanism of consensus. At the same time, civil peace and accord is considered not only as a component of a broader category but also as an independent system that encompasses the relationship between the triad of subjects: the individual, society, and the state.
Keywords: civil peace and accord, public consensus, constitutional consensus, functions of the President of the Russian Federation, constitutional reform, system of public authority.
Article bibliography
1. Abaeva E. A. The place of the President of the Russian Federation in the constitutional system of public authority (in light of the constitutional reform of 2020) // Bulletin of the Saratov University. – 2022. – Vol. 22, Issue 1. – P. 73-77.
2. Avakyan S. A. Representation in constitutional law: issues of theory and practice: monograph. – Moscow: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 484 p.
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9. Opaleva A. A., Opalev A. V., Yakovlev K. L. Legal harmonization of the interests of the individual, society and the state as a condition for maintaining civil peace and harmony // Modern law. – 2024. – No. 4. [Electronic resource] // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 03/25/2025).
10. Skuratov Yu. I. Constitutional model of the place and role of presidential power in the system of separation of powers in the Russian Federation // Modern law. – 2024. – No. 11. [Electronic resource] // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 03/25/2025).
11. Umnova-Konyukhova I. A., Aleshkova I. A. Social cohesion and social unity as a guarantee of internal and external peace and development of society and the state // Social and humanitarian sciences: Domestic and foreign literature: IAZH. Ser. 4: State and law. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 78-88.
12. Filippov A. R., Novikov O. G. Theoretical approaches to the study of public consent // Social and political sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 5. – P. 13-28.
13. Yusubov E. S. Signs and meanings of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2021. – No. 7. [Electronic resource] // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 03/20/2025).

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
SALIKHOVA Patimat Shamilovna
magister student of the 1st course, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala; independent researcher
DENIKAEVA Saida Emirkhanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Institute of Law, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
PROBLEMS OF USING JUDICIAL DECISIONS AS A SOURCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article discusses the problems of using court decisions as sources of constitutional law of the Russian Federation. The main theoretical and practical aspects related to the legislative non-recognitiontion of the legal status of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the issues of ambiguous interpretation of the concept of “source of law” and discussions about the law-making function of judicial authorities. The difficulties associated with the execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court are considered, and ways to improve the mechanism of their implementation are proposed. Various approaches to assessing the normative nature of court decisions and their role in the country’s legal system have been identified. The authors conclude that it is necessary to legislate the legal status of judicial decisions in order to ensure legal certainty and uniformity of law enforcement practice. The measures proposed in the article are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement and improving the mechanism for protecting the constitutional rights of citizens.
Keywords: judicial decisions, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, source of law, law-making, law enforcement, constitutional law, legal system.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Biryukova S. V. Problems of determining the legal status of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Jurisprudence: current issues of theory and practice: collection of articles of the VI International scientific and practical conference, Penza, April 5, 2024. – Penza: Science and Education, 2024. – Pp. 11-14.
2. Danilova A. V., Bezuglov S. V. Problems of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Scientific support of the agro-industrial complex: collection of articles based on the materials of the 73rd scientific and practical conference of students on the results of R&D for 2017, Krasnodar, April 25, 2018 / Responsible for the release A. G. Koshchaev. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2018. – P. 1044-1047.
3. Kildiev R. Kh. Some problems in the sphere of proceedings for the execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Law, history, pedagogy and modernity: collected articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference, Penza, January 30-31, 2023 / Edited by A. V. Yashin, A. A. Grachev, N. I. Svechnikov. – Penza: Penza State Agrarian University, 2023. – P. 120-123.
4. Klykova M. A. On some problems of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court // Actual issues of jurisprudence: collected articles of the II International scientific and practical conference, Penza, May 25, 2020. – Penza: Science and Education, 2020. – P. 40-42.
5. Lamanov E. N., Rozhnova E. A., Pozachinyuk E. S. Problems of applying judicial precedent in the Russian Federation // State and Law: Problems and Prospects for Improvement: Collection of Scientific Papers of the 4th International Scientific Conference. In 2 volumes, Kursk, November 19, 2021. T. 1. – Kursk: South-West State University, 2021. – P. 480-482.
6. Pinchuk A. P. Legal nature of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a source of law // Notes of a scientist. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 213-218.
7. Salyeva D. D. Problems of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation // Modern science and young scientists: collection of articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference, Penza, October 15, 2020. – Penza: Science and Enlightenment, 2020. – pp. 83-85.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
FLITER Yana Sergeevna
advisor to the General Director of the Association of fast-growing technological companies (national champions)
IMPLEMENTATION OF FREEDOM OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN GENETIC STUDIES
The article explores the concept of freedom of scientific research in the context of genetic research, as well as the search for a balance between the need for scientific progress and ensuring the safety and ethics. The analysis is based on general principles and rules governing genetic research, as well as consideration of their features in various fields, such as genetic engineering and genome editing. As a result, the legal and ethical framework within which the freedom of scientific research in genetics is realized is determined.
Keywords: constitutional human rights, freedom of scientific research, genetic studies, genome modification and editing.
Article bibliography
1. Varlamova N. V. Digital rights – a new generation of human rights? // Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2019. – Vol. 14, No. 4. – P. 9-46.
2. Lapaeva V. V. Legal regulation in the field of human genome research: history of formation, current state and development prospects // Justice. – 2022. – V. 4, No. 4. – P. 93-108.
3. Mokhov A. A., Chaplenko A. A., Yavorsky A. N. Use of genome editing technologies: achievements and prospects // Biomedicine. – 2019. – No. 15 (2).
4. Posulikhina N. S. Legal regimes for the development of genetic technologies in medicine: experience of foreign countries // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 167-180.
5. Legal foundations of bioeconomics and biosafety: monograph / Ed. A. A. Mokhov, O. V. Sushkova. – M.: Prospect, 2020.
6. Editing the genome of human embryos: an interdisciplinary approach / Grebenshchikova E. G., Andreyuk D. S., Volchkov P. Yu., Vorontsova M. V., Ginter E. K., Izhevskaya V. L., Lagunin A. A., Polyakov A. V., Popova O. V., Smirnikhina S. A., Tishchenko P. D., Trofimov D. Yu., Kutsev S. I. // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2021. – Vol. 76, No. 1. – P. 86-92.
7. Romanovsky G. B. Legal regulation of genetic research in Russia and abroad // Comparative law. – 2016. – No. 7 (116). – P. 93-102.
8. Troitskaya A. A. Heritable editing of the human genome: a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign legal regulation // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2023. – Vol. 19, No. 1. – P. 69-81.
9. Troitskaya A. A. Legal answers to questions about human genome editing (taking into account CRISPR-Cas9 technology) // Comparative constitutional review. – 2022. – No. 5 (150). – P.11-41.
10. Chetverikov A. O. Freedom of science as a fundamental right of man and citizen in modern constitutional, international and European law: a comparative legal study // International Legal Courier. – 2020. – (February – April). No. 1-2 (37-38). – pp. 28-37.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
TSIRKUNOV Mikhail Eduardovich
postgraduate student of Constitutional, administrative and financial law sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
SUPPORT FOR COMPETITION IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF COUNTRIES IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE
The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the experience of post-Soviet countries on the issue of competition support, taking into account the experience of constitutional regulation in the RSFSR. The key features of the constitution of this principle in Belarus, Armenia, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Georgia, and Tajikistan are identified. The author concludes that the post-Soviet states recognize the institution of private property and the need to support socio-economic development through state regulation of a number of economic relations. At the same time, the author defined that the Russian principle of “support for competition” (the norm of Article 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) is quite unique as one of the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia.
Keywords: protection of competition, support of competition, Constitution of the Russian Federation, constitutions of post-Soviet countries.
Article bibliography
1. Astafichev P. A. Constitutional socio-economic rights of citizens as a form of implementing the principle of a social state // Constitutional reform 2020 and prospects for the development of Russia. – Saratov, 2021. – P. 21.
2. Bondar N. S. “Eternal” constitutional ideals: how unchanged are they in a changing world? // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 20-34.
3. Verzun Yu. S. Constitutional principle of antimonopoly regulation of the Russian economy // Bulletin of the Mari State University. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 48-51.
4. Poberezhny S. G. On the issue of property rights in the USSR // Legal science: issues of history, theory and practice. – Belgorod, 2016. – P. 337.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
KROTOV Valentin Viktorovich
postgraduate student of the Department of Constitutional Law, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
“DIGNITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL”: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE, SUBJECTIVE LAW, INTERDISCIPLINARY LEGAL INSTITUTION
The principle of protecting the dignity of the individual is the most important legal formula, without which it is impossible to imagine modern constitutional and legal regulation. Despite the fact that this issue has previously received the necessary scientific attention, today it still contains many little-explored aspects. One of them today is to consider the protection of the dignity of the individual in a threefold dimension: as the most important constitutional and legal principle, as the corresponding subjective constitutional law and as an interdisciplinary legal institution.
Keywords: personal dignity, protection of personal dignity, subjective law, constitutional principle, interdisciplinary legal institution.
Article bibliography
1. Ageshin Yu. A. In the name of the highest interests of Russia// Journal of the Russianof law. – 1999. – No. 10.
2. Aryamov A. A. Honor as the right to honor // Russian justice. – 2009. – No. 5.
3. Barsukova V. N. Institute of honor and dignity of a person in the structure of Russian law // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 1 (29).
4. Vlasova O. V. Human dignity as a moral and legal value: general theoretical study: Abstract of PhD thesis. – Saratov, 2011.
5. Gaskarova M. L. Legal protection of honor and dignity of an individual: theoretical issues: Dis. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2006.
6. Civil human rights: modern problems of theory and practice / Ed. F. M. Rudinsky. – Volgograd, 2004.
7. Dzhagaryan A. A. Constitutional and legal foundations of state control in the Russian Federation: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – M., 2006.
8. Pozharova L. A. Guarantees for the protection of individual dignity in the context of reforming modern Russian society and the state. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – Belgorod, 2014.
9. Khashem T. A. Protection of human dignity in the Russian Federation: constitutional and legal analysis: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Law) Dissertation. – M., 2010.
10. Philosophical Encyclopedia. – M.: “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1962.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
ARSLANBEKOVA Aminat Zaidulaevna
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
GITINOV Nabi Dzhambulatovich
magister student of the 2nd course of Administrative, financial and customs law sub-faculty, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala
AN ANALYSIS OF THE AMENDMENTS MADE TO THE FEDERAL LAW “ON STATE CIVIL SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION” AND FURTHER PROSPECTS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT
In order to ensure the stable development of the Russian Federation, effective management of all spheres of state activity is necessary. The Government is governed in accordance with certain development priorities, current legislation, and with the help of existing institutions, mechanisms, and management tools. One of the most important institutions of state-type social management is the state civil service. It is the State civil service that ensures the implementation of State policy, and the well-being of society depends on the level of professional performance of state civil servants. The formation of the concept of “employee” in Russia, as P.A. Morgulets notes in his research, dates back to the second half of the 40s of the XX century. It is from this moment that the formation of the institution of public service begins.
The article is written using the following research methods: comparative legal, logical, system analysis, etc.
Keywords: Civil service, civil servant, civil service, administrative and legal status, disciplinary responsibility, disciplinary measures.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Agapov A. B. Administrative law. Textbook for bachelor’s and master’s degrees. – Moscow: Yurayt, 2019. – 472 p.
2. Arslanbekova A. Z., Gadzimagomedov M. M. Problems of preventing corruption in the civil service in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Dagestan State University. – 2024. – Vol. 39, Issue. 3.
3. Alekseev I. A. Administrative law. Textbook. – Moscow: Prospect, 2020. – 320 p.
4. Alekhine A. P., Karmolitsky A. A., Kozlov Yu. M. Administrative law of the Russian Federation: Textbook. – Moscow: Publishing house “Zerkalo-M”, 2003.
5. Bakhrakh D. N. Administrative law of Russia: textbook. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.
6. Bratanovsky S. N., Kocherga S. A, Bratanovskaya M. S. Administrative and legal foundations of civil service in Russia. – Moscow, 2014. – 187 p.
7. Varnavsky A. P. Efficiency of legal regulation of administrative responsibility of civil servants. – Tambov: Publishing House of Tambov State University named after G. R. Derzhavin, 2020.
8. Grishkovets A. A. Administrative responsibility of state civil servants: status and development prospects // Bulletin of the All-Russian Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 3 (43). – P. 49-57.
9. Manokhin V. M. Service and employee in the Russian Federation: legal regulation. – Moscow: Jurist, 2012. – 210 p.
10. Morgulets P. A. Concept, essence and types of status of state civil servants // Young scientist. – 2018. – No. 50 (236). – P. 247-249.
11. Mukaseeva N. N., Ogrina G. V. Actual problems of passing the civil service // Legal science. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 83-85.
12. Chabritskaya A. S. Issues of passing the state civil service // Law. Right. State. – 2020. – No. 1 (25). – P. 104-114.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAWO
BASHMAKOVA Irina Vladimirovna
postgraduate student of the Higher School of Law, Ugra State University; analyst in the Department of Adaptive Physical Education, Municipal Budgetary Institution “Druzhba” Sports Complex
PROBLEMS OF REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO HOUSING ACCOMMODATION FOR THE DISABLED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL MODEL OF DISABILITY
Disability issues have always been the focus of attention of the State, academia and the public. Accessibility and comfort issues are the fundamental principles of the formation and implementation of social protection for this category of citizens. In the Russian Federation, an accessible environment is being formed for people with disabilities, in which everything that surrounds people with disabilities should contribute to the establishment of a comfortable life process. Thus, social services implemented to accommodate the living quarters of people with disabilities, namely the use of the «Smart Home» system, are relevant. There are a number of legal gaps in this area that require immediate elimination, which will make the life of people with disabilities more comfortable and favorable, thereby meeting the special needs of people with physical or psychological disabilities.
Keywords: accessible environment, disabled person, «Smart home», adaptation, living space.
Article bibliography
1. Eremenko A. O. Internet of things for people with disabilities // Modern technologies for decision support in economics: collection of works of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, postgraduates and young scientists. – Tomsk, 2016. – Pp. 208-210.
2. Kostyshak M. M., Kuchaeva L. M. Strategy of innovative development of the territorial unit – “Smart House” // Real Estate: Economics, Management. – 2014. – No. 1-2. – P. 27-30.
3. Chiglikova N. D., Atroshchenko V. A., Serikova M. V. On the issue of modular construction of Smart House support systems // Fundamental research. – 2017. – No. 10-1. – P. 45-50.
4. Alimovanin S. G., Milchakov S. A., Sirotinina N. Yu. Special capabilities of the “smart house” system // European Scientific Conference: Coll. Art. V Int. scientific-practical. conf.: in 3 parts. – Part 1. – Penza, 2017. – P. 154-157.
5. The number of disabled people registered for provision with technical rehabilitation means // Emiss. State statistics. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.fedstat.ru

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
KATANAEVA Elizaveta Sergeevna
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
MAKSIMOV Ruslan Vladimirovich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
NIKULIN Semyon Yurjevich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar; independent researcher
CHERNOV Yuriy Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
CADASTRAL ENGINEER AS A SUBJECT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY
This article is devoted to the analysis of administrative and criminal liability of cadastral engineers. The composition of the administrative offense and crime assigned for violation in the field of cadastral registration is considered in detail. The article presents materials of judicial practice, an analysis of judicial statistics was conducted in order to identify the main areas of sentencing. The features of the responsibility of cadastral engineers are considered, problems in assigning punishment to them are identified and legislative changes are proposed aimed at eliminating these problems and improving the regulation of the field of cadastral registration and cadastral activities.
Keywords: state cadastral registration, cadastral engineer, legal liability, cadastral activities, criminal liability, administrative liability.
Article bibliography
1. Ivanenko I. N., Chernov Yu. I., Pakhomova K. Yu. On the issue of cadastral value of land plots // Power of law. – 2018. – No. 1 (33). – P. 132-143.
2. Mikholskaya V. V. Features of administrative responsibility of cadastral engineers // Administrative and municipal law. – 2018. – No. 7. – P. 1-9.
3. Dvortsov V. E. Comparative legal study of administrative and criminal liability of a cadastral engineer // Legal research. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 88-94.
4. Zhirkov N. S., Dyba S. S., Rybalko D. A., Chernov Yu. I. Administrative liability of individual entrepreneurs: issues of theory and practice // Eurasianlegal journal. – 2022. – No. 3 (166). – P. 101-103.
5. Chernov Yu. I. Administrative punishment of a moral nature // Jurisprudence: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 37-43.
6. Grigoryan M. A., Stadnik M. S., Chernov Yu. I. Cadastral activity as an object of administrative-legal protection // Ecology and life safety: collection of articles of the XX International scientific and practical conference, Penza, December 14-15, 2020. – P. 60-63.
7. Islamova E. R. Actual issues of bringing persons to administrative responsibility for violations of the legislation on state cadastral registration of real estate and cadastral activity // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 90-102.
8. Buldaeva E. V. Responsibility of cadastral engineers // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 2 (185). – pp. 16-25.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
MOROZOV Artyom Andreevich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
VOLKOV Kirill Sergeevich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MATSOLA Vladislav Ivanovich
student, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
CHERNOV Yuriy Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
NEW CODIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND TORT LAW: ANALYSIS AND PROBLEMS
In this article, will be considered a problem that has been discussed in the administrative law of the Russian Federation for a long time – the lack of full-fledged administrative and tort legislation in Russian legislation, systematized and compiled in separate substantive and procedural codes. The scientific community was divided on this issue, especially after the appearance of the “Concept of the new Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation”, which was evaluated differently by legal scholars. In addition, the paper considers and analyzes the draft Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, developed by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, and highlights its shortcomings and the reasons for rejecting this draft law, as well as draws parallels between it and the codes of the Republic of Belarus.
Keywords: administrative law, Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, administrative procedure legislation, Concept of the new Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, Draft of the new Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, problems of legal regulation.
Article bibliography
1. Starilov Yu. N. Modernization of legislation on administrative offenses: prerequisites, possibilities and prospects // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2015. – No. 1 (4). – P. 20-28.
2. Starilov Yu. N. The concept of the new Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses and the “fate” of administrative-tort law: two newest issues in modern legal theory // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 14-41.
3. Evsekova E. V. Some features of reforming the administrative-tort legislation of the Russian Federation – the third wave of codification // Legal sciences. – 2020. – Vol. 6 (72), No. 2. – P. 350-367.
4. Volkov A. M. Administrative procedural code: a controversial but feasible idea // Administrative law and administration practice. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 39-53.
5. Gazizov D. A. Current issues of regulation of administrative-procedural relations in the context of the draft Procedural Code of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses // Society and Law. – 2023. – No. 2 (84). – P. 53-59.
6. Avdeyko A. G. On some issues of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses // Legal policy and legal life. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 94-105.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
NURMUHAMMADZODA Farkhodi Jurabek
adjunct of the 3rd year Faculty of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel Training, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SYSTEMATIC ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT FOR INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
The aim of the study is to identify the systemic characteristics of administrative and legal regulation of information security, proving that its effectiveness is determined not by individual institutions, but by their integrated interaction. The work uses systematic analysis, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, as well as an institutional approach. It has been established that the system of administrative and legal support for information security is a dynamic set of interrelated institutions (licensing, certification, supervision, administrative responsibility), which acquires qualitatively new properties due to system integration. It has been proven that it is the integrated application of these mechanisms that allows for a sustainable information protection regime.
Keywords: information security, administrative law, systems approach, government regulation, cyber threats, administrative and legal institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Polyakova T. A., Minbaleev A. V., Krotkova N. V. New vectors of development of information law in the context of civilizational crisis and digital transformation // State and Law. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 75-87.
2. Preobrazhensky Yu. P. Information security – challenges of the modern world // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of High Technologies. – 2017. – No. 2 (21). – P. 60-63.
3. Smotritskaya I. I., Chernykh S. I. Modern trends in the digital transformation of public administration // Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2018. – No. 5. – P. 22-36.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SAVOCHKINA Darya Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Administrative law and administrative activities of the Department of Internal Affairs sub-faculty, Crimean branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, Simferopol
INTERACTION OF THE DISTRICT POLICE COMMISSIONER WITH OTHER SUBJECTS OF THE SYSTEM OF PREVENTION OF NEGLECT, HOMELESSNESS, OFFENSES AND ANTISOCIAL ACTIONS OF MINORS
The article examines problematic issues of a theoretical and practical nature related to the implementation of various forms and methods of interaction between law enforcement agencies and other entities related to the prevention of neglect, homelessness, as well as offenses and antisocial actions of minors. The individual reasons for the commission of administrative offenses by minors are revealed, the analysis of the features, characteristics and effective forms of interaction is carried out. A special role in this system is assigned by the internal affairs body as the main subject of the juvenile delinquency prevention system, as well as the key methods of their interaction with other elements of the prevention system in this area are described.
Keywords: minors, control, offense, law enforcement agencies, district police commissioner, juvenile affairs units, neglect, homelessness, antisocial actions.
Article bibliography
1. Report on the results of the activities of the Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Republic of Crimea for 2024 – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://deti.rk.gov.ru/articles/0751fb19-7dc0-4053-b436-d65a98fa42e9?ysclid=mc0hca6qg3300937382.
2. Merkazova V. A. Features of the activities of police officers to identify and prevent offenses in the field of non-compliance with anti-alcohol and anti-tobacco legislation by minors // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2023. – V. 9 (75), No. 2. – P. 342-349. – EDN LUZVPN.
3. Nabiev V. V. Actual directions for improving the organization of police activities in the field of prevention of violence and cruelty among minors // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 213.
4. Review of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation “On the shortcomings in the organization by the internal affairs bodies of individual preventive work with juvenile offenders and parents who fail to fulfill their duties to support and educate minor children” as of January 1, 2025. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф.
5. Selivanova A. S. Features of the interaction of district police officers with offense prevention entities // Modern jurisprudence: topical issues, achievements and innovations. – Penza: “Science and Education”, 2021. – P. 78.
6. Smirnova V. M. Prevention of juvenile neglect in the activities of police officers // Science. Thought: electronic periodical journal. – 2017. – Vol. 7, No. 3-2. – P. 56-59.
7. Chumarova E. Yu. Organizational and legal basis for the activities of juvenile departments of the internal affairs bodies: a teaching aid. – Krasnoyarsk: Siberian Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2021.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
STARTSEVA Svetlana Vasiljevna
senior lecturer of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF THE DISABLED: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
The urgency of improving legislation in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities is related to the fact that people with disabilities have a number of special features, which makes it necessary for the state to provide additional social protection measures for these citizens. In this aspect, it is necessary to ensure the medical and educational spheres in such a way that they are most accessible to this category of the population. Poor quality provision of medical and educational services can negatively affect the development and well-being of children with disabilities. State support measures through the provision of social assistance to people with disabilities are aimed at ensuring equal opportunities and full functioning in various spheres of public life. In the course of the work carried out, an analysis of the scientific research of the Institute for Social Protection of the Disabled and a systematic analysis of legislation were carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the author came to the conclusion that it is necessary to amend paragraph 3 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 30, 2024. No. 709 «On the procedure for employers to meet the quota for hiring people with disabilities».
Keywords: social protection, people with disabilities, rehabilitation, habilitation, integration, employment quotas.
Article bibliography
1. Portseva I. A., Uvarov I. A., Burt A. A. The role of some psychotherapeutic methods in the socio-cultural rehabilitation of disabled people with mental illnesses. In the collection: Psychiatry – prose and poetry. Proceedings of the Russian scientific conference. Rostov State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. – Rostov-on-Don, 2021. – P. 148-151.
2. Grishkovets A. A., Galitskaya N. V. Actual problems of state support and protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in modern Russia (administrative and legal aspects) // Bulletin of UNN. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 104-116.
3. Karbulaeva D. A. Transformation of legislation in the field of protecting the rights of persons with disabilities to work: on the prospects of the quota institution // Legal Science and Practice. – 2025. – No. 1. – P. 24-28.
4. Rangita de Silva de Alwis Disability rights, gender, and development: a resource tool for action. 8 UN CRPD/DESA, UNFPA, Wellesley Centers for Women. 2008). – 286 RUR

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
STEPANENKO Olga Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, associate professor, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
FALEEVA Darya Vladimirovna
student, Irkutsk National Research Technical University
LEGAL REGULATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN UNDER URBAN DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
The article explores the legal nature of conflicts between architectural forms and regulatory restrictions in the field of design and urban development. It analyzes the current legislation of the Russian Federation and its practical application, providing examples of regional regulation. The focus is placed on the need to balance creative architectural solutions with compliance to safety standards, cultural heritage protection, and sustainable territorial development. The necessity of improving the regulatory framework and its implementation mechanisms is substantiated.
Keywords: urban development situation, architecture, construction, buildings, structures, design, regulatory framework, restrictions, requirements, standards.
Article bibliography
1. Kukharenko L. V. Transformation of powers of local governments in the field of urban development in connection with the adoption of Law No. 494-FZ // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2023. – No. 5 (260). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/transformatsiya-polnomochiy-organov-mestnogo-samoupravleniya-v-oblasti-gradostroitelnoy-deyatelnosti-v-svyazi-s-prinyatiem-zakona (date of access: 03/24/2025).
2. Mityagin S. D. Features of modern urban development activities in Russia // Academia. Architecture and Construction. – 2021. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-sovremennoy-proektnoy-gradostroitelnoy-deyatelnosti-v-rossii (date of access: 24.03.2025).
3. Rybakov M. A. Possibilities of legal regulation of tactical urban planning in modern legislation // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 7 (223). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozmozhnosti-pravovogo-regulirovaniya-takticheskogo-gradostroitelstva-v-sovremennom-zakonodatelstve (date of access: 24.03.2025).
4. Hardan A. M. Regulatory legal frameworks of urban planningity in Russia // Achievements of science and education. – 2022. – No. 6 (86). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativnye-pravovye-bazy-gradostroitelstva-v-rossii (date of access: 03/24/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
TACHKIN Mikhail Arkadjevich
adjunct, Faculty of Scientific, Pedagogical and Scientific Personnel Training, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
“KIBERDRUZHINY” AS A TOOL FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN THE STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN COUNTERING DESTRUCTIVE CONTENT: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
In the context of the growth of cyber threats and the active spread of destructive content on the Internet, the interaction of public authorities with civil society institutions, in particular with volunteer associations involved in the identification of illegal information, is becoming particularly relevant. The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of the activities of Internet volunteers, identifies gaps and contradictions in legislation, and examines the risks associated with the participation of minors in monitoring prohibited content. Based on the analysis of regional experience and statistical data on the effectiveness of the organizations under consideration, the need for further development of state-public partnership in this area is substantiated. Measures are proposed to improve legal regulation, including the unification of legislation, the establishment of age restrictions for «kiberdruzhina» participants, and the development of educational programs to improve their digital and legal literacy.
Keywords: «kiberdruzhiny», «kibervolonterstvo», countering destructive content, national security, information security, civil society institutions, volunteer activities.
Article bibliography
1. Putin named the number of Internet users in Russia // RBC. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/11/12/2024/6759b4709a79472b45d8949e (date of access: 02.04.2025).
2. Shulikov K. A. Administrative and legal foundations for countering the spread of destructive content on the Internet: dis. … Cand. of Law. – St. Petersburg, 2024. – 238 p.
3. The number of arson and sabotage has increased in Russia // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2025/02/17/verbuiut-v-seti.html (date of access: 02.04.2025).
4. The Cyber Squad project // Runet Prize. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://premiaruneta.ru/nominant/352 (date accessed: 04.04.2025).
5. Zhigareva Yu. S., Smirnova L. A. On the issue of the problem of legal regulation of cybervolunteering as a promising form of volunteering // Youth and systemic modernization of the country: collection of scientific articles of the 7th International Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists. T. 2. – Kursk, 2022. – P. 368-371.
6. Kulminskaya A. V. Volunteering on the Internet: identification problems // Bulletin of the Surgut State Pedagogical University. – 2019. – No. 5 (62). – P. 169-177.
7. Urvachev P. M., Barysheva A. M., Gusarov R. D., Rodionov Ya. A. Cyber Volunteers as a Tool for Preventing the Spread of Destructive Content on the Internet, Tools and Mechanisms for Organizing Work // Modern Strategies and Digital Transformations of Sustainable Development of Society, Education and Science: Collection of Materials of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference. – M.: ALEF, 2022. – P. 84-91.
8. Bykov O. As part of the “zero readings”, he will present a bill on cyber squads to the Public Chamber // United Russia Faction. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://er-gosduma.ru/press/oleg-bykov-v-ramkakh-nulevykh-chteniy-predstavit-v-op-zakonoproekt-o-kiberdruzhinakh/ (date of access: 06.04.2025).
9. The bill on cyber squads needs revision – OP RF // RAPSI. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rapsinews.ru/human_rights_protection_news/20190304/295993163.html (date of access: 06.04.2025).
10. Matyushenkov D. M. Activities of cyber squads in the field of public order protection // Modern lawyer. – 2021. – No. 1 (34). – P. 34-42.
11. Konstantinov A. V., Mikhailenko N. V., Stashchenko S. P. Provision of assistance by volunteer organizations to internal affairs agencies in the prevention of illegal use and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 120-125.
12. Composition and leadership of the Public Council under the UMVD of Russia for Omsk Oblast // UMVD of Russia for Omsk Oblast. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://55.MVD.RF/gumvd/общественный- совет/lorit/item/3048241/ (date of access: 04/08/2025).
13. Leadership and composition of the Public Council under the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs // Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for Perm Krai. [Electronic resource]. – Modeaccess: https://59.мвд.рф/gumvd/sovet/sostav_OS/item/19204142 (date of access: 04/08/2025).
14. In Primorye, cyber volunteers helped the police identify over 1,800 Internet resources with illegal content in a year // UMVD of Russia for Primorsky Krai. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://25.MVD.RF/news/item/61060507/ (access date: 04/06/2025).

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SEIDOV Gamzat Zakirovich
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University of Russia
THE RELEVANCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF AGE VERIFICATION DURING REGISTRATION ON INTERNET PLATFORMS
The article substantiates the need for legal verification of age when registering on Internet resources in order to protect minors from harmful information. Legislative gaps in the current law are analyzed, and recommendations for changing the current Russian legislation are proposed. The importance of verification as an element of information security in the digital environment is emphasized. A special feature of the verification of a person when registering on online resources is indicated, which consists in the fact that the confirmation of age is an administrative and legal measure to protect minors from the negative impact of information on the Internet. A comparative legal analysis is being conducted in order to find best foreign practices to prevent the spread of malicious content among minors.
Keywords: information security, minors, internet, registration, age, verification, legislation, protection.
Article bibliography
1. Kirichenko A. V. Legal regulation of the dissemination of information in social networks prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation // Monitoring of law enforcement. – 2024. – No. 1 (50). – P. 50-55.
2. Landina O. V. The right of parents to limit the child’s information space: domestic and foreign experience // Law and Power. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 15-18.
3. Mazdagova Z. Z., Maryina N. N. Targeted moral and psychological influence using information and telecommunication technologies // Law and Management. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 393-395.
4. Sitkova O. Yu. Legal nature of the child’s right to access information and its restrictions in order to protect the child from information harmful to the mental health and development of minors // Family and housing law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 27-30.

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
USENKOV Ivan Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Constitutional and municipal law sub-faculty, Volgograd State University
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF CONTRACTS FOR THE PROVISION OF TELEMEDICINE SERVICES: REAL OR IMAGINARY?
The main aspects of the legal regulation of the contract for the provision of telemedicine services in the Russian Federation are considered. The normative bases of such agreements are analyzed for accuracy, completeness and coherence, as well as the texts of contracts for the provision of telemedicine services published by various medical organizations for similarities and differences, unity in the interpretation of the legal regulation of contracts for the provision of telemedicine services. The basis of the research methodology was the analysis and comparative method, with the help of which certain contracts for the provision of telemedicine services were compared, their common and various features were identified, and the main approaches to the interpretation of current legislation.
It is concluded that the legal nature and regulation of the contract for the provision of telemedicine services in practice does not cause discrepancies. Market participants perceive it as a contract for the provision of paid medical services, including conditions in accordance with Articles 779 – 783 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05/11/2023 No. 736, with additional specifics in the form of the use of telemedicine technologies, in connection with which contracts are supplemented by the specifics of the provision of telemedicine services.
Keywords: legislation, medicine, telemedicine, contract, legal regulation, development of legislation, provision of services, legal technology, guarantees, remote medical care.
Article bibliography
1. Bazina O. O., Simenyura S. S. Telemedicine: advantages, disadvantages, realities (legal analysis and practical application) // Medical law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 32-38.
2. Vavilova E. M., Demchenko M. V. Development of legal regulation of telemedicine in the Russian Federation // Medical law. – 2020. – No. 1. – P. 48-51.
3. Vinokurova M. A. On the application of a systems approach in the legal regulation of telemedicine technologies // Journal of Russian Law. – 2022. – Vol. 26, No. 6. – P. 126-139.
4. Varyushin M. S. Legal regulation of telemedicine in Russia and the EU: two steps forward, one back // Law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 165-174.
5. Vakulina G. A. Patients’ rights under a contract for the provision of medical services for a fee: some aspects // Medical law. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 24-29.
6. Egupov V. A., Kamzina V. R. Specifics of legal regulation of the contract for the provision of paid medical services // Bulletin of the educational consortium Central Russian University. Series: Jurisprudence. – 2021. – No. 18. – P. 24-26.
7. Popova L. I. On the issue of determining the legal nature of the contract for the provision of paid medical services // Epomen. Global. – 2023. – No. 33. – P. 245-249.
8. Starchikov M. Yu. Civil law regulation of relationships in the field of health care: problematic issues and judicial practice: scientific and practical. manual [Electronic resource]. Access from the reference and legal system
«ConsultantPlus».
9. Dzhikiya M. D., Koltyrin V. I. Legal nature and mandatory terms of the contract for the provision of telemedicine services // Legal science. – 2024. – No. 3. – P. 125-130.
10. Maleina M. N. Contract for cryopreservation and storage of human biological material in a personal biobank // Journal of Russian Law. -2021. – No. 4. – P. 71-82.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
BUTS Sergey Borisovich
lecturer of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
EVSIKOVA Elena Vitaljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS THROUGH THE PRISM OF AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
The article discusses some of the problems and features of the digital transformation of civil, criminal, and administrative proceedings in the context of an ecosystem approach. Various scientific approaches to understanding the categories “ecosystem”, “digital ecosystem”, “electronic legal proceedings”, “ecosystem of the initial stage of criminal proceedings”, “ecosystem of criminal proceedings” are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the authors draw conclusions and propose their own definition of the «digital ecosystem of legal proceedings».
Keywords: digital transformation, digital justice, digital ecosystem, digital ecosystem of legal proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Lauta O. N., Khubiev A. R. Platformization of legal proceedings and the use of technologies as the main trends in the development of the judicial system // Law and Right. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 127-130. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-3313-2024-6-127-130 EBY: https://elibrary.ru/MKMPVA.
2. Evsikov K. S. Digital transformation of alternative dispute resolution // Lex russica. – 2022. – Vol. 75, No. 11. – P. 120-130. – DOI: 10.17803/1729-5920.2022.192.11.120-130.
3. Druzhinina A. A., Paulov P. A. Features of the implementation of electronic legal proceedings in arbitration proceedings // Legal science. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 187-189.
4. Potapov D. V. Digital ecosystem, its methodology and implementation // Current research. – 2025. – No. 18 (253), May.
5. Kazova Z. M., Ivanov Z. A., Tatarov T. K., Shabatukov I. A., Shugushkhov S. Z. Digital ecosystems // Innovative economy: information, analytics, forecasts. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 123-129. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.Org/10.47576/2949-1894.2024.2.2.013.
6. Maslennikova L. N. Conceptual approach to the construction of criminal proceedings ensuring access to justice in the context of the development of digital technologies // Bulletin of legal science. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 52-65.
7. Savelyeva M. V., Smushkin A. B., Soldatkina O. L. Systems approach to a unified ecosystem of criminal proceedings based on a digital platform // Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. – Law 4. – 2024. – P. 1026-1042. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2024.407.

CIVIL LAW
BORODINA Zhanna Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEUP)
OLIMOVA Roza Mukumovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and business law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEUP)
Offer in the accession agreement
The article examines the features of an offer in an accession agreement. In view of the fact that the agreement is not concluded on equal terms and includes pre-formulated conditions, the authors propose to establish a pre-trial (claim) dispute resolution procedure at the legislative level for all agreements concluded by accession. In addition, as a result of the analysis of the provisions of Art. 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it was concluded that civil law contracts can also be qualified as accession agreements if one party has accepted at least part of the standard conditions developed by the other party, which should be reflected in paragraph 1 of Art. 428 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: accession agreement, forms, standard forms, terms of agreement, offer, public offer, freedom of contract.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Arkhipova E. S. Adhesion contracts in Russian civil law: problems of qualification // Urban development and law. – 2019. – No. 1. – P. 37-44.
2. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contract law: general provisions / 4th ed. – M.: Statut, 2020. – 847 p.
3. Ivanova T. N. Basic terms of the contract for the carriage of goods by sea in liner traffic and the practice of their application // Jurist. – 2012. – No. 9. – P. 84-92.
4. Ilyushina M. N. The system of commercial transactions concluded in connection with the management of an apartment building // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2008. – No. 8. – P. 63-71.
5. Karapetyan A. G., Bevzenko R. S. Commentary on the norms of the Civil Code on certain types of contracts in the context of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation “On freedom of contract and its limits” // Bulletin of economic justice in the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 9. – P. 52-59.
6. Kozlova E. B. Agreement of accession: new in legislation and remaining problems of doctrine and law enforcement // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practices. – 2016. – No. 2. – P. 18-24.
7. Kudrevatykh A. S. Application of the rules on the agreement of accession to relations in the field of tourist services // Tourism: law and economics. – 2023. – No. 4. – P. 19.
8. Mechetin D. V. Qualifying features of the accession agreement // Jurist. – 2014. – No. 21. – P. 81-89.
9. Pyankova A. Accession agreement in the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation // EZH-JURIST. – 2015. – No. 26. – P. 6-7.
10. Saveliev A. I. Accession agreement as a special mechanism for monitoring the fairness of financial transactions in Russia: missed opportunities and prospects // Private law and financial market: collection of articles / Ed. M. L. Bashkatov. – M.: Statut, 2014. – Issue. 2. – 311 pp.

CIVIL LAW
BURLOVA Yuliya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State and civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
LEGAL NATURE OF THE STORAGE AGREEMENT
The storage agreement is one of the most frequently concluded transactions stipulated by civil law. Currently, the storage agreement has not lost its relevance in civil commerce, as many property storage agreements are concluded daily in Russia. Ensuring the safety of things from external conditions and encroachments of third parties is successfully implemented through the storage obligation, which exists in civil commerce as an effective legal mechanism of protection. The legal characteristics of the parties to the storage agreement, its types, forms, and grounds for storage are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the object and subject matter of the storage agreement.
Keywords: custodian, depositor, storage agreement, law, contract, thing, sequestration, pawnshop, organization’s cloakroom, gratuitousness.
Article bibliography
1. Ioffe O. S. Selected works on civil law. From the history of civilistic thought. Civil legal relationship. Critique of the theory of economic law. – M., 2001. – 782 p.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of 26.01.1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on 13.12.2024) // Consultant Plus: comp. reference legal system. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.consultant.ru.
3. Mikryukov V. A. On the application of the storage agreement structure to the storage of real estate // Advocate. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 41-45.
4. Khalfina R. O. General doctrine of legal relations. – M.: Legal Literature, 1974. – P. 188.
5. Sergeev A. P. Civil Law: Textbook: In 3 volumes. Vol. 2. – M., 2015. – P. 55.
6. Grishaev S. P., Erdelevsky A. M. Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part two, article-by-article. – M., 2014. – P. 191.

CIVIL LAW
BURNOS Ekaterina Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, founding partner of the limited liability company «Vekavi Group»
OSHUEVA Viktoriya Vladimirovna
magister of Law, founding partner of the limited liability company “Vekavi Group”
“THE TASK WITH AN ASTERISK”: THE RETROACTIVE FORCE OF THE LAW AS A BASIS FOR EXCLUDING LIABILITY FOR NON-FULFILLMENT OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARRIERS AND BUS STATIONS)
This work is devoted to an in-depth study and systematization of existing approaches to understanding the legal nature of relations between carriers and owners of transport infrastructure facilities (bus terminals, bus stations, etc.) in terms of establishing and collecting penalties by the latter for violations of legal requirements. The article analyzes the legal aspects of the relationship between carriers and owners of transport infrastructure facilities, with an emphasis on the legal and economic consequences of violating the procedure for using a transport infrastructure facility and the terms of service contracts at this facility. The main idea of the article is the need to review and adjust the contractual terms between these entities in order to achieve a fair balance of interests. This is especially relevant in the light of the changes introduced by the legislator. The authors analyze current judicial practice in cases of recovery of penalties from carriers, draw conclusions about the need to use a more balanced approach in the formation of contractual conditions and a more active role of judicial authorities in protecting the rights of carriers, including the direct application of the provisions of Article 54 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the retroactive force of the law in disputes on the recovery of fines from carriers under contracts concluded before September 1, 2024.
Keywords: contract, fine, carrier, bus station, transport, retroactive force of the law
Article bibliography
1. Burnos E. N., Oshueva V. V. On the issue of the “digital shield” for online consumers // Legal gnoseology. – 2025. – No. 3. – P. 79-87.
2. Golubtsov V. G., Kuznetsova O. A. Types of action of legal norms in time // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2022. – Issue. 57. – P. 348–371.
3. Dashko A. V. Recognition of an additional agreement as invalid when adopting a new law // Bulletin of Moscow City Pedagogical University. – 2023. – No. 2 (50). – P. 118-128.
4. Ubasev V. V., Osipov I. V. Constitutional regulation of private law relations: issues of mitigation of liability // Scientific notes of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. Legal sciences. – 2020. – V. 6 (72), No. 4. – P. 84-90.
5. Sokolenko N. N., Burnos E. N. On the issue of self-employed in the field of transport services: based on judicial practice // HR. – 2024. – No. 11. – P. 45-55.
6. Khachaturov R. L. Public and private law offenses // BGZ. – 2013. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/publichnopravovye-i-chastnopravovye-pravonarusheniya (date of access: 05/08/2025).

CIVIL LAW
BURYAK Viktoriya Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Rostov Branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
BURYAK Arina Igorevna
student of the 4th course, Faculty of International Law, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the MFA of Russia; independent researcher
PECULIARITIES OF ASTREINTE IN RUSSIA
The article analyzes the legal concept of astreinte (judicial penalty) in Russian law. It examines the legal nature, the grounds for its application, the conditions of recovery and the specifics of its use in various types of obligations. Particular attention is given to the issue of legal uncertainty and judicial practice, including the decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated 11/14/2024 No. 52-P, which broadens the possibility of applying astreinte in labor disputes. The article highlights the dual (substantive and procedural) nature of astreinte and its role in compulsory enforcement of court decisions.
Keywords: Astreinte, judicial penalty, specific performance, Russian Civil Code, labor disputes, enforcement proceedings, judicial practice, Constitutional Court, procedural sanction, legal application.
Article bibliography
1. Afonina Yu. Yu. Judicial penalty (astreinte) and other measures of liability of the debtor for failure to execute a court decision: a comparative analysis // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2016. – No. 11. – P. 47.
2. Galperin M. L. Impossibility of executing the requirement of an enforcement document unchanged: the problem of procedural or substantive prav? // Law. – 2017. – No. 7. – P. 32.
3. Parfenchikova A. A. Measures of indirect coercion in enforcement proceedings. – M.: Statut, 2017. – 200 p.
4. Sargsyan A. V. Judicial penalty in bankruptcy: ambiguous advantages of an obvious solution // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. – 2017. – No. 9. – P. 25.
5. Shevchenko I. M. On the legal nature of judicial penalty (asterint) // Russian judge. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 3-8. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=46349393 (date of access: 12/11/2024).
6. Maifat A. V. Judicial penalty: some issues of theory and law enforcement // Russian Law Journal. – 2017. – No. 5. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30638318 (date of access: 12/11/2024).
7. Kharitonova Yu. S. Creditor’s liability for failure to fulfill an obligation awarded for execution in kind // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2016. – No. 7. – P. 32. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26378282 (date of access: 12/11/2024).
8. Zardov R. S. On the issue of the relationship between astrent and penalty / R. S. Zardov // Law and Economics. – 2018. – No. 3 (361). – P. 65. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32829462 (date of access: 12/11/2024).
9. Kukushkin M. R. Astrent as a form of coercion to execute a court decision // Actual problems of modern law in scientific research of young legal scholars. – 2019. – P. 148-151. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43005922 (date accessed: 11.12.2024).
10. Khokhlov V. A. General provisions on obligations: a tutorial. – M.: Statut, 2015. – 288 p.
11. Filippova S. Yu., Shitkina I.S. Sale or acquisition of a business: legal support of the transaction. – M.: Statut, 2019. – 191 p.
12. Gapanovich A. V. Review of additional guarantees of the rights of state (municipal) customers in case of breach of obligations by the counterparty in light of the latest amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Law and Economics. – 2015. – No. 7. – pp. 32-36. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24114323 (date of access: 12/10/2024).
13. Rezina N. A., Ivanova L. V. Astrent: problems of application // Siberian Legal Review. – 2016. – No. 1 (30). – P. 20-23. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/astrent-problemy-primeneniya/viewer (date of access: 12/10/2024).

CIVIL LAW
DELTSOVA Natalya Vyacheslavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
KLEMENTJEVA Sofya Albertovna
lawyer of the closed joint-stock company “PARTNER-S Consulting Company”
LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GUARANTEES OF THE RIGHTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE SHARED-EQUITY CONSTRUCTION OF APARTMENTS IN CASE OF BANKRUPTCY OF THE DEVELOPER
The article deals with the problem of the lack of special measures to protect buyers who share apartments. At the moment, apartments are not recognized as residential premises, which creates difficulties for shareholders, since they can only claim monetary compensation, but are not eligible to receive actual real estate. Judicial practice, including clarifications from the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court, confirms that claims for recognition of ownership of an apartment after the bankruptcy of a developer should be considered in arbitration courts. These circumstances create inequality for equity holders depending on the area of the object being purchased: those who buy non-residential premises over 7 square meters cannot register their claims in the register of participants in shared-equity construction. In this regard, the article proposes amendments to the current bankruptcy legislation to resolve this problem.
Keywords: bankruptcy, apartments, equity participation in construction, changes in bankruptcy legislation, judicial practice.
Article bibliography
1. Krasnoyarova E. V. Apartment building management // Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. 2021 No. 1. Pp. 751. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351381920_Apartment_building_management (date of access: 05/15/2025).
2. Deltsova N. V., Klementyeva S. A. Problems of bankruptcy of developers in the Russian Federation // Actual problems of development of the legal system in the digital age: Collection of scientific articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Samara, June 13, 2024. Samara: Samara State University of Economics, 2024. Pp. 28-31.
3. New York State Multiple Dwelling Law of 1929. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://tenant.net/Other_Laws/MDL/mdltoc.html (accessed: 05/15/2025).
4. Karkhalev D. N., Pankratova M. E. Apartments as a type of real estate // Bulletin of the UUI. 2024. No. 3. Pp. 82-87.
5. Determination of the Arbitration Court of the City of Moscow dated 08/26/2020 in case No. A40-251375/18 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 31.03.2025).
6. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 19.02.2019 No. 4-KG18-92 // SPS “Consultant Plus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 26.03.2025).
7. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 14.02.2019 No. 308-ES18-15980 in case No. A53-7967/2017 // SPS “Consultant Plus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 26.03.2025).
8. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 14.02.2019 No. 308-ES18-15980 in case No. A53-7967/2017 // SPS “Consultant Plus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 26.03.2025).
9. Petrov A. A. On the issue of the concept and legal status of apartments // Young scientist. 2021. No. 49. P. 262-264.
10. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated 03.12.2019 No. F05-11201/2014 in case No. A41-60101/2013 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 31.03.2025).
11. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District dated 26.10.2022 No. F05-27108/2022 in case No. A40-271587/2021 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 31.03.2025).
12. Resolution of the Eleventh Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 15.03.2019 in case No. A49-10760/2016 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date of access: 31.03.2025).
13. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated 22.06.2012 No. 35 “On certain procedural issues related to the consideration of bankruptcy cases” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/ (date accessed: 02/07/2025).
14. Sizova E. N. Actual problems of protecting the rights of citizens – participants in construction in case of bankruptcy of the developer // Young scientist. 2021. No. 46. P. 218-220.

CIVIL LAW
DEMIEVA Ainur Gabdulbarovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, professor of Civil and corporate law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University of Economics
SAVENKO Natalya Evgenjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Business, competition and environmental law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, National Research University South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
SELF-EMPLOYMENT OF CITIZENS AS “OTHER INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITY”
The article examines such a socio-legal phenomenon as “self-employment of citizens” based on legislation and doctrinal sources. It is shown that “self-employment” does not have a legal term and a wide range of people are considered self-employed, which indicates a confusion of their statuses. It is concluded that “self-employment” is an independent activity of individuals with specific features and characteristics that have both similarities and differences with respect to entrepreneurial activity. Attention is focused on the fact that the distinctive feature of self-employment of citizens as an activity is the sign of “profitability” and focus on the implementation of basic needs. In this regard, a proposal is formulated to improve civil legislation in terms of classifying self-employment as «other income-generating activity» of individuals not registered as individual entrepreneurs.
Keywords: self-employment, self-employed person, entrepreneurial activity, income-generating activity, profit, income.
Article bibliography
1. Babaytseva E. A. The relationship between professional activity and self-employment of citizens // Modern law. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 51-56.
2. Bakaeva I. V. Entrepreneurial activity of citizens as a type of economic activity: civilistic doctrine and legislation // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 15-21.
3. Burlak A. V. On the concept of “self-employed citizens” // Bulletin of Omsk University. Law Series. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 173-177.
4. Demieva A. G. Active economic activity and its civil-law determination: Dis. … Doctor of Law. – Kazan, 2021. – P. 87.
5. Dolinskaya V. V. Economic activity and its types // Laws of Russia: experience, analysis, practice. – 2018. – No. 3. – P. 3-15.
6. Ershova I.V., Trofimova E. V. Self-employment: reference points for the formation of the legal regime // Business Law. – 2017. – No. 3. – P. 4.
7. Zaitseva L. V. Economically dependent self-employed: differences in national approaches to determining legal status // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. – Tomsk, 2019. – No. 446. – P. 212-222.
8. Kopina A. A. Issues of definition and differentiation of individuals for the purposes of determining the procedure for paying personal income tax // Financial Law. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 38-43.
9. Kostyuk I. V. Employment and self-employment as forms of income-generating activity of citizens // Russian Journal of Legal Research. – 2017. – Vol. 4, No. 2. – P. 204.
10. Krylova E. G. Features of economic regulation of entrepreneurial activity of the self-employed in Russia and abroad // Jurist. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 11-15.
11. Lysenko E. D. Actual problems of legal regulation of self-employment // Public and legal studies. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 1-11.
12. Makarova L. A., Nevzgodina E. L. Legal status of self-employed citizens // Bulletin of Omsk University. Law Series. – 2021. – T. 18, No. 4. – P. 46.

CIVIL LAW
ZUBKOVA Mariya Nikolaevna
Ph.D.in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
BATALOV Ramil Evgenjevich
postgraduate student, Institute of Law, Samara State University of Economics
FEATURES OF DECLARING DECEASED CITIZENS BANKRUPT: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND OTHER COUNTRIES
Bankruptcy of citizens is a legal procedure that allows the debtor to start his financial activities anew. However, not everyone manages to realize this opportunity during their lifetime. At the same time, it is a mistake to believe that the debts that a citizen had to pay at the time of his death are written off with death. In this case, both domestic legislation and the legal regulations of many countries provide for the possibility of initiating insolvency proceedings against the estate belonging to the deceased debtor. The purpose of such a mechanism is to find a fair balance between the interests of creditors and the rights of the debtor and his heirs. At the same time, it is worth noting that the potential of this mechanism has not been fully realized by domestic legislation, which is confirmed by the comparative legal analysis of the legislation of a number of countries conducted in this article.
Keywords: bankruptcy of a citizen, hereditary estate, death of a debtor, heirs, bankruptcy procedure.
Article bibliography
1. Voronova O. N., Volkova L. V. Some legal problems of bankruptcy of a deceased citizen. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=153668&cacheid=F54A49AD5CDD3BFEE18022CD9195AC7E&mode=splus&rnd=ElbPJw#eUU3wgULxLssytQI (date of access: 03/25/2025).
2. Druzhinina Yu. F. Application of the institution of bankruptcy of the inheritance mass: problems and prospects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=107967&cacheid=0DF87005990EAFA59C5531CA5DB1280C&mode=splus&rnd=ElbPJw#Vhu0wgU2dbPvcr6O2 (date of access: 21.03.2025).
3. Kolesnikova S. G. Features of consideration of a case of bankruptcy of a citizen in the event of his death. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=11154287&cacheid=54C7E18D0AFE3439D2F1B61EAE89C213&mode=splus&rnd=zEUiug#gWV8wgUsOw1Sy2d41 (date of access: 03/19/2025).
4. Mitrakhovich A. Inheritance in a citizen’s bankruptcy case. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=6884&cacheid=6AF409CA809A601D862071BB7DBA74CE&mode=splus&rnd=zEUiug#7h79wgUywbWnix.6415.
5. Rabina S. D. On the issue of bankruptcy of the inheritance mass // Jurist. – 2023. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.dissercat.com/content/emissiya-tsennykh-bumag-po-rossiiskomu-grazhdanskomu-pravu-i-pravu-zarubezhnykh-stran (date of access: 20.03.2025).
6. Rabina S. D. On the issue of bankruptcy of the inheritance mass. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=CJI&n=148526&cacheid=94BA5A7BAF6F5805A6886859144FCE9D&mode=splus&rnd=ElbPJw#OiaIwgU0MTqylg841 (date of access: 19.03.2025).

CIVIL LAW
IBRAGIMOVA Nazima Shafievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
STEPANISHCHEVA Anastasiya Romanovna
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
AKSENENKO Valeriy Valerjevich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
ON THE ISSUE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSFERRING THE OBLIGATION TO COMPENSATE FOR HARM CAUSED TO THE HEALTH OF A CITIZEN IN THE EVENT OF THE DEATH OF THE PERSON CAUSING THE HARM TO HIS HEIRS
The article examines the controversial issue of including in the inheritance the obligation to compensate for harm caused to the health of a citizen by the testator. Having analyzed the norms of the current legislation, the authors came to the conclusion that the obligation in this case is not of a personal nature, but is a property obligation. The need to include the testator’s obligation to compensate for harm caused to the health of another person in the inheritance is discussed.
Keywords: compensation for harm caused to the health of a citizen, the perpetrator of the harm, death, transfer of the testator’s obligations, composition of the inheritance, the debts of the testator, heirs who have accepted the inheritance.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ//Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 238-239. – 08.12.1994.
2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part three) dated 26.11.2001 No. 146-FZ// Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 233. – 28.11.2001.
3. Karapetyan A. G., Petrov E. Yu. Commentary on Art. 418 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation // Performance and termination of an obligation: commentary on Art. 307-328 and 407-419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation / A. O. Batishchev, A. A. Gromov, A. G. Karapetyan [et al.]; Ed. A. G. Karapetyan. – M.: M-Logos, 2022. – 1496 p.
4. Review of judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan in civil cases for the 1st quarter of 2009 // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Definition of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2016 No. 1957-O “On refusal to accept for consideration the complaint of citizen Maria Petrovna Kochetkova on the violation of her constitutional rights by paragraph 1 of Article 418 and part two of Article 1112 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2012 No. 9 “On judicial practice in inheritance cases” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – No. 127. – 06.06.2012.
7. Serebrovsky V. I. Essays on Soviet Inheritance Law // Serebrovsky V. I. Selected Works / V. I. Serebrovsky; Chairman of the Editorial Board E. A. Sukhanov; Author of the introductory article E. N. Gendzekhadze, T. S. Martyanova. – Moscow: Statut, 1997. – 567 p.
8. Cherepanova O. S. The Problem of Determining the Personal Nature of the Testator’s Obligations in the Context of Their Inclusion in the Estate // Notary. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 29-32.

CIVIL LAW
IVANENKO Vyacheslav Vitaljevich
Researcher of the Department of the Law of Obligations, S. S. Alexeev Private Law Research Center under the President of the Russian Federation
CAUSING DAMAGE AS A GROUND FOR RECOGNIZING THE DELINQUENT’S BEHAVIOR AS WRONGFUL
The article examines the theory of wrongfulness, according to which the causing damage indicates the wrongfulness of the delinquent’s behavior, together with the question of whether this theory allows us to solve the problem of distinguishing fault and wrongfulness as conditions of tort liability. Taking into account the German civil law doctrine, the author shows that the theory of wrongfulness in question entails an unjustified expansion of the scope of tort liability, contributes to legal uncertainty and the impossibility of applying preventive remedies. Based on the results of the analysis, the author concludes that the approach to distinguishing fault and wrongfulness, according to which the damage caused to the injured person is the basis for recognizing the delinquent’s behavior as wrongful, while fault is the result of evaluating the delinquent’s behavior using the standard of care as a criterion, cannot be considered suitable for Russian tort law.
Keywords: wrongfulness, fault, damage, tort, tort law, conditions for civil law liability.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Agarkov M. M. Obligation under Soviet civil law // Selected works on civil law. In 2 volumes. Volume 2: General doctrine of obligations and its individual types. – Moscow: Statut, 2012.
2. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contract law. Book one: General provisions. 3rd ed., reprinted. – Moscow: Statut, 2011.
3. Civil law. Textbook in 4 volumes. Volume 4. / Ed. E. A. Sukhanov. – Moscow: Statut, 2023.
4. Karapetyan A. G., Kosarev A. S. Standards of proof: analytical and empirical research // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. Supplement to the Monthly Journal. – 2019. – No. 5. Special issue // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Puginsky B. I. Civil-law means in business relations. – M.: Legal lit., 1984.
6. Smirnov V. T., Sobchak A. A. General doctrine of tortious obligations in Soviet civil law. Textbook. – L.: Publishing house of Leningrad University, 1983.
7. Deutsch E. Haftungsrecht. Erster band: Allgemeine Lehren. – Köln; Berlin; Bonn; München: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1976.
8. Fuchs M., Pauker W. Delikts- und Schadensersatzrech / M. Fuchs, W. Pauker, A. Baumgärtner. 9. Auf. – Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2017.
9. Medicus D., Lorenz S. Schuldrecht II. Besonderer Teil. Juristische Kurz-Lehrbücher. 18 Aufl. – München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2018.
10. Stoll S. Unrechtstypen bei Verletzung absoluter Rechte // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. – Bd. 162. – 1963.
11. Wilhelmi R. Risikoschutz durch Privatrecht. Eine Untersuchung zur negatorischen und deliktischen Haftung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Umweltschäden. – Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2009.
12. Zippelius R. Die Rechtswidrigkeit von Handlung und Erfolg // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. – Bd. 157. – 1958/1959.

CIVIL LAW
IVANOVA Karina Ilmirovna
chief legal advisor of PJSC Aeroflot, master of public administration, Moscow
THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM: ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly being used in judicial systems to enhance the speed and efficiency of legal proceedings while reducing administrative burdens. Digital tools and AI have the potential to radically transform the judicial landscape by improving the quality of justice. However, despite the significant benefits that digitalization and AI could bring to the legal sphere, they also entail certain risks, necessitating a clear regulatory framework. This article examines the existing principles of AI legislation, as well as the anticipated advantages of digitalization in judicial cooperation and access to justice. The author raises critical issues regarding the application of AI in courts from the perspective of ethical and legal challenges arising in the context of modern digitalization processes.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal proceedings, judicial reform, information algorithms, data protection.
Article bibliography
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on August 8, 2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1994. No. 32. Art. 3301.
2. Yastrebov O. A. Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Space // Bulletin of the Russian Universityand friendship of peoples. Series: Legal sciences. 2018. No. 3. P. 315-328.
3. White Paper on Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excellence and trust, COM (2020) 65 final, available at: https://commission.europa.eu/publications/white-paper-artificial intelligence-european-approach-excellence-and-trust_en (date of access: 10.01.2025).
4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 1, 2016 No. 642 “On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 9, 2017 No. 203 “On the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
6. Federal Law of June 23, 2016 No. 220-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding the Application of Electronic Documents in the Activities of Judicial Authorities” // SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
7. Amelin R.V., Channov S.E. Evolution of Law under the Influence of Digital Technologies. Moscow: NORMA, 2023. 280 p.
8. Krylova M.S. Principles of Processing Personal Data in European Union Law // Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2017. No. 10. P. 179.
9. Sokolova O.S. Protection of Personal Data through the Right to Be Forgotten // Modern Law. 2016. No. 9. P. 69. Malko A.V., Subochev V.V. Legitimate Interests as a Legal Category [Text] = Legitimate interests as legal category. Saint Petersburg: R. Aslanov Publishing House: Legal Center Press, 2004. 357 p.; 21 cm. – (Theory and History of State and Law / Assoc. Legal Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch of the Institute of State and Law).; ISBN 5-94201-369-1 (in translation).
10. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Federal Issue. 2024. No. 92 (9631). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vsrf.ru/press_center/mass_media/34359/ (date of access: 04/24/2025).
11. State Automated System “Justice” (GAS “Justice”). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ej.sudrf.ru/ (date of access: 14.05.2025).
12. Arbitration Case File (ACF): official website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kad.arbitr.ru/ (date of access: 14.05.2025).
13. Portal “My Arbitrator”: official website. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://my.arbitr.ru/ (date of access: 14.05.2025).
14. How the largest failure of the GAS “Justice” affected the work of the judicial system // Vedomosti. 2024. November 11. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2024/11/11/1074074-kak-samii-masshtabnii-sboi-gas-pravosudie-povliyal-na-rabotu-sudebnoi-sistemi (date of access: 10.05.2025).

CIVIL LAW
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Civil and arbitration process sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
RYNDA Evgeniy Pavlovich
student, Samara State University of Economics
SERGUNOV Egor Alexeevich
student, Samara State University of Economics
EKHANSKIKH Danila Nikolaevich
student, Samara State University of Economics
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MEDIATION IN CIVIL CASES: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
In this article, the authors consider the essence of the mediation institute in Russia, analyze the prospects for development, as well as the main problems that stand in the way of implementing this procedure at the present stage. The authors consider in detail such problems as the low legal literacy of the population, which causes the low level of popularity of this procedure in the Russian Federation, the low “qualification” established by the legislator and causing a large number of low-skilled mediators in the labor market, the lack of guarantees for the fulfillment of mediation agreements by the parties, as well as the high risk of fraudulent actions during their notarization. The practical significance of this study is due to the search for solutions to the identified problems in order to further improve the institution of mediation in Russia.
Keywords: mediation, mediation negotiation agreement, mediator, alternative ways of resolving legal disputes, civil procedure, civil law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Brusentsev N. S., Puklitsky D. A., Timofeev N. S. Mediation in Russia: advantages and disadvantages // Actual problems of conflict resolution in the modern world: collection of articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – 2022. – P. 28.
2. Bakhareva A. L. Problems and prospects of mediation in Russia // Bulletin of the Magistracy. – 2023. – No. 1-2 (136). – P. 150-151.
3. Kelmanzon I. M. Institute of mediation: current state and development prospects // Law and Politics. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 90-98.
4. Turanin V. Yu., Yakovlev D. V., Posokhova Ya. V. Mediation in Russia: prospects and alteractives // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2024. – Vol. 49, No. 1. – P. 90-97.
5. Khudoykina T. V., Barashkov E. O. Mediation in Russia: current state and development prospects // E-Scio. – 2022. – No. 6 (69). – pp. 34-38.

CIVIL LAW
KARABINTSEVA Irina Konstantinovna
lecturer of Fundamentals of Expert and criminalistic activities sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Expert and Criminalistic Activities, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
MALTSEVA Elena Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Volzhskiy branch, International Law Institute; associate professor of Management and marketing sub-faculty, G. V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Volgograd State University (branch), Volzhskiy
THAROVSKAYA Olga Yurjevna
lecturer of Special disciplines sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
KOCHEROVETS Eduard Vladimirovich
bachelor student of the 1st course, Moscow Institute of Technology
LIMITATION TERMS AND THE METHOD OF THEIR CALCULATION
The relevance of the topic is due to the high importance of the limitation period in civil circulation. Limitation periods help ensure fairness and predictability in the legal system. They let the parties know that a claim cannot be brought indefinitely after the claim has arisen. This contributes to the protection of law and order and the prevention of abuse. Moreover, the statute of limitations also has economic significance. They allow the parties to plan their actions and expenses based on expected obligations. If the statute of limitations is missing or vague, this can lead to unnecessary financial risks and instability for the parties.
Purpose: to study the methods of calculating the limitation period. Tasks: to study the concept of limitation period; familiarize yourself with the general rules for calculating the limitation period; determine the factors affecting the beginning, renewal and termination of the limitation period; study the current legislation and judicial practice.
Keywords: civil law, limitation period, general term, special term, calculation of the limitation period.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of 30.11.1994 N 51-FZ (as amended on 25.02.2022) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.09.2022)
2. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2015 N 43 “On certain issues related to the application of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the limitation period” (as amended and supplemented)
3. Alekseev S. S., Alekseeva O. G., Belyaev K. P. [et al.]. Civil law: in 2 volumes, Vol. 1: textbook / Ed. by B. M. Gongalo. – 3rd ed., revised and supplemented. – Moscow: Statut, 2018. – 528 p.
4. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation recalled how the limitation period is calculated under a current agreement. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/news/1546522/ (date of access: 10.07.2023)
5. Limitation period. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn--60-6kcdjn0djpdug.xn--p1ai/articles/zhaloby/srok-iskovoj-davnosti.html (date of access: 10.07.2023).
6. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 2, 2013 No. 302-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 04.11.2013. – No. 44. – Art. 5641
7. Decision of the Arbitration Court of Moscow dated March 23, 2021 in case No. A40-199994/2020).

CIVIL LAW
KRIVENKOV Alexey Dmitrievich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
KAZANKOVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Samara State University of Economics
INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INTO THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
The article discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the legal field, including the systems “Citizen” and “Court Assistant” It addresses issues related to the legal subjectivity of AI, ethical and legal concerns, as well as the automation of judicial processes. The author emphasizes the need for a legal framework to effectively use AI and ensure data protection in judicial proceedings.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal field, «Citizen» system, «Court Assistant» system, legal subjectivity, ethical issues, legal concerns, automation of judicial processes, legal framework, data protection.
Article bibliography
1. Fedotova E. G. Prospects for the implementation of technologyartificial intelligence in jurisprudence // Prospects for the development of science in the modern world: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the X International Scientific and Practical Conference, Ufa, December 13, 2022. Part 2. – Ufa: Limited Liability Company “Scientific Publishing Center” Vestnik Nauki “, 2022. – Pp. 103-108.
2. Berezina E. A. Use of artificial intelligence in legal activity // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2022. – No. 12. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolzovanie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-yuridicheskoy-deyatelnosti (date of access: 12.03.2025).
3. Nasrutdinova R. D. Artificial intelligence in jurisprudence // Challenges of globalization and development of digital society in the context of the new reality: collection of materials of the VIII International scientific and practical conference, Moscow, May 22, 2023. – Makhachkala: Limited Liability Company “ALEF Publishing House”, 2023. – P. 130-134.
4. Korshunova P. A. Artificial intelligence in jurisprudence // Baikal science: ideas, innovations, investments: collection of articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Irkutsk, November 10, 2022. Part 2. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk National Research Technical University, 2022. – P. 208-210.
5. Kropachev S. Yu. Prospects and problems of introducing artificial intelligence technologies in jurisprudence // State and law in a changing world: problems and prospects of digitalization of the legal environment: materials of the VIII International scientific and practical conference, Nizhny Novgorod, March 24, 2022. – Nizhny Novgorod: Author, 2023. – P. 368-377.

CIVIL LAW
CHIGRINA Elena Vladimirovna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor of Theory and history of state and law sub-faculty, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN JOURNALISM
The issues related to copyright protection in journalism are considered, the relevance of which is currently increasing due to the integration of traditional mass media into the Internet. The aim was to consider the theoretical aspects of protecting the copyrights of journalists. Attention is paid to the types of violations of the journalist’s copyrights and measures of responsibility for encroachments on the results of his work. The theoretical significance lies in the consideration of the basic concepts in the field of intellectual property, copyright and their defining principles, as well as the main ways to protect them in case of infringement.
Keywords: intellectual property; copyright; copyright protection; journalism; principles of copyright.
Article bibliography
1. Bespalov Yu. F. Bespalov A. Yu., Kasatkina A. Yu. Copyright and related rights in the Russian Federation: textbook. – M.: OOO “Prospect”, 2025. – 335 p.
2. Belousov V. N. Legal regime of service works // Academic Law Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 25, No. 2 (96). – Pp. 126-131.
3. Belkova E. G. Recognition of copyright // Academic Law Journal. – 2024. – Vol. 25, No. 2 (96). – Pp. 249-257.
4. Evdokimova L. A. Copyright: textbook. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Polytechnic University, 2014. – 291 p.
5. Utkin P. E. On the issue of types of copyright agreements // Global and Regional Research. – 2022. – Vol. 4, No. 3. – P. 181-187.
6. Belkova E. G. Copyright on a work made for hire // Izvestiya IGEA. – 2009. – No. 3. – 121-124.
7. Kornakova S. V. On the issue of the principle of justice // Siberian criminal procedure and forensic readings. – 2014. – No. 2 (6). – P. 64-70.
8. Kornakova S. V. Discretion as a result of the formation of a judge’s internal conviction // Lex Russica (Russian law). – 2022. – V. 75, No. 5 (186). – P. 107-116.
9. Koryagina S. A., Kornakova S. V. Problems of the influence of modern media space on the moral and spiritual worldview of students // Legal education and science. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 16-20.

CIVIL LAW
SHEPELEV Bogdan Vitaljevich
postgraduate student, Moscow Financial and Law University
IERUSALIMSKAYA Elena Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Moscow Financial and Law University
LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPETITION PROTECTION, IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE (MUNICIPAL) PROCUREMENT, IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS
This article analyzes how the economic and political sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation have affected the legal aspects of competition protection in the implementation of state (municipal) procurement, in the context of procurement sanctions. The study focuses on strategies that have been developedand implemented by the Government to adapt public procurement processes to the conditions imposed by sanctions in order to maintain and improve efficiency in meeting the needs of government agencies. The research is based on legislative and regulatory documents regulating the public procurement system, adapted to support its activities under the conditions of sanctions restrictions. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal aspects of competition protection in the implementation of state (municipal) procurement, in the context of sanctions.
Keywords: public procurement, Law on the Contract system, sanctions, register of unfair suppliers, protection of competition.
Article bibliography
1. Voronova S. M., Ordynskaya O. N. Sanctions and their impact on the activities of Russian enterprises // Theory and practice of service: economics, social sphere, technology. – 2022. – No. 4 (54). – P. 26-30.
2. Drozdov R. V. Public procurement in the Russian Federation under economic sanctions // Education and law. – 2024. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. -Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gosudarstvennye-zakupki-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-v-usloviyah-ekonomicheskih-sanktsiy (date of access: 04/03/2025).
3. Stolbun D. M., Toropova A. E. Features of the implementation of the principle of ensuring competition in the context of the contract system // Chronoeconomics. – 2021. – No. 1 (29). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-realizatsii-printsipa-obespecheniya-konkurentsii-v-usloviyah-kontraktnoy-sistemy (date of access: 03.04.2025).
4. Filippova I. A. The role and impact of sanctions on the Russian economy in 2022 // Fundamentals of Economics, Management and Law. – 2022. – No. 4 (35). – pp. 33-35.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
LEGAL FEATURES OF THE THERAPEUTIC AND PROTECTIVE REGIME IN THE PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC
The article discusses the features of the therapeutic and protective regime in the clinic of plastic surgery. The rules of the internal regulations in the clinic, the rights and obligations of doctors, medical staff and the patient are disclosed. The actions that are prohibited in the hospital of the plastic surgery clinic are given. It has been revealed that the therapeutic and protective regime today actually has no regulatory regulation, which, of course, is a serious gap that can lead to violation of the rights and interests of both patients and clinics, and difficulties in their protection and restoration. In this regard, a proposal has been made that it is necessary to adopt an order from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation regulating the organization of a therapeutic and protective regime in medical organizations of the country.
Keywords: clinic, doctor, regime, rules, patient.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Therapeutic and protective regime in health care facilities. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.zdrav.ru/paywall/1?windowId=428&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdrav.ru%2Farticles%2F4293658225-lechebno-ohranitelnyy-rejim-18-m02-14%3Fysclid%3Dlvz6h0w2ek739031039&publicationCode=624&mainRubricId=80197.
2. Therapeutic and protective regime in a medical institution. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.meddr.ru/etika_i_deontologiya_srednego_medicinskogo_r/lechebno-ohranitelnyy_rezhim_v_medicinskom_u/.
3. Naptsok B.K. Features of therapeutic nutrition and diet in the postoperative period // In the collection: Development of modern science: experience of theoretical and empirical analysis. Collection of articles of the IV International scientific and practical conference. – Petrozavodsk, 2023.
4. Starchikov M.Yu. Civil regulation of relationships in the field of health care: problematic issues and judicial practice: scientific and practical manual // SPS ConsultantPlus. 2022.

CIVIL LAW
ANCHAKOV Sergey Alexeevich
senior lecturer of Fire and tactical special training sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE CIVIL LAW REGIME OF WEAPONS: LIMITS OF MARKETABILITY
In this article, the author has conducted a study of the civil law regime of weapons. The content of the Federal Law of December 13, 1996 No. 150-FZ “On weapons” in the context of its marketability has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the legalization of weapons in Russian law are analyzed. Attention is drawn to foreign experience regarding the topic under study. Adjustments to the current legislation in the field of obtaining a license to own weapons are proposed. Examples of law enforcement practice are given, as well as the opinions of scientists on the issue of the limits of the turnover of weapons.
Keywords: weapons, turnover, the ability of weapons, a license to purchase weapons, the legalization of weapons.
Article bibliographic list
1. Ostashev A. A. Legislative regulation of weapons circulation in Russia and foreign countries // E-Scio. – 2021. – No. 12 (63). – P. 484-496
2. Surgutskov V. I. The right of citizens of Russia to store and carry certain types of lethal weapons for self-defense (invitation to discussion) // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2017. – No. 4 (42). – P. 29-36.
3. Schmidt A. A. Issues of state policy in the sphere of arms circulation // Legal science and law enforcement practice. – 2017. – No. 4 (42). – P. 127-132.
4. Official website of the Kalashnikov Group of Companies. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://kalashnikovgroup.ru/news/alan_lushnikov_kazhdyy_zapret_v_oruzheynoy_sfere_negativno_otrazhaetsya_na_bezopasnosti_otechestva (date of access: 02.29.2025).

CIVIL LAW
DANILOV Lazer Isakovich
postgraduate student of Civil law and process and international private law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
FEATURES OF PROTECTION OF RIGHTS OF THE OWNER OF DIGITAL CONTENT IN RUSSIA
The absence of specialized legislation addressing the The particularities of online content dissemination exacerbate problems such as author identification, verification of legitimate ownership of digital objects, and the prevention of unauthorized use of works in cross-border networks. This article aims to identify institutional and technological limitations within the mechanisms for protecting the rights of digital content owners under Russian jurisdiction. The study analyzes the existing legal frameworks for rights enforcement, outlines procedural barriers to judicial protection, and explores potential instruments for establishing authorship, including metadata, blockchain registration, and content deposit technologies.
Keywords: blockchain, content, copyright, digital environment, owner, protection, technologies.
Article bibliography
1. Agambetov R. R., Kuchin I. Yu. Ensuring the protection of copyright of digital content when it is published on the global network // 71st International Scientific and Technical Conference. – Astrakhan, 2021. – P. 519-520.
2. Gordeeva M. A., Novikova A. A. Insecurity of content in the digital environment: search for a solution // Works on intellectual property. – 2022. – Vol. 42, No. 3. – P. 42-51.
3. Gorenko D. V. On the issue of the specifics of copyright objects placed in the information and digital space // Jurist-Pravoved. – 2022. – No. 1 (100). – P. 188-193.
4. Ivanova M. G., Chernukhin A. M. Application of blockchain technology to protect copyright // Bulletin of the Academy. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 14-20.
5. Kelebay E. Legal problems of authors of digital content. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.advgazeta.ru/ag-expert/advices/pravovye-problemy-avtorov-tsifrovogo-kontenta/?ysclid=mao2psbi67577897711 (date of access: 05/14/2025).
6. Novoselova L. A., Polezhaev O. A. Relations of access to objects of copyright expressed in the digital environment // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 9 (121). – P. 98-106.
7. Odintsov S. V., Nakleskina E. A. Smart contracts in entrepreneurial activity: comparative legal analysis of legal regulation // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2022. – No. 10 (253). – P. 53-63.
8. Pichikov G. A. Practice of copyright protection in the digital environment // Sustainable development of society: new scientific approaches and research. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the VII International scientific and practical conference. – M., 2024. – P. 116-121.
9. Frolova E. E., Kupchina E. V. Digital tools for protecting intellectual property rights: on the example of blockchain and artificial intelligence // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – Perm, 2023. – P. 479-497.
10. Shelepov V. V. Digital rights management technology for protecting copyrights to digital content // Innovative development of science and education. Collection of articles of the XVI International scientific and practical conference. – Penza, 2022. – P. 36-38.

CIVIL LAW
IBRAGIMOVA Nazima Shafievna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
MAGOMEDSHAPIEV Dzhamal Abdulmuminovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
LYSAKOV Igor Alexandrovich
magister student of the 2nd course, Institute of Law, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol
CURRENT ISSUES OF INHERITANCE BY DISABLED DEPENDENTS OF THE TESTATOR
The article analyzes the rules governing inheritance by disabled dependents of the testator. The authors conclude that including these subjects among the obligatory heirs leads to the infringement of the rights of other heirs, and also violates the last will of the testator. The necessity of excluding disabled dependents of the testator from the number of heirs entitled to a compulsory share is substantiated.
Keywords: inheritance, disabled dependent of the testator, compulsory share, inheritance, will of the testator.
Article bibliographic list
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part three) of 11/26/2001 # 146-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 11/28/2001. – No. 233.
2. Zhuravlev I. V. Inheritance rights of dependents: modern regulation // Inheritance law. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 12-17.
3. Family Code of the Russian Federation of 29.12.1995 No. 223-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 1996. – No. 1. – Art. 16.
4. Smirnov S. A. Presumption of the will of the testator in Russian inheritance law // Inheritance law. – 2012. – No. 2. – P. 20-24.

CIVIL LAW
LYUBENKO Yuliya Vladimirovna
competitor, Ural Institute of Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg; Deputy Head of the Contract Conclusion Department, Yekaterinburg Academic Opera and Ballet Theater
DEPOSITING COPYRIGHT OBJECTS AS A WAY OF SELF-PROTECTION OF RIGHTS
The author of the article considers depositing as a way of self-protection of the rights of authors of creative works. Depositing is one of the most popular ways to protect your rights. Despite the fact that the deposit does not confirm the authorship of the person, but it serves as proof of authorship in case of disputes. The author analyzes judicial practice and the assessment by the courts as evidence of confirmation of the authorship of certificates of deposit of works.
Keywords: protection of rights, deposit, self-protection of rights, plagiarism, copyright registration.
Article bibliography
1. Jonas V. Ya. The criterion of creativity in copyright and judicial practice. – M.: Legal Literature, 1963. – P. 85-86.
2. Oksamytny V. V. General theory of state and law. – M.: “UNITY-DANA”, 2012. – P. 398.
3. Intellectual property law / Ed. by prof. I. A. Bliznetsa. – M.: Prospect, 2011. – P. 68.
4. Review of judicial practice in considering civil cases related to violation of copyright and related rights in the information and telecommunications network “Internet” (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on May 29, 2024). // Access SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: November 7, 2024).
5. Bliznetsa I. A. Deposit of copyright objects and its classification // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2024. – No. 11 (123). – P. 128-136.
6. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 23.04.2019 No. 10 “On the Application of Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. – 2019. – No. 7.
7. On the procedure for depositing the results of intellectual activity in the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian State Library”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rsl.ru/datadocs/doc_7542ti.pdf#4 (date accessed: 04.04.2025).
8. Kharitonova Yu. S. Tokenization of art and intellectual property law // Jurist. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 65-73 @@ Shakhnazarov B. A. NFT as a way of recording property and personal non-property rights in the context of digitalization of society // Law and digital economy. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 12-21 @@ Salnikova A. V. Blockchain technology as a tool for copyright protection // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 83-90 @@ Ruzakova O. A., Grin’ E. S. Application of blockchain technology to systematization of the results of intellectual activity // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 508-520.
9. Novoselova L. A., Ruzakova O. A. The meaning and functions of copyright registration in the Russian Federation and abroad // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences. – 2017. – No. 37. – P. 334-349.
10. Resolution of the Intellectual Property Court dated 11.12.2024 No. С01-2136/2024 in case No. А17-3472/2023 // Access SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 04.04.2025).
11. Decision dated December 6, 2022 in case No. А40-176394/2022 Arbitration Court of Moscow (AC of Moscow)you) // Access SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 07.11.2024).
12. Resolution of the Nineteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 03.02.2023 No. 19AP-6587/2022 in case No. A64-4826/2022 @@ Determination of the First Cassation Court of General Jurisdiction dated 20.07.2022 in case No. 88-19197/2022, 2-3136/2020 @@ Resolution of the Intellectual Property Court dated 26.02.2025 No. С01-2592/2024 in case No. А40-16684/2024 @@ Resolution of the Intellectual Property Court dated 11.02.2025 No. С01-2439/2024 on case No. А60-43427/2023 and others // Access SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access 04.04.2025).

CIVIL LAW
MYAGKOVA Elvira Valerjevna
postgraduate student, senior lecturer of A. A. Khmyrov Civil law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
THE PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND ITS STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL LEGISLATION
Author of the article explores the issue of using private law mechanisms for environmental protection purposes. The severity of environmental issues poses questions to researchers around the world about effective means of resolving them. One of these is the legal regulation of environmental risks. Author focuses the research on private law mechanisms for ensuring environmental principles. Based on the results of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that at the present stage there are prerequisites for the formation of a new principle of private law – the principle of environmental safety. Concluding that it is necessary to introduce it into Russian civil legislation author points out its fundamental importance in the formation of environmental safety from a private legal perspective.
Keywords: greening of civil legislation, principles of law, principle of ecological safety, environmental protection, private law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Aslanyan N.P. Basic principles of Russian private law. – Irkutsk: Publishing house of IGEA, 2001. – P. 270.
2. Belkanov E. A. Some aspects of delimitation of private and public law // Public and private law: problems of development and interaction, legislative expression and legal technique. Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Ekaterinburg, 1999. – P. 50.
3. Bogolyubov S. A. Actual problems of environmental law. – M.: Yurait. 2015. – P. 498.
4. Bratus S. N. Subject and system of Soviet civil law. – M., 1963. – P. 135.
5. Brinchuk M. M. On the conceptual apparatus of environmental law // State and Law. – 1998. – No. 9. – P. 26.
6. Vinokurov S. I. Status and Prospects of Ensuring Environmental Safety by Law Enforcement Agencies // State and Law at the Turn of the Century. – M., 2001. – P. 70-71.
7. Dankwart G. Civil Law and Public Economy / Translated by P. Tsitovich; Preface by V. Roscher. – St. Petersburg: Zalensky and Lyubarsky, 1866. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/81948#mode/inspect/page/30/zoom/4.
8. Kameneva Z. V. Environmental Safety of Citizens as a Form of Citizens’ Realization of Favorable Living Conditions // Economy and Legislation. – 2004. – No. 1. – P. 53.
9. Shchennikova L. V., Bykova M. O. On good faith as a principle of civil law // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2014. – No. 2(19). – P. 4-6.
10. Shchennikova L. V. The principle of inviolability of property and other necessary principles of property-law regulation / Theoretical and applied problems of implementation and protection of subjective rights in the context of innovative socio-economic development of society: abstracts of reports of the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the memory of Professor N. G. Yurkevich, Minsk, April 20-21, 2018. – Minsk: Belarusian State University, 2018. – P. 238.
11. Yakovlev V. F. On the Interaction of Public and Private Law // Public and Private Law: Problems of Development and Interaction, Legislative Expression and Legal Technique. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. – Ekaterinburg, 1999. – P. 6.
12. Bell S., McGillivray D., & Pedersen O. W. Environmental Law. – Oxford University Press, 2017.
13. Maljean-Dubois S. French Environmental Law: Recent Developments and Challenges // Journal of Environmental Law. – 2017. – No. 29 (2). – Pp. 357-377.
14. Mattei U., Quarta A. The Turning Point in Private Law Ecology // Technology and the Commons. – 2018. – 192 p.
15. Piekarska M. Odpowiedzialność cywilnoprawna w ochronie środowiska (Polish version). – Strona. – Рp. 82-90.
16. Rakoczy B., Wierzbowski B. Prawo ochrony środowiska. Zagadnienia podstawowe (Polish version). – 401 p.

CIVIL LAW
SHUBIN Vladislav Yurjevich
postgraduate student, Private Law (Civil Sciences), Moscow Financial and Industrial University “Synergy”
REAL ESTATE AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL TURNOVER: PROBLEMS OF QUALIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article deals with theoretical and practical problems of legal qualification of real estate in Russian civil law. The criteria set forth in Article 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are analyzed, as well as their application in judicial practice when considering controversial objects such as unfinished buildings, linear objects and temporary structures. Special attention is paid to the formal feature of state registration and its correlation with material and functional characteristics of the object. The paper presents a comparative legal analysis of approaches to the definition of real estate in the German and Anglo-American legal orders. The author emphasizes the need for clarification of the conceptual apparatus and development of common approaches to the qualification of real estate to ensure legal certainty and stability of civil turnover.
Keywords: real estate, movable property, legal qualification, Civil Code, registration, real estate objects, judicial practice, real estate abroad, legal regime, linear objects.
Article bibliography
1. Braginsky M. I., Vitryansky V. V. Contract law. Book one: General provisions. – M.: Statut, 2021. – 608 p.
2. Novitsky I. B., Lunts L. A. General theory of property law. – M.: Legal lit., 2021. – 352 p.
3. Sergeeva L. A., Tolstoy Yu. K. Civil law: Textbook. Volume I. – M.: Prospect, 2022. – 480 p.
4. Sukhanov E. A. Course of civil law: In 4 volumes. Volume II: Property law. – M.: Statut, 2020. – 832 p.
5. Gray K., Gray S. F. Elements of Land Law. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. – 1420 p.
6. Merrill T. W., Smith H. E. Property: Principles and Policies. – New York: Foundation Press, 2007. – 1280 p.
7. Andreeva T. A. Legal regime of real estate: problems of qualification and relationship with state cadastral registration // Civil law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 45-51.
8. Kopylov A. I. Real estate objects: approaches to classification and problematic aspects // Journal of Russian Law. – 2021. – No. 8. – P. 72-81.
9. Musin V. A. On the legal nature of unfinished construction projects // Bulletin of Civil Law. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 17-29.
10. Shestakova N. P. State registration of real estate as a legal fact // Legislation and Economics. – 2022. – No. 9. – P. 59-66.
11. Abramov D. A. Physical and legal criteria for classifying objects as real estate: analysis of judicial practice // Arbitration disputes. – 2023. – No. 2. – P. 33-40.

CIVIL LAW
YASTREMSKIY Ivan Anatoljevich
lawyer, NGO of the Leningrad Regional Bar Association, Pelevin and Partners Law Firm branch
SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLASTIC SURGERY CLINIC
The article considers the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for plastic surgery clinics, primarily for the premises in which they are located. It is noted that the clinic should monitor and evaluate medical services and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological rules. The requirement is to prevent, control and respond to the risks of spreading diseases. The problems that impede compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements have been identified, and suggestions for ways to solve these problems have been made. It is concluded that compliance with sanitary and epidemiological standards not only contributes to the creation of a safer clinical environment, but also strengthens public confidence in medical organizations. By applying methods and policies aimed at compliance with regulatory requirements, medical clinics protect the health of their patients and confirm their reputation as reliable and responsible providers of medical services.
Keywords: sanitary rules, requirements, premises, clinic.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Briko N.I. et al. Criteria for epidemiological safety of medical care // Medical almanac. – 2014. – No. 4 (34).
2. Dubel E. V., Batyrova M. N. How to equip premises according to SP 2.1.3678-20. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://1glv.ru/#/document/16/73013/dfasb6q77n/?of=copy-c10106c60e.
3. Mozzhukhina N. A., Eremin G. B., Bormashov A. V., Nikonov V. A., Suvorova A. V. Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations carrying out medical activities. Innovations and technologies // Population health and habitat. – 2012. – No. 4.
4. Paramonova V. A., Ulyanov I. V. Comparative analysis of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for medical organizations (SANPIN 2.1.3.2630-10 and SP 2.1.3678-20) // Symbol of Science. – 2021. – No.11-2.
5. Samarina M. A. Ensuring compliance with sanitary standards and epidemiological surveillance in health care agencies in Russia // In the collection: Problems and Prospects of Development of Russia: Youth View of the Future. Collection of scientific articles of the 6th All-Russian Scientific Conference. In 3 volumes. Editorial board: A. A. Gorokhov (editor-in-chief). – Kursk, 2023. – P. 324-328.

CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
OLIMOVA Roza Mukumovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Civil and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, V. G. Timiryasov Kazan Innovative University (IEUP)
RAKHMATULLINA Renata Maratovna
student, Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Law Faculty), Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIATION IN CIVIL PROCEDURE IN RUSSIA
The article examines the problems and prospects of introducing mediation into the civil process as an alternative way to resolve disputes. The preventing barriers to its widespread distribution, including legislative, organizational and psychological factors, are analyzed. Based on the analysis, ways are proposed to improve legislation, improve the skills of mediators and popularize mediation among the population and in the judicial system. The potential of mediation for effective resolution of complex civil disputes is emphasized.
Keywords: mediation, alternative dispute resolution, problems of implementation, development prospects, mediation procedures, current trends.
Article bibliography
1. Volkhova A. A. Concept and types of mediation // Scientific aspect. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 12. – P. 1607-1614.
2. Novikova T. Yu. Legal regulation of the mediation procedure. Prospects for the introduction of judicial mediation // Russian justice. – 2017. – No. 12 (140). – P. 25-34.
3. Motorina I. S. The role of the institution of jurisdictional procedural mediation in reducing the judicial workload // Russian Justice. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 53-62.
4. Bushmeleva M. A. Legal regulation of mediation in the Russian Federation: problems and prospects // Academic journalism. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 365-370.
5. Gaidaenko-Sher N. I. Unification of requirements for the qualifications of a mediator: mediator and mediator in family disputes // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 56-60.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
KAMALETDINOV Ilyas Abdelakhatovich
competitor of Environmental, labor law and civil process sub-faculty, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University
ELEMENTS OF JUDICIAL RECORD-KEEPING IN THE SYSTEM OF LEGAL GUARANTEES OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
The article reveals the importance of the elements of judicial record-keeping for the implementation of the constitutional right to judicial protection. The elements of judicial record-keeping are considered in the system of legal guarantees. According to the results of the study, three types of elements were identified: acts of judicial record-keeping; formalized procedures that ensure the publication of acts of judicial record-keeping and the performance of judicial actions; principles. It is concluded that judicial record keeping is an important component of judicial activity, which is aimed at the implementation of the state function for the administration of justice.
Keywords: court records management, formalized procedures, court proceedings, civil proceedings, legal guarantees.
Article bibliography
1. Valeev D.Kh. The system of procedural guarantees of the rights of citizens and organizations in enforcement proceedings. Moscow: Statut, 2009. 350 p.
2. Valeev D.Kh., Nuriyev A.G. Pre-procedural technical stage of filing a statement of claim in electronic form and its features in the context of the implementation of the constitutional right to judicial protection in the digital economy // Russian judge. 2019. No. 4. P. 3-7.
3. Valeev D. Kh., Nuriev A. G. Procedural consequences of the dynamics of improving the level of judicial protection in the context of the digital economy // Russian judge. 2020. No. 7. P. 60-64.
4. Valeev D. Kh., Nuriev A. G., Shakiryanov R. V. Practical and doctrinal problems of using the state languages of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the procedural branches of law on the example of civil proceedings // Arbitration and civil procedure. 2020. No. 3. P. 16-23.
5. Zeider N. B. Subject and system of Soviet civil procedural law // Jurisprudence. 1962. No. 3. P. 69-82.
6. Kapustin O. A. Organization of automated distribution of cases in the federal court of general jurisdiction // Law and Right. 2019. No. 1. P. 129-134.
7. Nuriyev A. G. System of legal guarantees of the rights of citizens and organizations in notarial proceedings:dis. … doc. jurid. sciences. Kazan, 2023. 470 p.
8. Rozhdestvenskaya O. P. Issues of storage of court cases at the stage of their consideration or gaps in the legislation on court proceedings // International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences. 2021. No. 11. P. 106-109.
9. Sakhnova T. On the theory of civil procedural relations // Teise. Vilniaus Universitetas. 2008. No. 1. P. 163-182.

CIVIL PROCEDURE
KORYAGIN Denis Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Civil process sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University
NOTARY’S PARTICIPATION IN THE PREVENTION AND RESOLUTION OF CORPORATE CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES
The main role of notaries is to certify indisputable facts, however, notaries both in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries also play an important role in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and disputes, including in the corporate sphere. In particular, the article proposes to expand the powers of a notary to participate in the mediation procedure in corporate disputes, explicitly stating in the legislation that a notary can act as a mediator, and not only certify mediation agreements.
Keywords: notarial actions, notary office, notary functions, protection of the rights of participants in corporate relations, corporate disputes, corporate conflicts, notary mediation.
Article bibliography
1. Andreeva A. R. Legal regulation of corporate conflicts under the legislation of the Russian Federation: diss. … Cand. of Law. – M., 2011. – 185 p.
2. Borinos A. E. The procedure for considering and resolving cases on corporate disputes in courts // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 7-12.
3. Gutnikov O. V. Contents of corporate relations // Journal of Russian law. – 2013. – No. 1. – P. 26-39.
4. Dobrolyubova E. A. Mediation as a way to resolve corporate conflicts: legal aspect // Business law. – 2011. – No. 4. – P. 33-36.
5. Ionova D. Yu. Corporate disputes: innovations of the Concept of the Unified Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of civil process. – 2015. – No. 3. – P. 105-119.
6. Kaminskaya S. V. Arbitrability of corporate disputes: development trends // Arbitration and civil process. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 7-10.
7. Kovalenko E. I. Good faith and reasonableness as factors in reducing the risk of corporate conflict // Business Security. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 17-19.
8. Kurbatov A. Ya. Entrepreneurial law: problems of theory and law enforcement. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2022. – 244 p.
9. Laptev V. A. The concept of corporate conflicts. Distinction between the concepts of “corporate conflict” and “corporate dispute”, “corporate takeover” and “corporate takeover” // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2010. – No. 9. – P. 28-32.
10. Malyavina N. B. The role of the arbitration court in resolving corporate disputes // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2022. – No. 10. – P. 16-19.
11. Mikhailova E. V. Mediation and judicial reconciliation: the problem of correlation // Arbitration and civil procedure. – 2023. – No. 8. – P. 23-28.
12. Osipenko O. V. Corporate conflictology. – M.: Statut, 2022. – 758 p.
13. Polischuk N. G., Orlova E. E. Concept and types of corporate disputes // Innovative scientific research in the modern world: Collection of scientific papers. – Ufa, 2021. – P. 198.
14. Razdyakonov E. S. Delimitation of the Competence of Arbitration Courts and Courts of General Jurisdiction in Corporate Disputes // Arbitration and Civil Procedure. – 2019. – No. 7. – P. 38-41.
15. Semilyutina N. G. Corporate Disputes and the Development of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms // Journal of Russian Law. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 112-127.
16. Terentyev A. V. Corporate Disputes in Modern Russian Legislation // Electronic Supplement to the Russian Law Journal. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 69-74.
17. Umanskaya V. P., Malevanova Yu. V. Public administration and civil service in modern Russia. – M.: NORMA, 2020. – 176 p.
18. Filippova S. Yu. Corporate conflict: possibilities of legal influence. – M., 2009. – P. 72.
19. Shikin S. A. Problems of jurisdiction in corporate disputes. Part 2 // Law and Economics. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 11-17.
20. Shitkina I. S. Resolution of corporate disputes in criminal cases // Law. – 2020. – No. 11. – P. 45-62.

ARBITRATION PROCESS
MASKIN Kirill Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Civil process and business law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Academician S. P. Korolev Samara National Research University
POWERS OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE COURT IN THE CIVIL PROCEDURE: HISTORICAL ASPECT AND CURRENT STATE
The article ooffers a general review of the evolution of the powers of the chief justice of the court in the civil procedure of Russia. It is noted, that with the passage of time the powers of the chief justice of the court are expanding. The author analyzed various points of view of scientists regarding the place of the chief justice of the court in procedural legal relations. The author substantiates the opinion that the modern legal regulation allows to come to the conclusion about the independence of the legal status of the chief justice of the court in procedural legal relations.
Keywords: chief justice of the court, civil procedure, procedural legal relations, legal status.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vaskovsky E.V. Course in civil procedure: Subjects and objects of the process, procedural relations and actions. – M.: Statut, 2016. – 624 p.
2. Civil Procedure: Textbook / Ed. by M. K. Treushnikov. – 5th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Statut, 2014. – 960 p.
3. Civil Procedure: Textbook for Universities / M. Yu. Lebedev [et al.]; edited by M. Yu. Lebedev. – 14th ed., revised and enlarged. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2025. – 286 p.
4. Zaychikov Ya. V., Avdeev D. A. Some Aspects of the Procedural Status of the Chairman of the Court in Civil Procedure (using administrative proceedings as an example). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.
5. Isachenko V. L. Civil procedure: Practical commentary on the second book of the Charter of civil procedure. – 2nd ed., corrected. and add. – St. Petersburg: Type. M. Merkusheva, 1911. – 944 p.
6. Kondratieva O. V. Presiding judge as a subject of civil procedural legal relations // Actual problems of science and practice: Gatchina readings-2021: collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the VIII International scientific and practical conference. In 2 volumes. V. 2. – Gatchina: GIEFPT, 2021. – Pp. 92-94.
7. Nosenko M. S. Arbitration court as a subject of procedural legal relations // Actual problems of Russian law. – V. 19, No. 2 (159). – P. 63-71.
8. Popova M. M. Theoretical analysis of the status of the chairman of the court: legal regulation of activities // Actual issues of modern scientific research: collection of articles of the VIII International scientific and practical conference. In 2 parts. Part 2. – Penza: MCNS “Science and Education”, 2023. – P. 162-164.
9. Sakhnova T. V. Course of civil procedure / T. V. Sakhnova. 2nd ed., revised. and additional. – M .: Statut, 2014 .– 784 p.
10. Yudin A. V. Chairman of the court as a subject of civil procedural legal relations. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus”.

LABOR LAW
ANDRYUKHINA Irina Yurjevna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
KARAMA Larisa Lvovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, Head of State and municipal management sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION’S HR POLICY TOOLS
The article discusses new tools for implementing personnel policy in Russian state and municipal enterprises and organizations aimed at attracting and retaining personnel. Such tools are preboarding, onboarding and offboarding of personnel, the use of which ensures the early adaptation of employees who have started working at enterprises for the first time and helps to retain those employees who have decided to leave the company. Based on an in-depth analysis of domestic and foreign research in the field of personnel management, the authors believe that in order to solve the problem of attracting and retaining personnel, it is necessary to draw the attention of Russian enterprises and organizations to such instruments used by commercial enterprises, which will ensure the attraction and retention of personnel in the public sector of the economy.
Keywords: personnel policy, tools, enterprises and organizations, preboarding, onboarding, offboarding of personnel.
Article bibliography
1. Shportko Yu. V. State personnel policy of the Russian Federation in terms of increasing labor potential // Actual problems and prospects for economic development: Russian and foreign experience. 2023. No. 2 (44). P. 104-110.
2. Ostankovskaya M. A. Implementation of personnel policy in municipal authorities // Industrial economy. 2021. No. 3. P. 23-27.
3. Belsky V. Yu., Zhuravlev D. A. Principles and priorities of the formation of the state personnel policy of Russia // Bulletin of the Moscow Universityand the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2024. No. 2. P. 15-21.
4. Fotina L. V. Technologies of personnel practices in the civil service: master class: textbook and workshop for universities. Moscow, 2023.
5. Tikhonov A. V., Polovinkina M. E., Tikhonova S. V. Improving the personnel adaptation system at enterprises of the aviation complex // Moscow Economic Journal. 2020. No. 1. P. 398-399.
6. Kozhushko V. V., Begicheva S. V. Modern technologies in managing the adaptation of young employees // Decent work is the basis of a stable society: materials of the XIV International scientific and practical conference, Yekaterinburg, November 10-12, 2022 / Ural State University of Economics. Yekaterinburg. 2022. P. 122
7. Saprankova T. A., Firsova N. V. Onboarding system as a new element in the paradigm of personnel management // Business education in the knowledge economy. 2020. No. 3 (17). P. 122-125.
8. Ogloblin V. A., Datsko A. E. The concept of onboarding and its application in the adaptation of young specialists. Economics and business: theory and practice. 2023. No. 6-2 (100). P. 88-90.
9. Chizhikova V. Yu. Personnel onboarding system as a new element in the paradigm of adaptation of new employees // Kronos. 2022. No. 4 (66). P. 152-154.
10. Chunina M. E., Tikhonov A. I. Development of a mentoring system as an important element of personnel adaptation // Moscow Economic Journal. 2019. No. 9. P. 609-627.
11. Sladkova N. M., Voskresenskaya O. A., Yasinskaya I. A., Gorkovenko Yu. L. Best HR practices in the life cycle of transformations // Civil Service. 2022. No. 1. P. 46-50.
12. Korkina T. A., Zotova E. N. Foreign and domestic experience in personnel selection // Society, Economy, Management. 2021. No. 4. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zarubezhnyy-i-otechestvennyy-opyt-podbora-personala
13. Zelentsova S. Yu. Issues of applying foreign experience in personnel assessment at Russian enterprises. [Electronic resource] // Enterprise strategy in the context of increasing its competitiveness. 2019. No. 8. P. 19-22.

LABOR LAW
GILMEEVA Gulnaz Nurgalievna
Ph.D. in Law, senior lecturer of Civil process law sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
VALIEV Eduard Adelevich
student, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; independent researcher
DIRECTIONS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF WAGES AND APPLIED MODELS OF REMUNERATION
The article analyzes modern problems of legal regulation of wages and the applied remuneration systems. The directions of improvement of legislation are studied, including the minimum wage, equal pay, protection of workers’ rights, regulation of payment in the conditions of non-standard employment and the digital economy. Recommendations are offered for increasing efficiency and social justice in the field of wages.
Keywords: minimum wage, labor market, budgetary sphere, remuneration system.
Article bibliography
1. Ricardo D. Essay / Chapter 5. On wages. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.libertarium.ru/rik_05 (date of access: 02/27/2025).
2. Fedotov M. S. Concept and functions of remuneration // Young scientist. – 2020. – No. 20 (310). – P. 456-460.
3. Orlovsky Yu. P., Nurtdinova A. F. Labor law of Russia. – M.: “Infra-M”, 2016. – P. 310.
4. Golovina S. Yu., Kuchina Yu. A. Labor law: textbook. – M.: Yurait, 2021. – P. 313.
5. Rudkovskaya A. S. The essence and functions of wages. Remuneration of workers in the fields of education and healthcare // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 33 (271). – P. 16-18.
6. Chugunov A. Private demand stays in good shape // Kommersant. – 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7623694 (date of publication: 04/02/2025).

LABOR LAW
KUDRIN Anton Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Public administration and history sub-faculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Perm branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation
ON SOME ISSUES OF EMPLOYER’S MATERIAL LIABILITY TO EMPLOYEES IN DOMESTIC LABOR LAW
The article discusses some issues of the employer’s financial liability as a party to the employment contract. Some issues of the formation of the institution of material liability of the parties to an employment contract are analyzed. It is noted that there is a need to develop and adopt a Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to ensure a legal interpretation of issues of the employer’s financial liability. It is concluded that the currentlabor legislation has created an effective mechanism for protecting the labor rights of workers in case of delay in payment of wages by establishing a special type of legal liability – the financial liability of the employer. At the same time, the mechanism under consideration needs to be improved precisely within the framework of ensuring law enforcement practice.
Keywords: labor relations, liability; worker; employer.
Article bibliography
1. Bubnova M. Employer’s liability for “wage slavery” // Administrative law. – 2017. – No. 2. – P. 89-94.
2. Ivanova O. A. Liability for non-payment of wages under the criminal legislation of the CIS countries // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2010. – No. 1 (12). – P. 271-278.
3. Lomakin A. Gray salary // Labor law. – 2012. – No. 7. – P. 31-44.
4. Mikheeva M. Moral damage from mobbing or unfair and illegal dismissal: analysis of the courts // Labor law. – 2018. – No. 9. – P. 17-24.
5. Petochenko T. M. Material liability in the labor law of the Republic of Belarus // Actual problems of the legal status of subjects of labor law and social security law (current state and prospects for the development of legislation): collection of scientific articles edited by I. A. Komotskaya. – Minsk: Four Quarters, 2017. – P. 137-150.
6. Savin V. T. Evolution of norms on the material liability of the parties to the employment contract // Humanitarian, socio-economic and social sciences. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 146-150.
7. Tresmakin I. Moral damage in labor disputes // Labor law. – 2020. – No. 9. – P. 5-13.
8. Labor law of Russia / Ed. A. M. Kurennoy. – M .: Prospect, 2015. – P. 459-460.
9. Labor law: textbook / Ed. V. L. Geykhman. – M.: Yurait Publishing House, 2015. – P. 245.
10. Labor Law of Russia / Ed. by S. P. Mavrin, E. B. Khokhlova. – M.: Infra-M, 2016. – P. 107.
11. Filyushchenko L. I., Pleshakova I. N. Labor Law. Textbook. – Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural. University, 2019. – P. 159-160.
12. Shavrina E. V. Implementation of the Right of Citizens to Remuneration // Legality. – 2017. – No. 6. – P. 53-56.

LABOR LAW
SHIKHALEV Valeriy Ivanovich
postgraduate student, Academy of Labor and Social Relations
SMART CONTRACT AND BLOCKCHAIN: PROSPECTS FOR USE IN LABOR LAW
Digital technologies have become an integral part of our lives. They are also actively used in jurisprudence, both in the interaction of legal entities on a contractual basis, and in the event of disputes, in the administration of justice. In this article, the author, based on normative legal acts and doctrinal interpretations, shows possible ways to transform labor and other closely related labor relations based on the processes of digitalization of title and legal realization processes, while identifying some problems hindering changes in this area. The author generally positively assessed the possibilities of applying smart contract and blockchain technologies in labor law. The conclusion is made about the permissibility of developing relations between labor organization and labor management, taking into account the digital transformation of society.
Keywords: labor relations, digital technologies in labor law, smart contract, blockchain.
Article bibliography
1. Vasilevskaya L. Yu., Poduzova E. B., Tasalov F. A. Digitalization of civil turnover: legal characteristics of “artificial intelligence” and “digital” entities (civilistic study). – M., 2021. – 288 p.
2. Rusakova E. P. The impact of digitalization on civil proceedings in Russia abroad: the experiences of China, India, Singapore, the European Union, the USA, South Africa and some other countries: dis. … doc. jurid. sciences. – M., 2022.
3. Arslanov K. M. Smart contract: a type of classical contract, a computer program (code) or an electronic form of a contract? // Civil law. – 2021. – No. 6.
4. Belov V. A. Smart contract: concept, legal regulation, law enforcement practice, consumer relations // Law and Economics. – 2021. – No. 9.
5. Leskina E. I. Possibilities of applying smart contracts in labor law of Russia // State power and local government. – 2021. – No. 4.
6. Kot M.K., Deltsova N.V. Legal aspects of the application of information technologies in the field of labor and employment // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V.N. Tatishchev. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 106-113.

LAND LAW
SKAKODUB Nikita Ruslanovich
postgraduate student of Environmental and land law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; Deputy Head of the Department of Normative and Methodological Support of the Legal Department at the National Association of Builders
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF TERRITORIAL PLANNING
The author investigates the foreign experience of territorial planning. He concludes that legal regulation of territorial planning is defined on the basis of models used in countries with different legal systems. In addition, he determines that all countries use public-private partnerships as the main type of territorial transformation procedure.
Keywords: territorial planning, territorial planning documents, general plan, rules of land use and development, complex development of territories.
Article bibliography
1. Melnikova M. Not just panel houses: German experience working with areas of mass residential development. – 2020. P. 130. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/384498144.pdf.
2. Legal and urban planning aspects of redevelopment: foreign experience. P. 118. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/pravovye_i_gradostroitelnye_aspekty_gorodskogo_redevelopmenta_-_zarubezhnyy_opyt_institut_ekonomiki_goroda.pdf.
3. Redevelopment of industrial zones of Moscow: Professional journal // Ed. by JSC Mosinzhproekt. Moscow: JSC Mosinzhproekt, 2016. No. 3 (14). P. 65.
4. Andre Sorensen. The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the 21st Century // London: Routledge. 2002.
5. Joaquin Jay Gonzalez III, Tad McGalliard, Ignacio Dayrit. Brownfields Redevelopment. Case Studies and Concepts in Community Revitalization // Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2021.
6. Handbuch zur Altlastenbehandlung im Freistaat Sachsen. Teil 9 – Sanierung. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/13662.
7. Malls into Mainstreets: An In-Depth Guide to Transforming Dead Malls into Communities. Congress for the New Urbanism. 2005. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.cnu.org/sites/files/mallsintomainstreets.pdf.
8. Tong Suk Chong. The Urban Redevelopment Policy in Tokyo: Case Studies of Roppongi Hills and Tokyo Midtown Projects. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ln.edu.hk/cultural/materials/5_P1.pdf.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
MITYAKINA Nadezhda Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Labor and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
FEDORYASHCHENKO Alexey Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Labor and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
BELYAEVA Tatyana Nikolaevna
assistant of Labor and entrepreneurial law sub-faculty, Belgorod State National Research University
NATURAL OBJECT AS AN OBJECT OF COMMERCIAL TURNOVER: LEGAL ASPECT
The current state of legal relations in the natural resource sector indicates that elements of the environment (land, subsoil, water bodies, etc.) are increasingly involved in the property sphere in general, and in civil circulation in particular. Any social activity requires legal support, so the scientific substantiation of legal aspects plays an important role in any sphere, including in the sphere of commercial circulation of natural objects. The relevance of the study is due to the fundamental importance of clear legal terminology and its role in law enforcement practice. The article considers the terminological and categorical problem of defining an object of commercial circulation in the sphere of nature management. The relationship between legal and doctrinal terms that are close to each other in meaning and used in the context under consideration is carried out: “natural resource”, “natural object”, “natural-anthropogenic object”, “anthropogenic object”, “object of nature management”, “object of civil rights”, “object of circulation”. Based on the analysis of the range of scientific views on modern environmental and legal terms and the current natural resource and other legislation, it is stated that at present there is no coherent system of correlation of closely related concepts; a conclusion is made on the need to abandon the term “natural resource” and the advisability of using the term “natural object” as a generalizing term for the entire list of environmental components in relation to which property turnover is carried out (or can potentially be carried out). It is proposed to understand such a natural object as a materialized element of the environment that has the status of property and, in connection with this, can potentially participate in commercial turnover.
Keywords: natural object, natural resource, natural-anthropogenic object, anthropogenic object, property turnover, turnover of natural objects, civil turnover, commercial turnover, turnover capacity, property.
Article bibliography
1. Brinchuk M. M. Environmental law: objects of environmental relations: Monograph. – M.: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011. – 152 p.
2. Krassov O. I. Private ownership of land. – M., 2000. – 379 p.
3. Prokaev A. V. Civil law grounds for the emergence of the right to use subsoil // Civilist. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 86-89.
4. Bratus S. N. Subject and system of Soviet civil law. – M.: Gosyurizdat, 1963. – 197 p.
5. Mozolin V. P. Modern Doctrine and Civil Legislation. – M., 2008. – 176 p.
6. Sukhanov E. A. Problems of Property Law in Modern Russian Law // Journal of Russian Law. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 33-38.
7. Krasnova I. O. Concretization as a Way to Improve Legislation // Lex russica. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 146-157.
8. Averyanova N. N. Natural Resources as the Basis of Life and Activities of Peoples Living on the Territory of the Russian Federation // Constitutional and Municipal Law. – 2009. – No. 15. – P. 10-12.
9. Biryukova N. V. Natural real estate objects: justification for the allocation of natural resources as special objects of civil law as part of real estate // Russian Justice. – 2008. – No. 8.
10. Abanina E. N., Anisimov A. P., Kodolova A. V. et al. Scientific and practical commentary to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (article by article) / Ed. A. P. Anisimov. – M.: Delovoy Dvor, 2010. – 600 p.
11. Androsov M. V., Bazhaikin A. L., Bortnik I. Yu., Brinchuk M. M., Vershilo N. D., Vershilo T. A., Dubovik O. L., Zozulya V. V., Kalenchenko M. M., Kalinichenko V. T., Kudelkin N. S., Kuznetsova O. N., Misnik G. A., Rednikova T. V., Semenikhina V. A., Stepanenko V. S., Choltyan L. N. Commentary on the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (article by article) / Ed. O. L. Dubovik // SPS ConsultantPlus, 2015.
12. Krassov O. I. Land ownership in European countries: monograph. – M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2014. – 400 p.
13. Sukhova E. A., Abanina E. N., Zenyukova O. V. Commentary on the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (article by article) / 2nd ed., revised. and additional // SPS ConsultantPlus. – 2007.
14. Vasilyeva M. I. Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”: new content and old problems // Salvation (All-Russian environmental newspaper). – 2002. – March. – No. 11 (269).
15. Meyer D. I. Russian civil law / 2nd ed. – M.: Statut, 2000. – P. 158 – 159.
16. Belov V. A. Object of subjective civil law, object of civil legal relationship and object of civil turnover: content and relationship of concepts // Objects of civil turnover: collection of articles / Ed. M. A. Rozhkova. – M.: Statut, 2007. – P. 6-77.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
SAGITOV Sergey Marselevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil process law sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
OGRINA Vitaliya Vladislavovna
student, Faculty of Law, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CODIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article considers the main provisions of systematization of environmental legislation and its importance for ensuring a clear legal framework and elimination of legal conflicts. It analyzes regional and international experience of codification of environmental legislation is analyzed. The necessity of systematization and the prospects of creating the Environmental Code of the Russian Federation in the medium term. Potential risks of codification are reflected.
Keywords: environmental legislation, codification, environmental code, regional experience, international experience.
Article bibliography
1. Golichenkov A.K. Main approaches to the development of the concept of the draft Environmental Code of the Russian Federation // Law and Politics. – 2020. – No. 10. – P. 123-131.
2. Ol’ E.M. Problems of environmental legislation and their impact on the implementation of human environmental rights // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 17.
3. Sagitov S.M. Codifications of Russian environmental legislation: current status and prospects // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 128-131.
4. Brinchuk M. M., Rednikova T. V. Environmental Code of Sweden // Environmental Law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 36-39.
5. Pozdnyakova P. V. Environmental Code – “a turning point” or “rapid lawmaking”? // EcoDisputes. – 2022. – No. 6. – P. 68-70.
6. Volkov G. A. Codification of legislation on environmental protectionenvironment as the implementation of a unified state environmental policy // Environmental law. – 2010. – No. 6. – P. 21-24.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
TIMOSHICHEVA Natalya Andreevna
magister student, St. Petersburg State University
ERMOLINA Marina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of World politics sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University
COMBATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SMOKING: RESTRICTION MECHANISMS IN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
The article focuses on the environmental and social impacts of the tobacco industry, which contribute to the problems of soil, air, and litter pollution. The WHO report calls for urgent action at various levels, including a ban on cigarette filters and an environmental tax. Examples of successful measures to curb smoking and its negative environmental impacts are shown in different countries, such as Portugal and the UK, demonstrating possible solutions, but financial interests often prevent the implementation of effective initiatives (as seen in the case of New Zealand). Overall, the need for a comprehensive approach to combat smoking is emphasized to protect human health and the environment.
Keywords: smoking, environment, pollution, WHO, tobacco industry, sustainable development.
Article bibliography
1. Shatilova Yu. N., Ermolova M. A. The fight against tobacco smoking on the way to ensuring the right of citizens to a favorable environment // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2020. – No. 1 (140). – P. 29-32.
2. Air pollution in cities ‘as bad for you as smoking 20 cigarettes a day’, says study. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/air-pollution-smoking-cigarettes-city-research-health-asthma-copd-a9056566.html (date of access: 16.12.2024).
3. WHO raises alarm on tobacco industry environmental impact. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.who.int/news/item/31-05-2022-who-raises-alarm-on-tobacco-industry-environmental-impact (date of access: 07.12.2024).
4. Greenwashing – the deceptive tactics behind environmental claims. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/greenwashing (date of access: 07.12.2024).
5. WHO. Tobacco poisoning our planet. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/354579/9789240051287-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (date of access: 07.12.2024).
6. 20 years since Ireland banned smoking indoors with 800,000 fewer smokers today. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://about.hse.ie/news/20-years-since-ireland-banned-smoking-indoors-with-800000-fewer-smokers-today/ (accessed: 07.12.2024).
7. Smoking bans: These countries are tackling tobacco use. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/11/smoking-tobacco-ban-portugal-new-zealand-mexico-uk/ (accessed: 16.12.2024).
8. Creating a smokefree generation and tackling youth vaping: what you need to know. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://healthmedia.blog.gov.uk/2024/04/15/creating-a-smokefree-generation-and-tackling-youth-vaping-what-you-need-to-know/ (date of access: 16.12.2024).
9. New Zealand scraps world-first smoking ‘generation ban’ to fund tax cuts. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/27/new-zealand-scraps-world-first-smoking-generation-ban-to-fund-tax-cuts (date of access: 16.12.2024).
10. The State Duma proposed to ban Russians from smoking on the go. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/news/1771242/ (date accessed: 11.12.2024).

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
CHIKH Nikolay Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Volga State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod
FOMICHEV Maxim Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Volga State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod
BEKHTYAEV Sergey Pavlovich
senior lecturer of Civil law disciplines sub-faculty, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Volga State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod
WATER TAX AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This article is a study of the ecological role of the water tax as an economic instrument for regulating the process of water use, aimed at forming rational motivation of business entities in relation to optimizing water consumption and ensuring the sustainable preservation of the quality characteristics of water bodies. The traditional system of administrative control and regulatory regulation of the processes of exploitation of water sources often turns out to be insufficiently effective, which necessitates the need for other mechanisms of economic and legal impact. The presented study evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of using a water tax as one of the tools for improving environmental safety.
Keywords: water tax, paid water use, environmental payments, water resources, ecology.
Article bibliographic list
1. “Water Code of the Russian Federation” dated 03.06.2006 No. 74-FZ (as amended on 25.12.2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 30.12.2023) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 05.06.2006. – No. 23. – Art. 2381.
2. “Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part Two)” dated 08/05/2000 No. 117-FZ (as amended on 14.O2.2O24) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 08/07/2000. – No. 32. – Art. 3340.
3. “Budget Code of the Russian Federation” dated 07/31/1998 No. 145-FZ (as amended on 12/25/2023, as amended on 01/25/2024) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01/05/2024) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 08/03/1998. – No. 31. – Art. 3823.
4. Law of the Russian Federation of 21.02.1992 No. 2395-1 (as amended on 25.12.2023) “On Subsoil” (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 01.01.2024).
5. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.10.2023 No. 164 “On conducting an experiment in 2023-2024 to create a single information resource containing information on underground and surface water bodies used for drinking and domestic water supply purposes” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 16.10.2023. – No. 42. – Art. 7495.
6. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.02.2011 No. 165-r (as amended on 26.12.2014) “On approval of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Volga Federal District until 2020” // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 21.02.2011. – No. 8. – Art. 1142.
7. Letter of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 10/27/2022 No. 19-53/42916 “On sending methodological recommendations” (together with the “Methodological recommendations for developing an action plan specified in paragraph 1 of Article 16.6, paragraph 1 of Article 75.1 and paragraph 1 of Article 78.2 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation”) // SPS ConsultantPlus.
8. Letter of the Federal Tax Service dated November 25, 2020 No. SD-4~3/19335@ // SPS ConsultantPlus.
9. Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03/16/2015 No. 03-06-05-02/13793//SPS ConsultantPlus.
10. Order of Rosstat dated 31.12.2020 No. 872 “On approval of the Methodological Guidelines for the formation of the account of environmental taxes and payments” // SPS ConsultantPlus.
11. Resolution of the Arbitration Court of the Volga-Vyatka District dated 28.07.2023 No. F01-4043 / 2023 in case No. A43-34416 / 2021 // SPS ConsultantPlus.
12. Aguzarova F. S. Direct taxes and fees of the Russian Federation: role, problems and development prospects” // Russian Justice. – 2016. – No. 5.
13. Aksenova O. V. Legal regulation of environmental payments // Legislation and Economics. – 2009. – No. 11.
14. Budnitsky D. M. Legal regulation of the impact on the natural environment in the process of water supply and sanitation activities // Prepared for the ConsultantPlus system, 2016.
15. Vasilyeva N. V. Natural resource payments as a type of budget revenues // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2016. – No. 12.
16. Ivanov M. O. On the transformation of fees for negative impact on the environment into an environmental tax // Property relations in the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 6.
17. Polyakov N. F., Chikh N. V., Bekhtyaev S. P. Legal regulation of the formation and development of water tax in Russia // Tax policy and practice. – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 41.
18. Sakovich O. M. Legal means of preserving water resources in foreign countries // Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law. – 2024. – No. 4.
19. Kharisov I. F. Tax as an instrument of the national market economy // Financial law. – 2008. – No. 11.
20. Water Code of the Republic of Belarus dated 30.04.2014 No. 149-3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.by/document/?guid=i255i&po=Hki4OOi49.
21. Budget Code of the Republic of Belarus dated 16.07.2008 No. 412-3. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.by/document/?guid=387i&po=hko8oo4i2.
22. Drinking water sources will be recalculated and entered into the register. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.pnp.ru/social/istochniki-pitevoy-vody-pereschitayut-i-vnesut-v-reestr.html.

FINANCIAL LAW
KLIMENKO Sergey Anatoljevich
postgraduate student of Financial law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE DIGITAL RUBLE
The article is devoted to analyzing the peculiarities of legal regulation of the digital ruble. The author compared the properties of digital currency and digitalruble, and also compared different forms of money, including the digital ruble, in order to find common and distinctive features. Based on the results of the analysis and comparison, the author expressed the opinion that the digital ruble has the features of both cash and non-cash money, has differences from non-cash money in its usual sense and can be considered as a superstructure for non-cash money.
Keywords: digital currency, digital ruble, non-cash funds, Bank of Russia, cryptocurrency.
Article bibliography
1. Kozlachkov A. A., Klimenko S. A., Kharitonova Yu. S., Lauts E. B. Conceptual model of foreclosure on decentralized non-custodial cryptocurrencies // Entrepreneurial law. – 2022. – No. 3. – P. 42-49.
2. Project “On digital financial assets, digital currency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/419059-7?ysclid=mc7h4mr0ok905772801 (date of access: 01.04.2025).
3. Federal Law of July 31, 2020 No. 259-FZ “On digital financial assets, digital currency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
4. Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
5. Federal Law of August 8, 2024 No. 221-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date accessed: 01.04.2025).
6. Federal Law of July 24, 2023 No. 339-FZ “On Amendments to Articles 128 and 140 of Part One, Part Two and Articles 1128 and 1174 of Part Three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
7. Federal Law of July 24, 2023 No. 340-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
8. Federal Law of July 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
9. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020) // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).
10. Federal Law of June 27, 2011 No. 161-FZ “On the National Payment System” // EPS “GARANT System”: Mobile GARANT online. Internet version / NPP “GARANT-SERVICE-UNIVERSITY”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://internet.garant.ru (date of access: 01.04.2025).

FINANCIAL LAW
NEIZHKASHA Ivan Sergeevich
competitor of Constitutional and administrative law sub-faculty, Kuban State University, Krasnodar
THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF TERRITORIES WITH A SPECIAL PUBLIC LEGAL STATUS IN THE CONTEXT OF FINANCIAL LAW
The article formulates the concept of a territory with a special public legal status based on its mandatory and optional features. Legal categories such as territory, public legal education, public territorial education and legal status are considered. The author analyzes the features of these categories in the context of financial law, paying attention to their interrelationship and the specifics of legal regulation in the context of modern challenges related to digitalization, economic development and government regulation. A comparative analysis of the categories of public-legal and public-territorial entities is presented, as well as special attention is paid to the special public-legal status of territories, including the classification of legal regimes into initially public, specially public and exclusively public regimes.
Keywords: territory, territory with a special public legal status, public legal entity, public territorial entity, special legal status.
Article bibliographic list
1. Abazov A. B., Fayrushin T. A. Protection of public order as a function of public authority: the problem of legal regulation and distribution of powers between public-territorial entities // Education. Science. Scientific personnel. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 61-63.
2. Andreeva E. M. Currency and legal status of public-legal entities // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2021. – No. 1 (63). – P. 133-144.
3. Arzumanov I. A., Shishkin S. I. Political, legal and socio-economic aspects of the concept of “territory” as a factor in complex development. Part 1 // Siberian Law Bulletin. – 2016. – No. 3 (74). – P. 9-14.
4. Afzaletdinova G. Kh. On the issue of the peculiarities of using exclusive legal regimes in branches of public law // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2014. – No. 7 (44) July. – P. 1315-1320.
5. Bondar N. S. Territory as a constitutional and legal category: the unity of public-power and personal principles // Bulletin of the Law Faculty of the Southern Federal University. – 2016. – No. 4 (volume 3). – P. 7-14.
6. Bystrova D. A. The principle of territorial integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation: the content and relationship of the main elements // Actual problems of Russian law. – 2009. – No. 3. – P. 151-162.
7. Vasilyeva I. A. Territories with special status in the economic system of the country // Oeconomia et Jus. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 1-6.
8. Damdinov B. D. Administrative-territorial units in the system of public-territorial entities of Russia: theory, legal regulation and practice // Siberian Legal Bulletin. – 2014. – No. 3 (66). – P. 28-34.
9. Damdinov B. D. Intrastate public-territorial entities: theoretical aspects // Siberian Law Bulletin. – 2014. – No. 1 (64). – P. 22-26.
10. Danilova S. N. State regulation of the development of territories with special status // Bulletin of the Saratov State Socio-Economic University. – 2018. – No. 4 (73). – P. 75-79.
11. Zernov I. V. Public-legal entity – a new constitutional paradigm // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://esj.pnzgu.ru (date of access: 03/20/2025). – 2021. – Vol. 9, No. 2 (34). – P. 124-133.
12. Komarova V. V. Territorial limits of public authority and special statuses of territories // Education and Law. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 22-26.
13. Kugan S. F. Logistics potential of the territory: concept, features and scientific logic // Bulletin of Polotsk State University. – 2018. – No. 13. – P. 91-94.
14. Lakaev O. A. Legal regulation of public administration in special administrative districts // Legal policy and legal life. – 2024. – No. 1. – P. 74-82.
15. Leksin I. V. The concept of territorial entity in constitutional law // Public administration. Electronic Bulletin. – 2015. – Issue No. 49 (April 2015). – P. 138-162.
16. Malyshkin S. P. Analysis of legal regulation of territorial development in the Russian Federation: present and future. // Sphere of Law. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 30-33.
17. Martirosyan L. G. Problematic aspects of the concept of “territory” in international law // Region and the World. – 2023. – No. 1. – P. 33-35.
18. Neizhkasha I. S. Territories with special public-law status in the Russian Federation: evolution of species diversity and classification criteria // Legal Bulletin of the Kuban State University. – 2023. – No. 15 (4). – P. 60-71.
19. Nifanov A. N. Initially public modesensuring the constitutional and legal status of territory in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Novgorod State University. – 2012. – No. 69. – P. 82-85.
20. Nifanov A. N. Territory in constitutional law: conceptual, theoretical and applied approaches // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Law. – 2010. – No. 2 (9). – P. 19-25.
21. Painter Joe. Rethinking territory // Urban studies and practices. – 2022. – No. 2 (volume 7). – P. 13-34.
22. Polukhin O. N., Nifanov A. N. Constitutional and legal status of territory in the Russian Federation in the species format of initially public regimes // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2012. – No. 8 (127). – P. 194-201.
23. Saipidinov D. On the legal concept of the territory of the state // Science without borders. – 2018. – No. 5 (22). – P. 142-145.
24. Tsaregradskaya Yu. K., Shtern Yu. M. Public-law entities as subjects of financial law // Legal education and science. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 39-45.
25. Chirkin V. E. Public-law entity. – M .: Norma: INFRA-M, 2019. – 336 p.
26. Shershenevich G. F. Selected. T. 5: Textbook of Russian civil law. – M.: Statute, 2017. – 832 p.

FINANCIAL LAW
FARTUNOV Egor Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Administrative and financial law sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
STAGES OF FINANCIAL MONITORING: THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AML/CFT SYSTEM
This article analyzes the stages of financial monitoring in the system of
anti-money laundering and financing of terrorism. The author considers approaches to classifying the stages of financial monitoring, highlighting preliminary, current and subsequent monitoring. The isolation of follow-up monitoring is critically assessed, and its integration into the current stage is proposed as part of a continuous retrospective analysis. Special attention is paid to the role of Rosfinmonitoring, which, by conducting financial investigations, transforms information received from financial monitoring agents into grounds for law enforcement and regulatory authorities to take response measures. The study demonstrates that the integrity of the financial monitoring system is ensured by a combination of the activities of its agents and an authorized body.
Keywords: financial monitoring, financial investigations, anti-money laundering, countering the financing of terrorism, AML/CFT.
Article bibliography
1. Amelkin A. D. Financial monitoring – a state instrument for regulating financial relations // Economy and management: challenges, problems, prospects: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the scientific and practical conference of teachers and students, Moscow, April 24, 2020. – Moscow: Moscow University of Finance and Law MFUA, 2020. – P. 286-288.
2. Beketnova Yu. M. Typological analysis in financial monitoring: a tutorial. – Moscow: Prometheus, 2020. – 260 p.
3. Glotov V. I. Legal regulation of information support for financial investigations // Actual problems of ensuring the national interests of the Russian Federation in the information sphere: reports and messages at a scientific and practical conference, Moscow, September 08, 2015 / Under the general editorship of N. N. Kunyaev; Responsible for the release: Semenova D. A. – Moscow: Moscow University of Finance and Law MFUA, 2016. – P. 48-56.
4. Goryukova O. V. Fundamentals of financial monitoring in credit institutions: a textbook for master’s students in the field of training 080300 “Finance and Credit”. – Moscow: Direct-Media, 2014. – 211 p.
5. Glotov V. I., Albekov A. U. et al. Financial monitoring: textbook / Ed. V. I. Glotov, A. U. Albekov. – Rostov n / D: Publishing and printing complex of the RSEU (RINH), 2019. – 174 p.
6. Proshunin M. M., Tatchuk M. A. Financial monitoring: (counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism): textbook / I. Kant Baltic Federal University. – Kaliningrad: Publishing house of the Baltic. federal. University named after I. Kant, 2014. – 211 p.
7. Tisen O. N. Features of the use of Rosfinmonitoring materials by law enforcement agencies in proving // Current issues of preliminary investigation in the modern conditions of improving criminal procedural legislation: All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Collection of scientific papers, Moscow, April 7, 2023 / Comp. D. A. Ivanov. – Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikot, 2023. – P. 250-259.

ENTREPRENEURIAL LAW
KOT Marina Konstantinovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
TROSHKINA Angelina Alexeevna
magister student of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
THE LEGAL BASIS OF STATE REGULATION OF GAMBLING AS A TYPE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The activity of organizing and conducting gambling in domestic legal science is considered in recent years mainly in the plane of criminal law regulation, since illegal gambling activities are still widespread in the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, legal gambling activities can be the subject of research both from the perspective of entrepreneurial activity, which it is in its essence, and from the perspective of state regulation of the relevant sphere. In a general sense, «game» as a form of social interaction is not defined in the legislation, in this regard, the literature has formed extremely diverse approaches to the definition of the game in the context of legal science. These and many other problems allow us to talk about the relevance of the topic of this study and the need to discuss it.
Keywords: entrepreneurial activity, gambling, civil law regulation of gambling.
Article bibliography
1. Gapeenko D. Yu. On the issue of the goals of state regulation of activities for the organization and conduct of gambling // Eurasian Union of Scientists. 2015. No. 5-6 (14). P. 15-17.
2. Akhtyamova A. M. On the issue of the relationship between permission and license // Actual problems of administrative and administrative-procedural law. 2023. P. 595-962
3. Standzon L. V. On the relationship between the concepts of “license” and “permission” // Domestic violence: prevention and liability. 2022. P. 113-121.

BUSINESS LAW
SHPANAGEL Fyodor Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF REALTORS’ ACTIVITY IN THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ASPECT
The article examines the patterns of interaction between the services market and real estate turnover, analyzes the problems of competition and the reasons for the ineffective interaction of realtors with other participants in the service sector. There is a lag behind realtors, especially individual entrepreneurs and the self-employed, in using the latest technologies, including the existing capabilities of artificial intelligence.
Special attention is paid to the study of the practice of realtors determining the price of real estate, analyzing the legal nature and legal consequences of their recommended price of real estate in comparison with the valuation of real estate by professional appraisers.
The author points out the negative consequences of the complete absence of special legal norms governing real estate activities. In this regard, it is proposed to extend the mechanism of state-public regulation to real estate activities by analogy with the legal mechanism used to streamline valuation activities, having previously checked the effect of each of the legal means in the regulatory sandbox mode.
Keywords: real estate market, types of services, real estate activity, valuation activity, competition, the price of real estate.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Antipova D. V. Factors influencing the efficiency of real estate activities in the context of growing competition in the real estate market // In the collection: Scientific works of students of the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. Collection of articles. Responsible for the issue N. M. Iteshina. – Izhevsk, 2023. – P. 647-652.
2. Kapralova L. V., Chernova E. R. Problems of legal regulation of real estate services and ways to solve them. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sc-format.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Капралова-Л.-В.-Чернова-Э.-Р..pdf (date of access: 27.03.2025).
3. Minina A. A., Perepadya S. M., Perepadya O. A., Tsygankova E. A. Current issues of legal regulation of the real estate services market // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2021. – No. 12 (204). – P. 86-89.
4. Perevalov F. F. Issues of legal regulation of intermediary activities in the real estate market // In the collection: Russian science: Current research and development. Collection of scientific articles of the XV All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Samara, 2023. – P. 534-537.
5. Cherkashina T. A., Afanasova V. A. Prospects for the use of information technology in the professional practice of appraisers // Economy of the XXI century – economy of new opportunities. Actual issues of theory and practice of economics and management: collection of scientific articles / Association of Scientific Research Center “Peresvet”. – SPb.: OOO Fora-print, Association of Scientific Research Center Peresvet, 2020. – P. 89-93.

ENTREPRENEURIAL LAW
KOT Marina Konstantinovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
TROSHKINA Angelina Alexeevna
magister student of Legal support of economic activities sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF GAMBLING AS A TYPE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The activity of organizing and conducting gambling in domestic legal science is considered in recent years mainly in the plane of criminal law regulation, since illegal gambling activities are still widespread in the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, legal gambling activities can be the subject of research both from the perspective of entrepreneurial activity, which it is in its essence, and from the perspective of state regulation of the relevant sphere. In a general sense, “game” as a form of social interaction is not defined in the legislation, in this regard, the literature has formed extremely diverse approaches to the definition of the game in the context of legal science. These and many other problems allow us to talk about the relevance of the topic of this study and the need to discuss it.
Keywords: entrepreneurial activity, gambling, civil law regulation of gambling.
Article bibliography
1. Grishina E. N. Object and subject of state supervision in the field of gambling: the influence of modern trends and processes // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. 2020. No. 2. P. 110-117.
2. Ivanova O. A. Gambling: concept and features in the concept of Russian legislation // Bulletin of the Volga University named after V. N. Tatishchev. 2015. No. 2 (82). pp. 111-117.

BUSINESS LAW
SHPANAGEL Fyodor Fedorovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
PEREVALOV Fyodor Fedorovich
postgraduate student of Legal support of economic activity sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
ISSUES OF LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF THE SUBJECT OF CONTRACTS INVOLVING REAL ESTATE ORGANIZATIONS
The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of contractual regulation of relations between real estate organizations and their clients. The authors critically evaluate the concept of a real estate contract, considering it a purely theoretical construction that cannot generalize the signs and features of various contracts concluded by realtors.
The article examines the legal nature of the subject of the main contracts for the provision of services provided by large real estate organizations (providing the widest range of services); it is proposed to divide the services of realtors into basic and additional, the features of additional services are determined.
The authors determine the impact of the latest digital technologies on real estate activities and the change in the set of services that make up the subject of contracts with the participation of real estate organizations, and predict the development of the activities of digital real estate agencies in the future.
The article uses judicial practice in disputes involving real estate organizations.
Keywords: legal nature of the agreement, intermediary agreement, real estate agreement, paid service agreement, realtor, consumers.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bzykov A. A. Real estate services under a commission agreement // Scientific knowledge of our time. – 2017. – No. 4 (4). – P. 35-38.
2. Dementyeva A. A. Legal nature of a real estate agreement // In the collection: Legality and law and order: history, modernity, current problems: Materials of the VIII All-Russian Interuniversity Student Scientific Conference. – M., 2024. – P. 225-230.
3. Nakushnova E. V. Agreement for the provision of real estate services in the civil law of Russia: Abstract of a PhD thesis. – M., 2010. – P. 25.
4. Petelin D. V. Contractual regulation of real estate activities in the Russian Federation: Abstract of a PhD thesis. – M., 2008. – P. 25.
5. Shablova E. G. Civil-legal regulation of relations of paid provision of services: Diss. … Doctor of Law. – Ekaterinburg, 2003. – P. 363.

CORPORATE LAW
ULYANOV Ivan Ivanovich
chief specialist-expert of the Department of Economic and Civil Legislation of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation
PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING LIABILITY IN HOLDING STRUCTURES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the challenges of enforcing liability within holding structures, including issues of subsidiary liability, abuse of control, and gaps in legislation. The author analyzes current legal regulations, scholarly research, and judicial practice, highlighting key difficulties in holding parent companies accountable. The study proposes regulatory improvements, such as legally defining a holding structure, expanding grounds for subsidiary liability, and strengthening oversight of intra-group transactions. The research draws on Russian and international experience to provide practical recommendations for investigators and legal practitioners.
Keywords: holding, subsidiary liability, corporate governance, abuse of control, intra-group transactions, bankruptcy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Afanasyeva E. G. Corporate law: textbook / Responsible. ed. I. S. Shitkina. – M., 2023. – P. 107.
2. Zakharov A. N. Bringing the parent company to joint and several liability for the obligations of a subsidiary: dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – M., 2015. – P. 115.
3. Gutnikov O. V. Civil liability in relations related to the management of legal entities: dis. … doctor of legal sciences: 12.00.03. – M., 2018. – P. 117.

CRIMINAL LAW
BAIROV Andrey Semyonovich
associate professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, lieutenant colonel of police
POPOVA Irina Nikolaevna
lecturer of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, major of police
PROBLEMS OF DOCUMENTING DRUG CRIMES COMMITTED BY ORGANIZED CRIME GROUPS
This article examines the problems of combating organized forms of drug trafficking. It provides a forensic description of crimes committed by organized criminal groups and the qualifications of OCG participants. The article presents a methodology for investigating crimes committed by organized groups and means, techniques and methods of operational-search activities to collect data on the activities of these groups. An effective and functioning scheme for exposing organized criminal groups has been drawn up. The plan of joint investigative and operational activities of the investigator and operational workers is considered. Methods of counteracting the investigation by members of criminal groups. The methods and tactics of effective investigation of crimes in the sphere of illegal drug trafficking in group execution are analyzed. There is a need to use audio, video equipment, and modern technologies to provide indisputable proof of the existence of an organized crime group.
Keywords: drug threat, organized crime, qualification, problems of investigative practice, operational-search activities, counteraction, exposure of organized crime groups.
Article bibliography
1. Prevention, suppression and detection of crimes in the sphere of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. / General editor A. I. Gurov. Methodological manual for law enforcement officers of the CIS member states, 2003. – P. 138.
2. Soloviev A. V. Tactical features of detention in cases of crimes related to illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs / Forensic Science Expertise Search. Collection of scientific articles. – Saratov: SVSh Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1995. – P. 38-41.

CRIMINAL LAW
GORODINETS Fyodor Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
ROMANOVA Natalya Evgenjevna
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
POKGIEV Merdan
magister student of the Higher School of Law and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
COUNTERING CORRUPTION IN THE BANKING SECTOR
This article is devoted to the analysis of anti-corruption measures in the banking sector of the Russian Federation. In the context of growing threats to financial stability and confidence in banking institutions, the problem of corruption is becoming especially urgent. The paper examines the main causes and mechanisms of corruption in banks and their impact on customers and investors. The relevant anti-corruption programs aimed at strengthening control and increasing transparency of banks’ activities are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its anti-corruption policy in the banking sector. In conclusion, the study offers recommendations for improving anti-corruption mechanisms in the financial and credit sector.
Keywords: banking system, corruption, abuse of official authority, anti-corruption policy.
Article bibliography
1. Malakhova V. Yu., Molchanova M. A. On some issues of combating falsification of financial documents of accounting and reporting of financial organizations // Business Security. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 15-20.
2. Markeev A. I., Cherepkova T. N. The fight against corruption in the banking system of Russia: risks, trends and prospects // Development of territories. – 2019. – No. 4 (18) [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/borba-s-korruptsiey-v-bankovskoy-sisteme-rossii-riski-trendy-i-perspektivy (date of access: 02.11.2024).
3. Oskolkova N. A. Anti-corruption policy of the Bank of Russia // Concept. – 2019. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antikorruptsionnaya-politika-banka-rossii (date of access: 02.11.2024).

CRIMINAL LAW
KAMINSKIY Eduard Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan
FARVAZOVA Mariya Borisovna
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
KAYUMOVA Aliya Ansarovna
lecturer of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: WORLD PRACTICE
Annotation. The purpose of the article is to study scientific publications that justify the use of the death penalty as a type of criminal punishment. A review of studies from the Mendeley and Elibrary databases was conducted to determine the arguments for and against the use of the death penalty in criminal practice. An analysis of the literature over the past eight years has revealed a wide range of aspects related to the characterization of the death penalty as a form of punishment. The study showed that regulatory acts were amended to abolish the death penalty, as well as to introduce measures to control and prevent human rights violations.
Keywords: «death penalty», «criminal law», «capital punishment», «death sentence», «punishment system», «life imprisonment».
Article bibliography
1. Lifanova T. A., Huang Yu., Shabaeva S. V. Death penalty as the highest measure of punishment: a comparative analysis of legal regulation in the Russian Federation and the PRC // Global and Regional Research. 2020. Vol. 2, No. 2. P. 387-393. EDN KDFZEP.
2. Ovchinnikova O. D., Shaganyan A. M. Controversial issues of the application of the death penalty and its effectiveness // Actual problems of combating crimes and other offenses. 2022. No. 22-2. P. 215-217. EDN YOQPFN.
3. Emets V. V. The death penalty from the point of view of criminal law // Modern Science. 2022. No. 5-3. P. 133-136. EDN ZXGGWI
4. Kolonda L. A., Burtsev A. S. Features of the execution of the death penalty in Japan // Bulletin of Science. 2024. Vol. 1, No. 1 (70). P. 78-82. EDN EDGAQR.
5. Romanovsky G. B. Death penalty as a type of criminal punishment // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. 2016. Vol. 4, No. 4
6. Kvashis V. E. A sharp turn: on new trends in the legislation and practice of applying the death penalty in the USA // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019. No. 2 (46). P. 24-28. EDN HDHQOB.
7. Filatov I. A. Appointment of punishment in the form of the death penalty under the criminal law of the USA // Tribune of the scientist. 2020. No. 4. P. 151-155. EDN BUECIS.
8. Galyautdinov R. R., Amineva G. R. Genesis of the Institute of Life Imprisonment, Features and Relationship with the Death Penalty // Scientific Electronic Journal Meridian. 2021. No. 1 (54). Pp. 87-89. – EDN OMPURV.
9. Musali N. Death Penalty // Gaps in Russian Legislation. 2023. Vol. 16. No. 8. Pp. 205-212. EDN: PAZQXE
10. Maslov V. A. On Foreign Practice of Using the Death Penalty and Chemical Castration as Measures of Criminal Law Impact // Bulletin of Perm University. Legal Sciences. 2022. No. 58. Pp. 709-736. DOI 10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-709-736. EDN VDULJS.
11. Nikodimov I. Yu. The Importance of Constitutional Restrictions on the Application of Death Penalty Mechanisms // Issues of Russian and International Law. 2019. Vol. 9, No. 4-1. Pp. 155-163. EDN SFOPLJ.
12. Kuznetsov A. A., Karapetova E. R. The Problem of Resuming the Application of the Death Penalty as the Supreme Measurecriminal punishment in the Russian Federation // Trends in the Development of Science and Education. 2022. No. 83-4. Pp. 27-29. DOI 10.18411/trnio-03-2022-137. – EDN BABVTU.
13. Belyaeva Ya. A. Death penalty: moral and ethical aspect // Strategies for the development and improvement of science and education in the new reality: Proceedings of the XXVI All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Krasnodar, November 06, 2023. Krasnodar: OOO “Paragraph”, 2023. Pp. 112-113. EDN GZBOTW.
14. Bazhin A. A. Death penalty as the highest measure of punishment // Perm period: Collection of materials of the VI International scientific and sports festival of cadets and students, Perm, May 13-18, 2019. Volume III. Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2019. Pp. 45-47. EDN VSYUXB.

CRIMINAL LAW
LITOVCHENKO Tatyana Alexandrovna
lecturer of Civil law sub-faculty, Far Eastern branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Khabarovsk; postgraduate student, Transbaikal State University, Chita
THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE AND TRADITIONAL MORAL VALUES ON CRIMINALIZATION AND DECRIMINALIZATION IN RUSSIA AND CHINA
The article analyzes the influence of culture and traditional moral values on the criminal policy of China and Russia, including its methods of criminalization and decriminalization. The author analyzes two philosophical schools: Confucianism and legalism, as a result of which the conclusion is made about the influence of these trends on the formation of modern criminal law. The stability of the criminal law of the People’s Republic of China is explained by the centuries-old tradition of slowly and deliberately adopting “fa” (laws), experimentally testing their effect in life through judicial interpretation of the current norms of criminal law. The severity of the criminal law is explained by the influence of legalism. Multinational Russia, in turn, must take into account the traditions and culture of individual nations when criminalizing and decriminalizing. Traditional moral values also play a significant role in criminalization. Being in fact an object of protection and protection of criminal law norms, they certainly determine the need to recognize new threats against traditional moral values as criminal.
Keywords: traditionally-moral values, criminal policy, criminalization, determinants of criminalization, motives for criminalization, causes of decriminalization, criminality, the influence of culture on criminal law.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bibik O. N. The influence of culture on criminal policy // Bulletin of Omsk University. – 2007. – No. 4 (13). – pp. 155-160.
2. Volkov K. A. Traditional spiritual and moral values and criminal law // Legal world. – 2024. – No. 7. – P. 26-29.
3. Volkov K. A. Criminal-legal protection of traditional spiritual and moral values // Criminal law: development strategy in the 21st century. – 2024. – No. 2. – P. 128-134.
4. Zhivoderova I. S. Normative-legal regulation of traditional spiritual and moral values // The influence of judicial practice on the development of justice: materials of the scientific and practical conference for the 90th anniversary of the formation of the court of the Jewish Autonomous Region, Khabarovsk, September 18, 2024. – Khabarovsk: Pacific State University, 2024. – P. 61-63.
5. Ishkuvatova L. M. The Place of the Categories “Li” and “Fa” in the Legal Field of the PRC // Society and Power. – 2016. – No. 5 (61). – P. 107-111.
6. Rybakov V. M. Confucian Philanthropy and Criminal Law of Traditional China // Russian Law: Education, Practice, Science. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 24-27.
7. Sorokina Yu. V. Legal System of China // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2023. – No. 3 (99). – P. 55-66.
8. Troshchinsky P. V. The Influence of Tradition on the Law of Modern China // Journal of Russian Law. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 94-105.
9. Shubara O. V. Traditional legal system in China and modernity // 3rd International scientific conference “Belarus – China. China in the modern world”. – Mn.: BSU, 2011. – Issue. 11. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/11929 (date of access: 16.03.2025).
10. Ye Qing Yang Huiyan. Study of the procedural approach to decriminalization // Criminal studies. – 2022. – Issue 3. – P. 53-65.
11. Zhao Xuesong. The need to build a system of criminal record elimination in the context of the trend of expanding criminalization // Journal of Political Science and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 40, No. 5. – P. 44-46.
12. Chen Liwen Grounds for criminalization: a comparative legal perspective // Journal of South China University (social science publication). – 2024. – Vol. 25, No. 3. – P. 102-108.

CRIMINAL LAW
POPENKOV Anton Valerjevich
senior lecturer of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF COUNTERING ILLEGAL COLLECTION ACTIVITIES
In the article, the author uses general and private scientific research methods to provide a legal analysis of the current state of regulatory regulation aimed at countering illegal debt collection activities from individuals. The author points out the close relationship between criminal law and administrative norms governing collection activities in Russia and the need to distinguish between the types of such offenses and the practice of their application. The article presents some issues of qualification and delineation of responsibility for illegal collection activities.
Keywords: illegal collection activities, debt collection of individuals, crimes in the field of debt collection from the public.
Article bibliography
1. Every second debtor finds it more convenient to communicate with collectors via instant messengers and SMS messages. // National Association of Professional Collection Agencies. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://napca.ru/press-tsentr/analitika/detail.php?ID=12707 (date accessed: 12.03.2025).
2. Federal Law of July 10, 2023 No. 317-FZ “On Amending the Federal Law “On the Protection of the Rights and Legitimate Interests of Individuals in the Implementation of Activities to Collect Overdue Debt and on Amending the Federal Law “On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations””. // Garant.ru. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/hotlaw/federal/1634637/ (date of access: 12.03.2025).
3. Federal Law of 10.07.2023 No. 323-FZ “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Articles 150 and 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation”. // Official publication of legal acts. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202307100044 (date of access: 12.03.2025).
4. Federal Law of 03.07.2016 No. 230-FZ “On the Protection of the Rights and Legitimate Interests of Individuals in the Implementation of Activities to Collect Overdue Debt and on Amendments to the Federal Law “On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations””. // Official publication of legal acts. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001201607030002 (date of access: 12.03.2025).
5. Federal Law of 26.02.2024 No. 31-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Credit Histories” and the Federal Law “On Consumer Credit (Loan)””. // Official publication of legal acts. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202402260017 (date of access: 12.03.2025).
6. Fomenko E. V., Kozlova E. B. Modern directions of criminal policy in the sphere of increasing the efficiency of development of the entrepreneurial environment in the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the criminal executive system. – 2022. – No. 6 (241). – pp. 25-35. – DOI 10.51522/2307-0382-2022-241-6-25-35.

CRIMINAL LAW
SIDORENKO Olga Viktorovna
Head of Fundamentals of Forensic Science Activities sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Forensic Science Activities, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
SEREDA Yuliya Sergeevna
senior lecturer of Fundamentals of Forensic Science Activities sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex of Forensic Science Activities, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
CRIMINAL LEGAL REGULATION OF LIABILITY FOR FRAUD COMMITTED IN THE SPHERE OF ILLEGAL REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS
Against the background of a general decrease in the number of crimes against property in the period from 2022 to 2024, stable growth is noted for acts that are a form of theft – fraud, as well as crimes that are not theft – extortion. In particular, in 2022, fraud increased by 19.6% compared to the same previous period Thus, in 2023 – their number increased to 30.5%. In 2024, the number of frauds amounted to 339,606 crimes, which is 1.2% more than in the previous year, 2023. It should be noted that a significant increase is noted for fraud under Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These include fraud in the sphere of illegal real estate transactions: in absolute figures, the number of frauds amounted to 311,211 crimes, which is 6.9% more than for the same period in 2023. The increase in crimes directly affects citizens who become victims of fraudsters. The amounts of thefts committed in this way are increasing, significantly exceeding the amount of damage from other thefts. In this case, fraud in the sphere of illegal real estate transactions are no exception, where the amounts are large and as a result of actions aimed at appropriating someone else’s property, criminals take possession of funds in an especially large amount or obtain the right to it.
Keywords: fraud, fraud committed in the sphere of illegal real estate transactions, illegal transaction, fraud committed on a large or especially large scale.
Article bibliography
1. Baev O. Ya. Tactics of investigative actions: a tutorial. – Voronezh: VSU, 1992. – 310 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
STAROVOITOVA Yuliya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal legal sciences and criminalistics sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR STUDY OF THE ESSENCE OF CRIMINAL WRONGFULNESS
The article is concerned with the study of the essence of criminal wrongfulness as a crime feature that identifies the legal nature of a crime. Approaches to understanding this feature expressed in specialized sources have been considered, which revealed the lack of its integral perception. Based on the philosophical concept of essence core constituents of criminal wrongfulness have been identified and analyzed. It is stated that criminal wrongfulness is determined by a criminal law prohibition, and its essence can be defined as an attribute of an activity to violate legal rules of behavior formulated “in reverse” by a criminal law provision and protected by it. A differentiated approach to establishing of criminal wrongfulness of an activity as a legal model and actually committed activity has been proven.
Keywords: crime, feature of crime, wrongfulness, criminal wrongfulness, essence of criminal wrongfulness.
Article bibliography
1. Alekseev S. S. General permissions and prohibitions in Soviet law. – Moscow: Legal literature, 1989. – 288 p.
2. Baulin Yu. V. Circumstances excluding the criminality of an act. – Kharkov: Osnova, 1991. – 360 p.
3. Blinnikov V. A. Circumstances excluding the criminality of an act in the criminal law of Russia: monograph. – M.: Yurlitinform, 2014. – 216 p.
4. Gontar I. Ya. Crime and elements of crime as phenomena and concepts in criminal law: Theory and lawmaking issues. – Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Publishing House, 1994. – 200 p.
5. Dzhamalova B. B., Okruzhko V. Yu. Concept and main characteristics of criminal illegality as a formal feature of a crime // Modern scientist. – 2019. – No. 6. – P. 297-301. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_41518851_66240060.pdf (accessed: 02/28/2025).
6. Durmanov N. D. Concept of crime. – M., L.: Publishing house and 2nd type. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1948. – 311 p.
7. Idrisov N. T. Mechanism of criminal-legal prohibition // Legal science. – 2021. – No. 4. – P. 129-133. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mehanizm-ugolovno-pravovogo-zapreta (date of access: 02/28/2025).
8. Markuntsov S. A. Theory of criminal-legal prohibition: dis. … doctor of legal sciences. – M., 2015. – 550 p.
9. Naumov A. V. Russian criminal law. Lecture course. In two volumes: T. 1. General part. – M.: Legal. lit., 2004. – 496 p.
10. Pavlukhin A. N., Nesterov P. N., Eriashvili N. D. Socially dangerous behavior and its criminal wrongfulness: monograph / Ed. A. N. Pavlukhina. – M.: UNITY-DANA: Law and Law, 2007. – 111 p.
11. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Language named after. V. V. Vinogradova. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999. – 944 p.
12. Pudovochkin Yu. E. Illegality as a sign of a crime: experience of analysis, problems, prospects // All-Russian Criminological Journal. – 2018. – No. 1. – P. 70-81. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protivopravnost-kak-priznak-prestupleniya-opyt-analiza-problemy-perspektivy (date of access: 17.02.2025).
13. Tagantsev N. S. Russian criminal law. Lectures. General part. In 2 volumes: V. 1. – M.: Science, 1994. – 380 p.
14. Timeyko G. V. General doctrine on the objective side of a crime. – Rostov: Rostov University Publishing House, 1977. – 216 p.
15. Criminal Law of Russia. General Part / Ed. by A. I. Rarog. – 3rd ed., with amendments and add. – M.: Eksmo, 2009. – 496 p.
16. Criminal Law. General Part: textbook for universities / Ed. by prof. I. Ya. Kozachenko, prof. Z. A. Neznamova. – M.: NORMA Publishing House (NORMA-INFRA M Publishing Group), 2001. – 576 p.
17. Philosophical Dictionary / Ed. by I. T. Frolov. – M.: Republic, 2001. – 719 p.
18. Khilyuta V. V. Methodological foundations of understanding illegality as a sign of crime // Fiphilosophy of law. – 2023. – No. 3 (106). – P. 175-180. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metodologicheskie-osnovy-ponimaniya-protivopravnosti-kak-priznaka-prestupleniya (date of access: 17.02.2025).
19. Encyclopedia of criminal law: T. 3. The concept of crime. – St. Petersburg, 2005. – 522 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A NEWBORN CHILD BY A MOTHER: THROUGH THE PRISM OF SOCIAL CONDITIONING
The article, based on official judicial statistics for almost twenty years, i.e. for the period from 2005 to 2023, examines the indicators for the murder of a newborn child by a mother, the results of which indicate, among other things, that it is not socio-economic conditions, but the deformation of consciousness of both a particular person and and at the level of society, it is the main reason for committing such socially dangerous acts. The main provisions on the formation of approaches of legislators and law enforcement officers both in the Soviet period and at the present time to the essence of criminal responsibility for the murder of a newborn child by a mother are presented. As a result, the author formulated a proposal to exclude Article 106 from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and identified possible options for qualifying such murders under Article 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: crime, murder, murder by the mother of a newborn child, social conditioning, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. Judicial statistics data / Official website of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cdep.ru/?id=79 (date of access: 03/24/2025).
2. Crime and offenses: Stat. collection. / Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, 1991. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 1992. – 172 p.
3. Avdeeva M. Infanticide // Socialist Legality. – 1937. – 148 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rucont.ru/efd/196354 (date of access: 03/29/2025).
4. Shargorodsky M. D. Crimes against life and health. – M.: Legal publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Justice, 1947. – 511 p.
5. Soviet criminal law. Special part. Textbook for legal institutes and faculties. / Ed. by prof. N. I. Zagorodnikov [and others]. – M.: Legal. lit., 1965. – 488 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
CHISTYAKOV Alexey Alexeevich
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
THE METAVERSE AS AN ATYPICAL SIGN OF THE OBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE CRIME
The paper examines a new atypical criminal legal reality – the metaverse as a place of commission of a criminal act. The phenomenon is considered as an atypical sign of the objective side of the crime, which is seen as especially relevant in the context of the universal digital transformation of society. The features of criminal activity in virtual spaces are analyzed. A special place is occupied by a comprehensive consideration of such criminal phenomena as cyber-harassment, digital asset fraud (NFT, cryptocurrencies), harassment and copyright infringement.
Metaverses, as special digital spaces that combine virtual reality, blockchain, and social interaction, are becoming a new place for criminal activity. According to various expert estimates, by 2025, the volume of the financial market of the metaverse will reach $800 billion, which is already attracting not only investors, but also intruders. Criminal manifestations in metaverses, from NFT thefts to virtual harassment, pose challenges to the legal systems of all countries related to the qualification of acts, the specifics of the application of criminal law in time and space, and the evidence base. Therefore, the article discusses on a hypothetical level the legal and technical problems of qualifying these socially dangerous acts, including the problems of lack of clear jurisdiction, anonymity of participants and the difficulty of collecting evidence. The roles of blockchain and artificial intelligence in crime prevention are considered in the article as fundamental tools for curbing criminal activity. Based on the study, it is concluded that it is necessary to adapt criminal legislation and international cooperation to counter new challenges.
Keywords: metaverse, cybercrime, NFT, cybercrime, blockchain, criminal law, virtual reality, digital assets, artificial intelligence.

CRIMINAL LAW
SHIMKO Svetlana Evgenjevna
postgraduate student of the 4th years of correspondence education of Criminal law, process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law and Economics, Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University; Head of the Department for work with citizens of the Russian Federation of the migration department of the MIA of the Republic of Buryatia
PREVENTION OF CRIMES COMMITTED BY FOREIGN MIGRANTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The presented study provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of “crime prevention” through the lens of various scientific approaches and legislative consolidation of the term. The author systematizes current statistical indicators from the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, characterizing crime dynamics among foreign citizens and stateless persons for 2024 and the first quarter of 2025. Significant attention is paid to innovations in migration legislation, particularly the implementation of the expulsion regime and the formation of a controlled persons register. The mechanisms for strengthening control over illegal migrants are examined in detail, including the creation of a unified biometric database of foreign citizens based on mandatory fingerprinting and photography. The concluding part of the work presents recommendations for improving preventive measures aimed at reducing criminogenicity among migrants, based on comprehensive interdepartmental cooperation between law enforcement agencies and state institutions in economic and social spheres.
Keywords: foreign citizen, stateless person, migrant, migrant crime, migration legislation, crime prevention of foreign citizens, expulsion regime, register of controlled persons.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Avanesov G.A. Criminology: textbook. – M.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1984. – P. 500.
2. Speech by the First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Police Colonel General A.V. Gorovoy at the IX St. Petersburg International Labor Forum. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/news/item/63536071 (date of access: 04/24/2025).
3. Zhalinsky A.E. Selected works: in 4 volumes. – Vol. 1. Criminology. – M.: Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics, 2014. – P. 698.
4. The state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/47055751 (date of access: 29.04.2025).
5. The state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/60248328 (date of access: 29.04.2025).
6. The state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – March 2025. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/64450541 (date accessed: 29.04.2025).
7. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2024 No. 1126 “On temporary measures to regulate the legal status of certain categories of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation in connection with the application of the expulsion regime.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202412300002 (date accessed: 10.05.2025).
8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 28, 2025 No. 272 “On Amendments to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2024 No. 1126 “On Temporary Measures to Regulate the Legal Status of Certain Categories of Foreign Citizens and Stateless Persons in the Russian Federation in Connection with the Application of the Expulsion Regime.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202504280021 (date of access: 10.05.2025).
9. Federal Law of 25.07.2022 No. 115-FZ “On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/184755 (date of access: 10.05.2025).
10. Federal Law of 23.06.2016 No. 182-FZ “On the Fundamentals of the Crime Prevention System in the Russian Federation” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://base.garant.ru/71428030 (date of access: 05/10/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
KALTENBERGER Nikita Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OFFENDER COMMITTING CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF COMPUTER INFORMATION
The article presents a comprehensive criminological analysis of the personality of an offender committing crimes in the field of computer information. The author identifies socio-demographic, socio-role, criminal-legal, and moral-psychological characteristics of cybercriminals. The research reveals that a typical offender operating in the digital environment is a young male with a high level of technical competence, steadily employed, and experiencing criminal prosecution for the first time. Special attention is paid to the moral and psychological traits of cybercriminals, such as egocentrism, individualism, low empathy, and aggression, shaped significantly by the specifics of the digital environment.
Keywords: criminological characteristics, personality of the offender, computer crimes, cybercriminal, socio-demographic characteristics, moral and psychological traits, digital space, information and telecommunications technologies, prevention of cybercrime, criminal law sciences.
Article bibliography
1. Reznik G. M. Criminological prevention and social planning // Issues of combating crime. – 1979.
2. Starkov O. V. Criminology. General, Special and Special Parts: textbook. – 2nd ed. – St. Petersburg: Juridical Center Press, 2024. – 1048 p.
3. Kurganov S. I. Criminology: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Jurisprudence”. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: UNITY-DANA, 2023. – 184 p.
4. Kapinus O. S. Criminology: a textbook for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait, 2023. – 249 p.
5. Kshetri N. Cybercrime and cybersecurity in India: causes, consequences and implications for the future // Crime, Law and Social Change. – 2016. – Vol. 66. – P. 313-338.
6. Baburin V. V., Karabekov K. O. Criminological characteristics of the personality of a cybercriminal in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan // Psychopedagogy in law enforcement agencies. – 2024. – No. 1 (96). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kriminologicheskaya-harakteristika-lichnosti-kiberprestupnika-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-respublike-kazahstan (date of access: 03/31/2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
MAKLAKOVA Alexandra Alexandrovna
adjunct, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
SOME METHODS OF PROPERTY DAMAGE COMMITTED AT RAILWAY FACILITIES
The article discusses individual methods of vandalism committed at railway facilities. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that the variety of ways of damaging property negatively affects the level of safety of railway transport and contributes to the dissemination of opinion about the imaginary safety of this type of transport. The article analyzes the most common ways of property damage in railway transport, as well as organizations and employees of transport infrastructure, highlights the main shortcomings in the organization of preventive activities and suggests possible ways and means of solving them.
Keywords: railway transport, property damage, graffiti, glass breaking, property damage
Article bibliographic list
1. Seregin M. V., Teteryuk A. G. Certain aspects of prevention and warning of crimes against property in passenger trains // Problems of law enforcement. – 2019. – No. 2. – P. 19.
2. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in diagrams: from 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 21.11.2022) // Collection of legislation. – 17.06.1996 – 2nd ed., revised and supplemented. – Art. 214.
3. Graffiti. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bigenc.ru/c/graffiti-bb168d?/ysclid=m979x4w2gj859256261 (date of access: 01.03.2025).
4. Kuzova N. V. Graffiti: art or vandalism? / N. V. Kuzova // Young scientist. – 2015. – No. 16 (96). – P. 460-462. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/96/21622/ (date of access: 01.03.2025).
5. Kozhanov A. P., Prikazchikova N. P. Graffiti: “art or vandalism?” // Civil Engineering Bulletin of the Caspian Region: scientific and technical journal / Astrakhan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. – Astrakhan: GAOU AO VO “AGA SU”, 2020. – No. 3 (33). – pp. 34-39.

CRIMINAL LAW
MATROSOV Anton Alekseevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ACTIVITIES OF PYRAMID SCHEMES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: SELECTED ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW REGULATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of issues related to countering one of the most common fraud schemes in the market – activities of pyramid schemes in the territory of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from the point of view of legislative and including criminal legal levers of financial control. In particular, legal acts regulating this aspect are analyzed, specific examples of pyramid schemes operated in the territory of PRC are given, and the concepts of «direct sales» and «multi-level marketing» and the goals of its regulation in the PRC in the context of these issues are considered.
Keywords: pyramid schemes, signs of pyramid schemes, criminal liability, China.
Article bibliography
1. Liu H, Yin B. Regulation of pyramid schemes in China // Law Ethics Technol. 2024. Volume 1 Issue 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55092/let20240007.
2. Criminal Code of China / Ed. by prof. A. I. Korobeev and prof. A. I. Chuchaev, translated from Chinese by prof. Huang Daoxu. M.: LLC “LEGAL FIRM CONTRACT”, 2017. 256 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
POPOV Nikita Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
REVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PRACTICE IN BRINGING INDIVIDUALS TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR COMMITTING CRIMES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF STATE DEFENSE PROCUREMENT
This article analyzes the practice of the United States of America in bringing individuals to criminal liability for crimes related to state defense procurement. The author examines the main types of crimes committed in this area and analyzes judicial practice in these cases. Particular attention is paid to measures taken to prevent such crimes and improve the effectiveness of criminal prosecution.
The article is of interest to specialists in the field of criminal law, criminology, as well as to anyone interested in issues of ensuring security in the sphere of state defense procurement. The results of the study can be used to develop recommendations for improving legislation and law enforcement practice in this area.
Keywords: criminal liability, state defense procurement, crime, judicial practice.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Defense & security procurement in the USA Matthew L. Haws, Carla J. Weiss, Marc A. Van Allen, Grant B. Schweikert. 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e439b3ca-f400-40c9-abf7-64611796aa97 (Accessed: 20.01.2025).
2. Fraud, corruption, and collusion in public procurement activities, a systematic literature review on data-driven methods Lyra, M.S., Damásio, B., Pinheiro, F.L. et al. Appl Netw Sci 7, 83. 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://appliednetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s41109-022-00523-6 (Accessed: 20.01.2025).
3. The Lawsuit Legal Guide to Defense Fraud & Procurement False Claims Abuses. 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.lawsuitlegal.com/defense-fraud.php (date of access: 20.01.2025).
4. The extent of single sourcing in defence procurement and its relevance as a corruption risk: A first look Mark Pyman, Regina Wilson, Dominic Scott. Defence and Peace Economics 20 (3) 2009. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46527628_The_extent_of_single_sourcing_in_defence_procurement_and_its_relevance_as_a_corruption_risk_A_first_look (accessed: 20.01.2025).
5. Preventing Collusion in Procurement: A Primer Giancarlo Spagnolo, Gian Luigi Albano, Paolo Buccirossi, Matteo Zanza HANDBOOK OFPROCUREMENT, Cambridge University Press, 2006. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228261555_Preventing_Collusion_in_Procurement_A_Primer (date of access: 20.01.2025).
6. Procurement fraud in the US Department of Defense Implications for contracting processes and internal controls Juanita M. Rendon, Rene G. Rendon Managerial Auditing Journal, 2016. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303977178_Procurement_fraud_in_the_US_Department_of_Defense_Implications_for_contracting_processes_and_internal_controls (accessed: 20.01.2025).
7. Procurement Collusion Strike Force Nabs Another Military Contractor in Bid Rigging Scheme Stephen M. Byers, Alexis DeBernardis, Lyndsay Gorton, Cherie Owen & Agustin D. Orozco, 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Available at: https://www.governmentcontractslegalforum.com/2022/06/articles/antitrust/procurement-collusion-strike-force-nabs-another-military-contractor-in-bid-rigging-scheme/ (Accessed: 20.01.2025).

CRIMINAL LAW
POSTNIKOV Mikhail Mikhaylovich
competitor, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University
RECRUITMENT OF NEW ADHERENTS (NEOPHYTES) TO BANNED TERRORIST AND EXTREMIST ORGANIZATIONS IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS
The article is devoted to the current issues of recruiting neophytes into terrorist and extremist organizations in penal institutions. The research emphasis is placed on the psychological and social basis of the recruitment process, and the author proceeds from an interdisciplinary approach as the most justified and correct, since this problem goes beyond the scope of exclusively criminology and operational-search activities. Based on a review of theoretical views on the typology of the personality of convicts, an attempt was made to characterize their different personality types as objects of recruitment and methods of recruitment
Keywords: extremism, terrorism, penal institutions, adherents, neophytes, typology of convict personality, recruitment
Article bibliography
1. Agapov P. V., Mikhailov K. V. Criminal liability for assisting terrorist activity: trends in modern criminal policy: monograph. – Saratov, 2007. – 142 p.
2. Burukin V. V. Reasons for the penetration of religious-extremist ideas into penal institutions // Criminal proceedings: problems of theory and practice. – 2017. – No. 4. – P. 70-71.
3. Gadzhiev V. E.-ogly, Demina M. L. Operational-search characteristics of crimes related to assistance to terrorist activities // Glagoly of justice. – 2018. – No. 2 (16). – P. 66-70.
4. Dakashev I. Kh. Features of the formation of groups of convicts in penitentiary institutions at the present stage // Civil service and personnel. – 2019. – No. 3. – P. 174-175.
5. Datsenko E. V., Khlabystova N. V. Resocialization of criminals: sociological aspect // Scientific works of the Kuban State Technological University. – 2017. – No. 9. – P. 167-176.
6. Eremeeva A. A. Penitentiary social work to restore, maintain and strengthen social ties of convicts: author’s abstract. diss. … candidate of sociological sciences. – Nizhny Novgorod, 2022. – 34 p.
7. Zyazin S. Yu. Resources and risks of resocialization of convicted Muslims: socio-cultural aspect: dis. … candidate of sociological sciences. – M., 2023. – 237 p.
8. Kazberov P. N. On the need to counter extremist and terrorist manifestations in society and in the penitentiary system // Psychology and Law. – 2013. – No. 2. – P. 110-120.
9. Karimova G. Kh. The mechanism of spreading radical ideology // International cooperation of Eurasian states: politics, economics, law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 35-40.
10. Lozhkin Yu. A. The problem of religious neophytism among the special contingent of institutions of the penal system // Bulletin of the Prikamsky Social Institute. – 2020. – No. 1 (85). – P. 162-168.
11. Nuruslanov E. F. On the spread of radical Islam in the institutions of the penal system // Bulletin of the criminal executive system. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 21-23.
12. Oganesyan S. S., Mikhailov V. K. On the maintenance of religious extremists and terrorists in the penal system of Russia. Legal aspects // Representative power – the XXI century: legislation, comments, problems. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 3-7.
13. Osipov K. L. Responsibility for mercenarism under Russian criminal law: abstract of dis. … Cand. of Law. Sciences. – Rostov-on-Don, 2003. – 26 p.
14. Prokhorenko E. S. Methods of recruitment activities // Law and order: history, theory, practice. – 2024. – No. 1 (40). – P. 177-181.
15. Rubinstein S. L. Theoretical issues of psychology and the problem of personality // Psychology of personality: Texts / Ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Puzyrei. – M .: Moscow University Publishing House, 1982. – P. 28-34.
16. Rudich V. V., Zhilko I. A. Counteracting the spread of extremist and terrorist ideology in places of deprivation of liberty // Criminal-executive law. – 2021. – Vol. 16, No. 4. – P. 455-460.
17. Rumyantsev N. V. On measures to counter religious extremism and terrorism in places of deprivation of liberty // IV International Penitentiary Forum “Crime, Punishment, Correction”. Materials of international scientific and practical conferences and round tables, for the 140th anniversary of the penal system of Russia and the 85th anniversary of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. – 2019. – In 10 volumes. – Vol. 4. – P. 200-205.
18. Ryasov D. A. Recruitment as a way of involving a person in the activities of an extremist community // Humanitarian and legal aspects of the development of Russian society: collection of scientific papers following the results of the regional scientific and practical conference (May 5, 2017) / Ed. A. V. Vlasova, A. D. Koteneva. – Stavropol: SEKVOYA, 2017. – P. 399-404.
19. Savkina T. B., Tsarenko L. S., Borisenko K. S. Stages and methods of recruitment into terrorist organizations on the example of IS // Scientific research and innovation: collected articles of the X International scientific and practical conference. – Saratov, 2021. – P. 388-396.
20. Silantyev R. A., Noskov V. V., Savvin A. V. On the problem of recruiting activities of terrorist and extremist organizations in places of deprivation of liberty // Man: crime and punishment. – 2017. – Vol. 25 (1-4), No. 1. – P. 113-117.
21. Teplyakov O. V. Penitentiary extremism as a manifestation of subcultural conflicts in the prison environment // Experience and traditions of police training: collection of scientific papers of the International scientific and practical conference. – Volgograd, 2023. – Pp. 164-168.
22. Teplyashin P. V. Penitentiary multiculturalism: problematic factors and penal risks // Bulletin of the Kuzbass Institute. – 2022. – No. 3 (52). – Pp. 106-114.
23. Tsipilev S. N. Counteracting extremism in correctional institutions: monograph. Federal Penitentiary Service, Vologda Institute of Law and Economics. – Vologda: VIPE FSIN of Russia, 2019. – 44 p.
24. Elmurzaev S. M., Elmurzaev K. M. Some methods of recruitment into various sects // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2020. – Vol. 10, No. 12-1. – P. 4-8.
25. Yavorsky M. A. Penitentiary extremism: the scale of the threat and circumstances contributing to the commission of offenses of an extremist nature // Man: crime and punishment. – 2017. – T. 25, No. 3. – P. 443-451.

CRIMINAL LAW
PUZARIN Roman Olegovich
postgraduate student, Penza State University
THE VICTIMOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE CORPUS DELICTI PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 148 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article examines the protection of freedom of conscience in the context of digital transformation and social instability. It analyzes legal mechanisms (Article 28 of the Russian Constitution, Article 148 of the Criminal Code) and criminological aspects of victimization linked to ethno-confessional markers. The study reveals that visible religious identity and ethno-religious syncretism increase risks of aggression. Preventive measures are proposed: legal education, interfaith dialogue, and digital content control. The article emphasizes the need to balance freedom of expression with conflict prevention to maintain civil harmony.
Keywords: criminology, victimology, crime against freedom of conscience.
Article bibliography
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12.12.1993 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2009. – No. 4. – Art. 445.
2. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 23.11.2024) // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 1996. – No. 113.
3. Kazantseva N. V. On the issue of the victim of crimes infringing on freedom of conscience // Criminological journal. – 2019. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-zhertve-prestupleniy-posyagayuschih-na-svobodu-sovesti (date of access: 05/06/2025).
4. Yashin A. V. Typology of crime victims – participants in criminal proceedings // Modern law. – 2011. – No. 6. – P. 126-128.
5. Yashin A. V. Criminal procedure rules as one of the means of preventing crimes against participants in criminal proceedings // Modern law. – 2011. – No. 10. – P. 123-126.

CRIMINAL LAW
TSUKANOV Stanislav Igorevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Moscow State Linguistic University
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PREVENTION OF TERRORISM WITHIN REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE CIS, CSTO, SCO, AND SAARC.
The article examines international legal measures aimed at preventing terrorism within the activities of regional organizations such as the CIS, CSTO, SCO, and SAARC. It analyzes treaties, practical actions, and coordinating bodies including the CIS ATC and SCO RATS. Special attention is paid to preventive measures, their legal consolidation, and practical implementation. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of formalizing prevention as an independent area in international law.
Keywords: regional organizations, prevention of terrorism, CIS, CSTO, SCO, SAARC, international law, counterterrorism, RATS, CIS ATC.
Article bibliography
1. Gridchin A. A., Pashkevich A. V. The role of regional and international organizations in countering terrorism and local conflicts // Mission of Confessions. – 2018. – Vol. 7, No. 2 (29). – P. 189-198.
2. Erokhin D. V. International legal foundations for countering terrorism // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Law. – 2018. – No. 2 (55). – P. 185-190.
3. Korotkova M. V. International legal aspects of regional cooperation in the fight against terrorism: monograph. – M.: Academy of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008. – 151 p.

CRIMINAL LAW
POPOV Nikita Sergeevich
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE COMPOSITION OF CRIMES IN THE SPHERE OF DEFENSE OF THE DEFENSE ORDER AND WAYS OF THEIR DISINTEGRATION
The scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the main problems arising in the qualification of crimes committed in the sphere of state defense procurement (Articles 201.1, 201.2, 201.3, 285.4, 285.5, 285.6 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). It examines the practice of applying the relevant norms of criminal legislation by the law enforcement agency, and also highlights individual features of the elements of crimes that are important for qualification, which currently raise questions of a theoretical and practical nature. The author identified pressing problems of qualification of the presented elements of crimes and their impact on the activities of the law enforcement agency, and proposed ways to solve them.
Keywords: state defense order, competition of criminal law norms, qualification of crimes, special offenses, administrative prejudice.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ABSHILAVA Georgiy Valerjanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ulyanovsk State University
MEMORANDUM OF EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AS A FORMULA FOR ACHIEVING A JUST SOLUTION
The article presents the main elements of the author’s concept (a system of doctrinal, legal and practice-oriented provisions) of how to ensure the achievement of a just (lawful, reasonable, fair and humane) solution in various judicial proceedings, instances, jurisdictions and legal systems (law and order). Being in a systemic relationship, these elements form a “formula for achieving a just solution”, the mental core of which is the “Memorandum of Effective Protection of Rights”, which in turn includes its basic (programmatic) postulates.
Keywords: Memorandum of Effective Enforcement, the formula for achieving a just decision, value orientation in the legal policy of Russia, positive law, natural law, civil, arbitration, administrative and criminal proceedings.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (as amended on 04.07.2020).
2. Protasov V. N. Theory of State and Law (as amended by Protasov V. N.: textbook and practical course for universities / 2nd ed. Moscow: Publishing House Yurait, 2024.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 08.08.2024).
4. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 29.05.2024 with amendments and additions, entered into force on 01.07.2024).
5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights human rights, adopted by resolution 217 A (III) of the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948.
6. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by resolution 2200 A (XXI) of the General Assembly on 16 December 1966.
7. European Convention on Human Rights, adopted on 04.11.1950.
8. Article: “The ECHR summed up the results of 2018. Russia is the leader in the number of complaints and violations” / Pravo.ru / Maxim Varaksin. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/news/208489/. Source: report on the activities of the European Court of Human Rights for 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_report_2018_ENG.pdf
9. Nikitina A. V. Unity of the judicial system of the Russian Federation (constitutional and legal research): author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences. Omsk, 2006.
10. Statistical information on the activities of federal courts of general jurisdiction and justices of the peace. Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation / Judicial statistics / Judicial statistics data. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.cdep.ru/

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
KAMINSKIY Eduard Stanislavovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law disciplines sub-faculty, Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan
SHAYKHUTDINOVA Zukhra Zakhrutdinovna
student, Faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law), Kazan branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice; independent researcher
FEATURES OF CONSIDERATION OF A CIVIL CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY A CRIME IN A CRIMINAL CASE
The authors consider the features of considering a civil claim for compensation for moral damage caused by a crime in a criminal case. Claims for compensation for moral damage in this case can be considered both in a criminal case and when filing a separate claim in civil proceedings. The authors consider a number of problems that arise when deWhen terminating the type of legal proceedings in which these claims will be considered, the difficulties that arise when simultaneously considering a criminal case and a civil case for compensation for damage caused by a crime. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the institution of a civil claim in criminal proceedings is an effective and efficient way to protect the property and non-property rights of a participant in criminal proceedings.
Keywords: civil claim in a criminal case, compensation for moral damage, civil plaintiff, civil defendant, suspension of proceedings, prejudice.
Article bibliography
1. Bikmiev R. G., Burganov R. S. When the court cannot consider a civil claim in a criminal case // Criminal procedure. – 2020. – No. 12. – P. 32.
2. Markovicheva E. V. Civil claim in criminal proceedings: balance of private and public interests // Russian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 56 – 64.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
MICHURINA Oksana Valerjevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor, professor of Criminal process sub-faculty, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
CHEREVKO Elizaveta Romanovna
expert of the 16th Department of the Forensic Science Center of the Main Directorate of the MIA of Russia for the city of Moscow, senior lieutenant of police
PROMISING DIRECTIONS IN THE APPLICATION OF SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE PRODUCTION OF INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS
The article discusses the most promising areas in the application of special knowledge in the production of investigative actions. A special emphasis is placed on the use of 3D technologies, which make it possible to significantly optimize criminal procedural activities for the use of special knowledge and, most importantly, to ensure the possibility of visually presenting its results as evidence in court. The authors substantiate that the implementation of the latest technical developments in Russian criminal proceedings will require appropriate adjustments to the criminal procedure legislation in order to properly regulate the practice of law enforcement in this area.
Keywords: special knowledge, expert, specialist, criminal proceedings, investigative actions, expert examination, digital technologies, artificial intelligence, 3D modeling.
Article bibliography
1. Gavrilov B. Ya. On some legal problems of using special knowledge at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Scientific portal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 1 (29). – P. 5-10.
2. Gavrilov B. Ya. Legal regulation of the appointment and production of examinations and special studies at the stage of initiating a criminal case // Bulletin of Economic Security. – 2020. – No. 5. – P. 38-42.
3. Zaitseva E. A. Expert opinion – an effective means of proof? // Combating crime: current problems of theory and practice: Proceedings of the XXVIII International scientific and practical conference. – Krasnodar: Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2025. – Pp. 47-51.
4. Protection of rights and interests in the digital environment of criminal proceedings: monograph / Ed. S. V. Zuev, O. V. Michurina. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2025.
5. Kamchatov K. V. Promising areas of application of artificial intelligence in Russian criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the University of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. – 2024. – No. 2 (100). – Pp. 97-105.
6. Kudryavtseva A. V. Specialist in criminal proceedings and the evidentiary value of his activities // Criminal proceedings. – 2025. – No. 1 (241). – P. 24-31.
7. Latypov V. S. Review of the initiative author’s draft of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the activities of a specialist in the Russian Federation” // Law: retrospective and prospect. – 2020. – No. 2 (2). – P. 144-148.
8. Yurkevich M. A. Use of 3D video modeling results in evidence in criminal cases: American and Russian legal framework // Law and Politics. – 2021. – No. 9. – P. 58-67.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
PUDOVKIN Andrey Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminal process sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
SULEYMANOV Talyat Alievich
associate professor of Criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia; associate professor of Criminal law and humanities sub-faculty, Ryazan branch, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
CONSEQUENCES OF THE REFUSAL TO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS TO ENSURE THE RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF THE APPLICANT
The need to protect the rights and interests of the applicant does not cause disputes between practitioners and theorists of criminal procedure law. The article considers the possibility of ensuring the rights and interests of the applicant at the stage of initiating a criminal case. The unwillingness of the investigator to objectively conduct pre-investigation verification activities causes the falsification of the results of the investigation, and as a result, the issue of an abusive decision to refuse to initiate a criminal case. On average, about 30 percent of decisions to refuse to initiate a criminal case are canceled as a result of departmental and prosecutorial verification [1, p. 149]. There is an increase in the number of criminal cases initiated after the cancellation of decisions to refuse to initiate a criminal case. The existing negative practice of conducting a preliminary investigation makes it difficult for the applicant to exercise his rights in criminal proceedings. A sufficient number of publications have been published on this topic in the legal literature, but it has not yet been possible to achieve a state of real security of the applicant’s rights. Ensuring the rights of the applicant is guaranteed by the relevant principle of criminal procedure legislation (Article 11 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation) and has its own characteristics at the stage of initiating a criminal case.
Keywords: refusal to initiate criminal proceedings, pre-investigation check, applicant, victim, access to justice, familiarization with the inspection materials, prosecutorial supervision at the stage of initiation of criminal proceedings.
Article bibliography
1. Melnikov A. V. The Impact of the Institute of Refusal to Initiate a Criminal Case on Ensuring Citizens’ Access to Justice // Public Service and Personnel. – 2019. – No. (1). – P. 149-151.
2. Marfitsyn P. G., Sinenko S. A., Filippov D. V. Ensuring the Rights and Legitimate Interests of a Person Victim of a Crime at the Stage of Initiating Criminal Cases. – Omsk: Omsk State University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2013. – P. 17-22.
3. Sharov D. V. Ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of the applicant during the consideration of a report of a crime // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 8. – P. 194-198.
4. Kolomeets E. V. Ensuring the legality of decisions to refuse to initiate a criminal case by means of prosecutorial response // Siberian Legal Review. – 2018. – No. 15 (3). – P. 314-318.
5. Clause 70 of the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated August 29, 2014 No. 736 (as amended on October 9, 2019) “On approval of the Instructions on the procedure for accepting, registering and resolving in the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation applications and reports of crimes, administrative offenses, and incidents” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 6, 2014 No. 34570).
6. Sharov D. V. Refusal to initiate a criminal case: problems of the legal status of the applicant and ways to solve them // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 10. – P. 238-244.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SAFRONOV Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, doctoral student of the Research Department, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
RESTRICTION OF THE RIGHT TO COMMUNICATION IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS UNDER THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LEGISLATION OF CERTAIN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of restrictions on the right to communication under the legislation of foreign countries, the analysis of which in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon and continental models of legal regulation creates an opportunity to compare approaches and develop ways to improve it.
The novelty of the proposed material consists in the restriction of the right to communication in special conditions as a specific subject of research, the study of which creates conditions for analysis and the introduction of proposals for the modernization of criminal procedural legislation in this area.
Keywords: secrecy of communications, restriction of the right to communications, right to secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other communications, special conditions, criminal proceedings under special conditions, national security.
Article bibliography
1. Schmidt T. N. Emergency legal regulation: general theoretical study: author’s abstract. … candidate of legal sciences. – Chelyabinsk, 2014. – P. 7.
2. Safronov D. M. Features of the use of detention under martial law // Russian investigator. – 2024. – No. 8. – P. 11-15.
3. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: //https://bja.ojp.gov/program/it/privacy-civil-liberties/authorities/statutes/1285 (date of access: 12.04.2025).
4. 18 US Code§ 2516 – Authorization to intercept wire, oral, or electronic communications. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2516 (date of access: 10.02.2024).
5. Romanovskaya O. V. Freedom Act: restrictions on human rights in the United States to counter terrorism // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. – 2017. – V. 5, No. 3 (19). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://esj.pnzgu.ru/files/esj.pnzgu.ru/romanovskaya_ov_17_3_10.pdf (date of access: 08.05.2024).
6. Grinyaev S. Internet under the hood /S. Grinyaev // “Nezavisimoye Voyennoye Obozreniye”, supplement to “Nezavisimaya Gazeta”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2001-05-18/7_Internet.html (date of access: 01/26/2024).
7. Solopchenko D. V. New trends in the development of legislation on extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation and abroad // Russian investigator. – 2014. – No. 6. – P. 52-55.
8. Romanovskaya O. V. Patriot Act: restrictions on the right to privacy in the United States in order to counter terrorism // Electronic scientific journal “Science. Society. State”. – 2017. – Vol. 5, No. 2 (18). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://esj.pnzgu.ru ISSN 2307-9525 (Online) (date accessed: 26.01.2024).
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13. The FBI wants to gain access to users’ correspondence in Gmail in real time. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ru-sfera.pw/threads/fbr-xochet-poluchit-dostup-k-perepiske-polzovatelej-v-gmail-v-realnom-vremeni.780/?ysclid=lryyu2sfim534107670 (date of access: 26.01.2024).
14. LOI n 2006-64 of January 23, 2006 relative to terrorism and the use of diverse relative positions to security and frontal combatants. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000454124 (date of access: 28.04.2024).
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16. Golovnenkov P., Spitsa N. Criminal Procedure Code of the Federal Republic of Germany – Strafprozessordnung (StPO) – Scientific and practical commentary and translation of the text of the law as of July 21, 2012. – M .: Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin. – 2012. – P. 57.
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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SEYFETDINOVA Ekaterina Irekovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and special disciplines sub-faculty, Moscow Humanitarian University
EFFECTIVENESS OF RESUMING INVESTIGATIONS INTO SUSPENDED CRIMINAL CASES
Investigative units are trying to increase the effectiveness of investigations in suspended cases. Scientists, practitioners, and experts offer recommendations for improving the success of the investigation of reopened criminal cases. It is proposed to use the capabilities of artificial intelligence to put forward versions to identify the perpetrator, simulate the event of a crime, and identify signs of a serial crime. The use of modern technologies and techniques can increase the effectiveness of investigations in suspended cases. Improving the effectiveness of the investigation of crimes of previous years involves organizing the work of the investigative unit, creating an investigative task force for interaction and information exchange between the investigator and the operative, interacting with an expert, applying new advances in forensic science and technology, using best practices and recommendations.
Keywords: resumption of the investigation, investigation of crimes of previous years, suspension of the investigation
Bibliographic list of articles
1. General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. Legal statistics portal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://crimestat.ru/offenses_chart.
2. Characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://МВД.РФ/.
3. Characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://МВД.РФ/.
4. Order of the Investigative Committee of Russia dated July 31, 2014 No. 65 “On the organization of work on the investigation of criminal cases about crimes of past years.” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://legalacts.ru/doc/prikaz-sk-rossii-ot-31072014-n-65/?ysclid=mc82n9sibv649710766.
5. Stukalov V. V., Gorbunov A. N. Problems of solving crimes of past years // Society and Law. – 2015. – No. 4 (54). – P. 253.
6. Crimes of past years: how they are solved in Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://pravo.ru/.
7. Petruk M. V. Current state and problems of solving crimes of past years // Stolypin Bulletin. – 2022. – No. 7.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SHAPOVALOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk
THE IMPORTANCE OF AN EXPERT’S OPINION AS A SOURCE OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The investigation of any criminal case is based on obtaining evidence. The evidence must be impeccable from the point of view of the law. The evidence can be evaluated by investigators, inquirers and the court.
In the article, the author analyzes the significance of the expert’s opinion as evidence in the criminal process. The features of this type of evidence are studied, its difference from others, and options for assessing the admissibility of an expert opinion by an investigator, an inquirer, and a court are proposed.
Keywords: evidence, expert opinion, expert opinion, special knowledge, admissibility of evidence, evaluation of evidence.
Article bibliography
1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 174-FZ of December 18, 2001 // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 4921.
2. On state forensic activity in the Russian Federation: Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 31.05.2001 // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2001. – No. 106.
3. Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2010 No. 28 “On forensic examination in criminal cases” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2010. – No. 296.
4. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of June 29, 2005 No. 511 “Issues of organizing the production of forensic examinations in the forensic units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation” // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. – 2005. – No. 191.
5. Determination of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 25.01.2018 in case No. 305-ES17-11486, A40-73410/2015: Determinations of the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2018. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ras.arbitr.ru/Document/Pdf/0f14e8cc-3cb2-43d3-9b05-53bfb5361956/1a459273-4f83-4691-8beb-5e365147ec6d/А40-73410-2015__20180125.pdf?isAddStamp=True.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
SHOGENOV Timur Mukhamedovich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, Deputy Head of Internal affairs in special conditions sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
KUCHMEZOV Arsen Nurbievich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
ON TOPICAL ISSUES OF COUNTERING EXTREMIST THREATS RELATED TO MODERN MIGRATION PROCESSES
The article discusses current issues of countering uncontrolled migration, which is now recognized as one of the strategic threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Migration provokes an increase in the level of interethnic tension, is a stimulant for the radicalization of public sentiment, encourages intolerance, contributing to the growth of extremist threats from migrants, according to legal statistics. The authors noted that the illegal acts of foreigners cause a wide public outcry, which is confirmed by numerous events in recent years and cause increasing concern on some of the government agencies. The main measures aimed at preventing extremist threats related to modern migration processes are highlighted.
Keywords: extremism, extremism in migration processes, migration, migration processes, extremism in the context of migration, extremist crimes, migration crime.
Article bibliographic list
1. The Security Council announced fundamental changes in the country’s migration policy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20250331/sovbez-2008309804.html (date of access: 10.04.2025).
2. It all started with Tyumen. Diasporas are preparing combat groups for their own power goals. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://nashgorod.ru/news/2024-11-06/vse-nachalos-s-tyumeni-diaspory-gotovyat-boevye-gruppy-dlya-svoih-vlastnyh-tseley-5240762 (date of access: 03/15/2025).
3. Residents of the Leningrad Region unite in squads to protect themselves from aggressive migrants. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/ZOyh2MJmIgx7OhXf (date of access: 03/15/2025).
4. Kolokoltsev announced an increase in the number of crimes in the sphere of illegal migration. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iz.ru/1720822/2024-07-01/kolokoltcev-zaiavil-ob-uvelichenii-chisla-prestuplenii-v-sfere-nezakonnoi-migratcii (date of access: 15.03.2025).
5. Ministry of Internal Affairs: 30 thousand foreigners expelled from the Russian Federation, another 100 thousand denied entry to the country. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rg.ru/2024/06/19/mvd-s-nachala-goda-iz-rossii-vyslano-bolee-30-tysiach-inostrannyh-grazhdan.html (date of access: 15.03.2025).
6. Migrant enclaves: “Russians have nothing to do here!” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://svpressa.ru/society/article/458009/ (date accessed: 15.03.2025).
7. On improving public administration in the field of migration: Order of the President of the Russian Federation of April 2, 2025 No. 205. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 10.04.2025).
8. On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 10.04.2025).
9. On approval of the Strategy for countering extremism in the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 28.12.2024 No. 1124 // SPS “ConsultantPlus” (date of access: 10.04.2025).
10. “Panic among newcomers”: The diasporas were not expected – Bastrykin made a powerful move. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dzen.ru/a/Z_T8Yp9Jd3kRLo3f (date of access: 10.04.2025).
11. The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation noted an increase in the number of extremist crimes committed by migrants in 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/971061 (date of access: 15.03.2025).
12. They took a scalp because of the mohawk: new details of the attack on a guy in Elektrostal. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.ru/society/snyali-skalp-iz-za-irokeza-novye-detali-napadeniya-na-parnya-v-elektrostali/ (date of access: 15.03.2025).
13. Terrorist attack in Crocus City Hall: what the tragedy has changed in a year. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.rbc.ru/society/24/03/2025/67dfdf279a79474f931ab796 (date of access: 15.03.2025).
14. “We don’t wear shorts”: a migrant without a license almost hit two girls. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://newizv.ru/news/2024-04-23/u-nas-v-shortah-ne-hodyat-migrant-bez-prav-na-avto-chut-ne-sbil-dvuh-devushek-429570?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fnews%2Fsearch (date of access: 15.03.2025).
15. Shogenov T. M., Kuchmezov A. N. Current issues of the spread of extremism among young people // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 4. – P. 124-129.
16. Expert estimated the number of labor migrants in Russia in the near future. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20240612/ekspert-1952380270.html (date of access: 03.15.2025).

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
ZAYTSEV Vladislav Nikolaevich
adjunct, Academy of Management of the MIA of Russia
THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED TO GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE MATERIALS OF THE CRIMINAL CASE AT THE STAGE OF ITS INVESTIGATION
The right of the accused to familiarize himself with the materials of the criminal case is an essential component of the realization of another, equally important constitutional right of any citizen of the Russian Federation – the right to receive information, but what determines the duration of the exercise of such a right? Is it fair for the legislator to separate the procedure for familiarizing the accused with the materials of the criminal case at the end of his investigation? An analysis of the materials of criminal cases at the disposal of the author of the study suggested that the accused, starting to familiarize himself with the materials of the criminal case in accordance with Article 217 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, already possesses a significant amount of information contained in the materials of the criminal case. The article provides justification for the fact that the vast majority of investigative and procedural actions are carried out during the investigation of a criminal case allow the accused to get acquainted with its materials in the period before notification of the end of investigative actions.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, familiarization of the accused with the materials of the criminal case, investigator.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Usmanov R. A. Informational bases of preliminary investigation / Ed. by Dr. of Law A. A. Belyakov. – M., 2006.
2. Strogovich M. S. Course of Soviet criminal procedure. – M., 1970.
3. Kornukov V. M., Lazarev V. A., Kholodnenko V. D. Initiation of criminal case in the system of criminal procedural activity. – Saratov, 2002.
4. Rossinsky S. B. Initiation of criminal case as an autonomous stage of Russian criminal proceedings: pros and cons // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 3 (31).
5. Khimicheva G. P. Clarify the procedure of pre-investigation check // Criminal proceedings. – 2012. – No. 1. – P. 23-26.
6. Gavrilov B. Ya. Modern criminal procedure legislation and the realities of its law enforcement // Russian Investigator. – 2010. – No. 15. – P. 17-19.
7. Kruglikov A. P. Is the stage of initiation of a criminal case necessary in modern criminal proceedings in Russia // Russian Justice. – 2011. – No. 6. – P. 56-58.
8. Smirnova I. V. Reasonableness of the terms of preliminary investigation in complex criminal cases // Actual problems of criminal and criminal procedure policy of the Russian Federation: materials of the International scientific and practical conference. – Omsk, 2011.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
KOSTENKO Dmitriy Sergeevich
competitor of candidate of sciences, St. Petersburg State University
CURRENT APPROACHES TO THE USE OF ALTERNATIVES TO PRE-TRIAL DETENTION IN MODERN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCES
The article examines the problem of choosing an alternative to pre-trial detention when deciding on the choice of a preventive measure through the lens of current policies for humanizing Russian criminal procedure law. Based on the actual data, it is concluded that new approaches to implement aforementioned policy and detailed development of the practice of applying already existing countermeasures in domestic legislation are required. Based on a comparative analysis of foreign legislation, the effectiveness of preventive measures involving restriction of property rights of suspects and accused persons is concluded.
Keywords: restrictive measures, preventive measures, alternatives to detention, preventive of certain actions, bail.
Article bibliography
1. Golovinskaya I. V. Institute of preventive measures: problems of diversification and options for their resolution // Modern law. – 2016. – No. 3. – P. 90-96.
2. Kostenko D. S. Expression of the property of autonomy of prohibitions of certain actions in the criminal procedure legislation of the countries of the former USSR // Materials of the XIV International scientific and practical conference. – Saint Petersburg, June 24-25, 2022. – P. 300-305.
3. Marfitsyn P. G., Izhnina L. P. New preventive measure in criminal proceedings // Current issues of criminal and criminal procedural policy of the Russian Federation:materials of the all-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation / Ed. I. G. Ragozin, Yu. V. Derishev. – Omsk, 2018. – Pp. 7-12.
4. Muravyov K. V. Measures of procedural coercion – special means of criminal-legal influence: doctrine, application, optimization: monograph. – Omsk: Omsk State University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2017. – 228 p.
5. Hurwitz, Jeffrey N. House Arrest: A Critical Analysis of an Intermediate-Level Penal Sanction / University of Pennsylvania Law Review. – 1987. – Vol. 135, No. 3. – Pp. 771-811. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3312081.
6. Jorgensen, Isabella, Sandra Susan Smith. “The Current State of Bail Reform in the United States: Results of a Landscape Analysis of Bail Reforms Across All 50 States.” “HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP 21-033, December 2021.” – 55 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PLATONOV Valentin Vasiljevich
postgraduate student of Criminal process law sub-faculty, O. E. Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
THE COURT’S VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
The scientific article draws attention to the lack of a uniform approach to the verification and evaluation by the court of electronic evidence in criminal cases. The results of a content analysis of scientific literature are presented, on the basis of which the need for identification and authentication of electronic evidence to establish its reliability is substantiated. Based on the results of a systematic analysis of criminal procedure legislation, the legal positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the study of criminal procedure practice, and foreign experience in verifying and evaluating electronic evidence in criminal procedure evidence, circumstances have been identified that should be taken into account by the court when assessing the admissibility of electronic evidence containing correspondence or other information, direct, open access to which is limited by law. An author’s set of conditions is proposed that allow the court to establish the admissibility of the most common types of electronic evidence in criminal procedural evidence – electronic documents and correspondence.
Keywords: electronic evidence, criminal proceedings, court examination of criminal procedural evidence, criminal procedural evidence, criminal case.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Voronin M.I. Features of assessing electronic (digital) evidence // Current problems of Russian law. – 2021. – V. 16, No. 8 (129). – P. 118-128.
2. Galyashina E. I. Forensic phonoscopic examination: problems of diagnosing the authenticity of phonograms // Bulletin of the University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSAL). – 2014. – No. 3. – P. 15-26.
3. Kipnis N. M. Admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings / Ed. P. A. Lupinskaya. – M., 1995. – 122 p.
4. Malysheva O. A. Transformation of pre-trial criminal proceedings in the context of digitalization: trends and risks // In the collection: Trends in criminal policy of Russia at the current stage of development of society. Collection of articles of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the departments of criminal law and criminology, criminal procedure and law enforcement. – Izhevsk, 2024. – P. 43-50.
5. Mosesyan G. S. On current issues of the theory of judicial evidence in criminal proceedings // Socialist legality. – 1964. – No. 3. – P. 47.
6. Theory of evidence in Soviet criminal proceedings / Ed. N. V. Zhogin. – M., 1973. – 734 p.
7. Zhiyuan Guo., Xiongwen Z. Electronic evidence in China // Law and digital economy. – 2024. – No. 1 (23). – pp. 35-51.

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
SHAPOVALOVA Tatyana Ivanovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic examination sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk; associate professor of Jurisprudence sub-faculty, Academician M. F. Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Krasnoyarsk
PAVLOVICH Yulia Leonidovna
master’s degree, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
FEATURES OF EVIDENCE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS AT OIL AND GAS FACILITIES
This article analyzes the key aspects of the evidence process in the investigation of fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities. The most common investigative versions are considered, and the importance of conducting a fire technical examination, which plays a critical role in identifying the circumstances of the incident, is emphasized. The questions that an expert opinion can answer are highlighted, and attention is drawn to the inextricable link betweenfires and explosions, which requires a special approach to investigating the causes of these events. The need for a correct definition of the role of fire in the context of the investigation is emphasized, which is important for the correct qualification of the incident.
Keywords: investigation of fires, investigation of explosions, oil and gas facilities, versions of the investigation of fires, fire technical expertise, causes of fires.
Article bibliography
1. Emergencies at oil and gas enterprises in Russia in 2020-2023 – RIA Novosti, 08.02.2023. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://ria.ru/20230207/gaz-1850265225.html (date accessed: 17.03.2025).
2. Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of 18.12.2001 No. 174-FZ (as amended on 28.02.2025) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2001. – No. 52 (Part I). – Art. 4921.
3. Aksyonov S. G., Kharisova Z. I., Ishmeeva A. S., Saitova K. A. On algorithms for investigating fires at oil industry facilities // Law and Order. – 2022. – No. 7. – P. 132-135.
4. Methodology of forensic fire-technical examination: basic principles. – M.: FGBU VNIIPO, 2013. – 23 p.
5. Fedor A. I. Features of evidence in the investigation of fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities: dissertation … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – M., 2001. – 170 p.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
DUNAEVA Marina Sergeevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminal process and prosecutorial supervision sub-faculty, Institute of Justice, Baikal State University, Irkutsk
THE CONCEPT OF “INFORMATION”, ITS CONTENT AND MEANING IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW
The article is devoted to the analysis of legal aspects of the concept of “information”, the role and significance of information in the criminal procedural mechanism of legal regulation. The necessity of integration of information and criminal procedural law in the conditions of digitalization is shown. The author offers to supplement the list of evidence contained in the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation with digital evidence. The concept of ‘information security of the individual’ in relation to criminal proceedings is disclosed. It is shown that legal protection of information meets both public and private interests of participants of criminal proceedings. The main directions of improving the criminal procedural legislation in order to enhance information security are defined.
Keywords: criminal procedure, digitalization, digital evidence, information security, cybersecurity.
Article bibliography
1. On information, information technologies and information protection: Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ // Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2006 – No. 31 (Part I). – Art. 3448.
2. Erokhina M. P. “Other documents” in criminal proceedings: content without procedural form // Bulletin of the Belgorod Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 94-99.
3. Maslov AV On the Status of Digital Evidence and Electronic Information in Criminal Procedure // International Research Journal. – 2023. – No. 8 (134). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://research-journal.org/archive/8-134-2023-august/10.23670/IRJ.2023.134.130
4. Pobedkin AV, Yashin VN Subjective Assessment of the Relative Stability of the Law of Evidence in Modern Criminal Procedure // Bulletin of the Tula State University. Economic and Legal Sciences. – 2023. – Issue. 4. – P. 31-38.
5. Rozhkova M. A. Is digital law a branch of law and should we expect the emergence of a Digital Code // Business and Law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 3-12.
6. Titov P. M., Soromotina V. A. Theoretical approaches to the concept of material and other evidence in criminal proceedings // Issues of Russian Justice. – 2023. – No. 27. – P. 478-484.

CRIMINAL PRINCIPAL LAW
GOLUBTSOV Vyacheslav Alexandrovich
competitor, Kazan (Privolzhie) Federal University, retired colonel of the internal service
MEDICAL DEONTOLOGY AS A FACTOR OF MEDICAL AND SANITARY PROVISION FOR THOSE SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT
The article discusses the issues of medical deontology in the process of medical and sanitary provision of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The author provides a historical overview of the ethical issues of medical care, reveals the content of the main models of interaction between a doctor and a patient. Revealing the content of the paternalistic model of interaction between a specialist doctor and a patient inherent in the domestic healthcare system, the author examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the emergence of the “phenomenon of distrust” between prisoners sentenced to imprisonment and medical workers of medical organizations of the penal system and their impact on health care in places of detention. The analysis of the participation of medical workers of medical organizations of correctional institutions was carried out, and an opinion was expressed on the role of medical (medical) deontology in the realization of the right of persons sentenced to imprisonment to protect life and health.
Keywords: medical deontology, medical and sanitary provision, convicts, health protection.
Article bibliography
1. Pashutina E. N., Kiseleva V. A., Zykova S. I. Bioethics: a teaching aid for students of pharmaceutical specialties. – Orekhovo-Zuyevo: GGTU, 2023. – 188 p.
2. Golubtsova A. I. The influence of the “phenomenon of mistrust” on the state of security in pre-trial detention facilities of the penal system // Collection of materials. – Perm: Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service, 2021. – Pp. 25-29.
3. Ilyintsev E. V. Problems of medical deontology in the penal system // Penitentiary medicine in Russia and abroad: Collection of scientific articles. – Moscow: Federal State Institution Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, 2022. – Pp. 24-27.
4. Koblyakova Yu. M. Models of socio-professional interaction between a doctor and a patient: possibilities of communication management in medicine // Society: sociology, psychology, pedagogy. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 38-43.
5. Utemuratova D. Sh., Mambetnazarova T. T. On Medical Ethics and Deontology // Economy and Society. – 2020. – No. 5 (72). – P. 286-288.

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
IGOSHIN Vladimir Gennadjevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor of Regime organization, security and escort sub-faculty, Samara Law Institute of the FPS of Russia
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIME IN A CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION
In this work, special attention is paid to certain aspects on which the execution of the regime in a correctional institution of the penal enforcement system is based. First of all, the main focus of the regime in the IU is to ensure law and order, security and respect for the rights of convicts. According to the results of the analysis, modern factors affecting the organization of the regime in the IU are voiced, such as: the socio-economic and political situation, the entry of prohibited items into the territory of the IU, the state of staffing, corruption and territorial factors. These factors play a key role in the organization of the regime in the IU, affecting the effectiveness of the execution of punishment, ensuring law and order and the vital activity of the institution.
Keywords: regime, law and order, factors, criminal code, prohibited items, shortage, corruption, regime, law and order, factors, criminal code, prohibited items, shortage, corruption.
Article bibliography
1. Kovalev O. G., Semenova N. V. Current problems of staffing and professional training of employees of security units of penal institutions // Stolypinsky Vestnik. – 2022. – No. 1. – P. 291-298.
2. “They tried to deliver 147 prohibited items to the colony of the Volgograd region” // News.rambler.ru [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://news.rambler.ru/incidents/52499868/?utm_content=news_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylinkhttps://news.rambler.ru/incidents/52499868-v-koloniyu-volgogradskoy-oblasti-pytalis-dostavit-147-zapreschennyh-predmetov/ (date of access: 03/24/2025).
3. Epifanov S. S. Law and order and regime in correctional institutions: ratio, means of provision, factors (penal-executive aspect) // Penal-executive law. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 57-62.
4. Nabatkina K., Balayan E. “Non-strict regime: how the hostage-taking in Volgograd IK-19 became possible” // Iz.ru [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://iz.ru/1748420/kseniia-nabatkina-elena-balaian/nestrogii-rezhim-kak-stal-vozmozhen-zakhvat-zalozhnikov-v-volgogradskoi-ik-19 (date of access: 24.03.2025).

CRIMINAL-EXECUTIVE LAW
STEPANENKO Yuriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Philosophical Sciences, associate professor, professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, lieutenant colonel of police
KLYPINA Kristina Stanislavovna
student, Irkutsk National Research Technical University; independent researcher
PROBLEMS OF USING ARREST AS A TYPE OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
This article examines the retrospective of the emergence and transformation of criminal punishmentsin Russia associated with the isolation of the proud person from society into a modern criminal punishment in the form of arrest. The existing legal norms are analyzed and the main shortcomings of the penal system are identified. The problems of execution of criminal punishment in the form of arrest in Russia at the present stage are discussed. In the course of the analysis, the authors of the article examine current issues of civil society’s attitude to the use of punishment in the form of arrest. The conclusion is substantiated that the humane and fair execution of the punishment in the form of arrest will increase public confidence in the justice system and strengthen the rule of law and order in the country.
Keywords: criminal punishment, problems of execution of punishment in the form of arrest, human rights, correctional institutions, arrest house, conditions of detention, reforms of the penitentiary system.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Korneev S. A. Optimization of the application and legislative regulation of arrest as a measure of criminal-legal influence // Bulletin of the South-West State University. Series: History and Law. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 3. – P. 131-144.
2. Stepanenko Yu. S. Application of arrest as a type of criminal punishment // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2 (165). – P. 357-358.
3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 24.09.2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 17.06.1996. ‒ No. 25. ‒ Art. 2954.
4. Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation of 08.01.1997 No. 1-FZ (as amended on 11.06.2022) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. ‒ 13.01.1997. ‒ No. 2. ‒ Art. 198.
5. Official website of the Judicial Department, judicial statistics. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cdep.ru/?id=79.

CRIMINALISTICS
BUEVICH Olga Leonidovna
lecturer of Preliminary investigation sub-faculty of the Educational and Scientific Complex for the Preliminary Investigation in the Internal Affairs Bodies, Volgograd Academy of the MIA of Russia
ORGANIZING THE WORK OF THE INVESTIGATOR ON DUTY AT THE SCENE OF THE INCIDENT
Every day in different regions of Russia, duty officers of investigative units of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation come on duty and ensure timely response to committed crimes. This article examines the organization of the work of the investigator as the head of the investigative-operational group, his functions and work at the scene of the crime, interaction with members of the investigative-operational group. Some issues of the formation of duty investigative-operational groups, the actions of the duty investigator upon receipt of a report of a crime, problems and typical mistakes that young specialists make are covered.
Keywords: duty investigator, investigative task force, work organization, crime scene inspection.
Article bibliography
1. Biryukov S. Yu. Activities of investigators at the scene: procedural and organizational aspects // Bulletin of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2019. – No. 1 (48). – pp. 92-98.

CRIMINALISTICS
GARBOUZ Grigoriy Sergeevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Krasnoyarsk; retired judge of the Kezhemsky Federal Court of Krasnoyarsk Region
SEVERAL ASPECTS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY METHOD IN INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
The article contains the description of several items of the use of absorption spectroscopy method in investigation of ecological crimes. The author identifies some aspects of the necessity of use of absorption spectroscopy in investigating crimes of the above-mentioned category, that can be rather valuable for investigators of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation. The work of a remote gas analyzer that is installed on a drone is described, which may help to check an application containing an information about criminal air pollution in a short period of time. Also the positive influence of this high-tech applied method on the effective investigative goal achievement is analyzed. The author emphasizes the use of absorption spectroscopy method in forensic science in its current stage of development as one of having special importance. A conclusion about the necessity of use of this advanced field of knowledge in forensic science and while investigating environmental crimes in particular is made.
Keywords: forensic science, methods of crime investigation, ecological crimes, remote gas analyzer, absorption spectroscopy method.
Article bibliography
1. Bertovsky L. V. High-tech law: concept, genesis and prospects. // Bulletin of RUDN. – 2021. – Vol. 25, No. 4. – P. 735-749.
2. Vasilyeva M. A. Conceptual foundations of the methodology for investigating environmental crimes: author’s abstract. diss. … doctor of law. – Moscow, 2021. – 54 p.
3. Voronich S. S., Doos K. M., Roeva N. N., Zaitseva I. A., Khlopaev A. G. On the territorial system of monitoring atmospheric air pollution in the Moscow region // Use and protection of natural resources in Russia. – 2023. – No. 4 (176). – P. 54-59.
4. Zhevlakov E. N. Environmental and alternative environmental crimes committed with the use of mass media, electronic or information and telecommunication systems // Criminal law. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 32-38.
5. Kustov A. M. Use of artificial intelligence in the production of procedural actions // High-tech law: genesis and prospects: materials of the III International Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conference (February 24-25, 2022, Moscow – Krasnoyarsk) / National Research University “Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology”, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. – Krasnoyarsk, 2022. – P. 122-128.
6. Official website of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Court. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kraevoy–krk.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=sud_delo (date of access: 21.03.2025).
7. Shcherbakova S. N., Vengerov A. S. Remote gas analyzer for detecting methane leaks by unmanned aerial vehicles // Russian Chemical Journal (Journal of the D. I. Mendeleyev Russian Chemical Society). – 2021. – T. LXV, No. 4. – P. 77-81.

CRIMINALISTICS
KUZMIN Artem Igorevich
student, Law Faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MASLOV Ervin Romanovich
student, Law Faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
VLEZKO Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Criminology sub-faculty, Law Faculty, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
FEATURES OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THEFTS COMMITTED USING BANK CARDS AND THEIR DETAILS
The article examines the features of the investigation of thefts committed using bank cards and their details. The forensic characteristics of such crimes are analyzed, including the methods of their commission. Particular attention is paid to methods of counteracting theft, such as skimming. The stages of initiating criminal cases, typical investigative situations, algorithms for their verification, as well as the tactics of conducting investigative actions are considered. The importance of cooperation between investigators and banking structures and experts in the field of cybersecurity is noted. In the opinion of the authors, the application of the proposed recommendations will increase the effectiveness of investigating crimes related to thefts using bank cards and minimize the financial losses of citizens.
Keywords: bank cards, theft, forensic methodology, skimming, investigation, payment systems, cybercrime, investigative actions, financial security.
Article bibliography
1. Filippov M. N. Features of the investigation of thefts and frauds committed using bank cards and their details: monograph. – M .: Yurlitinform, 2014. – P. 55-56.
2. Ivanov K. G., Kaigorodova O. S., Karagodin V. N. [et al.]. Forensic science: textbook. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University, 2018. – 652 p.
3. Biryukova T. P., Podolyak I. R. Problems in investigating crimes committed using credit and debit cards // Young scientist. – 2021. – No. 48 (390). – P. 185-186.
4. Archive of the Motovilikha Court of Perm for 2014. Case No. 1-153.
5. Vlezko D. A. Personality of the offender in the system of elements of forensic characteristics of murders // Results of research work for 2017: a collection of articles based on the materials of the 73rd scientific and practical conference of teachers, Krasnodar, March 14, 2018. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2018. – P. 649-650.
6. Vlezko D. A. Main directions of using automated information retrieval systems in forensic methodology // Scientific support of the agro-industrial complex: collection of abstracts based on the materials of the All-Russian (national) conference, Krasnodar, December 19, 2019 / Responsible for the release A. G. Koshchaev. – Krasnodar: Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, 2019. – P. 341-342.
7. Batyukova V. E. Crimes in the banking sector. Problems and analysis // Law and Right. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 75-78.

CRIMINALISTICS
LOZINSKIY Oleg Ivanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Procedural law sub-faculty, South Russian Institute of Management (branch), Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Rostov-on-Don
FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HUMAN MICROBIOME: METHODOLOGICAL BASIS, CONCEPTS, PROPERTIES, RANGE OF POTENTIALLY SOLVABLE TASKS
The article examines and analyzes the criminalistic identification of significance of the human microbiome in the field of criminal justice, describes the methodological foundations, key concepts, and provides a range of potentially solvable criminalistic tasks using the method under study. The author provides scientific research related to the history of the origin of the method and its biological justification, as well as analyzes scientific conclusions about the possibility of using the microbiome (microbiota) to identify a person. The article proposes the author’s definition of a person’s microbiome profile, which has a number of features that allow it to be used to solve forensic identification problems. In addition, to solve the problems of criminal proceedings and other specialized activities, the author substantiates the possibility of microbiomic registration of persons (by analogy with genomic registration), for which it will be advisable in the future to create appropriate electronic databases and databases (on the microbiomic profile of various categories of persons).
Keywords: microbiome, microbiota, forensic identification, forensic diagnostics, microbiome signature, microbiome profile, crime detection and investigation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Metcalf, Jessica L.b Zhenjiang Z. Xu, Amina Bouslimani, Pieter Dorrestein, David O. Carter, Rob Knight Microbiome Tools for Forensic Science // Trends in Biotechnology. – 2017. – No. 35 (9). – pp. 814-823.
2. Thomas H. Clarke, Andres Gomez, Harinder Singh, Karen E. Nelson, Lauren M. Brinkac, Integrating the microbiome as a resource in the forensics toolkit // Forensic Science International: Genetics, 2017. – Vol. 30. – P. 141-147.
3. Adak A., Khan M. R. An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities // Cell Mol Life Sci. – 2019. – Vol. 76(3). – P. 473-493. – Doi: 10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4.
4. Andreev A. S. Review of foreign experience in the use of forensic tools, techniques and methods of collecting, research, using the microbiome in solving and investigating crimes // Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. – 2018. – No. 4. – P. 130-134.
5. Korosteleva T. I., Kurmaeva D. A. The importance of the microbiome for crime investigation // Electronic scientific journal “Science Diary”. – 2023. – No. 11. – P. 79-84.
6. Mikhalenko E. V. Applied aspects of the study of the human genome and its microbiome // Gastroenterology of St. Petersburg. – 2022. – No. 3-4. – pp. 11-14.

CRIMINALISTICS
PALAZIN Sergey Arturovich
student, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
VLEZKO Dmitriy Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, I. T. Trubilin Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar
MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF OVERCOMING COUNTERACTION TO CRIME INVESTIGATION USING SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE
The article examines modern possibilities of using special knowledge in criminal proceedings to overcome counteraction to crime investigation. Procedural and non-procedural forms of their application are analyzed, including conducting forensic examinations, participation of specialists in investigative actions and operational-search activities. Particular attention is paid to forensic medical, forensic psychiatric, forensic psychological and forensic research aimed at identifying and eliminating falsification of evidence. Modern challenges associated with digital technologies, including falsification of audio and video recordings, are considered. The importance of developing expert methods and improving the regulatory framework to increase the effectiveness of counteracting criminal manipulations during investigations is emphasized.
Keywords: counteraction to investigation, special knowledge, forensic examination, criminalistics, examination, digital technologies, forensic tactics.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Vlezko D. A. On methods of overcoming counteraction to investigation // Modern problems of domestic forensic science and prospects for its development: a collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference (with international participation), dedicateddedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Department of Forensic Science. – Krasnodar, 2019. – P. 232-238.
2. Golovkina E. N. On the issue of the peculiarities of the appointment and production of phonoscopic examination. – EDN TXJFBV // Modern scientific research: theory and practice: materials of the International scientific and practical conference, Sofia, March 20, 2020. – Sofia, 2020. – P. 100-102.
3. Selina E. V. Application of special knowledge in Russian criminal proceedings: dis. … doctor of legal sciences: 12.00.09. – Krasnodar, 2003. – 356 pp.

CRIMINALISTICS
POVALYAEV Eduard Andreevich
senior lecturer of Operational-investigative activities and special equipment sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, major of police
INVESTIGATION OF THEFTS CONNECTED WITH ILLEGAL ENTRY INTO APARTMENTS: METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION AND PREVENTION OF THIS TYPE OF CRIME
The article deals with topical issues of optimization and prevention of burglaries. Illegal entry into a home in order to commit theft of property is one of the most common and serious crimes in the world. The variants of methods and methods of prevention for the prevention of crimes of this category are considered. Statistics on the commission of crimes of this category for 2023-2024 are provided.
Keywords: burglary, illegal entry into a home, crime, optimization, prevention.
Article bibliography
1. The state of crime in Russia in 2023-2024. Statistical data. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://portal.tpu.ru/SHARED/n/NIKOLAENKOVS/student/risk_management/Состой%20престой%20в%20Росс1.pdf (date of access: 03.04.2025).
2. Baev O. Ya., Solodov D. A. Forensic commentary on the procedural order of investigative actions under the Criminal Procedure Code of Russia. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”, 2008. – P. 211.
3. How to protect yourself from apartment burglary. Press service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Ulyanovsk Region on 17.10.2016 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://Uliyanovsk.BezFormata.com/listnews/obezopasit-sebya-ot-kvartirnoj-krazhi/51423643/.
4. Volohova O. V., Egorov N. N., Zhizhina M. V. [et al.]. Forensic science: textbook / Ed. E. P. Ishchenko. – Moscow: Prospect, 2015. – 504 p.

FORECRIMINALISTICS
SOLOVJEV Alexander Alexandrovich
postgraduate student of Criminalistics sub-faculty, Faculty of Law, M. V. Lomonsov Moscow State University; senior investigator of the Butyrsky Interdistrict Investigative Division of the SU for the SVAO GSU of the Investigative Committee of Russia for Moscow
FEAR AS AN OBJECT OF CRIMINALISTIC SCIENTIFIC AND SUBJECT-PRACTICAL RESEARCH
In the article, based on the basic psychological classifications of fears, as well as basic criminal law and criminalistic classifications, a psychological and criminalistic classification of fears is formed, which allows us to consider this psychological phenomenon within the framework of criminology. It is concluded that the psychological and criminalistic classification of fears includes fears in criminal situations, which includes the fears of the perpetrator, the fears of the victim and eyewitnesses of the crime, and fears in a forensic investigation situation, which includes the fears of the suspect/accused; fears of the victim and the witness; fears of the law enforcement officer. Each of the classes is then subdivided into fears of people with a healthy mind, people suffering from psychiatric diseases; childhood fears of people under 14 years old, fears of people from 14 to 20 years old, fears of people in youth (21-25 years old), fears of people in adulthood (25-60 years old), fears of people in old age (60+ years old); fears of persons in the context of common crimes; fears of persons in the context of economic crimes; fears of persons in the context of official crimes. The exception is the group of fears of the law enforcement officer, which includes the main and related fears. All of these fears vary depending on their intensity of manifestation in each specific case: anxiety, fear itself, horror. The above psychological and criminalistic classification allows for a comprehensive and comprehensive coverage of all relevant specific objects of fear.
Keywords: emotion of fear, criminalistic classification, criminalistic psychology, theory of criminalistics, psychology of professional activity.
Article bibliography
1. Akopyan L. S. A new approach to the classification of fears // Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2009. – V. 11, No. 4-6. – P. 1472-1475.
2. Aletskaya I. A. Negative emotional states of children: art.rah // Fundamental and Applied Problems of Stress: Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference, Vitebsk, April 16-17, 2013. – Vitebsk: Vitebsk State University named after P. M. Masherov, 2013. – P. 120-121.
3. Birina E. R., Gordeeva V. V. Causes of Children’s Fears, Their Types and Ways to Overcome Them // Bulletin of Penza State University. – 2022. – No. 3 (39). – P. 9-12.
4. Koynova V. E. Dylan Trigg’s Phenomenology of Horror // Social and Humanitarian Sciences: Theory and Practice. – 2023. – No. 1 (7). – P. 250-254
5. May R. The Problem of Anxiety. – M.: EKSMO-Press, 2001. – 430 p.
6. Rank O. Trauma of birth. – M.: Agraf, 2004. – 398 p.
7. Riemann F. Basic forms of fear / Transl. with him. E. L. Gushansky. – Ed. 3rd. – M.: Aletheya, 2000. – 190 p.
8. Kierkegaard S., Rollo M. Purification by fear or the Existence of freedom. – M.: Rodina, 2021. – 240 pp.
9. Barinov D. N. Political power and fear: dialectics of interpenetration // Sociodynamics. – 2021. – No. 5. – P. 95-103.
10. Golovin A. Yu. Basic forensic classifications of crimes // Bulletin of Tula State University. – 2013. – No. 2-2. – P. 31-40.
11. Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious: collection of works. – M.: Education, 1989. – 447 p.
12. Horney K. Neurotic personality of our time. Self-analysis. – S.: Progress-Universe, 1993. – 478 p.
13. Shcherbatykh V. Yu. Psychology of fear: Popular. encyclopedia. – M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. – 416 p.
14. Marks I., Nesse R. Fear and fitness: An evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1994. – No. 15 (5-6). – pp. 251-252.

CRIMINALISTICS
ANTONOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
adjunct of the adjunct School, St. Petersburg University of the MIA of Russia
SITUATIONAL APPROACH IN FORENSIC SUPPORT OF THE ACTIVITIES OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE DISCLOSURE AND INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES “ON THE TRAIL”
The article discusses the fact that police units are obliged to assist in the detection and investigation of crimes by performing specific tasks, the effectiveness of which directly depends on taking into account the specifics of the crime committed. Focusing on a specific situation allows for the most effective use of the resources and capabilities of police units, ensuring the detection and investigation of crimes. A clear understanding of the details of the crime committed allows for the most efficient use of available resources and opportunities, ensuring the fastest possible establishment of the truth and bringing the perpetrators to justice. Rapid response is the key to successful assistance to the police in solving and investigating crimes. Of particular importance is the solution and investigation of crimes «on the heels of the crime».
Keywords: situational approach, investigative situation, typical forensic characteristics of crimes, assistance in solving and investigating crimes, forensic logistics.
Article bibliography
1. Kolesnichenko A. N. Scientific and legal foundations of the methodology of investigating certain types of crimes: author’s abstract. diss. … doctor of law. Kharkov, 1977. P. 10.
2. Kol’din V. Ya. On the methodological function of the situational approach // Actual problems of using the situational approach in legal science and law enforcement: materials of the international. scientific and practical conf. / Ed. T. S. Volchetskaya; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Kaliningrad: Publishing house of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 2012. Page 31.
3. Zyuzina M. V. Situational approach in forensic methodology of investigation and judicial investigation of criminal cases of apartment burglaries: author’s abstract. dis. … candidate of legal sciences: 12.00.09. Krasnodar, 2012. 18 pages.
4. Belkin R. S. Forensic science: problems of today. Moscow, 2001. Page 16.
5. Gapanovich N. M., Martinovich I. I. Basics of interaction between the investigator and the inquiry body in the investigation of crimes. Minsk, 1983. Page 9.
6. Zimin R. V. Assistance of the inquiry bodies to the investigator in the preliminary investigation: dis. … candidate of legal sciences. sciences: 12.00.09. M., 2008. 196 p.
7. Drapkin L. Ya. Situational approach – local paradigm of modern forensic science // Actual problems of using situational approach in legal science and law enforcement activity: materials of international. scientific-practical. conf. / Ed. T. S. Volchetskaya; I. Kant Baltic Federal University. Kaliningrad: I. Kant Baltic Federal University Publishing House, 2012. Pp. 26-27.
8. Volchetskaya T. S. Forensic situationology: monograph. M.; Kaliningrad: KSU, 1997. P. 16.
9. Volchetskaya T. S. Modeling of criminal and investigative situations: Textbook; Kaliningrad state. University. Kaliningrad: KSU, 1994. 43 p.
10. Veselkov K. V. The method of forensic logistics in law enforcement activities as a manifestation of the situational approach // Actual problems of using the situationalapproach in legal science and law enforcement: materials of the international. scientific-practical. conf. / Ed. by T. S. Volchetskaya. P. 75.
11. Krasilnikova Yu. S., Sedov I. A. Overcoming cognitive barriers in students’ mastering the basics of professional activity in practical conditions // Business. Education. Law. 2020. No. 4 (53). P. 435-439. DOI 10.25683/VOLBI.2020.53.432.
12. Meretukov, G. M. Methodology for investigating official crimes. Krasnodar: Kub GA U, 2013. 211 p.
13. Kramarenko V. P. Situational approach to identifying and overcoming investigative errors: author’s abstract. dis. … cand. jurid. sciences: 12.00.09. Krasnodar, 2012. 23 p.
14. Karagodin V.N., Morozova E.V. Forensic problems of detection and elimination of investigative errors: Textbook and practical manual. Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2003. 22 p.
15. Zueva E.I. Stages of interaction between the investigator and the inquiry body during investigative actions // Law and education. 2009. No. 12. P. 162-167.

CRIMINALISTICS
ROMANOVA Anna Stanislavovna
postgraduate student of Criminal law, criminal process and criminalistics sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
SOME WAYS TO USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO COUNTER MONEY LAUNDERING THROUGH DIGITAL ASSETS
This article presents an analysis of the role of artificial intelligence in AML/CFT using the example of some methods of money laundering, financial monitoring, predictive analytics, and also provides current methods of introducing artificial intelligence into financial systems, its use, optimization and role in combat legalization of income at the local level. Particular attention is paid to the problems of legal regulation in the field of virtual assets, examples of the closure of crypto mixers and the experience of introducing AI tools into the Russian AML/CFT system. The need for a balance between technological progress, privacy protection and international cooperation to ensure financial security is shown.
Keywords: money laundering, digital assets, cryptocurrency, artificial intelligence, terrorist financing, anonymity, financial monitoring.
Article bibliography
1. Nuralieva Ch. A., Melisova S. A., Iglikov O. K. Use of artificial intelligence in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing // VOGUE. 2024. No. 2 (5). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolzovanie-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-sfere-protivodeystviya-otmyvaniyu-prestupnyh-dohodov-i-finansirovaniyu-terrorizma (date of access: 27.12.2024).
2. Rashid Alhajeri, Abdulrahman Alhashem Using Artificial Intelligence to Combat Money Laundering // Intelligent Information Management. 2023. Vol. 15, No. 4.
3. Lashchenko R. A. Innovative technologies in preventing the legalization (laundering) of funds or other property acquired by criminal means // Scientific Bulletin of the Orel Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov. 2024. No. 1 (98). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-tehnologii-v-preduprezhdenii-legalizatsii-otmyvaniya-denezhnyh-sredstv-ili-inogo-imuschestva-priobryotennyh (access date: 12/29/2024).

CRIMINALISTICS
SAVIN Nikita Vladimirovich
postgraduate student of Public and criminal law sub-faculty, Surgut State University
USING ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS AS A MEANS OF OBTAINING ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
The research object is electronic evidence obtained using artificial intelligence within the context of criminal proceedings in the Russian Federation. The research subjects encompasses issues and conditions ensuring compliance of electronic evidence extracted through AI with the requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF), including normative, doctrinal, and technical aspects of their admissibility, risks associated with the autonomy of AI systems, and proposals for improving procedural mechanisms for their collection and evaluation. The purpose of the work is to analyze the conformity of such evidence to CPC RF requirements, identify legal and technical issues related to the autonomy and opacity of AI algorithms, and propose solutions. The methodology includes normative, doctrinal, and comparative analyses, risk assessment, and development of recommendations. Research findings indicate that the absence of legal definitions and standards for using AI creates risks of inadmissibility of evidence. Proposals include AI system certification, mandatory documentation of their operation, specialist participation, lawyer training, and amendments to the CPC RF to legally define “AI system” and “electronic evidence”, and establish procedures for their evaluation. The novelty lies in identifying contradictions between regulations and AI autonomy, as well as developing innovative solutions such as AI certification and procedural filters. Conclusions emphasize the necessity of legal and technical reforms for integrating AI into criminal proceedings, ensuring a balance between investigative efficiency and adherence to legality. The research has practical value for legislative reforms, development of standards, and specialist training.
Keywords: artificial intelligence system, forensics, admissibility of evidence, criminal procedure, digitalization of justice, investigation programming, software certification, electronic evidence, forensic thinking.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Voronin M.I. Electronic evidence in the Criminal Procedure Code: to be or not to be? // Lex Russica. – 2019. – No. 7 (152). – P. 74-84.
2. Kolichenko A. A. Admissibility of electronic evidence in modern criminal proceedings // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3 (95). – P. 80-85.
3. Apostolova N. N. Proof in criminal cases using digital technologies // Bulletin of the Southern Federal University. Legal sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 10, No. 2. – P. 104-109.
4. Palieva O. N., Semenov I. A. Use of AI and IT in investigation // Bulletin of the S. Yu. Witte University. Legal sciences. – 2021. – No. 2 (28). – P. 35-40.
5. Khismatullin I. G. Admissibility of electronic evidence in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation // Trends in the Development of Science and Education. – 2020. – No. 61-10. – P. 136-140.
6. Malina M. A. Digitalization of Russian criminal proceedings: artificial intelligence – for or instead of the investigator // Russian investigator. – 2021. – No. 2. – P. 29-32.
7. Stepanenko D. A., Bakhteev D. V., Evstratova Yu. A. Use of artificial intelligence systems in law enforcement // All-Russian criminological journal. – 2020. – T. 14, No. 2. – P. 206-214.

CRIMINOLOGY
LYUBIMOV Andrey Viktorovich
associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
SEMENTSOVA Irina Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Criminal law and criminology sub-faculty, Rostov Institute (branch), All-Russian University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia); associate professor of Criminal law and process sub-faculty, S. Yu. Witte Moscow University branch in Rostov-on-Don
TSYMLYANSKAYA Olga Afanasjevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Humanities and socio-economic disciplines sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
LEAKAGE OF PERSONAL DATA AS A DETERMINANT OF CYBERBULLYING AND ITS PREVENTION MEASURES
The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of the digital space in the Russian Federation, used by criminals for their illegal purposes, arising at the junction of the exploitation of personal data and fraudulent activities. The object of the analysis is the features of the objective side of fraud related to the forced collection and transfer of data to third parties, as well as legal gaps in the regulation of this situation. Particular attention is paid to criticism of the current legislation, which, despite its formal compliance with international standards, allows the practice of «bound consent», forcing citizens to sacrifice privacy for access to basic services.
Keywords: personal data, fraud, major damage to citizens, cybersecurity, data leaks, methods of countering «cyber intruders».
Article bibliography
1. Altukhov S. A. Problems of combating crime in the context of changing media space format // Digital technologies in the fight against crime: problems, status, trends: Collection of materials of the I All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Moscow, 2021.
2. Lepeshkina O. I. Main directions of combating cybercrime in Russia // Digital technologies and law. – 2022. – Vol. 2.
3. Semenova I. A., Shutov V. D. Criminal-legal protection of the national media space // Legal support of Russia’s sovereignty: problems and prospects: Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University. – Moscow, November 24, 2023.
4. Ivanenko A. R., Kalabina E. G. Models of dynamic and personalized pricing in the context of digital economy development // e-FORUM. – 2022. – Vol. 6. – No. 1.

CRIMINOLOGY
MINKOVA Elena Anatoljevna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Management and organization of UIS activities sub-faculty, Academy of the FPS of Russia
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF PROBATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of international experience in the application of probation in the framework of the implementation of the provisions of the Federal Law of 02/06/2023 No. 10-FZ “On Probation in the Russian Federation”. The article considers controversial issues of borrowing the term probation in Russia without giving the semantic load to the institution being introduced, taking into account the experience of foreign countries. The author tried to identify problematic issues and ways to solve them at the present stage of the formation of the probation institution in the Russian Federation through the prism of centuries-old experience of the formation of this institution in the countries of the far and near abroad.
Keywords: convicts, probation, penal system, executive probation, penitentiary probation, post-penitentiary probation, resocialization, social adaptation, social rehabilitation of convicts.
Article bibliography
1. Akkulev A. Sh. Certain issues of probation // Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanitarian Institute. – 2010. – No. 4. – P. 41-47.
2. Bryleva E. A. Patronage or probation in the context of judicial and legal reform: issues of terminology // Legal science: history and modernity. – 2018. – No. 12. – P. 24-27.
3. Nagibin V. L., Larionov A. V. Probation in Foreign Countries and Prospects for Its Development in Russia // Bulletin of the Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service. – 2022. – No. 4 (47). – P. 87-99.
4. Robinson M.B. Justice Blind? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice. – NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. – 540 p.
5. Tynybekov N. T. Practice of Probation Application in Foreign Countries // Legal Science. – 2019. – No. 5. – P. 51-55. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/praktika-primeneniya-probatsii-v-zarubezhnyh-stranah (date accessed: 03.04.2025).

CRIMINOLOGY
STUPINA Svetlana Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
DOLGUSHINA Lyubov Viktorovna
Ph.D. in chemical sciences, associate professor, Head of Forensic science sub-faculty, Siberian Fire and Rescue Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia, Zheleznogorsk
CRIMINAL LAW MEANS OF COUNTERING FOREST FIRES
Since the preventive function of law in the mechanism of legal regulation is always relevant, the authors have investigated some aspects of the modern potential of means of legal prevention of forest fires. Based on the history of criminal liability for the destruction or damage of forests, the analysis of official statistical data for the last twenty years on both forest fires and criminal convictions for crimes under art. 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the conclusions are formulated that the main line of action against forest fires should be determined taking into account the priority of special prevention and individual prevention measures.
Keywords: crime, forest fire, destruction or damage of forest plantations, careless handling of fire, arson.
Article bibliography
1. Isakov VB Mechanism of legal regulation. Problems of the theory of state and law / Ed. S. S. Alekseev. – M .: Higher school, 1987. – 400 p.
2. Unzhakova SV, Zabavko RA Features of qualification of destruction of or damage to forest plantations (Article 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) // Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 1 (100). – P. 140-151.
3. Chuchaev A. I., Vasiliev F. P. Criminal-legal protection of forests in Russia (historical essay) // Russian Law Journal. – 1999. – No. 2 (22). – P. 133-142.
4. Ivanchin A. V. Criminal-legal means of forest protection (Articles 260, 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation): current issues of improvement // Demidov Law Journal. – 2023. – Vol. 13, No. 1. – P. 86-97.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
GAUZHAEVA Viktoriya Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Special and technical training sub-faculty, North-Caucasian Institute for Advanced Training (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
SAFRONOV Dmitriy Mikhaylovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, doctorate degree student of the Research department, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia, colonel of police
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGISLATOR’S VIEWS ON THE TASKS OF MILITARY COURTS: WHAT WILL BE THE NEXT STEP?
The purpose of writing a scientific article is to determine the characteristics of the activities of military courts by establishing the specifics of solving the tasks assigned to them. An attempt is being made to comprehend the place of specialized military courts in the judicial system of our country through the relationship of the tasks they perform, the categories of criminal cases assigned to their consideration and individual powers from the moment of their formation to the present. A correlation is made with historical conditions and a conclusion is drawn about the possibility and conditions for preserving military courts at the present time.
Keywords: military court, military tribunal, tasks of military courts in special conditions.
Attached bibliography:
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3. Vinogradov O. V. Legal regulation of the use of emergency measures and restrictions on individual rights in the early years of the formation of Soviet power // History of the state and law. – 2007. – No. 22. – P. 24-26.
4. Military judicial regulations (full edition), approved on May 15, 1867 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.prlib.ru/item/713239 (date of access: 12/19/2024).
5. Minister of War of the Russian Empire Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.prlib.ru/history/619372 (date accessed: 12/19/2024).
6. Grigoriev O. V. Military judicial bodies (1918 – 1921) // Military Law Journal. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 25-32.
7. Grigoriev O. V. Russian legislation on military proceedings // Military Law Journal. – 2011. – No. 8. – P. 2-5.
8. Dikarev I. S. Issues of jurisdiction of criminal cases by military courts // Law in the Armed Forces. – 2020. – No. 6. – P. 63-68.
9. Dikarev I. S. On the grounds for the functioning of military courts in the judicial system of the Russian Federation // Russian justice. – 2020. – No. 7. – P. 33.
10. Zagorsky G. I. Military judicial reform of 1867 // History of the state and law. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 44-50.
11. History of Russia in the 18th – 19th centuries / Ed. L. V. Milov. – M., 2008. – P. 609-612.
12. Koliev V. V. Problems and Prospects of Differentiation of the Procedure for Considering a Criminal Case on the Merits // Criminalistics and Forensic Activity: Theory and Practice: Proceedings of the V All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Krasnodar, May 19, 2017. – Krasnodar: Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2017. – P. 179-182.
13. Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation – Russia, adopted by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on 12.04.1978 // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
14. Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993. // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
15. Migushchenko O. N. On the Issue of Lawmaking Problems in the USSR in the 1920s-30s and in Modern Russia // History of the State and Law. – 2011. – No. 10. – P. 24-26.
16. On Martial Law: Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 06/22/1941 (as amended on 07/07/1943) // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
17. On the Military Tribunal and the Military Prosecutor’s Office: the regulation was approved by the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR of 08/20/1926 // Access from the reference and search system. systems “ConsultantPlus”.
18. On military courts of the Russian Federation: federal constitutional law of 23.06.1999 No. 1-FKZ // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
19. On the judicial system of the Russian Federation: Federal Constitutional Law of 31.12.1996 No. 1-FKZ // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
20. On the judicial system of the USSR, union and autonomous republics: USSR law of 16.08.1938 // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
21. On liability for the dissemination of false rumors in wartime that cause alarm among the population: decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 06.07.1941 // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
22. On approval of the Fundamentals of criminal proceedings of the USSR and the union republics: USSR law of 25.12.1958 // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
23. On approval of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. (together with the “Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR”: Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of 15.02.1923 (as amended on 31.01.1958) // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
24. Orlova K. A. Problematic issues of the legal status of a judge: a view from the inside // Russian judge. – 2016. – No. 5. – P. 48-53.
25. Orlova K. A. Problematic issues of the legal status of a judge: a view from the inside // Russian judge. – 2016. – No. 6. – P. 58-64.
26. Fundamentals of the judicial system of the USSR and the union republics: approved by the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 29.10.1924 // Access from the reference and search system of the ConsultantPlus system.
27. Regulations on militarytribunals, approved. by the Law of the USSR of 25.12.1958 // Access from the reference and search system “ConsultantPlus”.
28. Sirotyuk A. Z. On approaches to understanding the judicial power and the judicial system // Russian Justice. – 2017. – No. 11. – P. 40-44.
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30. Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. With amendments as of July 1, 1938: Official text with the appendix of article-by-article systematized materials. – M., 1938. – pp. 126-127.

JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
KOVALEV Vladimir Vladimirovich
postgraduate student, International Innovation University, Sochi
DIGITALIZATION OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT
The article proves that the theoretical and legal foundations of the digitalization of the justice system in the Russian Federation are of scientific interest. It is consistently stated that the methodology is proposed to be understood as a set of knowledge of natural sciences, which covers methods for assessing the nature and material-transformative activity of man, socio-economic activity and scientific and pedagogical practice. To understand the methodology in legal science, it is recommended to abandon the hierarchical division of methodologies, in particular philosophical, general scientific and specific scientific. It is concluded that the hypothetico-deductive method is of particular value in predicting the long-term consequences of the digitalization of the justice system and planning large-scale projects for the introduction of new technological solutions in the judicial system of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: digitalization, justice system, methodology, methods of cognition, forecasting.
Article bibliography
1. Vershinin A. P. Electronic document: legal form and evidence in court. – M.: Gorodets, 2020. – 248 p.
2. Karev Ya. A. Electronic document and messages in commercial circulation: legal regulation. – M.: Statut, 2024. – 319 p.
3. Kogan V. Z. Theory of information interaction: philosophical and sociological essays. – Novosibirsk: Publishing house of Novosib. University, 2021. – 316 p.
4. Petukhova AV Transformation of sectoral law in the era of the information society. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2024. – 96 p.
5. Ponomarenko VA Electronic legal proceedings in Russia: concept strokes: monograph. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – 184 p.
6. Reshetnyak VI, Smagina ES Information technologies in civil proceedings (Russian and foreign experience). – M.: Gorodets, 2023. – 304 p.
7. Terekhova LA Electronic justice: textbook. – Omsk: Omsk State University named after F. M. Dostoevsky, 2023. – 107 p.
8. Chebotareva A. A. Man and the Electronic State. The Right to Information Security. – Chita: Chita State University, 2021. – 160 p.
9. Electronic Justice. Electronic Document Management: A Scientific and Practical Handbook / Ed. by S. Yu. Chuchi. – Moscow: Prospect, 2022. – 160 p.
10. Electronic Document and Document Management: Legal Aspects: A Collection of Scientific Papers / Ed. by E. V. Alferova, I. L. Bachilo. – M.: INION RAS, 2023. – 208 p.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES
JAMBOROV Anzor Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
CURRENT ISSUES OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR FIRE TRAINING IN THE SYSTEM OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA
The article analyzes some problematic issues of material and technical equipment and provision of fire training in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Particular attention is paid to the direct relationship between the level of organization and implementation of fire training classes for employees of internal affairs agencies and the quality, as well as the completeness of the material and technical equipment and provision of the appropriate special, innovative equipment, weapons, material assets, etc. necessary to ensure a high-quality training system. In addition, the work notes that the legal basis for the material and technical support of fire training in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is a set of various legal regulatory acts that differ from each other in legal force, which set the direction and general outline of the resource organization, but do not contain real mechanisms for its implementation from the standpoint of management activities, that is, there is no single unified normative legal act regulating and governing the above-mentioned type of activity.
Keywords: fire training, logistics, shooting ranges, shooting ranges, polygons, shooting facilities.
Article bibliography
1. Zhamborov A. A. Current issues of organizing and conducting fire training classes with employees of internal affairs bodies // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 3 (118). – P. 396-397.
2. Kostin D. S. On the material support of fire and physical training in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Collection of articles of the XXI All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Irkutsk, 2019. – P. 320-323.
3. Features of organizing and conducting fire training classes with employees of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in closed spaces (structures) and in open areas (shooting ranges, training grounds): methodological recommendations / Ed. T. S. Kupavtseva, I. V. Osipova. – M.: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2024. – 104 p.
4. GOST R 59087-2020. Provision of services related to shooting and the ability to handle weapons. General requirements. Safety of shooting: approved. and put into effect by the order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated October 8, 2020 No. 779-st: date of introduction. 2020-12-01. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/566068361 (date of access: 06.01.2025).
5. GOST R 70315-2022. Shooting facilities. Classification. Terms and definitions: approved. and introduced. put into effect by order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated August 30, 2022 No. 850-st: date of introduction. 2022-10-01. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200192961 (date of access: 06.01.2025).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
ZEMLYANOY Alexander Ivanovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Deputy Head of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
ROMANOV Anton Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Fire and tactical-special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
RYBACHENOK Anton Vasiljevich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
BALUEV Artem Sergeevich
senior lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN FIRE TRAINING
The paper considers modern innovations in the field of fire training. In the process of analyzing and characterizing new technologies, the changes that have been subjected to this area and discipline to various changes over the years are revealed. The article describes the role of technological progress, which plays a significant role in the field of fire training innovations. This progress is necessary and requires constant improvement.
Keywords: innovative technologies, simulator, electronic shooting simulators, electronic shooting complexes, fire training, complex, training.
Article bibliography
1. Starkov R. V., Klimakov V. S. Virtual reality technologies in the educational process // Bulletin of military education Army. – 2022. – No. 4.
2. TsNIITochMash delivered “Knut” shooting simulators to the customer. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://kalashnikovgroup.ru/news/tsniitochmash_postavil_strelkovye_trenazhery_-knut-_zakazchiku (date of access: 10.04.2025).
3. The system of shooting training in virtual reality. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://shooting-soft.ru/blog/gaim?ysclid=m3kdiqh0wa225561640 (date of access: 10.04.2025).
4. Dmitriev A. V. Innovative technologies in the fire training system as a necessary factor in improving the professional competencies of employees of internal affairs bodies // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2015. – No. 9. – P. 146-148.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KARAVAEV Alexander Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Administrative activities of the internal affairs bodies sub-faculty, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
NURLYEV Ramis Rafizovich
lecturer of the dog handlers cycle, Ufa School for the Training of Dog Handlers of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant of police
LITVINENKO Alexander Alexandrovich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant of police
PAVLOV Daniil Viktorovich
lecturer of Professional training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, captain of police
PECULIARITIES OF ADAPTATION OF POLICE OFFICERS IN THE FIRST YEARS OF SERVICE
This article is dedicated tothe urgent problem of professional adaptation of police officers. The authors explore the complex and lengthy process that newly arrived employees (or those transferred to new positions) go through, mastering the specifics of their work, acquiring the necessary skills and integrating into the team. The work of a policeman is associated with high levels of stress, risk to life and health, the need to make difficult ethical decisions, etc. These factors significantly affect the process of adaptation and can lead to professional burnout and maladaptation, which, in turn, leads to an increase in layoffs in the early years of service.
The article is based on existing definitions of adaptation, considering it as a process and as a result of the interaction of an organism (in this case, a police officer) with the environment. The authors identify three main stages of adaptation: preparatory (studying at a departmental university), the stage of professional adaptation (the first year of service) and the stage of self-development (3-5 years).
Based on empirical data, the authors identify key factors that hinder successful adaptation and propose a number of strategies to optimize adaptation measures.
Keywords: professional adaptation, police officer, mentoring, professional burnout, adaptation process, maladaptation.
Article bibliography
1. Verbilov A. F., Oparin K. Yu. The process of adaptation of a police officer in UN peacekeeping and security missions // Problems of modern education. – 2023. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protsess-adaptatsii-sotrudnika-politsii-v-missiyah-oon-po-podderzhaniyu-mira-i-obespecheniyu-bezopasnosti (date of access: 18.04.2025).
2. Kravtsova E. A., Polozov S. A. Formation of the institution of mentoring in the system of internal affairs bodies // PPD. – 2021. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formirovanie-instituta-nastavnichestva-v-sisteme-organov-vnutrennih-del (date accessed: 18.04.2025).
3. Mayurov N. P., Mayurov P. N., Oroeva O. D. Features of professional adaptation of young employees of the Internal Affairs Directorate to service // Leningrad Law Journal. – 2018. – No. 4 (54). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-professionalnoy-adaptatsii-molodyh-sotrudnikov-ovd-k-sluzhbe (date accessed: 18.04.2025).
4. Pershina K. V. Features of social and psychological adaptation of police officers // Penza Psychological Bulletin. – 2021. – No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-sotsialno-psihologicheskoy-adaptatsii-sotrudnikov-politsii (date of access: 04/18/2025).
5. Petrova A. S. Current issues of functioning of the mentoring institute in internal affairs bodies // Concept. – 2015. – No. 9. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aktualnye-voprosy-funktsionirovaniya-instituta-nastavnichestva-v-organah-vnutrennih-del (date of access: 18.04.2025).
6. Tyurina N. V. The concept of adaptation in modern psychology // Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety. – 2007. – No. 5. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-adaptatsii-v-sovremennoy-psihologii (date of access: 18.04.2025).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
KONSTANTINOV Vladimir Nikolaevich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
BAYRAMOV Sanan Adzhisayatovich
associate professor of Fire training sub-faculty, Ural Law Institute of the MIA of Russia, Yekaterinburg
AKHIYAROV Robert Airatovich
associate professor of Fire and tactical-special training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
STEPKIN Andrey Vladimirovich
lecturer of Tactical and special training sub-faculty, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
SOME ASPECTS OF THE USE OF FIREARMS BY POLICE OFFICERS IN EXTREME SITUATIONS
The article analyzes certain aspects of the use of firearms by police officers in extreme situations. In particular, some areas of development of psychological training, as well as the main components of physical training of police officers, are considered. High-quality organization of police training, taking into account physical and psychological aspects, contributes to the creation of a professional and responsible personality of an internal affairs officer who is ready to respond promptly and within the framework of the law to sudden extreme situations that pose a threat to life and health, both for the officer himself and for other citizens.
Keywords: physical training, psychological training; use of firearms, police, SMO, threat to life and health.
Article bibliography
1. Altunin A. Yu., Mulyanova S. P. Psychological and psychophysiological readiness for the use of weapons // Improving fire and tactical-special training of law enforcement officers: collection of materials from the All-Russian conference (Orel, May 21, 2021). – Orel: Oryol Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2021. – P. 15-19.
2. Brief characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation for January – December 2024. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://мвд.рф/reports/item/60248328/.
3. Police personnel shortage in the Urals has reached 46%. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.ural.kp.ru/online/news/6295396/.
4. Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “On Police”. [Electronic resource] // Access from the reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
MINGULOV Ilnur Rashitovich
senior lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Ufa Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
BONDAREV Ivan Sergeevich
lecturer of Physical training and sports sub-faculty, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
KACHULINA Irina Viktorovna
lecturer of Criminology sub-faculty, Omsk Academy of the MIA of Russia
YACHMENEV Sergey Petrovich
lecturer of Physical training sub-faculty, Rostov Law Institute of the MIA of Russia
PHYSICAL FITNESS AND A MODERN APPROACH: THE KEY TO IMPROVING AND TRAINING HIGHLY QUALIFIED SPECIALISTS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
In the context of the growing demands on the professional activities of law enforcement officers, physical fitness remains a fundamental element of their professional competence. This scientific article examines the transformation of traditional physical training methods in the context of the introduction of modern science-based approaches aimed at the formation of highly qualified specialists. Attention is focused on the integration of innovative technologies, such as adaptive training complexes, personalized programs for the development of physical and psycho-emotional training. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the relationship between the level of physical fitness and the effectiveness of performing operational and official tasks, including extreme conditions. Based on empirical data, it has demonstrated that the use of progressive techniques contributes not only to improving strength and coordination indicators, but also to reducing injuries, improving stress tolerance and cognitive adaptation.
Keywords: law enforcement, physical qualities, physical training, fighting techniques, law enforcement agencies.
Article bibliography
1. Babin A. V., Mingulov I. R., Zinnatov R. R., Kubeev A. Zh. Methodical and practical foundations of physical training and education of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a manual. – Ufa: Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2024. – 72 p.
2. Ivanov A. I., Mavropulo O. S., Tashchiyan A. A. [et al.]. Study of the nature of attacks on police officers in the line of duty as a basis for modernizing the physical training of cadets and students in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Scientific Notes of P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2023. – No. 4 (218). – P. 130-134. – DOI 10.34835/issn.2308-1961.2023.04.p130-135.
3. Babin A. V. Innovative methods of teaching the discipline “Physical Fitness” in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Physical training of employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation: collection of scientific articles of the All-Russian competition, Volgograd, July 01 – July 30, 2022 / Editorial board: R. V. Kamnev, O. S. Panova, D. G. Ovechkin [et al.]. – Issue 4. – Volgograd: Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2022. – P. 11-17.
4. Lukyanov B. G. Orientation of the population towards a healthy lifestyle: socio-philosophical analysis // Society, law, statehood: retrospective and prospect. – 2024. – No. 3 (19). – P. 117-124.
5. Gvozdikov P. Yu., Gilmutdinova, N. I., Bondarenko D. M. Application of innovative technologies in the educational process for physical training of cadets (students) of universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia / Text of a scientific article in the specialty “Educational Sciences” // Scientific Notes of P. F. Lesgaft University. – 2023. – No. 1 (215). – P. 104-108. – DOI 10.34835/issn.2308-1961.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
SAFONOV Andrey Alexandrovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, associate professor of Technical and forensic provision expert sub-faculty, Research Training and Research Complex of Forensic examination, V. Ya. Kikot Moscow University of the MIA of Russia
BONDAREVA Irina Olegovna
Ph.D. in Law, Deputy Head of Criminal process sub-faculty, Stavropol branch, Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia
QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES AND CRYPTOGRAPHY: IMPACT ON LAW ENFORCEMENT
The article examines the impact of quantum technologies on criminal proceedings, focusing on the problems of regulation, prospects and risks associated with their introduction. It analyzes the current state of regulatory legal regulation of quantum technologies and emphasizes the need to create a reliable regulatory framework to ensure the protection of constitutional rights and the integrity of the judicial process. Special attention is paid to cryptography, where quantum computing could revolutionize by rendering existing encryption protocols vulnerable. The article also discusses data protection strategies, such as the “store now, decrypt later” approach, and the need to move toward post-quantum cryptography. Finally, the potential benefits and risks of quantum technologies for law enforcement and criminals are discussed, and suggests measures to ensure security and respect for human rights in the face of the rapid development of quantum technologies.
Keywords: quantum technologies, quantum sensors, quantum cryptography, quantum computing, human rights, data security, data protection, forensics, regulatory framework, ethical use of technology.
Bibliographic list of articles
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2. Draft federal law No. 632206-8 “On technological policy in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/632206-8& (date of access: 07.11.2024).
3. Hoofnagle C J and Garfinkel S. (2021) Law and Policy for the Quantum Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
4. Roadmap for the development of “end-to-end” digital technology “Quantum Technologies”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://digital.gov.ru/ru/documents/6650/ (date accessed: 07.11.2024).
5. Minbaleev AV, Naumov VB, Polyakova TA Legal regulation of quantum communications in Russia and in the world // State and Law. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 104-114.
6. Evsikov KS Information security of the digital state in the quantum era // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2022. – No. 4 (92). – P. 46-58.
7. Dobrobaba MB, Channov SE, Minbaleev AV Quantum communications: prospects for legal regulation // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University. – 2022. – No. 4. – P. 25-26.
8. Minbaleev A. V., Efremov A. A., Dobrobaba M. B., Chubukova S. G. Methods and approaches to regulating the emerging industry of quantum communications in the context of a modern information society // Information society. – 2024. – No. 4. – P. 112-120.
9. How Middle Eastern Countries Are Investing in Quantum Tech. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.analyticsinsight.net/tech-news/how-middle-eastern-countries-are-investing-in-quantum-tech (date of access: 11/18/2024).
10. Can Quantum Computing Unlock the Middle East’s Next Growth Spurt. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.mitsloanme.com/article/can-quantum-computing-unlock-the-middle-easts-next-growth-spurt/ (accessed: 11/18/2024).
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13. How Quantum Systems Can Unleash New Possibilities, Cybersecurity Ricks. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.bizzbuzz.news/technology/how-quantum-systems-can-unleash-new-possibilities-cybersecurity-risks-1342196 (date of access: 09.12.2024).
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16. NIST’s Post-Quantum Cryptography Program Enters ‘Selection Round’. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2020/07/nists-post-quantum-cryptography-program-enters-selection-round (accessed: 20.12.2024).

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
TERENTJEV Andrey Viktorovich
Ph.D. in Law, Head of Operative and investigative activity sub-faculty, Lugansk branch, Voronezh Institute of the MIA of Russia
THE CONCEPT OF PLANNING FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPUTER-RELATED CRIMES
The article is devoted to the importance of planning in the effective investigation of crimes related to computer information. Modern society is faced with a constant growth of cybercrimes, which makes the study of planning issues in the investigation of such crimes particularly significant. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the author highlights the factor of non-compliance with the principle of reality, explaining it by the lack of knowledge and practical skills in the investigation of criminal cases in the field of computer information. The author suggests ways to solve the legal problem in the form of taking into account the specifics of this category of criminal cases, as well as competent analysis and choice of tactical features of the organization and the conduct of certain investigative and operational-search activities.
Keywords: planning, investigation, crime, computer information, operational-search activity.
Article bibliography:
1. Belkin R. S. Course of criminalistics in 3 volumes. – Volume 3: Criminalistic means, techniques and recommendations. – Moscow: Jurist, 1997. – P. 269.
2. Dulov A. V., Gramovich G. I., Lapin A. V. Criminalistics: Textbook. manual. / Ed. A. V. Dulov. – Minsk: IP “Ekoperspektiva”, 1998. – P. 285.
3. Forensic Science: Textbook for Higher Law Schools / Ed. by A. G. Filippov (responsible editor), A. F. Volynsky. – Moscow: Spark, 1998. – P. 196.
4. Forensic Science: Textbook for Universities. Technique, Tactics, Organization and Methodology of Crime Investigation / Ed. by B. P. Smagorinsky. – Volgograd: Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 1994. – Vol. 2. – P. 274-275.
5. Luzgin I. M. Investigation as a Process of Cognition: Textbook / Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. – M.: Research and Editorial Publishing House. otdel., 1969. – P. 87.
6. Planning the investigation of certain types of crimes: Textbook / Volgograd Law Institute; [Samodelkin S. M. et al.]; Ed. by S. M. Samodelkin. – Volgograd: Volgograd Law Institute, 1995. – P. 4.

SECURITY AND LAW
ZUMAKULOVA Zarema Akhmatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Economics and Finance, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
KOCHESOKOV Rustam Khazhmudarovich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
NECESSARY SELF-DEFENSE: THE RIGHT TO EXERCISE
The article examines the main aspects of necessary self-defense, including its legal nature, conditions of application, limitations and consequences. The analysis showed that necessary self-defense is an important legal institution aimed at protecting the individual, his/her rights and legitimate interests. Both common features and differences in approaches to self-defense in various legal systems are revealed. The practical significance of the study lies in an in-depth understanding of the legal aspects of necessary self-defense, which can contribute to the improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice. Prospects for further research include an analysis of the influence of social and cultural factors on the implementation of the right to self-defense, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of existing legal norms.
Keywords: necessary self-defense, exceeding limits, real threat, self-defense, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Bazrov N. P., Shevchenko D. A., Sagarev I. Yu. Necessary defense and the conditions of its legality: the quintessence of self-defense // In the collection: Problems of the Humanities and Education in the Modern World. Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the X All-Russian (with international participation) scientific and practical conference. – Sibay, 2024. – P. 214-215.
2. Bgantseva A. R., Klenin I. S. Self-defense: concept, types and conditions of application in modern life // Poisk (Volgograd), 2024. – No. 1 (15). – P. 29-31.
3. Kasymov M. A. Necessary defense. Actuale problems associated with exceeding the limits of necessary defense // Scientific Leader. – 2023. – No. 11 (109). – P. 60-65.
4. Koroleva E. V., Kuanysheva A. A. The right to necessary self-defense and the main ways to ensure it in Russia // In the collection: The potential of intellectually gifted youth – for the development of science and education. Proceedings of the XII International Scientific Forum of Young Scientists, Innovators, Students and Schoolchildren. – Astrakhan, 2023. – P. 379-381.
5. Sretenskaya A. S. Necessary defense as an integral part of modern human and civil rights and freedoms // Theory of Law and Interstate Relations. – 2022. – Vol. 1, No. 9 (29). – P. 42-47.
6. Tolstunov D. Features of the use of self-defense by citizens in the Russian Federation // In the collection: Comparative law in the context of the internationalization of science and education. Proceedings of the IV All-Russian scientific conference of young scientists of the Institute of International Law and Justice of the Moscow State Linguistic University / Editorial board: M. Yu. Voronin (chairman of the editorial board) [et al.]. – M., 2022. – P. 571-575.

SAFETY AND LAW
KAMENETS Andrey Victorovich
postgraduate student of Judiciary, civil society and law enforcement sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ON SOME PROBLEMS ON ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY OF CITIZENS IN TERMS OF PERSONAL DATA
This article raises the problem of personal data theft from citizens. Recently it has become particularly relevant. The questions about the concept of personal data as a subject of theft, under what articles of the Criminal Code it is possible to be held liable for offenses in this area and the main methods and situations of theft, leakage and fraud with personal data, which are most often encountered in everyday life, are considered.
Keywords: law enforcement, personal data, cybercrime, identity theft, personal information, digital security, telephone fraud.
Article bibliography
1. Baldynova A. Personal data // Administrative law. – 2020. – No. 4. – P. 23-27.
2. Deryugin R. A., Ivanov V. Yu., Mosina S. V., Mosin I. V. Features of the investigation of fraud related to gaining access to personal data of Internet users: a tutorial. – Yekaterinburg: Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2022.
3. Deryugin R. A. Forensic characteristics of theft of funds committed using personal data of Internet users // Bulletin of the Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2024. – No. 2 (42).
4. Chekunov I. G., Ryadovsky I. A., Puzarin A. V. [et al.]. Methodological recommendations for the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information: a tutorial. – Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2019. – 175 p.

SECURITY AND LAW
KORKMAZOV Alim Viktorovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, senior lecturer of Law enforcement organization sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, lieutenant colonel of police
WAYS TO COUNTER THE SPREAD OF EXTREMIST AND TERRORIST IDEOLOGIES IN SOCIAL NETWORKS
The article considers the ways of using advanced technologies – from artificial intelligence to complex analytical platforms – to identify and neutralize the threats of spreading extremist and terrorist ideology in social networks. Further research in this area can focus on assessing the effectiveness of current initiatives, as well as on developing new approaches to preventing radicalization in the digital environment. It is important to take into account not only technical, but also social, cultural and legal aspects, forming a comprehensive and sustainable system of countering ideological extremism on the Internet.
Keywords: social networks, extremist materials, terrorist content, youth, recommendation mechanism, attention retention.
Article bibliography
1. Baranov V. V., Pashin V. M. Counteraction of internal affairs bodies to propaganda of radical, extremist and terrorist activity on the Internet // Legal Culture. – 2024. – No. 1 (56). – P. 51-57.
2. Vasilevsky D. E. Counteraction of extremism in social networks // Bulletin of Economics and Law. – 2024. – No. 91. – P. 76-87.
3. Kuchmezov R. A. Internet resources as a platform for disseminating extremist ideas // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 10 (173). – P. 464-465.
4. Kuchmezov R. A. Extremism on the Internet: legal foundations and problems of counteraction // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2022. – No. 2 (165). – P. 437-438.
5. Reshetnikov M. M. Social networks and their role in the spread of extremism and terrorism: analysis of the problem and solutions // In the collection: Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin – lawyer, statesman. – Izhevsk, 2023. – P. 481-489.
6. Frizen A. A. Counteracting the use of the Internet to facilitate terrorist activities // Problems of enterprise development: theory and practice. – 2024. – No. 1-2. – P. 203-207.

SECURITY AND LAW
KUCHMEZOV Rasul Abdulmutalifovich
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, senior lecturer of Law enforcement organization sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TERRORIST ACTIVITIES OF CRIMINALS
An analysis of modern forms of terrorist activity suggests that digital technologies have become one of the key factors determining the transformation of threats in the 21st century. The Internet, instant messengers, anonymousus networks, and cryptocurrencies have evolved from neutral communication and financial tools into strategic resources for planning, coordinating, promoting, and disguising terrorist operations. Their use ensures a high level of confidentiality, complicating the process of identifying and preventing illegal activities. Data encryption and complex anonymization methods allow criminals to avoid control and bypass traditional law enforcement mechanisms. All this requires a fundamentally new approach to organizing counteraction to such threats.
Keywords: social networks, terrorist activity, Internet platforms, instant messengers, Internet channels, hidden communication.
Article bibliography
1. Korkmazov A. V. Modern trends in digital extremism and terrorism // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2023. – Vol. 16, No. 4. – P. 208-212.
2. Korkmazov AV The fight against extremism and terrorism as a way to ensure state security // Bulletin of scientific conferences. – 2023. – No. 8-2 (96). – P. 48-49.
3. Kuchinaev RR Actual problems of the development of extremism and terrorism in the field of information and telecommunication technologies // Gaps in Russian legislation. – 2023. – Vol. 16, No. 4. – P. 258-262.
4. Opalev AV Modern information technologies as a tool for extremist and terrorist organizations // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 187-190.
5. Orlova A. Yu., Chernov I. M. Infocommunication technologies in the field of counteracting terrorism // In the collection: student science for the development of the information society. Proceedings of the 15th All-Russian scientific and technical conference with the invitation of foreign scientists. – Stavropol, 2024. – P. 444-449.
6. Samoylenko F. P., Samoylenko L. V. On the issue of using information and telecommunication technologies in extremist and terrorist activities // In the collection: Information and telecommunication technologies in counteracting extremism and terrorism. Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference. – Krasnodar, 2024. – pp. 103-105.

SAFETY AND LAW
KOCHESOKOV Rustam Khazhmudarovich
lecturer of Fire training sub-faculty, North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch), Krasnodar University of the MIA of Russia, major of police
ZUMAKULOVA Zarema Akhmatovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Civil law and process sub-faculty, Institute of Law, Economics and Finance, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik
THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS FOR SELF-DEFENSE PURPOSES
The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing legislation regulating the right to keep and carry weapons, as well as to study the social and legal aspects related to self-defense. The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of using its results to improve national legislation and increase the level of public safety. The findings may be useful for developing recommendations for improving law enforcement practices. In the future, further research may be aimed at a more in-depth analysis of international experience and studying the impact of various regulatory models on public safety, which will allow us to offer more effective solutions in this area.
Keywords: carrying and storing weapons, self-defense, illegal use, criminal liability.
Article bibliography
1. Bukhalov V. I. Regulation of weapons circulation: problems of the permit system and liability measures // In the collection: Sustainable development of Russia: legal dimension. Collection of reports of the X Moscow Legal Forum. In 3 parts. – M., 2023. – P. 33-37.
2. Mukhtyarov K. A., Zyablova T. E. The right to bear arms (on the example of Russia and the USA) // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2024. – No. 107-5. – P. 158-161.
3. Narushevich A. A. On the regulation of carrying weapons in the history of Russian law // In the book: State and Law. Proceedings of the 62nd International Scientific Student Conference. – Novosibirsk, 2024. – P. 372-373.
4. Nudel S. L. Modernization of criminal policy: problems of legal regulation // Journal of Russian Law. – 2023. – Vol. 27, No. 1. – P. 5-22.
5. Robak V. A. The main models of legal regulation of weapons circulation // Law and state: theory and practice. – 2023. – No. 8 (224). – P. 348-351.
6. Suleimanov M. V. Features of the use of weapons for self-defense // In the collection: Science. Technology. Society. Economy. Collection of scientific papers of the III International scientific and practical conference. – Stavropol, 2024. – P. 225-228.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
ZORINA Natalya Sergeevna
senior researcher ofthe Department for Improving Legal Regulation of the Penitentiary System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation”
TSARKOVA Evgeniya Gennadjevna
Ph.D. in physical and mathematical sciences, leading researcher of the Department for the Study of Employment Problems of Convicts and Economic Problems of the Functioning of the Penal Correction System, Center for the Study of Problems of Management and Organization of the Execution of Sentences in the Penitentiary System “Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation”
THE CONCEPT OF AESTHETIC EDUCATION AMONG JUVENILE CONVICTS
Aesthetic education of juvenile convicts is an important aspect of rehabilitation work in correctional institutions. It is aimed at developing adolescents’ ability to perceive, understand and create beauty, which contributes to their emotional, intellectual and moral development. In conditions of isolation from society, aesthetic education helps to reduce aggression, develop empathy and creativity, and form positive life values. The article analyzes the mechanisms of influence of art, creativity and cultural education on the formation of emotional stability, moral values and social skills among adolescents in conflict with the law. The article substantiates the need to integrate aesthetic practices into correctional programs in order to reduce recidivism and successfully adapt young people to society.
Keywords: penal enforcement system, correctional institutions, juvenile convicts, educational colonies, penitentiary system, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, aesthetic education, resocialization.
Article bibliography
1. Drozd N. A., Ezhova O. N. Resocialization of juvenile convicts // Problems and prospects for the development of the penal system of Russia at the present stage. – 2020. – P. 117-121.
2. Zautorova E. V. Moral and aesthetic education as a condition for the resocialization of juvenile convicts // Bulletin of the Institute: Crime, Punishment, Correction. – 2017. – No. 1 (37). – P. 87-90.
3. Tishchenko Yu. Yu., Zvonova A. V. Aesthetic education of juvenile convicts // Agrarian and land law. – 2023. – No. 5 (221). – P. 162-163.
4. Vygotsky L. S. Imagination and creativity in childhood. – M.: Education, 1991.
5. Zorina N. S. Formation of moral norms of juvenile convicts // Eurasian Law Journal. – 2024. – No. 9 (196). – pp. 517-519.

EDAGOGY AND LAW
KUZNETSOVA Inna Vladimirovna
associate professor of Pedagogy sub-faculty of the Higher School of Psychology and Pedagogy, Ufa University of Science and Technology
FAKHRETDINOVA Gulnaz Fanzilevna
senior lecturer of Pedagogy sub-faculty of the Higher School of Psychology and Pedagogy, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATION AS A KEY ELEMENT OF SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION
This article examines the problem of professional orientation as a key element of youth self-determination in the context of labor market transformation and digitalization of the economy. Today, an urgent issue is the need for the younger generation to develop an informed approach to choosing a profession that meets their interests, abilities and needs of modern society.
The authors analyze the current challenges faced by young people when choosing a profession, including digitalization, the emergence of new professions and the transformation of traditional career paths. The paper presents the results of a sociological survey conducted among schoolchildren and students of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and also offers recommendations for improving the professional guidance system.
Keywords: professional orientation, profession, self-determination, youth, labor market.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Klimov E. A. Psychology of professional self-determination. – M.: Academy, 2004. – 304 p.
2. Pryazhnikov N. S. Professional self-determination: theory and practice. – M.: Academy, 2013. – 208 p.
3. Kasprzhak A. G. Modern challenges of professional orientation. – M.: Education, 2019.
4. Ivanova O. A. Imbalance in the labor market: causes and consequences. – Ufa: BashSU, 2022.
5. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Report on the state of the career guidance system in the Republic of Bashkortostan. – Ufa, 2023.
6. National project “Education”. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://edu.gov.ru/national-project/.
7. Shcherbakova E. Various forms of career guidance work, so thatimplement the “Career Guidance” module in your school // Handbook of the class teacher. – 2023. – No. 12. – P. 36-41.
8. Shevelev A. N., Kurachenkova I. Kh., Ivchenko V. A. Scientific and career guidance conference of high school students as an effective means of career guidance activities of the school // Education Quality Management: Theory and Practice of Effective Administration. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 22-36.

PEDAGOGY AND LAW
KHUTKO Tatyana Vladislavovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of General education disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
UMEROVA Alme Shabanovna
senior lecturer of General education disciplines sub-faculty, Crimean branch, V. M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice, Simferopol
FORMATION OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS AND PATRIOTISM IN LAW STUDENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF TEACHING DISCIPLINES OF THE HUMANITIES CYCLE
The article presents for consideration issues related to the formation of patriotism and citizenship in students of secondary vocational education using the example of studying such disciplines as literature, history, and social science. Among the priority approaches to the system of education of students, the value component is highlighted as a significant factor in the development of personality, the formation of civic self-awareness. The authors propose a model of problem-based learning using the example of the analysis of L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace” using interdisciplinary connections of academic disciplines in the humanities. Methodological recommendations are presented for posing problematic questions, an algorithm for discussing them in order to encourage students to reflect and comprehend universal and civic-patriotic values. The position that civic-patriotic education of modern youth is an integral part of the educational process is substantiated.
Keywords: patriotism, citizenship, modern youth, educational activities, interdisciplinary connections, humanities disciplines, secondary vocational education, higher education institution, civic-patriotic education.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Ivanova D. V., Konstantinova V. V. Organizational and pedagogical conditions of civic-patriotic education of university students // Bulletin of the Mari State University. – 2019. – No. 3 (35). – P. 344-351. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/organizatsionno-pedagogicheskie-usloviya-grazhdansko-patrioticheskogo-vospitaniya-studentov-vuza (date of access: 10.03.2025).
2. Zhabina G. M. Spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren on the example of the works of K. D. Ushinsky // International scientific journal “Bulletin of Science”. – 2023. – No. 12 (69), Vol. 2. – P. 685-686. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/duhovno-nravstvennoe-vospitanie-shkolnikov-na-primere-rabot-k-d-ushinskogo (date of access: 08.01.2025).
3. Adaeva N. A. Patriotic education of technical school students by means of folk pedagogy: dis. … candidate of ped. sciences: 13.00.01. – Tver, 2014. – 269 p.
4. Gorshkova M. A., Muravleva A. Continuity in educational work on the formation of patriotism between the modern school and the university // Problems of modern education. Series: Pedagogy and Psychology. Collection of articles. – Yalta: RIO GPA, 2016. – No. 53-3. – P. 152-158.
5. Grevtseva G. Ya. Civic-patriotic education of student youth as a socio-cultural process // Modern higher school: innovative aspect. – 2019. – Vol. 11, No. 3 (45). – P. 18-26. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/grazhdansko-patrioticheskoe-vospitanie-uchascheysya-molodezhi-kak-sotsiokulturnyy-protsess (date of access: 08.01.2025).
6. Ivanova D. V. Civic-patriotic education of students at the present stage of development of a multicultural society: resources and technologies // Scientific and pedagogical review (Pedagogical Review). – 2022. – Issue. 5 (45). – P. 78-87. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/grazhdansko-patrioticheskoe-vospitanie-studentov-na-sovremennom-etape-razvitiya-polikulturnogo-obschestva-resursy-i-tehnologii (date of access: 10.03.2025).
7. Nefedova A. S. Patriotic education of students in a modern university // Scientific notes of ZabGU. Series: Pedagogical sciences. – 2018. – Vol. 13, No. 5. – P. 71-76. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/patrioticheskoe-vospitanie-studentov-v-sovremennom-vuze-1 (date of access: 10.03.2025).
8. Snopko N. M. Psychological mechanisms and pedagogical foundations of patriotic education in the system of vocational education: diss. … doctor of ped. sciences: 13.00.01. – M., 2007. – 328 p.
9. Development strategy ineducation in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 (approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 29, 2015 No. 996-r). – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70957260/ (date of access 08.01.2025).
10. Balykova I. E., Germanova L. M. On the importance of civic-patriotic education of students // Symbol of Science. – 2016. – No. 12. – P. 161-162. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-znachimosti-grazhdansko-patrioticheskogo-vospitaniya-studentov (date of access: 01/08/2025).
11. Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language: About 57,000 words. 1987 / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. – M .: Russian language, 1987. – 795 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ogegova/263706 (date of access: 01/08/2025).
12. Umerova A. Sh., Khutko T. V. The role of Russian literature in patriotic education of modern youth // Trends in the development of science and education. – 2023. – No. 97-3. – P. 15-18.
13. Demenenko I. A., Divichenko O. I. Formation of patriotism and civic consciousness of student youth in the conditions of modern time // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2023. – No. 3. – P. 46-49. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/formirovanie-patriotizma-i-grazhdanstvennosti-studencheskoy-molodezhi-v-usloviyah-sovremennogo-vremeni (date of access: 09.03.2025).
14. Kozhokar D. A. Clip thinking as a phenomenon of modernity and its influence on the perception of radio news // Science and education today. – 2016. – No. 6 (7). – P. 98-101. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/klipovoe-myshleniekak-fenomen-sovremennosti-i-ego-vliyanie-na-vospriyatie-radionovostey (date of access: 10.03.2025).
15. Pudalov A. D. Clip thinking – a modern approach to cognition // Collection of scientific papers: Cybernetics and physical and mathematical sciences. Chemistry and chemical technology. Construction. Social sciences and linguistics. Economics. Safety. Sports medicine. General issues of educational and methodological work. – Angarsk: AGTA, 2011. – V. 1. – No. 1. – P. 229-233.
16. Selevko G. K. Modern educational technologies: Textbook. – M.: Narodnoe obrazovanie “, 1998. – 256 p. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://school11sp.ru/data/uploads/docs/v_pomosch_uchitely/7.pdf (date of access: 10.03.2025).
17. Lepeshinskaya T. A. Patriotic and educational significance of L. N. Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace” // Omsk Scientific Bulletin. – 2006. – No. 7 (43). – P. 35-39. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/patrioticheskoe-vospitatelnoe-znachenie-romana-epopei-l-n-tolstogo-voyna-i-mir (date of access: 12.03.2025).
18. Lazarev L. “Unconditional and Honest Truth.” Vasily Grossman and the Traditions of Russian Classics // Literature Magazine. – 2006. – No. 2. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://lit.1sept.ru/article.php?ID=200600215 (date of access: 01.03.2025).
19. Tolstoy L. N. War and Peace. – T. 3-4. – M.: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1958. – 848 p.
20. Bogatyrev R. I. The role of the individual in the interaction of the state and society. Historical and philosophical aspect // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2020. – Vol. 45, No. 2. – Pp. 352-358. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-lichnosti-vo-vzaimodeystvii-gosudarstva-i-obschestva-istoriko-filosofskiy-aspekt (date of access: 11.03.2025).
21. Malyshev I. V. The role of the individual and the masses in history. – M.: Nauka, 2009. – 289 p.
22. Nadeina K. E., Gvozdeva N. A. Development of ideas of citizenship and civic education in domestic pedagogical thought of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries // ITS. – 2010. – No. 3. – P. 47-51. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razvitie-idey-grazhdanstvennosti-i-grazhdanskogo-vospitaniya-v-otechestvennoy-pedagogicheskoy-mysli-vtoroy-poloviny-xix-nachala-xx-v (date of access: 12.03.2025).
23. Korolkova A. V. Aphoristics of I. S. Turgenev // Scientific notes of OSU. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2019. – No. 2 (83). – P. 113-116. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aforistika-i-s-turgeneva (date of access: 12.03.2025).
24. Petrov S. On Realism as an Artistic Method // Questions of Literature. – 1957. – No. 2. – P. 3-49. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://voplit.ru/article/o-realizme-kak-hudozhestvennom-metode/(access date: 03/12/2025).

STATE AND LAW
DOLZHENKOVA Ekaterina
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of the Higher School of Jurisprudence and Forensic Technical Expertise, Humanitarian Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
CHALLENGES FOR LANGUAGE AND NATIONALITY IN “YOUNG”POLITICAL-LEGAL SYSTEMS
Some post-Soviet states can be characterized as “young” states. In this rhetoric, Kazakhstan, Moldova and the Baltic states are “young” democracies, where society today faces the consequences of ethnic nationalism. Given that states are characterized by certain stages of development, it is important to determine how they can influence certain groups of the population that are not the titular nation. By what mechanisms does discrimination occur in “young” democracies. The study is based on a regional approach to the case study method – a region of the post-Soviet space is defined, in which individual states are identified where a negative attitude towards the Soviet past is observed. In turn, the analysis of the socio-political situation in the countries under consideration shows what is the main driving force of nation-building.
Keywords: post-Soviet space, state language, ethnonationalism, discrimination, titular nation.
Article bibliographic list
1. Avakov V. A., Evstafiev D. G. Post-Soviet Eurasia in the Mirror of Global Processes (Key Development Trends and Dilemmas of Russian Politics) // Polity: Analysis. Chronicle. Forecast. – 2023. – No. 2 (109). – P. 151-165. DOI: 10.30570/2078-5089-2023-109-2-151-165.
2. Brusalinskaya G. S. Civil society as the basis of the rule of law in the countries of young democracy // Constitutional and municipal law. – 2011. – No. 12. – P. 11-16.
3. Volkov V. V., Vorotnikov V. V., Komleva V. V., Starikov A. D. Communication regimes of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: scientific discussion // Russia and the world: scientific dialogue. – 2021. – No. 1 (2). – P. 138-161. DOI: 10.53658/RW2021-1-2-138-161.
4. Vorozheina Ya. A., Mikhailova A. A. Lithuania – 2022. Domestic and Foreign Policy: Information and Analytical Report. – Kaliningrad: I. Kant Baltic Federal University, 2023.
5. Vorotnikov V. V. 25 Years of Independence of the Baltic States: from the Soviet to the European Union // Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law. – 2016. – No. 9 (5). – P. 7-23. DOI: 10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-5-7-23.
6. Gudimenko D. V. The Phenomenon of Kazakh Nationalism: An Attempt at Analysis // Russia and the New States of Eurasia. – 2023. – No. 4 (61). – P. 111-121. DOI: 10.20542/2073-4786-2023-4-111-121.
7. Kirpilenko G. A. Interethnic and ethnic conflicts in the USSR in the late 80s of the twentieth century as one of the main reasons for the collapse of the multinational Soviet state // The USSR as a historical phenomenon: on the 100th anniversary of its formation. Under the general editorship of A. T. Tashpekova, P. A. Sovkich. – Saratov: Saratov Military Order of Zhukov Red Banner Institute of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, 2023. – P. 289-301.
8. Kitinov B. U. Buddhism and nationalism in identification processes in Asia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: General History. – 2022. – No. 4 (4). – P. 355-372. DOI: 10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-4-355-372.
9. Kurylev K. P. Migration of the Russian population from Kazakhstan to Russia in the post-Soviet period: reasons, nature, opportunities for scientific and industrial cooperation // Questions of History. – 2022. – No. 6-2. – P. 44-57. DOI: 10.31166/VoprosyIstorii202206Statyi53.
10. Lebedeva V. L. On the Status of the Georgian Language in the Soviet Period // Society: Philosophy, History, Culture. – 2021. – No. 7 (87). – P. 99-103. DOI: 10.24158/fik.2021.7.17.
11. Martynova M. Yu., Tishkov V. A. Science of Peoples and National Policy of the State in the USSR Era // Bulletin of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Humanities and Social Sciences. – 2023. – No. 1 (112). – P. 31-47. DOI: 10.22204/2587-8956-2023-112-01-31-47.
12. Napso M. D. Ethnic nationalism – “nevrose nationale” // Bulletin of the Transbaikal State University. – 2023. – No. 29 (4). – P. 132-138. DOI: 10.2109/2227-9245-2023-29-4-132-138.
13. Popov D. I. Nationalism as a component of the political program of right-wing populism in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century // Bulletin of Omsk University. Series: Historical Sciences. – 2022. – No. 9 (4(36)). – P. 98-106. DOI: 10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(4).98-106.
14. Semenenko I. S. Memory politics in the European Union: in search of common guidelines // Bulletin of the Altai State University. – 2020. – No. 6 (116). – P. 62-67. DOI: 10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-10.
15. Smirnov V. A. Political elites of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in 1990-2019: the main results of the transformation // Modern Europe. – 2020. – No. 5 (98). – P. 111-120. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope52020111120.
16. Sokolskaya L. V., Lyapushkin P. V. State-forming nation and consolidation of its status in normative acts // Legal Thought. – 2021. – No. 1 (2). – P. 99-102. DOI: 10.55000/MCU.LegTh.2021.2.1.019.
17. Soloviev E. G. Moldova: the final turn to the West? // Russia and the new states of Eurasia. – 2022. – No. 4 (57). – P. 50-59. DOI: 10.20542/2073-4786-2022-4-50-59.
18. Tishkov V. A. Nation, Nationalism and Nation-Building // Russia in Global Politics. – 2021. – No. 19 (2 (108)). – P. 42-62.
19. Khashimov R. I. National-Language Relations: Myths and Threats // Filologos. – 2009. – No. 3-4 (6). – P. 141-147.

STATE AND LAW
KARPUSHKIN Alexey Valentinovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of State legal disciplines sub-faculty, Penza State University
CERTAIN PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS IN RUSSIA
The legislative process is a set of successive stages, which have detailed legal regulation in the regulations of the chambers of the Federal Assembly. An analysis of the provisions of the Regulations of the State Duma shows the presence of individual problems, expressed, in particular, in the possibility of considering conceptual amendments to the law on the second reading. The article examines the purpose of each reading, on the basis of which it is concluded that any discussion of the concept of the draft law is permissible only at the first reading. Consequently, the legal regulation of the legislative process needs to be adjusted in part containing the potential danger of distorting the sequence of stages of adoption of the law in the State Duma.
Keywords: lawmaking, State Duma, responsible committee, concept of the bill, adoption of the law.
Article bibliography
1. Malko A. V., Lipinsky D. A., Ivanov A. A., Markunin R. S. Legal anomaly as a factor in reducing the effectiveness of law-making activity // Bulletin of RUDN. Series: Legal sciences. – 2024. – V. 28, No. 1. – P. 7-28.
2. Magomedova E. A., Leshchinsky M. I. The influence of legal science on law-making activity // Issues of student science. – 2021. – No. 5 (57). – P. 540-544.
3. Pankov V. A. Stages of the legislative process and their content in modern Russia // Issues of student science. – 2020. – No. 12 (52). – P. 296-301.

STATE AND LAW
MANUKOV Tigran Martinovich
postgraduate student, St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics
THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL REGIMES
The article reveals the role of law in the process of transformation of political regimes. The author draws attention to the fact that the whole process of change of political regimes is accompanied by the inclusion of the norms of law in different spheres. Moreover, the institute of law also depends on the reform of the system of state administration, is edited, modified and changes its forms of expression. The author concludes that the political regime and law are interrelated and cannot coexist without each other, and, accordingly, any change in one of them entails the invariable modernization of the other.
Keywords: public administration, law, politics, political regime, transformation.
Article bibliography
1. Tirskikh M. G. Defects in law as a consequence of the transformation of political regimes // State and law: evolution, current state, development prospects (on the 25th anniversary of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). Proceedings of the XX international scientific and theoretical conference. In 2 parts. Saint Petersburg. – 2023. – P. 664-670.
2. Tirskikh M. G. Legal status and transformation of the political regime // Fifth international theoretical and legal readings named after professor N. A. Pyanov. Conference materials. Moscow-Irkutsk. – 2024. – P. 8-13.
3. Tsibrinsky R. S. Transformation of the political regime in Russia: political science analysis // Young scientists of Russia. Collection of articles of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Penza. – 2020. – P. 293-295.

STATE AND LAW
PETROGRADSKAYA Albina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Theory of law and philosophy sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
SKVORTSOV Sergey Andreevich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
DEFORMATION OF LEGAL SYSTEM SUBJECTS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR GLOBAL DIGITAL LEADERSHIP
The relevance of this topic is conditioned by the need for in-depth analysis of the impact of digitalization on the legal systems of the world and identification of mechanisms to prevent negative consequences caused by the deformation of legal entities under the flow of digital progress. The study of this issue allows us to understand how the state, business and civil society can adapt to new conditions, maintaining a balance between the development of technology and compliance with the principles of therule of law. Digitalization has become an integral part of modern life, profoundly transforming all aspects of society, including the legal system. However, the rapid development of technology and its mass introduction are accompanied by complex challenges, among which the deformation of the subjects of the legal system occupies a special place. This phenomenon affects states, corporations and civil society, changing their roles and functions, creating legal risks and threatening the stability of existing institutions. The results of this study can serve as a basis for further scientific research and development of practical solutions aimed at maintaining a balance between the development of technology and compliance with the principles of the rule of law.
Keywords: digital technology, digital impact, digital space, subject of law, digital literacy, cybercrime, information technology, artificial intelligence.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bryanceva O. V., Soldatkina O. L. Comparative analysis of foreign electronic justice systems // Bulletin of the Volga Region Institute of Management. 2019. Vol. 19. No. 6. Pp. 36-47.
2. Bystrova A. A. Digital state: development prospects in modern Russia // Youth in Science: New Arguments: IV International Youth Collection of Scientific Articles (Russia, Lipetsk, April 26, 2019). Part II / Ed. A. V. Gorbenko. Lipetsk: Scientific partnership “Argument”, 2019. Pp. 39-40.
3. Vorontsova I. V., Zarubina M. N. Problems of authentication and identification of electronic evidence on the example of judicial procedural rules of foreign countries // Transformation and digitalization of legal regulation of public relations in modern realities and conditions of the pandemic. Kazan: Otechestvo, 2020. Pp. 173-177.
4. Dremlyuga R. I. Artificial Intelligence Systems as a Means of Committing a Crime // Information Law. 2019. No. 1. Pp. 21
5. Saveliev A. I. Problems of Applying Legislation on Personal Data in the Era of “Big Data” // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2015. Pp. 43-66.
6. Flerov O. V. Human Digital Footprint on the Internet: Basic Humanitarian Approaches // Educational Resources and Technologies. 2018. No. 4 (25). Pp. 79-82.
7. Shiryaeva A. I., Kalashnikova E. B. Electronic Justice as a Result of Digitalization of the Russian Judicial System // Modern Science. 2019. No. 10-1. P. 198.

STATE AND LAW
REVINA Svetlana Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Theory of law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
DVORYANCHIKOV Vladislav Mikhaylovich
postgraduate student of Theory of law and state and legal disciplines sub-faculty, Samara State University of Economics
DIGITAL SPACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
The article examines the possibilities of consolidating and developing human rights in the digital space. The authors note that the development of information technology leads to the need to expand existing rights and form new “digital rights”. Today, we can confidently say that a new category of human rights has been formed – digital rights, the term “global digital human rights” has been introduced into scientific circulation, which include the right to access information, the right to access information and communication tools and technologies, the right to access the Internet, the right to protect privacy and personal ???, the right to respect for personal data, rights related to the protection of genetic information and many others. The authors conclude that the development of digital space necessitates a new approach to resolving the issue of the need to form digital law.
Keywords: digital space, digital technologies, digital rights, digital era, human rights, personal data, Internet, international standards, international organizations.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of October 26, 2017 No. 25-P on the case of verifying the constitutionality of paragraph 5 of Article 2 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and the Protection of Information” in connection with a citizen’s complaint // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 45. Article 6735.

STATE AND LAW
SANGADZHIEV Badma Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in Law, professor of Constitutional and international law sub-faculty, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
MOISEEV Ivan Alexeevich
student of the 5th course, Faculty of Law, All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The paper examines the legal essence of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as the supreme representative and legislative institution of state power. The study focuses on the constitutional and legal principles of its activities, highlighting the features of the bicameral structure (the Federation Council and the State Duma). The paper reveals the role of the Federal Assembly in the system of separation of powers. The article highlights the importance of the Federal Assembly as a key institution of democracy, ensuring a balance of interests between the federal center and the regions. A critical analysis of the existing legal conflicts and practical problems of the functioning of the chambers of the Federal Assembly is carried out, as well as proposals for their elimination are formulated. The research uses methods of comparative legal analysis, a systematic approach and interpretation of legal texts. Central attention is paid to the role of parliament in the system of checks and balances, its coordination with the President of the Russian Federation, the Government and the courts. Based on the study of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal legislation and scientific doctrines, the legal status of the Federal Assembly is revealed, the specifics of its formation, functional powers and measures of responsibility are considered. The article contributes to solving problems related to the effectiveness of parliamentary mechanisms in the context of modern political and legal realities in Russia.
Keywords: legal nature, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the mechanism of checks and balances, the highest representative and legislative institution of state power of the Russian Federation.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993) (taking into account amendments introduced by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2008 No. 6-FKZ, of 30.12.2008 No. 7-FKZ, of 05.02.2014 No. 2-FKZ, of 21.07.2014 No. 11-FKZ) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. – 2014. – No. 31. – Art. 4398.
2. Report of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation 2005 “On the state of legislation in the Russian Federation: legislative support for the main directions of domestic and foreign policy”. – M., 2007.
3. Dzidzoev R. M., Kovtun O. A., Tereshchenko N. D. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource]: electronic educational publication (textbook) / Edited by professor R. M. Dzidzoev. – Maykop: ElIT, 2022. – 582 p.
4. Ivanova M. A. Parliamentary law: textbook. – Orenburg: Orenburg State University, 2013. – 144 p.
5. Nikulin V. V., Pchelintsev A. V. Constitutional law of Russia: textbook. – Tambov: Publishing center of FGBOU VO “TSTU”, 2019. – 80 p.
6. Constitutional law: textbook for bachelors / Responsible. ed. V. I. Fadeev. – M.: Prospect, 2015. – 584 p.
7. Parliamentary law of Russia: monograph / Ed. T. Ya. Khabrieva. – M.: Publishing House of the State Duma, 2013. – 400 p.
8. State Duma. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://duma.gov.ru/news/61210/.

STATE AND LAW
FADEEV Kirill Vladimirovich
Ph.D. in political sciences, associate professor of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ARCHIBASOV Maxim Evgenjevich
assistant of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
KORNIENKO Konstantin Alexeevich
magister student of Political science and public relations sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
SDGS AS AN INSTITUTION OF EFFECTIVE REAL-SIMULATION CORRELATION OF POWER AND MANAGEMENT RELATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
The article discusses the socio-philosophical controversy of the question of the degree of usefulness and harmfulness of the imitation environment for modern Russian society. The arguments in favor of the statement that the Regional Management Center of the Republic of Bashkortostan acts as an example of the social orientation of simulacrum practices are presented. The authors substantiate the political and philosophical conditionality of the integration function of the SDGs in relation to real-simulacrum practices.
Keywords: Republic of Bashkortostan, discussion, imitation, productivity, reality, simulacrum, SDGs, efficiency.
Article bibliography
1. Astashova A. N. Kiryushin A. N. The idea of simulacrum in understanding the virtual: from Plato to postmodernism // Electronic scientific and practical journal “Humanitarian scientific researchania». – 2012. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.human.snauka.ru/2012/08/1593 (date of access: 03/21/2025).
2. Zakirova T. V. The False Life of Modern Society and Its Connection with Social Imitation // Intelligence, Innovations, Investments. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 107-112.
3. Mukhametzhanova N. M. Social Imitation: Essence and Prerequisites for its Emergence // Monuscript. – 2019. – Vol. 12, Issue. 10. – P. 171-174.
4. Palchinskaya M. V. Virtual Space as a Social Technology // ScienceRise. – 2016. – No. 1 (29), Vol. 2. – P. 80-84.
5. Sapozhnikov G. N. Unity of Opposites – the Defining Principle of Evolution of Nature and Man // Journal of New Economy. – 2012. – No. 5 (43). – P. 107-114.
6. The System “Regional Control Center” of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Ministry of Digital Development of Public Administration of the Republic of Bashkortostan. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.it.bashkortostan.ru/activity/24160/ (date of access: 03/21/2025).
7. Skirbekk G., Gilye N. History of Philosophy. Textbook for universities. – M.: VLADOS, 2008. – 1764 p.
8. Firsov A. N., Zhuravskaya A. On the methods of similarity and dimensionality theory // Systems analysis in design and management. Collection of scientific papers of the XXIII International scientific and educational-practical conference. (St. Petersburg, December 13-14, 2020). – SPb .: Polytech-press, 2020. – Part 2. – P. 121-131.
9. Khabibullina Z. N. Imitation as a socio-cultural attribute of modern society // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2022. – Vol. 11, No. 5A. – P. 143-149.
10. Shalyugina T. A. Imitation in society as a subject of socio-philosophical analysis // Theory and practice of social development. – 2011. – No. 8. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.teoria-practica.ru/rus/files/arhiv_zhurnala/2011/8/fil%D0%BEs%D0%BEfiy%D0%B0/shalyugina.pdf (date of access: 21.03.2025).
11. Shuvaev E. A. Interests and will through the prism of theories about a legal entity // Issues of Russian and international law. – 2022. – No. 6 A, T. 12. – P. 121-133.
12. Yumartov D. A. Virtual reality as a space of free self-identification // Bulletin of VSU. – 2021. – No. 1. – P. 140-148.

STATE AND LAW
ABRAMOV Vitaliy Sergeevich
postgraduate student, Samara State University of Economics
ON THE QUESTION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN MEGA-REGULATOR AND CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE PUBLICATION OF OFFICIAL EXPLANATIONS OF THE BANK OF RUSSIA
In modern conditions, the Russian mega-regulator is charged with regulating and improving the national banking system, regulating money circulation, issuing the national currency, implementing and developing monetary regulation, and supervising the activities of credit institutions. The creation of official explanations by the Bank of Russia currently does not have sufficient legal support, which requires further improvement.
Keywords: legal status, Central bank, Russian mega-regulator, official clarifications of the Bank of Russia, credit institutions, banking sector.
Article bibliography
1. Rozhdestvenskaya T. E., Guznov A. G., Shamraev A. V. Banking law: textbook and workshop for universities. – 2nd ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. – 371 p.
2. Banking law: textbook / Ed. E. V. Pokachalova, E. N. Pastushenko. – Moscow: Direct-Media, 2020. – 304 p.
3. Pastushenko E. N., Neverova N. V., Zemtsova L. N. The role of legal acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in ensuring the stability of the financial market at the present stage // Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy. – 2022. – No. 2 (145). – P. 262-267.
4. Gadzimagomedov M. D., Molchanov A. V. Normative and legal regulation of the activities of the Bank of Russia in modern conditions // UEPS. – 2020. – No. 2. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/normativno-pravovoe-regulirovanie-deyatelnosti-banka-rossii-v-sovremennyh-usloviyah.
5. Miroshnichenko O. S. Banking regulation and supervision: a textbook for universities. – 2nd ed. – Moscow: Yurait Publishing House, 2020. – 205 p.
6. Ruchkina G. F., Ashmarina E. M., Gizatullin F. K. Banking law: a textbook and workshop for undergraduate and graduate students. – 4th ed., revised and enlarged. – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2019. – 471 p.

STATE AND LAW
KHAMINSKIY Roman Alexandrovich
postgraduate student, Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Moscow State Pedagogical University
PROBLEMS OF ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY OF DIGITAL ECONOMY ENTITIES
The article covers the topic of ensuring information security in the context of the growing trend of cybercrimes against digital economy entities.
Based oncybercrime statistics in the Russian Federation, the author draws conclusions about the increase in the number of offenses related to information security, as well as the growth of their volume in the overall structure of offenses. Information security is considered as a risk factor for organizations in the context of increasing digital interconnections; its threats are classified by causes and type. The article also provides a classification of crimes in the field of information security and risks inherent in information security. The tasks of ensuring information security for digital economy entities and the methods of their implementation formulated in the article are designed to reduce the influence of technical, human, organizational and physical factors, as well as optimize risk management for business entities.
Keywords: digital economy, digital transformation, information security, information protection, cybercrime, cyber attacks, cyber threats.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Report of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security on work for 2024. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: http://defence.council.gov.ru/activity/plans/163948/ (date of access: 01.05.2025).
2. TAdviser Portal. [Electronic resource] – Access mode: www.tadviser.ru (date of access: 01.05.2025).
3. “Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” dated 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 21.04.2025) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 02.05.2025). [Electronic resource] – Access mode: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/ (date accessed: 01.05.2025).
4. Antropov K. Yu., Akhmadeev R. G., Kosov M. E. Cybersecurity and Preservation of Digital Sovereignty of the Economy // Bulletin of Economic Security. 2021. No. 5. P. 268-273.
5. Asaul V. V., Mikhailova A. O. Ensuring Information Security in the Context of the Formation of the Digital Economy // Theory and Practice of Service: Economics, Social Sphere, Technology. 2018. No. 4 (38). P. 5-10.
6. Bekishev Yu. A., Kulikov D. A., Pisarenko Zh. V. Risks of cyberattacks on enterprises included in the real sector of the economy of countries // Moscow Economic Journal. 2022. No. 4. P. 616-629.
7. Boskholov S. S., Bragina I. S., Serikov N. S. Actual issues on the need to create conditions for effective work on solving and investigating crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies // Forensic science: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2021. No. 3 (19). P. 69-76.
8. Bushuev A. L., Derevtsova I. V., Maltseva Yu. A., Terentyeva V. D. The role of information security in the digital economy // Electronic scientific journal of Baikal State University, 2020. Vol. 11, No. 1. 13 p.
9. Dzhabbarova K. F. Modern aspects of cybersecurity in the world in the context of global threats // ANI: economics and management. 2017. Vol. 6, No. 2 (19). P. 323-327.
10. Mamontova S. V. Economic and information security in the digital economy // Region: systems, economics, management. 2022. No. 4 (59). P. 115-124.
11. Martynova T. L. Digitalization of the information society economy and cybersecurity of social services // Bulletin of legal science. 2024. No. 10. P. 78-86.
12. Mustafaev A. G., Kobzarenko D. N., Buchaev A. Ya. Digital transformation of the economy: threats to information security // Beneficium. 2021. No. 2 (39). P. 21-26.
13. Popov M. V., Mamaeva L. N. Cybersecurity as an element of Russia’s national security // Bulletin of the Saratov State University of Economics. 2019. No. 5 (79). S. 80-83.
14. Ragimkhanova K. T., Khazbulatov Z. L., Tandelova O. M. Information security in the digital economy // Economy: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2023. Vol. 13, No. 1A. S. 247-253.
15. Stativina R. Kh. Research of information security in the digital economy // Economy and Business: Theory and Practice. 2024. Vol. 7 (113). S. 177-181.
16. Sukhodolov A. P., Ivantsov S. V., Borisov S. V., Spasennikov B. A. Actual problems of preventing crimes in the economic sphere committed using information and telecommunication networks // All-Russian Criminological Journal. 2017. T. 11, No. 1. pp. 13-21

SOCIOLOGY AND LAW
SHATSKAYA Ekaterina Alexandrovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and social and humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE SOCIAL INSTITUTE “STATE CIVIL SERVICE”
The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological analysis of the state civil service as a fundamental social institution. The author examines the state civil service from the point of view of its role in the implementation of state functions and the interaction of the state with society, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach to its research. The article analyzes the professional and managerial content of the state civil service, based on the historical experience of the formation of the corps of civil servants, the development of the personnel training system and legislative regulation. To study the civil service, it is proposed to use a number of general scientific approaches: historical (based on the works of Hegel and others), methodological (analysis of key concepts), systemic (D. Easton, G. Almond), structural and functional (T. Parsons, R. Merton) and cybernetic. The article provides a theoretical basis for further empirical research on the civil service.
Keywords: civil service, civil service, service, employee, approach, research.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Atamanchuk G.V. The essence of public service: history, theory, law, practice. – M.: RAGS, 2002. – 272 p.
2. Baydenko V. I. Identification of the composition of competencies of university graduates as a necessary stage in the design of a new generation of state educational standards of higher education: a methodological guide. – M.: Research Center for Problems of the Quality of Specialist Training, 2006. – 72 p.
3. Brockhaus F. A. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Modern version. – M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003. – P. 538.
4. Burdyansky I. M. (1895-1937). Domestic economists. Economy. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.rosreferat.ru/economy/601.htm (accessed: March 26, 2025).
5. Hegel G. V. F. Philosophy of Law / Transl. B. G. Stolpner, M. I. Levina;
ed. and compiled by D. A. Kerimov, V. S. Nersesyants. – M.: Mysl, 1990. – P. 335-336.
6. Civil Service of the Russian Federation: First Steps and Prospects: Monograph / G. V. Atamanchuk [et al.]. – M.: RAGS, 1997. – P. 19.
7. Gumilev L. N. Lest the Candle Go Out: Dialogue. – L.: Sov. Writers, 1990. – P. 69.
8. Dahl V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: Selected Articles / Ed. by L. V. Belovinsky. – M.: OLMA-PRESS: OAO PF Krasny Proletariy, 2004. – P. 565.
9. Ignatov V. G. Civil service in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: experience of comparative legal analysis. – Rostov n / D: SKAGS, 2000. – 320 p.
10. Korkunov N. M. Russian state law. / N. M. Korkunov. – St. Petersburg, 1904. – T. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.knigafund.ru/books/13864. (date of access March 24, 2025).
11. Magomedov K. O. Sociology of the civil service. – M.: VVIA im. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky, 2007. – P. 16-19.
12. Melnikov V. P. Civil service in Russia: historical experience. – M.: RAGS, 2005. – 448 p.
13. Nozdrachev A. F. Civil service: textbook for training civil servants. – M.: Statut, 1999. – P. 14.
14. Ozhegov S. I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999. – P. 141.
15. Synergetic paradigm. Cognitive-communicative strategies of modern scientific knowledge. – M.: Progress-Tradition, 2004. – P. 65.
16. Social and humanitarian education: orientations, practices, resources for improvement / D. L. Konstantinovsky [and others]. – M.: CSP, 2006. – P. 25.
17. Starilov Yu. N. Civil service in the Russian Federation: theoretical and legal research. – Voronezh: Publishing house of Voronezh. University, 1996. – P. 220.
18. Sychev A. P. Legal foundations of civil service in the Russian Federation. – Novosibirsk: SibAGS, 2004. – P. 7.

LANGUAGE AND LAW
LATYPOVA Elvira Rashitovna
Ph.D. in pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Sterlitamak
GAFAROVA Aliya Mansurovna
student, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Sterlitamak
MINIYAROVA Gulmira Railjevna
student, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Sterlitamak
COMMUNICATION IN LEADERSHIP: BUILDING TRUST AND MOTIVATING ACTION
The article analyzes the importance of effective communication in the context of management activities and the achievement of strategic objectives. Various aspects of the application of communication to form a strategic vision, coordinate actions are considered. The article deals with the ways of how to stimulate team motivation and resolve interpersonal conflicts. The author explores one of the most important facts that leaders must have effective communication skills. It allows them to articulate their ideas, directions and expectations. So with the help of it ensuring unity of understanding and coordinated direction in the team. The article highlights several key aspects, including understanding tasks and roles, strategy development and planning, delegation of responsibilities, motivation and support of team members as well as management with changes and problem solving. The article also emphasizes the importance ofempathy and understanding in communication. All these facts help to build trustful and respectful relations in the team, reduce conflicts and increase productivity.
Keywords: goals, strategy, delegation, motivation, problems.
Article bibliography
1. Danyushina Yu. V. Linguistic communications in management: verbal engineering of communicative leadership // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University. – 2012. – No. 5. – P. 248-255.
2. Ivanova S., Boldogoev D., Borchaninova E., Glotova A. Developing employee potential: Professional competencies, leadership, communications / 5th ed. – Moscow: Alpina Publisher, 2016. – 279 p. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://e.lanbook.com/book/95357 (date accessed: 21.03.2024).
3. Dorofeeva M. Yu., Latypova E. R. The relevance of intercultural communications for modern society: collection of conference papers / Society, pedagogy, psychology: current research: materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conf. with international participation (Cheboksary, 2021). – Cheboksary: “Laru-taru” (“Wednesday”) Publishing House Surche, 2021. – Pp. 10-11.
4. Latypova E. R. [et al.]. Intercultural communication between representatives of different cultural groups in the spheres of the Internet // Science and School. – 2020. – No. 3. – Pp. 164-171. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhkulturnaya-kommunikatsiya-mezhdu-predstavitelyami-razlichnyh-kulturnyh-grupp-v-sferah-interneta/viewer.
5. Morokhova O. A., Anosov V. A. Culture of communication as a factor in the success of professional activity // Young scientist. – 2019. – No. 19 (257). – P. 406-408. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://moluch.ru/archive/257/58862/.
6. Motovilova A. D., Merker A. A., Nizhelskaya Yu. A. Intercultural communications: theory and practice // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – No. 5 (62). – P. 707-711. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhkulturnye-kommunikatsii-teoriya-i-praktika/viewer.
7. Pinkevich A. G. Theories of political leadership in the era of digital communications // Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics. – 2019. – No. 3. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://e.lanbook.com/journal/issue/313860.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
GREKOV Igor Evgenjevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, professor, professor of Innovation and applied economics sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
FIRSOVA Olga Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Marketing and entrepreneurship sub-faculty, I. S. Turgenev Orel State University
THE GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES AS A STRATEGIC PRIORITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The article substantiates the role of small and medium-sized business development in the socio-economic development of the Russian national economy; identifies the “leading” regions in terms of “the share of small and medium-sized enterprises in the formation of gross regional product” in 2023; describes the key aspects determining the prospects for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in Russia (government support, digitalization, growth in the number of startups and innovative companies, economic stability, infrastructure development).
Keywords: small business, small and medium business, entrepreneurship.
Article bibliography
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.05.2024 No. 309 “On the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 and for the future up to 2036”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/50542 (date of access: 10.04.2025).
2. National project “Small and medium entrepreneurship and support for individual entrepreneurial initiative”. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/directions/nacionalnyy_proekt_maloe_i_srednee_predprinimatelstvo_i_podderzhka_individualnoy_predprinimatelskoy_iniciativy/ (date of access: 01.04.2025).
3. What awaits small and medium businesses in Russia after 2024. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://opora.ru/news/media-about-us/chto-zhdet-malyy-i-sredniy-biznes-v-rossii-posle-2024-goda/?ysclid=m9io0x4asx111644796 (date of access: 10.04.2025).
4. The Ministry of Economic Development notes the maximum increase in the share of SMEs in the gross regional product. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://rspp.ru/events/news/minekonomrazvitiya-konstatiruet-maksimalnyy-prirost-doli-msp-v-valovom-regionalnom-produkte-67fe1d2b3de3d/?ysclid=m9iny0ulk7821628138 (date of access: 10.04.2025).

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
CHUMAKOV Alexander Sergeevich
Ph.D. in economical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Public and municipal administration sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
RAK Evgeniya Alexeevna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, associate professor, associate professor of Public and municipal administration sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
LATVAYTIS Olesya Alexeevna
lecturer of associate professor, associate professor of Public and municipal administration sub-faculty, Western branch, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad
IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION’S ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT TOOLS
In the article, the authors attempted to analyze modern anti-crisis tools that can overcome the negative impact of the external environment on the economy of the Russian Federation, which has intensified at the present stage. According to the authors, marketing tools aimed at strengthening the company’s image and creating a positive attitude towards the activities of organizations and enterprises in the minds of consumers are such (manufactured goods, works, and services).
Keywords: economics, crisis management, marketing tools.
Article bibliography
1. Savina A. V. Financial and legal aspects of anti-crisis management in Russia // Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL). – 2023. – No. 7. – P. 60-66. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.107.7.060-066.
2. Starov S. A. Brand management. – St. Petersburg, 2010. – P. 15-16.
3. Malkova I. V. Consumer loyalty as a competitive advantage of the company // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 21. Management (State and society). – 2008. – No. 3. – P. 31 @@ Public administration. Electronic bulletin Issue No. 39. August 2013
4. Reicheld F. F., Thiel T. The loyalty effect: driving forces of economic growth, profit and lasting value / Translated from English. Moscow, 2005. P. 66 @@ Crisis Marketing and Loyalty // SAS Customer Retention. – 2008. – May 14. – P. 52.
5. Varakuta S. A., Egorov Yu. N. Public relations: textbook. – M., 2021.

ECONOMY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MING Yue
master, Research Center of Russian language Literature and Culture of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
STUDY OF RUSSIAN FOREST CERTIFICATION SYSTEM
Russia is rich in forest resources, and the forest certification system is necessary to enhance the international competitiveness of forest products. The Russian forest certification system includes mandatory certification, environmental certification of wood for radioactive pollution and voluntary certification. At the same time, FSC and PEFC certificates are also widely used in Russia. However, due to international sanctions and the withdrawal of international certification systems such as FSC and PEFC from the Russian market, the development of the Russian forest certification system is facing difficulties. To solve this problem, Russia proposed three forest certification systems applicable in its own country. This article mainly talks about the current status of the Russian forest certification system and the problems it faces.
Keywords: Russian forest certification; FSC certification; PEFC certification; Forest standard.
Article bibliography
1. Rosleskhoz identified the subjects of the Russian Federation richest in forests. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://forestcomplex.ru/forestry/samiye-bogatiye-na-lyesa-subyekti-rf/
2. Beskishchenko V. V., Martemyanova E. S. On forest certification in Russia // Bulletin of Moscow State Technical University. – 2006. – No. 3.
3. Russia is a leader in the area of forests with responsible forest management // LesPromInform. – 2020. – No. 2.
4. The number of FSC certificates issued in Russia increased by 10% in a year. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://woodconnect.pro/news/1217-na-10-uvelichilos-za-god-chislo-vyidannyix-v-rossii-fsc-sertifikatov/
5. Import substitution of international FSC and PEFC certification systems for forest products in the Russian Federation. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://устойчийлес.рф/tpost/6c9upsxfy1-importozameschenie-mezhdunarodnih-fsc-i.
6. Strategic plan for the development of FSC in Russia until May 2022 // Sustainable forest management. – 2020. – No. 1.
7. Suspension of the PEFC system in Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://fcert.ru/tpost/33j1pizld1-priostanovka-sistemi-pefc-v-rossii.
8. F certificatesSC, PEFC, SBP are no longer valid. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://export-center.by/blogpost/sbp-update.
9. Analytical material: Comparison of voluntary forest certification systems operating in Russia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://устойчийлес.рф/tpost/rbu4472if1-analiticheskii-material-sravnenie-sistem.
10. The Federation Council stated that the Russian Federation needs its own forest certification system instead of foreign analogues. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/15206095.

ECONOMY. LAW. SOCIETY
TYN Viktor Konstantinovich
postgraduate student of Project management and quality management sub-faculty, St. Petersburg State University of Economics; senior manager of the Department of Tourism and Special Programs at the State Hermitage Museum
THE QUALITY ASSURANCE OF MUSEUM SERVICES IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD
This article is devoted to the analysis of approaches and methods of the quality assurance in museum services of Russia and abroad. Within the framework of study, the problems of the quality assurance of museum services, the experience of standardization of activities in the museum and the possibility of involving consumers in the quality assurance of museum services were studied. During the analysis of methods for assessing the quality of museum services, a comprehensive methodic for assessing the quality of museum services has been developed. The methodic provide an opportunity to assess the recoupment, social significance, impression received by the consumer, and demand for museum services.
Keywords: quality, assessment method, museum service, control, ISO.
Article bibliography
1. Bertalanffy L. General systems theory – a critical review // Studies in the general theory of systems. – Moscow: Nauka, 1969. – 304 p.
2. The State Hermitage: experience of management and development / Ed. B. P. Piotrovsky. – St. Petersburg: State Hermitage, 2017. – 512 p.
3. The British Museum. The program of educational courses using VR technologies, 2022. – London: British Museum Press, 2023.
4. Emerson G. The Twelve Principles of Productivity. – M.: Economica, 1992. – 234 p.
5. Kalashnikov V. G. Modern approaches to managing the quality of museum services // Bulletin of Management. – 2022. – No. 5. – P. 43-58.
6. Fiedler F. Effective management depending on the situation. – St. Petersburg: Piter, 2004. – 288 p.
7. Guggenheim Museum. Interactive projects and digital initiatives: report 2020-2022. – New York: Guggenheim Foundation, 2022.
8. Deming E. W. Out of the crisis: A new paradigm for managing people, systems and processes / Translated from English. – M.: Alpina Business Books, 2004. – 306 p.
9. Jacobson L. I. Quality as a Basis for Managing Cultural Institutions. – M.: Higher School of Economics, 2016. – 320 p.
10. National Museum of Finland. Personalized Routes and Their Impact on Visitor Satisfaction, 2022. – Helsinki: Museum Press, 2022.
11. Tretyakov Gallery. Implementation of ISO Standards in Museum Practice. Report for 2021. – M.: Tretyakov Gallery, 2021. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://tretyakovgallery.ru (date of access: 12.12.2024).
12. Falk J., Dierking L. The Museum Experience. – Washington, D.C.: Whalesback Books, 1992. – 180 p.
13. UNESCO. The Cultural Bridges Programme. Report for 2022. – Paris: UNESCO, 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://unesco.org (date of access: 12.12.2024).
14. Vasilyeva E. V., Gunare M. L. Creative industries: experimental design / Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University of Economics. – 2021. – 191 p.
15. The State Hermitage Museum. The Hermitage Online Platform: Report on Digital Initiatives, 2022-2023. – St. Petersburg: Hermitage Publishing House, 2023.
16. The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. National Project “Culture”. Report for 2022. – M.: Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, 2022. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://culture.gov.ru (date of access: 12.12.2024).

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
ABRAROVA Zinira Foatovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Social work sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
GREBNEV Kirill Vitaljevich
magister student of the 1st course in the direction «Social Work», Ufa University of Science and Technology; independent researcher
ABRAROV Ilmir Ildarovich
student, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa; independent researcher
PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF STATE FAMILY POLICY IN THE LIGHT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN FAMILY AND STATE
The article examines the philosophical understanding of state family policy through the prism of relations between family and state. It examines key aspects of the interaction of state ininstitutions and family, from the point of view of specific philosophical trends. Particular attention is paid to ethical and philosophical issues and the justification of state regulation of family relations from the standpoint of various philosophical traditions and trends. The article shows specific approaches to family policy through a philosophical paradigm.
Keywords: family policy, autonomy and control of family relations, ethics, social policy, philosophy, natalism.
Article bibliography
1. Schopengrauer A. The World as Will and Representation / [translated from German by Yu. Aichenwald; introduction by A. Markov]. – M.: RIPOL classic, 2020. – 616 p.
2. Aristotle Politics. Works: In 4 volumes: Vol. 4. – M.: Mysl, 1983. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://opentextnn.ru/man/aristotel-politika/.
3. Suprygina G. G. The cult of mother in the Third Reich, its meanings and consequences. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kult-materi-v-tretiem-reyhe-ego-smysly-i-posledstviya/viewer
4. Antonov A. I., Medkov V. M., Arkhangelsky V. N. Demographic processes in Russia in the 21st century / Ed. A. I. Antonov. – Moscow: Graal, 2002. – 167 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BAIROV Andrey Semyonovich
associate professor of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, lieutenant colonel of police
POPOVA Irina Nikolaevna
lecturer of Philosophy and socio-humanitarian disciplines sub-faculty, East Siberian Institute of the MIA of Russia, Irkutsk, major of police
THE CYCLICAL NATURE OF THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
The article examines the cyclical history of the development of law enforcement agencies in Russia. The article analyzes the history of the Russian law enforcement system/Russia since the era of Ivan the Terrible. The genesis of the police as an integral part of state power is traced. The important role of the police/militia in protecting the country from foreign aggression is seen. The interaction of the army, the people’s militia/partisan movement and the people is characterized as the key to victory in the history of Russia. The article provides versions of the 120-year development of the state and the law enforcement system consistent with Ibn Khaldun’s theory. The law enforcement system is presented as the personification of the state. Different periods of Russia’s history are being studied. The theories of cyclicity from the 9th to the 20th centuries, large and small cycles of the historical development of Russia are given.
Keywords: cycles, oprichnina, guerilla, militia, Ibn Khaldun, 120-year periods of history.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Bairov A. S. Regularity of the stages of historical development of Russia and their features // Scientific digest of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. – 2022. – No. 3 (17). – P. 148-154.
2. Musaelyan L. A. On the concept of the philosophy of history of Ibn Khaldun // Philosophy and society. – 2000. – Issue No. 3 (20). – P. 64.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BEGICHEVA Anastasiya Gennadjevna
senior lecturer of Philosophy sub-faculty, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)
FORMATION OF THE NETWORK PERSONALITY IN THE POSTMODERN ERA: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
In this article, the author examines the main aspects of the formation of the online personality in the postmodern context, analyzes the influence of digital technologies on the construction of identity, the features of its representation and the problems of authenticity in the virtual space, as well as the emergence of risks and threats associated with the emergence of the online personality.
Particular attention is paid to the theories of J. Baudrillard, who through the concept of simulacra reveals the nature of virtual identity as a copy without an original.
M. Castells makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the online personality, considering it within the framework of a network society, where identity is formed through interaction with global information flows. J. Deleuze, in turn, offers a slightly different concept, emphasizing the fragmentation and multiplicity of identities in the digital age. The author of the article emphasizes that the online personality is becoming a field of constant reconstruction, where the boundaries between the real and the virtual are becoming increasingly blurred. The social and psychological consequences of this phenomenon are also considered, including increased anxiety, problems of self-identification and vulnerability to manipulation in the onlineenvironment.
Keywords: network personality, postmodernism, deconstruction, rhizome, identity, simulacrum and simulation.
Article bibliography
1. Akutina S. P., Bobyrev A. V. Study of personal identity of modern youth in the information space // Selected issues of modern science / Center of scientific thought. Volume Part XX. – Moscow: Pero Publishing House, 2016. – P. 8-36.
2. Artamonov D. S. Digital identity in the context of digital memory // Digital scientist: philosopher’s laboratory. – 2023. – Vol. 6, No. 1. – P. 16-23.
3. Baudrillard J. Transparency of evil. – M.: Dobrosvet, 2000. – 258 p.
4. Baudrillard J. Simulacra and Simulation / [translated from French by A. Kachalov]. – Moscow: Postum, 2018. – 318 p.
5. Goffman I. Presenting Oneself to Others in Everyday Life. – Moscow: CANON-press-C, 2000. – P. 33.
6. Deleuze J., Guattari F. Capitalism and Schizophrenia: A Thousand Plateaus. – Ekaterinburg, 2010.
7. Kurmeleva E. M., Meshcheryakova L. Yu. Simulacrum and Society in Contemporary Social Theory // Bulletin of RUDN University. – 2006. – No. 2. – P. 36.
8. Pokasova E. V. Identity Crisis in the Era of Globalization: Loss of Self or Gain of Freedom? // Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. – 2013. – Vol. 11, No. 3. – P. 43-47.
9. Trufanova E. O. Man in the digital world: “distributed” and holistic // Bulletin of Perm University. – 2021. – No. 3. – P. 370-375.
10. Sheleketa V. O., Zutkin L. A., Ivakhnov V. Yu., Malkov A. V. Ontology of human identity in the era of information technology: the problem of multiple identity and virtual reality // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2024. – Vol. 13, No. 9A. – P. 34-42.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
BIKMETOV Evgeniy Yurjevich
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
LUKYANOV Arkadiy Viktorovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
PUSHKAREVA Marina Alexeevna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor, Ufa University of Science and Technology
SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION OF THE POLITICAL SPHERE OF SOCIETY: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT
The article studies the socio-cultural dimension of the political sphere of society, which the authors analyze in the context of social and cultural problems of modern Russia. The peculiarities of the Russian space-time consist in the priority of politics over economics, spiritual factors over technical ones. The authors substantiate the idea that political culture reveals the essence of socio-cultural time as a form of existence of being in Russia. The development of man’s essential forces (his sociocultural memory, moral will, love and hope for a more just world) forms the existential core of cultural politics, the sociocultural dimension of the political and spiritual sphere of society. The fundamental principles of existence of the political sphere of society are the principles of value and meaning, dialogue, management as prerequisites for the self-organization of social systems. Political culture is a historically formed self-developing sphere of society. The political sphere allows preserving the spiritual experience of the people, as it forms their national consciousness and orientation to universal values, thus, the cultural life.
Keywords: political sphere of society, socio-cultural dimension, Russian space-time, cultural policy and political culture, national self-consciousness and universal values.
Article bibliography
1. Bikmetov E. Yu., Lukyanov A. V., Pushkareva M. A. Sociocultural dimension of time in organizational space: philosophical and sociological analysis // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2024. – No. 5. – P. 111-113.
2. Ivanenko A. A. “Speeches to the German nation” 200 years later // Fichte I. G. Speeches to the German nation / Trans. A. A. Ivanenko. – St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2009. – 349 p.
3. Laut R. The Final Foundation of Fichte’s “Speeches to the German Nation” // Fichte and the End of the Twentieth Century: “I” and “Not-I” / Responsible. editors and compilers A. V. Lukyanov, A. F. Kudryashev and V. I. Metlov. – Ufa, 1992. – 200 p.
4. Bulgakov S. N. Philosophy of Economy / Responsible. editor O. Platonov. – Moscow: Institute of Russian Civilization, 2009. – 464 p.
5. Bloch E. Tübingen Introduction to Philosophy / Translated from German by T. Yu. Bystrova, S. E. Vershinina, D. I. Kriushova. – Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. University, 1997. – 400 p.
6. Panchenko A. M. Russian culture on the eve of Peter the Great’s reforms / ed. D. S. Likhachev. – L.: Nauka, 1984. – 205 p.
7. Berdyaev N. A. The origins and meaning of Russian communism. – M.: Yurait, 2025. – 178 p.
8. Two faces of Russian culture (an essay on Russian culture of the 18th-19th centuries) // Essays on the history of world culture / Ed. T. F. Kuznetsovoy. – M.: Languages of Russian Culture, 1997. – 496 p.
9. Bikmetov E. Yu., Pushkareva M. A., Khramova K. V. Development of the idea of humanity in political relations // Eurasian Legal Journal. – 2024. – No. 4 (191). – pp. 510-512.
10. Lukmanova R. Kh., Frolova I. V., Sirazetdinova M. F., Frolov K. A. Solidarity society: from discursive analysis to social practice / Collective monograph. – Ufa: UUNiT, 2024. – 176 p.
11. Bikmetov E. Yu., Frolova I. V., Urazova A. I. Human-centered management as an alternative to the technocratic approach and the basis for corporate solidarity // Social and humanitarian knowledge. – 2024. – No. 6. – P. 21-23.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VASILJEVA Evgeniya Nikolaevna
Ph.D. in art history, Ph.D. in Law; Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Arts; lawyer at the Gridnev, Kharitonov and Partners Bar Association
CIVIL LAW AND RELIGIOUS NORMS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This article is a comparative analysis of civil and religious norms in the context of modern society, its legal and social order.
The author explains the importance of conducting a comparative analysis of civil and religious norms, exploring their basic principles, values and rules, and also examines the similarities and differences between them. The mutual influence of these norms on the legislative process and the legal system as a whole is discussed.
The interaction of civil law and religious norms in society is necessary to ensure justice, freedom, security and legal harmony. This article is a study for specialists in the field of law, religious sciences and sociology, as well as for anyone interested in the interaction of rules and social regulators in modern society.
Keywords: civil law, religious norms, сhristianity, legislation, state.
Article bibliography
1. Berdnikov I. S. Church law as a special independent legal branch and its relation to the general system of law. – Kazan: Type. Imperial University, 1885. – 31 p.
2. Vysheslavtsev B. P. Ethics of the transformed eros. – Moscow: Republic, 1994. – 368 p.
3. Manov G. N. Theory of law and state: textbook. – M.: BEK, 1996. – 336 p.
4. Marchenko M. N. Theory of Law and State: a textbook for bachelors. – M.: Yurait, 2014. – 715 p.
5. Palienko N. I. Normative nature of law and its distinctive features / Prof. N. I. Palienko. – Yaroslavl: type. Provincial Government, 1902. – 58 p.
6. Soloviev V. S. Justification of good, moral philosophy. – M.: Yurait, 2018. – 468 p.
7. Taranovsky F. V. Textbook of the encyclopedia of law. – Yuryev: K. Matissen Printing House, 1917. – 534 p.
8. Khropanyuk V. N. Theory of State and Law: textbook for higher educational institutions / Ed. V. G. Strekozov. – M.: Omega-L, 2008. – 384 p.
9. Shcheglov V. G. Morality and Law in Their Mutual Relations. – Yaroslavl: Tiplo-lit. G. Falk, 1888. – 129 p.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
VINOGRADOVA Valentina Ivanovna
specialist in excursion and exhibition work, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
KOZHURIN Anton Yakovlevich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg
ROMANENKO Inna Borisovna
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, professor of Philosophy sub-faculty, A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE IN THE WORLDVIEW OF KIRILL OF TUROV
The article studies the religious and philosophical worldview of Kirill of Turov, dedicated to the formation of values of the relationship between man and the universe in the Old Russin period, which occurred under the influence of the Christian religion, examines the philosophical content of the symbolism of images used in depicting natural phenomena in works of the ancient Russian thinker. The article notes that the works of Kirill of Turov contain a syncretism of Christian theology and folk beliefs. The worldview of the ancient Russian thinker is characterized by a life-affirming perception of the surrounding world. The relationship between man and nature in the spiritual heritage of Kirill of Turov has religious, aesthetic, anthropological and social significance. The creativity of Kirill of Turov developed the traditions of ancient Russian religious and philosophical thought and made a significant contribution to the religious worldview of the Middle Ages.
Keywords: christianity, paganism, value, symbolism, nature, sermon, perception, scenery.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Eremin I. P. Literary heritagee Kirill of Turov // Transactions of the Department of Old Russian Literature / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House); Ed. D. S. Likhachev. – M.; L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957. – Vol. 13. – 785 p.
2. Eremin I. P. Literary Heritage of Kirill of Turov // Transactions of the Department of Old Russian Literature / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House); Ed. D. S. Likhachev. – M.; L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958. – Vol. 15. – 523 p.
3. Zlatostruy. Ancient Rus’ in the 10th-13th centuries / Comp., author’s text, comments. A. G. Kuzmina, A. Yu. Karpova; Designed by artist. Yu. V. Ignatyeva, V. V. Sitnikova. – M.: Mol. gvardia, 1990. – 320 p.
4. History of Russian philosophy / Under the general editorship of prof. A. F. Zamaleev. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Philosophical faculty of St. Petersburg state university, 2012. – 354 p.
5. Karavashkin A. V. Literary custom of Ancient Rus (11th-16th centuries). – M.: Russian political encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2001. – 544 p.
6. Kuskov V. V. History of Old Russian literature: textbook for philological specialization of higher education institutions / 7th ed. – M.: Higher. shk., 2003. – 336 p.
7. Likhachev D. S. Past – to the future: articles and essays. – L.: Nauka, 1985. – 575 p.
8. Artistic and aesthetic culture of Ancient Rus’. XI-XVII centuries / Ed. V. V. Bychkov. – M.: Ladomir, 1996. – 360 p.
9. Shokhin K. V. Essay on the history of the development of aesthetic thought in Russia [Text]: Old Russian aesthetics of the XI-XVII centuries. – M.: Vysshaya shkola, 1963. – 116 p.
10. Aesthetics of nature. – M.: IFRAN, 1994. – 230 p.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
MIKHALENKO Nikita Alexeevich
legal adviser, Volga State Transport University
NATURE AND CONTENT OF THE PHENOMENON OF MODERN CYBERCRIME: SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
The study analyzes cybercrime through the prism of social philosophy, considering the ontological, value and cultural aspects of digital threats (phishing, deepfake, crypto fraud). The work focuses on the moral foundations of cybersecurity and the Russian approach to protection against cyber threats, including the development of digital literacy and information sovereignty. The need to create a multi-level system for counteracting cybercrime, combining technical means with ethical principles, is substantiated.
Keywords: cybercrime, information security, digital ethics, digital literacy, social philosophy, moral foundations of cybersecurity.
Article bibliography
1. Timofeev A. V., Komolov A. A. Cybercrime as a social threat and an object of legal regulation // Modern philosophical studies. 2021. No. 1. P. 95-101.
2. Alpeeva O. I., Bushueva A. V. Application of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in crime prevention // Bulletin of PenzSU. 2021. No. 3 (35). P. 54-61.
3. Pavlova A. A., Ignatyeva T. I. Features of the dynamics of computer crime and the problems of its latency // Law and state: theory and practice. 2023. No. 7 (223). [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-dinamiki-kompyuternoy-prestupnosti-i-problemy-ee-latentnosti (date of access: 03.05.2025).
4. Pozdnyakova M. E., Bruno V. V. Development of the information and network environment and deviant behavior: cybercrime as a new social threat // Bulletin of the Institute of Sociology. 2024. No. 4. P. 235-252.
5. Ivanova S. V., Ivanov O. B. Axiological crisis in the modern world: find a way out // Domestic and foreign pedagogy. 2022. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/aksiologicheskiy-krizis-v-sovremennom-mire-nayti-vyhod (date of access: 03.05.2025).
6. Shvyryaev P. S. The problem of cybercrime in Russia: current state and prospects for a solution // Standard of living of the population of the regions of Russia. 2023. Vol. 19, No. 4. P. 616-629. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://doi.org/10.52180/1999-9836_2023_19_4_11_616_629; EDN ZICJKA
7. Budnik G. I. Cyberterrorism as a threat to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation: concept, essence and problems of counteraction // Young scientist. 2016. No. 8 (112). P. 725-728.
8. Trufanova E. O. Private and public in digital space: blurring boundaries // Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies. 2021. No. 1. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/privatnoe-i-publichnoe-v-tsifrovom-prostranstve-razmyvanie-granits (date accessed: 03.05.2025).
9. Devyatova S. V., Kazaryan V. P. The problem of value and ethical guidelines in the digital society // Social and political sciences. 2021. No. 1.
10. Nemchina V. I., Churilov S. A. Tools for protecting young people from the negative impact of an aggressive digital environment // Humanitarian of the South of Russia. 2025. No. 2. pp. 163-173.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
TRETYAKOV Yaroslav Andreevich
advisor to the director of the Association of Organizations in the field of subsoil use “National Association of Subsoil Users”, Moscow
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION AND HUMAN TRANSFORMATION
In the modern world, the biotechnological revolution is one of the most significant phenomena that radically changes not only the technological landscape of humanity, but also the very essence of human existence. The relevance of philosophical understanding of this phenomenon is due to a number of fundamental reasons. The purpose of the study is to conduct a socio-philosophical study of the foundations of the biotechnological revolution and human transformation. The object of the study is the socio-philosophical foundations of the biotechnological revolution and human transformation. Research methods – inquiry is grounded in socio-philosophical principles of cognition, augmented by dialectical-system analysis. This framework exposes the multi-layered nature of the biotechnological revolution and traces human transformation across social, ontological, ethical, and institutional dimensions. The field’s interdisciplinary scope necessitates a synthetic toolkit that includes comparative and prognostic analysis, yielding a holistic grasp of the problem and enabling the construction of alternative future scenarios. Scientific novelty of the study – this work offers a comprehensive socio-philosophical analysis of the biotechnological revolution and its impact on human transformation, systematically examining for the first time such dimensions as mass human cultivation and selective sterilization, genetic engineering and social programming, state control over reproduction, the bio-economy and commercialization of the body, the purchase of immortality and life-norming, institutional parenthood and the disappearance of the family, and catastrophes as instruments of biopolitics. The author reveals new forms of social inequality and stratification stemming from licensed childbirth and the transgression of human biological boundaries, and demonstrates how these developments prompt a re-evaluation of ethical and legal norms. No prior academic study has combined political, anthropological, economic, and philosophical perspectives on these issues so thoroughly, underscoring the originality and timely relevance of the present research.
Keywords: technocratic future, algorithmic control, artificial intelligence, biotechnology, digital infrastructure, human identity, social institutions.
Article bibliography
1. Akaev V.Kh., Ismailova L.M., Dokhaeva A.B. Modern biotechnological revolution and socio-anthropological consequences // Bulletin of GGNTU. Humanitarian and socio-economic sciences. – 2023. – Vol. 19, No. 1 (31). – P. 35-40.
2. Bodrunov S. D. Human dimension of technological and social transformations: from homo economicus to homo culturalus // Energy: economics, technology, ecology. – 2022. – No. 8 (452). – P. 49-53.
3. Bodrunov S. D. Human dimension of technological and social transformations: from homo economicus to homo culturalus // Energy: economics, technology, ecology. – 2022. – No. 9 (453). – P. 30-39.
4. Lapaeva V. V. Biotechnological improvement of man and the problem of dehumanization: philosophical and legal aspects // Transactions of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences. – 2022. – Vol. 17, No. 3. – P. 11-35.
5. Mikhel D. V. Biomedicine, biocapitalism and theomachy: Russian society facing the challenge of the biotechnological revolution // Church and medicine. – 2022. – No. 1 (21). – P. 80-84.
6. Pogorelskaya E. Yu. Human nature in the technical era // Society and power. – 2020. – No. 5 (85). – P. 20-31.
7. Savelyeva A. B. Human existence in revolution as a source of aesthetic feeling of the sublime // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2022. – Vol. 11, No. 6-1. – P. 168-175.
8. Sanakoeva Ya. I., Morgoeva A. D., Morgoev I. D. Man in the digital transformation of society: challenges and risks // Context and reflection: philosophy about the world and man. – 2022. – Vol. 11, No. 2A. – P. 170-177.
9. Chernikov M. V., Perevozchikova L. S., Bukreev V. A. Understanding man in modern scientific philosophy after the marginalist revolution // Concept: philosophy, religion, culture. – 2024. – Vol. 8, No. 2 (30). – P. 37-49.
10. Shulga I. P. Digital transformation as a request for man to realize his nature: philosophical understanding of man’s place in the digital environment // Bulletin of science. – 2023. – Vol. 4, No. 12 (69). – P. 1077-1086.
11. Yusupova M. D. The Impact of the Technological Revolution on Universal Human Competencies // FGU Science. – 2021. – No. 1 (21). – P. 165-169.
12. Yakovleva N. G. Human Potential in Light of the Theory of Noonomics: on the Transformation of “Homo Economico” into “Homo Culturalo” // Economic Revival of Russia. – 2023. – No. 4 (78). – P. 49-58.
13. Yarots V. V. The Marching Revolutionx robots – making human life easier // Natural and technical sciences. – 2021. – No. 4 (155). – P. 202-203.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
KHAZIEV Ziya Anvarovich
Ph.D. in philosophical sciences, associate professor of Philosophy and cultural studies sub-faculty, Ufa University of Science and Technology
ABOUT SOME OF THE REASONS FOR HUMAN EXISTENCE IN THE INSIGNIFICANT SPACE
For a long time, a person has been looking for ways to stay among the significant and meaningful. And at the same time, he generates forces that pull him into the space of the insignificant. This article examines the positions of such twentieth-century philosophers as H. Arendt, E. Fromm, J. Agamben, M. Heidegger, which contain answers to the question of how these forces arise, which do not allow a person to become open to being and live with the consciousness of the exclusivity of the current moment of being. At the same time, the author offers his own vision of the problem.
Keywords: truth, consciousness, freedom, naked life, authentic and inauthentic, insignificant.
Article bibliography
1. Eliade M. Selected Works: The Myth of the Eternal Return. Images and Symbols. The Sacred and the Profane. – Moscow: Ladomir, 2000. – P. 414.
2. Arendt H. Vita activa or About the Active Life. – M.: Ad Marginem, 2017. – P. 416.
3. Fromm E. “To Have” or “To Be”. – M.: AST: AST MOSCOW, 2008. – P. 314.
4. Agamben J. Homo sacer. Sovereign Power and Naked Life. – M.: “Europa”, 2011. – P. 256.
5. Heidegger M. Being and Time. – M.: Ad Marginem, 1997. – P. 452.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
SHCHERBAKOVA Mariya Pavlovna
Ph.D. in sociological sciences, Head of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
ALEXANDRINA Natalya Mikhaylovna
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
PARILOV Oleg Viktorovich
Ph.D. in philosophical science, professor, professor of Psychology and pedagogy sub-faculty Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the MIA of Russia
FORMATION OF THE ETHICAL CORPUS IN EARLY EASTERN CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM
The article examines the gradual formation of an ethical corpus in early Christian Eastern asceticism. The works of Great Anthony, Evagrius Ponticus, and John Climacus are considered. The successful connection of the ethical views of early Christian ascetics with ancient thought (Platonism, Roman Stoicism) is studied. The actualization of early Christian ethics is significant in the modern conditions of consumer society, discrediting universal morality. The ethical constructs of Eastern Christian ascetics acquire particular relevance in connection with Russia’s modern focus on protecting traditional values.
Keywords: Eastern Christianity, Platonism, Roman Stoics, Ethical Corpus, Demonology, Spirit, Soul, Body, Cognitive Therapy.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Conversations of Epictetus / Ed. G. A. Taronyan. – M.: Ladomir, 1997. – 312 p.
2. Evagrius the monk’s instructions on asceticism // Philokalia: in 5 volumes: T. 1. – Sergiev Posad: Holy Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, 1993. – Pp. 569-638.
3. Kocherov S. N., Parilov O. V. Philosophy of the Russian idea: monograph. – M.: Publishing House “Russian Philosophy”, 300 p.
4. Kocherov S. N., Parilov O. V., Kondratiev V. Yu. Philosophy of the Russian idea: monograph. – N. Novgorod: Minin University, 2018. – 288 p.
5. Fundamentals of state policy for the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. Approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022, No. 809. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/405579061/?ysclid=lpnt63olat518296126 (date of access: 04/01/2025).
6. Venerable John Climacus. The Ladder or Spiritual Tablets. [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Ioann_Lestvichnik/lestvitsa-ili-skrizhali-dukhovnye/ (date of access: 04/01/2025).
7. Venerable Anthony the Great. On Good Morality and Holy Life, in 170 Chapters // Philokalia: in 5 volumes. – Publ. 4th. – M.: Sretensky Monastery Publishing House, 2010. – V. 1. – 608 p.
8. Sidorenko N. I. Philosophical Foundations of Science in the Works of Evagrius Ponticus // Bulletin of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. – 2013. – No. 3. – P. 46-52.
9. John Cassian. The Institutes (Hardcover) Published // Newman Press Ancient Christian Writers. Hardcover, 2000. – September 1st. – No. 58. – 304 p.
10. Mueller M. The Stoic Roots of Christian Asceticism and Modern Psychotherapy: Similarities and Differences. – Minnesota: University of St. Thomas, 2018. – 96 p.
11. Refoule F. Evagrius Ponticus // New Catholic Encyclopaedia. -1967. – Vol. 5. – P. 644.
12. Trader A. Ancient Christian Wisdom and Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy: A Meeting of Minds. – New York, 2012. – 442 rub.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
GUTOROV Yuriy Alexandrovich
master of theology, master of pedagogy, senior lecturer, Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary; competitor of the Ecclesiastical postgraduate and doctoral studies named after Saints Cyril and Methodius, Equal-to-the-Apostles
THE ORIGINS AND MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE EURASIAN DOCTRINE
The article examines the movement that emerged within the historical-philosophical and socio-historical trend of the 20-30s of the twentieth century, called Eurasianism. In particular, the sources and main provisions of the doctrine of the Eurasians are considered, the specifics of the philosophy of history and culture of the Eurasians are briefly touched upon.
The Eurasians left a significant literary legacy, which can be conditionally divided into groups: monographic studies in the form of books; collections of articles; brochures.
Since the 2000s, the study of Eurasian issues has occupied a huge place in scientific and philosophical discourse. This indicates that Eurasianism is taken into account not only as a kind of ideological program that determines the path of political development of Russia, but is also becoming a relevant subject of scientific research.
Keywords: Russia, Eurasia, Eurasianism, history, culture, philosophy.
Article bibliography
1. Berdyaev N. A. About the Eurasians // Put. No. 1. 1925. 175 p.
2. Vandalkovskaya M. G. Historical spider of the Russian emigration “Eurasian temptation”. Moscow, 1997.
3. Dostoevsky F. M. PSS in 30 vols. Leningrad, 1972-1986. Vol. XXVII. P. 32-33.
4. Yerasov B. S. Civilizations, Universals, and Identity. Moscow: Nauka, 2002. 542 p.
5. Ivanov A. V. Economic Views of the Eurasians as an Alternative to Modern Globalization // Eurasianism Theor. Potential and Pract. Applications. Barnaul: Altai-21st Century Publishing House, 2004. P. 16-24.
6. Ionov I. N. Civilizational Consciousness and Historical Knowledge. Problems of Interaction. Moscow: Nauka, 2007. 499 p.
7. Karsavin L. P. Phenomenology of Revolution // Klyuchnikov S. Russian Knot of Eurasianism. The East in Russian Thought. Collection of Works of the Eurasians. M.: Belovodye, 1997. 149 p.
8. Kolesnichenko Yu. V. Personality in Eurasianism. Gnoseological Foundations. M.: Alpha, 2008.
9. Lux L. Eurasianism and the Conservative Revolution. The Temptation of Anti-Westernism in Russia and Germany // Questions of Philosophy. 1996. No. 3.
10. Maslin M. A. Russian Idea as Interpreted by Eurasians // VIII Anniversary Panarin Readings. Collection of Articles. Youth – Culture – Politics Historical Memory and Civilizational Choice VIII Anniversary Panarin Readings. M., 2010
11. Gavryushin N. K. Russian Theology. Essays and Portraits. N. Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, 2011. 672 p.
12. Nikiforov A. L. Philosophy of Science: History and Methodology. Moscow: House of Intellectual Books, 1998. 280 p.
13. Novikova L. I., Sizemskaya I. N. Eurasian Art // Philosophical Sciences. 1991. No. 12. Pp. 103-108.
14. Panarin S., Raevsky D. Preface: Journal in a Collection // Eurasia. People and Myths. Moscow, 2003. Pp. 9-20.
15. Pashchenko V. Ya. Ideology of Eurasianism. M.: Moscow State University Press, 2000. 448 p.
16. Peshkov A. A. Questions of the Philosophy of History in Domestic Conservative and Liberal Thought: Selected Personalities. N. Novgorod, 2016. 255 p.
17. Savitsky P. N. Eurasianism // Klyuchnikov S. Russian Knot of Eurasianism The East in Russian Thought. Collection of Works of Eurasians. M., 1997.
18. Savitsky P. N. Continent of Eurasia. M., 1997. 464 p.
19. Tolstoy N. Origins of Eurasianism // Eurasian Perspective. M., 1994.
20. Trubetskoy N. S. We and Others // Russia between Europe and Asia: Eurasian Temptation. M., 1993. 400 p.
21. Florovsky G. V. Eurasian temptation // Russia between Europe and Asia: Eurasian temptation / Ed. L. I. Novikova, I. N. Sizemskaya. M., 1993. 256 p.
22. Khachaturyan V. M. Origins and birth of the Eurasian idea // Art and civilizational identity. M., 2007. Pp. 289-301.
23. Khoruzhy S. S. New Alexandria Rus’: pages from the prehistory of the Eurasian idea // Beginnings. No. 4. M., 1992.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KOLENKO Eleonora Alexandrovna
postgraduate student of Philosophy, political science and theology sub-faculty, P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shan Lipetsk State Pedagogical University
THE PHENOMENON OF VIOLENCE IN I. A. ILYIN’S “ON RESISTANCE TO EVIL BY FORCE”: CULTURAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION
The article deals with the phenomenological status of violence and coercion in the philosophical concept of the Russian thinker, I. A. Ilyin. The philosopher focuses on the need to rethinto violence, which is relevant today. The philosopher’s ideas are revealed through the analysis of specific textual passages. The article contains illustrative fragments from I.A. Ilyin’s works demonstrating various forms of coercion. The boundary between «violence» and «coercion» is defined. In addition, the article emphasizes the need for thoughtful reflection and awareness of moral imperatives.
Keywords: violence, compulsion, coercion, Russian philosophical thought.
Article bibliography
1. Borisova N.V. Philosophical and psychological heritage of Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin (on the 140th anniversary of the scientist) // Bulletin of PSTGU. – 2024. – No. 72. – P. 95-110.
2. Gusev V. S. The dispute between N. A. Berdyaev and I. A. Ilyin about non-resistance to evil by force // Bulletin of Minsk University. – 2023. – Vol. 11, No. 1 (42). – DOI: 10.26795/2307-1281-2023-11-1-13.
3. Izergina V. P., Izergina N. I. Philosophy of war: current aspects of the ideological heritage of I. A. Ilyin // Humanitarian: current problems of humanitarian science and education. – 2023. – Vol. 23, No. 2 (62). – P. 172-183.
4. Ilyin I. A. Collected Works in 10 Volumes. Volume 5. – M.: Russian Book, 1996. – 608 p.
5. Koshelev Yu. A. The Problem of Resisting Evil by Force in the Moral Philosophy of I. A. Ilyin // Teacher of the XXI Century. – 2011. – Vol. 2, No. 3. – P. 217-221.
6. Reznik S. V., Mühlhaupt K. E. Philosophical and Anthropological Meanings of the Polemics between L. N. Tolstoy and I. A. Ilyin // NOMOTHETIKA: Philosophy. Sociology. Law. – 2016. – Vol. 37, No. 17 (238). – P. 175-179.
7. Makarov I. V. The problem of moral justification in the work of I. A. Ilyin “On Resisting Evil by Force” // Manuscript. – 2021. – Vol. 14, No. 13. – P. 2655-2661.
8. Usachev A. V. The problem of man in the philosophy of I. A. Ilyin // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. – 2024. – Vol. 24, No. 4. – P. 119-128.
9. Tsvyk V. A. The problem of good and evil in the philosophy of I. A. Ilyin // Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. – 2017. – V. 21, No. 3. – P. 293-304.

PHILOSOPHY. LAW. SOCIETY
KUZMENKO Alexander Anatoljevich
Ph.D. in biological sciences, associate professor of Computer technologies and systems sub-faculty, Bryansk State Technical University
SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTION OF THE CATEGORIES “ECO” AND “ERGO” IN SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF DESIGNING A BIOSPHERE-ORIENTED HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
This article analyzes two methodological areas focused on promoting sustainable development in the context of ergonomics: ergoecology and ecoergonomics. The research includes systematization of approaches, disclosure of their principles, areas of practical application, as well as consideration of their genesis and semantic intersections in goals and methodological principles. The principles of ergoecology are interpreted as a methodological basis for the formation of analytical and strategic decisions, while ecoergonomics offers operationalized principles focused on the development of applied solutions. The central concepts of both directions are social and biospheric responsibility, integrated into the value system of ergonomics. In conclusion, the synergetic effects of the interaction of these areas and their importance for the development of ergodesign are considered.
Keywords: ergodesign, ecoergonomics, ergoecology, sustainable and unstable development
Article bibliography
1. Gorshkov V. G. Physical and biological foundations of sustainability of life. – M.: VINITI, 1995. – XXVIII+472 p.
2. Dergacheva E. A., Kuzmenko A. A. Information system of biosphere-oriented ergodesign of the living environment // GraphiCon 2024: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Machine Vision, Omsk, September 17-19, 2024. – Omsk: Omsk State Technical University, 2024. – P. 701-707.
3. Kuzmenko A. A. Sociotechnonatural ergocentrism as a methodology of ergodesign of the object-spatial living environment // Bulletin of Tver State University. – 2024. – No. 2 (68). – pp. 102-114.
4. Dekker S. W. A., Hancock P. A., Wilkin P. Ergonomics and sustainability: towards an embrace of complexity and emergence // Ergonomics. – 2013. – No. 56 (3). – R. 357-364 .
5. García-Acosta G., 1996. Modelos de explicación sistémica de la ergonomic [Models of systematic explanation of ergonomics] Master’s thesis. – México, DF: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
6. García-Acosta G. La ergonomía desde la visión sistémica [Ergonomics from a systems view]. – Bogotá: Unibiblos, 2002.
7. García-Acosta G., Saravia Pinilla M. H., Romero Larrahondo P. A., Lange Morales K. // Ergoecology: fundamentals of a new interdisciplinary field. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. – 2012 a. – DOI:10.1080/1463922X.2012.678909.
8. Garcia-Acosta G., Saravia Pinilla M. H. & Riba i Romeva C. – Ergoecology: evolution and challenges. WORK // A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation. – 2012 b. – No. 41. – R. 2133-2140.
9. Hanson M. Green ergonomics: embracing the challenges of climate change // The Ergonomist. – 2010. – No. 480. – R. 12-13.
10. Imada A. The rationale and tools of participatory ergonomics. In: Noro K., Imada, A. S. (Eds.), Participatory Ergonomics Taylor-Francis, London, 1991. – Chap. 2. – R. 30-49.
11. Johnston P., Everard M., Santillo D. and Robert K. Reclaiming the definition of sustainability // Environmental Science and Pollution Research. – 2007. – No. 14. – R. 60-66.
12. Mosquin T. and Rowe S. A manifesto for Earth // Biodiversity. – 2004. – No. 5 (1). – R. 3-9.
13. Thatcher A. Green ergonomics: definition and scope // Ergonomics. – 2013. – No. 56 (3). – R. 389-398 .
14. Thatcher A., Garcia-Acosta G. & Lange-Morales K. Design principles for green ergonomics. In M. Anderson (Ed.), Contemporary Ergonomics and Human Factors. – London: Taylor & Francis, 2013. – R. 319-326.
15. Wilkin P. The ideology of ergonomics // Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. – 2010. – No. 11 (3). – R. 230-244 .
16. Zink K. J. Designing sustainable work systems: the need for a systems approach // Applied Ergonomics, 2013. – DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.03.023.
17. Zink K. J. & Fischer K. Do we need sustainability as a new approach in human factors and ergonomics? // Ergonomics. – 2013. – No. 56 (3). – R. 348-356.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
LUKMANOVA Regina Aidarovna
postgraduate student of the 4th year of study, Ufa University of Science and Technology
CHARITY AS A MODERN SOCIAL PHENOMENON
Charity and the charitable movement are an important element of the socio-cultural life of modern Russian society, encompassing wide segments of the population. Charity combines economic, social, cultural, and institutional aspects that influence the behavior of individuals and groups. The article defines the content field, features of charity, examines the main forms of charity, key aspects of the volunteer movement, changes in social technologies, and provides examples of the implementation of volunteerism in Russia and in the subject of the Russian Federation.
In the Republic of Bashkortostan the current problems of charitable activity are considered.
Keywords: charity, donation, volunteerism, volunteer movement, philosophical approaches to volunteerism, problems of charity, crowdfunding.
Article bibliography
1. Rakhmatullina Z. Ya. The world is based on culture: philosophical understanding. – Ufa: RIC BashSU, 2021. – 226 p.
2. Utilitarianism / scientific theories, concepts, hypotheses, models. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bigenc.ru/c/utilitarizm-29fbc1.
3. Ethos. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://bigenc.ru/c/etos-87de9b.
4. Report on the activities of the Center. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?url=ya-browser%3A%2F%2F4DT1uXEPRrJRXlUFoewruFD QozAARjBI9cLFxIvWd2XmclL0qb2COy4oHlA1GEee3V1JWkOjJQqAkVW9bru_8201fvtRIZ9f2zjOKt CHUY5ugWjWex2Bx1NNcd-fGanSAlpjIF9ymPcGq8tm4dcMZA%3D%3D%3Fsign%3DFvp-p8GAWTq3nPB AKmSFTIn-3jNYOOSZe5H524YESgM%3D&name=Otchet-o-deyatelnosti-TSentra.docx.

PHILOSOPHY. RIGHT. SOCIETY
SHAKIROVA Guzel Fanilevna
master of Cultural Studies, leading specialist of the educational department, Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ufa University of Science and Technology
FAMILY AS AN IMPORTANT SYSTEM OF SOLIDARITY RELATIONS IN MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
The article discusses the family as an important system of solidarity relations in modern Russian society. It is shown that the family is a small state, and the well-being of society and the country as a whole depends on the well-being of the family. In addition, the family has always been the foundation on which all the most complex structures of social organization are built.
Family policy in modern Russian society should focus on increasing cultural values, and not only on demographic and economic indicators.
Traditional family values contribute to strengthening marriage, solidarity relations within the family, reducing divorces and, of course, increasing the birth rate.
Keywords: family, family relations, family values, solidarity relations, traditional values, institution of family, institution of marriage, family policy, Russian society.
Bibliographic list of articles
1. Barlybaev X. A. Solidarology. Philosophy of Solidarity. – Ufa: Kitap, 2016. – P. 38, 111-113.
2. Belova D. N. Reflection of Moral Foundations in Communicative Discourse // Bulletin of MGIMO University. – 2012. – No. 6 (27). – P. 199-202.
3. Belova D. N. The Concept of Love in the Cultural and Moral Aspect // Mission of Confessions. – 2017. – No. 25. – P. 66-78.
4. Vanchugova Yu. S. Family Values and Values of Artistic Culture in Modern Russia // Spiritual Situation of the Time. Russia XXI Century. – 2022. – No. 3-4 (29). – P. 42-44
5. Evstafieva Yu. V. Family values of Russians. The role of the media in the formation of family values // Young scientist. – 2017. – No. 18 (152). – P. 291-292.
6. Kolesov V. I. The role of modern family values in the content of family space in the new Russia // Innovative scientific research. – 2021. – No. 4-3 (6). – P. 194.
7. Rostovskaya T. K. Family and family lifestyle in the system of values of generations // Man in the world of culture. – 2015. – No. 2. – P. 3-9.
8. Trukhanovich D. S., Petrenko T. V. Family values in Russia: attitude towards marriage // Russian economic bulletin. – 2019. – No. 6 (2).– P. 315.

BOOK REVIEW
KNYAZKOV Alexey Stepanovich
Ph.D. in Law, associate professor, Head of Criminology sub-faculty, National Research Tomsk State University
THE PROFESSIONAL VIEW OF THE PHENOMENON OF “THIEVES IN LAW” (REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY A. P. BOZHCHENKO, R. G. ARDASHEV, N. N. KITAEV “THIEVES IN LAW” THROUGH THE EYES OF AN INVESTIGATOR AND AN EXPERT)
The peer – reviewed work presents an analysis of a complex and little-studied issue of our time – the identity of a criminal occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding this issue in order to effectively combat organized crime. The study outlines the key aspects of the thieves’ world: its history, hierarchical structure, spheres of influence, and ethnic characteristics. Special attention is paid to the criminal, socio-psychological, and medical-biological aspects of the identity of «thieves in law», taking into account their ethnic and territorial affiliation.
Keywords: organized crime, «thief in law», criminal hierarchy, criminal law aspects, socio-psychological aspects, medical and biological aspects, crime control, thieves’ world, ethnicity.
Article bibliography
1. Bozhchenko A. P., Ardashev R. G., Kitaev N. N. «Thieves in law» through the eyes of an investigator and an expert: monograph. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk State University Publishing House, 2025. – 143 p.

REGULATIONS ON THE COMPETITION “LUKASHUK READINGS – 2026”

IN MEMORY OF THE SCIENTIST
We will remember …
In memory of Professor Lev Leonidovich Popov
Lev Leonidovich Popov
(26 VII.1930-10.I.2025)
Doctor of Law, professor,
Honored lawyer of Russia,
Major General of Police (retired)
Veteran of the Great Patriotic War

INDEXING OF THE JOURNAL

International scientific and practical law journal Included in the VAK Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation list

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